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authorNorbert Preining <norbert@preining.info>2024-05-14 03:01:02 +0000
committerNorbert Preining <norbert@preining.info>2024-05-14 03:01:02 +0000
commitf37b07217a41ad15251ba603bade202897769a05 (patch)
tree81a43508517df44f8f920bdba15c92e32482b0fc /info
parent783a8e848cd9e9023287546627c43afbcae2d2f6 (diff)
CTAN sync 202405140301
Diffstat (limited to 'info')
-rw-r--r--info/latex2e-help-texinfo/ChangeLog160
-rw-r--r--info/latex2e-help-texinfo/Makefile96
-rw-r--r--info/latex2e-help-texinfo/NEWS23
-rw-r--r--info/latex2e-help-texinfo/aspell.en.pws8
-rw-r--r--info/latex2e-help-texinfo/common.texi16
-rw-r--r--info/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.dbk2999
-rw-r--r--info/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html11046
-rw-r--r--info/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.info5698
-rw-r--r--info/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.pdfbin1350270 -> 1386279 bytes
-rw-r--r--info/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.texi3217
-rw-r--r--info/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.txt8393
-rw-r--r--info/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml8711
-rw-r--r--info/latex2e-help-texinfo/spanish/latex2e-es.pdfbin1421335 -> 1421321 bytes
13 files changed, 22518 insertions, 17849 deletions
diff --git a/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/ChangeLog b/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/ChangeLog
index 4bdfc0ddad..01c0561bfb 100644
--- a/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/ChangeLog
+++ b/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/ChangeLog
@@ -1,10 +1,166 @@
+2024-05-12 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>
+
+ * May 2024 release to CTAN.
+
+ * latex2e.texi (fontenc package): tweak encoding text.
+ * ANNOUNCE.tmpl: tweak this too.
+
+2024-05-09 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>
+
+ * latex2e.texi (\protect): update for current LaTeX; most commands
+ have been robust since October 2019. Mention the cprotect package.
+
+2024-05-06 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>
+
+ * latex2e.texi (Input encodings): brief introduction to character
+ encodings.
+ (inputenc package): update handling of non-UTF-8 in LuaTeX and XeTeX.
+
+2024-05-06 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>
+
+ * latex2e.texi (Over- or under math): mention \overrightarrow
+ and \overleftarrow. Also rename section, since these commands only
+ work with math. Report from Randolf Scholz, 5 Apr 2024 16:07:25.
+ * NEWS: mention this.
+
+ * common.texi (@mbox): make synonym for @hbox for use in @math
+ (aka @tex) examples.
+
+ * Makefile (t2html_menu): can be empty again as of makeinfo 7.1.
+ For 7.0, needed -c CHECK_NORMAL_MENU_STRUCTURE=1.
+
+2023-11-12 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>
+
+ * latex2e.texi (\footnotemark): wording.
+ (Footnotes in section headings): missing period.
+
+2023-11-11 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>
+
+ * latex2e.texi (Class and package commands): add @menu.
+ (\footnote) <\footnoterule): avoid overfull lines.
+
+2023-11-11 Vincent Bela\"iche <vincentb1@users.sourceforge.net>
+
+ * latex2e.texi (\footnote): Add ``@c xx'' comment suggesting
+ propagating improvement from the French version.
+ Grammar fix ``is'' -> ``are''.
+ Insert explanatory LaTeX comments to the \footnoterule
+ \renewcommand example, and star the \renewcommand.
+ (\footnotemark): Typo ``by-hand giving'' -> ``by hand-giving''.
+ Move the ``footnoteValueSaver'' counter example after the next
+ example in order not to interleave it in between two related examples.
+ (Footnotes in section headings): Add ``@c xx'' comment indicating
+ need for handling the \listoftable/\listoffigures case.
+
+2023-10-19 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>
+
+ * latex2e.texi (itemize): remove extra } in itemize* example.
+ Report from Stefan Pofahl, 18 Oct 2023 23:48:38.
+
+ * latex2e.texi: fix most menus per texinfo 7.1 warnings.
+
+2023-10-11 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>
+
+ * latex2e.texi (Ligatures): new node.
+
+2023-10-04 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>
+
+ * latex2e.texi (Special characters): new node.
+ (Reserved characters): rename to `Printing special characters'.
+
+2023-10-02 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>
+
+ * latex2e.texi (@TeX{} engines): add hilatex.
+
+ * Makefile (disttree): new variable for brevity; use it.
+ (postwebclean): new target to automate cleanup after a web update.
+ (commitready): depend on easyurls so that this is the only target
+ that need be run for a web update.
+ Add @echo commands to help trace what's happening.
+ Remove trailing whitespace.
+
+2023-09-30 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>
+
+ * latex2e.texi (Overview): give mailing list url.
+ (Environment): rename to Environment syntax.
+ (\DocumentMetadata): new node.
+ (Class and package structure): use ctan.org/pkg/clsguide.
+ (Class and package commands): move to Definitions chapter;
+ rewrite as separate sections.
+ (Graphics): move chapter to before Color.
+ Throughout: avoid xxx as example string, since we use xx
+ as the todo marker.
+
+2023-08-27 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>
+
+ * latex2e.texi (\thepage): simplify, as it turns out that
+ TUGboat's attempted complicated redefinition does not work well.
+
+ * Makefile (htmlopts): add -c CHECK_NORMAL_MENU_STRUCTURE=1
+ for makeinfo 7.0.3 to emit warnings about menu problems.
+ Should be re-enabled by default in the next release.
+
+2023-07-19 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>
+
+ * Makefile (svri): rename svrsplit; mention for post-web cleanup.
+
+2023-07-19 Jim Hefferon <jhefferon@smcvt.edu>
+
+ * src/easyurls.py: skip _005cslash.html since it conflicts.
+ Add lower_case_flag.
+ * src/easyurls_test.py: update.
+
+2023-07-19 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>
+
+ * Makefile (check-dw): also ignore @c lines.
+
+ * latex2e.texi (~): also mention \nobreakspace and U+00A0 synonyms.
+ (They aren't, quite, ~ has a pair of empty braces after, but this
+ does not seem worth mentioning.)
+
+2023-07-16 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>
+
+ * latex2e.texi (Document class options): recommend the geometry
+ package, and note that \pdfpagewidth/height is engine-dependent.
+ Report from Seymour J Metz, 14 Jul 2023 17:38:07.
+
+ * latex2e.texi (\thepage): new section, based on information
+ from Ulrike Fischer, https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/687258.
+ * NEWS: mention this.
+
+2023-06-23 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>
+
+ * latex2e.texi (\DeclareTextSymbol, Text symbols): guillemet not
+ guillemot.
+
+ (\spacefactor, \@@, \frenchspacing & \nonfrenchspacing, \(SPACE)):
+ try to clarify that many punctuation characters are involved.
+
+2023-05-28 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>
+
+ * latex2e.texi (\slash): new node for this simple command.
+ (\pagebreak & \nopagebreak) <\samepage>: not obsolete.
+ (\pagenumbering): rearrange.
+
+2023-03-22 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>
+
+ * latex2e.texi (list): \setlength{\itemsep} was missing the \.
+ Report from Markus Kurtz, 22 Mar 2023 14:10:21.
+
+ * latex2e.texi (math): punctuation tweaks.
+
+2023-01-18 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>
+
+ * latex2e.texi (equation): second \begin should be \end.
+ Report from yukif@mac.com, 18 Jan 2023 16:04:02.
+
2022-01-26 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>
January 2023 release to CTAN.
* NEWS: update.
- * mirroring.html,
- * writing.html: use https, $Date.
+ * Makefile (%.html): depend on latex2e.css, not %.css,
+ since there is no latex2e-es.css (and doesn't need to be).
2023-01-14 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>
diff --git a/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/Makefile b/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/Makefile
index 55f36948f0..a5490434a6 100644
--- a/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/Makefile
+++ b/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/Makefile
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $Id: Makefile 1142 2023-01-11 16:09:29Z karl $
+# $Id: Makefile 1173 2024-05-13 15:17:28Z karl $
# Public domain. Originally written 2006, Karl Berry.
# Makefile for latexrefman.
@@ -29,17 +29,28 @@ texi2info = $(makeinfo) --no-split
texi2txt = $(makeinfo) --plaintext --no-split
texi2xml = $(makeinfo) --xml
#
-htmlopts = --html $(html_css) $(t2html_top) $(t2html_home) $(html_pagewords)
+htmlopts = --html $(html_css) $(t2html_config)
#
html_css = --css-include=latex2e.css
#
-# Nodes must be larger than this to get navigation panel at bottom of
-# page; default is 300.
-html_pagewords = -c WORDS_IN_PAGE=10000
+t2html_config = $(t2html_top) $(t2html_pagewords) $(t2html_menu) $(t2html_home)
#
# Go somewhere useful from Top:
t2html_top = -c TOP_NODE_UP_URL=https://tug.org/texinfohtml/
#
+# Nodes must be larger than this to get navigation panel at bottom of
+# page; default is 300.
+t2html_pagewords = -c WORDS_IN_PAGE=10000
+#
+# For makeinfo 7.0, needed this to get warnings about tree structure:
+#t2html_menu = -c CHECK_NORMAL_MENU_STRUCTURE=1
+# https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-texinfo/2024-01/msg00021.html
+# But as of 7.1, it is the default again (whew).
+t2html_menu =
+#
+# Incidentally, a tree transformation can generate missing menu entries:
+# -c TREE_TRANSFORMATIONS=complete_tree_nodes_menus file.texi
+#
# Put a link in the footer:
t2html_home = -c PRE_BODY_CLOSE="<hr/><div class='referenceinfo'>\
<a href='https://latexref.xyz/'>\
@@ -85,7 +96,7 @@ all: en es fr
# Sort of following the GNU sequence of clean targets.
distclean clean mostlyclean:
- rm -rf latex2e*.t2* latex2e-help-texinfo-tree*
+ rm -rf latex2e*.t2* $(distname)-tree*
realclean maintainer-clean: distclean
rm -f $(addprefix latex2e*., pdf dvi $(mi_suffixes) $(xref_suffixes))
@@ -100,12 +111,14 @@ txt_files = ChangeLog Makefile NEWS README \
figure_files = list.eps list.pdf list.png list.txt
figure_source_files = asy/list.asy
distname = latex2e-help-texinfo
+disttree = $(distname)-tree
distzip = $(distname).zip
#
-htmlsplit = $(distname)-tree
+htmlsplit = $(disttree)
htmlsplitzip = $(htmlsplit).zip
#
dist: en es
+ @echo Making $@ ...
rm -rf $(distname)
mkdir $(distname) && cd $(distname) && ln -s ../* .
mkdir $(distname)/spanish && cd $(distname)/spanish && ln -s ../../* .
@@ -117,20 +130,22 @@ $(addprefix $(distname)/spanish/, $(es_mi_output) latex2e-es.pdf) \
$(addprefix $(distname)/latex2e-figures/, $(figure_files)) \
$(addprefix $(distname)/graphics/, README $(figure_source_files))
rm -f $(htmlsplitzip)
- cd $(htmlsplit) && zip -qr ../$(htmlsplitzip) latex2e
+ cd $(htmlsplit) && zip -qr ../$(htmlsplitzip) latex2e
zip -q $(distzip) $(distname)
@ls -l $(distzip); unzip -l $(distzip)
easyurls: htmlsplit dist
+ @echo Making $@ ...
cd src \
&& rm -rf testdist && mkdir -p testdist \
- && cp ../latex2e-help-texinfo-tree.zip testdist \
- && rm -rf latex2e && unzip -q testdist/latex2e-help-texinfo-tree \
+ && cp ../$(disttree).zip testdist \
+ && rm -rf latex2e && unzip -q testdist/$(distname)-tree \
&& $(easyurls_python) ./easyurls.py $(easyurls_opt) \
- && zip -rq ../latex2e-help-texinfo-tree-easyurls.zip latex2e
+ && zip -rq ../$(disttree)-easyurls.zip latex2e
-easyurls_python = python3.6 # depends on bs4 (beautifulsoup4)
-easyurls_opt = --directory latex2e --action softlink --lower_case --rewrite_index --debug
+easyurls_python = python # depends on bs4 (beautifulsoup4)
+easyurls_debug = # --debug
+easyurls_opt = --directory latex2e --action softlink --lower_case --rewrite_index $(easyurls_debug)
# To update web site, after basic build is ok (check-dw, spelling, etc.),
# first undo temporary build results:
@@ -138,26 +153,32 @@ easyurls_opt = --directory latex2e --action softlink --lower_case --rewrite_inde
# make svrsplit # revert generated split html
# then update ChangeLog, etc.,
# then svn commit the modified source files,
+# then make commitready, which runs:
+#
+# $(MAKE)
+# $(MAKE) htmlsplit
+# $(MAKE) dist
+# $(MAKE) easyurls # depends on htmlsplit and dist
+# $(MAKE) commitready # depends on easyurls;
+# # many files will have status !
+# and then:
+# svn commit # to commit regenerated files
# then:
-# make
-# make htmlsplit
-# make dist
-# make easyurls # depends htmlsplit and dist
-# make commitready # many files will have status !
-# svn commit # to commit regenerated files
-# then:
-# svn update # restore easy url stubs
+# svn -q update # restore easy url stubs
# make svrsplit # restore generated split html
#
# If uploading to CTAN:
-# (update NEWS, write announcement)
+# see file ./CTAN (update NEWS, write announcement, etc.)
# upload latex2e-help-texinfo.zip
#
# Clean up:
-# rm -rf src/testdist src/latex2e
-# rm -rf latex2e-help-texinfo
-# rm latex2e-help-texinfo-tree{,-easyurls}.zip
-# rm latex2e-help-texinfo.zip
+postwebclean:
+ rm -rf src/testdist src/latex2e
+ rm -rf $(distname)
+ rm $(disttree).zip $(distname)-easyurls.zip
+ rm $(distname).zip
+ make svri
+ svn status
# In Texinfo 7.0, the default output directory changed to foo_html.
# Change it back.
@@ -165,14 +186,16 @@ html_split_opts = $(htmlopts) -o latex2e
# Get many small .html files.
htmlsplit: en
+ @echo Making $@ ...
rm -rf $(htmlsplit)
- mkdir $(htmlsplit) && cd $(htmlsplit) && ln -s ../* .
+ mkdir $(htmlsplit) && cd $(htmlsplit) && ln -s ../* .
cd $(htmlsplit) && $(makeinfo) $(html_split_opts) latex2e.texi
cd $(htmlsplit)/latex2e && ln -s ../../latex2e-figures .
# Right before a commit, delete html files that are gone and add new ones.
htmlsplitstatus = cd $(htmlsplit)/latex2e && svn status *.html
-commitready: htmlsplit
+commitready: easyurls
+ @echo Making $@ ...
$(htmlsplitstatus) | sed -n 's/^\!//p' | xargs -r svn rm
$(htmlsplitstatus) | sed -n 's/^\?//p' | xargs -r svn add
# we linked everything above, remove the unused upper-level links.
@@ -184,25 +207,28 @@ commitready: htmlsplit
# Remove \commandnames to reduce exception list, but not {args} or
# [args], since they are often words.
spell spell-en:
- sed -e 's/\\[a-zA-Z]*//g' latex2e.texi \
+ sed -e 's/\\[a-zA-Z]*//g' -e 's/U+[0-9A-F]\{4\}//' latex2e.texi \
| aspell list --mode=texinfo --add-extra-dicts=`pwd`/aspell.en.pws \
| sort -f -u
# Check for doubled words.
-# http://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe/software/file-tools.html#dw
+# https://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe/software/file-tools.html#dw
# The first sed expression elides a few @-command lines which cause
# duplicates; the second expr some text in the middle of lines.
check-dw:
- sed -e 's/^@\(node\|item\|anchor\|.index\|.*section\) .*//' \
+ sed -e 's/^@\(c\|node\|item\|anchor\|.index\|.*section\) .*//' \
-e 's/ da da\|xxx\|overwrite\|{test test}\|[iI][jJ]//g' \
latex2e.texi | dw
-# Convenience targets to svn revert the generated files,
-# and svn diff the source files.
+# Convenience targets for svn operations.
+svat:
+ svn status
+svup:
+ svn -q update
svr:
svn revert $(addprefix latex2e*., $(all_suffixes))
svn status
-svrsplit:
+svri svrsplit:
svn revert --depth infinity $(htmlsplit)
svd:
- svn diff $(txt_files) *.texi
+ svn diff -x -p $(txt_files) *.texi
diff --git a/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/NEWS b/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/NEWS
index 3c70b711cf..f7b2ac031c 100644
--- a/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/NEWS
+++ b/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/NEWS
@@ -1,11 +1,30 @@
-$Id: NEWS 1145 2023-01-15 16:23:59Z karl $
+$Id: NEWS 1170 2024-05-09 17:39:42Z karl $
NEWS for latex2e.texi, aka the latex2e-help-texinfo package.
Public domain. Originally written 1995, Torsten Martinsen.
-French translation from Vincent Belaiche.
+French translation from Vincent Bela\"iche.
Spanish translation from Nacho Pacheco.
Updates are welcome.
+ Notable changes in May 2024 release:
+
+Additions:
+* \DocumentMetadata for experimental tagging support.
+* \thepage for page number representation.
+* \nobreakspace and U+00A0 synonyms for ties.
+* The (simple) \slash command.
+* \overrightarrow and \overleftarrow.
+* List the standard ligatures in LaTeX (ff fi fl ffi ffl `` '' -- --- `! `?).
+* Describe LaTeX's special characters (\ @ @ % $ & _ ^ # ~}.
+* Briefly mention hilatex and the hitex engine (https://ctan.org/pkg/hitex).
+* Briefly describe input encodings and how to handle them.
+
+Changes:
+* Update the discussion of fragile commands at \protect; since October 2019,
+most commands have been robust. Mention the cprotect package.
+* The lengthy list of commands for class and package writers, from
+clsguide, now split into sections instead of being one long table.
+
Notable changes in January 2023 release:
Additions:
diff --git a/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/aspell.en.pws b/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/aspell.en.pws
index d1d1ac9b7a..0c8081d6b9 100644
--- a/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/aspell.en.pws
+++ b/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/aspell.en.pws
@@ -290,3 +290,11 @@ unimagined
vitalism
tablefootnote
Infimum
+atenddvi
+envname
+un
+documentmetadata
+ffl
+underbracket
+iconv
+recode
diff --git a/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/common.texi b/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/common.texi
index 93133e3bf4..cb81eb9425 100644
--- a/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/common.texi
+++ b/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/common.texi
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
-@c $Id: common.texi 1089 2022-08-12 20:30:20Z vincentb1 $
+@c $Id: common.texi 1168 2024-05-06 17:11:09Z karl $
@c Public domain.
@set LTXREFMAN_HOME_PAGE https://latexref.xyz
@set LTXREFMAN_BUGS latexrefman@@tug.org
+
@clear HAS-MATH
@iftex
@set HAS-MATH
@@ -9,19 +10,30 @@
\then\@c
@end macro
@end iftex
+@c
@ifnottex
@macro iftexthenelse {then,else}
\else\@c
@end macro
@end ifnottex
+
+@c package reference.
@macro package {packagename}
@code{\packagename\}
@end macro
-@c used to remove something form the spell checker
+
+@c used to remove something from the spell checker.
@macro identity {x}
\x\
@end macro
+@c so we can use \mbox in @math/@tex blocks. Should never be used outside.
+@iftex
+@macro mbox {text}
+@hbox{\text\}
+@end macro
+@end iftex
+
@tex
\globaldefs=1
% lasyfont characters for Texinfo (latexsym package in LaTeX).
diff --git a/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.dbk b/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.dbk
index 4569eac934..bba0d26b09 100644
--- a/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.dbk
+++ b/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.dbk
@@ -3,18 +3,18 @@
<!ENTITY tex "TeX">
<!ENTITY latex "LaTeX">
]>
-<book id="latex2e.dbk" lang="en">
+<book id="latex2e.dbk" lang="">
<title>&latex;2e: An unofficial reference manual</title>
-<subtitle>January 2023</subtitle>
-<titleabbrev>&latex;2e unofficial reference manual (January 2023)</titleabbrev>
+<subtitle>May 2024</subtitle>
+<titleabbrev>&latex;2e unofficial reference manual (May 2024)</titleabbrev>
<bookinfo><title>&latex;2e: An unofficial reference manual</title>
-<subtitle>January 2023</subtitle>
-<titleabbrev>&latex;2e unofficial reference manual (January 2023)</titleabbrev>
+<subtitle>May 2024</subtitle>
+<titleabbrev>&latex;2e unofficial reference manual (May 2024)</titleabbrev>
<authorgroup>
<collab><collabname><ulink url="https://latexref.xyz">https://latexref.xyz</ulink></collabname></collab>
</authorgroup>
<legalnotice><para>This document is an unofficial reference manual for &latex;, a
-document preparation system, version of January 2023.
+document preparation system, version of May 2024.
</para>
<para>This manual was originally translated from <filename>LATEX.HLP</filename> v1.0a in the
VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by
@@ -83,6 +83,8 @@ by the &latex; maintainers.
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>reporting bugs</primary></indexterm>
Do not send bug reports or anything else about this document to them.
Instead, please send all comments to <email>latexrefman@tug.org</email>.
+This is a public list; you can (un)subscribe, view the archives, etc.,
+at <ulink url="https://lists.tug.org/latexrefman">https://lists.tug.org/latexrefman</ulink>.
</para>
<para>This document is a reference, not a tutorial. There is a vast array
of other information available about &latex;, at all levels. Here
@@ -101,8 +103,7 @@ are a few introductions.
<para>A longer introduction to &latex;, translated to many languages.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><ulink url="https://tug.org/begin.html">https://tug.org/begin.html</ulink>
-</term><listitem><para>Introduction to the &tex; system, including &latex;, with further
-references.
+</term><listitem><para>Overview of getting started with &tex; and &latex;.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
@@ -128,11 +129,12 @@ along with interspersed commands. The default encoding for the text is
UTF-8 (as of 2018). The commands specify, for example, how the text
should be formatted.
</para>
-<para>&latex; is implemented as a set of related so-called &#8220;macros&#8221; which
-use Donald&#160;E. Knuth&#8217;s &tex; typesetting program or one of its
-derivatives, collectively known as &#8220;engines&#8221;. Thus, the user
-produces output, typically PDF, by giving the input file to a &tex;
-engine. (The following sections describe all this in more detail.)
+<para>&latex; is implemented as a set of so-called &#8220;macros&#8221; (a &tex;
+<firstterm>format</firstterm>) which use Donald&#160;E. Knuth&#8217;s &tex; typesetting
+program or one of its derivatives, collectively known as
+&#8220;engines&#8221;. Thus, the user produces output, typically PDF, by giving
+the input file to a &tex; engine. The following sections describe
+all this in more detail.
</para>
<para>The term &latex; is also sometimes used to mean the language in which
the input document is marked up, that is, to mean the set of commands
@@ -156,7 +158,7 @@ sensible, such as in plain text, write it as &#8216;<literal>LaTeX</literal>&#82
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>hello, world</primary></indexterm>
<para>&latex; files have a simple global structure, with a standard beginning
-and ending. This is a small example.
+and ending. Here is a small example:
</para>
<screen>\documentclass{article}
\begin{document}
@@ -167,21 +169,22 @@ Hello, \LaTeX\ world.
<literal>\end{document}</literal> line.
</para>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>document class, defined</primary></indexterm>
-<para>Here, the &#8216;<literal>article</literal>&#8217; is the <firstterm>document class</firstterm>. It is implemented
-in a file <filename>article.cls</filename>. You can use any document class on your
-system. A few document classes are defined by &latex; itself, and vast
-array of others are widely available. See <link linkend="Document-classes">Document classes</link>.
+<para>Here, the &#8216;<literal>article</literal>&#8217; is the <firstterm>document class</firstterm>. It is
+implemented in a file <filename>article.cls</filename>. You can use any document
+class available on your system. A few document classes are defined by
+&latex; itself, and a vast array of others are available.
+See <link linkend="Document-classes">Document classes</link>.
</para>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>preamble, defined</primary></indexterm>
<para>You can include other &latex; commands between the
<literal>\documentclass</literal> and the <literal>\begin{document}</literal> commands.
This area is called the <firstterm>preamble</firstterm>.
</para>
-<para>The <literal>\begin{document}</literal>, <literal>\end{document}</literal> pair defines an
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>environment</primary></indexterm>
-<firstterm>environment</firstterm>; the &#8216;<literal>document</literal>&#8217; environment (and no others) is
-required in all &latex; documents (see <link linkend="document">document</link>). &latex; make
-available to you many environments that are documented here
+<para>The <literal>\begin{document}</literal> &#8230; <literal>\end{document}</literal> pair
+defines an <firstterm>environment</firstterm>; the &#8216;<literal>document</literal>&#8217; environment (and no
+others) is required in all &latex; documents (see <link linkend="document">document</link>).
+&latex; provides many environments that are documented here
(see <link linkend="Environments">Environments</link>). Many more are available to you from external
packages, most importantly those available at CTAN (see <link linkend="CTAN">CTAN</link>).
</para>
@@ -280,8 +283,8 @@ open-ended.
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>&latex; format (<literal>.fmt</literal>) files</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>format files, &tex;</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>.fmt file</primary></indexterm>
-<para>&latex; is a large set of commands that is executed by a &tex;
-program (see <link linkend="Overview">Overview</link>). Such a set of commands is called a
+<para>&latex; is a large set of commands (macros) that is executed by a
+&tex; program (see <link linkend="Overview">Overview</link>). Such a set of commands is called a
<firstterm>format</firstterm>, and is embodied in a binary <literal>.fmt</literal> file, which can
be read much more quickly than the corresponding &tex; source.
</para>
@@ -308,7 +311,8 @@ command <command>etex</command>, but this is plain &tex; (and produces
</para>
<para>In other &tex; distributions, <command>latex</command> may invoke e-&tex;
rather than pdf&tex;. In any case, the e-&tex; extensions can be
-assumed to be available in &latex;.
+assumed to be available in &latex;, and a few extensions beyond
+e-&tex;, particularly for file manipulation.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>lualatex</primary></indexterm><literal>lualatex</literal>
</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>Lua&tex;</primary></indexterm>
@@ -336,6 +340,15 @@ and translates that to PDF using the (<literal>x</literal>)<literal>dvipdfmx</li
program, but this process is automatic. The <literal>.xdv</literal> file is only
useful for debugging.
</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>hilatex</primary></indexterm><literal>hilatex</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>Hi&tex;</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>HINT format</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>mobile output</primary></indexterm>
+<para>If &latex; is invoked via the system command <command>hilatex</command>, the
+Hi&tex; engine is run (<ulink url="https://ctan.org/pkg/hitex">https://ctan.org/pkg/hitex</ulink>). This
+program produces its own format, named HINT, designed especially for
+high-quality typesetting on mobile devices.
+</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>platex</primary></indexterm><literal>platex</literal>
</term><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>uplatex</primary></indexterm><literal>uplatex</literal>
</term><listitem><para>These commands provide significant additional support for Japanese and
@@ -343,7 +356,7 @@ other languages; the <literal>u</literal> variant supports Unicode. See
<ulink url="https://ctan.org/pkg/ptex">https://ctan.org/pkg/ptex</ulink> and <ulink url="https://ctan.org/pkg/uptex">https://ctan.org/pkg/uptex</ulink>.
</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
<para>As of 2019, there is a companion <literal>-dev</literal> command and format for
-all of the above:
+all of the above, except <literal>hitex</literal>:
</para>
<variablelist><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>dvilualatex-dev</primary></indexterm><literal>dvilualatex-dev</literal>
</term><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>latex-dev</primary></indexterm><literal>latex-dev</literal>
@@ -374,8 +387,215 @@ before being released.
<ulink url="https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb40-2/tb125mitt-dev.pdf">https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb40-2/tb125mitt-dev.pdf</ulink>.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="2.4" id="Input-text">
+<title>Input text</title>
+
+<para>To a first approximation, most input characters in &latex; print as
+themselves. But there are exceptions, as discussed in the following
+sections.
+</para>
+
+
+<sect2 label="2.4.1" id="Input-encodings">
+<title>Input encodings</title>
+
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>character encoding</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>input encodings</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>encodings, input</primary></indexterm>
+
+<para>The input to &tex; (or any computer program) ultimately consists of a
+sequence of bytes. (Nowadays, a byte is almost universally an
+eight-bit number, i.e., an integer between 0 and 255, inclusive.) The
+input encoding defines how to interpret that sequence of bytes, and
+thus how &latex; behaves.
+</para>
+<!-- UTF-8 -->
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>Unicode</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Today, by far the most common way to encode text is with <firstterm>UTF-8</firstterm>, a
+so-called &#8220;Unicode Transformation Format&#8221; which specifies how to
+transform a sequence of 8-bit bytes to Unicode code points, which are
+defined independent of any particular representation. The Unicode
+encoding defines code points for virtually all characters used
+today in written text.
+</para>
+<para>When &tex; was created, Unicode and UTF-8 did not exist and the 7-bit
+ASCII encoding was by far the most widely used. So &tex; does not
+require Unicode for text input. UTF-8 is a superset of ASCII, so a
+pure 7-bit ASCII document is also UTF-8.
+</para>
+<para>Since 2018, the default input encoding for &latex; is UTF-8.
+Some methods for handling documents written in some other encoding,
+such as ISO-8859-1 (Latin 1), are explained in <link linkend="inputenc-package">inputenc package</link>.
+</para>
+<para>You can easily find more about all these topics in any introductory
+computer text or online. For example, you might start at:
+<ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode</ulink>.
+</para>
+</sect2>
+<sect2 label="2.4.2" id="Ligatures">
+<title>Ligatures</title>
+
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>ligatures</primary></indexterm>
+
+<para>A <firstterm>ligature</firstterm> combines two or more letters (more generally,
+characters) into a single glyph. For example, in Latin-based
+typography, the two letters &#8216;<literal>f</literal>&#8217; and &#8216;<literal>i</literal>&#8217; are often combined
+into the glyph &#8216;fi&#8217;.
+</para>
+<para>&tex; supports ligatures automatically. To continue the example, if
+the input has the word &#8216;<literal>fine</literal>&#8217;, written as four separate ASCII
+characters, &tex; will output the word &#8216;fine&#8217; (with the default
+fonts), with three typeset glyphs.
+</para>
+<para>In traditional &tex;, the available ligatures, if any, are defined by
+the current font. &tex; also uses the ligature mechanism to produce
+a few typographical characters which were not available in any
+computer encoding when &tex; was invented. In all, in the original
+Computer Modern fonts, the following input character sequences are
+defined to lead to ligatures:
+</para>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>f-ligatures</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>double quotation marks, as ligatures</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>quotation marks, as ligatures</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>en-dash, as ligature</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>em-dash, as ligature</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>inverted exclamation mark, as ligature</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>inverted question mark, as ligature</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>Spanish exclamation mark, as ligature</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>Spanish question mark, as ligature</primary></indexterm>
+
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term>&#8216;<literal>ff</literal>&#8217;
+</term><listitem><para>ff (ff ligature, U+FB00)
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term>&#8216;<literal>fi</literal>&#8217;
+</term><listitem><para>fi (fi ligature, U+FB01)
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term>&#8216;<literal>fl</literal>&#8217;
+</term><listitem><para>fl (fl ligature, U+FB02)
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term>&#8216;<literal>ffi</literal>&#8217;
+</term><listitem><para>ffi (ffi ligature, U+FB03)
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term>&#8216;<literal>ffl</literal>&#8217;
+</term><listitem><para>ffl (ffl ligature, U+FB04)
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term>&#8216;<literal>``</literal>&#8217;
+</term><listitem><para>&#8220; (left double quotation mark, U+201C)
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term>&#8216;<literal>''</literal>&#8217;
+</term><listitem><para>&#8221; (right double quotation mark, U+201D)
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term>&#8216;<literal>--</literal>&#8217;
+</term><listitem><para>&#8211; (en-dash, U+2013)
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term>&#8216;<literal>---</literal>&#8217;
+</term><listitem><para>&#8212; (em-dash, U+2014)
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term>&#8216;<literal>!`</literal>&#8217;
+</term><listitem><para>!&#8216; (inverted exclamation mark, U+00A1)
+</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term>&#8216;<literal>?`</literal>&#8217;
+</term><listitem><para>?&#8216; (inverted question mark, U+00BF)
+</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+<para>(For the f-ligatures above, the text in parentheses shows the
+individual characters, so in the typeset output you can easily see the
+difference between the ligature and the original character sequence.)
+</para>
+<para>Nowadays it&#8217;s usually possible to directly input the punctuation
+characters as Unicode characters, and &latex; supports that (see
+previous section). But even today, it can still often be useful to
+use the ASCII ligature input form; for example, the difference between
+an en-dash and em-dash, as a single glyph, can be all but impossible
+to discern, but the difference between two and three ASCII hyphen
+characters is clear. Similarly with quotation marks, in some fonts.
+</para>
+<para>Thus, even the engines with native support for UTF-8, namely Lua&tex;
+and Xe&tex;, also support the ASCII ligature input sequences by
+default, independent of the font used. They also need to do so for
+compatibility.
+</para>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>alphabetic presentation forms Unicode block</primary></indexterm>
+<para>By the way, the f-ligatures are also available in Unicode (the
+&#8220;Alphabetic Presentation Forms&#8221; block starting at U+FB00), but it&#8217;s
+almost never desirable to use them as input characters, since in
+principle it should be up to the typesetter and the current font
+whether to use ligatures. Also, in practice, using them will
+typically cause searches to fail, that is, a search for the two
+characters &#8216;<literal>fi</literal>&#8217; will not be matched by the ligature &#8216;fi&#8217; at
+U+FB01.
+</para>
+
+</sect2>
+<sect2 label="2.4.3" id="Special-characters">
+<title>Special characters: <literal>\ { } % $ &amp; _ ^ # ~</literal></title>
+
+<anchor id="Reserved-characters"/><!-- old node name -->
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>reserved characters, meaning of</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>special characters, meaning of</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>meaning of special characters</primary></indexterm>
+
+<para>Besides ligatures (see previous section), a few individual characters
+have special meaning to &latex;. They are called <firstterm>reserved
+characters</firstterm> or <firstterm>special characters</firstterm>. Here they are:
+</para>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term>&#8216;<literal>\</literal>&#8217;
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ character, meaning of</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>backslash, meaning of</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Introduces a command name, as seen throughout this manual.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term>&#8216;<literal>{</literal>&#8217;
+</term><term>&#8216;<literal>}</literal>&#8217;
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>{ character, meaning of</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>} character, meaning of</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>left brace, meaning of</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>right brace, meaning of</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>braces, meaning of</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>curly braces, meaning of</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Delimits a required argument to a command or a level of grouping, as
+seen throughout this manual.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term>&#8216;<literal>%</literal>&#8217;
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>% character, meaning of</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>percent character, meaning of</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Starts a comment: the &#8216;<literal>%</literal>&#8217; and all remaining characters on the
+current line are ignored.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term>&#8216;<literal>$</literal>&#8217;
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>$ character, meaning of</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>dollar sign character, meaning of</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Starts and ends math mode (see <link linkend="Math-formulas">Math formulas</link>).
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term>&#8216;<literal>&amp;</literal>&#8217;
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>&amp; character, meaning of</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>ampersand character, meaning of</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Separates cells in a table (see <link linkend="tabular">tabular</link>).
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term>&#8216;<literal>_</literal>&#8217;
+</term><term>&#8216;<literal>^</literal>&#8217;
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>_ character, meaning of</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>^ character, meaning of</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>underscore character, meaning of</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>hat character, meaning of</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>caret character, meaning of</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Introduce a subscript or superscript, respectively, in math
+(see <link linkend="Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</link>); they produce an error outside
+math mode. As a little-used special feature, two superscript
+characters in a row can introduce special notation for an arbitrary
+character.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term>&#8216;<literal>#</literal>&#8217;
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary># character, meaning of</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>number sign character (<literal>#</literal>), meaning of</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>sharp character (<literal>#</literal>), meaning of</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>hash character (<literal>#</literal>), meaning of</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Stands for arguments in a macro definition (see <link linkend="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp;
+\renewcommand</link>).
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term>&#8216;<literal>~</literal>&#8217;
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>~ character, meaning of</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>tilde character, meaning of</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Produces a nonbreakable interword space (see <link linkend="_007e">~</link>).
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+<para>See <link linkend="Printing-special-characters">Printing special characters</link>, for how to typeset these
+characters when you need them literally.
+</para>
+
+</sect2>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="2.4" id="LaTeX-command-syntax">
+<sect1 label="2.5" id="LaTeX-command-syntax">
<title>&latex; command syntax</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>command syntax</primary></indexterm>
@@ -386,17 +606,18 @@ before being released.
character, <literal>\</literal>. The name itself then consists of either
(a)&#160;a string of letters or (b)&#160;a single non-letter.
</para>
-<para>&latex; commands names are case sensitive so that <literal>\pagebreak</literal>
-differs from <literal>\Pagebreak</literal> (the latter is not a standard command).
-Most command names are lowercase, but in any event you must enter all
-commands in the same case as they are defined.
+<para>&latex; commands names are case sensitive; for example,
+<literal>\pagebreak</literal> differs from <literal>\Pagebreak</literal> (the latter is not a
+standard command). Most command names are lowercase, but in any event
+you must enter all commands in the same case as they are defined.
</para>
<para>A command may be followed by zero, one, or more arguments. These
arguments may be either required or optional. Required arguments are
contained in curly braces, <literal>{...}</literal>. Optional arguments are
contained in square brackets, <literal>[...]</literal>. Generally, but not
universally, if the command accepts an optional argument, it comes
-first, before any required arguments.
+first, before any required arguments; optional arguments could come
+after required arguments, or both before and after.
</para>
<para>Inside of an optional argument, to use the character close square
bracket&#160;(<literal>]</literal>) hide it inside curly braces, as
@@ -405,10 +626,10 @@ argument comes last, with no required argument after it, then to make
the first character of the following text be an open square bracket,
hide it inside curly braces.
</para>
-<para>&latex; has the convention that some commands have a <literal>*</literal> form that
-is related to the form without a <literal>*</literal>, such as <literal>\chapter</literal> and
-<literal>\chapter*</literal>. The exact difference in behavior varies from command
-to command.
+<para>&latex; has the convention that some commands have a <literal>*</literal> form
+that is closely related to the form without a <literal>*</literal>, such as
+<literal>\chapter</literal> and <literal>\chapter*</literal>. The difference in behavior
+varies from command to command.
</para>
<para>This manual describes all accepted options and <literal>*</literal>-forms for the
commands it covers (barring unintentional omissions, a.k.a. bugs).
@@ -423,12 +644,13 @@ commands it covers (barring unintentional omissions, a.k.a. bugs).
<para>As of the 2020-10-01 release of &latex;, the <literal>expl3</literal> and
<literal>xparse</literal> packages are part of the &latex;2e format. They
provide a completely different underlying programming language
-syntax. We won&#8217;t try to cover them in this document; see the related
+syntax. We won&#8217;t try to cover that in this document; see the related
package documentation and other &latex; manuals.
</para>
+
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="2.5" id="Environment">
-<title>Environment</title>
+<sect1 label="2.6" id="Environment-syntax">
+<title>Environment syntax</title>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -460,12 +682,53 @@ the table to be aligned on its top row) while the second argument is
required (it specifies the formatting of columns).
</para>
<screen>\begin{tabular}[t]{r|l}
- ... rows of table ...
+ ... <replaceable>rows-of-table</replaceable> ...
\end{tabular}
</screen>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="2.6" id="CTAN">
+<sect1 label="2.7" id="_005cDocumentMetadata">
+<title><literal>\DocumentMetadata</literal>: Producing tagged PDF output</title>
+
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\DocumentMetadata</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>tagged PDF</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>PDF, tagged</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>metadata, adding</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>accessibility</primary></indexterm>
+
+<para>The <literal>\DocumentMetadata</literal> command was added to &latex; in 2022.
+It enables so-called &#8220;tagging&#8221; of the PDF output, aiding
+accessibility of the PDF. It is supported best with Lua&latex;;
+pdf&latex; and Xe&latex; are supported as well as possible
+(see <link linkend="TeX-engines">&tex; engines</link>).
+</para>
+<para>It is unlike nearly any other command in &latex; in that it must
+occur before the <literal>\documentclass</literal> command that starts a &latex;
+document proper (see <link linkend="_005cdocumentclass">\documentclass</link>). Therefore it must be
+called with <literal>\RequirePackage</literal> rather than <literal>\usepackage</literal>
+(see <link linkend="_005cRequirePackage">\RequirePackage</link>).
+</para>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>package, <literal>latex-lab</literal></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>latex-lab</literal> package</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>documentmetadata-support-doc document</primary></indexterm>
+<para>This support is still in development, so we will not try to list all
+the possible settings. Please see the
+<literal>documentmetadata-support-doc</literal> document, part of the
+<literal>latex-lab</literal> package (<ulink url="https://ctan.org/pkg/latex-lab">https://ctan.org/pkg/latex-lab</ulink>). Here
+is a simple example which enables most tagging currently implemented:
+</para>
+<screen>\DocumentMetadata{testphase={phase-III,firstaid}}
+\documentclass{article}
+...
+</screen>
+<para>As you can see from the key name <literal>testphase</literal>, this is all still
+in an experimental phase. The &latex; developers strongly encourage
+users to give it a try and report problems, so it can be improved.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="2.8" id="CTAN">
<title>CTAN: The Comprehensive &tex; Archive Network</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>CTAN</primary></indexterm>
@@ -481,7 +744,7 @@ person or a small number of people. For instance, many publishers have
a package that allows authors to format papers to that publisher&#8217;s
specifications.
</para>
-<para>In addition to the massive holdings, the <literal>ctan.org</literal> web site
+<para>In addition to its massive holdings, the <literal>ctan.org</literal> web site
offers features such as search by name or by functionality.
</para>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>DANTE e.V.</primary></indexterm>
@@ -504,12 +767,13 @@ site. The list of mirrors is at <ulink url="https://ctan.org/mirrors">https://ct
<chapter label="3" id="Document-classes">
<title>Document classes</title>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>document classes</primary></indexterm>
+<anchor id="_005cdocumentclass"/><indexterm role="cp"><primary>document classes</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>classes of documents</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\documentclass</primary></indexterm>
-<para>The document&#8217;s overall class is defined with this command, which is
-normally the first command in a &latex; source file.
+<para>The document&#8217;s overall class is defined with the <literal>\documentclass</literal>
+command, which is normally the first command in a &latex; source
+file.
</para>
<screen>\documentclass[<replaceable>options</replaceable>]{<replaceable>class</replaceable>}
</screen>
@@ -519,8 +783,8 @@ normally the first command in a &latex; source file.
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>letter class</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>slides class</primary></indexterm>
<para>The following document <replaceable>class</replaceable> names are built into &latex;.
-(Many other document classes are available as separate packages;
-see <link linkend="Overview">Overview</link>.)
+Many other document classes are available as separate packages
+(see <link linkend="Overview">Overview</link>).
</para>
<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>article</literal>
</term><listitem><anchor id="document-classes-article"/><para>For a journal article, a presentation, and miscellaneous general use.
@@ -540,7 +804,7 @@ such as technical reports or theses, which may contain several chapters.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>slides</literal>
</term><listitem><anchor id="document-classes-slides"/><para>For slide presentations&#8212;rarely used nowadays. The
-<literal>beamer</literal> package is perhaps the most prevalent
+<literal>beamer</literal> package is perhaps the most prevalent replacement
(<ulink url="https://ctan.org/pkg/beamer">https://ctan.org/pkg/beamer</ulink>). See <link linkend="beamer-template">beamer template</link>, for a
small template for a beamer document.
</para>
@@ -563,13 +827,17 @@ specify more than one <replaceable>option</replaceable>, separate them with a co
</para>
<screen>\documentclass[<replaceable>option1</replaceable>,<replaceable>option2</replaceable>,...]{<replaceable>class</replaceable>}
</screen>
+<para>&latex; automatically passes options specified for
+<literal>\documentclass</literal> on to any other loaded classes that can handle
+them.
+</para>
<para>Here is the list of the standard class options.
</para>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>10pt option</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>11pt option</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>12pt option</primary></indexterm>
<para>All of the standard classes except <literal>slides</literal> accept the following
-options for selecting the typeface size (default is <literal>10pt</literal>):
+options for selecting the typeface size; the default is <literal>10pt</literal>:
</para>
<screen>10pt 11pt 12pt
</screen>
@@ -580,7 +848,7 @@ options for selecting the typeface size (default is <literal>10pt</literal>):
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>legalpaper option</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>letterpaper option</primary></indexterm>
<para>All of the standard classes accept these options for selecting the paper
-size (these show height by width):
+size (dimensions are listed height by width):
</para>
<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>a4paper</literal>
</term><listitem><para>210 by 297mm (about 8.25 by 11.75&#160;inches)
@@ -607,14 +875,12 @@ size (these show height by width):
<para>When using one of the engines pdf&latex;, Lua&latex;, or Xe&latex;
(see <link linkend="TeX-engines">&tex; engines</link>), options other than <literal>letterpaper</literal> set
-the print area but you must also set the physical paper size. One way
-to do that is to put <literal>\pdfpagewidth=\paperwidth</literal> and
-<literal>\pdfpageheight=\paperheight</literal> in your document&#8217;s preamble.
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>package, <literal>geometry</literal></primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>geometry</literal> package</primary></indexterm>
-</para>
-<para>The <literal>geometry</literal> package provides flexible ways of setting the print
-area and physical page size.
+the print area but you must also set the physical paper size. Usually,
+the <literal>geometry</literal> package is the best way to do that; it
+provides flexible ways of setting the print area and physical page size.
+Otherwise, setting the paper size is engine-dependent. For example,
+with pdf&latex;, you could include <literal>\pdfpagewidth=\paperwidth</literal> and
+<literal>\pdfpageheight=\paperheight</literal> in the preamble.
</para>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>draft option</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>final option</primary></indexterm>
@@ -699,32 +965,44 @@ the time at the bottom of each note.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="3.2" id="Additional-packages">
-<title>Additional packages</title>
+<sect1 label="3.2" id="_005cusepackage">
+<title><literal>\usepackage</literal>: Additional packages</title>
+<anchor id="Additional-packages"/><!-- original node name -->
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>loading additional packages</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>packages, loading additional</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>additional packages, loading</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\usepackage</primary></indexterm>
-<para>Load a package <replaceable>pkg</replaceable>, with the package options given in the comma-separated
-list <replaceable>options</replaceable>, as here.
+<para>To load a package <replaceable>pkg</replaceable>, with the package options given in the
+comma-separated list <replaceable>options</replaceable>:
</para>
-<screen>\usepackage[<replaceable>options</replaceable>]{<replaceable>pkg</replaceable>}.
+<screen>\usepackage[<replaceable>options</replaceable>]{<replaceable>pkg</replaceable>}[<replaceable>mindate</replaceable>]
</screen>
<para>To specify more than one package you can separate them with a comma,
as in <literal>\usepackage{<replaceable>pkg1</replaceable>,<replaceable>pkg2</replaceable>,...}</literal>, or use multiple
<literal>\usepackage</literal> commands.
</para>
+<para>If the <replaceable>mindate</replaceable> optional argument is given, &latex; gives a
+warning if the loaded package has an earlier date, i.e., is too old.
+The <replaceable>mindate</replaceable> argument must be in the form <literal>YYYY/MM/DD</literal>.
+More info on this: <ulink url="https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/47743">https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/47743</ulink>.
+</para>
+<para><literal>\usepackage</literal> must be used in the document preamble, between the
+<literal>\documentclass</literal> declaration and the <literal>\begin{document}</literal>.
+Occasionally it is necessary to load packages before the
+<literal>\documentclass</literal>; see <literal>\RequirePackage</literal> for that
+(see <link linkend="_005cRequirePackage">\RequirePackage</link>).
+</para>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>global options</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>options, global</primary></indexterm>
-<para>Any options given in the <literal>\documentclass</literal> command that are unknown
-to the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with
-<literal>\usepackage</literal>.
+<para>Any options given in the global <literal>\documentclass</literal> command that are
+unknown to the selected document class are passed on to the packages
+loaded with <literal>\usepackage</literal>.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="3.3" id="Class-and-package-construction">
-<title>Class and package construction</title>
+<sect1 label="3.3" id="Class-and-package-creation">
+<title>Class and package creation</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>document class commands</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>commands, document class</primary></indexterm>
@@ -736,27 +1014,29 @@ standard header for each page, then you could create a new class
<literal>smcmemo.cls</literal> and begin your documents with
<literal>\documentclass{smcmemo}</literal>.
</para>
-<para>What separates a package from a document class is that the commands in a
-package are useful across classes while those in a document class are
-specific to that class. Thus, a command to set page headers is for a
-package while a command to make the page headers say <literal>Memo from the
-SMC Math Department</literal> is for a class.
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>class and package difference</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>difference between class and package</primary></indexterm>
-</para>
-<para>Inside of a class or package file you can use the at-sign <literal>@</literal> as a
-character in command names without having to surround the code
-containing that command with <literal>\makeatletter</literal> and
-<literal>\makeatother</literal>. See <link linkend="_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</link>. This allow
-you to create commands that users will not accidentally redefine.
-Another technique is to preface class- or package-specific commands with
-some string to prevent your class or package from interfering with
-others. For instance, the class <literal>smcmemo</literal> might have commands
+<para>What separates a package from a document class is that the commands in
+a package are useful across classes while those in a document class
+are specific to that class. Thus, a command to set page headers is
+for a package while a command to make the page headers be
+<literal>Memo from the SMC Math Department</literal> is for a class.
+</para>
+<para>Inside of a class or package definition you can use the at-sign
+<literal>@</literal> as a character in command names without having to surround
+the code containing that command with <literal>\makeatletter</literal> and
+<literal>\makeatother</literal> (see <link linkend="_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</link>). This
+allows you to create commands that users will not accidentally
+redefine.
+</para>
+<para>It is also highly desirable to prefix class- or package-specific
+commands with your package name or similar string, to prevent your
+definitions from clashing with those from other packages. For
+instance, the class <literal>smcmemo</literal> might have commands
<literal>\smc@tolist</literal>, <literal>\smc@fromlist</literal>, etc.
</para>
-
<sect2 label="3.3.1" id="Class-and-package-structure">
<title>Class and package structure</title>
@@ -769,7 +1049,8 @@ others. For instance, the class <literal>smcmemo</literal> might have commands
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>package options</primary></indexterm>
<para>A class file or package file typically has four parts.
-</para><orderedlist numeration="arabic"><listitem><para>In the <firstterm>identification part</firstterm>, the file says that it is a &latex;
+</para>
+<orderedlist numeration="arabic"><listitem><para>In the <firstterm>identification part</firstterm>, the file says that it is a &latex;
package or class and describes itself, using the <literal>\NeedsTeXFormat</literal>
and <literal>\ProvidesClass</literal> or <literal>\ProvidesPackage</literal> commands.
</para>
@@ -793,6 +1074,7 @@ document font size.
usually does most of its work: declaring new variables, commands and
fonts, and loading other files.
</para></listitem></orderedlist>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>class file example</primary></indexterm>
<para>Here is a starting class file, which should be saved as <filename>stub.cls</filename>
where &latex; can find it, for example in the same directory as the
<filename>.tex</filename> file.
@@ -802,422 +1084,22 @@ where &latex; can find it, for example in the same directory as the
\DeclareOption*{\PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}}
\ProcessOptions\relax
\LoadClass{article}
-</screen><indexterm role="cp"><primary>class file example</primary></indexterm>
-
+</screen>
<para>It identifies itself, handles the class options via the default of
passing them all to the <literal>article</literal> class, and then loads the
<literal>article</literal> class to provide the basis for this class&#8217;s code.
</para>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>clsguide document</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>Class Guide, document</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>class writing tutorial document</primary></indexterm>
<para>For more, see the official guide for class and package writers, the
-Class Guide, at
-<ulink url="https://www.latex-project.org/help/documentation/clsguide.pdf">https://www.latex-project.org/help/documentation/clsguide.pdf</ulink> (much
-of the descriptions here derive from this document), or the tutorial
-<ulink url="https://www.tug.org/TUGboat/tb26-3/tb84heff.pdf">https://www.tug.org/TUGboat/tb26-3/tb84heff.pdf</ulink>.
-</para>
-
-</sect2>
-<sect2 label="3.3.2" id="Class-and-package-commands">
-<title>Class and package commands</title>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>class and package commands</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>commands, class and package</primary></indexterm>
-
-<para>These are the commands designed to help writers of classes or packages.
-</para>
-<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\AtBeginDvi{specials}</literal>
-</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\AtBeginDvi</primary></indexterm>
-<para>Save in a box register things that are written to the <filename>.dvi</filename> file
-at the beginning of the shipout of the first page of the document.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\AtEndOfClass{<replaceable>code</replaceable>}</literal>
-</term><term><literal>\AtEndOfPackage{<replaceable>code</replaceable>}</literal>
-</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\AtEndOfClass</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\AtEndOfPackage</primary></indexterm>
-<para>Hook to insert <replaceable>code</replaceable> to be executed when &latex; finishes
-processing the current class or package. You can use these hooks
-multiple times; the <literal>code</literal> will be executed in the order that you
-called it. See also <link linkend="_005cAtBeginDocument">\AtBeginDocument</link>.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\CheckCommand{<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>num</replaceable>][<replaceable>default</replaceable>]{<replaceable>definition</replaceable>}</literal>
-</term><term><literal>\CheckCommand*{<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>num</replaceable>][<replaceable>default</replaceable>]{<replaceable>definition</replaceable>}</literal>
-</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\CheckCommand</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\CheckCommand*</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>new command, checking</primary></indexterm>
-<para>Like <literal>\newcommand</literal> (see <link linkend="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</link>) but does
-not define <replaceable>cmd</replaceable>; instead it checks that the current definition of
-<replaceable>cmd</replaceable> is exactly as given by <replaceable>definition</replaceable> and is or is not
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>long command</primary></indexterm>
-<firstterm>long</firstterm> as expected. A long command is a command that accepts
-<literal>\par</literal> within an argument. The <replaceable>cmd</replaceable> command is expected to be
-long with the unstarred version of <literal>\CheckCommand</literal>. Raises an
-error when the check fails. This allows you to check before you start
-redefining <literal>cmd</literal> yourself that no other package has already
-redefined this command.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ClassError{<replaceable>class name</replaceable>}{<replaceable>error text</replaceable>}{<replaceable>help text</replaceable>}</literal>
-</term><term><literal>\ClassWarning{<replaceable>class name</replaceable>}{<replaceable>warning text</replaceable>}</literal>
-</term><term><literal>\ClassWarningNoLine{<replaceable>class name</replaceable>}{<replaceable>warning text</replaceable>}</literal>
-</term><term><literal>\ClassInfo{<replaceable>class name</replaceable>}{<replaceable>info text</replaceable>}</literal>
-</term><term><literal>\ClassInfoNoLine{<replaceable>class name</replaceable>}{<replaceable>info text</replaceable>}</literal>
-</term><term><literal>\PackageError{<replaceable>package name</replaceable>}{<replaceable>error text</replaceable>}{<replaceable>help text</replaceable>}</literal>
-</term><term><literal>\PackageWarning{<replaceable>package name</replaceable>}{<replaceable>warning text</replaceable>}</literal>
-</term><term><literal>\PackageWarningNoLine{<replaceable>package name</replaceable>}{<replaceable>warning text</replaceable>}</literal>
-</term><term><literal>\PackageInfo{<replaceable>package name</replaceable>}{<replaceable>info text</replaceable>}</literal>
-</term><term><literal>\PackageInfoNoLine{<replaceable>package name</replaceable>}{<replaceable>info text</replaceable>}</literal>
-</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ClassError</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\PackageError</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ClassWarning</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\PackageWarning</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ClassWarningNoLine</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\PackageWarningNoLine</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ClassInfo</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\PackageInfo</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ClassInfoNoLine</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\PackageInfoNoLine</primary></indexterm>
-<para>Produce an error message, or warning or informational messages.
-</para>
-<para>For <literal>\ClassError</literal> and <literal>\PackageError</literal> the message is
-<replaceable>error text</replaceable>, followed by &tex;&#8217;s <literal>?</literal> error prompt. If the
-user then asks for help by typing <literal>h</literal>, they see the <replaceable>help
-text</replaceable>.
-</para>
-<para>The four warning commands are similar except that they write
-<replaceable>warning text</replaceable> on the screen with no error prompt. The four info
-commands write <replaceable>info text</replaceable> only in the transcript file. The
-<literal>NoLine</literal> versions do not show the number of the line generating the
-message, while the other versions do show that number.
-</para>
-<para>To format the messages, including the <replaceable>help text</replaceable>: use
-<literal>\protect</literal> to stop a command from expanding, get a line break with
-<literal>\MessageBreak</literal>, and get a space with <literal>\space</literal> when a space
-character does not allow it, like after a command. Note that &latex;
-appends a period to the messages.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\CurrentOption</literal>
-</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\CurrentOption</primary></indexterm>
-<para>Expands to the name of the currently-being-processed option. Can only
-be used within the <replaceable>code</replaceable> argument of either <literal>\DeclareOption</literal>
-or <literal>\DeclareOption*</literal>.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\DeclareOption{<replaceable>option</replaceable>}{<replaceable>code</replaceable>}</literal>
-</term><term><literal>\DeclareOption*{<replaceable>code</replaceable>}</literal>
-</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\DeclareOption</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\DeclareOption*</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>class options</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>package options</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>options, class</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>options, package</primary></indexterm>
-<para>Make an option available to a user to invoke in their
-<literal>\documentclass</literal> command. For example, the <literal>smcmemo</literal> class
-could have an option <literal>\documentclass[logo]{smcmemo}</literal> allowing
-users to put the institutional logo on the first page. The class file
-must contain <literal>\DeclareOption{logo}{<replaceable>code</replaceable>}</literal> (and later,
-<literal>\ProcessOptions</literal>).
-</para>
-<para>If you request an option that has not been declared, by default this
-will produce a warning like <literal>Unused global option(s):
-[badoption].</literal> Change this behavior with the starred version
-<literal>\DeclareOption*{<replaceable>code</replaceable>}</literal>. For example, many classes
-extend an existing class, using a command such as
-<literal>\LoadClass{article}</literal>, and for passing extra options to the
-underlying class use code such as this.
-</para>
-<screen>\DeclareOption*{%
-\PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}%
-}
-</screen>
-<para>Another example is that the class <literal>smcmemo</literal> may allow users to keep
-lists of memo recipients in external files. Then the user could invoke
-<literal>\documentclass[math]{smcmemo}</literal> and it will read the file
-<literal>math.memo</literal>. This code handles the file if it exists and otherwise
-passes the option to the <literal>article</literal> class.
-</para>
-<screen>\DeclareOption*{\InputIfFileExists{\CurrentOption.memo}{}{%
- \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}}}
-</screen>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\DeclareRobustCommand{<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>num</replaceable>][<replaceable>default</replaceable>]{<replaceable>definition</replaceable>}</literal>
-</term></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>* \DeclareRobustCommand*{<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>num</replaceable>][<replaceable>default</replaceable>]{<replaceable>definition</replaceable>}</literal>
-</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\DeclareRobustCommand</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\DeclareRobustCommand*</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>new command, definition</primary></indexterm>
-<para>Like <literal>\newcommand</literal> and <literal>\newcommand*</literal> (see <link linkend="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp;
-\renewcommand</link>) but these declare a robust command, even if some code
-within the <replaceable>definition</replaceable> is fragile. (For a discussion of robust and
-fragile commands see <link linkend="_005cprotect">\protect</link>.) Use this command to define new
-robust commands or to redefine existing commands and make them
-robust. Unlike <literal>\newcommand</literal> these do not give an error if macro
-<replaceable>cmd</replaceable> already exists; instead, a log message is put into the
-transcript file if a command is redefined.
-</para>
-<para>Commands defined this way are a bit less efficient than those defined
-using <literal>\newcommand</literal> so unless the command&#8217;s data is fragile and the
-command is used within a moving argument, use <literal>\newcommand</literal>.
-</para>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>package, <literal>etoolbox</literal></primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>etoolbox</literal> package</primary></indexterm>
-<para>The <literal>etoolbox</literal> package offers the commands
-<literal>\newrobustcmd</literal>, <literal>\newrobustcmd*</literal>, as well as the commands
-<literal>\renewrobustcmd</literal>, <literal>\renewrobustcmd*</literal>, and the commands
-<literal>\providerobustcmd</literal>, and <literal>\providerobustcmd*</literal>. These are
-similar to <literal>\newcommand</literal>, <literal>\newcommand*</literal>,
-<literal>\renewcommand</literal>, <literal>\renewcommand*</literal>, <literal>\providecommand</literal>, and
-<literal>\providecommand*</literal>, but define a robust <replaceable>cmd</replaceable> with two
-advantages as compared to <literal>\DeclareRobustCommand</literal>:
-</para><orderedlist numeration="arabic"><listitem><para>They use the low-level e-&tex; protection mechanism rather than the
-higher level &latex; <literal>\protect</literal> mechanism, so they do not incur
-the slight loss of performance mentioned above, and
-</para></listitem><listitem><para>They make the same distinction between <literal>\new&#8230;</literal>,
-<literal>\renew&#8230;</literal>, and <literal>\provide&#8230;</literal>, as the standard
-commands, so they do not just make a log message when you redefine
-<replaceable>cmd</replaceable> that already exists, in that case you need to use either
-<literal>\renew&#8230;</literal> or <literal>\provide&#8230;</literal> or you get an error.
-</para></listitem></orderedlist>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\IfFileExists{<replaceable>filename</replaceable>}{<replaceable>true code</replaceable>}{<replaceable>false code</replaceable>}</literal>
-</term><term><literal>\InputIfFileExists{<replaceable>filename</replaceable>}{<replaceable>true code</replaceable>}{<replaceable>false code</replaceable>}</literal>
-</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\IfFileExists</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\InputIfFileExists</primary></indexterm>
-<para>Execute <replaceable>true code</replaceable> if &latex; finds the file <filename><replaceable>file
-name</replaceable></filename> or <replaceable>false code</replaceable> otherwise. In the first case it executing
-<replaceable>true code</replaceable> and then inputs the file. Thus the command
+Class Guide, at <ulink url="https://ctan.org/pkg/clsguide">https://ctan.org/pkg/clsguide</ulink> (much of the
+description here derives from this document), or the tutorial at
+<ulink url="https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb26-3/tb84heff.pdf">https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb26-3/tb84heff.pdf</ulink>.
</para>
-<screen>\IfFileExists{img.pdf}{%
- \includegraphics{img.pdf}}{\typeout{!! img.pdf not found}
-</screen>
-<para>will include the graphic <filename>img.pdf</filename> if it is found and otherwise
-give a warning.
-</para>
-<para>This command looks for the file in all search paths that &latex; uses,
-not only in the current directory. To look only in the current
-directory do something like <literal>\IfFileExists{./filename}{<replaceable>true
-code</replaceable>}{<replaceable>false code</replaceable>}</literal>. If you ask for a filename without a
-<literal>.tex</literal> extension then &latex; will first look for the file by
-appending the <literal>.tex</literal>; for more on how &latex; handles file
-extensions see <link linkend="_005cinput">\input</link>.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\LoadClass[<replaceable>options list</replaceable>]{<replaceable>class name</replaceable>}[<replaceable>release date</replaceable>]</literal>
-</term><term><literal>\LoadClassWithOptions{<replaceable>class name</replaceable>}[<replaceable>release date</replaceable>]</literal>
-</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\LoadClass</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\LoadClassWithOptions</primary></indexterm>
-<para>Load a class, as with <literal>\documentclass[<replaceable>options
-list</replaceable>]{<replaceable>class name</replaceable>}[<replaceable>release info</replaceable>]</literal>. An example is
-<literal>\LoadClass[twoside]{article}</literal>.
-</para>
-<para>The <replaceable>options list</replaceable>, if present, is a comma-separated list. The
-<replaceable>release date</replaceable> is optional. If present it must have the form
-<replaceable>YYYY/MM/DD</replaceable>.
-<!-- BTW, there are at-macros documented in macros2e.pdf to check the version -->
-<!-- and do some actions conditionnally on version later or not to some -->
-<!-- date. -->
+<para>See <link linkend="Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</link>, for some of the commands
+specifically intended for class and package writers.
</para>
-<para>If you request a <replaceable>release date</replaceable> and the date of the package
-installed on your system is earlier, then you get a warning on the
-screen and in the log like this.
-</para>
-<screen>You have requested, on input line 4, version `2038/01/19' of
-document class article, but only version `2014/09/29 v1.4h
-Standard LaTeX document class' is available.
-</screen>
-<para>The command version <literal>\LoadClassWithOptions</literal> uses the list of
-options for the current class. This means it ignores any options passed
-to it via <literal>\PassOptionsToClass</literal>. This is a convenience command
-that lets you build classes on existing ones, such as the standard
-<literal>article</literal> class, without having to track which options were passed.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ExecuteOptions{<replaceable>options-list</replaceable>}</literal>
-</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ExecuteOptions</primary></indexterm>
-<para>For each option <replaceable>option</replaceable> in the <replaceable>options-list</replaceable>, in order, this command
-executes the command <literal>\ds@<replaceable>option</replaceable></literal>. If this command is not
-defined then that option is silently ignored.
-</para>
-<para>It can be used to provide a default option list before
-<literal>\ProcessOptions</literal>. For example, if in a class file you want the
-default to be 11pt fonts then you could specify
-<literal>\ExecuteOptions{11pt}\ProcessOptions\relax</literal>.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\NeedsTeXFormat{<replaceable>format</replaceable>}[<replaceable>format date</replaceable>]</literal>
-</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\NeedsTeXFormat</primary></indexterm>
-<para>Specifies the format that this class must be run under. Often issued
-as the first line of a class file, and most often used as:
-<literal>\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}</literal>. When a document using that class is
-processed, the format name given here must match the format that is
-actually being run (including that the <replaceable>format</replaceable> string is case
-sensitive). If it does not match then execution stops with an error
-like &#8216;<literal>This file needs format `LaTeX2e' but this is `xxx'.</literal>&#8217;
-</para>
-<para>To specify a version of the format that you know to have certain
-features, include the optional <replaceable>format date</replaceable> on which those features
-were implemented. If present it must be in the form <literal>YYYY/MM/DD</literal>.
-If the format version installed on your system is earlier than
-<replaceable>format date</replaceable> then you get a warning like this.
-</para>
-<screen>You have requested release `2038/01/20' of LaTeX, but only
-release `2016/02/01' is available.
-</screen>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\OptionNotUsed</literal>
-</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\OptionNotUsed</primary></indexterm>
-<para>Adds the current option to the list of unused options. Can only be used
-within the <replaceable>code</replaceable> argument of either <literal>\DeclareOption</literal> or
-<literal>\DeclareOption*</literal>.
-</para>
-<!-- I cannot reproduce this behavior as it is documented in clsguide. -->
-<!-- In the absence of a @code{\DeclareOption*} declaration, @LaTeX{} issues -->
-<!-- on the console a warning like @code{LaTeX Warning: Unused global -->
-<!-- option(s): [unusedoption].} with the list of not-used options when it -->
-<!-- reaches @code{\begin@{document@}}. -->
-
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\PassOptionsToClass{<replaceable>option list</replaceable>}{<replaceable>class name</replaceable>}</literal>
-</term><term><literal>\PassOptionsToPackage{<replaceable>option list</replaceable>}{<replaceable>package name</replaceable>}</literal>
-</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\PassOptionsToClass</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\PassOptionsToPackage</primary></indexterm>
-<para>Adds the options in the comma-separated list <replaceable>option list</replaceable> to the
-options used by any future <literal>\RequirePackage</literal> or <literal>\usepackage</literal>
-command for package <replaceable>package name</replaceable> or the class <replaceable>class name</replaceable>.
-</para>
-<para>The reason for these commands is: you may load a package any number of
-times with no options but if you want options then you may only supply
-them when you first load the package. Loading a package with options
-more than once will get you an error like <literal>Option clash for package
-foo.</literal> (&latex; throws an error even if there is no conflict between the
-options.)
-</para>
-<para>If your own code is bringing in a package twice then you can collapse
-that to once, for example replacing the two
-<literal>\RequirePackage[landscape]{geometry}</literal> and
-<literal>\RequirePackage[margins=1in]{geometry}</literal> with the single command
-<literal>\RequirePackage[landscape,margins=1in]{geometry}</literal>.
-</para>
-<para>However, imagine that you are loading <filename>firstpkg</filename> and inside that
-package it loads <filename>secondpkg</filename>, and you need the second package to be
-loaded with option <literal>draft</literal>. Then before doing the first package
-you must queue up the options for the second package, like this.
-</para>
-<screen>\PassOptionsToPackage{draft}{secondpkg}
-\RequirePackage{firstpkg}
-</screen>
-<para>(If <literal>firstpkg.sty</literal> loads an option in conflict with what you want
-then you may have to alter its source.)
-</para>
-<para>These commands are useful for general users as well as class and package
-writers. For instance, suppose a user wants to load the <literal>graphicx</literal>
-package with the option <literal>draft</literal> and also wants to use a class
-<literal>foo</literal> that loads the <literal>graphicx</literal> package, but without that
-option. The user could start their &latex; file with
-<literal>\PassOptionsToPackage{draft}{graphicx}\documentclass{foo}</literal>.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ProcessOptions</literal>
-</term><term><literal>\ProcessOptions*<replaceable>\@options</replaceable></literal>
-</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ProcessOptions</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ProcessOptions*</primary></indexterm>
-<para>Execute the code for each option that the user has invoked. Include it
-in the class file as <literal>\ProcessOptions\relax</literal> (because of the
-existence of the starred command).
-</para>
-<para>Options come in two types. <firstterm>Local options</firstterm> have been specified for this
-particular package in the <replaceable>options</replaceable> argument of
-<literal>\PassOptionsToPackage{<replaceable>options</replaceable>}</literal>,
-<literal>\usepackage[<replaceable>options</replaceable>]</literal>, or
-<literal>\RequirePackage[<replaceable>options</replaceable>]</literal>. <firstterm>Global options</firstterm> are those given
-by the class user in <literal>\documentclass[<replaceable>options</replaceable>]</literal> (If an option
-is specified both locally and globally then it is local.)
-</para>
-<para>When <literal>\ProcessOptions</literal> is called for a package <filename>pkg.sty</filename>, the
-following happens:
-</para><orderedlist numeration="arabic"><listitem><para>For each option <replaceable>option</replaceable> so far declared
-with <literal>\DeclareOption</literal>, it looks to see if that option is either a
-global or a local option for <literal>pkg</literal>. If so then it executes the
-declared code. This is done in the order in which these options were
-given in <filename>pkg.sty</filename>.
-</para></listitem><listitem><para>For each remaining local option, it executes the command
-<literal>\ds@</literal><replaceable>option</replaceable> if it has been defined somewhere (other than by
-a <literal>\DeclareOption</literal>); otherwise, it executes the default option code
-given in <literal>\DeclareOption*</literal>. If no default option code has been
-declared then it gives an error message. This is done in the order in
-which these options were specified.
-</para></listitem></orderedlist>
-<para>When <literal>\ProcessOptions</literal> is called for a class it works in the same
-way except that all options are local, and the default <replaceable>code</replaceable> for
-<literal>\DeclareOption*</literal> is <literal>\OptionNotUsed</literal> rather than an error.
-</para>
-<para>The starred version <literal>\ProcessOptions*</literal> executes the
-options in the order specified in the calling commands, rather than in
-the order of declaration in the class or package. For a package this
-means that the global options are processed first.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ProvidesClass{<replaceable>class name</replaceable>}[<replaceable>release date</replaceable> <replaceable>brief additional information</replaceable>]</literal>
-</term><term><literal>\ProvidesClass{<replaceable>class name</replaceable>}[<replaceable>release date</replaceable>]</literal>
-</term><term><literal>\ProvidesPackage{<replaceable>package name</replaceable>}[<replaceable>release date</replaceable> <replaceable>brief additional information</replaceable>]</literal>
-</term><term><literal>\ProvidesPackage{<replaceable>package name</replaceable>}[<replaceable>release date</replaceable>]</literal>
-</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ProvidesClass</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ProvidesPackage</primary></indexterm>
-<para>Identifies the class or package, printing a message to the screen and
-the log file.
-</para>
-<para>When you load a class or package, for example with
-<literal>\documentclass{smcmemo}</literal> or <literal>\usepackage{test}</literal>, &latex;
-inputs a file. If the name of the file does not match the class or
-package name declared in it then you get a warning. Thus, if you invoke
-<literal>\documentclass{smcmemo}</literal>, and the file <filename>smcmemo.cls</filename> has
-the statement <literal>\ProvidesClass{xxx}</literal> then you get a warning like
-<literal>You have requested document class `smcmemo', but the document
-class provides 'xxx'.</literal> This warning does not prevent &latex; from
-processing the rest of the class file normally.
-</para>
-<para>If you include the optional argument then you must include a date,
-before any spaces, of the form <literal>YYYY/MM/DD</literal>. The rest of the
-optional argument is free-form, although it traditionally identifies the
-class, and is written to the screen during compilation and to the log
-file. Thus, if your file <filename>smcmemo.cls</filename> contains the line
-<literal>\ProvidesClass{smcmemo}[2008/06/01 v1.0 SMC memo class]</literal> and
-your document&#8217;s first line is <literal>\documentclass{smcmemo}</literal> then you
-will see <literal>Document Class: smcmemo 2008/06/01 v1.0 SMC memo class</literal>.
-</para>
-<para>The date in the optional argument allows class and package users to ask
-to be warned if the version of the class or package is earlier than
-<replaceable>release date</replaceable>. For instance, a user could enter
-<literal>\documentclass{smcmemo}[2018/10/12]</literal> or
-<literal>\usepackage{foo}[[2017/07/07]]</literal> to require a class or package
-with certain features by specifying that it must be released no earlier
-than the given date. (Although, in practice package users only rarely
-include a date, and class users almost never do.)
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ProvidesFile{<replaceable>filename</replaceable>}[<replaceable>additional information</replaceable>]</literal>
-</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ProvidesFile</primary></indexterm>
-<para>Declare a file other than the main class and package files, such as
-configuration files or font definition files. Put this command in that
-file and you get in the log a string like <literal>File: test.config
-2017/10/12 config file for test.cls</literal> for <replaceable>filename</replaceable> equal to
-&#8216;<literal>test.config</literal>&#8217; and <replaceable>additional information</replaceable> equal to
-&#8216;<literal>2017/10/12 config file for test.cls</literal>&#8217;.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\RequirePackage[<replaceable>option list</replaceable>]{<replaceable>package name</replaceable>}[<replaceable>release date</replaceable>]</literal>
-</term><term><literal>\RequirePackageWithOptions{<replaceable>package name</replaceable>}[<replaceable>release date</replaceable>]</literal>
-</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\RequirePackage</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\RequirePackageWithOptions</primary></indexterm>
-<para>Load a package, like the command <literal>\usepackage</literal> (see <link linkend="Additional-packages">Additional
-packages</link>). The &latex; development team strongly recommends use of
-these commands over Plain&#160;&tex;&#8217;s <literal>\input</literal>; see the Class
-Guide. An example is
-<literal>\RequirePackage[landscape,margin=1in]{geometry}</literal>.
-</para>
-<para>The <replaceable>option list</replaceable>, if present, is a comma-separated list. The
-<replaceable>release date</replaceable>, if present, must have the form <replaceable>YYYY/MM/DD</replaceable>. If
-the release date of the package as installed on your system is earlier
-than <replaceable>release date</replaceable> then you get a warning like <literal>You have
-requested, on input line 9, version `2017/07/03' of package jhtest, but
-only version `2000/01/01' is available</literal>.
-</para>
-<para>The <literal>\RequirePackageWithOptions</literal> version uses the list of options
-for the current class. This means it ignores any options passed to it
-via <literal>\PassOptionsToClass</literal>. This is a convenience command to allow
-easily building classes on existing ones without having to track which
-options were passed.
-</para>
-<para>The difference between <literal>\usepackage</literal> and <literal>\RequirePackage</literal> is
-small. The <literal>\usepackage</literal> command is intended for the document file
-while <literal>\RequirePackage</literal> is intended for package and class files.
-Thus, using <literal>\usepackage</literal> before the <literal>\documentclass</literal> command
-causes &latex; to give error like <literal>\usepackage before
-\documentclass</literal>, but you can use <literal>\RequirePackage</literal> there.
-</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
</sect2>
</sect1>
@@ -1309,6 +1191,7 @@ to directly enter accented characters into your source file.)
</para>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>package, <literal>lmodern</literal></primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>lmodern</literal> package</primary></indexterm>
+
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>package, <literal>cm-super</literal></primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>cm-super</literal> package</primary></indexterm>
@@ -1323,21 +1206,26 @@ declared, this package loads the encoding definition files, named
<filename><replaceable>font_encoding</replaceable>enc.def</filename>. It also sets <literal>\encodingdefault</literal>
to be the last encoding in the option list.
</para>
-<para>These are the common values for <replaceable>font_encoding</replaceable>.
+<para>These are the common values for <replaceable>font_encoding</replaceable>:
</para>
<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>OT1</literal>
-</term><listitem><para>The original encoding for &tex;. Limited to mostly English characters.
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>OT1 encoding</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The original 7-bit encoding for &tex;. Limited to mostly English characters.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>OMS, OML</literal>
</term><listitem><para>Math symbols and math letters encoding.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>T1</literal>
-</term><listitem><para>&tex; text extended. Sometimes called the Cork encoding for the Users
-Group meeting where it was developed. Gives access to most European
-accented characters. The most common option for this package.
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>T1 encoding</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>Cork encoding</primary></indexterm>
+<para>&tex; text extended. Sometimes called the Cork encoding for the
+users group meeting where it was developed (1990). Gives access to
+most European accented characters. The most common option for this
+package.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>TS1</literal>
-</term><listitem><para>Text Companion encoding.
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>TS1 (text companion) encoding</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Text Companion encoding.
</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
<para>&latex;&#8217;s default is to load <literal>OML</literal>, <literal>T1</literal>, <literal>OT1</literal>, and
then <literal>OMS</literal>, and set the default to <literal>OT1</literal>.
@@ -1350,13 +1238,13 @@ Modern family then you may need to load the package that selects your
fonts before loading <filename>fontenc</filename>, to prevent the system from loading
any <literal>T1</literal>&#160;encoded fonts from the default.
</para>
-<para>The &latex; team reserve encoding names starting with: &#8216;<literal>T</literal>&#8217; for the
-standard text encodings with 256 characters, &#8216;<literal>TS</literal>&#8217; for symbols that
-extend the corresponding T encodings, &#8216;<literal>X</literal>&#8217; for test encodings,
-&#8216;<literal>M</literal>&#8217; for standard math encodings with 256 characters, &#8216;<literal>A</literal>&#8217; for
-special applications, &#8216;<literal>OT</literal>&#8217; for standard text encodings with 128
-characters, and &#8216;<literal>OM</literal>&#8217; for standard math encodings with 128
-characters (&#8216;<literal>O</literal>&#8217; stands for &#8216;<literal>obsolete</literal>&#8217;).
+<para>The &latex; team reserves encoding names starting with: &#8216;<literal>T</literal>&#8217; for
+the standard text encodings with 256 characters, &#8216;<literal>TS</literal>&#8217; for symbols
+that extend the corresponding T encodings, &#8216;<literal>X</literal>&#8217; for test
+encodings, &#8216;<literal>M</literal>&#8217; for standard math encodings with 256 characters,
+&#8216;<literal>A</literal>&#8217; for special applications, &#8216;<literal>OT</literal>&#8217; for standard text
+encodings with 128 characters, and &#8216;<literal>OM</literal>&#8217; for standard math
+encodings with 128 characters (&#8216;<literal>O</literal>&#8217; stands for &#8216;<literal>obsolete</literal>&#8217;).
</para>
<para>This package provides a number of commands, detailed below. Many of
them are encoding-specific, so if you have defined a command that works
@@ -1642,9 +1530,9 @@ mathematics.
<para>For example, this line from <filename>t1enc.def</filename> declares the number of the
glyph to use for &#x00AB;, the left guillemet.
</para>
-<screen>\DeclareTextSymbol{\guillemotleft}{T1}{19}
+<screen>\DeclareTextSymbol{\guillemetleft}{T1}{19}
</screen>
-<para>The command <literal>\DeclareTextCommand{\guillemotleft}{T1}{\char
+<para>The command <literal>\DeclareTextCommand{\guillemetleft}{T1}{\char
19}</literal> has the same effect but is slower (see <link linkend="_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand">\DeclareTextCommand &amp;
\ProvideTextCommand</link>).
</para>
@@ -3633,7 +3521,7 @@ switches the chapters back to being not numbered.
</sect1>
<sect1 label="6.8" id="_005c_0040startsection">
-<title><literal>\@startsection</literal>, typesetting sectional unit headings</title>
+<title><literal>\@startsection</literal>: Typesetting sectional unit headings</title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\@startsection</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>section, redefining</primary></indexterm>
@@ -3645,15 +3533,15 @@ switches the chapters back to being not numbered.
<para>Used to help redefine the behavior of commands that start sectioning
divisions such as <literal>\section</literal> or <literal>\subsection</literal>.
</para>
-<para>Note that the <literal>titlesec</literal> package makes manipulation of sectioning
+<para>The <literal>titlesec</literal> package makes manipulation of sectioning
easier. Further, while most requirements for sectioning commands can be
satisfied with <literal>\@startsection</literal>, some cannot. For instance, in
the standard &latex; <literal>book</literal> and <literal>report</literal> classes the commands
-<literal>\chapter</literal> and <literal>\report</literal> are not constructed in this way. To
+<literal>\chapter</literal> and <literal>\report</literal> are not constructed using this. To
make such a command you may want to use the <literal>\secdef</literal> command.
<!-- xx define, and make a cross reference to, secdef. -->
</para>
-<para>Technically, <literal>\@startsection</literal> has the form
+<para>The <literal>\@startsection</literal> macro is used like this:
</para>
<screen>\@startsection{<replaceable>name</replaceable>}
{<replaceable>level</replaceable>}
@@ -3672,7 +3560,7 @@ make such a command you may want to use the <literal>\secdef</literal> command.
{<replaceable>style</replaceable>}}
</screen>
<para>redefines <literal>\section</literal> while keeping its standard calling form
-<literal>\section*[<replaceable>toctitle</replaceable>]{<replaceable>title</replaceable>}</literal> (in which, for reminder,
+<literal>\section*[<replaceable>toctitle</replaceable>]{<replaceable>title</replaceable>}</literal> (in which, as a reminder,
the star&#160;<literal>*</literal> is optional). See <link linkend="Sectioning">Sectioning</link>. This implies
that when you write a command like
<literal>\renewcommand{\section}{...}</literal>, the
@@ -3720,8 +3608,8 @@ the title into the left margin.
is inserted before this sectioning unit&#8217;s title. This space will be
discarded if the sectioning unit happens to start at the beginning of a
page. If this number is negative then the first paragraph following the
-header is not indented, if it is non-negative then the first paragraph
-is indented. (Note that the negative of <literal>1pt plus 2pt minus 3pt</literal>
+header is not indented; if it is non-negative then the first paragraph
+is indented. (Example: the negative of <literal>1pt plus 2pt minus 3pt</literal>
is <literal>-1pt plus -2pt minus -3pt</literal>.)
</para>
<para>For example, if <replaceable>beforeskip</replaceable> is <literal>-3.5ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex</literal>
@@ -4110,6 +3998,7 @@ uses <literal>hyperref</literal> then they all must use it.
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>environments</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\begin</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\end</primary></indexterm>
+<anchor id="Environment"/><!-- old name -->
<para>&latex; provides many environments for delimiting certain behavior.
An environment begins with <literal>\begin</literal> and ends with <literal>\end</literal>,
@@ -4492,19 +4381,19 @@ displayed equation facilities. For example, there are a number of
ways in that package for having math text broken across lines.
</para>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\[...\] display math</primary></indexterm>
-<para>The construct <literal>\[<replaceable>math</replaceable>\]</literal> is a synonym for the environment
+<para>The construct <literal>\[ <replaceable>math</replaceable> \]</literal> is a synonym for the environment
<literal>\begin{displaymath} <replaceable>math</replaceable> \end{displaymath}</literal> but the
latter is easier to work with in the source; for instance,
searching for a square bracket may get false positives but the word
<literal>displaymath</literal> will likely be unique.
</para>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>$$...$$ plain &tex; display math</primary></indexterm>
-<para>(Aside: The construct <literal>$$<replaceable>math</replaceable>$$</literal> from Plain&#160;&tex; is
-sometimes mistakenly used as a synonym for <literal>displaymath</literal>. It is
+<para>The construct <literal>$$<replaceable>math</replaceable>$$</literal> from Plain&#160;&tex; is
+sometimes used as a synonym for &latex;&#8217;s <literal>displaymath</literal>. It is
not a synonym, and is not officially supported in &latex; at all;
<literal>$$</literal> doesn&#8217;t support the <literal>fleqn</literal> option (see <link linkend="Document-class-options">Document
class options</link>), has different vertical spacing, and doesn&#8217;t perform
-consistency checks.)
+consistency checks.
</para>
<para>The output from this example is centered and alone on its line.
</para>
@@ -4750,7 +4639,7 @@ except that &latex; puts an equation number flush to the right margin.
The equation number is generated using the <literal>equation</literal> counter.
</para>
<para>You should have no blank lines between <literal>\begin{equation}</literal> and
-<literal>\begin{equation}</literal>, or &latex; will tell you that there is a
+<literal>\end{equation}</literal>, or &latex; will tell you that there is a
missing dollar sign.
</para>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>package, <literal>amsmath</literal></primary></indexterm>
@@ -5047,13 +4936,12 @@ see&#160;<link linkend="flushright">flushright</link>.
</para>
<para>Unlike the <literal>flushright</literal> environment, the <literal>\raggedleft</literal>
command does not start a new paragraph; it only changes how &latex;
-formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit&#8217;s format, the
+formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit&#8217;s formatting, the
scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or <literal>\end</literal>
command that ends the paragraph unit.
</para>
-<para>For an example related to this environment, see&#160;<link linkend="_005craggedright">\raggedright</link>,
-where one just have mutatis mutandis to replace <literal>\raggedright</literal> by
-<literal>\raggedleft</literal>.
+<para>See <link linkend="_005craggedright">\raggedright</link>, for an example related to this environment;
+just replace <literal>\raggedright</literal> there by <literal>\raggedleft</literal>.
</para>
</sect2>
@@ -5168,8 +5056,9 @@ see <link linkend="_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent &amp; \parskip<
<screen>\newenvironment{itemize*}%
{\begin{itemize}%
\setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}%
- \setlength{\parsep}{0pt}}%
- \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}%
+ \setlength{\parsep}{0pt}%
+ \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}%
+ }%
{\end{itemize}}
</screen>
@@ -5272,7 +5161,7 @@ different than the values shown here.) See also the figure that follows
the list. Each is a length (see <link linkend="Lengths">Lengths</link>). The vertical spaces are
normally rubber lengths, with <literal>plus</literal> and <literal>minus</literal> components,
to give &tex; flexibility in setting the page. Change each with a
-command such as <literal>\setlength{itemsep}{2pt plus1pt minus1pt}</literal>.
+command such as <literal>\setlength{\itemsep}{2pt plus1pt minus1pt}</literal>.
For some effects these lengths should be zero or negative.
</para>
<variablelist><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\itemindent</primary></indexterm><literal>\itemindent</literal>
@@ -6659,14 +6548,16 @@ function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\
</screen>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>package, <literal>algorithm2e</literal></primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>algorithm2e</literal> package</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>package, <literal>fancyvrb</literal></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>fancyvrb</literal> package</primary></indexterm>
+
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>package, <literal>listings</literal></primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>listings</literal> package</primary></indexterm>
+
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>package, <literal>minted</literal></primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>minted</literal> package</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>package, <literal>fancyvrb</literal></primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>fancyvrb</literal> package</primary></indexterm>
-
<para>This example is just for illustration of the environment. To actually
typeset computer code in typewriter like this, a verbatim environment
(see <link linkend="verbatim">verbatim</link>) would normally be best. For pretty-printed code,
@@ -7569,11 +7460,11 @@ help with this.
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>package, <literal>minted</literal></primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>minted</literal> package</primary></indexterm>
-<para>One common use of verbatim input is to typeset computer code. There are
-packages that are an improvement the <literal>verbatim</literal> environment. For
-instance, one improvement is to allow the verbatim inclusion of external
-files, or parts of those files. Such packages include <literal>listings</literal>,
-and <literal>minted</literal>.
+<para>One common use of verbatim input is to typeset computer code. Some
+packages offer many features not provided by the <literal>verbatim</literal>
+environment; two of the most popular are <literal>listings</literal> and
+<literal>minted</literal>. For example, they are capable of pretty-printing,
+line numbering, and selecting parts of files for a continuing listing.
</para>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>package, <literal>fancyvrb</literal></primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>fancyvrb</literal> package</primary></indexterm>
@@ -7584,7 +7475,10 @@ and <literal>minted</literal>.
<para>A package that provides many more options for verbatim environments is
<literal>fancyvrb</literal>. Another is <literal>verbatimbox</literal>.
</para>
-<para>For a list of all the relevant packages, see CTAN (see <link linkend="CTAN">CTAN</link>).
+<para>For a list of all the relevant packages, see CTAN (see <link linkend="CTAN">CTAN</link>),
+particularly the topics <literal>listing</literal>
+(<ulink url="https://ctan.org/topic/listing">https://ctan.org/topic/listing</ulink>) and <literal>verbatim</literal>
+(<ulink url="https://ctan.org/topic/verbatim">https://ctan.org/topic/verbatim</ulink>).
</para>
@@ -7636,15 +7530,6 @@ space character.
is a better option than the <literal>\verb</literal> command, since
it allows line breaks.
</para>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>package, <literal>listings</literal></primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>listings</literal> package</primary></indexterm>
-
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>package, <literal>minted</literal></primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>minted</literal> package</primary></indexterm>
-
-<para>For computer code there are many packages with advantages over
-<literal>\verb</literal>. One is <literal>listings</literal>, another is <literal>minted</literal>.
-</para>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>package, <literal>cprotect</literal></primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>cprotect</literal> package</primary></indexterm>
@@ -7920,7 +7805,23 @@ requires care.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="9.5" id="_005cdiscretionary">
+<sect1 label="9.5" id="_005cslash">
+<title><literal>\slash</literal>: breakable &#8216;<literal>/</literal>&#8217;</title>
+
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\slash</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>slash character, breakable</primary></indexterm>
+
+<para>The <literal>\slash</literal> command produces a &#8216;<literal>/</literal>&#8217; character and then a
+penalty of the same value as an explicit &#8216;<literal>-</literal>&#8217; character
+(<literal>\exhyphenpenalty</literal>). This allows &tex; to break a line at the
+&#8216;<literal>/</literal>&#8217;, similar to a hyphen. Hyphenation is allowed in the word part
+preceding the &#8216;<literal>/</literal>&#8217;, but not after. For example:
+</para>
+<screen>The input\slash output of the program is complicated.
+</screen>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="9.6" id="_005cdiscretionary">
<title><literal>\discretionary</literal> (generalized hyphenation point)</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>hyphenation, discretionary</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>discretionary hyphenation</primary></indexterm>
@@ -7950,7 +7851,7 @@ automatically by &tex;&#8217;s hyphenation algorithm.
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="9.6" id="_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy">
+<sect1 label="9.7" id="_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy">
<title><literal>\fussy</literal> &amp; <literal>\sloppy</literal></title>
<anchor id="_005cfussy"/><anchor id="_005csloppy"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fussy</primary></indexterm>
@@ -7971,7 +7872,7 @@ that paragraph-ending material in the scope of the command.
</para>
-<sect2 label="9.6.1" id="sloppypar">
+<sect2 label="9.7.1" id="sloppypar">
<title><literal>sloppypar</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>environment, <literal>sloppypar</literal></primary></indexterm>
@@ -8007,7 +7908,7 @@ that paragraph-ending material in the scope of the command.
</sect2>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="9.7" id="_005chyphenation">
+<sect1 label="9.8" id="_005chyphenation">
<title><literal>\hyphenation</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hyphenation</primary></indexterm>
@@ -8019,14 +7920,14 @@ that paragraph-ending material in the scope of the command.
</screen>
<para>Declares allowed hyphenation points within the words in the list. The
words in that list are separated by spaces. Show permitted points for
-hyphenation with a dash character, <literal>-</literal>.
+hyphenation with an ASCII dash character, <literal>-</literal>.
</para>
<para>Here is an example:
</para>
<screen>\hyphenation{hat-er il-lit-e-ra-ti tru-th-i-ness}
</screen>
<para>Use lowercase letters. &tex; will only hyphenate if the word matches
-exactly, no inflections are tried. Multiple <literal>\hyphenation</literal>
+exactly; no inflections are tried. Multiple <literal>\hyphenation</literal>
commands accumulate.
</para>
<!-- xx Re-align on LaTeX-fr which also mentions fontenc, and that -->
@@ -8035,7 +7936,7 @@ commands accumulate.
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="9.8" id="_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">
+<sect1 label="9.9" id="_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">
<title><literal>\linebreak</literal> &amp; <literal>\nolinebreak</literal></title>
<anchor id="_005clinebreak"/><anchor id="_005cnolinebreak"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\linebreak</primary></indexterm>
@@ -8287,11 +8188,10 @@ does not have these effects.
</para>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\samepage</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>samepage environment</primary></indexterm>
-<para>(There is an obsolete declaration <literal>\samepage</literal>, which tries to only
-allow a break between two paragraphs. There is a related environment
-<literal>samepage</literal>, also obsolete. Neither of these work reliably. For
-more on keeping material on the same page, see the FAQ entry
-<ulink url="https://texfaq.org/FAQ-nopagebrk">https://texfaq.org/FAQ-nopagebrk</ulink>.)
+<para>A declaration <literal>\samepage</literal> and corresponding <literal>samepage</literal>
+environment try to only allow breaks between paragraphs. They are not
+perfectly reliable. For more on keeping material on the same page,
+see the FAQ entry <ulink url="https://texfaq.org/FAQ-nopagebrk">https://texfaq.org/FAQ-nopagebrk</ulink>.)
</para>
</sect1>
@@ -8330,7 +8230,8 @@ include a bibliographic style with that behavior (see <link linkend="Using-BibTe
<screen>\footnote{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}
\footnote[<replaceable>number</replaceable>]{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}
</screen>
-<para>Place a footnote <replaceable>text</replaceable> at the bottom of the current page.
+<para>Place a footnote <replaceable>text</replaceable> at the bottom of the current page, with a
+footnote marker at the current position in the text.
</para>
<screen>There are over a thousand footnotes in Gibbon's
\textit{Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire}.\footnote{%
@@ -8362,12 +8263,16 @@ you make the change local then you may want to reset the counter with
<variablelist><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\footnoterule</primary></indexterm><literal>\footnoterule</literal>
</term><listitem><anchor id="footnote-footnoterule"/><para>Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the page&#8217;s
footnotes. Default dimensions in the standard document classes (except
-<literal>slides</literal>, where it does not appear) is: vertical thickness of
+<literal>slides</literal>, where it does not appear) are: vertical thickness of
<literal>0.4pt</literal>, and horizontal size of <literal>0.4\columnwidth</literal> long.
Change the rule with something like this.
</para>
<!-- Credit egreg: https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/21917 -->
-<screen>\renewcommand{\footnoterule}{% Kerns avoid vertical space
+<screen>% \footnoterule is expanded in vertical mode, thus \kern
+% commands ensure that no vertical space is created,
+% and the rule is separated vertically with 2pt
+% above the note text.
+\renewcommand*{\footnoterule}{%
\kern -3pt % This -3 is negative
\hrule width \textwidth height 1pt % of the sum of this 1
\kern 2pt} % and this 2
@@ -8428,8 +8333,8 @@ and the third theorem.\footnotemark[\value{footnote}]
<para>If there are intervening footnotes then you must remember the value of
the number of the common mark. This example gives the same
institutional affiliation to both the first and third authors
-(<literal>\thanks</literal> is a version of <literal>\footnote</literal>), by-hand giving the
-number of the footnote.
+(<literal>\thanks</literal> is a version of <literal>\footnote</literal>), by explicitly
+specifying the number of the footnote (&#8216;<literal>1</literal>&#8217;).
</para>
<screen>\title{A Treatise on the Binomial Theorem}
\author{J Moriarty\thanks{University of Leeds}
@@ -8438,17 +8343,6 @@ number of the footnote.
\begin{document}
\maketitle
</screen>
-<para>This uses a counter to remember the footnote number. The third sentence
-is followed by the same footnote marker as the first.
-</para>
-<screen>\newcounter{footnoteValueSaver}
-All babies are illogical.\footnote{%
- Lewis Carroll.}\setcounter{footnoteValueSaver}{\value{footnote}}
-Nobody is despised who can manage a crocodile.\footnote{%
- Captain Hook.}
-Illogical persons are despised.\footnotemark[\value{footnoteValueSaver}]
-Therefore, anyone who can manage a crocodile is not a baby.
-</screen>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>package, <literal>cleveref</literal></primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>cleveref</literal> package</primary></indexterm>
@@ -8470,6 +8364,17 @@ But the key lemma is from Tinker.\cref{fn:TE}
<para>It will work with the package <literal>hyperref</literal>.
</para>
+<para>This uses a counter to remember the footnote number. The third sentence
+is followed by the same footnote marker as the first.
+</para>
+<screen>\newcounter{footnoteValueSaver}
+All babies are illogical.\footnote{%
+ Lewis Carroll.}\setcounter{footnoteValueSaver}{\value{footnote}}
+Nobody is despised who can manage a crocodile.\footnote{%
+ Captain Hook.}
+Illogical persons are despised.\footnotemark[\value{footnoteValueSaver}]
+Therefore, anyone who can manage a crocodile is not a baby.
+</screen>
</sect1>
<sect1 label="11.3" id="_005cfootnotetext">
@@ -8507,7 +8412,9 @@ examples.
section starts, as usual, but also at the bottom of the table of
contents, where it is not likely to be desired. The simplest way
to have it not appear on the table of contents is to use the optional
-argument to <literal>\section</literal>
+argument to <literal>\section</literal>.
+<!-- xx Same issue with table/figure captions and -->
+<!-- \listoftable/\listoffigures, and same sort of fix can be used. -->
</para>
<screen>\section[Please]{Please\footnote{%
Don't footnote in chapter and section headers!}}
@@ -8566,7 +8473,7 @@ part of the regular footnote sequence, use the <literal>\footnotemark</literal>
Little is known other than her death.}%
\stepcounter{mpFootnoteValueSaver}%
\footnotetext[\value{mpFootnoteValueSaver}]{%
- Relationship is unresolved in XXI.}
+ Relationship is unresolved.}
\end{center}
</screen>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>package, <literal>tablefootnote</literal></primary></indexterm>
@@ -8647,7 +8554,7 @@ second.\footnotefrom{%
\newcommand*{\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>nargs</replaceable>]{<replaceable>defn</replaceable>}
\newcommand*{\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>nargs</replaceable>][<replaceable>optargdefault</replaceable>]{<replaceable>defn</replaceable>}
</screen>
-<para>or all the same possibilities with <literal>\renewcommand</literal> instead of
+<para>or the same six possibilities with <literal>\renewcommand</literal> instead of
<literal>\newcommand</literal>:
</para>
<screen>\renewcommand{\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}{<replaceable>defn</replaceable>}
@@ -8657,17 +8564,16 @@ second.\footnotefrom{%
\renewcommand*{\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>nargs</replaceable>]{<replaceable>defn</replaceable>}
\renewcommand*{\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>nargs</replaceable>][<replaceable>optargdefault</replaceable>]{<replaceable>defn</replaceable>}
</screen>
-
<para>Define or redefine a command (see also <literal>\DeclareRobustCommand</literal> in
<link linkend="Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</link>).
</para>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>starred form, defining new commands</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>*-form, defining new commands</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\long</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\long, not defining a command as</primary></indexterm>
<para>The starred form of these two forbids the arguments from containing
-multiple paragraphs of text (in plain &tex; terms: the commands
-are not <literal>\long</literal>). With the default form, arguments can be
-multiple paragraphs.
+multiple paragraphs of text (i.e., a <literal>\par</literal> token; in plain
+&tex; terms: the commands are not <literal>\long</literal>). With the default
+form, arguments can be multiple paragraphs.
</para>
<para>These are the parameters (examples follow):
</para>
@@ -8823,8 +8729,8 @@ whitespace in the output (see <link linkend="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcom
<para>Just as the <literal>\relax</literal> command does nothing, the following input
will simply print &#8216;<literal>Hello!</literal>&#8217; :
</para>
-<screen>Hel\relax <!-- /@w --> <!-- /@w --> <!-- /@w -->
- <!-- /@w --> <!-- /@w --> <!-- /@w -->lo!
+<screen>Hel\relax&amp;#160;<!-- /@w -->&amp;#160;<!-- /@w -->&amp;#160;<!-- /@w -->
+&amp;#160;<!-- /@w -->&amp;#160;<!-- /@w -->&amp;#160;<!-- /@w -->lo!
</screen>
<para>This is because blanks after <literal>\relax</literal>, including the newline, are
ignored, and blanks at the beginning of a line are also ignored
@@ -8991,7 +8897,7 @@ argument. (This differs from environment names in which the star is
part of the name itself and as such could be in any position.) Thus,
it is technically possible to put any number of spaces between the
command and the star. Thus <literal>\agentsecret*{Bond}</literal> and
-<literal>\agentsecret *<!-- /@w -->{Bond}</literal> are equivalent. However, the
+<literal>\agentsecret&amp;#160;*<!-- /@w -->{Bond}</literal> are equivalent. However, the
standard practice is not to insert any such spaces.
</para>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>package, <literal>suffix</literal></primary></indexterm>
@@ -9454,20 +9360,16 @@ relative to the font&#8217;s design size, which is a value defined in the
<para>All &latex; commands are either <firstterm>fragile</firstterm> or <firstterm>robust</firstterm>. A
fragile command can break when it is used in the argument to certain
-other commands. Commands that contain data that &latex; writes to an
-auxiliary file and re-reads later are fragile. This includes material
-that goes into a table of contents, list of figures, list of tables,
-etc. Fragile commands also include line breaks, any command that has an
-optional argument, and many more. To prevent such commands from
-breaking, one solution is to preceded them with the command
-<literal>\protect</literal>.
+other commands, typically those that write material to the table of
+contents, the cross-reference file, etc. To prevent fragile
+commands from causing errors, one solution is to precede them with the
+command <literal>\protect</literal>.
</para>
<para>For example, when &latex; runs the <literal>\section{<replaceable>section
name</replaceable>}</literal> command it writes the <replaceable>section name</replaceable> text to the
<filename>.aux</filename> auxiliary file, moving it there for use elsewhere in the
-document such as in the table of contents. Any argument that is
-internally expanded by &latex; without typesetting it directly is
-referred to as a
+document such as in the table of contents. Such an argument that is
+used in multiple places is referred to as a
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>moving arguments</primary></indexterm>
<firstterm>moving argument</firstterm>. A command is fragile if it can
expand during this process into invalid &tex; code. Some examples of
@@ -9477,34 +9379,52 @@ command (see <link linkend="figure">figure</link>), in the <literal>\thanks{...}
<literal>array</literal> environments (see <link linkend="tabular">tabular</link>).
</para>
<para>If you get strange errors from commands used in moving arguments, try
-preceding it with <literal>\protect</literal>. Every fragile commands must be
+preceding it with <literal>\protect</literal>. Each fragile command must be
protected with their own <literal>\protect</literal>.
</para>
<para>Although usually a <literal>\protect</literal> command doesn&#8217;t hurt, length
-commands are robust and should not be preceded by a <literal>\protect</literal>
-command. Nor can a <literal>\protect</literal> command be used in the argument to
-<literal>\addtocounter</literal> or <literal>\setcounter</literal> command.
-</para>
-<para>In this example the <literal>\caption</literal> command gives a mysterious error
-about an extra curly brace. Fix the problem by preceding each
-<literal>\raisebox</literal> command with <literal>\protect</literal>.
+commands such as <literal>\parindent</literal> should not be preceded by a
+<literal>\protect</literal> command (see <link linkend="Lengths">Lengths</link>. Nor can a <literal>\protect</literal>
+command be used in the argument to <literal>\addtocounter</literal> or
+<literal>\setcounter</literal> command (see <link linkend="_005csetcounter">\setcounter</link> and
+<link linkend="_005caddtocounter">\addtocounter</link>. These commands are already robust.
+</para>
+<para>As of the October 2019 release of &latex;
+(<ulink url="https://www.latex-project.org/news/latex2e-news/ltnews30.pdf">https://www.latex-project.org/news/latex2e-news/ltnews30.pdf</ulink>),
+most commands that had been previously fragile were fixed to be
+robust. For example, any command taking an optional argument, such as
+<literal>\root</literal> or <literal>\raisebox</literal>, was fragile, but is now
+robust. Similarly, <literal>\(...\)</literal> math was fragile and is now robust
+(<literal>$...$</literal> has always been robust).
+</para>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\verb, as fragile command</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Perhaps the most commonly used remaining fragile command is
+<literal>\verb</literal>; for example,
</para>
<screen>\begin{figure}
...
- \caption{Company headquarters of A\raisebox{1pt}{B}\raisebox{-1pt}{C}}
+ \caption{This \verb|\command| causes an error.}
\end{figure}
</screen>
-<para>In the next example the <literal>\tableofcontents</literal> command gives an error
-because the <literal>\(..\)</literal> in the section title expands to illegal &tex;
-in the <filename>.toc</filename> file. You can solve this by changing <literal>\(..\)</literal>
-to <literal>\protect\(..\protect\)</literal>.
+<para>Adding <literal>\protect</literal> does not help here. It&#8217;s usually feasible to
+rewrite the caption (or section heading or whatever) to use
+<literal>\texttt</literal>, often the simplest solution.
</para>
-<screen>\begin{document}
-\tableofcontents
-...
-\section{Einstein's \( e=mc^2 \)}
-...
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>package, <literal>cprotect</literal></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>cprotect</literal> package</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\cprotect</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Alternatively, to use <literal>\verb</literal>, you can apply the
+<literal>\cprotect</literal> command from <literal>cprotect</literal> package
+(<ulink url="https://ctan.org/pkg/cprotect">https://ctan.org/pkg/cprotect</ulink>) to the <literal>\caption</literal>:
+</para>
+<screen>\cprotect\caption{This \verb|\command| is ok with \verb|\cprotect|.}
</screen>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\cprotEnv</primary></indexterm>
+<para><literal>\cprotect</literal> also allows use of <literal>\begin...\end</literal> environments
+in moving arguments, where they are normally not allowed, via a
+similar prefix command <literal>\cprotEnv</literal>.
+</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 label="12.12" id="_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">
@@ -9591,7 +9511,7 @@ inconvenient. The solution is to change to
</sect1>
<sect1 label="12.13" id="xspace-package">
-<title>xspace package</title>
+<title><literal>xspace</literal> package</title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\xspace</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>package, <literal>xspace</literal></primary></indexterm>
@@ -9600,7 +9520,7 @@ inconvenient. The solution is to change to
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>spaces, ignore around commands</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>commands, ignore spaces</primary></indexterm>
-<para>Synopsis:
+<para>This is an add-on package, not part of core &latex;. Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\usepackage{xspace}
...
@@ -9610,15 +9530,15 @@ inconvenient. The solution is to change to
adds a space unless the command is followed by certain punctuation
characters.
</para>
-<para>After a command control sequence that is a control word (see <link linkend="Control-sequences">Control
+<para>After a control sequence that is a control word (see <link linkend="Control-sequences">Control
sequences</link>, as opposed to control symbols such as <literal>\$</literal>), &tex;
-gobbles blank characters. Thus, in the first sentence below, the output
-has &#8216;<literal>Vermont</literal>&#8217; placed snugly against the period, without any
-intervening space.
+gobbles blank characters. Thus, in the first sentence below, the
+output has &#8216;<literal>Vermont</literal>&#8217; placed snugly against the period, without
+any intervening space, despite the space in the input.
</para>
<screen>\newcommand{\VT}{Vermont}
Our college is in \VT .
-The \VT{} summers are nice.
+\VT{} summers are nice.
</screen>
<para>But because of the gobbling, the second sentence needs the empty curly
braces or else there would be no space separating &#8216;<literal>Vermont</literal>&#8217; from
@@ -9637,10 +9557,10 @@ Our college is in \VT .
</screen>
<para>The default exception list contains the characters <literal>,.'/?;:!~-)</literal>,
the open curly brace and the backslash-space command discussed above,
-and the commands <literal>\footnote</literal> or <literal>\footnotemark</literal>. Add to that
-list as with <literal>\xspaceaddexceptions{\myfni \myfnii}</literal> which adds
-<literal>\myfni</literal> and&#160;<literal>\myfnii</literal> to the list, and remove from that
-list as with <literal>\xspaceremoveexception{!}</literal>.
+and the commands <literal>\footnote</literal> or <literal>\footnotemark</literal>. You can
+add to that list as with <literal>\xspaceaddexceptions{\myfni \myfnii}</literal>
+which adds <literal>\myfni</literal> and&#160;<literal>\myfnii</literal> to the list; and you
+can remove from that list as with <literal>\xspaceremoveexception{!}</literal>.
</para>
<!-- David Carlisle https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/86620/339 -->
<para>A comment: many experts prefer not to use <literal>\xspace</literal>. Putting it in
@@ -9648,9 +9568,655 @@ a definition means that the command will usually get the spacing right.
But it isn&#8217;t easy to predict when to enter empty braces because
<literal>\xspace</literal> will get it wrong, such as when it is followed by another
command, and so <literal>\xspace</literal> can make editing material harder and more
-error-prone than instead always inserting the empty braces.
+error-prone than instead of always inserting the empty braces.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="12.14" id="Class-and-package-commands">
+<title>Class and package commands</title>
+
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>class and package commands</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>package and class commands</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>commands, class and package</primary></indexterm>
+
+<para>These are commands designed to help writers of classes or packages.
+</para>
+
+<sect2 label="12.14.1" id="_005cAtBeginDvi-_0026-_005cAtEndDvi">
+<title><literal>\AtBeginDvi</literal> &amp; <literal>\AtEndDvi</literal></title>
+
+<anchor id="_005cAtBeginDvi"/><anchor id="_005cAtEndDvi"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\AtBeginDvi</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\AtEndDvi</primary></indexterm>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\AtBeginDvi{<replaceable>code</replaceable>}
+\AtEndDvi{<replaceable>code</replaceable>}
+</screen>
+<para><literal>\AtBeginDvi</literal> saves, in a box register, <replaceable>code</replaceable> to be executed
+at the beginning of the shipout of the first page of the document.
+Despite the name, it applies to DVI, PDF, and XDV output. It fills
+the <literal>shipout/firstpage</literal> hook; new code should use that hook
+directly.
+</para>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>package, <literal>atenddvi</literal></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>atenddvi</literal> package</primary></indexterm>
+
+<para>Similarly, <literal>\AtEndDvi</literal> (previously available only with the
+<literal>atenddvi</literal> package) is code executed when finalizing the main
+output document.
+</para>
+
+</sect2>
+<sect2 label="12.14.2" id="_005cAtEndOfClass-_0026-_005cAtEndOfPackage">
+<title><literal>\AtEndOfClass</literal> &amp; <literal>\AtEndOfPackage</literal></title>
+
+<anchor id="_005cAtEndOfClass"/><anchor id="_005cAtEndOfPackage"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\AtEndOfClass</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\AtEndOfPackage</primary></indexterm>
+
+<para>Synopses:
+</para>
+<screen>\AtEndOfClass{<replaceable>code</replaceable>}
+\AtEndOfPackage{<replaceable>code</replaceable>}
+</screen>
+<para>Hooks to insert <replaceable>code</replaceable> to be executed when &latex; finishes
+processing the current class resp. package.
+</para>
+<para>These hooks can be used multiple times; each <literal>code</literal> segment will
+be executed in the order called. Many packages and classes use these
+commands.
+</para>
+<para>See also <link linkend="_005cAtBeginDocument">\AtBeginDocument</link>.
+</para>
+
+</sect2>
+<sect2 label="12.14.3" id="_005cCheckCommand">
+<title><literal>\CheckCommand</literal></title>
+
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\CheckCommand</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>new command, checking definition of</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>long command</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>\long</literal> command, checking for</primary></indexterm>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\CheckCommand{<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>num</replaceable>][<replaceable>default</replaceable>]{<replaceable>definition</replaceable>}
+\CheckCommand* (same parameters)
+</screen>
+<para>Like <literal>\newcommand</literal> (see <link linkend="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</link>) but does
+not define <replaceable>cmd</replaceable>; instead it checks that the current definition of
+<replaceable>cmd</replaceable> is exactly as given by <replaceable>definition</replaceable> and is or is not
+<firstterm><literal>\long</literal></firstterm> as expected. A long command is a command that
+accepts <literal>\par</literal> within an argument.
+</para>
+<para>With the unstarred version of <literal>\CheckCommand</literal>, <replaceable>cmd</replaceable> is
+expected to be <literal>\long</literal>; with the starred version, <replaceable>cmd</replaceable> must
+not be <literal>\long</literal>
+</para>
+<para><literal>\CheckCommand</literal> raises an error when the check fails. This
+allows you to check before you start redefining <literal>cmd</literal> yourself
+that no other package has already redefined this command.
+</para>
+
+</sect2>
+<sect2 label="12.14.4" id="_005cClassError-and-_005cPackageError-and-others">
+<title><literal>\ClassError</literal> and <literal>\PackageError</literal> and others</title>
+
+<anchor id="_005cClassError"/><anchor id="_005cClassWarning"/><anchor id="_005cClassWarningNoLine"/><anchor id="_005cClassInfo"/><anchor id="_005cClassInfoNoLine"/><anchor id="_005cPackageError"/><anchor id="_005cPackageWarning"/><anchor id="_005cPackageWarningNoLine"/><anchor id="_005cPackageInfo"/><anchor id="_005cPackageInfoNoLine"/>
+<para>Produce error, warning, and informational messages for classes:
+</para>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\ClassError{<replaceable>class name</replaceable>}{<replaceable>error-text</replaceable>}{<replaceable>help-text</replaceable>}</literal>
+</term><term><literal>\ClassWarning{<replaceable>class name</replaceable>}{<replaceable>warning-text</replaceable>}</literal>
+</term><term><literal>\ClassWarningNoLine{<replaceable>class name</replaceable>}{<replaceable>warning-text</replaceable>}</literal>
+</term><term><literal>\ClassInfo{<replaceable>class name</replaceable>}{<replaceable>info-text</replaceable>}</literal>
+</term><term><literal>\ClassInfoNoLine{<replaceable>class name</replaceable>}{<replaceable>info-text</replaceable>}</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ClassError</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ClassWarning</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ClassWarningNoLine</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ClassInfo</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ClassInfoNoLine</primary></indexterm>
+</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+<para>and the same for packages:
+</para><variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\PackageError{<replaceable>package name</replaceable>}{<replaceable>error-text</replaceable>}{<replaceable>help-text</replaceable>}</literal>
+</term><term><literal>\PackageWarning{<replaceable>package name</replaceable>}{<replaceable>warning-text</replaceable>}</literal>
+</term><term><literal>\PackageWarningNoLine{<replaceable>package name</replaceable>}{<replaceable>warning-text</replaceable>}</literal>
+</term><term><literal>\PackageInfo{<replaceable>package name</replaceable>}{<replaceable>info-text</replaceable>}</literal>
+</term><term><literal>\PackageInfoNoLine{<replaceable>package name</replaceable>}{<replaceable>info-text</replaceable>}</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\PackageError</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\PackageWarning</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\PackageWarningNoLine</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\PackageInfo</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\PackageInfoNoLine</primary></indexterm>
+</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+<para>For <literal>\ClassError</literal> and <literal>\PackageError</literal> the message is
+<replaceable>error-text</replaceable>, followed by &tex;&#8217;s &#8216;<literal>?</literal>&#8217; error prompt. If the
+user then asks for help by typing <literal>h</literal>, they see the <replaceable>help
+text</replaceable>.
+</para>
+<para>The four <literal>Warning</literal> commands are similar except that they write
+<replaceable>warning-text</replaceable> on the screen with no error prompt. The four
+<literal>Info</literal> commands write <replaceable>info-text</replaceable> only in the transcript
+file. The <literal>NoLine</literal> versions omit the number of the line
+generating the message, while the other versions do show that number.
+</para>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>\protect</literal>, and message text</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>\space</literal>, and message text</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>\MessageBreak</literal>, and message text</primary></indexterm>
+<para>To format the messages, including the <replaceable>help-text</replaceable>: use
+<literal>\protect</literal> to stop a command from expanding, get a line break
+with <literal>\MessageBreak</literal>, and get a space with <literal>\space</literal> when a
+space character is ignore, most commonly after a command.
+</para>
+<para>&latex; appends a period to the messages.
+</para>
+
+</sect2>
+<sect2 label="12.14.5" id="_005cCurrentOption">
+<title><literal>\CurrentOption</literal></title>
+
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\CurrentOption</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>option, currently being processed</primary></indexterm>
+
+<para>Expands to the name of the option currently being processed. This can
+only be used within the <replaceable>code</replaceable> argument of either
+<literal>\DeclareOption</literal> or <literal>\DeclareOption*</literal>.
+</para>
+
+</sect2>
+<sect2 label="12.14.6" id="_005cDeclareOption">
+<title><literal>\DeclareOption</literal></title>
+
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\DeclareOption</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>class options</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>package options</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>options, class</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>options, package</primary></indexterm>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\DeclareOption{<replaceable>option</replaceable>}{<replaceable>code</replaceable>}
+\DeclareOption*{<replaceable>option</replaceable>}{<replaceable>code</replaceable>}
+</screen>
+<para>Define an option a user can include in their <literal>\documentclass</literal>
+command. For example, a class <literal>smcmemo</literal> could have an option
+<literal>logo</literal> allowing users to put the institutional logo on the first
+page. The document would start with
+<literal>\documentclass[logo]{smcmemo}</literal>. To enable this, the class file
+must contain <literal>\DeclareOption{logo}{<replaceable>code</replaceable>}</literal> (and later,
+<literal>\ProcessOptions</literal>).
+</para>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>default option processing</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>option processing by default</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>Unused global option</literal> warning, handling</primary></indexterm>
+<para>If you request an option that has not been declared, by default this
+will produce a warning like <literal>Unused global option(s):
+[badoption].</literal> This can be changed by using
+<literal>\DeclareOption*{<replaceable>code</replaceable>}</literal>, which executes <replaceable>code</replaceable> for
+any unknown option.
+</para>
+<para>For example, many classes extend an existing class, using code such as
+<literal>\LoadClass{article}</literal> (see <link linkend="_005cLoadClass">\LoadClass</link>). In this case, it
+makes sense to pass any otherwise-unknown options to the underlying
+class, like this:
+</para>
+<screen>\DeclareOption*{%
+ \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}%
+}
+</screen>
+<para>As another example, our class <literal>smcmemo</literal> might allow users to keep
+lists of memo recipients in external files, so the user could invoke
+<literal>\documentclass[math]{smcmemo}</literal> and it will read the file
+<literal>math.memo</literal>. This code inputs the file if it exists, while if it
+doesn&#8217;t, the option is passed to the <literal>article</literal> class:
+</para>
+<screen>\DeclareOption*{\InputIfFileExists{\CurrentOption.memo}
+ {}{%
+ \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}}}
+</screen>
+
+</sect2>
+<sect2 label="12.14.7" id="_005cDeclareRobustCommand">
+<title><literal>\DeclareRobustCommand</literal></title>
+
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\DeclareRobustCommand</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>new command, definition</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>robust command, defining</primary></indexterm>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\DeclareRobustCommand{<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>num</replaceable>][<replaceable>default</replaceable>]{<replaceable>definition</replaceable>}
+\DeclareRobustCommand* (same parameters
+</screen>
+<para><literal>\DeclareRobustCommand</literal> and its starred form are generally like
+<literal>\newcommand</literal> and <literal>\newcommand*</literal> (see <link linkend="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp;
+\renewcommand</link>), with the addition that they define a so-called
+<firstterm>robust</firstterm> command, even if some code within the <replaceable>definition</replaceable> is
+fragile. (For a discussion of robust and fragile commands,
+see <link linkend="_005cprotect">\protect</link>.)
+</para>
+<para>Also unlike <literal>\newcommand</literal>, these do not give an error if macro
+<replaceable>cmd</replaceable> already exists; instead, a log message is put into the
+transcript file if a command is redefined. Thus,
+<literal>\DeclareRobustCommand</literal> can be used to define new robust commands
+or to redefine existing commands, making them robust.
+</para>
+<para>The starred form, <literal>\DeclareRobustCommand*</literal>, disallows the
+arguments from containing multiple paragraphs, just like the starred
+form of <literal>\newcommand</literal> and <literal>\renewcommand</literal>. The meaning of
+the arguments is the same.
+</para>
+<para>Commands defined this way are a bit less efficient than those defined
+using <literal>\newcommand</literal> so unless the command&#8217;s data is fragile and the
+command is used within a moving argument, use <literal>\newcommand</literal>.
+</para>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>package, <literal>etoolbox</literal></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>etoolbox</literal> package</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>e-&tex;, and robust commands</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newrobustcmd (<literal>etoolbox</literal> package)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\renewrobustcmd (<literal>etoolbox</literal> package)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\providerobustcmd (<literal>etoolbox</literal> package)</primary></indexterm>
+
+<para>Related to this, the <literal>etoolbox</literal> package offers three commands
+and their starred forms: <literal>\newrobustcmd</literal>(<literal>*</literal>)
+<literal>\renewrobustcmd</literal>(<literal>*</literal>), and
+<literal>\providerobustcmd</literal>(<literal>*</literal>). They are similar to
+<literal>\newcommand</literal>, <literal>\renewcommand</literal>, and <literal>\providecommand</literal>
+and their own starred forms, but define a robust <replaceable>cmd</replaceable>. They have
+two possible advantages compared to <literal>\DeclareRobustCommand</literal>:
+</para>
+<orderedlist numeration="arabic"><listitem><para>They use the low-level e-&tex; protection mechanism rather than the
+higher-level &latex; <literal>\protect</literal> mechanism, so they do not incur
+the slight loss of performance mentioned above, and
+</para>
+</listitem><listitem><para>They make the same distinction between <literal>\new&#8230;</literal>,
+<literal>\renew&#8230;</literal>, and <literal>\provide&#8230;</literal>, as the standard
+commands. That is, they do not just write a log message when you
+redefine <replaceable>cmd</replaceable> that already exists; you need to use either
+<literal>\renew&#8230;</literal> or <literal>\provide&#8230;</literal>, or you get an error.
+This may or may not be a benefit.
+</para></listitem></orderedlist>
+
+</sect2>
+<sect2 label="12.14.8" id="_005cExecuteOptions">
+<title><literal>\ExecuteOptions</literal></title>
+
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ExecuteOptions</primary></indexterm>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\ExecuteOptions{<replaceable>option-list</replaceable>}
+</screen>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ds@<replaceable>option</replaceable></primary></indexterm>
+<para>For each option <replaceable>option</replaceable> in <replaceable>option-list</replaceable>, in order, this
+command executes the command <literal>\ds@<replaceable>option</replaceable></literal>. If this
+command is not defined then that option is silently ignored.
+</para>
+<para>This can be used to provide a default option list before
+<literal>\ProcessOptions</literal>. For example, if in a class file you want the
+default to be 11pt fonts then you could specify
+<literal>\ExecuteOptions{11pt}\ProcessOptions\relax</literal>.
+</para>
+
+</sect2>
+<sect2 label="12.14.9" id="_005cIfFileExists-_0026-_005cInputIfFileExists">
+<title><literal>\IfFileExists</literal> &amp; <literal>\InputIfFileExists</literal></title>
+
+<anchor id="_005cIfFileExists"/><anchor id="_005cInputIfFileExists"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\IfFileExists</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\InputIfFileExists</primary></indexterm>
+
+<para>Synopses:
</para>
+<screen>\IfFileExists{<replaceable>filename</replaceable>}{<replaceable>true-code</replaceable>}{<replaceable>false-code</replaceable>}
+\InputIfFileExists{<replaceable>filename</replaceable>}{<replaceable>true-code</replaceable>}{<replaceable>false-code</replaceable>}
+</screen>
+<para><literal>\IfFileExists</literal> executes <replaceable>true-code</replaceable> if &latex; finds the
+file <filename><replaceable>filename</replaceable></filename> or <replaceable>false-code</replaceable> otherwise. In the
+first case it executing <replaceable>true-code</replaceable> and then inputs the file.
+Thus the command
+</para>
+<screen>\IfFileExists{img.pdf}{%
+ \includegraphics{img.pdf}}
+ {\typeout{!! img.pdf not found}
+</screen>
+<para>will include the graphic <filename>img.pdf</filename> if it is found and otherwise
+give a warning.
+</para>
+<para>This command looks for the file in all search paths that &latex;
+uses, not only in the current directory. To look only in the current
+directory do something like
+<literal>\IfFileExists{./<replaceable>filename</replaceable>}{<replaceable>true-code</replaceable>}{<replaceable>false-code</replaceable>}</literal>.
+If you ask for a filename without a <literal>.tex</literal> extension then
+&latex; will first look for the file by appending the <literal>.tex</literal>;
+for more on how &latex; handles file extensions see <link linkend="_005cinput">\input</link>.
+</para>
+<para><literal>\InputIfFileExists</literal> is similar, but, as the name states,
+automatically <literal>\input</literal>s <replaceable>filename</replaceable> if it exists. The
+<replaceable>true-code</replaceable> is executed just before the <literal>\input</literal>; if the file
+doesn&#8217;t exist, the <replaceable>false-code</replaceable> is executed. An example:
+</para>
+<screen>\InputIfFileExists{mypkg.cfg}
+ {\PackageInfo{Loading mypkg.cfg for configuration information}}
+ {\PackageInfo{No mypkg.cfg found}}
+</screen>
+</sect2>
+<sect2 label="12.14.10" id="_005cLoadClass-_0026-_005cLoadClassWithOptions">
+<title><literal>\LoadClass</literal> &amp; <literal>\LoadClassWithOptions</literal></title>
+
+<anchor id="_005cLoadClass"/><anchor id="_005cLoadClassWithOptions"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\LoadClass</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\LoadClassWithOptions</primary></indexterm>
+
+<para>Synopses:
+</para>
+<screen>\LoadClass[<replaceable>options-list</replaceable>]{<replaceable>class-name</replaceable>}[<replaceable>release-date</replaceable>]
+\LoadClassWithOptions{<replaceable>class-name</replaceable>}[<replaceable>release-date</replaceable>]
+</screen>
+<para>Load a class, as with
+<literal>\documentclass[<replaceable>options-list</replaceable>]{<replaceable>class-name</replaceable>}[<replaceable>release-date</replaceable>]</literal>.
+An example: <literal>\LoadClass[twoside]{article}</literal>.
+</para>
+<para>The <replaceable>options-list</replaceable>, if present, is a comma-separated list. The
+<replaceable>release-date</replaceable> is also optional. If present it must have the form
+<literal>YYYY/MM/DD</literal>.
+<!-- BTW, there are at-macros documented in macros2e.pdf to check the version -->
+<!-- and do some actions conditionnally on version later or not to some -->
+<!-- date. -->
+</para>
+<para>If you request <replaceable>release-date</replaceable> and the date of the package
+installed on your system is earlier, then you get a warning on the
+screen and in the log like this:
+</para>
+<screen>You have requested, on input line 4, version `2038/01/19' of
+document class article, but only version `2014/09/29 v1.4h
+Standard LaTeX document class' is available.
+</screen>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\PassOptionsToClass, ignoring</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The command version <literal>\LoadClassWithOptions</literal> uses the list of
+options for the current class. This means it ignores any options passed
+to it via <literal>\PassOptionsToClass</literal>. This is a convenience command
+that lets you build classes on existing ones, such as the standard
+<literal>article</literal> class, without having to track which options were passed.
+</para>
+
+</sect2>
+<sect2 label="12.14.11" id="_005cNeedsTeXFormat">
+<title><literal>\NeedsTeXFormat</literal></title>
+
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\NeedsTeXFormat</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>format, requiring</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>version of format, requiring</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>date of format, requiring</primary></indexterm>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\NeedsTeXFormat{<replaceable>format</replaceable>}[<replaceable>format-date</replaceable>]
+</screen>
+<para>Specifies the format that this class must be run under. Often issued
+as the first line of a class file, and most often used as:
+<literal>\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}</literal>. When a document using that class
+is processed, the format being run must exactly match the <replaceable>format</replaceable>
+name given, including case. If it does not match then execution stops
+with an error like &#8216;<literal>This file needs format `LaTeX2e' but this is
+`plain'.</literal>&#8217;.
+</para>
+<para>To require a version of the format that you know to have certain
+features, include the optional <replaceable>format-date</replaceable> on which those
+features were implemented. If present, it must be in the form
+<literal>YYYY/MM/DD</literal>. If the format version installed on your system is
+earlier than <replaceable>format date</replaceable> then you get a warning like this.
+</para>
+<screen>You have requested release `2038/01/20' of LaTeX, but only
+release `2016/02/01' is available.
+</screen>
+
+</sect2>
+<sect2 label="12.14.12" id="_005cOptionNotUsed">
+<title><literal>\OptionNotUsed</literal></title>
+
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\OptionNotUsed</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>unused options, adding to list</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>options, list of unused</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Adds the current option to the list of unused options. Can only be used
+within the <replaceable>code</replaceable> argument of either <literal>\DeclareOption</literal> or
+<literal>\DeclareOption*</literal>.
+</para>
+<!-- xx I cannot reproduce this behavior as it is documented in clsguide. -->
+<!-- In the absence of a @code{\DeclareOption*} declaration, @LaTeX{} issues -->
+<!-- on the console a warning like @code{LaTeX Warning: Unused global -->
+<!-- option(s): [unusedoption].} with the list of not-used options when it -->
+<!-- reaches @code{\begin@{document@}}. -->
+
+
+</sect2>
+<sect2 label="12.14.13" id="_005cPassOptionsToClass-_0026-_005cPassOptionsToPackage">
+<title><literal>\PassOptionsToClass</literal> &amp; <literal>\PassOptionsToPackage</literal></title>
+
+<anchor id="_005cPassOptionsToClass"/><anchor id="_005cPassOptionsToPackage"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\PassOptionsToClass</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\PassOptionsToPackage</primary></indexterm>
+
+<para>Synopses:
+</para>
+<screen>\PassOptionsToClass{<replaceable>options</replaceable>}{<replaceable>clsname</replaceable>}
+\PassOptionsToPackage{<replaceable>option</replaceable>}{<replaceable>pkgname</replaceable>}
+</screen>
+<para>Adds the options in the comma-separated list <replaceable>options</replaceable> to the
+options used by any future <literal>\RequirePackage</literal> or
+<literal>\usepackage</literal> command for the class <replaceable>clsname</replaceable> or the package
+<replaceable>pkgname</replaceable>, respectively.
+</para>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>option clash</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>conflict between package options</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The reason for these commands is that although you may load a package
+any number of times with no options, if you can specify options only
+the first time you load the package. Loading a package with options
+more than once will get you an error like <literal>Option clash for
+package foo.</literal>. &latex; throws an error even if there is no conflict
+between the options.
+</para>
+<para>If your own code is bringing in a package twice then you can combine
+the calls; for example, replacing the two
+</para>
+<screen>\RequirePackage[landscape]{geometry}
+\RequirePackage[margins=1in]{geometry}
+</screen>
+<para>with the single command
+</para>
+<screen>\RequirePackage[landscape,margins=1in]{geometry}
+</screen>
+<para>However, suppose you are loading <filename>firstpkg</filename> and inside that
+package it loads <filename>secondpkg</filename>, and you need <literal>secondpkg</literal> to be
+loaded with option <literal>draft</literal>. Then before load the first package
+you must tell &latex; about the desired options for the second
+package, like this:
+</para>
+<screen>\PassOptionsToPackage{draft}{secondpkg}
+\RequirePackage{firstpkg}
+</screen>
+<para>If <literal>firstpkg.sty</literal> loads an option in conflict with what you want
+then you may have to alter its source, or yours.
+</para>
+<para>These commands are useful for general users as well as class and package
+writers. For instance, suppose a user wants to load the <literal>graphicx</literal>
+package with the option <literal>draft</literal> and also wants to use a class
+<literal>foo</literal> that loads the <literal>graphicx</literal> package, but without that
+option. The user could start their &latex; file with
+<literal>\PassOptionsToPackage{draft}{graphicx} \documentclass{foo}</literal>.
+</para>
+
+</sect2>
+<sect2 label="12.14.14" id="_005cProcessOptions">
+<title><literal>\ProcessOptions</literal></title>
+
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ProcessOptions</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>processing options</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>options, processing</primary></indexterm>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\ProcessOptions<replaceable>\@options</replaceable>
+\ProcessOptions*<replaceable>\@options</replaceable>
+</screen>
+<para>Execute the code for each option that the user has invoked. Invoke it
+in the class file as <literal>\ProcessOptions\relax</literal> (because of the
+existence of the starred version, described below).
+</para>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>options, global and local</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>local options</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>global options</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Options come in two types. <firstterm>Local options</firstterm> have been specified
+for this particular package in <literal>\usepackage[<replaceable>options</replaceable>]</literal>,
+<literal>\RequirePackage[<replaceable>options</replaceable>]</literal>, or the <replaceable>options</replaceable> argument
+of <literal>\PassOptionsToPackage{<replaceable>options</replaceable>}</literal>. <firstterm>Global options</firstterm>
+are those given by the class user in
+<literal>\documentclass[<replaceable>options</replaceable>]</literal>. If an option is specified both
+locally and globally then it is local.
+</para>
+<para>When <literal>\ProcessOptions</literal> is called for a package <filename>pkg.sty</filename>, the
+following happens:
+</para>
+<orderedlist numeration="arabic"><listitem><para>For each option <replaceable>option</replaceable> so far declared with
+<literal>\DeclareOption</literal>, <literal>\ProcessOptions</literal> looks to see if that
+option is either global or local for <literal>pkg</literal>. If so, then it
+executes the declared code. This is done in the order in which these
+options were given in <filename>pkg.sty</filename>.
+</para>
+</listitem><listitem><para>For each remaining local option, it executes the command
+<literal>\ds@</literal><replaceable>option</replaceable> if it has been defined somewhere (other than by
+a <literal>\DeclareOption</literal>); otherwise, it executes the default option code
+given in <literal>\DeclareOption*</literal>. If no default option code has been
+declared then it gives an error message. This is done in the order in
+which these options were specified.
+</para></listitem></orderedlist>
+<para>When <literal>\ProcessOptions</literal> is called for a class it works in the same
+way except that all options are local, and the default <replaceable>code</replaceable> for
+<literal>\DeclareOption*</literal> is <literal>\OptionNotUsed</literal> rather than an error.
+</para>
+<para>The starred version <literal>\ProcessOptions*</literal> executes the
+options in the order specified in the calling commands, rather than in
+the order of declaration in the class or package. For a package, this
+means that the global options are processed first.
+</para>
+
+</sect2>
+<sect2 label="12.14.15" id="_005cProvidesClass-_0026-_005cProvidesPackage">
+<title><literal>\ProvidesClass</literal> &amp; <literal>\ProvidesPackage</literal></title>
+
+<anchor id="_005cProvidesClass"/><anchor id="_005cProvidesPackage"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ProvidesClass</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ProvidesPackage</primary></indexterm>
+
+<para>Synopses:
+</para>
+<screen>\ProvidesClass{<replaceable>clsname</replaceable>}[<replaceable>release-date</replaceable> [<replaceable>info-text</replaceable>]]
+\ProvidesPackage{<replaceable>pkgname</replaceable>}[<replaceable>release-date</replaceable> [<replaceable>info-text</replaceable>]]
+</screen>
+<para>Identifies the class or package being defined, printing a message to
+the screen and the log file.
+</para>
+<para>When you load a class or package, for example with
+<literal>\documentclass{smcmemo}</literal> or <literal>\usepackage{test}</literal>,
+&latex; inputs a file (<filename>smcmemo.cls</filename> and <filename>test.sty</filename>,
+respectively). If the name of the file does not match the class or
+package name declared in it then you get a warning. Thus, if you
+invoke <literal>\documentclass{smcmemo}</literal>, and the file
+<filename>smcmemo.cls</filename> has the statement <literal>\ProvidesClass{foo}</literal> then
+you get a warning like <literal>You have requested document class
+`smcmemo', but the document class provides 'foo'.</literal> This warning does
+not prevent &latex; from processing the rest of the class file
+normally.
+</para>
+<para>If you include the optional argument then you must include a date,
+before any spaces, of the form <literal>YYYY/MM/DD</literal>. The rest of the
+optional argument is free-form, although it traditionally identifies
+the class. It is written to the screen during compilation and to the
+log file. Thus, if your file <filename>smcmemo.cls</filename> contains the line
+<literal>\ProvidesClass{smcmemo}[2008/06/01 v1.0 SMC memo class]</literal> and
+your document&#8217;s first line is <literal>\documentclass{smcmemo}</literal> then
+you will see <literal>Document Class: smcmemo 2008/06/01 v1.0 SMC memo
+class</literal>.
+</para>
+<para>The date in the optional argument allows class and package users to
+ask to be warned if the version of the class or package is earlier
+than <replaceable>release date</replaceable>. For instance, a user could enter
+<literal>\documentclass{smcmemo}[2018/10/12]</literal> or
+<literal>\usepackage{foo}[[2017/07/07]]</literal> to require a class or package
+with certain features by specifying that it must be released no
+earlier than the given date. Perhaps more importantly, the date
+serves as documentation of the last release. (In practice, package
+users rarely include a date, and class users almost never do.)
+</para>
+
+</sect2>
+<sect2 label="12.14.16" id="_005cProvidesFile">
+<title><literal>\ProvidesFile</literal></title>
+
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ProvidesFile</primary></indexterm>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\ProvidesFile{<replaceable>filename</replaceable>}[<replaceable>info-text</replaceable>]
+</screen>
+<para>Declare a file other than the main class and package files, such as a
+configuration or font definition file. It writes the given
+information to the log file, essentially like <literal>\ProvidesClass</literal>
+and <literal>\ProvidesPackage</literal> (see the previous section).
+</para>
+<para>For example:
+</para>
+<screen>\ProvidesFile{smcmemo.cfg}[2017/10/12 config file for smcmemo.cls]
+</screen>
+<para>writes this into the log:
+</para>
+<screen>File: smcmemo.cfg 2017/10/12 config file for smcmemo.cls
+</screen>
+
+</sect2>
+<sect2 label="12.14.17" id="_005cRequirePackage-_0026-_005cRequirePackageWithOptions">
+<title><literal>\RequirePackage</literal> &amp; <literal>\RequirePackageWithOptions</literal></title>
+
+<anchor id="_005cRequirePackage"/><anchor id="_005cRequirePackageWithOptions"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\RequirePackage</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\RequirePackageWithOptions</primary></indexterm>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\RequirePackage[<replaceable>option-list</replaceable>]{<replaceable>pkgname</replaceable>}[<replaceable>release-date</replaceable>]
+\RequirePackageWithOptions{<replaceable>pkgname</replaceable>}[<replaceable>release-date</replaceable>]
+</screen>
+<para>Load a package, like the command <literal>\usepackage</literal> (see <link linkend="Additional-packages">Additional
+packages</link>). An example:
+
+<literal>\RequirePackage[landscape,margin=1in]{geometry}</literal>
+</para>
+<para>The initial optional argument <replaceable>option-list</replaceable>, if present, must be a
+comma-separated list. The trailing optional argument
+<replaceable>release-date</replaceable>, if present, must have the form <literal>YYYY/MM/DD</literal>.
+If the release date of the package as installed on your system is
+earlier than <replaceable>release-date</replaceable> then you get a warning like &#8216;<literal>You
+have requested, on input line 9, version `2017/07/03' of package
+jhtest, but only version `2000/01/01' is available</literal>&#8217;.
+</para>
+<para>The <literal>\RequirePackageWithOptions</literal> variant uses the list of options
+for the current class. This means it ignores any options passed to it
+via <literal>\PassOptionsToClass</literal>. This is a convenience command to
+allow easily building classes on existing ones without having to track
+which options were passed.
+</para>
+<para>The difference between <literal>\usepackage</literal> and <literal>\RequirePackage</literal>
+is small. The <literal>\usepackage</literal> command is intended to be used in
+documents, while <literal>\RequirePackage</literal> is intended for package and
+class files. The most significant difference in practice is that
+<literal>\RequirePackage</literal> can be used in a document before the
+<literal>\documentclass</literal> command, while <literal>\usepackage</literal> gives an error
+there. The most common need for this nowadays is for the
+<literal>\DocumentMetadata</literal> command (see <link linkend="_005cDocumentMetadata">\DocumentMetadata</link>).
+</para>
+<para>The &latex; development team strongly recommends use of these and
+related commands over Plain&#160;&tex;&#8217;s <literal>\input</literal>; see the Class
+Guide (<ulink url="https://ctan.org/pkg/clsguide">https://ctan.org/pkg/clsguide</ulink>).
+</para>
+
+</sect2>
</sect1>
</chapter>
<chapter label="13" id="Counters">
@@ -9703,7 +10269,6 @@ up to four levels of nesting (see <link linkend="enumerate">enumerate</link>).
</para>
-
<sect1 label="13.1" id="_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">
<title><literal>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</literal>: Printing counters</title>
@@ -9982,10 +10547,10 @@ placement.
\newcommand{\showhbox}[2]{%
\fboxsep=0pt\fbox{\hbox to #1{#2}}}
</screen>
-<para>This example uses those commands to show a black bar 100&#160;points
-long between &#8216;<literal>XXX</literal>&#8217; and &#8216;<literal>YYY</literal>&#8217;. This length is rigid.
+<para>This next example uses those commands to show a black bar 100&#160;points
+long between &#8216;<literal>ABC</literal>&#8217; and &#8216;<literal>XYZ</literal>&#8217;. This length is rigid.
</para>
-<screen>XXX\showhbox{100pt}{\blackbar{100pt}}YYY
+<screen>ABC\showhbox{100pt}{\blackbar{100pt}}XYZ
</screen>
<para>As for rubber lengths, shrinking is simpler one: with <literal>1cm minus
0.05cm</literal>, the natural length is 1cm but &tex; can shrink it down
@@ -9993,10 +10558,10 @@ as far as 0.95cm. Beyond that, &tex; refuses to shrink any more.
Thus, below the first one works fine, producing a space of
98&#160;points between the two bars.
</para>
-<screen>XXX\showhbox{300pt}{%
+<screen>ABC\showhbox{300pt}{%
\blackbar{101pt}\hspace{100pt minus 2pt}\blackbar{101pt}}YYY
-XXX\showhbox{300pt}{%
+ABC\showhbox{300pt}{%
\blackbar{105pt}\hspace{100pt minus 1pt}\blackbar{105pt}}YYY
</screen>
<para>But the second one gets a warning like &#8216;<literal>Overfull \hbox (1.0pt too
@@ -10009,10 +10574,10 @@ the total to less than 309&#160;points.
beyond the given amount, it will do it. Here the first line is fine,
producing a space of 110&#160;points between the bars.
</para>
-<screen>XXX\showhbox{300pt}{%
+<screen>ABC\showhbox{300pt}{%
\blackbar{95pt}\hspace{100pt plus 10pt}\blackbar{95pt}}YYY
-XXX\showhbox{300pt}{%
+ABC\showhbox{300pt}{%
\blackbar{95pt}\hspace{100pt plus 1pt}\blackbar{95pt}}YYY
</screen>
<para>In the second line &tex; needs a stretch of 10&#160;points and only
@@ -10026,7 +10591,7 @@ length but it gives you a warning like &#8216;<literal>Underfull \hbox (badness
<para>If &tex; is setting two or more rubber lengths then it allocates the
stretch or shrink in proportion.
</para>
-<screen>XXX\showhbox{300pt}{%
+<screen>ABC\showhbox{300pt}{%
\blackbar{100pt}% left
\hspace{0pt plus 50pt}\blackbar{80pt}\hspace{0pt plus 10pt}% middle
\blackbar{100pt}}YYY % right
@@ -10040,7 +10605,7 @@ from the first space and 1/6 from the second.
<para>The <literal>plus</literal> or <literal>minus</literal> component of a rubber length can contain
a <firstterm>fill</firstterm> component, as in <literal>1in plus2fill</literal>. This gives the
length infinite stretchability or shrinkability so that &tex; could set
-it to any distance. Here the two figures will be equal-spaced across
+it to any distance. Here the two figures will be equally spaced across
the page.
</para>
<screen>\begin{minipage}{\linewidth}
@@ -12637,41 +13202,42 @@ one without a dot, <literal>\imath</literal> or <literal>jmath</literal> (see <l
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="16.5" id="Over_002d-and-Underlining">
-<title>Over- and Underlining</title>
+<sect1 label="16.5" id="Over_002d-or-under-math">
+<title>Over- or under math</title>
+<anchor id="Over_002d-and-Underlining"/><!-- original node name -->
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>overlining</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>underlining</primary></indexterm>
-<para>&latex; provides commands for making overlines or underlines, or
-putting braces over or under some material.
+<para>&latex; provides commands for putting lines, braces, and arrows over
+or under math material.
</para>
-<variablelist>
-<varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\underline{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</primary></indexterm><literal>\underline{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal>
-</term><listitem><para>Underline <replaceable>text</replaceable>. Works inside math mode, and outside.
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\underline{<replaceable>math</replaceable>}</primary></indexterm><literal>\underline{<replaceable>math</replaceable>}</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Underline <replaceable>math</replaceable>. For example: <literal>\underline{x+y}</literal>.
The line is always completely below the text, taking account of
descenders, so in <literal>\(\underline{y}\)</literal> the line is lower than in
-<literal>\(\underline{x}\)</literal>. This command is fragile (see <link linkend="_005cprotect">\protect</link>).
+<literal>\(\underline{x}\)</literal>. As of approximately 2019, this command
+and others in this section are robust; before that, they were fragile
+(see <link linkend="_005cprotect">\protect</link>).
</para>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>package, <literal>ulem</literal></primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>ulem</literal> package</primary></indexterm>
-<para>Note that the package <literal>ulem</literal> does text mode underlining and allows
-line breaking as well as a number of other features. See the
-documentation on CTAN. See also&#160;<link linkend="_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill">\hrulefill &amp; \dotfill</link> for
-producing a line, for such things as a signature.
+<para>The package <literal>ulem</literal> (<ulink url="https://ctan.org/pkg/uelem">https://ctan.org/pkg/uelem</ulink>) does
+text mode underlining and allows line breaking as well as a number of
+other features. See also&#160;<link linkend="_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill">\hrulefill &amp; \dotfill</link> for
+producing a line for such things as a signature or placeholder.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\overline{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</primary></indexterm><literal>\overline{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal>
-</term><listitem><para>Put a horizontal line over <replaceable>text</replaceable>. Works inside math mode, and
-outside. For example, <literal>\overline{x+y}</literal>.
-Note that this differs from the command <literal>\bar</literal> (see <link linkend="Math-accents">Math
-accents</link>).
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\overline{<replaceable>math</replaceable>}</primary></indexterm><literal>\overline{<replaceable>math</replaceable>}</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Put a horizontal line over <replaceable>math</replaceable>. For example: <literal>\overline{x+y}</literal>.
+This differs from the accent command <literal>\bar</literal> (see <link linkend="Math-accents">Math accents</link>).
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\underbrace{<replaceable>math</replaceable>}</primary></indexterm><literal>\underbrace{<replaceable>math</replaceable>}</literal>
-</term><listitem><para>Put a brace under <replaceable>math</replaceable>. For example, this
-<literal>(1-\underbrace{1/2)+(1/2}-1/3)</literal> emphasizes the telescoping part.
-Attach text to the brace by using the subscript command, <literal>_</literal>, or
-superscript, <literal>^</literal>, as here.
+</term><listitem><para>Put a brace under <replaceable>math</replaceable>. For example:
+<literal>(1-\underbrace{1/2)+(1/2}-1/3)</literal>.
+</para>
+<para>You can attach text to the brace as a subscript (<literal>_</literal>) or
+superscript (<literal>^</literal>) as here:
</para>
<screen>\begin{displaymath}
1+1/2+\underbrace{1/3+1/4}_{&gt;1/2}+
@@ -12682,16 +13248,25 @@ superscript, <literal>^</literal>, as here.
unconnected to the underbrace.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\overbrace{<replaceable>math</replaceable>}</primary></indexterm><literal>\overbrace{<replaceable>math</replaceable>}</literal>
-</term><listitem><para>Put a brace over <replaceable>math</replaceable>, as with
-<literal>\overbrace{x+x+\cdots+x}^{\mbox{\(k\) times}}</literal>. See also
-<literal>\underbrace</literal>.
+</term><listitem><para>Put a brace over <replaceable>math</replaceable>. For example:
+
+<literal>\overbrace{x+x+\cdots+x}^{\mbox{\(k\) times}}</literal>.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\overrightarrow{<replaceable>math</replaceable>}</primary></indexterm><literal>\overrightarrow{<replaceable>math</replaceable>}</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Put a right arrow over <replaceable>math</replaceable>. For example:
+<literal>\overrightarrow{x+y}</literal>.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\overleftarrow{<replaceable>math</replaceable>}</primary></indexterm><literal>\overleftarrow{<replaceable>math</replaceable>}</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Put a left arrow over <replaceable>math</replaceable>. For example:
+<literal>\overleftarrow{a+b}</literal>.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>package, <literal>mathtools</literal></primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>mathtools</literal> package</primary></indexterm>
-<para>The package <literal>mathtools</literal> adds an over- and underbrace, as well as
-some improvements on the braces. See the documentation on CTAN.
+<para>The package <literal>mathtools</literal> (<ulink url="https://ctan.org/pkg/mathtools">https://ctan.org/pkg/mathtools</ulink>)
+adds an over- and underbracket, as well as some improvements on the
+braces.
</para>
</sect1>
@@ -12850,11 +13425,11 @@ appear in other contexts. However, it doesn&#8217;t change into horizontal
mode. So if it starts a paragraph then you should first put a
<literal>\leavevmode</literal>, as in the bottom line below.
</para>
-<screen>xxx xxx xxx
+<screen>Text above.
-\smash{yyy} % no paragraph indent
+\smash{smashed, no indent} % no paragraph indent
-\leavevmode\smash{zzz} % usual paragraph indent
+\leavevmode\smash{smashed, with indent} % usual paragraph indent
</screen>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>package, <literal>mathtools</literal></primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>mathtools</literal> package</primary></indexterm>
@@ -13365,11 +13940,11 @@ To have no date, instead use <literal>\date{}</literal>.
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\thanks{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</primary></indexterm><literal>\thanks{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal>
</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>thanks, for titlepage</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>credit footnote</primary></indexterm>
-<para>Optional. Produce a footnote. You can use it in the author information
-for acknowledgements as illustrated above, but you can also use it in
-the title, or any place a footnote mark makes sense. It can be any text
-at all so you can use it for any purpose, such as to print an email
-address.
+<para>Optional. Produce a footnote. You can use it in the author
+information for acknowledgements as illustrated above, but you can
+also use it in the title, or anywhere that a footnote mark makes
+sense. It can be any text at all so you can use it for any purpose,
+such as to print an email address.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\title{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</primary></indexterm><literal>\title{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal>
</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>title, for titlepage</primary></indexterm>
@@ -13380,11 +13955,11 @@ omit the <literal>\title</literal> declaration then the <literal>\maketitle</lit
yields error &#8216;<literal>LaTeX Error: No \title given</literal>&#8217;.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
-<para>To make your own title page, see&#160;<link linkend="titlepage">titlepage</link>. You can either
+<para>To make your own title page, see <link linkend="titlepage">titlepage</link>. You can either
create this as a one-off or you can include it as part of a renewed
-<literal>\maketitle</literal> command. (Many publishers will provide a class to use
+<literal>\maketitle</literal> command. Many publishers will provide a class to use
in place of <literal>article</literal> that formats the title according to their
-house requirements.)
+house requirements.
</para>
</sect1>
@@ -13404,18 +13979,11 @@ contents and other page references. This declaration has global scope
so its effect is not stopped by an end of group such as a closing brace
or an end of environment.
</para>
-<para>In this example, before the &#8216;<literal>Main</literal>&#8217; section the pages are numbered
-&#8216;<literal>a</literal>&#8217;, etc. Starting on the page containing the
-<literal>\pagenumbering</literal> call in that section, the pages are numbered
-&#8216;<literal>1</literal>&#8217;, etc.
+<para>By default, &latex; numbers pages starting at 1, using Arabic
+numerals.
</para>
-<screen>\begin{document}\pagenumbering{alph}
- ...
-\section{Main}\pagenumbering{arabic}
- ...
-</screen>
<para>The argument <replaceable>number-style</replaceable> is one of the following (see
-also&#160;<link linkend="_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</link>).
+also <link linkend="_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</link>).
</para>
<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>arabic</literal>
</term><listitem><para>Arabic numerals: 1, 2, &#8230;
@@ -13435,25 +14003,41 @@ get &#8216;<literal>LaTeX Error: Counter too large</literal>&#8217;.
get &#8216;<literal>LaTeX Error: Counter too large</literal>&#8217;.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>gobble</literal>
-</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>package, <literal>hyperref</literal></primary></indexterm>
+</term><listitem><para>no page number is output, though the number is still reset.
+References to that page also are blank.
+</para>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>package, <literal>hyperref</literal></primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>hyperref</literal> package</primary></indexterm>
-<para>&latex; does not output a page number, although it
-does get reset. References to that page also are blank. (This does not
-work with the popular package <literal>hyperref</literal> so to have the page number
-not appear you may want to instead use <literal>\pagestyle{empty}</literal> or
-<literal>\thispagestyle{empty}</literal>.)
+
+<para>This setting does not work with the popular package <literal>hyperref</literal>,
+so to omit page numbers you may want to instead use
+<literal>\pagestyle{empty}</literal> or <literal>\thispagestyle{empty}</literal>.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+<para>If you want to typeset the page number in some other way, or change
+where the page number appears on the page, see&#160;<link linkend="_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</link>
+(in short: use the <literal>fancyhdr</literal> package). The list above of
+&latex;&#8217;s built-in numbering styles cannot be extended.
+</para>
<para>Traditionally, if a document has front matter&#8212;preface, table of
-contents, etc.&#8212;then it is numbered with lowercase Roman numerals. The
-main matter of a document uses arabic. See <link linkend="_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter
-&amp; \backmatter</link>.
+contents, etc.&#8212;then it is numbered with lowercase Roman
+numerals. The main matter of a document uses arabic. &latex;
+implements this, by providing explicit commands for the different parts
+(see <link linkend="_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</link>).
</para>
-<para>If you want to change where the page number appears on the page,
-see&#160;<link linkend="_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</link>. If you want to change the value of the page
-number, then you manipulate the <literal>page</literal> counter (see <link linkend="Counters">Counters</link>).
+<para>As an explicit example, before the &#8216;<literal>Main</literal>&#8217; section the pages are
+numbered &#8216;<literal>a</literal>&#8217;, etc. Starting on the page containing the
+<literal>\pagenumbering</literal> call in that section, the pages are numbered
+&#8216;<literal>1</literal>&#8217;, etc.
+</para>
+<screen>\begin{document}\pagenumbering{alph}
+ ...
+\section{Main}\pagenumbering{arabic}
+ ...
+</screen>
+<para>If you want to change the value of the page number, then you
+manipulate the <literal>page</literal> counter (see <link linkend="Counters">Counters</link>).
</para>
-
</sect1>
<sect1 label="18.3" id="_005cpagestyle">
<title><literal>\pagestyle</literal></title>
@@ -13473,11 +14057,11 @@ from the current page onwards.
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>package, <literal>fancyhdr</literal></primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>fancyhdr</literal> package</primary></indexterm>
-<para>A discussion with an example is below. Note first that the package
+<para>A discussion with an example is below. First, however: the package
<literal>fancyhdr</literal> is now the standard way to manipulate headers and
footers. New documents that need to do anything other than one of the
standard options below should use this package. See its documentation
-on CTAN.
+(<ulink url="https://ctan.org/pkg/fancyhdr">https://ctan.org/pkg/fancyhdr</ulink>).
</para>
<para>Values for <replaceable>style</replaceable>:
</para>
@@ -13588,6 +14172,36 @@ To make the page entirely empty, the command
</para>
</sect1>
+<sect1 label="18.5" id="_005cthepage">
+<title><literal>\thepage</literal></title>
+
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\thepage</primary></indexterm>
+
+<para>If you want to change the appearance of page numbers only in the page
+headers, for example by adding an ornament, typesetting in small caps,
+etc., then the <literal>fancyhdr</literal> package, as mentioned in a previous
+section, is the best approach.
+</para>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>page number representation</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>table of contents, page numbers in</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>cross-references, page numbers in</primary></indexterm>
+<para>On the other hand, you may want to change how page numbers are denoted
+everywhere, including the table of contents and cross-references, as
+well as the page headers. In this case, you should redefine
+<literal>\thepage</literal>, which is the command &latex; uses for the
+representation of page numbers.
+</para>
+<para>However, <literal>\thepage</literal> should do any typesetting or other
+complicated maneuvers, but merely expand to the intended page number
+representation. The results of a complicated redefinition of
+<literal>\thepage</literal> are not predictable, but &latex;&#8217;s report of page
+numbers in diagnostic messages, at least, will become unusable.
+</para>
+<para>There is some discussion of this issue at
+<ulink url="https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/687258">https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/687258</ulink>.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
</chapter>
<chapter label="19" id="Spaces">
<title>Spaces</title>
@@ -13764,13 +14378,14 @@ X\hbox to 0pt{\hss Z}Y
<screen>\spacefactor=<replaceable>integer</replaceable>
</screen>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\spacefactor</primary></indexterm>
-<para>Influence &latex;&#8217;s glue stretch and shrink behavior. Most user-level
-documents do not use this command.
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>space factor</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Influence &latex;&#8217;s stretching and shrinking of glue. Few user-level
+documents need to use this.
</para>
<para>While &latex; is laying out the material, it may stretch or shrink the
gaps between words. (This space is not a character; it is called the
-<firstterm>interword glue</firstterm>; see <link linkend="_005chspace">\hspace</link>). The <literal>\spacefactor</literal> command
-(from Plain&#160;&tex;) allows you to, for instance, have the space
+<firstterm>interword glue</firstterm>; see <link linkend="_005chspace">\hspace</link>). The <literal>\spacefactor</literal> parameter
+(a &tex; primitive) allows you to, for instance, have the space
after a period stretch more than the space after a word-ending letter.
</para>
<para>After &latex; places each character, or rule or other box, it sets a
@@ -13780,48 +14395,49 @@ can happen. A space factor that is larger than the normal value means
that the glue can stretch more and shrink less. Normally, the space
factor is 1000. This value is in effect following most characters, and
any non-character box or math formula. But it is 3000 after a period,
-exclamation mark, or question mark, it is 2000 after a colon, 1500 after
+exclamation mark, or question mark, 2000 after a colon, 1500 after
a semicolon, 1250 after a comma, and 0 after a right parenthesis or
bracket, or closing double quote or single quote. Finally, it is 999
after a capital letter.
</para>
<para>If the space factor&#160;<replaceable>f</replaceable> is 1000 then the glue gap will be the
font&#8217;s normal space value (for Computer Modern Roman 10 point this is
-3.3333&#160;points). Otherwise, if the space factor <replaceable>f</replaceable> is greater
+3.3333pt). Otherwise, if the space factor <replaceable>f</replaceable> is greater
than 2000 then &tex; adds the font&#8217;s extra space value (for Computer
-Modern Roman 10 point this is 1.11111&#160;points), and then the font&#8217;s
+Modern Roman 10 point this is 1.11111pt), and then the font&#8217;s
normal stretch value is multiplied by <inlineequation><mathphrase>f /1000</mathphrase></inlineequation> and the normal
shrink value is multiplied by <inlineequation><mathphrase>1000/f</mathphrase></inlineequation> (for Computer Modern Roman
-10 point these are 1.66666 and 1.11111&#160;points).
+10 point these are 1.66666 and 1.11111pt).
</para>
-<para>For example, consider the period ending <literal>A man's best friend is his
-dog.</literal> After it, &tex; puts in a fixed extra space, and also allows the
-glue to stretch 3 times as much and shrink 1/3 as much, as the glue
-after <literal>friend</literal>, which does not end in a period.
+<para>For example, consider the period ending &#8216;<literal>A man's best friend is
+his dog.</literal>&#8217;. After it, &tex; puts in a fixed extra space, and also
+allows the glue to stretch 3 times as much and shrink 1/3 as much, as
+the glue after <literal>friend</literal> or any of the other words, since they are
+not followed by punctuation.
</para>
<para>The rules for space factors are even more complex because they play
-additional roles. In practice, there are two consequences. First, if a
-period or other punctuation is followed by a right parenthesis or
-bracket, or right single or double quote then the spacing effect of that
-period carries through those characters (that is, the following glue
-will have increased stretch and shrink). Second, if
-punctuation comes after a capital letter then its effect is not in place
-so you get an ordinary space. This second case also affects abbreviations
-that do not end in a capital letter (see <link linkend="_005c_0040">\@</link>).
+additional roles. In practice, there are two consequences. First, if
+a period or other punctuation is followed by a right parenthesis or
+bracket, or right single or double quote then the spacing effect of
+that period carries through those characters (that is, the following
+glue will have increased stretch and shrink). Second, if punctuation
+comes after a capital letter then the normal effect of the period is
+does not happen, so you get an ordinary space. This second case also
+affects abbreviations that do not end in a capital letter
+(see <link linkend="_005c_0040">\@</link>).
</para>
<para>You can only use <literal>\spacefactor</literal> in paragraph mode or LR mode
(see <link linkend="Modes">Modes</link>). You can see the current value with
<literal>\the\spacefactor</literal> or <literal>\showthe\spacefactor</literal>.
</para>
-<para>(Comment, not really related to <literal>\spacefactor</literal>: if you get errors
-like &#8216;<literal>You can't use `\spacefactor' in vertical mode</literal>&#8217;, or &#8216;<literal>You
-can't use `\spacefactor' in math mode.</literal>&#8217;, or &#8216;<literal>Improper \spacefactor</literal>&#8217;
-then you have probably tried to redefine an internal command.
-See <link linkend="_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</link>.)
+<para>Finally, not especially related to <literal>\spacefactor</literal> itself: if you
+get errors like &#8216;<literal>You can't use `\spacefactor' in vertical mode</literal>&#8217;,
+or &#8216;<literal>You can't use `\spacefactor' in math mode.</literal>&#8217;, or
+&#8216;<literal>Improper \spacefactor</literal>&#8217; then you have probably tried to redefine
+an internal command. See <link linkend="_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</link>.
</para>
-
<sect2 label="19.5.1" id="_005c_0040">
<title><literal>\@</literal></title>
@@ -13830,30 +14446,34 @@ See <link linkend="_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter &amp;
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>period, sentence-ending</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>period, abbreviation-ending</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>period, spacing after</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>sentence-ending punctuation</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>non-sentence-ending punctuation</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>punctuation, sentence-ending</primary></indexterm>
<anchor id="_005cAT"/><!-- old name -->
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen><replaceable>capital-letter</replaceable>\@.
</screen>
-<para>Treat a period as sentence-ending, where &latex; would otherwise think
-it is part of an abbreviation. &latex; thinks that a period ends an
-abbreviation if the period comes after a capital letter, and otherwise
-thinks the period ends the sentence. By default, in justifying a line
-&latex; adjusts the space after a sentence-ending period (or a question
-mark, exclamation point, comma, or colon) more than it adjusts the space
-between words (see <link linkend="_005cspacefactor">\spacefactor</link>).
+<para>Treat a period (or other punctuation) as sentence-ending, where
+&latex; would otherwise think it is part of an abbreviation.
+&latex; thinks that a period ends an abbreviation if the period comes
+after a capital letter, and otherwise thinks the period ends the
+sentence.
</para>
<para>This example shows the two cases to remember.
</para>
<screen>The songs \textit{Red Guitar}, etc.\ are by Loudon Wainwright~III\@.
</screen>
-<para>The second period ends the sentence, despite that it is preceded by a
-capital. We tell &latex; that it ends the sentence by putting
-<literal>\@</literal> before it. The first period ends the abbreviation
-&#8216;<literal>etc.</literal>&#8217; but not the sentence. The backslash-space, <literal>\ </literal>,
-produces a mid-sentence space.
+<para>The first period ends the abbreviation &#8216;<literal>etc.</literal>&#8217; but not the
+sentence. The backslash-space, <literal>\ </literal>, produces a mid-sentence
+space. The second period ends the sentence, despite it being preceded
+by a capital letter. We tell &latex; that it ends the sentence by
+putting <literal>\@</literal> before it.
</para>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>right parentheses/quotes, and spacing</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>parentheses and ends of sentences</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>quotes and ends of sentences</primary></indexterm>
<para>So: if you have a capital letter followed by a period that ends the
sentence, then put <literal>\@</literal> before the period. This holds even if
there is an intervening right parenthesis or bracket, or right single or
@@ -13865,17 +14485,24 @@ those characters. For example, this
</screen>
<para>will have correct inter-sentence spacing after the period.
</para>
-<para>The <literal>\@</literal> command is only for a text mode. If you use it outside of
-a text mode then you get &#8216;<literal>You can't use `\spacefactor' in vertical
-mode</literal>&#8217; (see <link linkend="Modes">Modes</link>).
+<para>The <literal>\@</literal> command is only for text modes. If you use it outside
+of a text mode then you get the error &#8216;<literal>You can't use
+`\spacefactor' in vertical mode</literal>&#8217; (see <link linkend="Modes">Modes</link>).
</para>
-<para>Comment: the converse case is a period ending an abbreviation whose last
-letter is not a capital letter, and that abbreviation is not the last
-word in the sentence. For that case follow the period with a
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>question marks, ending a sentence</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>exclamation points, ending a sentence</primary></indexterm>
+<para>All the above applies equally to question marks and exclamation points
+as periods, since all are sentence-ending punctuation, and &latex;
+increases the space after each in the same way, when they end a
+sentence. &latex; also increases spacing after colon, semicolon, and
+comma characters (see <link linkend="_005cspacefactor">\spacefactor</link>).
+</para>
+<para>In addition: the converse case is a period (or other punctuation) that
+does not end a sentence. For that case, follow the period with a
backslash-space, (<literal>\ </literal>), or a tie, (<literal>~</literal>), or <literal>\@</literal>.
Examples are <literal>Nat.\ Acad.\ Science</literal>, and <literal>Mr.~Bean</literal>, and
<literal>(manure, etc.\@) for sale</literal> (note in the last one that the
-<literal>\@</literal> comes before the closing parenthesis).
+<literal>\@</literal> comes after the period but before the closing parenthesis).
</para>
</sect2>
@@ -13892,18 +14519,21 @@ Examples are <literal>Nat.\ Acad.\ Science</literal>, and <literal>Mr.~Bean</lit
<screen>\frenchspacing
\nonfrenchspacing
</screen>
-<para>The first declaration causes &latex; to handle spacing between
-sentences in the same way as spacing between words in the middle of a
-sentence. The second switches back to the default handling in which
-spacing between sentences stretches or shrinks more
-(see <link linkend="_005cspacefactor">\spacefactor</link>).
+<para><literal>\frenchspacing</literal> causes &latex; to make spacing after all
+punctuation, including periods, be the same as the space between words
+in the middle of a sentence. <literal>\nonfrenchspacing</literal> switches back
+to the default handling in which spacing after most punctuation stretches
+or shrinks differently than a word space (see <link linkend="_005cspacefactor">\spacefactor</link>).
</para>
-<para>Some typographic traditions, including English, prefer to adjust the
-space between sentences (or spaces following a question mark,
-exclamation point, comma, or colon) more than the space between words
-that are in the middle of a sentence. Declaring <literal>\frenchspacing</literal>
-(the command is from plain &tex;) switches to the tradition that all
-spaces are treated equally.
+<para>In American English, the typesetting tradition is to adjust, typically
+increasing, the space after punctuation more than the space between
+words that are in the middle of a sentence. Declaring
+<literal>\frenchspacing</literal> (the command is inherited from plain &tex;)
+switches to the tradition that all spaces are treated equally.
+</para>
+<para>If your &latex; document specifies the language being used, for
+example with the <literal>babel</literal> package, the necessary settings
+should be taken care of for you.
</para>
</sect2>
@@ -13929,20 +14559,20 @@ spaces are treated equally.
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>\<keycap>NEWLINE</keycap></primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>\<keycap>SPACE</keycap></primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>\<keycap>TAB</keycap></primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ <!-- /@w --> (backslash-space)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\&amp;#160;<!-- /@w --> (backslash-space)</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\<keycap>SPACE</keycap></primary></indexterm>
<para>This section refers to the command consisting of two characters, a
-backslash followed by a space.
-Synopsis:
+backslash followed by a space. Synopsis:
</para>
-<screen>\ <!-- /@w -->
+<screen>\&amp;#160;<!-- /@w -->
</screen>
<para>Produce a space. By default it produces white space of length
3.33333pt plus 1.66666pt minus 1.11111pt.
</para>
-<para>When you type one or more blanks between words, &latex; produces white
-space. But that is different than an explicit space. This illustrates.
+<para>When you type one or more blanks between words, &latex; produces
+whitespace that is different than an explicit space. This
+illustrates:
</para>
<screen>\begin{tabular}{rl}
One blank:&amp; makes some space \\
@@ -13974,9 +14604,9 @@ or <literal>Jones et al.\ (1993)</literal> (see <link linkend="_005c_0040">\@</l
<para>Under normal circumstances, <literal>\</literal><keycap>TAB</keycap> and <literal>\</literal><keycap>NEWLINE</keycap>
are equivalent to backslash-space, <literal>\ </literal>.
</para>
-<anchor id="Leading-blanks"/><para>Please also note that in order to allow source code indentation, under
-normal circumstances, &tex; ignores leading blanks in a line. So the
-following prints &#8216;<literal>one word</literal>&#8217;:
+<anchor id="Leading-blanks"/><para>In order to allow source code indentation, under normal circumstances,
+&tex; ignores leading blanks in a line. So the following prints
+&#8216;<literal>one word</literal>&#8217;:
</para>
<screen>one
word
@@ -13991,7 +14621,7 @@ the newline after &#8216;<literal>one</literal>&#8217;, not by the space before
</sect1>
<sect1 label="19.7" id="_007e">
-<title><literal>~</literal></title>
+<title><literal>~</literal>, <literal>\nobreakspace</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>~</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>tie</primary></indexterm>
@@ -14004,10 +14634,14 @@ the newline after &#8216;<literal>one</literal>&#8217;, not by the space before
</para>
<screen><replaceable>before</replaceable>~<replaceable>after</replaceable>
</screen>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nobreakspace</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>no-break space, Unicode U+00A0</primary></indexterm>
<para>The <firstterm>tie</firstterm> character, <literal>~</literal>, produces a space between <replaceable>before</replaceable> and
<replaceable>after</replaceable> at which the line will not be broken. By default the white
space has length 3.33333pt plus 1.66666pt minus
-1.11111pt (see <link linkend="Lengths">Lengths</link>).
+1.11111pt (see <link linkend="Lengths">Lengths</link>). The command <literal>\nobreakspace</literal>
+and the Unicode input character U+00A0 (also in many 8-bit encodings)
+are synonyms.
</para>
<!-- This paragraph is not translated to French, as the French translation -->
<!-- uses a term that means ``unbreakable''. -->
@@ -14023,14 +14657,14 @@ in <citetitle>The &tex;book</citetitle>.
<para>In addition, despite the period, &latex; does not use the
end-of-sentence spacing (see <link linkend="_005c_0040">\@</link>).
</para>
-<para>Ties prevent the end of line separation of things where that could
-cause confusion. They also still allow hyphenation (of either of the
-tied words), so they are generally preferable to putting consecutive
-words in an <literal>\mbox</literal> (see <link linkend="_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</link>).
+<para>Ties prevent a line break where that could cause confusion. They also
+still allow hyphenation (of either of the tied words), so they are
+generally preferable to putting consecutive words in an <literal>\mbox</literal>
+(see <link linkend="_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</link>).
</para>
-<para>They are also matters of taste, sometimes alarmingly dogmatic taste,
-among readers. Nevertheless, here are some usage models, many of them
-from <citetitle>The &tex;book</citetitle>.
+<para>Exactly where ties should be used is something of a matter of taste,
+sometimes alarmingly dogmatic taste, among readers. Nevertheless, here
+are some usage models, many of them from <citetitle>The &tex;book</citetitle>.
</para>
<itemizedlist><listitem><para>Between an enumerator label and number, such as in references:
<literal>Chapter~12</literal>, or <literal>Theorem~\ref{th:Wilsons}</literal>, or
@@ -14613,7 +15247,7 @@ enough to contain the <replaceable>text</replaceable>. (They are like plain &te
<para>In the third version the optional argument <replaceable>width</replaceable> specifies the
width of the box. Note that the space occupied by the text need not
equal the width of the box. For one thing, <replaceable>text</replaceable> can be too small;
-this creates a full-line box
+this creates a full-line box:
</para>
<screen>\makebox[\linewidth]{Chapter Exam}
</screen>
@@ -15025,317 +15659,7 @@ backslash, <literal>\</literal>.) This command is robust (see <link linkend="_0
</sect1>
</chapter>
-<chapter label="21" id="Color">
-<title>Color</title>
-
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>color</primary></indexterm>
-
-<para>You can add color to text, rules, etc. You can also have color in a box
-or on an entire page and write text on top of it.
-</para>
-<para>Color support comes as an additional package. So put
-<literal>\usepackage{color}</literal> in your document preamble to use the
-commands described here.
-</para>
-<para>Many other packages also supplement &latex;&#8217;s color abilities.
-Particularly worth mentioning is <filename>xcolor</filename>, which is widely used and
-significantly extends the capabilities described here, including adding
-&#8216;<literal>HTML</literal>&#8217; and &#8216;<literal>Hsb</literal>&#8217; color models.
-</para>
-
-
-<sect1 label="21.1" id="Color-package-options">
-<title><literal>color</literal> package options</title>
-
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>color package options</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>options, color package</primary></indexterm>
-
-<para>Synopsis (must be in the document preamble):
-</para>
-<screen>\usepackage[<replaceable>comma-separated option list</replaceable>]{color}
-</screen>
-<para>When you load the <filename>color</filename> package there are two kinds of available
-options.
-</para>
-<para>The first specifies the <firstterm>printer driver</firstterm>. &latex; doesn&#8217;t contain
-information about different output systems but instead depends on
-information stored in a file. Normally you should not specify the
-driver option in the document, and instead rely on your system&#8217;s
-default. One advantage of this is that it makes the document portable
-across systems. For completeness we include a list of the drivers. The
-currently relevant ones are: <filename>dvipdfmx</filename>, <filename>dvips</filename>,
-<filename>dvisvgm</filename>, <filename>luatex</filename>, <filename>pdftex</filename>, <filename>xetex</filename>. The two
-<filename>xdvi</filename> and <filename>oztex</filename> are essentially aliases for <filename>dvips</filename>
-(and <filename>xdvi</filename> is monochrome). Ones that should not be used for new
-systems are: <filename>dvipdf</filename>, <filename>dvipdfm</filename>, <filename>dviwin</filename>,
-<filename>dvipsone</filename>, <filename>emtex</filename>, <filename>pctexps</filename>, <filename>pctexwin</filename>,
-<filename>pctexhp</filename>, <filename>pctex32</filename>, <filename>truetex</filename>, <filename>tcidvi</filename>,
-<filename>vtex</filename> (and <filename>dviwindo</filename> is an alias for <filename>dvipsone</filename>).
-</para>
-<para>The second kind of options, beyond the drivers, are below.
-</para>
-<variablelist>
-<varlistentry><term><literal>monochrome</literal>
-</term><listitem><para>Disable the color commands, so that they do not generate errors but do
-not generate color either.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>dvipsnames</literal>
-</term><listitem><para>Make available a list of 68 color names that are often used,
-particularly in legacy documents. These color names were originally
-provided by the <filename>dvips</filename> driver, giving the option name.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>nodvipsnames</literal>
-</term><listitem><para>Do not load that list of color names, saving &latex; a tiny amount of
-memory space.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
-
-</sect1>
-<sect1 label="21.2" id="Color-models">
-<title>Color models</title>
-
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>color models</primary></indexterm>
-
-<para>A <firstterm>color model</firstterm> is a way of representing colors. &latex;&#8217;s
-capabilities depend on the printer driver. However, the <filename>pdftex</filename>,
-<filename>xetex</filename>, and <filename>luatex</filename> printer drivers are today by far the
-most commonly used. The models below work for those drivers. All but
-one of these is also supported by essentially all other printer drivers
-used today.
-</para>
-<para>Note that color combination can be additive or subtractive. Additive
-mixes colors of light, so that for instance combining full intensities
-of red, green, and blue produces white. Subtractive mixes pigments,
-such as with inks, so that combining full intensity of cyan, magenta,
-and yellow makes black.
-</para>
-<variablelist><anchor id="color-models-cmyk"/><varlistentry><term><literal>cmyk</literal>
-</term><listitem><para>A comma-separated list with four real numbers between 0 and 1,
-inclusive. The first number is the intensity of cyan, the second is
-magenta, and the others are yellow and black. A number value of 0 means
-minimal intensity, while a 1 is for full intensity. This model is often
-used in color printing. It is a subtractive model.
-</para>
-<anchor id="color-models-gray"/></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>gray</literal>
-</term><listitem><para>A single real number between 0 and 1, inclusive. The colors are shades
-of grey. The number 0 produces black while 1 gives white.
-</para>
-<anchor id="color-models-rgb"/></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>rgb</literal>
-</term><listitem><para>A comma-separated list with three real numbers between 0 and 1,
-inclusive. The first number is the intensity of the red component, the
-second is green, and the third the blue. A number value of 0 means that
-none of that component is added in, while a 1 means full intensity.
-This is an additive model.
-</para>
-<anchor id="color-models-RGB"/></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>RGB</literal>
-</term><listitem><para>(<filename>pdftex</filename>, <filename>xetex</filename>, <filename>luatex</filename> drivers) A comma-separated
-list with three integers between 0 and 255, inclusive. This model is a
-convenience for using <literal>rgb</literal> since outside of &latex; colors are
-often described in a red-green-blue model using numbers in this range.
-The values entered here are converted to the <literal>rgb</literal> model by
-dividing by 255.
-</para>
-<anchor id="color-models-named"/></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>named</literal>
-</term><listitem><para>Colors are accessed by name, such as &#8216;<literal>PrussianBlue</literal>&#8217;. The list of
-names depends on the driver, but all support the names &#8216;<literal>black</literal>&#8217;,
-&#8216;<literal>blue</literal>&#8217;, &#8216;<literal>cyan</literal>&#8217;, &#8216;<literal>green</literal>&#8217;, &#8216;<literal>magenta</literal>&#8217;, &#8216;<literal>red</literal>&#8217;,
-&#8216;<literal>white</literal>&#8217;, and &#8216;<literal>yellow</literal>&#8217; (See the <literal>dvipsnames</literal> option in
-<link linkend="Color-package-options">Color package options</link>).
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
-
-</sect1>
-<sect1 label="21.3" id="Commands-for-color">
-<title>Commands for color</title>
-
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>color package commands</primary></indexterm>
-
-<para>These are the commands available with the <filename>color</filename> package.
-</para>
-
-
-<sect2 label="21.3.1" id="Define-colors">
-<title>Define colors</title>
-
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>color</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>define color</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>color, define</primary></indexterm>
-
-<para>Synopsis:
-</para>
-<screen>\definecolor{<replaceable>name</replaceable>}{<replaceable>model</replaceable>}{<replaceable>specification</replaceable>}
-</screen>
-<para>Give the name <replaceable>name</replaceable> to the color. For example, after this
-</para>
-<screen>\definecolor{silver}{rgb}{0.75,0.75,0.74}
-</screen>
-<para>you can use that color name with <literal>Hi ho,
-\textcolor{silver}{Silver}!</literal>.
-</para>
-<para>This example gives the color a more abstract name, so it could change and
-not be misleading.
-</para>
-<screen>\definecolor{logocolor}{RGB}{145,92,131} % RGB needs pdflatex
-\newcommand{\logo}{\textcolor{logocolor}{Bob's Big Bagels}}
-</screen>
-<para>Often a document&#8217;s colors are defined in the preamble, or in the class
-or style, rather than in the document body.
-</para>
-
-</sect2>
-<sect2 label="21.3.2" id="Colored-text">
-<title>Colored text</title>
-
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>color</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>colored text</primary></indexterm>
-
-<para>Synopses:
-</para>
-<screen>\textcolor{<replaceable>name</replaceable>}{...}
-\textcolor[<replaceable>color model</replaceable>]{<replaceable>color specification</replaceable>}{...}
-</screen>
-<para>or
-</para>
-<screen>\color{<replaceable>name</replaceable>}
-\color[<replaceable>color model</replaceable>]{<replaceable>color specification</replaceable>}
-</screen>
-<para>The affected text gets the color. This line
-</para>
-<screen>\textcolor{magenta}{My name is Ozymandias, King of Kings;}
-Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair!
-</screen>
-<para>causes the first half to be in magenta while the rest is in black. You
-can use a color declared with <literal>\definecolor</literal> in exactly the same
-way that we just used the builtin color &#8216;<literal>magenta</literal>&#8217;.
-</para>
-<screen>\definecolor{MidlifeCrisisRed}{rgb}{1.0,0.11,0.0}
-I'm thinking about getting a \textcolor{MidlifeCrisisRed}{sports car}.
-</screen>
-<para>The two <literal>\textcolor</literal> and <literal>\color</literal> differ in that the first is
-a command form, enclosing the text to be colored as an argument. Often
-this form is more convenient, or at least more explicit. The second
-form is a declaration, as in <literal>The moon is made of {\color{green}
-green} cheese</literal>, so it is in effect until the end of the current group
-or environment. This is sometimes useful when writing macros or as
-below where it colors everything inside the <literal>center</literal> environment,
-including the vertical and horizontal lines.
-</para>
-<screen>\begin{center} \color{blue}
- \begin{tabular}{l|r}
- UL &amp;UR \\ \hline
- LL &amp;LR
- \end{tabular}
-\end{center}
-</screen>
-<para>You can use color in equations. A document might have this definition
-in the preamble
-</para>
-<screen>\definecolor{highlightcolor}{RGB}{225,15,0}
-</screen>
-<para>and then contain this equation.
-</para>
-<screen>\begin{equation}
- \int_a^b \textcolor{highlightcolor}{f'(x)}\,dx=f(b)-f(a)
-\end{equation}
-</screen>
-<para>Typically the colors used in a document are declared in a class or style
-but sometimes you want a one-off. Those are the second forms in the
-synopses.
-</para>
-<screen>Colors of \textcolor[rgb]{0.33,0.14,0.47}{Purple} and
-{\color[rgb]{0.72,0.60,0.37}Gold} for the team.
-</screen>
-<para>The format of <replaceable>color specification</replaceable> depends on the color model
-(see <link linkend="Color-models">Color models</link>). For instance, while <literal>rgb</literal> takes three
-numbers, <literal>gray</literal> takes only one.
-</para>
-<screen>The selection was \textcolor[gray]{0.5}{grayed out}.
-</screen>
-<para>Colors inside colors do not combine. Thus
-</para>
-<screen>\textcolor{green}{kind of \textcolor{blue}{blue}}
-</screen>
-<para>has a final word that is blue, not a combination of blue and green.
-</para>
-<!-- xx address coloring a line of a table? -->
-
-
-</sect2>
-<sect2 label="21.3.3" id="Colored-boxes">
-<title>Colored boxes</title>
-
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>color</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>colored boxes</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>box, colored</primary></indexterm>
-
-<para>Synopses:
-</para>
-<screen>\colorbox{<replaceable>name</replaceable>}{...}
-\colorbox[<replaceable>model name</replaceable>]{<replaceable>box background color</replaceable>}{...}
-</screen>
-<para>or
-</para>
-<screen>\fcolorbox{<replaceable>frame color</replaceable>}{<replaceable>box background color</replaceable>}{...}
-\fcolorbox[<replaceable>model name</replaceable>]{<replaceable>frame color</replaceable>}{<replaceable>box background color</replaceable>}{...}
-</screen>
-<para>Make a box with the stated background color. The <literal>\fcolorbox</literal>
-command puts a frame around the box. For instance this
-</para>
-<screen>Name:~\colorbox{cyan}{\makebox[5cm][l]{\strut}}
-</screen>
-<para>makes a cyan-colored box that is five centimeters long and gets its
-depth and height from the <literal>\strut</literal> (so the depth is
-<literal>-.3\baselineskip</literal> and the height is <literal>\baselineskip</literal>). This
-puts white text on a blue background.
-</para>
-<screen>\colorbox{blue}{\textcolor{white}{Welcome to the machine.}}
-</screen>
-<para>The <literal>\fcolorbox</literal> commands use the same parameters as <literal>\fbox</literal>
-(see <link linkend="_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox &amp; \framebox</link>), <literal>\fboxrule</literal> and <literal>\fboxsep</literal>, to
-set the thickness of the rule and the boundary between the box interior
-and the surrounding rule. &latex;&#8217;s defaults are <literal>0.4pt</literal> and
-<literal>3pt</literal>, respectively.
-</para>
-<para>This example changes the thickness of the border to 0.8 points. Note
-that it is surrounded by curly braces so that the change ends at the end
-of the second line.
-</para>
-<screen>{\setlength{\fboxrule}{0.8pt}
-\fcolorbox{black}{red}{Under no circumstances turn this knob.}}
-</screen>
-
-</sect2>
-<sect2 label="21.3.4" id="Colored-pages">
-<title>Colored pages</title>
-
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>color</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>colored page</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>page, colored</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>background, colored</primary></indexterm>
-
-<para>Synopses:
-</para>
-<screen>\pagecolor{<replaceable>name</replaceable>}
-\pagecolor[<replaceable>color model</replaceable>]{<replaceable>color specification</replaceable>}
-\nopagecolor
-</screen>
-<para>The first two set the background of the page, and all subsequent pages,
-to the color. For an explanation of the specification in the second
-form see <link linkend="Colored-text">Colored text</link>. The third returns the background to normal,
-which is a transparent background. (If that is not supported use
-<literal>\pagecolor{white}</literal>, although that will make a white background
-rather than the default transparent background.)
-</para>
-<screen> ...
-\pagecolor{cyan}
- ...
-\nopagecolor
-</screen>
-
-</sect2>
-</sect1>
-</chapter>
-<chapter label="22" id="Graphics">
+<chapter label="21" id="Graphics">
<title>Graphics</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>graphics</primary></indexterm>
@@ -15378,7 +15702,7 @@ see their documentation on CTAN.
</para>
-<sect1 label="22.1" id="Graphics-package-options">
+<sect1 label="21.1" id="Graphics-package-options">
<title><literal>graphics</literal> package options</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>graphics package options</primary></indexterm>
@@ -15452,7 +15776,7 @@ option has &latex; to read the size from the latter.
</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="22.2" id="Graphics-package-configuration">
+<sect1 label="21.2" id="Graphics-package-configuration">
<title><literal>graphics</literal> package configuration</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>graphics</primary></indexterm>
@@ -15470,7 +15794,7 @@ the documentation in <filename>grfguide.pdf</filename>, or the &latex; source, o
</para>
-<sect2 label="22.2.1" id="_005cgraphicspath">
+<sect2 label="21.2.1" id="_005cgraphicspath">
<title><literal>\graphicspath</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\graphicspath</primary></indexterm>
@@ -15541,7 +15865,7 @@ instead in <filename>book/plots</filename>.
</para>
</sect2>
-<sect2 label="22.2.2" id="_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions">
+<sect2 label="21.2.2" id="_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions">
<title><literal>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</primary></indexterm>
@@ -15591,7 +15915,7 @@ than once. Show its value with
</para>
</sect2>
-<sect2 label="22.2.3" id="_005cDeclareGraphicsRule">
+<sect2 label="21.2.3" id="_005cDeclareGraphicsRule">
<title><literal>\DeclareGraphicsRule</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\DeclareGraphicsRule</primary></indexterm>
@@ -15667,7 +15991,7 @@ See the documentation for your &tex; distribution.
</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
</sect2>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="22.3" id="Commands-for-graphics">
+<sect1 label="21.3" id="Commands-for-graphics">
<title>Commands for graphics</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>graphics package commands</primary></indexterm>
@@ -15678,7 +16002,7 @@ See the documentation for your &tex; distribution.
</para>
-<sect2 label="22.3.1" id="_005cincludegraphics">
+<sect2 label="21.3.1" id="_005cincludegraphics">
<title><literal>\includegraphics</literal></title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>graphics</primary></indexterm>
@@ -15990,8 +16314,8 @@ override a prior setting of <literal>true</literal>, you can set it to <literal>
</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
<para>These following options allow a user to override &latex;&#8217;s method of
choosing the graphic type based on the filename extension. An example
-is that <literal>\includegraphics[type=png,ext=.xxx,read=.xxx]{lion}</literal>
-will read the file <filename>lion.xxx</filename> as though it were
+is that <literal>\includegraphics[type=png,ext=.xyz,read=.xyz]{lion}</literal>
+will read the file <filename>lion.xyz</filename> as though it were
<filename>lion.png</filename>. For more on these, see <link linkend="_005cDeclareGraphicsRule">\DeclareGraphicsRule</link>.
</para>
<variablelist><anchor id="includegraphics-type"/><varlistentry><term><literal>type</literal>
@@ -16014,7 +16338,7 @@ external commands.
</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
</sect2>
-<sect2 label="22.3.2" id="_005crotatebox">
+<sect2 label="21.3.2" id="_005crotatebox">
<title><literal>\rotatebox</literal></title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>rotation</primary></indexterm>
@@ -16092,7 +16416,7 @@ setting <literal>units=6.283185</literal> changes to radians counterclockwise.
</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
</sect2>
-<sect2 label="22.3.3" id="_005cscalebox">
+<sect2 label="21.3.3" id="_005cscalebox">
<title><literal>\scalebox</literal></title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>graphics, scaling</primary></indexterm>
@@ -16135,7 +16459,7 @@ immediately followed by its mirror reflection against a vertical axis.
</para>
</sect2>
-<sect2 label="22.3.4" id="_005cresizebox">
+<sect2 label="21.3.4" id="_005cresizebox">
<title><literal>\resizebox</literal></title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>graphics, scaling</primary></indexterm>
@@ -16176,6 +16500,315 @@ text two inches wide but keep the original height with
</sect2>
</sect1>
</chapter>
+<chapter label="22" id="Color">
+<title>Color</title>
+
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>color</primary></indexterm>
+
+<para>You can add color to text, rules, etc. You can also have color in a box
+or on an entire page and write text on top of it.
+</para>
+<para>Color support comes as an additional package. So put
+<literal>\usepackage{color}</literal> in your document preamble to use the
+commands described here.
+</para>
+<para>Many other packages also supplement &latex;&#8217;s color abilities.
+Particularly worth mentioning is <filename>xcolor</filename>, which is widely used and
+significantly extends the capabilities described here, including adding
+&#8216;<literal>HTML</literal>&#8217; and &#8216;<literal>Hsb</literal>&#8217; color models.
+</para>
+
+
+<sect1 label="22.1" id="Color-package-options">
+<title><literal>color</literal> package options</title>
+
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>color package options</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>options, color package</primary></indexterm>
+
+<para>Synopsis (must be in the document preamble):
+</para>
+<screen>\usepackage[<replaceable>comma-separated option list</replaceable>]{color}
+</screen>
+<para>When you load the <filename>color</filename> package there are two kinds of available
+options.
+</para>
+<para>The first specifies the <firstterm>printer driver</firstterm>. &latex; doesn&#8217;t contain
+information about different output systems but instead depends on
+information stored in a file. Normally you should not specify the
+driver option in the document, and instead rely on your system&#8217;s
+default. One advantage of this is that it makes the document portable
+across systems. For completeness we include a list of the drivers. The
+currently relevant ones are: <filename>dvipdfmx</filename>, <filename>dvips</filename>,
+<filename>dvisvgm</filename>, <filename>luatex</filename>, <filename>pdftex</filename>, <filename>xetex</filename>. The two
+<filename>xdvi</filename> and <filename>oztex</filename> are essentially aliases for <filename>dvips</filename>
+(and <filename>xdvi</filename> is monochrome). Ones that should not be used for new
+systems are: <filename>dvipdf</filename>, <filename>dvipdfm</filename>, <filename>dviwin</filename>,
+<filename>dvipsone</filename>, <filename>emtex</filename>, <filename>pctexps</filename>, <filename>pctexwin</filename>,
+<filename>pctexhp</filename>, <filename>pctex32</filename>, <filename>truetex</filename>, <filename>tcidvi</filename>,
+<filename>vtex</filename> (and <filename>dviwindo</filename> is an alias for <filename>dvipsone</filename>).
+</para>
+<para>The second kind of options, beyond the drivers, are below.
+</para>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>monochrome</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Disable the color commands, so that they do not generate errors but do
+not generate color either.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>dvipsnames</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Make available a list of 68 color names that are often used,
+particularly in legacy documents. These color names were originally
+provided by the <filename>dvips</filename> driver, giving the option name.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>nodvipsnames</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Do not load that list of color names, saving &latex; a tiny amount of
+memory space.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="22.2" id="Color-models">
+<title>Color models</title>
+
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>color models</primary></indexterm>
+
+<para>A <firstterm>color model</firstterm> is a way of representing colors. &latex;&#8217;s
+capabilities depend on the printer driver. However, the <filename>pdftex</filename>,
+<filename>xetex</filename>, and <filename>luatex</filename> printer drivers are today by far the
+most commonly used. The models below work for those drivers. All but
+one of these is also supported by essentially all other printer drivers
+used today.
+</para>
+<para>Note that color combination can be additive or subtractive. Additive
+mixes colors of light, so that for instance combining full intensities
+of red, green, and blue produces white. Subtractive mixes pigments,
+such as with inks, so that combining full intensity of cyan, magenta,
+and yellow makes black.
+</para>
+<variablelist><anchor id="color-models-cmyk"/><varlistentry><term><literal>cmyk</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>A comma-separated list with four real numbers between 0 and 1,
+inclusive. The first number is the intensity of cyan, the second is
+magenta, and the others are yellow and black. A number value of 0 means
+minimal intensity, while a 1 is for full intensity. This model is often
+used in color printing. It is a subtractive model.
+</para>
+<anchor id="color-models-gray"/></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>gray</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>A single real number between 0 and 1, inclusive. The colors are shades
+of grey. The number 0 produces black while 1 gives white.
+</para>
+<anchor id="color-models-rgb"/></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>rgb</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>A comma-separated list with three real numbers between 0 and 1,
+inclusive. The first number is the intensity of the red component, the
+second is green, and the third the blue. A number value of 0 means that
+none of that component is added in, while a 1 means full intensity.
+This is an additive model.
+</para>
+<anchor id="color-models-RGB"/></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>RGB</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>(<filename>pdftex</filename>, <filename>xetex</filename>, <filename>luatex</filename> drivers) A comma-separated
+list with three integers between 0 and 255, inclusive. This model is a
+convenience for using <literal>rgb</literal> since outside of &latex; colors are
+often described in a red-green-blue model using numbers in this range.
+The values entered here are converted to the <literal>rgb</literal> model by
+dividing by 255.
+</para>
+<anchor id="color-models-named"/></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>named</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Colors are accessed by name, such as &#8216;<literal>PrussianBlue</literal>&#8217;. The list of
+names depends on the driver, but all support the names &#8216;<literal>black</literal>&#8217;,
+&#8216;<literal>blue</literal>&#8217;, &#8216;<literal>cyan</literal>&#8217;, &#8216;<literal>green</literal>&#8217;, &#8216;<literal>magenta</literal>&#8217;, &#8216;<literal>red</literal>&#8217;,
+&#8216;<literal>white</literal>&#8217;, and &#8216;<literal>yellow</literal>&#8217; (See the <literal>dvipsnames</literal> option in
+<link linkend="Color-package-options">Color package options</link>).
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="22.3" id="Commands-for-color">
+<title>Commands for color</title>
+
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>color package commands</primary></indexterm>
+
+<para>These are the commands available with the <filename>color</filename> package.
+</para>
+
+
+<sect2 label="22.3.1" id="Define-colors">
+<title>Define colors</title>
+
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>color</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>define color</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>color, define</primary></indexterm>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<screen>\definecolor{<replaceable>name</replaceable>}{<replaceable>model</replaceable>}{<replaceable>specification</replaceable>}
+</screen>
+<para>Give the name <replaceable>name</replaceable> to the color. For example, after this
+</para>
+<screen>\definecolor{silver}{rgb}{0.75,0.75,0.74}
+</screen>
+<para>you can use that color name with <literal>Hi ho,
+\textcolor{silver}{Silver}!</literal>.
+</para>
+<para>This example gives the color a more abstract name, so it could change and
+not be misleading.
+</para>
+<screen>\definecolor{logocolor}{RGB}{145,92,131} % RGB needs pdflatex
+\newcommand{\logo}{\textcolor{logocolor}{Bob's Big Bagels}}
+</screen>
+<para>Often a document&#8217;s colors are defined in the preamble, or in the class
+or style, rather than in the document body.
+</para>
+
+</sect2>
+<sect2 label="22.3.2" id="Colored-text">
+<title>Colored text</title>
+
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>color</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>colored text</primary></indexterm>
+
+<para>Synopses:
+</para>
+<screen>\textcolor{<replaceable>name</replaceable>}{...}
+\textcolor[<replaceable>color model</replaceable>]{<replaceable>color specification</replaceable>}{...}
+</screen>
+<para>or
+</para>
+<screen>\color{<replaceable>name</replaceable>}
+\color[<replaceable>color model</replaceable>]{<replaceable>color specification</replaceable>}
+</screen>
+<para>The affected text gets the color. This line
+</para>
+<screen>\textcolor{magenta}{My name is Ozymandias, King of Kings;}
+Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair!
+</screen>
+<para>causes the first half to be in magenta while the rest is in black. You
+can use a color declared with <literal>\definecolor</literal> in exactly the same
+way that we just used the builtin color &#8216;<literal>magenta</literal>&#8217;.
+</para>
+<screen>\definecolor{MidlifeCrisisRed}{rgb}{1.0,0.11,0.0}
+I'm thinking about getting a \textcolor{MidlifeCrisisRed}{sports car}.
+</screen>
+<para>The two <literal>\textcolor</literal> and <literal>\color</literal> differ in that the first is
+a command form, enclosing the text to be colored as an argument. Often
+this form is more convenient, or at least more explicit. The second
+form is a declaration, as in <literal>The moon is made of {\color{green}
+green} cheese</literal>, so it is in effect until the end of the current group
+or environment. This is sometimes useful when writing macros or as
+below where it colors everything inside the <literal>center</literal> environment,
+including the vertical and horizontal lines.
+</para>
+<screen>\begin{center} \color{blue}
+ \begin{tabular}{l|r}
+ UL &amp;UR \\ \hline
+ LL &amp;LR
+ \end{tabular}
+\end{center}
+</screen>
+<para>You can use color in equations. A document might have this definition
+in the preamble
+</para>
+<screen>\definecolor{highlightcolor}{RGB}{225,15,0}
+</screen>
+<para>and then contain this equation.
+</para>
+<screen>\begin{equation}
+ \int_a^b \textcolor{highlightcolor}{f'(x)}\,dx=f(b)-f(a)
+\end{equation}
+</screen>
+<para>Typically the colors used in a document are declared in a class or style
+but sometimes you want a one-off. Those are the second forms in the
+synopses.
+</para>
+<screen>Colors of \textcolor[rgb]{0.33,0.14,0.47}{Purple} and
+{\color[rgb]{0.72,0.60,0.37}Gold} for the team.
+</screen>
+<para>The format of <replaceable>color specification</replaceable> depends on the color model
+(see <link linkend="Color-models">Color models</link>). For instance, while <literal>rgb</literal> takes three
+numbers, <literal>gray</literal> takes only one.
+</para>
+<screen>The selection was \textcolor[gray]{0.5}{grayed out}.
+</screen>
+<para>Colors inside colors do not combine. Thus
+</para>
+<screen>\textcolor{green}{kind of \textcolor{blue}{blue}}
+</screen>
+<para>has a final word that is blue, not a combination of blue and green.
+</para>
+<!-- xx address coloring a line of a table? -->
+
+
+</sect2>
+<sect2 label="22.3.3" id="Colored-boxes">
+<title>Colored boxes</title>
+
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>color</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>colored boxes</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>box, colored</primary></indexterm>
+
+<para>Synopses:
+</para>
+<screen>\colorbox{<replaceable>name</replaceable>}{...}
+\colorbox[<replaceable>model name</replaceable>]{<replaceable>box background color</replaceable>}{...}
+</screen>
+<para>or
+</para>
+<screen>\fcolorbox{<replaceable>frame color</replaceable>}{<replaceable>box background color</replaceable>}{...}
+\fcolorbox[<replaceable>model name</replaceable>]{<replaceable>frame color</replaceable>}{<replaceable>box background color</replaceable>}{...}
+</screen>
+<para>Make a box with the stated background color. The <literal>\fcolorbox</literal>
+command puts a frame around the box. For instance this
+</para>
+<screen>Name:~\colorbox{cyan}{\makebox[5cm][l]{\strut}}
+</screen>
+<para>makes a cyan-colored box that is five centimeters long and gets its
+depth and height from the <literal>\strut</literal> (so the depth is
+<literal>-.3\baselineskip</literal> and the height is <literal>\baselineskip</literal>). This
+puts white text on a blue background.
+</para>
+<screen>\colorbox{blue}{\textcolor{white}{Welcome to the machine.}}
+</screen>
+<para>The <literal>\fcolorbox</literal> commands use the same parameters as <literal>\fbox</literal>
+(see <link linkend="_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox &amp; \framebox</link>), <literal>\fboxrule</literal> and <literal>\fboxsep</literal>, to
+set the thickness of the rule and the boundary between the box interior
+and the surrounding rule. &latex;&#8217;s defaults are <literal>0.4pt</literal> and
+<literal>3pt</literal>, respectively.
+</para>
+<para>This example changes the thickness of the border to 0.8 points. Note
+that it is surrounded by curly braces so that the change ends at the end
+of the second line.
+</para>
+<screen>{\setlength{\fboxrule}{0.8pt}
+\fcolorbox{black}{red}{Under no circumstances turn this knob.}}
+</screen>
+
+</sect2>
+<sect2 label="22.3.4" id="Colored-pages">
+<title>Colored pages</title>
+
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>color</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>colored page</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>page, colored</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>background, colored</primary></indexterm>
+
+<para>Synopses:
+</para>
+<screen>\pagecolor{<replaceable>name</replaceable>}
+\pagecolor[<replaceable>color model</replaceable>]{<replaceable>color specification</replaceable>}
+\nopagecolor
+</screen>
+<para>The first two set the background of the page, and all subsequent pages,
+to the color. For an explanation of the specification in the second
+form see <link linkend="Colored-text">Colored text</link>. The third returns the background to normal,
+which is a transparent background. (If that is not supported use
+<literal>\pagecolor{white}</literal>, although that will make a white background
+rather than the default transparent background.)
+</para>
+<screen> ...
+\pagecolor{cyan}
+ ...
+\nopagecolor
+</screen>
+
+</sect2>
+</sect1>
+</chapter>
<chapter label="23" id="Special-insertions">
<title>Special insertions</title>
@@ -16187,20 +16820,22 @@ special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type.
</para>
-<sect1 label="23.1" id="Reserved-characters">
-<title>Reserved characters</title>
+<sect1 label="23.1" id="Printing-special-characters">
+<title>Printing special characters</title>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>reserved characters</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>characters, reserved</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>special characters</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>characters, special</primary></indexterm>
-<para>&latex; sets aside the following characters for special purposes. For
-example, the percent sign&#160;<literal>%</literal> is for comments. They are
-called <firstterm>reserved characters</firstterm> or <firstterm>special characters</firstterm>. They are
-all discussed elsewhere in this manual.
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>reserved characters, printing</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>special characters, printing</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>printing special characters</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>escaping special characters</primary></indexterm>
+
+<para>&latex; sets aside a few characters for special purposes; they are
+called reserved characters or special characters. Here they are:
</para>
<screen># $ % &amp; { } _ ~ ^ \
</screen>
+<para>The meaning of all the special characters is given elsewhere
+in this manual (see <link linkend="Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</link>).
+</para>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\#</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\$</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\%</primary></indexterm>
@@ -16210,8 +16845,8 @@ all discussed elsewhere in this manual.
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\}</primary></indexterm>
<para>If you want a reserved character to be printed as itself, in the text
body font, for all but the final three characters in that list simply
-put a backslash&#160;<literal>\</literal> in front of the character. Thus,
-typing <literal>\$1.23</literal> will produce&#160;<literal>$1.23</literal> in your output.
+put a <literal>\</literal> in front of the character. Thus, typing <literal>\$1.23</literal>
+will produce <literal>$1.23</literal> in your output.
</para>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\~</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\^</primary></indexterm>
@@ -16222,12 +16857,12 @@ character receiving a tilde accent). Similarly, to get a text body
font circumflex use <literal>\^{}</literal>. To get a backslash in the font of
the text body, enter <literal>\textbackslash{}</literal>.
</para>
-<para>To produce the reserved characters in a typewriter font use
-<literal>\verb!!</literal> as below (the double backslash&#160;<literal>\\</literal> in the
-example is only there to split the lines in the output).
+<para>To produce the reserved characters in a typewriter font, use
+<literal>\verb!!</literal> as below (the <literal>\newline</literal> in the example is there
+only to split the lines in the output).
</para>
<screen>\begin{center}
- \# \$ \% \&amp; \{ \} \_ \~{} \^{} \textbackslash \\
+ \# \$ \% \&amp; \{ \} \_ \~{} \^{} \textbackslash \newline
\verb!# $ % &amp; { } _ ~ ^ \!
\end{center}
</screen>
@@ -16276,7 +16911,7 @@ you need to do expansion. Here the <literal>\Schoolname</literal> produces
</para>
<screen>\newcommand{\schoolname}{College of Mathematics}
\newcommand{\Schoolname}{\expandafter\MakeUppercase
- <!-- /@w -->\expandafter{\schoolname}}
+&amp;#160;<!-- /@w -->\expandafter{\schoolname}}
</screen>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>package, <literal>textcase</literal></primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>textcase</literal> package</primary></indexterm>
@@ -16366,7 +17001,9 @@ the <literal>textcomp</literal> package for some (technically, those in the
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>logo, &latex;2e</primary></indexterm>
<para>The &latex;2e logo.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\guillemotleft (&#171;)</primary></indexterm><literal>\guillemotleft (&#171;)</literal>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\guillemetleft (&#171;)</primary></indexterm><literal>\guillemetleft (&#171;)</literal>
+</term><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\guillemetright (&#187;)</primary></indexterm><literal>\guillemetright (&#187;)</literal>
+</term><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\guillemotleft (&#171;)</primary></indexterm><literal>\guillemotleft (&#171;)</literal>
</term><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\guillemotright (&#187;)</primary></indexterm><literal>\guillemotright (&#187;)</literal>
</term><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\guilsinglleft (&#8249;)</primary></indexterm><literal>\guilsinglleft (&#8249;)</literal>
</term><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\guilsinglright (&#8250;)</primary></indexterm><literal>\guilsinglright (&#8250;)</literal>
@@ -16378,8 +17015,12 @@ the <literal>textcomp</literal> package for some (technically, those in the
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>single angle quotation marks</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>French quotation marks</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>quotation marks, French</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>guillemots, birds</primary></indexterm>
<para>&#171;, &#187;, &#8249;, &#8250;
Double and single angle quotation marks, commonly used in French.
+The commands <literal>@guillemotleft</literal> and <literal>@guillemotright</literal> are
+synonyms for <literal>@guillemet...</literal>; these are misspellings inherited
+from Adobe. (Guillemots are seabirds; guillemets are French quotes.)
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ldots</primary></indexterm><literal>\ldots</literal>
</term><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textellipsis</primary></indexterm><literal>\textellipsis</literal>
@@ -16997,58 +17638,57 @@ font encoding, such as T1.
</para>
<screen>\usepackage[<replaceable>encoding-name</replaceable>]{inputenc}
</screen>
-<para>Declare the input file&#8217;s text encoding to be <replaceable>encoding-name</replaceable>. The
-default, if this package is not loaded, is UTF-8. Technically,
-specifying the encoding name is optional, but in practice it is not
-useful to omit it.
+<para>Declare the input file&#8217;s text encoding to be <replaceable>encoding-name</replaceable>. (For
+basic background, see <link linkend="Input-encodings">Input encodings</link>). The default, if this
+package is not loaded, is UTF-8. Technically, specifying the encoding
+name is optional, but in practice it is not useful to omit it.
</para>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>encoding, of input files</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>character encoding</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>Unicode</primary></indexterm>
-<para>In a computer file, the characters are stored according to a scheme
-called the <firstterm>encoding</firstterm>. There are many different encodings. The
-simplest is ASCII, which supports 95 printable characters, not enough
-for most of the world&#8217;s languages. For instance, to typeset the
-a-umlaut character &#8216;<literal>&#228;</literal>&#8217; in an ASCII-encoded &latex; source file, the
-sequence <literal>\&quot;a</literal> is used. This would make source files for anything
-but English hard to read; even for English, often a more extensive
-encoding is more convenient.
-</para>
-<para>The modern encoding standard, in some ways a union of the others, is
-UTF-8, one of the representations of Unicode. This is the default for
-&latex; since 2018.
-</para>
-<para>The <literal>inputenc</literal> package is how &latex; knows what encoding is
-used. For instance, the following command explicitly says that the
-input file is UTF-8 (note the lack of a dash).
+<para>The <literal>inputenc</literal> package tells &latex; what encoding is used. For
+instance, the following command explicitly says that the input file is
+UTF-8 (note the lack of a dash).
</para>
<screen>\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
</screen>
+<para>The most common values for <replaceable>encoding-name</replaceable> are: <literal>ascii</literal>,
+<literal>latin1</literal>, <literal>latin2</literal>, <literal>latin3</literal>, <literal>latin4</literal>,
+<literal>latin5</literal>, <literal>latin9</literal>, <literal>latin10</literal>, <literal>utf8</literal>.
+</para>
<para>Caution: use <literal>inputenc</literal> only with the pdf&tex; engine
-(see <link linkend="TeX-engines">&tex; engines</link>). (The Xe&tex; and Lua&tex; engines assume
-that the input file is UTF-8 encoded.) If you invoke &latex; with
-either the <command>xelatex</command> command or the <command>lualatex</command>
-command, and try to declare a non-UTF-8 encoding with <literal>inputenc</literal>,
-such as <literal>latin1</literal>, then you will get the error <literal>inputenc is
-not designed for xetex or luatex</literal>.
+(see <link linkend="TeX-engines">&tex; engines</link>); with <command>xelatex</command> or
+<command>lualatex</command>, declaring a non-UTF-8 encoding with
+<literal>inputenc</literal>, such as <literal>latin1</literal>, will get the error
+<literal>inputenc is not designed for xetex or luatex</literal>.
</para>
<para>An <literal>inputenc</literal> package error such as <literal>Invalid UTF-8 byte &quot;96</literal>
means that some of the material in the input file does not follow the
encoding scheme. Often these errors come from copying material from a
-document that uses a different encoding than the input file; this one
-is a left single quote from a web page using <literal>latin1</literal> inside a
-&latex; input file that uses UTF-8. The simplest solution is to
-replace the non-UTF-8 character with its UTF-8 equivalent, or use a
-&latex; equivalent command or character.
+document that uses a different encoding than the input file. The
+simplest solution is often to replace the non-UTF-8 character with a
+UTF-8 or &latex; equivalent.
+</para>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>package, <literal>luainputenc</literal></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>luainputenc</literal> package</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\XeTeXinputencoding</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\XeTeXdefaultencoding</primary></indexterm>
+<para>If you need to process a non-UTF-8 document with Lua&tex;, you can
+use the <literal>luainputenc</literal> package
+(<ulink url="https://ctan.org/pkg/luainputenc">https://ctan.org/pkg/luainputenc</ulink>). With Xe&tex;, the
+<literal>\XeTeXinputencoding</literal> and <literal>\XeTeXdefaultencoding</literal> primitives
+can be used (for an explanation and examples, see
+<ulink url="https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/324948">https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/324948</ulink>).
+</para>
+<indexterm role="pg"><primary>recode to change character encoding</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="pg"><primary>iconv to change character encoding</primary></indexterm>
+<para>It&#8217;s also possible to re-encode a document from an 8-bit encoding to
+UTF-8 outside of &tex;, using system utilities. For example,
+&#8216;<literal>recode latin1..utf8</literal>&#8217; or &#8216;<literal>iconv -f latin1 -t utf8</literal>&#8217;.
</para>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\inputencoding</primary></indexterm>
-<anchor id="_005cinputencoding"/><para>In some documents, such as a collection of journal articles from a
+<anchor id="_005cinputencoding"/><para>In a few documents, such as a collection of journal articles from a
variety of authors, changing the encoding in mid-document may be
-necessary. Use the command
-<literal>\inputencoding{<replaceable>encoding-name</replaceable>}</literal>. The most common values
-for <replaceable>encoding-name</replaceable> are: <literal>ascii</literal>, <literal>latin1</literal>,
-<literal>latin2</literal>, <literal>latin3</literal>, <literal>latin4</literal>, <literal>latin5</literal>,
-<literal>latin9</literal>, <literal>latin10</literal>, and&#160;<literal>utf8</literal>.
+necessary. You can use the command
+<literal>\inputencoding{<replaceable>encoding-name</replaceable>}</literal> for this.
</para>
</sect1>
@@ -19519,18 +20159,18 @@ specified either as a separate argument (&#8216;<literal>--foo val</literal>&#82
argument with an &#8216;<literal>=</literal>&#8217; sign (&#8216;<literal>--foo=val</literal>&#8217;), but there can be no
spaces around the &#8216;<literal>=</literal>&#8217;. We will generally use the &#8216;<literal>=</literal>&#8217; syntax.
</para>
-<variablelist><indexterm role="fn"><primary>--version command-line option</primary></indexterm>
-<varlistentry><term><literal>-version</literal>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>--version command-line option</primary></indexterm>
+<literal>-version</literal>
</term><listitem><para>Show the current version, like &#8216;<literal>pdfTeX 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.16 (TeX
Live 2015/Debian)</literal>&#8217; along with a small amount of additional information,
and exit.
</para>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>--help command-line option</primary></indexterm>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>-help</literal>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>--help command-line option</primary></indexterm>
+<literal>-help</literal>
</term><listitem><para>Give a brief usage message that is useful as a prompt and exit.
</para>
-<anchor id="interaction-modes"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>--interaction command-line option</primary></indexterm>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>-interaction=<replaceable>mode</replaceable></literal>
+<anchor id="interaction-modes"/></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>--interaction command-line option</primary></indexterm>
+<literal>-interaction=<replaceable>mode</replaceable></literal>
</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>batchmode</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>scrollmode</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>errorstopmode</primary></indexterm>
@@ -19552,17 +20192,17 @@ input, but nothing else.
</screen>
<para>eliminates most terminal output.
</para>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>jobname</primary></indexterm>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="cp"><primary>jobname</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>filename for current job</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>--jobname command-line option</primary></indexterm>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>-jobname=<replaceable>string</replaceable></literal>
+<literal>-jobname=<replaceable>string</replaceable></literal>
</term><listitem><para>Set the value of &tex;&#8217;s <firstterm>jobname</firstterm> to the string. The log file
and output file will then be named <filename><replaceable>string</replaceable>.log</filename> and
<filename><replaceable>string</replaceable>.pdf</filename>. see <link linkend="Jobname">Jobname</link>.
</para>
-<anchor id="output-directory"/><indexterm role="cp"><primary>output directory for all external files</primary></indexterm>
+<anchor id="output-directory"/></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="cp"><primary>output directory for all external files</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>--output-directory command-line option</primary></indexterm>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>-output-directory=<replaceable>directory</replaceable></literal>
+<literal>-output-directory=<replaceable>directory</replaceable></literal>
</term><listitem><para>Write files in the directory <replaceable>directory</replaceable>. It must already exist.
This applies to all external files created by &tex; or &latex;, such
as the <filename>.log</filename> file for the run, the <filename>.aux</filename>, <filename>.toc</filename>,
@@ -19575,13 +20215,13 @@ external files can be read back in, if desired. The true current
directory (in which &latex; was run) remains unchanged, and is also
checked for input files.
</para>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>shell escape</primary></indexterm>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="cp"><primary>shell escape</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>\write18</literal>, enabling</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>--enable-write18 command-line option</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>--disable-write18 command-line option</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>--shell-escape command-line option</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>--no-shell-escape command-line option</primary></indexterm>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>--enable-write18</literal>
+<literal>--enable-write18</literal>
</term><term><literal>--disable-write18</literal>
</term><term><literal>--shell-escape</literal>
</term><term><literal>--no-shell-escape</literal>
@@ -19601,13 +20241,13 @@ a limited number of &tex;-related programs, which they distribute.)
<literal>\write18{ls -l}</literal>, then you do not get an error but the log
file says &#8216;<literal>runsystem(ls -l)...disabled</literal>&#8217;.
</para>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>--halt-on-error command-line option</primary></indexterm>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>-halt-on-error</literal>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>--halt-on-error command-line option</primary></indexterm>
+<literal>-halt-on-error</literal>
</term><listitem><para>Stop processing at the first error.
</para>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>--file-line-error command-line option</primary></indexterm>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>--file-line-error command-line option</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>--no-file-line-error command-line option</primary></indexterm>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>-file-line-error</literal>
+<literal>-file-line-error</literal>
</term></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>-no-file-line-error</literal>
</term><listitem><para>Enable or disable <literal><replaceable>filename</replaceable>:<replaceable>lineno</replaceable>:<replaceable>error</replaceable></literal>-style
error messages. These are only available with &tex; Live or Mac&tex;.
@@ -19664,7 +20304,7 @@ pdflatex -jobname=teachers &quot;\def\teachers{}\input{main}&quot;
</screen>
<para>The <literal>jobname</literal> option is there because otherwise both files would be
called <filename>main.pdf</filename> and the second would overwrite the
-first. (see <link linkend="Jobname">Jobname</link>.)
+first (see <link linkend="Jobname">Jobname</link>).
</para>
<para>In this example we use the command line to select which parts of a
document to include. For a book named <filename>mybook.tex</filename> and structured
@@ -19706,19 +20346,20 @@ Here the job name is <literal>thesis</literal>.
</para>
<para>In general, &latex; is invoked as <literal><replaceable>latex-engine</replaceable>
<replaceable>options</replaceable> <replaceable>argument</replaceable></literal>, where <replaceable>latex-engine</replaceable> is
-<command>pdflatex</command>, <command>lualatex</command>, etc. (see <link linkend="TeX-engines">&tex; engines</link>).
-If <replaceable>argument</replaceable> does not start with a backslash, as is the case above
-with <literal>thesis</literal>, then &tex; considers it to be the name of the file
-to input as the main document. This file is referred to as the <firstterm>root
-file</firstterm> (see <link linkend="Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</link>, and&#160;<link linkend="_005cinput">\input</link>). The name of
-that root file, without the <filename>.tex</filename> extension if any, is the
-jobname. If <replaceable>argument</replaceable> does start with a backslash, or if &tex; is
-in interactive mode, then it waits for the first <literal>\input</literal> command,
-and the jobname is the argument to <literal>\input</literal>.
+<command>pdflatex</command>, <command>lualatex</command>, etc. (see <link linkend="TeX-engines">&tex;
+engines</link>). If <replaceable>argument</replaceable> does not start with a backslash, as is
+the case above with <literal>thesis</literal>, then &tex; considers it to be the
+name of the file to input as the main document. This file is referred
+to as the <firstterm>root file</firstterm> (see <link linkend="Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</link>, and
+<link linkend="_005cinput">\input</link>). The name of that root file, without the <filename>.tex</filename>
+extension if any, is the jobname. If <replaceable>argument</replaceable> does start with a
+backslash, or if &tex; is in interactive mode, then it waits for the
+first <literal>\input</literal> command, and the jobname is the argument to
+<literal>\input</literal>.
</para>
<para>There are two more possibilities for the jobname. It can be directly
specified with the <literal>-jobname</literal> option, as in <literal>pdflatex
--jobname=myname</literal> (see <link linkend="Command-line-input">Command line input</link> for a real example).
+-jobname=myname</literal> (see <link linkend="Command-line-input">Command line input</link> for a practical example).
</para>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>texput, jobname default</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>fallback jobname</primary></indexterm>
diff --git a/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html b/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html
index e0d96512ff..66433b37e2 100644
--- a/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html
+++ b/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
-<!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 7.0.1, https://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ -->
+<!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 7.1, https://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ -->
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
<!-- This document is an unofficial reference manual for LaTeX, a
-document preparation system, version of January 2023.
+document preparation system, version of May 2024.
This manual was originally translated from LATEX.HLP v1.0a in the
VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by
@@ -39,10 +39,10 @@ notice identical to this one.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions. -->
-<title>LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (January 2023)</title>
+<title>LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (May 2024)</title>
-<meta name="description" content="LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (January 2023)">
-<meta name="keywords" content="LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (January 2023)">
+<meta name="description" content="LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (May 2024)">
+<meta name="keywords" content="LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (May 2024)">
<meta name="resource-type" content="document">
<meta name="distribution" content="global">
<meta name="Generator" content="makeinfo">
@@ -66,12 +66,11 @@ div.example {margin-left: 3.2em}
kbd.kbd {font-style: oblique}
kbd.key {font-style: normal}
span.r {font-family: initial; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal}
-span.w-nolinebreak-text {white-space: nowrap}
span:hover a.copiable-link {visibility: visible}
td.printindex-index-entry {vertical-align: top}
-td.printindex-index-section {vertical-align: top}
+td.printindex-index-section {vertical-align: top; padding-left: 1em}
th.entries-header-printindex {text-align:left}
-th.sections-header-printindex {text-align:left}
+th.sections-header-printindex {text-align:left; padding-left: 1em}
ul.mark-bullet {list-style-type: disc}
ul.toc-numbered-mark {list-style: none}
BODY {
@@ -109,31 +108,36 @@ div.referenceinfo {font-size:small;}
+
+
+
+
<div class='intro'> <p>This is an unofficial reference manual for
LaTeX. See below for the <a href='#SEC_Overview'>Table of Contents</a>.
If you want a tutorial then please instead visit <a
-href="https://www.learnlatex.org/"><code>learnlatex.org</code></a> or <a
-href='https://ctan.org/topic/tut-latex'>this list</a>.</p>
+href="https://www.learnlatex.org/"><code>learnlatex.org</code></a> or
+see <a href='https://ctan.org/topic/tut-latex'>this long list</a>.</p>
<p>This manual has two versions. One has <a
href="https://latexref.xyz/">separate web pages for each section or
subsection</a>. It's also available as a <a
href="https://latexref.xyz/dev/latex2e.html">single web page</a> and as
-a <a href="https://latexref.xyz/dev/latex2e.pdf">pdf</a>. Note that
-there is also a separately-maintained <a
-href="https://latexref.xyz/fr/">French edition</a>.</p>
+a <a href="https://latexref.xyz/dev/latex2e.pdf">pdf</a>.
+Translations to French and Spanish are available at
+<a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/latex2e-help-texinfo">https://ctan.org/pkg/latex2e-help-texinfo</a>; they're maintained
+separately.
<p> This document is not official. It has not been reviewed by the
-LaTeX maintainers. Our goal is to cover all (non-private) LaTeX
-commands. Your comments and contributions, including bug reports, are
-very welcome. See <a href='https://latexref.xyz/dev/'>our project
-page</a> for more, including <a
-href='https://latexref.xyz/dev/#license'>license information</a> and
-information on how you can
-<a href='https://latexref.xyz/dev/writing.html'>contribute to this manual</a>
-as well as
-<a href='https://latexref.xyz/dev/mirroring.html'>mirror it</a>.</p>
-<!-- End of opening header -->
+LaTeX maintainers. Our ultimate goal is to cover all (non-private)
+LaTeX commands. Your comments and contributions, including bug
+reports, are very welcome. See <a
+href='https://latexref.xyz/dev/'>our project page</a> for more,
+including <a href='https://latexref.xyz/dev/#license'>license
+information</a> and information on how you can <a
+href='https://latexref.xyz/dev/writing.html'>contribute to this
+manual</a> as well as <a
+href='https://latexref.xyz/dev/mirroring.html'>mirror it</a>.</p> <!--
+End of opening header -->
@@ -144,12 +148,50 @@ as well as
<p>
Next: <a href="#About-this-document" accesskey="n" rel="next">About this document</a>, Up: <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/" accesskey="u" rel="up">(dir)</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h1 class="top" id="LaTeX2e_003a-An-unofficial-reference-manual">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</h1>
+<h1 class="top" id="LaTeX2e_003a-An-unofficial-reference-manual"><span>LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual<a class="copiable-link" href="#LaTeX2e_003a-An-unofficial-reference-manual"> &para;</a></span></h1>
<p>This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of
-January 2023) for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system.
+May 2024) for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system.
</p>
+<div class="element-shortcontents" id="SEC_Shortcontents">
+<h2 class="shortcontents-heading">Short Table of Contents</h2>
+
+<div class="shortcontents">
+<ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
+<li><a id="stoc-About-this-document-1" href="#toc-About-this-document-1">1 About this document</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Overview-of-LaTeX" href="#toc-Overview-of-LaTeX">2 Overview of LaTeX</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Document-classes-1" href="#toc-Document-classes-1">3 Document classes</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Fonts-1" href="#toc-Fonts-1">4 Fonts</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Layout-1" href="#toc-Layout-1">5 Layout</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Sectioning-1" href="#toc-Sectioning-1">6 Sectioning</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Cross-references-1" href="#toc-Cross-references-1">7 Cross references</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Environments-1" href="#toc-Environments-1">8 Environments</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Line-breaking-1" href="#toc-Line-breaking-1">9 Line breaking</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Page-breaking-1" href="#toc-Page-breaking-1">10 Page breaking</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Footnotes-1" href="#toc-Footnotes-1">11 Footnotes</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Definitions-1" href="#toc-Definitions-1">12 Definitions</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Counters-1" href="#toc-Counters-1">13 Counters</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Lengths-1" href="#toc-Lengths-1">14 Lengths</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Making-paragraphs-1" href="#toc-Making-paragraphs-1">15 Making paragraphs</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Math-formulas-1" href="#toc-Math-formulas-1">16 Math formulas</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Modes-1" href="#toc-Modes-1">17 Modes</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Page-styles-1" href="#toc-Page-styles-1">18 Page styles</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Spaces-1" href="#toc-Spaces-1">19 Spaces</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Boxes-1" href="#toc-Boxes-1">20 Boxes</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Graphics-1" href="#toc-Graphics-1">21 Graphics</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Color-1" href="#toc-Color-1">22 Color</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Special-insertions-1" href="#toc-Special-insertions-1">23 Special insertions</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Splitting-the-input-1" href="#toc-Splitting-the-input-1">24 Splitting the input</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Front_002fback-matter-1" href="#toc-Front_002fback-matter-1">25 Front/back matter</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Letters-1" href="#toc-Letters-1">26 Letters</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Input_002foutput-1" href="#toc-Input_002foutput-1">27 Input/output</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Command-line-interface-1" href="#toc-Command-line-interface-1">28 Command line interface</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Document-templates-1" href="#toc-Document-templates-1">Appendix A Document templates</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Index-1" href="#toc-Index-1" rel="index">Index</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
<div class="element-contents" id="SEC_Contents">
<h2 class="contents-heading">Table of Contents</h2>
@@ -162,18 +204,24 @@ January 2023) for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system.
<li><a id="toc-Starting-and-ending-1" href="#Starting-and-ending">2.1 Starting and ending</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Output-files-1" href="#Output-files">2.2 Output files</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-TeX-engines-1" href="#TeX-engines">2.3 TeX engines</a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-LaTeX-command-syntax-1" href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">2.4 LaTeX command syntax</a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-Environment-1" href="#Environment">2.5 Environment</a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-CTAN_003a-The-Comprehensive-TeX-Archive-Network" href="#CTAN">2.6 CTAN: The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Input-text-1" href="#Input-text">2.4 Input text</a>
+ <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
+ <li><a id="toc-Input-encodings-1" href="#Input-encodings">2.4.1 Input encodings</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Ligatures-1" href="#Ligatures">2.4.2 Ligatures</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Special-characters_003a-_005c-_007b-_007d-_0025-_0024-_0026-_005f-_005e-_0023-_007e" href="#Special-characters">2.4.3 Special characters: <code class="code">\ { } % $ &amp; _ ^ # ~</code></a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-LaTeX-command-syntax-1" href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">2.5 LaTeX command syntax</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Environment-syntax-1" href="#Environment-syntax">2.6 Environment syntax</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cDocumentMetadata_003a-Producing-tagged-PDF-output" href="#g_t_005cDocumentMetadata">2.7 <code class="code">\DocumentMetadata</code>: Producing tagged PDF output</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-CTAN_003a-The-Comprehensive-TeX-Archive-Network" href="#CTAN">2.8 CTAN: The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Document-classes-1" href="#Document-classes">3 Document classes</a>
<ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
<li><a id="toc-Document-class-options-1" href="#Document-class-options">3.1 Document class options</a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-Additional-packages-1" href="#Additional-packages">3.2 Additional packages</a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-Class-and-package-construction-1" href="#Class-and-package-construction">3.3 Class and package construction</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cusepackage_003a-Additional-packages" href="#g_t_005cusepackage">3.2 <code class="code">\usepackage</code>: Additional packages</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Class-and-package-creation-1" href="#Class-and-package-creation">3.3 Class and package creation</a>
<ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
<li><a id="toc-Class-and-package-structure-1" href="#Class-and-package-structure">3.3.1 Class and package structure</a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-Class-and-package-commands-1" href="#Class-and-package-commands">3.3.2 Class and package commands</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Fonts-1" href="#Fonts">4 Fonts</a>
@@ -218,7 +266,7 @@ January 2023) for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system.
<li><a id="toc-_005csubsubsection_002c-_005cparagraph_002c-_005csubparagraph" href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">6.5 <code class="code">\subsubsection</code>, <code class="code">\paragraph</code>, <code class="code">\subparagraph</code></a></li>
<li><a id="toc-_005cappendix-1" href="#g_t_005cappendix">6.6 <code class="code">\appendix</code></a></li>
<li><a id="toc-_005cfrontmatter_002c-_005cmainmatter_002c-_005cbackmatter" href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">6.7 <code class="code">\frontmatter</code>, <code class="code">\mainmatter</code>, <code class="code">\backmatter</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005c_0040startsection_002c-typesetting-sectional-unit-headings" href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection">6.8 <code class="code">\@startsection</code>, typesetting sectional unit headings</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005c_0040startsection_003a-Typesetting-sectional-unit-headings" href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection">6.8 <code class="code">\@startsection</code>: Typesetting sectional unit headings</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Cross-references-1" href="#Cross-references">7 Cross references</a>
<ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
@@ -317,13 +365,14 @@ January 2023) for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system.
<li><a id="toc-_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr-1" href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">9.2 <code class="code">\obeycr</code> &amp; <code class="code">\restorecr</code></a></li>
<li><a id="toc-_005cnewline-1" href="#g_t_005cnewline">9.3 <code class="code">\newline</code></a></li>
<li><a id="toc-_005c_002d-_0028discretionary-hyphen_0029" href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">9.4 <code class="code">\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cdiscretionary-_0028generalized-hyphenation-point_0029" href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary">9.5 <code class="code">\discretionary</code> (generalized hyphenation point)</a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy-1" href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy">9.6 <code class="code">\fussy</code> &amp; <code class="code">\sloppy</code></a>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cslash_003a-breakable-_002f" href="#g_t_005cslash">9.5 <code class="code">\slash</code>: breakable &lsquo;<samp class="samp">/</samp>&rsquo;</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cdiscretionary-_0028generalized-hyphenation-point_0029" href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary">9.6 <code class="code">\discretionary</code> (generalized hyphenation point)</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy-1" href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy">9.7 <code class="code">\fussy</code> &amp; <code class="code">\sloppy</code></a>
<ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
- <li><a id="toc-sloppypar-1" href="#sloppypar">9.6.1 <code class="code">sloppypar</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-sloppypar-1" href="#sloppypar">9.7.1 <code class="code">sloppypar</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005chyphenation-1" href="#g_t_005chyphenation">9.7 <code class="code">\hyphenation</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak-1" href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">9.8 <code class="code">\linebreak</code> &amp; <code class="code">\nolinebreak</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005chyphenation-1" href="#g_t_005chyphenation">9.8 <code class="code">\hyphenation</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak-1" href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">9.9 <code class="code">\linebreak</code> &amp; <code class="code">\nolinebreak</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Page-breaking-1" href="#Page-breaking">10 Page breaking</a>
<ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
@@ -358,7 +407,27 @@ January 2023) for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system.
<li><a id="toc-_005cnewfont-1" href="#g_t_005cnewfont">12.10 <code class="code">\newfont</code></a></li>
<li><a id="toc-_005cprotect-1" href="#g_t_005cprotect">12.11 <code class="code">\protect</code></a></li>
<li><a id="toc-_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend-1" href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">12.12 <code class="code">\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-xspace-package-1" href="#xspace-package">12.13 xspace package</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-xspace-package-1" href="#xspace-package">12.13 <code class="code">xspace</code> package</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Class-and-package-commands-1" href="#Class-and-package-commands">12.14 Class and package commands</a>
+ <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cAtBeginDvi-_0026-_005cAtEndDvi-1" href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDvi-_0026-_005cAtEndDvi">12.14.1 <code class="code">\AtBeginDvi</code> &amp; <code class="code">\AtEndDvi</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cAtEndOfClass-_0026-_005cAtEndOfPackage-1" href="#g_t_005cAtEndOfClass-_0026-_005cAtEndOfPackage">12.14.2 <code class="code">\AtEndOfClass</code> &amp; <code class="code">\AtEndOfPackage</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cCheckCommand-1" href="#g_t_005cCheckCommand">12.14.3 <code class="code">\CheckCommand</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cClassError-and-_005cPackageError-and-others-1" href="#g_t_005cClassError-and-_005cPackageError-and-others">12.14.4 <code class="code">\ClassError</code> and <code class="code">\PackageError</code> and others</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cCurrentOption-1" href="#g_t_005cCurrentOption">12.14.5 <code class="code">\CurrentOption</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareOption-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareOption">12.14.6 <code class="code">\DeclareOption</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareRobustCommand-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareRobustCommand">12.14.7 <code class="code">\DeclareRobustCommand</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cExecuteOptions-1" href="#g_t_005cExecuteOptions">12.14.8 <code class="code">\ExecuteOptions</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cIfFileExists-_0026-_005cInputIfFileExists-1" href="#g_t_005cIfFileExists-_0026-_005cInputIfFileExists">12.14.9 <code class="code">\IfFileExists</code> &amp; <code class="code">\InputIfFileExists</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cLoadClass-_0026-_005cLoadClassWithOptions-1" href="#g_t_005cLoadClass-_0026-_005cLoadClassWithOptions">12.14.10 <code class="code">\LoadClass</code> &amp; <code class="code">\LoadClassWithOptions</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cNeedsTeXFormat-1" href="#g_t_005cNeedsTeXFormat">12.14.11 <code class="code">\NeedsTeXFormat</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cOptionNotUsed-1" href="#g_t_005cOptionNotUsed">12.14.12 <code class="code">\OptionNotUsed</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cPassOptionsToClass-_0026-_005cPassOptionsToPackage-1" href="#g_t_005cPassOptionsToClass-_0026-_005cPassOptionsToPackage">12.14.13 <code class="code">\PassOptionsToClass</code> &amp; <code class="code">\PassOptionsToPackage</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cProcessOptions-1" href="#g_t_005cProcessOptions">12.14.14 <code class="code">\ProcessOptions</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cProvidesClass-_0026-_005cProvidesPackage-1" href="#g_t_005cProvidesClass-_0026-_005cProvidesPackage">12.14.15 <code class="code">\ProvidesClass</code> &amp; <code class="code">\ProvidesPackage</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cProvidesFile-1" href="#g_t_005cProvidesFile">12.14.16 <code class="code">\ProvidesFile</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cRequirePackage-_0026-_005cRequirePackageWithOptions-1" href="#g_t_005cRequirePackage-_0026-_005cRequirePackageWithOptions">12.14.17 <code class="code">\RequirePackage</code> &amp; <code class="code">\RequirePackageWithOptions</code></a></li>
+ </ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Counters-1" href="#Counters">13 Counters</a>
<ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
@@ -412,7 +481,7 @@ January 2023) for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system.
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Math-functions-1" href="#Math-functions">16.3 Math functions</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Math-accents-1" href="#Math-accents">16.4 Math accents</a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-Over_002d-and-Underlining-1" href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">16.5 Over- and Underlining</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Over_002d-or-under-math-1" href="#Over_002d-or-under-math">16.5 Over- or under math</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Spacing-in-math-mode-1" href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">16.6 Spacing in math mode</a>
<ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
<li><a id="toc-_005csmash-1" href="#g_t_005csmash">16.6.1 <code class="code">\smash</code></a></li>
@@ -439,6 +508,7 @@ January 2023) for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system.
<li><a id="toc-_005cpagenumbering-1" href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">18.2 <code class="code">\pagenumbering</code></a></li>
<li><a id="toc-_005cpagestyle-1" href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">18.3 <code class="code">\pagestyle</code></a></li>
<li><a id="toc-_005cthispagestyle-1" href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle">18.4 <code class="code">\thispagestyle</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cthepage-1" href="#g_t_005cthepage">18.5 <code class="code">\thepage</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Spaces-1" href="#Spaces">19 Spaces</a>
<ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
@@ -453,7 +523,7 @@ January 2023) for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system.
<li><a id="toc-_005cnormalsfcodes-1" href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes">19.5.3 <code class="code">\normalsfcodes</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Backslash_002dspace_002c-_005c-" href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">19.6 Backslash-space, <code class="code">\ </code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_007e-1" href="#g_t_007e">19.7 <code class="code">~</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_007e_002c-_005cnobreakspace" href="#g_t_007e">19.7 <code class="code">~</code>, <code class="code">\nobreakspace</code></a></li>
<li><a id="toc-_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace-1" href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">19.8 <code class="code">\thinspace</code> &amp; <code class="code">\negthinspace</code></a></li>
<li><a id="toc-_005c_002f-1" href="#g_t_005c_002f">19.9 <code class="code">\/</code></a></li>
<li><a id="toc-_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill-1" href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill">19.10 <code class="code">\hrulefill</code> &amp; <code class="code">\dotfill</code></a></li>
@@ -474,38 +544,38 @@ January 2023) for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system.
<li><a id="toc-lrbox-1" href="#lrbox">20.6 <code class="code">lrbox</code></a></li>
<li><a id="toc-_005cusebox-1" href="#g_t_005cusebox">20.7 <code class="code">\usebox</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a id="toc-Color-1" href="#Color">21 Color</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Graphics-1" href="#Graphics">21 Graphics</a>
<ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
- <li><a id="toc-color-package-options" href="#Color-package-options">21.1 <code class="code">color</code> package options</a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-Color-models-1" href="#Color-models">21.2 Color models</a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-Commands-for-color-1" href="#Commands-for-color">21.3 Commands for color</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-graphics-package-options" href="#Graphics-package-options">21.1 <code class="code">graphics</code> package options</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-graphics-package-configuration" href="#Graphics-package-configuration">21.2 <code class="code">graphics</code> package configuration</a>
<ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
- <li><a id="toc-Define-colors-1" href="#Define-colors">21.3.1 Define colors</a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-Colored-text-1" href="#Colored-text">21.3.2 Colored text</a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-Colored-boxes-1" href="#Colored-boxes">21.3.3 Colored boxes</a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-Colored-pages-1" href="#Colored-pages">21.3.4 Colored pages</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cgraphicspath-1" href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath">21.2.1 <code class="code">\graphicspath</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions">21.2.2 <code class="code">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareGraphicsRule-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule">21.2.3 <code class="code">\DeclareGraphicsRule</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- </ul></li>
- <li><a id="toc-Graphics-1" href="#Graphics">22 Graphics</a>
- <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
- <li><a id="toc-graphics-package-options" href="#Graphics-package-options">22.1 <code class="code">graphics</code> package options</a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-graphics-package-configuration" href="#Graphics-package-configuration">22.2 <code class="code">graphics</code> package configuration</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Commands-for-graphics-1" href="#Commands-for-graphics">21.3 Commands for graphics</a>
<ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
- <li><a id="toc-_005cgraphicspath-1" href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath">22.2.1 <code class="code">\graphicspath</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions">22.2.2 <code class="code">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareGraphicsRule-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule">22.2.3 <code class="code">\DeclareGraphicsRule</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cincludegraphics-1" href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">21.3.1 <code class="code">\includegraphics</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005crotatebox-1" href="#g_t_005crotatebox">21.3.2 <code class="code">\rotatebox</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cscalebox-1" href="#g_t_005cscalebox">21.3.3 <code class="code">\scalebox</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cresizebox-1" href="#g_t_005cresizebox">21.3.4 <code class="code">\resizebox</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a id="toc-Commands-for-graphics-1" href="#Commands-for-graphics">22.3 Commands for graphics</a>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Color-1" href="#Color">22 Color</a>
+ <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
+ <li><a id="toc-color-package-options" href="#Color-package-options">22.1 <code class="code">color</code> package options</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Color-models-1" href="#Color-models">22.2 Color models</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Commands-for-color-1" href="#Commands-for-color">22.3 Commands for color</a>
<ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
- <li><a id="toc-_005cincludegraphics-1" href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">22.3.1 <code class="code">\includegraphics</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005crotatebox-1" href="#g_t_005crotatebox">22.3.2 <code class="code">\rotatebox</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cscalebox-1" href="#g_t_005cscalebox">22.3.3 <code class="code">\scalebox</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cresizebox-1" href="#g_t_005cresizebox">22.3.4 <code class="code">\resizebox</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Define-colors-1" href="#Define-colors">22.3.1 Define colors</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Colored-text-1" href="#Colored-text">22.3.2 Colored text</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Colored-boxes-1" href="#Colored-boxes">22.3.3 Colored boxes</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Colored-pages-1" href="#Colored-pages">22.3.4 Colored pages</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Special-insertions-1" href="#Special-insertions">23 Special insertions</a>
<ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
- <li><a id="toc-Reserved-characters-1" href="#Reserved-characters">23.1 Reserved characters</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Printing-special-characters-1" href="#Printing-special-characters">23.1 Printing special characters</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Upper-and-lower-case-1" href="#Upper-and-lower-case">23.2 Upper and lower case</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Symbols-by-font-position-1" href="#Symbols-by-font-position">23.3 Symbols by font position</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Text-symbols-1" href="#Text-symbols">23.4 Text symbols</a></li>
@@ -594,51 +664,13 @@ January 2023) for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system.
</ul>
</div>
</div>
-<div class="element-shortcontents" id="SEC_Shortcontents">
-<h2 class="shortcontents-heading">Short Table of Contents</h2>
-
-<div class="shortcontents">
-<ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
-<li><a id="stoc-About-this-document-1" href="#toc-About-this-document-1">1 About this document</a></li>
-<li><a id="stoc-Overview-of-LaTeX" href="#toc-Overview-of-LaTeX">2 Overview of LaTeX</a></li>
-<li><a id="stoc-Document-classes-1" href="#toc-Document-classes-1">3 Document classes</a></li>
-<li><a id="stoc-Fonts-1" href="#toc-Fonts-1">4 Fonts</a></li>
-<li><a id="stoc-Layout-1" href="#toc-Layout-1">5 Layout</a></li>
-<li><a id="stoc-Sectioning-1" href="#toc-Sectioning-1">6 Sectioning</a></li>
-<li><a id="stoc-Cross-references-1" href="#toc-Cross-references-1">7 Cross references</a></li>
-<li><a id="stoc-Environments-1" href="#toc-Environments-1">8 Environments</a></li>
-<li><a id="stoc-Line-breaking-1" href="#toc-Line-breaking-1">9 Line breaking</a></li>
-<li><a id="stoc-Page-breaking-1" href="#toc-Page-breaking-1">10 Page breaking</a></li>
-<li><a id="stoc-Footnotes-1" href="#toc-Footnotes-1">11 Footnotes</a></li>
-<li><a id="stoc-Definitions-1" href="#toc-Definitions-1">12 Definitions</a></li>
-<li><a id="stoc-Counters-1" href="#toc-Counters-1">13 Counters</a></li>
-<li><a id="stoc-Lengths-1" href="#toc-Lengths-1">14 Lengths</a></li>
-<li><a id="stoc-Making-paragraphs-1" href="#toc-Making-paragraphs-1">15 Making paragraphs</a></li>
-<li><a id="stoc-Math-formulas-1" href="#toc-Math-formulas-1">16 Math formulas</a></li>
-<li><a id="stoc-Modes-1" href="#toc-Modes-1">17 Modes</a></li>
-<li><a id="stoc-Page-styles-1" href="#toc-Page-styles-1">18 Page styles</a></li>
-<li><a id="stoc-Spaces-1" href="#toc-Spaces-1">19 Spaces</a></li>
-<li><a id="stoc-Boxes-1" href="#toc-Boxes-1">20 Boxes</a></li>
-<li><a id="stoc-Color-1" href="#toc-Color-1">21 Color</a></li>
-<li><a id="stoc-Graphics-1" href="#toc-Graphics-1">22 Graphics</a></li>
-<li><a id="stoc-Special-insertions-1" href="#toc-Special-insertions-1">23 Special insertions</a></li>
-<li><a id="stoc-Splitting-the-input-1" href="#toc-Splitting-the-input-1">24 Splitting the input</a></li>
-<li><a id="stoc-Front_002fback-matter-1" href="#toc-Front_002fback-matter-1">25 Front/back matter</a></li>
-<li><a id="stoc-Letters-1" href="#toc-Letters-1">26 Letters</a></li>
-<li><a id="stoc-Input_002foutput-1" href="#toc-Input_002foutput-1">27 Input/output</a></li>
-<li><a id="stoc-Command-line-interface-1" href="#toc-Command-line-interface-1">28 Command line interface</a></li>
-<li><a id="stoc-Document-templates-1" href="#toc-Document-templates-1">Appendix A Document templates</a></li>
-<li><a id="stoc-Index-1" href="#toc-Index-1" rel="index">Index</a></li>
-</ul>
-</div>
-</div>
<hr>
<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="About-this-document">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="n" rel="next">Overview of LaTeX</a>, Previous: <a href="#Top" accesskey="p" rel="prev">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h2 class="chapter" id="About-this-document-1">1 About this document</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter" id="About-this-document-1"><span>1 About this document<a class="copiable-link" href="#About-this-document-1"> &para;</a></span></h2>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-home-page-for-manual"></a>
<p>This is an unofficial reference manual for the LaTeX2e document
@@ -668,27 +700,28 @@ by the LaTeX maintainers.
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-reporting-bugs"></a>
Do not send bug reports or anything else about this document to them.
Instead, please send all comments to <a class="email" href="mailto:latexrefman@tug.org">latexrefman@tug.org</a>.
+This is a public list; you can (un)subscribe, view the archives, etc.,
+at <a class="url" href="https://lists.tug.org/latexrefman">https://lists.tug.org/latexrefman</a>.
</p>
<p>This document is a reference, not a tutorial. There is a vast array
of other information available about LaTeX, at all levels. Here
are a few introductions.
</p>
<dl class="table">
-<dt id='index-latex_002ddoc_002dptr-document'><span><a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr">https://ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr</a><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-latex_002ddoc_002dptr-document'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-latex_002ddoc_002dptr-document"></a><span><a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr">https://ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr</a><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-latex_002ddoc_002dptr-document"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Two pages of recommended references to LaTeX documentation.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-first_002dlatex_002ddoc-document'><span><a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc">https://ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc</a><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-first_002dlatex_002ddoc-document'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-first_002dlatex_002ddoc-document"></a><span><a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc">https://ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc</a><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-first_002dlatex_002ddoc-document"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Writing your first document, with a bit of both text and math.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-lshort-document'><span><a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/lshort">https://ctan.org/pkg/lshort</a><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-lshort-document'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-lshort-document"></a><span><a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/lshort">https://ctan.org/pkg/lshort</a><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-lshort-document"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>A longer introduction to LaTeX, translated to many languages.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><a class="url" href="https://tug.org/begin.html">https://tug.org/begin.html</a></dt>
-<dd><p>Introduction to the TeX system, including LaTeX, with further
-references.
+<dd><p>Overview of getting started with TeX and LaTeX.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
@@ -701,7 +734,7 @@ references.
<p>
Next: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Document classes</a>, Previous: <a href="#About-this-document" accesskey="p" rel="prev">About this document</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h2 class="chapter" id="Overview-of-LaTeX">2 Overview of LaTeX</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter" id="Overview-of-LaTeX"><span>2 Overview of LaTeX<a class="copiable-link" href="#Overview-of-LaTeX"> &para;</a></span></h2>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-overview-of-LaTeX"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-basics-of-LaTeX"></a>
@@ -721,11 +754,12 @@ along with interspersed commands. The default encoding for the text is
UTF-8 (as of 2018). The commands specify, for example, how the text
should be formatted.
</p>
-<p>LaTeX is implemented as a set of related so-called &ldquo;macros&rdquo; which
-use Donald&nbsp;E. Knuth&rsquo;s TeX typesetting program or one of its
-derivatives, collectively known as &ldquo;engines&rdquo;. Thus, the user
-produces output, typically PDF, by giving the input file to a TeX
-engine. (The following sections describe all this in more detail.)
+<p>LaTeX is implemented as a set of so-called &ldquo;macros&rdquo; (a TeX
+<em class="dfn">format</em>) which use Donald&nbsp;E. Knuth&rsquo;s TeX typesetting
+program or one of its derivatives, collectively known as
+&ldquo;engines&rdquo;. Thus, the user produces output, typically PDF, by giving
+the input file to a TeX engine. The following sections describe
+all this in more detail.
</p>
<p>The term LaTeX is also sometimes used to mean the language in which
the input document is marked up, that is, to mean the set of commands
@@ -744,9 +778,11 @@ sensible, such as in plain text, write it as &lsquo;<samp class="samp">LaTeX</sa
<li><a href="#Starting-and-ending" accesskey="1">Starting and ending</a></li>
<li><a href="#Output-files" accesskey="2">Output files</a></li>
<li><a href="#TeX-engines" accesskey="3">TeX engines</a></li>
-<li><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax" accesskey="4">LaTeX command syntax</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Environment" accesskey="5">Environment</a></li>
-<li><a href="#CTAN" accesskey="6">CTAN: The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Input-text" accesskey="4">Input text</a></li>
+<li><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax" accesskey="5">LaTeX command syntax</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Environment-syntax" accesskey="6">Environment syntax</a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cDocumentMetadata" accesskey="7"><code class="code">\DocumentMetadata</code>: Producing tagged PDF output</a></li>
+<li><a href="#CTAN" accesskey="8">CTAN: The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Starting-and-ending">
@@ -754,14 +790,14 @@ sensible, such as in plain text, write it as &lsquo;<samp class="samp">LaTeX</sa
<p>
Next: <a href="#Output-files" accesskey="n" rel="next">Output files</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview of LaTeX</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="Starting-and-ending-1">2.1 Starting and ending</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Starting-and-ending-1"><span>2.1 Starting and ending<a class="copiable-link" href="#Starting-and-ending-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="anchor" id="Starting-_0026-ending"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-starting-and-ending"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ending-and-starting"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-hello_002c-world"></a>
<p>LaTeX files have a simple global structure, with a standard beginning
-and ending. This is a small example.
+and ending. Here is a small example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">\documentclass{article}
@@ -774,21 +810,22 @@ Hello, \LaTeX\ world.
<code class="code">\end{document}</code> line.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-document-class_002c-defined"></a>
-<p>Here, the &lsquo;<samp class="samp">article</samp>&rsquo; is the <em class="dfn">document class</em>. It is implemented
-in a file <samp class="file">article.cls</samp>. You can use any document class on your
-system. A few document classes are defined by LaTeX itself, and vast
-array of others are widely available. See <a class="xref" href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a>.
+<p>Here, the &lsquo;<samp class="samp">article</samp>&rsquo; is the <em class="dfn">document class</em>. It is
+implemented in a file <samp class="file">article.cls</samp>. You can use any document
+class available on your system. A few document classes are defined by
+LaTeX itself, and a vast array of others are available.
+See <a class="xref" href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a>.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-preamble_002c-defined"></a>
<p>You can include other LaTeX commands between the
<code class="code">\documentclass</code> and the <code class="code">\begin{document}</code> commands.
This area is called the <em class="dfn">preamble</em>.
</p>
-<p>The <code class="code">\begin{document}</code>, <code class="code">\end{document}</code> pair defines an
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment"></a>
-<em class="dfn">environment</em>; the &lsquo;<samp class="samp">document</samp>&rsquo; environment (and no others) is
-required in all LaTeX documents (see <a class="pxref" href="#document"><code class="code">document</code></a>). LaTeX make
-available to you many environments that are documented here
+<p>The <code class="code">\begin{document}</code> &hellip; <code class="code">\end{document}</code> pair
+defines an <em class="dfn">environment</em>; the &lsquo;<samp class="samp">document</samp>&rsquo; environment (and no
+others) is required in all LaTeX documents (see <a class="pxref" href="#document"><code class="code">document</code></a>).
+LaTeX provides many environments that are documented here
(see <a class="pxref" href="#Environments">Environments</a>). Many more are available to you from external
packages, most importantly those available at CTAN (see <a class="pxref" href="#CTAN">CTAN: The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</a>).
</p>
@@ -803,19 +840,19 @@ a LaTeX input file.
<p>
Next: <a href="#TeX-engines" accesskey="n" rel="next">TeX engines</a>, Previous: <a href="#Starting-and-ending" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Starting and ending</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview of LaTeX</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="Output-files-1">2.2 Output files</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Output-files-1"><span>2.2 Output files<a class="copiable-link" href="#Output-files-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<p>LaTeX produces a main output file and at least two auxiliary files.
The main output file&rsquo;s name ends in either <samp class="file">.dvi</samp> or <samp class="file">.pdf</samp>.
</p>
<dl class="table">
-<dt id='index-_002edvi-file'><span><code class="code">.dvi</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_002edvi-file'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-latex-command"></a>
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-latex-command"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-xdvi-command"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dvips-command"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dvipdfmx-command"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dvitype-command"></a>
-<a class="anchor" id="output-files-dvi"></a><p>If LaTeX is invoked with the system command <code class="command">latex</code> then it
+<a id="index-_002edvi-file"></a><span><code class="code">.dvi</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_002edvi-file"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="output-files-dvi"></a><p>If LaTeX is invoked with the system command <code class="command">latex</code> then it
produces a DeVice Independent file, with extension <samp class="file">.dvi</samp>. You
can view this file with a command such as <code class="command">xdvi</code>, or convert
it to a PostScript <code class="code">.ps</code> file with <code class="command">dvips</code> or to a
@@ -825,10 +862,10 @@ The contents of the file can be dumped in human-readable form with
available (<a class="url" href="https://mirror.ctan.org/dviware">https://mirror.ctan.org/dviware</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_002epdf-file'><span><code class="code">.pdf</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_002epdf-file'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-pdfTeX"></a>
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-pdfTeX"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-pdflatex-command"></a>
-<a class="anchor" id="output-files-pdf"></a><p>If LaTeX is invoked via the system command <code class="command">pdflatex</code>,
+<a id="index-_002epdf-file"></a><span><code class="code">.pdf</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_002epdf-file"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="output-files-pdf"></a><p>If LaTeX is invoked via the system command <code class="command">pdflatex</code>,
among other commands (see <a class="pxref" href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>), then the main output is
a Portable Document Format (PDF) file. Typically this is a
self-contained file, with all fonts and images included.
@@ -839,20 +876,20 @@ self-contained file, with all fonts and images included.
<p>LaTeX always produces at least two additional files.
</p>
<dl class="table">
-<dt id='index-transcript-file'><span><code class="code">.log</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-transcript-file'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-log-file"></a>
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-log-file"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002elog-file"></a>
-<a class="anchor" id="output-files-log"></a><p>This transcript file contains summary information such as a list of
+<a id="index-transcript-file"></a><span><code class="code">.log</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-transcript-file"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="output-files-log"></a><p>This transcript file contains summary information such as a list of
loaded packages. It also includes diagnostic messages and perhaps
additional information for any errors.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-auxiliary-file'><span><code class="code">.aux</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-auxiliary-file'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002eaux-file"></a>
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002eaux-file"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-cross-references_002c-resolving"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-forward-references_002c-resolving"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-references_002c-resolving-forward"></a>
-<a class="anchor" id="output-files-aux"></a><p>Auxiliary information is used by LaTeX for things such as
+<a id="index-auxiliary-file"></a><span><code class="code">.aux</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-auxiliary-file"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="output-files-aux"></a><p>Auxiliary information is used by LaTeX for things such as
cross references. For example, the first time that LaTeX finds a
forward reference&mdash;a cross reference to something that has not yet
appeared in the source&mdash;it will appear in the output as a doubled
@@ -885,9 +922,9 @@ open-ended.
<div class="section-level-extent" id="TeX-engines">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax" accesskey="n" rel="next">LaTeX command syntax</a>, Previous: <a href="#Output-files" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Output files</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview of LaTeX</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Input-text" accesskey="n" rel="next">Input text</a>, Previous: <a href="#Output-files" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Output files</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview of LaTeX</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="TeX-engines-1">2.3 TeX engines</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="TeX-engines-1"><span>2.3 TeX engines<a class="copiable-link" href="#TeX-engines-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-engines_002c-TeX"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-implementations-of-TeX"></a>
@@ -900,8 +937,8 @@ Next: <a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax" accesskey="n" rel="next">LaTeX command syn
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-LaTeX-format-_0028_002efmt_0029-files"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-format-files_002c-TeX"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002efmt-file"></a>
-<p>LaTeX is a large set of commands that is executed by a TeX
-program (see <a class="pxref" href="#Overview">Overview of LaTeX</a>). Such a set of commands is called a
+<p>LaTeX is a large set of commands (macros) that is executed by a
+TeX program (see <a class="pxref" href="#Overview">Overview of LaTeX</a>). Such a set of commands is called a
<em class="dfn">format</em>, and is embodied in a binary <code class="code">.fmt</code> file, which can
be read much more quickly than the corresponding TeX source.
</p>
@@ -909,8 +946,8 @@ be read much more quickly than the corresponding TeX source.
commonly available (see also <a class="ref" href="#Command-line-interface">Command line interface</a>).
</p>
<dl class="ftable">
-<dt id='index-latex'><span><code class="code">latex</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-latex'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-pdflatex'><span><code class="code">pdflatex</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-pdflatex'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-latex"></a><span><code class="code">latex</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-latex"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-pdflatex"></a><span><code class="code">pdflatex</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-pdflatex"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-etex-command"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-pdfTeX-engine"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-e_002dTeX"></a>
@@ -929,10 +966,11 @@ command <code class="command">etex</code>, but this is plain TeX (and produces
</p>
<p>In other TeX distributions, <code class="command">latex</code> may invoke e-TeX
rather than pdfTeX. In any case, the e-TeX extensions can be
-assumed to be available in LaTeX.
+assumed to be available in LaTeX, and a few extensions beyond
+e-TeX, particularly for file manipulation.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-lualatex'><span><code class="code">lualatex</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-lualatex'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-lualatex"></a><span><code class="code">lualatex</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-lualatex"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-LuaTeX"></a>
<a class="anchor" id="tex-engines-lualatex"></a><p>If LaTeX is invoked via the system command <code class="command">lualatex</code>, the
LuaTeX engine is run (<a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/luatex">https://ctan.org/pkg/luatex</a>). This
@@ -943,7 +981,7 @@ and TrueType fonts, and produces a <samp class="file">.pdf</samp> file by defaul
There is also <code class="command">dvilualatex</code> to produce a <samp class="file">.dvi</samp> file.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-xelatex'><span><code class="code">xelatex</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-xelatex'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-xelatex"></a><span><code class="code">xelatex</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-xelatex"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-XeTeX"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002exdv-file"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-xdvipdfmx"></a>
@@ -960,8 +998,18 @@ program, but this process is automatic. The <code class="code">.xdv</code> file
useful for debugging.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-platex'><span><code class="code">platex</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-platex'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-uplatex'><span><code class="code">uplatex</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-uplatex'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-hilatex"></a><span><code class="code">hilatex</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-hilatex"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-HiTeX"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-HINT-format"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-mobile-output"></a>
+<p>If LaTeX is invoked via the system command <code class="command">hilatex</code>, the
+HiTeX engine is run (<a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/hitex">https://ctan.org/pkg/hitex</a>). This
+program produces its own format, named HINT, designed especially for
+high-quality typesetting on mobile devices.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><a id="index-platex"></a><span><code class="code">platex</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-platex"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-uplatex"></a><span><code class="code">uplatex</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-uplatex"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>These commands provide significant additional support for Japanese and
other languages; the <code class="code">u</code> variant supports Unicode. See
<a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/ptex">https://ctan.org/pkg/ptex</a> and <a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/uptex">https://ctan.org/pkg/uptex</a>.
@@ -969,16 +1017,16 @@ other languages; the <code class="code">u</code> variant supports Unicode. See
</dl>
<p>As of 2019, there is a companion <code class="code">-dev</code> command and format for
-all of the above:
+all of the above, except <code class="code">hitex</code>:
</p>
<dl class="ftable">
-<dt id='index-dvilualatex_002ddev'><span><code class="code">dvilualatex-dev</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-dvilualatex_002ddev'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-latex_002ddev'><span><code class="code">latex-dev</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-latex_002ddev'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-lualatex_002ddev'><span><code class="code">lualatex-dev</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-lualatex_002ddev'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-pdflatex_002ddev'><span><code class="code">pdflatex-dev</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-pdflatex_002ddev'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-platex_002ddev'><span><code class="code">platex-dev</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-platex_002ddev'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-uplatex_002ddev'><span><code class="code">uplatex-dev</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-uplatex_002ddev'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-xelatex_002ddev'><span><code class="code">xelatex-dev</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-xelatex_002ddev'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-dvilualatex_002ddev"></a><span><code class="code">dvilualatex-dev</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-dvilualatex_002ddev"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-latex_002ddev"></a><span><code class="code">latex-dev</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-latex_002ddev"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-lualatex_002ddev"></a><span><code class="code">lualatex-dev</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-lualatex_002ddev"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-pdflatex_002ddev"></a><span><code class="code">pdflatex-dev</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-pdflatex_002ddev"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-platex_002ddev"></a><span><code class="code">platex-dev</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-platex_002ddev"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-uplatex_002ddev"></a><span><code class="code">uplatex-dev</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-uplatex_002ddev"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-xelatex_002ddev"></a><span><code class="code">xelatex-dev</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-xelatex_002ddev"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-release-candidates"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-prerelease-testing"></a>
<p>These are candidates for an upcoming LaTeX release. The main
@@ -1003,14 +1051,258 @@ LaTeX <code class="code">dev</code> formats&rdquo; by Frank Mittelbach, <cite cl
</dd>
</dl>
+
+<hr>
+</div>
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="Input-text">
+<div class="nav-panel">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax" accesskey="n" rel="next">LaTeX command syntax</a>, Previous: <a href="#TeX-engines" accesskey="p" rel="prev">TeX engines</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview of LaTeX</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<h3 class="section" id="Input-text-1"><span>2.4 Input text<a class="copiable-link" href="#Input-text-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
+
+<p>To a first approximation, most input characters in LaTeX print as
+themselves. But there are exceptions, as discussed in the following
+sections.
+</p>
+
+
+<ul class="mini-toc">
+<li><a href="#Input-encodings" accesskey="1">Input encodings</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Ligatures" accesskey="2">Ligatures</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Special-characters" accesskey="3">Special characters: <code class="code">\ { } % $ &amp; _ ^ # ~</code></a></li>
+</ul>
+<hr>
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Input-encodings">
+<div class="nav-panel">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Ligatures" accesskey="n" rel="next">Ligatures</a>, Up: <a href="#Input-text" accesskey="u" rel="up">Input text</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="Input-encodings-1"><span>2.4.1 Input encodings<a class="copiable-link" href="#Input-encodings-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
+
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-character-encoding"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-input-encodings"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-encodings_002c-input"></a>
+
+<p>The input to TeX (or any computer program) ultimately consists of a
+sequence of bytes. (Nowadays, a byte is almost universally an
+eight-bit number, i.e., an integer between 0 and 255, inclusive.) The
+input encoding defines how to interpret that sequence of bytes, and
+thus how LaTeX behaves.
+</p>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Unicode"></a>
+<p>Today, by far the most common way to encode text is with <em class="dfn">UTF-8</em>, a
+so-called &ldquo;Unicode Transformation Format&rdquo; which specifies how to
+transform a sequence of 8-bit bytes to Unicode code points, which are
+defined independent of any particular representation. The Unicode
+encoding defines code points for virtually all characters used
+today in written text.
+</p>
+<p>When TeX was created, Unicode and UTF-8 did not exist and the 7-bit
+ASCII encoding was by far the most widely used. So TeX does not
+require Unicode for text input. UTF-8 is a superset of ASCII, so a
+pure 7-bit ASCII document is also UTF-8.
+</p>
+<p>Since 2018, the default input encoding for LaTeX is UTF-8.
+Some methods for handling documents written in some other encoding,
+such as ISO-8859-1 (Latin 1), are explained in <a class="ref" href="#inputenc-package"><code class="code">inputenc</code> package</a>.
+</p>
+<p>You can easily find more about all these topics in any introductory
+computer text or online. For example, you might start at:
+<a class="url" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode</a>.
+</p>
<hr>
</div>
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Ligatures">
+<div class="nav-panel">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Special-characters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Special characters: <code class="code">\ { } % $ &amp; _ ^ # ~</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#Input-encodings" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Input encodings</a>, Up: <a href="#Input-text" accesskey="u" rel="up">Input text</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="Ligatures-1"><span>2.4.2 Ligatures<a class="copiable-link" href="#Ligatures-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
+
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ligatures"></a>
+
+<p>A <em class="dfn">ligature</em> combines two or more letters (more generally,
+characters) into a single glyph. For example, in Latin-based
+typography, the two letters &lsquo;<samp class="samp">f</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">i</samp>&rsquo; are often combined
+into the glyph &lsquo;fi&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>TeX supports ligatures automatically. To continue the example, if
+the input has the word &lsquo;<samp class="samp">fine</samp>&rsquo;, written as four separate ASCII
+characters, TeX will output the word &lsquo;fine&rsquo; (with the default
+fonts), with three typeset glyphs.
+</p>
+<p>In traditional TeX, the available ligatures, if any, are defined by
+the current font. TeX also uses the ligature mechanism to produce
+a few typographical characters which were not available in any
+computer encoding when TeX was invented. In all, in the original
+Computer Modern fonts, the following input character sequences are
+defined to lead to ligatures:
+</p>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-f_002dligatures"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-double-quotation-marks_002c-as-ligatures"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-quotation-marks_002c-as-ligatures"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-en_002ddash_002c-as-ligature"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-em_002ddash_002c-as-ligature"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-inverted-exclamation-mark_002c-as-ligature"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-inverted-question-mark_002c-as-ligature"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Spanish-exclamation-mark_002c-as-ligature"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Spanish-question-mark_002c-as-ligature"></a>
+
+<dl class="table">
+<dt>&lsquo;<samp class="samp">ff</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
+<dd><p>ff (f<span class="r"></span>f ligature, U+FB00)
+</p></dd>
+<dt>&lsquo;<samp class="samp">fi</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
+<dd><p>fi (f<span class="r"></span>i ligature, U+FB01)
+</p></dd>
+<dt>&lsquo;<samp class="samp">fl</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
+<dd><p>fl (f<span class="r"></span>l ligature, U+FB02)
+</p></dd>
+<dt>&lsquo;<samp class="samp">ffi</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
+<dd><p>ffi (f<span class="r"></span>f<span class="r"></span>i ligature, U+FB03)
+</p></dd>
+<dt>&lsquo;<samp class="samp">ffl</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
+<dd><p>ffl (f<span class="r"></span>f<span class="r"></span>l ligature, U+FB04)
+</p></dd>
+<dt>&lsquo;<samp class="samp">``</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
+<dd><p>&ldquo; (left double quotation mark, U+201C)
+</p></dd>
+<dt>&lsquo;<samp class="samp">''</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
+<dd><p>&rdquo; (right double quotation mark, U+201D)
+</p></dd>
+<dt>&lsquo;<samp class="samp">--</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
+<dd><p>&ndash; (en-dash, U+2013)
+</p></dd>
+<dt>&lsquo;<samp class="samp">---</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
+<dd><p>&mdash; (em-dash, U+2014)
+</p></dd>
+<dt>&lsquo;<samp class="samp">!`</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
+<dd><p>!&lsquo; (inverted exclamation mark, U+00A1)
+</p></dd>
+<dt>&lsquo;<samp class="samp">?`</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
+<dd><p>?&lsquo; (inverted question mark, U+00BF)
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>(For the f-ligatures above, the text in parentheses shows the
+individual characters, so in the typeset output you can easily see the
+difference between the ligature and the original character sequence.)
+</p>
+<p>Nowadays it&rsquo;s usually possible to directly input the punctuation
+characters as Unicode characters, and LaTeX supports that (see
+previous section). But even today, it can still often be useful to
+use the ASCII ligature input form; for example, the difference between
+an en-dash and em-dash, as a single glyph, can be all but impossible
+to discern, but the difference between two and three ASCII hyphen
+characters is clear. Similarly with quotation marks, in some fonts.
+</p>
+<p>Thus, even the engines with native support for UTF-8, namely LuaTeX
+and XeTeX, also support the ASCII ligature input sequences by
+default, independent of the font used. They also need to do so for
+compatibility.
+</p>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-alphabetic-presentation-forms-Unicode-block"></a>
+<p>By the way, the f-ligatures are also available in Unicode (the
+&ldquo;Alphabetic Presentation Forms&rdquo; block starting at U+FB00), but it&rsquo;s
+almost never desirable to use them as input characters, since in
+principle it should be up to the typesetter and the current font
+whether to use ligatures. Also, in practice, using them will
+typically cause searches to fail, that is, a search for the two
+characters &lsquo;<samp class="samp">fi</samp>&rsquo; will not be matched by the ligature &lsquo;fi&rsquo; at
+U+FB01.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+</div>
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Special-characters">
+<div class="nav-panel">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Ligatures" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Ligatures</a>, Up: <a href="#Input-text" accesskey="u" rel="up">Input text</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="Special-characters_003a-_005c-_007b-_007d-_0025-_0024-_0026-_005f-_005e-_0023-_007e"><span>2.4.3 Special characters: <code class="code">\ { } % $ &amp; _ ^ # ~</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#Special-characters_003a-_005c-_007b-_007d-_0025-_0024-_0026-_005f-_005e-_0023-_007e"> &para;</a></span></h4>
+
+<a class="anchor" id="Reserved-characters"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-reserved-characters_002c-meaning-of"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-special-characters_002c-meaning-of"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-meaning-of-special-characters"></a>
+
+<p>Besides ligatures (see previous section), a few individual characters
+have special meaning to LaTeX. They are called <em class="dfn">reserved
+characters</em> or <em class="dfn">special characters</em>. Here they are:
+</p>
+<dl class="table">
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-backslash_002c-meaning-of"></a>
+<a id="index-_005c-character_002c-meaning-of"></a><span>&lsquo;<samp class="samp">\</samp>&rsquo;<a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005c-character_002c-meaning-of"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Introduces a command name, as seen throughout this manual.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_007d-character_002c-meaning-of"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-left-brace_002c-meaning-of"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-right-brace_002c-meaning-of"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-braces_002c-meaning-of"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-curly-braces_002c-meaning-of"></a>
+<a id="index-_007b-character_002c-meaning-of"></a><span>&lsquo;<samp class="samp">{</samp>&rsquo;<a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_007b-character_002c-meaning-of"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt>&lsquo;<samp class="samp">}</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
+<dd><p>Delimits a required argument to a command or a level of grouping, as
+seen throughout this manual.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-percent-character_002c-meaning-of"></a>
+<a id="index-_0025-character_002c-meaning-of"></a><span>&lsquo;<samp class="samp">%</samp>&rsquo;<a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_0025-character_002c-meaning-of"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Starts a comment: the &lsquo;<samp class="samp">%</samp>&rsquo; and all remaining characters on the
+current line are ignored.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dollar-sign-character_002c-meaning-of"></a>
+<a id="index-_0024-character_002c-meaning-of"></a><span>&lsquo;<samp class="samp">$</samp>&rsquo;<a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_0024-character_002c-meaning-of"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Starts and ends math mode (see <a class="pxref" href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ampersand-character_002c-meaning-of"></a>
+<a id="index-_0026-character_002c-meaning-of"></a><span>&lsquo;<samp class="samp">&amp;</samp>&rsquo;<a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_0026-character_002c-meaning-of"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Separates cells in a table (see <a class="pxref" href="#tabular"><code class="code">tabular</code></a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005e-character_002c-meaning-of"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-underscore-character_002c-meaning-of"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-hat-character_002c-meaning-of"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-caret-character_002c-meaning-of"></a>
+<a id="index-_005f-character_002c-meaning-of"></a><span>&lsquo;<samp class="samp">_</samp>&rsquo;<a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005f-character_002c-meaning-of"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt>&lsquo;<samp class="samp">^</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
+<dd><p>Introduce a subscript or superscript, respectively, in math
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a>); they produce an error outside
+math mode. As a little-used special feature, two superscript
+characters in a row can introduce special notation for an arbitrary
+character.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-number-sign-character-_0028_0023_0029_002c-meaning-of"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-sharp-character-_0028_0023_0029_002c-meaning-of"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-hash-character-_0028_0023_0029_002c-meaning-of"></a>
+<a id="index-_0023-character_002c-meaning-of"></a><span>&lsquo;<samp class="samp">#</samp>&rsquo;<a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_0023-character_002c-meaning-of"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Stands for arguments in a macro definition (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><code class="code">\newcommand</code> &amp; <code class="code">\renewcommand</code></a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-tilde-character_002c-meaning-of"></a>
+<a id="index-_007e-character_002c-meaning-of"></a><span>&lsquo;<samp class="samp">~</samp>&rsquo;<a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_007e-character_002c-meaning-of"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Produces a nonbreakable interword space (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_007e"><code class="code">~</code>, <code class="code">\nobreakspace</code></a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>See <a class="xref" href="#Printing-special-characters">Printing special characters</a>, for how to typeset these
+characters when you need them literally.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+</div>
+</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="LaTeX-command-syntax">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Environment" accesskey="n" rel="next">Environment</a>, Previous: <a href="#TeX-engines" accesskey="p" rel="prev">TeX engines</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview of LaTeX</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Environment-syntax" accesskey="n" rel="next">Environment syntax</a>, Previous: <a href="#Input-text" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Input text</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview of LaTeX</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="LaTeX-command-syntax-1">2.4 LaTeX command syntax</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="LaTeX-command-syntax-1"><span>2.5 LaTeX command syntax<a class="copiable-link" href="#LaTeX-command-syntax-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-command-syntax"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c-character-starting-commands"></a>
@@ -1020,17 +1312,18 @@ Next: <a href="#Environment" accesskey="n" rel="next">Environment</a>, Previous:
character, <code class="code">\</code>. The name itself then consists of either
(a)&nbsp;a string of letters or (b)&nbsp;a single non-letter.
</p>
-<p>LaTeX commands names are case sensitive so that <code class="code">\pagebreak</code>
-differs from <code class="code">\Pagebreak</code> (the latter is not a standard command).
-Most command names are lowercase, but in any event you must enter all
-commands in the same case as they are defined.
+<p>LaTeX commands names are case sensitive; for example,
+<code class="code">\pagebreak</code> differs from <code class="code">\Pagebreak</code> (the latter is not a
+standard command). Most command names are lowercase, but in any event
+you must enter all commands in the same case as they are defined.
</p>
<p>A command may be followed by zero, one, or more arguments. These
arguments may be either required or optional. Required arguments are
contained in curly braces, <code class="code">{...}</code>. Optional arguments are
contained in square brackets, <code class="code">[...]</code>. Generally, but not
universally, if the command accepts an optional argument, it comes
-first, before any required arguments.
+first, before any required arguments; optional arguments could come
+after required arguments, or both before and after.
</p>
<p>Inside of an optional argument, to use the character close square
bracket&nbsp;(<code class="code">]</code>) hide it inside curly braces, as
@@ -1039,10 +1332,10 @@ argument comes last, with no required argument after it, then to make
the first character of the following text be an open square bracket,
hide it inside curly braces.
</p>
-<p>LaTeX has the convention that some commands have a <code class="code">*</code> form that
-is related to the form without a <code class="code">*</code>, such as <code class="code">\chapter</code> and
-<code class="code">\chapter*</code>. The exact difference in behavior varies from command
-to command.
+<p>LaTeX has the convention that some commands have a <code class="code">*</code> form
+that is closely related to the form without a <code class="code">*</code>, such as
+<code class="code">\chapter</code> and <code class="code">\chapter*</code>. The difference in behavior
+varies from command to command.
</p>
<p>This manual describes all accepted options and <code class="code">*</code>-forms for the
commands it covers (barring unintentional omissions, a.k.a. bugs).
@@ -1057,17 +1350,18 @@ commands it covers (barring unintentional omissions, a.k.a. bugs).
<p>As of the 2020-10-01 release of LaTeX, the <code class="code">expl3</code> and
<code class="code">xparse</code> packages are part of the LaTeX2e format. They
provide a completely different underlying programming language
-syntax. We won&rsquo;t try to cover them in this document; see the related
+syntax. We won&rsquo;t try to cover that in this document; see the related
package documentation and other LaTeX manuals.
</p>
+
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section-level-extent" id="Environment">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="Environment-syntax">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#CTAN" accesskey="n" rel="next">CTAN: The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</a>, Previous: <a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax" accesskey="p" rel="prev">LaTeX command syntax</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview of LaTeX</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDocumentMetadata" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\DocumentMetadata</code>: Producing tagged PDF output</a>, Previous: <a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax" accesskey="p" rel="prev">LaTeX command syntax</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview of LaTeX</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="Environment-1">2.5 Environment</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Environment-syntax-1"><span>2.6 Environment syntax<a class="copiable-link" href="#Environment-syntax-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -1104,19 +1398,67 @@ required (it specifies the formatting of columns).
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{tabular}[t]{r|l}
- ... rows of table ...
+ ... <var class="var">rows-of-table</var> ...
\end{tabular}
</pre></div>
<hr>
</div>
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cDocumentMetadata">
+<div class="nav-panel">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#CTAN" accesskey="n" rel="next">CTAN: The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</a>, Previous: <a href="#Environment-syntax" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Environment syntax</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview of LaTeX</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cDocumentMetadata_003a-Producing-tagged-PDF-output"><span>2.7 <code class="code">\DocumentMetadata</code>: Producing tagged PDF output<a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cDocumentMetadata_003a-Producing-tagged-PDF-output"> &para;</a></span></h3>
+
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cDocumentMetadata"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-tagged-PDF"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-PDF_002c-tagged"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-metadata_002c-adding"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-accessibility"></a>
+
+<p>The <code class="code">\DocumentMetadata</code> command was added to LaTeX in 2022.
+It enables so-called &ldquo;tagging&rdquo; of the PDF output, aiding
+accessibility of the PDF. It is supported best with LuaLaTeX;
+pdfLaTeX and XeLaTeX are supported as well as possible
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>).
+</p>
+<p>It is unlike nearly any other command in LaTeX in that it must
+occur before the <code class="code">\documentclass</code> command that starts a LaTeX
+document proper (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cdocumentclass">\documentclass</a>). Therefore it must be
+called with <code class="code">\RequirePackage</code> rather than <code class="code">\usepackage</code>
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cRequirePackage">\RequirePackage</a>).
+</p>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-latex_002dlab"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-latex_002dlab-package"></a>
+
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-documentmetadata_002dsupport_002ddoc-document"></a>
+<p>This support is still in development, so we will not try to list all
+the possible settings. Please see the
+<code class="code">documentmetadata-support-doc</code> document, part of the
+<code class="code">latex-lab</code> package (<a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/latex-lab">https://ctan.org/pkg/latex-lab</a>). Here
+is a simple example which enables most tagging currently implemented:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\DocumentMetadata{testphase={phase-III,firstaid}}
+\documentclass{article}
+...
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>As you can see from the key name <code class="code">testphase</code>, this is all still
+in an experimental phase. The LaTeX developers strongly encourage
+users to give it a try and report problems, so it can be improved.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="CTAN">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#Environment" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Environment</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview of LaTeX</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDocumentMetadata" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\DocumentMetadata</code>: Producing tagged PDF output</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview of LaTeX</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="CTAN_003a-The-Comprehensive-TeX-Archive-Network">2.6 CTAN: The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="CTAN_003a-The-Comprehensive-TeX-Archive-Network"><span>2.8 CTAN: The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network<a class="copiable-link" href="#CTAN_003a-The-Comprehensive-TeX-Archive-Network"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-CTAN"></a>
@@ -1131,7 +1473,7 @@ person or a small number of people. For instance, many publishers have
a package that allows authors to format papers to that publisher&rsquo;s
specifications.
</p>
-<p>In addition to the massive holdings, the <code class="code">ctan.org</code> web site
+<p>In addition to its massive holdings, the <code class="code">ctan.org</code> web site
offers features such as search by name or by functionality.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-DANTE-e_002eV_002e"></a>
@@ -1157,14 +1499,15 @@ site. The list of mirrors is at <a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/mirrors">h
<p>
Next: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="n" rel="next">Fonts</a>, Previous: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Overview of LaTeX</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h2 class="chapter" id="Document-classes-1">3 Document classes</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter" id="Document-classes-1"><span>3 Document classes<a class="copiable-link" href="#Document-classes-1"> &para;</a></span></h2>
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-document-classes"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cdocumentclass"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-document-classes"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-classes-of-documents"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cdocumentclass"></a>
-<p>The document&rsquo;s overall class is defined with this command, which is
-normally the first command in a LaTeX source file.
+<p>The document&rsquo;s overall class is defined with the <code class="code">\documentclass</code>
+command, which is normally the first command in a LaTeX source
+file.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">\documentclass[<var class="var">options</var>]{<var class="var">class</var>}
@@ -1176,8 +1519,8 @@ normally the first command in a LaTeX source file.
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-letter-class"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-slides-class"></a>
<p>The following document <var class="var">class</var> names are built into LaTeX.
-(Many other document classes are available as separate packages;
-see <a class="pxref" href="#Overview">Overview of LaTeX</a>.)
+Many other document classes are available as separate packages
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Overview">Overview of LaTeX</a>).
</p>
<dl class="table">
<dt><code class="code">article</code></dt>
@@ -1202,7 +1545,7 @@ such as technical reports or theses, which may contain several chapters.
</dd>
<dt><code class="code">slides</code></dt>
<dd><a class="anchor" id="document-classes-slides"></a><p>For slide presentations&mdash;rarely used nowadays. The
-<code class="code">beamer</code> package is perhaps the most prevalent
+<code class="code">beamer</code> package is perhaps the most prevalent replacement
(<a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/beamer">https://ctan.org/pkg/beamer</a>). See <a class="xref" href="#beamer-template"><code class="code">beamer</code> template</a>, for a
small template for a beamer document.
</p>
@@ -1215,16 +1558,16 @@ small template for a beamer document.
<ul class="mini-toc">
<li><a href="#Document-class-options" accesskey="1">Document class options</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Additional-packages" accesskey="2">Additional packages</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Class-and-package-construction" accesskey="3">Class and package construction</a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cusepackage" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\usepackage</code>: Additional packages</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Class-and-package-creation" accesskey="3">Class and package creation</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Document-class-options">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Additional-packages" accesskey="n" rel="next">Additional packages</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document classes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cusepackage" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\usepackage</code>: Additional packages</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document classes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="Document-class-options-1">3.1 Document class options</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Document-class-options-1"><span>3.1 Document class options<a class="copiable-link" href="#Document-class-options-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-document-class-options"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-options_002c-document-class"></a>
@@ -1239,13 +1582,17 @@ specify more than one <var class="var">option</var>, separate them with a comma.
<pre class="example-preformatted">\documentclass[<var class="var">option1</var>,<var class="var">option2</var>,...]{<var class="var">class</var>}
</pre></div>
+<p>LaTeX automatically passes options specified for
+<code class="code">\documentclass</code> on to any other loaded classes that can handle
+them.
+</p>
<p>Here is the list of the standard class options.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-10pt-option"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-11pt-option"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-12pt-option"></a>
<p>All of the standard classes except <code class="code">slides</code> accept the following
-options for selecting the typeface size (default is <code class="code">10pt</code>):
+options for selecting the typeface size; the default is <code class="code">10pt</code>:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">10pt 11pt 12pt
@@ -1258,7 +1605,7 @@ options for selecting the typeface size (default is <code class="code">10pt</cod
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-legalpaper-option"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-letterpaper-option"></a>
<p>All of the standard classes accept these options for selecting the paper
-size (these show height by width):
+size (dimensions are listed height by width):
</p>
<dl class="table">
<dt><code class="code">a4paper</code></dt>
@@ -1293,14 +1640,12 @@ size (these show height by width):
<p>When using one of the engines pdfLaTeX, LuaLaTeX, or XeLaTeX
(see <a class="pxref" href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>), options other than <code class="code">letterpaper</code> set
-the print area but you must also set the physical paper size. One way
-to do that is to put <code class="code">\pdfpagewidth=\paperwidth</code> and
-<code class="code">\pdfpageheight=\paperheight</code> in your document&rsquo;s preamble.
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-geometry-1"></a>
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-geometry-package-1"></a>
-</p>
-<p>The <code class="code">geometry</code> package provides flexible ways of setting the print
-area and physical page size.
+the print area but you must also set the physical paper size. Usually,
+the <code class="code">geometry</code> package is the best way to do that; it
+provides flexible ways of setting the print area and physical page size.
+Otherwise, setting the paper size is engine-dependent. For example,
+with pdfLaTeX, you could include <code class="code">\pdfpagewidth=\paperwidth</code> and
+<code class="code">\pdfpageheight=\paperheight</code> in the preamble.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-draft-option"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-final-option"></a>
@@ -1313,34 +1658,34 @@ area and physical page size.
<p>Miscellaneous other options:
</p>
<dl class="table">
-<dt id='index-black-boxes_002c-omitting'><span><code class="code">draft</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-black-boxes_002c-omitting'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-black-boxes_002c-omitting"></a><span><code class="code">draft</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-black-boxes_002c-omitting"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dt><code class="code">final</code></dt>
<dd><p>Mark (<code class="code">draft</code>) or do not mark (<code class="code">final</code>) overfull boxes with a
black box in the margin; default is <code class="code">final</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-flush-left-equations'><span><code class="code">fleqn</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-flush-left-equations'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-centered-equations"></a>
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-centered-equations"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-equations_002c-flush-left-vs_002e-centered"></a>
-<p>Put displayed formulas flush left; default is centered.
+<a id="index-flush-left-equations"></a><span><code class="code">fleqn</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-flush-left-equations"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Put displayed formulas flush left; default is centered.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-landscape-orientation'><span><code class="code">landscape</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-landscape-orientation'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-portrait-orientation"></a>
-<p>Selects landscape format; default is portrait.
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-portrait-orientation"></a>
+<a id="index-landscape-orientation"></a><span><code class="code">landscape</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-landscape-orientation"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Selects landscape format; default is portrait.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-left_002dhand-equation-numbers'><span><code class="code">leqno</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-left_002dhand-equation-numbers'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-right_002dhand-equation-numbers"></a>
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-right_002dhand-equation-numbers"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-equation-numbers_002c-left-vs_002e-right"></a>
-<p>Put equation numbers on the left side of equations; default is the right side.
+<a id="index-left_002dhand-equation-numbers"></a><span><code class="code">leqno</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-left_002dhand-equation-numbers"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Put equation numbers on the left side of equations; default is the right side.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-bibliography-format_002c-open'><span><code class="code">openbib</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-bibliography-format_002c-open'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-bibliography-format_002c-open"></a><span><code class="code">openbib</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-bibliography-format_002c-open"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Use &ldquo;open&rdquo; bibliography format.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-title-page_002c-separate-or-run_002din'><span><code class="code">titlepage</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-title-page_002c-separate-or-run_002din'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-title-page_002c-separate-or-run_002din"></a><span><code class="code">titlepage</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-title-page_002c-separate-or-run_002din"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dt><code class="code">notitlepage</code></dt>
<dd><p>Specifies whether there is a separate page for the title information and
for the abstract also, if there is one. The default for the
@@ -1363,10 +1708,10 @@ for the abstract also, if there is one. The default for the
<dd><p>Typeset in one or two columns; default is <code class="code">onecolumn</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cevensidemargin'><span><code class="code">oneside</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cevensidemargin'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005coddsidemargin"></a>
+<a id="index-_005cevensidemargin"></a><span><code class="code">oneside</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cevensidemargin"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dt><code class="code">twoside</code></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005coddsidemargin"></a>
-<p>Selects one- or two-sided layout; default is <code class="code">oneside</code>, except
+<dd><p>Selects one- or two-sided layout; default is <code class="code">oneside</code>, except
that in the <code class="code">book</code> class the default is <code class="code">twoside</code>.
</p>
<p>For one-sided printing, the text is centered on the page. For two-sided
@@ -1391,43 +1736,54 @@ the time at the bottom of each note.
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section-level-extent" id="Additional-packages">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cusepackage">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Class-and-package-construction" accesskey="n" rel="next">Class and package construction</a>, Previous: <a href="#Document-class-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document class options</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document classes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Class-and-package-creation" accesskey="n" rel="next">Class and package creation</a>, Previous: <a href="#Document-class-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document class options</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document classes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="Additional-packages-1">3.2 Additional packages</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cusepackage_003a-Additional-packages"><span>3.2 <code class="code">\usepackage</code>: Additional packages<a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cusepackage_003a-Additional-packages"> &para;</a></span></h3>
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-loading-additional-packages"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="Additional-packages"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-loading-additional-packages"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-packages_002c-loading-additional"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-additional-packages_002c-loading"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cusepackage"></a>
-<p>Load a package <var class="var">pkg</var>, with the package options given in the comma-separated
-list <var class="var">options</var>, as here.
+<p>To load a package <var class="var">pkg</var>, with the package options given in the
+comma-separated list <var class="var">options</var>:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage[<var class="var">options</var>]{<var class="var">pkg</var>}.
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage[<var class="var">options</var>]{<var class="var">pkg</var>}[<var class="var">mindate</var>]
</pre></div>
<p>To specify more than one package you can separate them with a comma,
as in <code class="code">\usepackage{<var class="var">pkg1</var>,<var class="var">pkg2</var>,...}</code>, or use multiple
<code class="code">\usepackage</code> commands.
</p>
+<p>If the <var class="var">mindate</var> optional argument is given, LaTeX gives a
+warning if the loaded package has an earlier date, i.e., is too old.
+The <var class="var">mindate</var> argument must be in the form <code class="code">YYYY/MM/DD</code>.
+More info on this: <a class="url" href="https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/47743">https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/47743</a>.
+</p>
+<p><code class="code">\usepackage</code> must be used in the document preamble, between the
+<code class="code">\documentclass</code> declaration and the <code class="code">\begin{document}</code>.
+Occasionally it is necessary to load packages before the
+<code class="code">\documentclass</code>; see <code class="code">\RequirePackage</code> for that
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cRequirePackage">\RequirePackage</a>).
+</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-global-options-1"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-options_002c-global"></a>
-<p>Any options given in the <code class="code">\documentclass</code> command that are unknown
-to the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with
-<code class="code">\usepackage</code>.
+<p>Any options given in the global <code class="code">\documentclass</code> command that are
+unknown to the selected document class are passed on to the packages
+loaded with <code class="code">\usepackage</code>.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section-level-extent" id="Class-and-package-construction">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="Class-and-package-creation">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#Additional-packages" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Additional packages</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document classes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cusepackage" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\usepackage</code>: Additional packages</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document classes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="Class-and-package-construction-1">3.3 Class and package construction</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Class-and-package-creation-1"><span>3.3 Class and package creation<a class="copiable-link" href="#Class-and-package-creation-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-document-class-commands"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-commands_002c-document-class"></a>
@@ -1439,38 +1795,39 @@ standard header for each page, then you could create a new class
<code class="code">smcmemo.cls</code> and begin your documents with
<code class="code">\documentclass{smcmemo}</code>.
</p>
-<p>What separates a package from a document class is that the commands in a
-package are useful across classes while those in a document class are
-specific to that class. Thus, a command to set page headers is for a
-package while a command to make the page headers say <code class="code">Memo from the
-SMC Math Department</code> is for a class.
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-class-and-package-difference"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-difference-between-class-and-package"></a>
-</p>
-<p>Inside of a class or package file you can use the at-sign <code class="code">@</code> as a
-character in command names without having to surround the code
-containing that command with <code class="code">\makeatletter</code> and
-<code class="code">\makeatother</code>. See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother"><code class="code">\makeatletter</code> &amp; <code class="code">\makeatother</code></a>. This allow
-you to create commands that users will not accidentally redefine.
-Another technique is to preface class- or package-specific commands with
-some string to prevent your class or package from interfering with
-others. For instance, the class <code class="code">smcmemo</code> might have commands
+<p>What separates a package from a document class is that the commands in
+a package are useful across classes while those in a document class
+are specific to that class. Thus, a command to set page headers is
+for a package while a command to make the page headers be
+<code class="code">Memo from the SMC Math Department</code> is for a class.
+</p>
+<p>Inside of a class or package definition you can use the at-sign
+<code class="code">@</code> as a character in command names without having to surround
+the code containing that command with <code class="code">\makeatletter</code> and
+<code class="code">\makeatother</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother"><code class="code">\makeatletter</code> &amp; <code class="code">\makeatother</code></a>). This
+allows you to create commands that users will not accidentally
+redefine.
+</p>
+<p>It is also highly desirable to prefix class- or package-specific
+commands with your package name or similar string, to prevent your
+definitions from clashing with those from other packages. For
+instance, the class <code class="code">smcmemo</code> might have commands
<code class="code">\smc@tolist</code>, <code class="code">\smc@fromlist</code>, etc.
</p>
-
<ul class="mini-toc">
<li><a href="#Class-and-package-structure" accesskey="1">Class and package structure</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Class-and-package-commands" accesskey="2">Class and package commands</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Class-and-package-structure">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Class-and-package-commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Class and package commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Class-and-package-construction" accesskey="u" rel="up">Class and package construction</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Up: <a href="#Class-and-package-creation" accesskey="u" rel="up">Class and package creation</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="Class-and-package-structure-1">3.3.1 Class and package structure</h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="Class-and-package-structure-1"><span>3.3.1 Class and package structure<a class="copiable-link" href="#Class-and-package-structure-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-class-and-package-structure"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-class-file-layout"></a>
@@ -1481,7 +1838,8 @@ Next: <a href="#Class-and-package-commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Class and p
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package-options"></a>
<p>A class file or package file typically has four parts.
-</p><ol class="enumerate">
+</p>
+<ol class="enumerate">
<li> In the <em class="dfn">identification part</em>, the file says that it is a LaTeX
package or class and describes itself, using the <code class="code">\NeedsTeXFormat</code>
and <code class="code">\ProvidesClass</code> or <code class="code">\ProvidesPackage</code> commands.
@@ -1507,6 +1865,7 @@ usually does most of its work: declaring new variables, commands and
fonts, and loading other files.
</li></ol>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-class-file-example"></a>
<p>Here is a starting class file, which should be saved as <samp class="file">stub.cls</samp>
where LaTeX can find it, for example in the same directory as the
<samp class="file">.tex</samp> file.
@@ -1518,435 +1877,22 @@ where LaTeX can find it, for example in the same directory as the
\ProcessOptions\relax
\LoadClass{article}
</pre></div>
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-class-file-example"></a>
<p>It identifies itself, handles the class options via the default of
passing them all to the <code class="code">article</code> class, and then loads the
<code class="code">article</code> class to provide the basis for this class&rsquo;s code.
</p>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-clsguide-document"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Class-Guide_002c-document"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-class-writing-tutorial-document"></a>
<p>For more, see the official guide for class and package writers, the
-Class Guide, at
-<a class="url" href="https://www.latex-project.org/help/documentation/clsguide.pdf">https://www.latex-project.org/help/documentation/clsguide.pdf</a> (much
-of the descriptions here derive from this document), or the tutorial
-<a class="url" href="https://www.tug.org/TUGboat/tb26-3/tb84heff.pdf">https://www.tug.org/TUGboat/tb26-3/tb84heff.pdf</a>.
+Class Guide, at <a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/clsguide">https://ctan.org/pkg/clsguide</a> (much of the
+description here derives from this document), or the tutorial at
+<a class="url" href="https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb26-3/tb84heff.pdf">https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb26-3/tb84heff.pdf</a>.
</p>
-
-<hr>
-</div>
-<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Class-and-package-commands">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Previous: <a href="#Class-and-package-structure" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Class and package structure</a>, Up: <a href="#Class-and-package-construction" accesskey="u" rel="up">Class and package construction</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="Class-and-package-commands-1">3.3.2 Class and package commands</h4>
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-class-and-package-commands"></a>
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-commands_002c-class-and-package"></a>
-
-<p>These are the commands designed to help writers of classes or packages.
+<p>See <a class="xref" href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a>, for some of the commands
+specifically intended for class and package writers.
</p>
-<dl class="table">
-<dt id='index-_005cAtBeginDvi'><span><code class="code">\AtBeginDvi{specials}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cAtBeginDvi'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Save in a box register things that are written to the <samp class="file">.dvi</samp> file
-at the beginning of the shipout of the first page of the document.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cAtEndOfClass'><span><code class="code">\AtEndOfClass{<var class="var">code</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cAtEndOfClass'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt><code class="code">\AtEndOfPackage{<var class="var">code</var>}</code></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cAtEndOfPackage"></a>
-<p>Hook to insert <var class="var">code</var> to be executed when LaTeX finishes
-processing the current class or package. You can use these hooks
-multiple times; the <code class="code">code</code> will be executed in the order that you
-called it. See also <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument"><code class="code">\AtBeginDocument</code></a>.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cCheckCommand'><span><code class="code">\CheckCommand{<var class="var">cmd</var>}[<var class="var">num</var>][<var class="var">default</var>]{<var class="var">definition</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cCheckCommand'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt><code class="code">\CheckCommand*{<var class="var">cmd</var>}[<var class="var">num</var>][<var class="var">default</var>]{<var class="var">definition</var>}</code></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cCheckCommand_002a"></a>
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-new-command_002c-checking"></a>
-<p>Like <code class="code">\newcommand</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><code class="code">\newcommand</code> &amp; <code class="code">\renewcommand</code></a>) but does
-not define <var class="var">cmd</var>; instead it checks that the current definition of
-<var class="var">cmd</var> is exactly as given by <var class="var">definition</var> and is or is not
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-long-command"></a>
-<em class="dfn">long</em> as expected. A long command is a command that accepts
-<code class="code">\par</code> within an argument. The <var class="var">cmd</var> command is expected to be
-long with the unstarred version of <code class="code">\CheckCommand</code>. Raises an
-error when the check fails. This allows you to check before you start
-redefining <code class="code">cmd</code> yourself that no other package has already
-redefined this command.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cClassError'><span><code class="code">\ClassError{<var class="var">class name</var>}{<var class="var">error text</var>}{<var class="var">help text</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cClassError'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt><code class="code">\ClassWarning{<var class="var">class name</var>}{<var class="var">warning text</var>}</code></dt>
-<dt><code class="code">\ClassWarningNoLine{<var class="var">class name</var>}{<var class="var">warning text</var>}</code></dt>
-<dt><code class="code">\ClassInfo{<var class="var">class name</var>}{<var class="var">info text</var>}</code></dt>
-<dt><code class="code">\ClassInfoNoLine{<var class="var">class name</var>}{<var class="var">info text</var>}</code></dt>
-<dt><code class="code">\PackageError{<var class="var">package name</var>}{<var class="var">error text</var>}{<var class="var">help text</var>}</code></dt>
-<dt><code class="code">\PackageWarning{<var class="var">package name</var>}{<var class="var">warning text</var>}</code></dt>
-<dt><code class="code">\PackageWarningNoLine{<var class="var">package name</var>}{<var class="var">warning text</var>}</code></dt>
-<dt><code class="code">\PackageInfo{<var class="var">package name</var>}{<var class="var">info text</var>}</code></dt>
-<dt><code class="code">\PackageInfoNoLine{<var class="var">package name</var>}{<var class="var">info text</var>}</code></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cPackageError"></a>
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cClassWarning"></a>
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cPackageWarning"></a>
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cClassWarningNoLine"></a>
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cPackageWarningNoLine"></a>
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cClassInfo"></a>
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cPackageInfo"></a>
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cClassInfoNoLine"></a>
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cPackageInfoNoLine"></a>
-<p>Produce an error message, or warning or informational messages.
-</p>
-<p>For <code class="code">\ClassError</code> and <code class="code">\PackageError</code> the message is
-<var class="var">error text</var>, followed by TeX&rsquo;s <code class="code">?</code> error prompt. If the
-user then asks for help by typing <code class="code">h</code>, they see the <var class="var">help
-text</var>.
-</p>
-<p>The four warning commands are similar except that they write
-<var class="var">warning text</var> on the screen with no error prompt. The four info
-commands write <var class="var">info text</var> only in the transcript file. The
-<code class="code">NoLine</code> versions do not show the number of the line generating the
-message, while the other versions do show that number.
-</p>
-<p>To format the messages, including the <var class="var">help text</var>: use
-<code class="code">\protect</code> to stop a command from expanding, get a line break with
-<code class="code">\MessageBreak</code>, and get a space with <code class="code">\space</code> when a space
-character does not allow it, like after a command. Note that LaTeX
-appends a period to the messages.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cCurrentOption'><span><code class="code">\CurrentOption</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cCurrentOption'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Expands to the name of the currently-being-processed option. Can only
-be used within the <var class="var">code</var> argument of either <code class="code">\DeclareOption</code>
-or <code class="code">\DeclareOption*</code>.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cDeclareOption'><span><code class="code">\DeclareOption{<var class="var">option</var>}{<var class="var">code</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cDeclareOption'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt><code class="code">\DeclareOption*{<var class="var">code</var>}</code></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cDeclareOption_002a"></a>
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-class-options-2"></a>
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package-options-1"></a>
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-options_002c-class"></a>
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-options_002c-package-1"></a>
-<p>Make an option available to a user to invoke in their
-<code class="code">\documentclass</code> command. For example, the <code class="code">smcmemo</code> class
-could have an option <code class="code">\documentclass[logo]{smcmemo}</code> allowing
-users to put the institutional logo on the first page. The class file
-must contain <code class="code">\DeclareOption{logo}{<var class="var">code</var>}</code> (and later,
-<code class="code">\ProcessOptions</code>).
-</p>
-<p>If you request an option that has not been declared, by default this
-will produce a warning like <code class="code">Unused global option(s):
-[badoption].</code> Change this behavior with the starred version
-<code class="code">\DeclareOption*{<var class="var">code</var>}</code>. For example, many classes
-extend an existing class, using a command such as
-<code class="code">\LoadClass{article}</code>, and for passing extra options to the
-underlying class use code such as this.
-</p>
-<div class="example">
-<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareOption*{%
-\PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}%
-}
-</pre></div>
-
-<p>Another example is that the class <code class="code">smcmemo</code> may allow users to keep
-lists of memo recipients in external files. Then the user could invoke
-<code class="code">\documentclass[math]{smcmemo}</code> and it will read the file
-<code class="code">math.memo</code>. This code handles the file if it exists and otherwise
-passes the option to the <code class="code">article</code> class.
-</p>
-<div class="example">
-<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareOption*{\InputIfFileExists{\CurrentOption.memo}{}{%
- \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}}}
-</pre></div>
-
-</dd>
-<dt><code class="code">\DeclareRobustCommand{<var class="var">cmd</var>}[<var class="var">num</var>][<var class="var">default</var>]{<var class="var">definition</var>}</code></dt>
-<dt id='index-_005cDeclareRobustCommand'><span><code class="code">* \DeclareRobustCommand*{<var class="var">cmd</var>}[<var class="var">num</var>][<var class="var">default</var>]{<var class="var">definition</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cDeclareRobustCommand'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cDeclareRobustCommand_002a"></a>
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-new-command_002c-definition"></a>
-<p>Like <code class="code">\newcommand</code> and <code class="code">\newcommand*</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><code class="code">\newcommand</code> &amp; <code class="code">\renewcommand</code></a>) but these declare a robust command, even if some code
-within the <var class="var">definition</var> is fragile. (For a discussion of robust and
-fragile commands see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>.) Use this command to define new
-robust commands or to redefine existing commands and make them
-robust. Unlike <code class="code">\newcommand</code> these do not give an error if macro
-<var class="var">cmd</var> already exists; instead, a log message is put into the
-transcript file if a command is redefined.
-</p>
-<p>Commands defined this way are a bit less efficient than those defined
-using <code class="code">\newcommand</code> so unless the command&rsquo;s data is fragile and the
-command is used within a moving argument, use <code class="code">\newcommand</code>.
-</p>
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-etoolbox"></a>
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-etoolbox-package"></a>
-<p>The <code class="code">etoolbox</code> package offers the commands
-<code class="code">\newrobustcmd</code>, <code class="code">\newrobustcmd*</code>, as well as the commands
-<code class="code">\renewrobustcmd</code>, <code class="code">\renewrobustcmd*</code>, and the commands
-<code class="code">\providerobustcmd</code>, and <code class="code">\providerobustcmd*</code>. These are
-similar to <code class="code">\newcommand</code>, <code class="code">\newcommand*</code>,
-<code class="code">\renewcommand</code>, <code class="code">\renewcommand*</code>, <code class="code">\providecommand</code>, and
-<code class="code">\providecommand*</code>, but define a robust <var class="var">cmd</var> with two
-advantages as compared to <code class="code">\DeclareRobustCommand</code>:
-</p><ol class="enumerate">
-<li> They use the low-level e-TeX protection mechanism rather than the
-higher level LaTeX <code class="code">\protect</code> mechanism, so they do not incur
-the slight loss of performance mentioned above, and
-</li><li> They make the same distinction between <code class="code">\new&hellip;</code>,
-<code class="code">\renew&hellip;</code>, and <code class="code">\provide&hellip;</code>, as the standard
-commands, so they do not just make a log message when you redefine
-<var class="var">cmd</var> that already exists, in that case you need to use either
-<code class="code">\renew&hellip;</code> or <code class="code">\provide&hellip;</code> or you get an error.
-</li></ol>
-
-</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cIfFileExists'><span><code class="code">\IfFileExists{<var class="var">filename</var>}{<var class="var">true code</var>}{<var class="var">false code</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cIfFileExists'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt><code class="code">\InputIfFileExists{<var class="var">filename</var>}{<var class="var">true code</var>}{<var class="var">false code</var>}</code></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cInputIfFileExists"></a>
-<p>Execute <var class="var">true code</var> if LaTeX finds the file <samp class="file"><var class="var">file
-name</var></samp> or <var class="var">false code</var> otherwise. In the first case it executing
-<var class="var">true code</var> and then inputs the file. Thus the command
-</p>
-<div class="example">
-<pre class="example-preformatted">\IfFileExists{img.pdf}{%
- \includegraphics{img.pdf}}{\typeout{!! img.pdf not found}
-</pre></div>
-
-<p>will include the graphic <samp class="file">img.pdf</samp> if it is found and otherwise
-give a warning.
-</p>
-<p>This command looks for the file in all search paths that LaTeX uses,
-not only in the current directory. To look only in the current
-directory do something like <code class="code">\IfFileExists{./filename}{<var class="var">true
-code</var>}{<var class="var">false code</var>}</code>. If you ask for a filename without a
-<code class="code">.tex</code> extension then LaTeX will first look for the file by
-appending the <code class="code">.tex</code>; for more on how LaTeX handles file
-extensions see <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cinput"><code class="code">\input</code></a>.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cLoadClass'><span><code class="code">\LoadClass[<var class="var">options list</var>]{<var class="var">class name</var>}[<var class="var">release date</var>]</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cLoadClass'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt><code class="code">\LoadClassWithOptions{<var class="var">class name</var>}[<var class="var">release date</var>]</code></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cLoadClassWithOptions"></a>
-<p>Load a class, as with <code class="code">\documentclass[<var class="var">options
-list</var>]{<var class="var">class name</var>}[<var class="var">release info</var>]</code>. An example is
-<code class="code">\LoadClass[twoside]{article}</code>.
-</p>
-<p>The <var class="var">options list</var>, if present, is a comma-separated list. The
-<var class="var">release date</var> is optional. If present it must have the form
-<var class="var">YYYY/MM/DD</var>.
-</p>
-<p>If you request a <var class="var">release date</var> and the date of the package
-installed on your system is earlier, then you get a warning on the
-screen and in the log like this.
-</p>
-<div class="example">
-<pre class="example-preformatted">You have requested, on input line 4, version `2038/01/19' of
-document class article, but only version `2014/09/29 v1.4h
-Standard LaTeX document class' is available.
-</pre></div>
-
-<p>The command version <code class="code">\LoadClassWithOptions</code> uses the list of
-options for the current class. This means it ignores any options passed
-to it via <code class="code">\PassOptionsToClass</code>. This is a convenience command
-that lets you build classes on existing ones, such as the standard
-<code class="code">article</code> class, without having to track which options were passed.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cExecuteOptions'><span><code class="code">\ExecuteOptions{<var class="var">options-list</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cExecuteOptions'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>For each option <var class="var">option</var> in the <var class="var">options-list</var>, in order, this command
-executes the command <code class="code">\ds@<var class="var">option</var></code>. If this command is not
-defined then that option is silently ignored.
-</p>
-<p>It can be used to provide a default option list before
-<code class="code">\ProcessOptions</code>. For example, if in a class file you want the
-default to be 11pt fonts then you could specify
-<code class="code">\ExecuteOptions{11pt}\ProcessOptions\relax</code>.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cNeedsTeXFormat'><span><code class="code">\NeedsTeXFormat{<var class="var">format</var>}[<var class="var">format date</var>]</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cNeedsTeXFormat'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Specifies the format that this class must be run under. Often issued
-as the first line of a class file, and most often used as:
-<code class="code">\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}</code>. When a document using that class is
-processed, the format name given here must match the format that is
-actually being run (including that the <var class="var">format</var> string is case
-sensitive). If it does not match then execution stops with an error
-like &lsquo;<samp class="samp">This file needs format `LaTeX2e' but this is `xxx'.</samp>&rsquo;
-</p>
-<p>To specify a version of the format that you know to have certain
-features, include the optional <var class="var">format date</var> on which those features
-were implemented. If present it must be in the form <code class="code">YYYY/MM/DD</code>.
-If the format version installed on your system is earlier than
-<var class="var">format date</var> then you get a warning like this.
-</p>
-<div class="example">
-<pre class="example-preformatted">You have requested release `2038/01/20' of LaTeX, but only
-release `2016/02/01' is available.
-</pre></div>
-
-</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cOptionNotUsed'><span><code class="code">\OptionNotUsed</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cOptionNotUsed'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Adds the current option to the list of unused options. Can only be used
-within the <var class="var">code</var> argument of either <code class="code">\DeclareOption</code> or
-<code class="code">\DeclareOption*</code>.
-</p>
-
-</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cPassOptionsToClass'><span><code class="code">\PassOptionsToClass{<var class="var">option list</var>}{<var class="var">class name</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cPassOptionsToClass'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt><code class="code">\PassOptionsToPackage{<var class="var">option list</var>}{<var class="var">package name</var>}</code></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cPassOptionsToPackage"></a>
-<p>Adds the options in the comma-separated list <var class="var">option list</var> to the
-options used by any future <code class="code">\RequirePackage</code> or <code class="code">\usepackage</code>
-command for package <var class="var">package name</var> or the class <var class="var">class name</var>.
-</p>
-<p>The reason for these commands is: you may load a package any number of
-times with no options but if you want options then you may only supply
-them when you first load the package. Loading a package with options
-more than once will get you an error like <code class="code">Option clash for package
-foo.</code> (LaTeX throws an error even if there is no conflict between the
-options.)
-</p>
-<p>If your own code is bringing in a package twice then you can collapse
-that to once, for example replacing the two
-<code class="code">\RequirePackage[landscape]{geometry}</code> and
-<code class="code">\RequirePackage[margins=1in]{geometry}</code> with the single command
-<code class="code">\RequirePackage[landscape,margins=1in]{geometry}</code>.
-</p>
-<p>However, imagine that you are loading <samp class="file">firstpkg</samp> and inside that
-package it loads <samp class="file">secondpkg</samp>, and you need the second package to be
-loaded with option <code class="code">draft</code>. Then before doing the first package
-you must queue up the options for the second package, like this.
-</p>
-<div class="example">
-<pre class="example-preformatted">\PassOptionsToPackage{draft}{secondpkg}
-\RequirePackage{firstpkg}
-</pre></div>
-
-<p>(If <code class="code">firstpkg.sty</code> loads an option in conflict with what you want
-then you may have to alter its source.)
-</p>
-<p>These commands are useful for general users as well as class and package
-writers. For instance, suppose a user wants to load the <code class="code">graphicx</code>
-package with the option <code class="code">draft</code> and also wants to use a class
-<code class="code">foo</code> that loads the <code class="code">graphicx</code> package, but without that
-option. The user could start their LaTeX file with
-<code class="code">\PassOptionsToPackage{draft}{graphicx}\documentclass{foo}</code>.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cProcessOptions'><span><code class="code">\ProcessOptions</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cProcessOptions'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt><code class="code">\ProcessOptions*<var class="var">\@options</var></code></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cProcessOptions_002a"></a>
-<p>Execute the code for each option that the user has invoked. Include it
-in the class file as <code class="code">\ProcessOptions\relax</code> (because of the
-existence of the starred command).
-</p>
-<p>Options come in two types. <em class="dfn">Local options</em> have been specified for this
-particular package in the <var class="var">options</var> argument of
-<code class="code">\PassOptionsToPackage{<var class="var">options</var>}</code>,
-<code class="code">\usepackage[<var class="var">options</var>]</code>, or
-<code class="code">\RequirePackage[<var class="var">options</var>]</code>. <em class="dfn">Global options</em> are those given
-by the class user in <code class="code">\documentclass[<var class="var">options</var>]</code> (If an option
-is specified both locally and globally then it is local.)
-</p>
-<p>When <code class="code">\ProcessOptions</code> is called for a package <samp class="file">pkg.sty</samp>, the
-following happens:
-</p><ol class="enumerate">
-<li> For each option <var class="var">option</var> so far declared
-with <code class="code">\DeclareOption</code>, it looks to see if that option is either a
-global or a local option for <code class="code">pkg</code>. If so then it executes the
-declared code. This is done in the order in which these options were
-given in <samp class="file">pkg.sty</samp>.
-</li><li> For each remaining local option, it executes the command
-<code class="code">\ds@</code><var class="var">option</var> if it has been defined somewhere (other than by
-a <code class="code">\DeclareOption</code>); otherwise, it executes the default option code
-given in <code class="code">\DeclareOption*</code>. If no default option code has been
-declared then it gives an error message. This is done in the order in
-which these options were specified.
-</li></ol>
-
-<p>When <code class="code">\ProcessOptions</code> is called for a class it works in the same
-way except that all options are local, and the default <var class="var">code</var> for
-<code class="code">\DeclareOption*</code> is <code class="code">\OptionNotUsed</code> rather than an error.
-</p>
-<p>The starred version <code class="code">\ProcessOptions*</code> executes the
-options in the order specified in the calling commands, rather than in
-the order of declaration in the class or package. For a package this
-means that the global options are processed first.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cProvidesClass'><span><code class="code">\ProvidesClass{<var class="var">class name</var>}[<var class="var">release date</var> <var class="var">brief additional information</var>]</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cProvidesClass'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt><code class="code">\ProvidesClass{<var class="var">class name</var>}[<var class="var">release date</var>]</code></dt>
-<dt><code class="code">\ProvidesPackage{<var class="var">package name</var>}[<var class="var">release date</var> <var class="var">brief additional information</var>]</code></dt>
-<dt><code class="code">\ProvidesPackage{<var class="var">package name</var>}[<var class="var">release date</var>]</code></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cProvidesPackage"></a>
-<p>Identifies the class or package, printing a message to the screen and
-the log file.
-</p>
-<p>When you load a class or package, for example with
-<code class="code">\documentclass{smcmemo}</code> or <code class="code">\usepackage{test}</code>, LaTeX
-inputs a file. If the name of the file does not match the class or
-package name declared in it then you get a warning. Thus, if you invoke
-<code class="code">\documentclass{smcmemo}</code>, and the file <samp class="file">smcmemo.cls</samp> has
-the statement <code class="code">\ProvidesClass{xxx}</code> then you get a warning like
-<code class="code">You have requested document class `smcmemo', but the document
-class provides 'xxx'.</code> This warning does not prevent LaTeX from
-processing the rest of the class file normally.
-</p>
-<p>If you include the optional argument then you must include a date,
-before any spaces, of the form <code class="code">YYYY/MM/DD</code>. The rest of the
-optional argument is free-form, although it traditionally identifies the
-class, and is written to the screen during compilation and to the log
-file. Thus, if your file <samp class="file">smcmemo.cls</samp> contains the line
-<code class="code">\ProvidesClass{smcmemo}[2008/06/01 v1.0 SMC memo class]</code> and
-your document&rsquo;s first line is <code class="code">\documentclass{smcmemo}</code> then you
-will see <code class="code">Document Class: smcmemo 2008/06/01 v1.0 SMC memo class</code>.
-</p>
-<p>The date in the optional argument allows class and package users to ask
-to be warned if the version of the class or package is earlier than
-<var class="var">release date</var>. For instance, a user could enter
-<code class="code">\documentclass{smcmemo}[2018/10/12]</code> or
-<code class="code">\usepackage{foo}[[2017/07/07]]</code> to require a class or package
-with certain features by specifying that it must be released no earlier
-than the given date. (Although, in practice package users only rarely
-include a date, and class users almost never do.)
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cProvidesFile'><span><code class="code">\ProvidesFile{<var class="var">filename</var>}[<var class="var">additional information</var>]</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cProvidesFile'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Declare a file other than the main class and package files, such as
-configuration files or font definition files. Put this command in that
-file and you get in the log a string like <code class="code">File: test.config
-2017/10/12 config file for test.cls</code> for <var class="var">filename</var> equal to
-&lsquo;<samp class="samp">test.config</samp>&rsquo; and <var class="var">additional information</var> equal to
-&lsquo;<samp class="samp">2017/10/12 config file for test.cls</samp>&rsquo;.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cRequirePackage'><span><code class="code">\RequirePackage[<var class="var">option list</var>]{<var class="var">package name</var>}[<var class="var">release date</var>]</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cRequirePackage'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt><code class="code">\RequirePackageWithOptions{<var class="var">package name</var>}[<var class="var">release date</var>]</code></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cRequirePackageWithOptions"></a>
-<p>Load a package, like the command <code class="code">\usepackage</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a>). The LaTeX development team strongly recommends use of
-these commands over Plain&nbsp;TeX&rsquo;s <code class="code">\input</code>; see the Class
-Guide. An example is
-<code class="code">\RequirePackage[landscape,margin=1in]{geometry}</code>.
-</p>
-<p>The <var class="var">option list</var>, if present, is a comma-separated list. The
-<var class="var">release date</var>, if present, must have the form <var class="var">YYYY/MM/DD</var>. If
-the release date of the package as installed on your system is earlier
-than <var class="var">release date</var> then you get a warning like <code class="code">You have
-requested, on input line 9, version `2017/07/03' of package jhtest, but
-only version `2000/01/01' is available</code>.
-</p>
-<p>The <code class="code">\RequirePackageWithOptions</code> version uses the list of options
-for the current class. This means it ignores any options passed to it
-via <code class="code">\PassOptionsToClass</code>. This is a convenience command to allow
-easily building classes on existing ones without having to track which
-options were passed.
-</p>
-<p>The difference between <code class="code">\usepackage</code> and <code class="code">\RequirePackage</code> is
-small. The <code class="code">\usepackage</code> command is intended for the document file
-while <code class="code">\RequirePackage</code> is intended for package and class files.
-Thus, using <code class="code">\usepackage</code> before the <code class="code">\documentclass</code> command
-causes LaTeX to give error like <code class="code">\usepackage before
-\documentclass</code>, but you can use <code class="code">\RequirePackage</code> there.
-</p></dd>
-</dl>
-
<hr>
</div>
@@ -1957,7 +1903,7 @@ causes LaTeX to give error like <code class="code">\usepackage before
<p>
Next: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="n" rel="next">Layout</a>, Previous: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document classes</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h2 class="chapter" id="Fonts-1">4 Fonts</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter" id="Fonts-1"><span>4 Fonts<a class="copiable-link" href="#Fonts-1"> &para;</a></span></h2>
<a class="anchor" id="Typefaces"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-typefaces"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-fonts"></a>
@@ -2012,7 +1958,7 @@ alphabet free fonts available for easy use with LaTeX.
<p>
Next: <a href="#Font-styles" accesskey="n" rel="next">Font styles</a>, Up: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="u" rel="up">Fonts</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="fontenc-package-1">4.1 <code class="code">fontenc</code> package</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="fontenc-package-1"><span>4.1 <code class="code">fontenc</code> package<a class="copiable-link" href="#fontenc-package-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-font-encoding"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-UTF_002d8_002c-font-support-for"></a>
@@ -2061,6 +2007,7 @@ to directly enter accented characters into your source file.)
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-lmodern"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-lmodern-package"></a>
+
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-cm_002dsuper"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-cm_002dsuper-package"></a>
@@ -2075,24 +2022,26 @@ declared, this package loads the encoding definition files, named
<samp class="file"><var class="var">font_encoding</var>enc.def</samp>. It also sets <code class="code">\encodingdefault</code>
to be the last encoding in the option list.
</p>
-<p>These are the common values for <var class="var">font_encoding</var>.
+<p>These are the common values for <var class="var">font_encoding</var>:
</p>
<dl class="table">
-<dt><code class="code">OT1</code></dt>
-<dd><p>The original encoding for TeX. Limited to mostly English characters.
+<dt><a id="index-OT1-encoding"></a><span><code class="code">OT1</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-OT1-encoding"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>The original 7-bit encoding for TeX. Limited to mostly English characters.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code class="code">OMS, OML</code></dt>
<dd><p>Math symbols and math letters encoding.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code class="code">T1</code></dt>
-<dd><p>TeX text extended. Sometimes called the Cork encoding for the Users
-Group meeting where it was developed. Gives access to most European
-accented characters. The most common option for this package.
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Cork-encoding"></a>
+<a id="index-T1-encoding"></a><span><code class="code">T1</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-T1-encoding"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>TeX text extended. Sometimes called the Cork encoding for the
+users group meeting where it was developed (1990). Gives access to
+most European accented characters. The most common option for this
+package.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code class="code">TS1</code></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-TS1-_0028text-companion_0029-encoding"></a><span><code class="code">TS1</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-TS1-_0028text-companion_0029-encoding"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Text Companion encoding.
</p></dd>
</dl>
@@ -2108,13 +2057,13 @@ Modern family then you may need to load the package that selects your
fonts before loading <samp class="file">fontenc</samp>, to prevent the system from loading
any <code class="code">T1</code>&nbsp;encoded fonts from the default.
</p>
-<p>The LaTeX team reserve encoding names starting with: &lsquo;<samp class="samp">T</samp>&rsquo; for the
-standard text encodings with 256 characters, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">TS</samp>&rsquo; for symbols that
-extend the corresponding T encodings, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">X</samp>&rsquo; for test encodings,
-&lsquo;<samp class="samp">M</samp>&rsquo; for standard math encodings with 256 characters, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">A</samp>&rsquo; for
-special applications, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">OT</samp>&rsquo; for standard text encodings with 128
-characters, and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">OM</samp>&rsquo; for standard math encodings with 128
-characters (&lsquo;<samp class="samp">O</samp>&rsquo; stands for &lsquo;<samp class="samp">obsolete</samp>&rsquo;).
+<p>The LaTeX team reserves encoding names starting with: &lsquo;<samp class="samp">T</samp>&rsquo; for
+the standard text encodings with 256 characters, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">TS</samp>&rsquo; for symbols
+that extend the corresponding T encodings, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">X</samp>&rsquo; for test
+encodings, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">M</samp>&rsquo; for standard math encodings with 256 characters,
+&lsquo;<samp class="samp">A</samp>&rsquo; for special applications, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">OT</samp>&rsquo; for standard text
+encodings with 128 characters, and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">OM</samp>&rsquo; for standard math
+encodings with 128 characters (&lsquo;<samp class="samp">O</samp>&rsquo; stands for &lsquo;<samp class="samp">obsolete</samp>&rsquo;).
</p>
<p>This package provides a number of commands, detailed below. Many of
them are encoding-specific, so if you have defined a command that works
@@ -2142,7 +2091,7 @@ is not in effect.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\DeclareTextAccent</code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">fontenc</code> package</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding-1">4.1.1 <code class="code">\DeclareFontEncoding</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding-1"><span>4.1.1 <code class="code">\DeclareFontEncoding</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-font-encoding_002c-declaring"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-encoding_002c-font"></a>
@@ -2194,7 +2143,7 @@ should only contain declarations specific to that encoding.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\DeclareTextAccentDefault</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\DeclareFontEncoding</code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">fontenc</code> package</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent-1">4.1.2 <code class="code">\DeclareTextAccent</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent-1"><span>4.1.2 <code class="code">\DeclareTextAccent</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-font-encoding-1"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-accents_002c-defining-1"></a>
@@ -2235,7 +2184,7 @@ transcript file.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\DeclareTextCommand</code> &amp; <code class="code">\ProvideTextCommand</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\DeclareTextAccent</code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">fontenc</code> package</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault-1">4.1.3 <code class="code">\DeclareTextAccentDefault</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault-1"><span>4.1.3 <code class="code">\DeclareTextAccentDefault</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-accents_002c-defining-2"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cDeclareTextAccent-1"></a>
@@ -2281,7 +2230,7 @@ definition for that accent then LaTeX will use the definition from
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code> &amp; <code class="code">\ProvideTextCommandDefault </code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\DeclareTextAccentDefault</code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">fontenc</code> package</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand-1">4.1.4 <code class="code">\DeclareTextCommand</code> &amp; <code class="code">\ProvideTextCommand</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand-1"><span>4.1.4 <code class="code">\DeclareTextCommand</code> &amp; <code class="code">\ProvideTextCommand</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cProvideTextCommand"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cDeclareTextCommand"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cProvideTextCommand"></a>
@@ -2350,7 +2299,7 @@ take an optional argument.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\DeclareTextComposite</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\DeclareTextCommand</code> &amp; <code class="code">\ProvideTextCommand</code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">fontenc</code> package</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault-">4.1.5 <code class="code">\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code> &amp; <code class="code">\ProvideTextCommandDefault </code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault-"><span>4.1.5 <code class="code">\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code> &amp; <code class="code">\ProvideTextCommandDefault </code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault-"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cProvideTextCommandDefault"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault"></a>
@@ -2397,7 +2346,7 @@ that other packages can improve upon.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code> &amp; <code class="code">\ProvideTextCommandDefault </code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">fontenc</code> package</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite-1">4.1.6 <code class="code">\DeclareTextComposite</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite-1"><span>4.1.6 <code class="code">\DeclareTextComposite</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-accents_002c-defining-3"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cDeclareTextComposite"></a>
@@ -2436,7 +2385,7 @@ the <code class="code">\DeclareTextAccent{\^}{T1}{2}</code> command.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\DeclareTextSymbol</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\DeclareTextComposite</code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">fontenc</code> package</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand-1">4.1.7 <code class="code">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand-1"><span>4.1.7 <code class="code">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-accents_002c-defining-4"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand"></a>
@@ -2469,7 +2418,7 @@ or as a one argument <code class="code">\DeclareTextCommand</code>.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">fontenc</code> package</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol-1">4.1.8 <code class="code">\DeclareTextSymbol</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol-1"><span>4.1.8 <code class="code">\DeclareTextSymbol</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-symbol_002c-defining"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cDeclareTextSymbol-1"></a>
@@ -2488,10 +2437,10 @@ mathematics.
glyph to use for &#x00AB;, the left guillemet.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareTextSymbol{\guillemotleft}{T1}{19}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareTextSymbol{\guillemetleft}{T1}{19}
</pre></div>
-<p>The command <code class="code">\DeclareTextCommand{\guillemotleft}{T1}{\char
+<p>The command <code class="code">\DeclareTextCommand{\guillemetleft}{T1}{\char
19}</code> has the same effect but is slower (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand"><code class="code">\DeclareTextCommand</code> &amp; <code class="code">\ProvideTextCommand</code></a>).
</p>
<p>See <a class="xref" href="#fontenc-package"><code class="code">fontenc</code> package</a>, for a list of common encodings. The <var class="var">slot</var>
@@ -2511,7 +2460,7 @@ redefinition in the transcript file.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\LastDeclaredEncoding</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\DeclareTextSymbol</code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">fontenc</code> package</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault-1">4.1.9 <code class="code">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault-1"><span>4.1.9 <code class="code">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-accents_002c-defining-5"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cDeclareTextSymbol-2"></a>
@@ -2553,7 +2502,7 @@ default for any zero-argument <samp class="file">fontenc</samp> command.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\UseTextSymbol</code> &amp; <code class="code">\UseTextAccent</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">fontenc</code> package</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding-1">4.1.10 <code class="code">\LastDeclaredEncoding</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding-1"><span>4.1.10 <code class="code">\LastDeclaredEncoding</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cLastDeclaredEncoding"></a>
@@ -2583,7 +2532,7 @@ name of the encoding explicitly.
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\LastDeclaredEncoding</code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">fontenc</code> package</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent-1">4.1.11 <code class="code">\UseTextSymbol</code> &amp; <code class="code">\UseTextAccent</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent-1"><span>4.1.11 <code class="code">\UseTextSymbol</code> &amp; <code class="code">\UseTextAccent</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cUseTextSymbol"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cUseTextAccent"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cUseTextSymbol"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cUseTextAccent"></a>
@@ -2643,7 +2592,7 @@ and only the accent is taken from <code class="code">OT1</code>.
<p>
Next: <a href="#Font-sizes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Font sizes</a>, Previous: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">fontenc</code> package</a>, Up: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="u" rel="up">Fonts</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="Font-styles-1">4.2 Font styles</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Font-styles-1"><span>4.2 Font styles<a class="copiable-link" href="#Font-styles-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-font-styles"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-type-styles"></a>
@@ -2677,54 +2626,54 @@ To suppress the automatic insertion of italic correction, use
<code class="code">\textit{\nocorr text}</code> or <code class="code">\textsc{text \nocorr}</code>.
</p>
<dl class="table">
-<dt id='index-_005ctextrm'><span><code class="code">\textrm (\rmfamily)</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextrm'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005crmfamily"></a>
-<p>Roman.
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005crmfamily"></a>
+<a id="index-_005ctextrm"></a><span><code class="code">\textrm (\rmfamily)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctextrm"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Roman.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextit'><span><code class="code">\textit (\itshape)</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextit'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005citshape"></a>
-<p>Italics.
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005citshape"></a>
+<a id="index-_005ctextit"></a><span><code class="code">\textit (\itshape)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctextit"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Italics.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextmd'><span><code class="code">\textmd (\mdseries)</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextmd'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmdseries"></a>
-<p>Medium weight (default).
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmdseries"></a>
+<a id="index-_005ctextmd"></a><span><code class="code">\textmd (\mdseries)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctextmd"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Medium weight (default).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextbf'><span><code class="code">\textbf (\bfseries)</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextbf'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cbfseries"></a>
-<p>Boldface.
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cbfseries"></a>
+<a id="index-_005ctextbf"></a><span><code class="code">\textbf (\bfseries)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctextbf"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Boldface.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextup'><span><code class="code">\textup (\upshape)</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextup'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cupshape"></a>
-<p>Upright (default).
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cupshape"></a>
+<a id="index-_005ctextup"></a><span><code class="code">\textup (\upshape)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctextup"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Upright (default).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextsl'><span><code class="code">\textsl (\slshape)</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextsl'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cslshape"></a>
-<p>Slanted.
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cslshape"></a>
+<a id="index-_005ctextsl"></a><span><code class="code">\textsl (\slshape)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctextsl"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Slanted.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextsf'><span><code class="code">\textsf (\sffamily)</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextsf'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csffamily"></a>
-<p>Sans serif.
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csffamily"></a>
+<a id="index-_005ctextsf"></a><span><code class="code">\textsf (\sffamily)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctextsf"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Sans serif.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextsc'><span><code class="code">\textsc (\scshape)</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextsc'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cscshape"></a>
-<p>Small caps.
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cscshape"></a>
+<a id="index-_005ctextsc"></a><span><code class="code">\textsc (\scshape)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctextsc"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Small caps.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctexttt'><span><code class="code">\texttt (\ttfamily)</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctexttt'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cttfamily"></a>
-<p>Typewriter.
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cttfamily"></a>
+<a id="index-_005ctexttt"></a><span><code class="code">\texttt (\ttfamily)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctexttt"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Typewriter.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextnormal'><span><code class="code">\textnormal (\normalfont)</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextnormal'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnormalfont"></a>
-<p>Main document font.
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnormalfont"></a>
+<a id="index-_005ctextnormal"></a><span><code class="code">\textnormal (\normalfont)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctextnormal"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Main document font.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
@@ -2749,44 +2698,44 @@ circumstances. But sometimes an unconditional font switch is what is
needed.)
</p>
<dl class="ftable">
-<dt id='index-_005cbf'><span><code class="code">\bf</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbf'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cbf"></a><span><code class="code">\bf</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cbf"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-bold-font"></a>
<p>Switch to bold face.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ccal'><span><code class="code">\cal</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccal'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ccal"></a><span><code class="code">\cal</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ccal"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-script-letters-for-math"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-calligraphic-letters-for-math"></a>
<p>Switch to calligraphic letters for math.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cit'><span><code class="code">\it</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cit'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cit"></a><span><code class="code">\it</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cit"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-italic-font"></a>
<p>Italics.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005crm'><span><code class="code">\rm</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005crm'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005crm"></a><span><code class="code">\rm</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005crm"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-roman-font"></a>
<p>Roman.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005csc'><span><code class="code">\sc</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csc'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005csc"></a><span><code class="code">\sc</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005csc"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-small-caps-font"></a>
<p>Small caps.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005csf'><span><code class="code">\sf</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csf'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005csf"></a><span><code class="code">\sf</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005csf"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-sans-serif-font"></a>
<p>Sans serif.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005csl'><span><code class="code">\sl</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csl'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005csl"></a><span><code class="code">\sl</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005csl"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-slanted-font"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-oblique-font"></a>
<p>Slanted (oblique).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctt'><span><code class="code">\tt</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctt'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctt"></a><span><code class="code">\tt</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctt"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-typewriter-font"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-monospace-font"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-fixed_002dwidth-font"></a>
@@ -2804,19 +2753,19 @@ italics. This is because typically math symbols need consistent
typographic treatment, regardless of the surrounding environment.
</p>
<dl class="table">
-<dt id='index-_005cmathrm'><span><code class="code">\mathrm</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmathrm'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cmathrm"></a><span><code class="code">\mathrm</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cmathrm"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Roman, for use in math mode.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cmathbf'><span><code class="code">\mathbf</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmathbf'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cmathbf"></a><span><code class="code">\mathbf</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cmathbf"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Boldface, for use in math mode.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cmathsf'><span><code class="code">\mathsf</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmathsf'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cmathsf"></a><span><code class="code">\mathsf</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cmathsf"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Sans serif, for use in math mode.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cmathtt'><span><code class="code">\mathtt</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmathtt'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cmathtt"></a><span><code class="code">\mathtt</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cmathtt"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Typewriter, for use in math mode.
</p>
</dd>
@@ -2825,11 +2774,11 @@ typographic treatment, regardless of the surrounding environment.
<dd><p>Italics, for use in math mode.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cmathnormal'><span><code class="code">\mathnormal</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmathnormal'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cmathnormal"></a><span><code class="code">\mathnormal</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cmathnormal"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>For use in math mode, e.g., inside another type style declaration.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cmathcal'><span><code class="code">\mathcal</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmathcal'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cmathcal"></a><span><code class="code">\mathcal</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cmathcal"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Calligraphic letters, for use in math mode.
</p>
</dd>
@@ -2864,7 +2813,7 @@ entry: <a class="url" href="https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-osf">https://www.texfaq.o
<p>
Next: <a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Low-level font commands</a>, Previous: <a href="#Font-styles" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Font styles</a>, Up: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="u" rel="up">Fonts</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="Font-sizes-1">4.3 Font sizes</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Font-sizes-1"><span>4.3 Font sizes<a class="copiable-link" href="#Font-sizes-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-font-sizes"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-typeface-sizes"></a>
@@ -2950,7 +2899,7 @@ this particular use is not rare.)
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Font-sizes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Font sizes</a>, Up: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="u" rel="up">Fonts</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="Low_002dlevel-font-commands-1">4.4 Low-level font commands</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Low_002dlevel-font-commands-1"><span>4.4 Low-level font commands<a class="copiable-link" href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-low_002dlevel-font-commands"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-font-commands_002c-low_002dlevel"></a>
@@ -2961,7 +2910,7 @@ ones.
</p>
<dl class="table">
<dd><a class="anchor" id="low-level-font-commands-fontencoding"></a></dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cfontencoding'><span><code class="code">\fontencoding{<var class="var">encoding</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cfontencoding'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cfontencoding"></a><span><code class="code">\fontencoding{<var class="var">encoding</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cfontencoding"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Select the font encoding, the encoding of the output font. There are a
large number of valid encodings. The most common are <code class="code">OT1</code>,
Knuth&rsquo;s original encoding for Computer Modern (the default), and
@@ -2972,10 +2921,10 @@ hyphenate words containing accented letters. For more, see
<a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/encguide">https://ctan.org/pkg/encguide</a>.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="low-level-font-commands-fontfamily"></a></dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cfontfamily'><span><code class="code">\fontfamily{<var class="var">family</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cfontfamily'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-families_002c-of-fonts"></a>
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-families_002c-of-fonts"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-font-catalogue"></a>
-<p>Select the font family. The web page
+<a id="index-_005cfontfamily"></a><span><code class="code">\fontfamily{<var class="var">family</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cfontfamily"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Select the font family. The web page
<a class="url" href="https://tug.org/FontCatalogue/">https://tug.org/FontCatalogue/</a> provides one way to browse
through many of the fonts easily used with LaTeX. Here are
examples of some common families.
@@ -3006,9 +2955,9 @@ examples of some common families.
<a class="anchor" id="low-level-font-commands-fontseries"></a></dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cfontseries'><span><code class="code">\fontseries{<var class="var">series</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cfontseries'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-series_002c-of-fonts"></a>
-<p>Select the font series. A <em class="dfn">series</em> combines a <em class="dfn">weight</em> and a
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-series_002c-of-fonts"></a>
+<a id="index-_005cfontseries"></a><span><code class="code">\fontseries{<var class="var">series</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cfontseries"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Select the font series. A <em class="dfn">series</em> combines a <em class="dfn">weight</em> and a
<em class="dfn">width</em>. Typically, a font supports only a few of the possible
combinations. Some common combined series values include:
</p>
@@ -3060,9 +3009,9 @@ weight and width are <code class="code">m</code>, in which case use just one
(&lsquo;<samp class="samp"><code class="code">m</code></samp>&rsquo;).
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="low-level-font-commands-fontshape"></a></dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cfontshape'><span><code class="code">\fontshape{<var class="var">shape</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cfontshape'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-shapes_002c-of-fonts"></a>
-<p>Select font shape. Valid shapes are:
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-shapes_002c-of-fonts"></a>
+<a id="index-_005cfontshape"></a><span><code class="code">\fontshape{<var class="var">shape</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cfontshape"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Select font shape. Valid shapes are:
</p>
<table class="multitable">
<tbody><tr><td><code class="code">n</code></td><td>Upright (normal)</td></tr>
@@ -3078,10 +3027,10 @@ weight and width are <code class="code">m</code>, in which case use just one
small caps are often missing as well.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="low-level-font-commands-fontsize"></a></dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cfontsize'><span><code class="code">\fontsize{<var class="var">size</var>}{<var class="var">skip</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cfontsize'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-font-size"></a>
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-font-size"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cbaselineskip"></a>
-<p>Set the font size and the line spacing. The unit of both parameters
+<a id="index-_005cfontsize"></a><span><code class="code">\fontsize{<var class="var">size</var>}{<var class="var">skip</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cfontsize"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Set the font size and the line spacing. The unit of both parameters
defaults to points (<code class="code">pt</code>). The line spacing is the nominal
vertical space between lines, baseline to baseline. It is stored in the
parameter <code class="code">\baselineskip</code>. The default <code class="code">\baselineskip</code> for
@@ -3091,13 +3040,13 @@ reset every time a size change happens; instead use
<code class="code">\baselinestretch</code>. (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch"><code class="code">\baselineskip</code> &amp; <code class="code">\baselinestretch</code></a>).
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="low-level-font-commands-linespread"></a></dd>
-<dt id='index-_005clinespread'><span><code class="code">\linespread{<var class="var">factor</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clinespread'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005clinespread"></a><span><code class="code">\linespread{<var class="var">factor</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005clinespread"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Equivalent to <code class="code">\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{<var class="var">factor</var>}</code>,
and therefore must be followed by <code class="code">\selectfont</code> to have any
effect. Best specified in the preamble. See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch"><code class="code">\baselineskip</code> &amp; <code class="code">\baselinestretch</code></a>, for using <code class="code">setspace</code> package instead.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="low-level-font-commands-selectfont"></a></dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cselectfont'><span><code class="code">\selectfont</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cselectfont'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cselectfont"></a><span><code class="code">\selectfont</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cselectfont"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>The effects of the font commands described above do not happen until
<code class="code">\selectfont</code> is called, as in
<code class="code">\fontfamily{<var class="var">familyname</var>}\selectfont</code>. It is often useful
@@ -3106,7 +3055,7 @@ to put this in a macro:<br>
(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><code class="code">\newcommand</code> &amp; <code class="code">\renewcommand</code></a>).
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="low-level-font-commands-usefont"></a></dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cusefont'><span><code class="code">\usefont{<var class="var">enc</var>}{<var class="var">family</var>}{<var class="var">series</var>}{<var class="var">shape</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cusefont'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cusefont"></a><span><code class="code">\usefont{<var class="var">enc</var>}{<var class="var">family</var>}{<var class="var">series</var>}{<var class="var">shape</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cusefont"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>The same as invoking <code class="code">\fontencoding</code>, <code class="code">\fontfamily</code>,
<code class="code">\fontseries</code> and <code class="code">\fontshape</code> with the given parameters,
followed by <code class="code">\selectfont</code>. For example:
@@ -3127,7 +3076,7 @@ followed by <code class="code">\selectfont</code>. For example:
<p>
Next: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="n" rel="next">Sectioning</a>, Previous: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Fonts</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h2 class="chapter" id="Layout-1">5 Layout</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter" id="Layout-1"><span>5 Layout<a class="copiable-link" href="#Layout-1"> &para;</a></span></h2>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-layout-commands"></a>
@@ -3150,7 +3099,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="n" rel="next">Sectioning</a>, Previous: <
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\twocolumn</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005conecolumn-1">5.1 <code class="code">\onecolumn</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005conecolumn-1"><span>5.1 <code class="code">\onecolumn</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005conecolumn-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005conecolumn"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-one_002dcolumn-output"></a>
@@ -3174,7 +3123,7 @@ behavior (see <a class="pxref" href="#Document-class-options">Document class opt
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\flushbottom</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005conecolumn" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\onecolumn</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005ctwocolumn-1">5.2 <code class="code">\twocolumn</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005ctwocolumn-1"><span>5.2 <code class="code">\twocolumn</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ctwocolumn"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-multicolumn-text"></a>
@@ -3199,14 +3148,14 @@ typesetting starts.
<p>These parameters control typesetting in two-column output:
</p>
<dl class="ftable">
-<dt id='index-_005ccolumnsep'><span><code class="code">\columnsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccolumnsep'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ccolumnsep"></a><span><code class="code">\columnsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ccolumnsep"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="anchor" id="twocolumn-columnsep"></a><p>The distance between columns. The default is 35pt. Change it with a
command such as <code class="code">\setlength{\columnsep}{40pt}</code>. You must change
it before the two column mode starts; in the preamble is a good
place.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ccolumnseprule'><span><code class="code">\columnseprule</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccolumnseprule'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ccolumnseprule"></a><span><code class="code">\columnseprule</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ccolumnseprule"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="anchor" id="twocolumn-columnseprule"></a><p>The width of the rule between columns. The default is 0pt, meaning that
there is no rule. Otherwise, the rule appears halfway between the two
columns. Change it with a command such as
@@ -3214,7 +3163,7 @@ columns. Change it with a command such as
mode starts.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ccolumnwidth'><span><code class="code">\columnwidth</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccolumnwidth'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ccolumnwidth"></a><span><code class="code">\columnwidth</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ccolumnwidth"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="anchor" id="twocolumn-columnwidth"></a><p>The width of a single column. In one-column mode this is equal to
<code class="code">\textwidth</code>. In two-column mode by default LaTeX sets the
width of each of the two columns, <code class="code">\columnwidth</code>, to be half of
@@ -3231,7 +3180,7 @@ The following parameters control float behavior of two-column output.
</p>
<dl class="ftable">
<dd><a class="anchor" id="twocolumn-dbltopfraction"></a></dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cdbltopfraction'><span><code class="code">\dbltopfraction</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdbltopfraction'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cdbltopfraction"></a><span><code class="code">\dbltopfraction</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cdbltopfraction"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>The maximum fraction at the top of a two-column page that may be
occupied by two-column wide floats. The default is 0.7, meaning that
the height of a <code class="code">table*</code> or <code class="code">figure*</code> environment must not
@@ -3254,13 +3203,13 @@ to avoid going to float pages so soon.
<code class="code">\renewcommand{\dbltopfraction}{0.9}</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cdblfloatpagefraction'><span><code class="code">\dblfloatpagefraction</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdblfloatpagefraction'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cdblfloatpagefraction"></a><span><code class="code">\dblfloatpagefraction</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cdblfloatpagefraction"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="anchor" id="twocolumn-dblfloatpagefraction"></a><p>For a float page of two-column wide floats, this is the minimum fraction
that must be occupied by floats, limiting the amount of blank space.
LaTeX&rsquo;s default is <code class="code">0.5</code>. Change it with <code class="code">\renewcommand</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cdblfloatsep'><span><code class="code">\dblfloatsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdblfloatsep'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cdblfloatsep"></a><span><code class="code">\dblfloatsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cdblfloatsep"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="anchor" id="twocolumn-dblfloatsep"></a><p>On a float page of two-column wide floats, this length is the distance
between floats, at both the top and bottom of the page. The default is
<code class="code">12pt plus2pt minus2pt</code> for a document set at <code class="code">10pt</code> or
@@ -3268,13 +3217,13 @@ between floats, at both the top and bottom of the page. The default is
<code class="code">12pt</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cdbltextfloatsep'><span><code class="code">\dbltextfloatsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdbltextfloatsep'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cdbltextfloatsep"></a><span><code class="code">\dbltextfloatsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cdbltextfloatsep"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="anchor" id="twocolumn-dbltextfloatsep"></a><p>This length is the distance between a multi-column float at the top or
bottom of a page and the main text. The default is <code class="code">20pt plus2pt
minus4pt</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cdbltopnumber'><span><code class="code">\dbltopnumber</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdbltopnumber'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cdbltopnumber"></a><span><code class="code">\dbltopnumber</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cdbltopnumber"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="anchor" id="twocolumn-dbltopnumber"></a><p>On a float page of two-column wide floats, this counter gives the
maximum number of floats allowed at the top of the page. The LaTeX
default is <code class="code">2</code>.
@@ -3313,7 +3262,7 @@ Two column text here.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\raggedbottom</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\twocolumn</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cflushbottom-1">5.3 <code class="code">\flushbottom</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cflushbottom-1"><span>5.3 <code class="code">\flushbottom</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cflushbottom-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cflushbottom"></a>
@@ -3344,7 +3293,7 @@ and for indexes made using <code class="code">makeidx</code>.
<p>
Next: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Page layout parameters</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\flushbottom</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005craggedbottom-1">5.4 <code class="code">\raggedbottom</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005craggedbottom-1"><span>5.4 <code class="code">\raggedbottom</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005craggedbottom-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005craggedbottom"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-stretch_002c-omitting-vertical"></a>
@@ -3365,7 +3314,7 @@ option (see <a class="pxref" href="#Document-class-options">Document class optio
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\baselineskip</code> &amp; <code class="code">\baselinestretch</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\raggedbottom</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="Page-layout-parameters-1">5.5 Page layout parameters</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Page-layout-parameters-1"><span>5.5 Page layout parameters<a class="copiable-link" href="#Page-layout-parameters-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-page-layout-parameters"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-parameters_002c-page-layout"></a>
@@ -3375,9 +3324,9 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch" accesskey="n" r
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-running-header-and-footer"></a>
<dl class="ftable">
-<dt id='index-_005ccolumnsep-1'><span><code class="code">\columnsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccolumnsep-1'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-_005ccolumnseprule-1'><span><code class="code">\columnseprule</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccolumnseprule-1'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-_005ccolumnwidth-1'><span><code class="code">\columnwidth</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccolumnwidth-1'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ccolumnsep-1"></a><span><code class="code">\columnsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ccolumnsep-1"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ccolumnseprule-1"></a><span><code class="code">\columnseprule</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ccolumnseprule-1"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ccolumnwidth-1"></a><span><code class="code">\columnwidth</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ccolumnwidth-1"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccolumnsep-2"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccolumnseprule-2"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccolumnwidth-2"></a>
@@ -3387,14 +3336,14 @@ columns, and the width of the columns, when the document class option
See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn"><code class="code">\twocolumn</code></a>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cheadheight'><span><code class="code">\headheight</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cheadheight'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cheadheight"></a><span><code class="code">\headheight</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cheadheight"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cheadheight-1"></a>
<a class="anchor" id="page-layout-parameters-headheight"></a><p>Height of the box that contains the running head. The default in the
<code class="code">article</code>, <code class="code">report</code>, and <code class="code">book</code> classes is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">12pt</samp>&rsquo;,
at all type sizes.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cheadsep'><span><code class="code">\headsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cheadsep'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cheadsep"></a><span><code class="code">\headsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cheadsep"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cheadsep-1"></a>
<a class="anchor" id="page-layout-parameters-headsep"></a><p>Vertical distance between the bottom of the header line and the top of
the main text. The default in the <code class="code">article</code> and <code class="code">report</code>
@@ -3403,7 +3352,7 @@ document is set at 10pt then it is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">0.25in</samp>&rsquo
it is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">0.275in</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cfootskip'><span><code class="code">\footskip</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cfootskip'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cfootskip"></a><span><code class="code">\footskip</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cfootskip"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cfootskip-1"></a>
<a class="anchor" id="page-layout-parameters-footskip"></a><p>Distance from the baseline of the last line of text to the baseline of
the page footer. The default in the <code class="code">article</code> and <code class="code">report</code>
@@ -3412,7 +3361,7 @@ the type size is 10pt the default is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">0.35in</samp>&rsq
&lsquo;<samp class="samp">0.38in</samp>&rsquo;, and at 12pt it is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">30pt</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005clinewidth'><span><code class="code">\linewidth</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clinewidth'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005clinewidth"></a><span><code class="code">\linewidth</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005clinewidth"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005clinewidth-1"></a>
<a class="anchor" id="page-layout-parameters-linewidth"></a><p>Width of the current line, decreased for each nested <code class="code">list</code>
(see <a class="pxref" href="#list"><code class="code">list</code></a>). That is, the nominal value for <code class="code">\linewidth</code> is to
@@ -3421,9 +3370,9 @@ is decreased by the sum of that list&rsquo;s <code class="code">\leftmargin</cod
<code class="code">\rightmargin</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#itemize"><code class="code">itemize</code></a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cmarginparpush'><span><code class="code">\marginparpush</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmarginparpush'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-_005cmarginsep'><span><code class="code">\marginsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmarginsep'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-_005cmarginparwidth'><span><code class="code">\marginparwidth</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmarginparwidth'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cmarginparpush"></a><span><code class="code">\marginparpush</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cmarginparpush"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cmarginsep"></a><span><code class="code">\marginsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cmarginsep"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cmarginparwidth"></a><span><code class="code">\marginparwidth</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cmarginparwidth"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmarginparpush-1"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmarginsep-1"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmarginparwidth-1"></a>
@@ -3452,8 +3401,8 @@ classes, in two-column mode the default is 60% of <code class="code">\paperwidth
distance.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005coddsidemargin-1'><span><code class="code">\oddsidemargin</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005coddsidemargin-1'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-_005cevensidemargin-1'><span><code class="code">\evensidemargin</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cevensidemargin-1'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005coddsidemargin-1"></a><span><code class="code">\oddsidemargin</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005coddsidemargin-1"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cevensidemargin-1"></a><span><code class="code">\evensidemargin</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cevensidemargin-1"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005coddsidemargin-2"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cevensidemargin-2"></a>
<a class="anchor" id="page-layout-parameters-oddsidemargin"></a><a class="anchor" id="page-layout-parameters-evensidemargin"></a><p>The <code class="code">\oddsidemargin</code> length is the extra distance between the left side of
@@ -3468,21 +3417,21 @@ difference between <code class="code">\paperwidth</code> and <code class="code">
<code class="code">\evensidemargin</code> is the remainder.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cpaperheight'><span><code class="code">\paperheight</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cpaperheight'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cpaperheight"></a><span><code class="code">\paperheight</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cpaperheight"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cpaperheight-1"></a>
<a class="anchor" id="page-layout-parameters-paperheight"></a><p>The height of the paper, as distinct from the height of the print area.
Normally set with a document class option, as in
<code class="code">\documentclass[a4paper]{article}</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cpaperwidth'><span><code class="code">\paperwidth</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cpaperwidth'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cpaperwidth"></a><span><code class="code">\paperwidth</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cpaperwidth"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cpaperwidth-1"></a>
<a class="anchor" id="page-layout-parameters-paperwidth"></a><p>The width of the paper, as distinct from the width of the print area.
Normally set with a document class option, as in
<code class="code">\documentclass[a4paper]{article}</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextheight'><span><code class="code">\textheight</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextheight'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctextheight"></a><span><code class="code">\textheight</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctextheight"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ctextheight-1"></a>
<a class="anchor" id="page-layout-parameters-textheight"></a><p>The normal vertical height of the page body. If the document is set at
a nominal type size of 10pt then for an <code class="code">article</code> or <code class="code">report</code>
@@ -3492,7 +3441,7 @@ the default is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">43\baselineskip</samp>&rsquo;, while fo
&lsquo;<samp class="samp">36\baselineskip</samp>&rsquo; for all classes.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextwidth'><span><code class="code">\textwidth</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextwidth'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctextwidth"></a><span><code class="code">\textwidth</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctextwidth"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ctextwidth-1"></a>
<a class="anchor" id="page-layout-parameters-textwidth"></a><p>The full horizontal width of the entire page body. For an
<code class="code">article</code> or <code class="code">report</code> document, the default is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">345pt</samp>&rsquo;
@@ -3514,14 +3463,14 @@ specified width, and revert to their normal values at the end of the
<code class="code">minipage</code> or <code class="code">\parbox</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005chsize'><span><code class="code">\hsize</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005chsize'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005chsize"></a><span><code class="code">\hsize</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005chsize"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005chsize-1"></a>
<a class="anchor" id="page-layout-parameters-hsize"></a><p>This entry is included for completeness: <code class="code">\hsize</code> is the TeX
primitive parameter used when text is broken into lines. It should not
be used in normal LaTeX documents.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctopmargin'><span><code class="code">\topmargin</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctopmargin'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctopmargin"></a><span><code class="code">\topmargin</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctopmargin"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-topmargin"></a>
<a class="anchor" id="page-layout-parameters-topmargin"></a><p>Space between the top of the TeX page (one inch from the top of the
paper, by default) and the top of the header. The value is computed
@@ -3530,7 +3479,7 @@ based on many other parameters: <code class="code">\paperheight &minus; 2in &min
and then divided by two.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctopskip'><span><code class="code">\topskip</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctopskip'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctopskip"></a><span><code class="code">\topskip</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctopskip"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ctopskip-1"></a>
<a class="anchor" id="page-layout-parameters-topskip"></a><p>Minimum distance between the top of the page body and the baseline of
the first line of text. For the standard classes, the default is the
@@ -3547,7 +3496,7 @@ same as the font size, e.g., &lsquo;<samp class="samp">10pt</samp>&rsquo; at a t
<p>
Next: <a href="#Floats" accesskey="n" rel="next">Floats</a>, Previous: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Page layout parameters</a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch-1">5.6 <code class="code">\baselineskip</code> &amp; <code class="code">\baselinestretch</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch-1"><span>5.6 <code class="code">\baselineskip</code> &amp; <code class="code">\baselinestretch</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cbaselineskip"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cbaselinestretch"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cbaselineskip-1"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cbaselinestretch"></a>
@@ -3669,7 +3618,7 @@ captions. See the package documentation.
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\baselineskip</code> &amp; <code class="code">\baselinestretch</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="Floats-1">5.7 Floats</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Floats-1"><span>5.7 Floats<a class="copiable-link" href="#Floats-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<p>Some typographic elements, such as figures and tables, cannot be broken
across pages. They must be typeset outside of the normal flow of text,
@@ -3732,7 +3681,7 @@ defines. For further discussion, see the FAQ entry at
<a class="url" href="https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-figurehere">https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-figurehere</a>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-float-page'><span><code class="code">p</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-float-page'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-float-page"></a><span><code class="code">p</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-float-page"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>(Page of floats)&mdash;on a separate <em class="dfn">float page</em>, which is a page
containing no text, only floats.
</p>
@@ -3780,26 +3729,26 @@ non-float text (change them with
<code class="code">\renewcommand{<var class="var">parameter</var>}{<var class="var">decimal between 0 and 1</var>}</code>):
</p>
<dl class="ftable">
-<dt id='index-_005cbottomfraction'><span><code class="code">\bottomfraction</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbottomfraction'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cbottomfraction"></a><span><code class="code">\bottomfraction</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cbottomfraction"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cbottomfraction-1"></a>
<a class="anchor" id="floats-bottomfraction"></a><p>The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occupied by floats at
the bottom; default &lsquo;<samp class="samp">.3</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cfloatpagefraction'><span><code class="code">\floatpagefraction</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cfloatpagefraction'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cfloatpagefraction"></a><span><code class="code">\floatpagefraction</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cfloatpagefraction"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cfloatpagefraction-1"></a>
<a class="anchor" id="floats-floatpagefraction"></a><p>The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats;
default &lsquo;<samp class="samp">.5</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextfraction'><span><code class="code">\textfraction</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextfraction'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctextfraction"></a><span><code class="code">\textfraction</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctextfraction"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ctextfraction-1"></a>
<a class="anchor" id="floats-textfraction"></a><p>Minimum fraction of a page that must be text; if floats take up too
much space to preserve this much text, floats will be moved to a
different page. The default is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">.2</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctopfraction'><span><code class="code">\topfraction</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctopfraction'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctopfraction"></a><span><code class="code">\topfraction</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctopfraction"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ctopfraction-1"></a>
<a class="anchor" id="floats-topfraction"></a><p>Maximum fraction at the top of a page that may be occupied before
floats; default &lsquo;<samp class="samp">.7</samp>&rsquo;.
@@ -3811,20 +3760,20 @@ command of the form <code class="code">\setlength{<var class="var">parameter</va
expression</var>}</code>):
</p>
<dl class="ftable">
-<dt id='index-_005cfloatsep'><span><code class="code">\floatsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cfloatsep'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cfloatsep"></a><span><code class="code">\floatsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cfloatsep"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cfloatsep-1"></a>
<a class="anchor" id="floats-floatsep"></a><p>Space between floats at the top or bottom of a page; default
&lsquo;<samp class="samp">12pt plus2pt minus2pt</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cintextsep'><span><code class="code">\intextsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cintextsep'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cintextsep"></a><span><code class="code">\intextsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cintextsep"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cintextsep-1"></a>
<a class="anchor" id="floats-intextsep"></a><p>Space above and below a float in the middle of the main text; default
&lsquo;<samp class="samp">12pt plus2pt minus2pt</samp>&rsquo; for 10 point and 11 point documents,
and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">14pt plus4pt minus4pt</samp>&rsquo; for 12 point documents.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextfloatsep'><span><code class="code">\textfloatsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextfloatsep'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctextfloatsep"></a><span><code class="code">\textfloatsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctextfloatsep"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ctextfloatsep-1"></a>
<a class="anchor" id="floats-textfloatsep"></a><p>Space between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page;
default &lsquo;<samp class="samp">20pt plus2pt minus4pt</samp>&rsquo;.
@@ -3836,25 +3785,25 @@ command of the form <code class="code">\setcounter{<var class="var">ctrname</var
number</var>}</code>):
</p>
<dl class="ftable">
-<dt id='index-bottomnumber'><span><code class="code">bottomnumber</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-bottomnumber'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-bottomnumber"></a><span><code class="code">bottomnumber</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-bottomnumber"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-bottomnumber-1"></a>
<a class="anchor" id="floats-bottomnumber"></a><p>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the bottom of a text page;
default 1.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-dbltopnumber'><span><code class="code">dbltopnumber</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-dbltopnumber'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-dbltopnumber"></a><span><code class="code">dbltopnumber</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-dbltopnumber"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dbltopnumber-1"></a>
<a class="anchor" id="floats-dbltopnumber"></a><p>Maximum number of full-sized floats that can appear at the top of a
two-column page; default 2.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-topnumber'><span><code class="code">topnumber</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-topnumber'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-topnumber"></a><span><code class="code">topnumber</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-topnumber"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-topnumber-1"></a>
<a class="anchor" id="floats-topnumber"></a><p>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the top of a text page;
default 2.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-totalnumber'><span><code class="code">totalnumber</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-totalnumber'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-totalnumber"></a><span><code class="code">totalnumber</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-totalnumber"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-totalnumber-1"></a>
<a class="anchor" id="floats-totalnumber"></a><p>Maximum number of floats that can appear on a text page; default 3.
</p></dd>
@@ -3880,7 +3829,7 @@ LaTeX?&rdquo;
<p>
Up: <a href="#Floats" accesskey="u" rel="up">Floats</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005ccaption-1">5.7.1 <code class="code">\caption</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005ccaption-1"><span>5.7.1 <code class="code">\caption</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005ccaption-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccaption"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-captions"></a>
@@ -3980,7 +3929,7 @@ always set as a paragraph rather than centered when it is short.
<p>
Next: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="n" rel="next">Cross references</a>, Previous: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Layout</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h2 class="chapter" id="Sectioning-1">6 Sectioning</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter" id="Sectioning-1"><span>6 Sectioning<a class="copiable-link" href="#Sectioning-1"> &para;</a></span></h2>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-sectioning-commands"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-part"></a>
@@ -4071,7 +4020,7 @@ has many packages that make this adjustment easier, notably
<p>Two counters relate to the appearance of headings made by sectioning commands.
</p>
<dl class="ftable">
-<dt id='index-secnumdepth'><span><code class="code">secnumdepth</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-secnumdepth'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-secnumdepth"></a><span><code class="code">secnumdepth</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-secnumdepth"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-secnumdepth-counter"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-section-numbers_002c-printing"></a>
<a class="anchor" id="sectioning-secnumdepth"></a><a class="anchor" id="Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth"></a><p>Controls which sectioning unit are numbered. Setting the counter with
@@ -4086,7 +4035,7 @@ default <code class="code">secnumdepth</code> is&nbsp;3 in <samp class="file">ar
&nbsp;2 in the <samp class="file">book</samp> and <samp class="file">report</samp> classes.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-tocdepth'><span><code class="code">tocdepth</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-tocdepth'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-tocdepth"></a><span><code class="code">tocdepth</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-tocdepth"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-tocdepth-counter"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-table-of-contents_002c-sectioning-numbers-printed"></a>
<a class="anchor" id="sectioning-tocdepth"></a><a class="anchor" id="Sectioning_002ftocdepth"></a><p>Controls which sectioning units are listed in the table of contents.
@@ -4111,7 +4060,7 @@ list sections but not subsections. LaTeX&rsquo;s default
<li><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph" accesskey="5"><code class="code">\subsubsection</code>, <code class="code">\paragraph</code>, <code class="code">\subparagraph</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#g_t_005cappendix" accesskey="6"><code class="code">\appendix</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter" accesskey="7"><code class="code">\frontmatter</code>, <code class="code">\mainmatter</code>, <code class="code">\backmatter</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection" accesskey="8"><code class="code">\@startsection</code>, typesetting sectional unit headings</a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection" accesskey="8"><code class="code">\@startsection</code>: Typesetting sectional unit headings</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cpart">
@@ -4119,7 +4068,7 @@ list sections but not subsections. LaTeX&rsquo;s default
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cchapter" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\chapter</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cpart-1">6.1 <code class="code">\part</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cpart-1"><span>6.1 <code class="code">\part</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cpart-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cpart-1"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-part-1"></a>
@@ -4196,7 +4145,7 @@ See its documentation on CTAN.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005csection" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\section</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpart" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\part</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cchapter-1">6.2 <code class="code">\chapter</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cchapter-1"><span>6.2 <code class="code">\chapter</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cchapter-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cchapter-1"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-chapter-1"></a>
@@ -4324,7 +4273,7 @@ running headers.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005csubsection" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\subsection</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cchapter" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\chapter</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005csection-1">6.3 <code class="code">\section</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005csection-1"><span>6.3 <code class="code">\section</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005csection-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csection-1"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-section-1"></a>
@@ -4406,7 +4355,7 @@ package <code class="code">indentfirst</code>.
<p>In general, to change the behavior of the <code class="code">\section</code> command, there
are a number of options. One is the <code class="code">\@startsection</code> command
-(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection"><code class="code">\@startsection</code>, typesetting sectional unit headings</a>). There are also many packages on CTAN that
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection"><code class="code">\@startsection</code>: Typesetting sectional unit headings</a>). There are also many packages on CTAN that
address this, including <code class="code">titlesec</code>. See the documentation but the
example below gives a sense of what they can do.
</p>
@@ -4431,7 +4380,7 @@ example below gives a sense of what they can do.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\subsubsection</code>, <code class="code">\paragraph</code>, <code class="code">\subparagraph</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csection" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\section</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005csubsection-1">6.4 <code class="code">\subsection</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005csubsection-1"><span>6.4 <code class="code">\subsection</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005csubsection-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csubsection-1"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-subsection-1"></a>
@@ -4498,7 +4447,7 @@ package <code class="code">indentfirst</code>.
<p>There are a number of ways to change the behavior of the
<code class="code">\subsection</code> command. One is the <code class="code">\@startsection</code> command
-(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection"><code class="code">\@startsection</code>, typesetting sectional unit headings</a>). There are also many packages on CTAN that
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection"><code class="code">\@startsection</code>: Typesetting sectional unit headings</a>). There are also many packages on CTAN that
address this, including <code class="code">titlesec</code>. See the documentation but the
example below gives a sense of what they can do.
</p>
@@ -4522,7 +4471,7 @@ text.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cappendix" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\appendix</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csubsection" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\subsection</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005csubsubsection_002c-_005cparagraph_002c-_005csubparagraph">6.5 <code class="code">\subsubsection</code>, <code class="code">\paragraph</code>, <code class="code">\subparagraph</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005csubsubsection_002c-_005cparagraph_002c-_005csubparagraph"><span>6.5 <code class="code">\subsubsection</code>, <code class="code">\paragraph</code>, <code class="code">\subparagraph</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005csubsubsection_002c-_005cparagraph_002c-_005csubparagraph"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005csubsubsection"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csubsubsection-1"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-subsubsection-1"></a>
@@ -4604,7 +4553,7 @@ package <code class="code">indentfirst</code>.
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-titlesec-package-5"></a>
<p>There are a number of ways to change the behavior of the these commands.
-One is the <code class="code">\@startsection</code> command (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection"><code class="code">\@startsection</code>, typesetting sectional unit headings</a>).
+One is the <code class="code">\@startsection</code> command (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection"><code class="code">\@startsection</code>: Typesetting sectional unit headings</a>).
There are also many packages on CTAN that address this, including
<code class="code">titlesec</code>. See the documentation on CTAN.
</p>
@@ -4617,7 +4566,7 @@ There are also many packages on CTAN that address this, including
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\frontmatter</code>, <code class="code">\mainmatter</code>, <code class="code">\backmatter</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\subsubsection</code>, <code class="code">\paragraph</code>, <code class="code">\subparagraph</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cappendix-1">6.6 <code class="code">\appendix</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cappendix-1"><span>6.6 <code class="code">\appendix</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cappendix-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cappendix"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-appendix"></a>
@@ -4669,9 +4618,9 @@ number of other features. See the documentation on CTAN.
<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\@startsection</code>, typesetting sectional unit headings</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cappendix" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\appendix</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\@startsection</code>: Typesetting sectional unit headings</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cappendix" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\appendix</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cfrontmatter_002c-_005cmainmatter_002c-_005cbackmatter">6.7 <code class="code">\frontmatter</code>, <code class="code">\mainmatter</code>, <code class="code">\backmatter</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cfrontmatter_002c-_005cmainmatter_002c-_005cbackmatter"><span>6.7 <code class="code">\frontmatter</code>, <code class="code">\mainmatter</code>, <code class="code">\backmatter</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter_002c-_005cmainmatter_002c-_005cbackmatter"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cfrontmatter"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cfrontmatter"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-book_002c-front-matter"></a>
@@ -4727,7 +4676,7 @@ switches the chapters back to being not numbered.
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\frontmatter</code>, <code class="code">\mainmatter</code>, <code class="code">\backmatter</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002c-typesetting-sectional-unit-headings">6.8 <code class="code">\@startsection</code>, typesetting sectional unit headings</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005c_0040startsection_003a-Typesetting-sectional-unit-headings"><span>6.8 <code class="code">\@startsection</code>: Typesetting sectional unit headings<a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_003a-Typesetting-sectional-unit-headings"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_0040startsection"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-section_002c-redefining"></a>
@@ -4741,14 +4690,14 @@ Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmat
<p>Used to help redefine the behavior of commands that start sectioning
divisions such as <code class="code">\section</code> or <code class="code">\subsection</code>.
</p>
-<p>Note that the <code class="code">titlesec</code> package makes manipulation of sectioning
+<p>The <code class="code">titlesec</code> package makes manipulation of sectioning
easier. Further, while most requirements for sectioning commands can be
satisfied with <code class="code">\@startsection</code>, some cannot. For instance, in
the standard LaTeX <code class="code">book</code> and <code class="code">report</code> classes the commands
-<code class="code">\chapter</code> and <code class="code">\report</code> are not constructed in this way. To
+<code class="code">\chapter</code> and <code class="code">\report</code> are not constructed using this. To
make such a command you may want to use the <code class="code">\secdef</code> command.
</p>
-<p>Technically, <code class="code">\@startsection</code> has the form
+<p>The <code class="code">\@startsection</code> macro is used like this:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">\@startsection{<var class="var">name</var>}
@@ -4771,7 +4720,7 @@ make such a command you may want to use the <code class="code">\secdef</code> co
</pre></div>
<p>redefines <code class="code">\section</code> while keeping its standard calling form
-<code class="code">\section*[<var class="var">toctitle</var>]{<var class="var">title</var>}</code> (in which, for reminder,
+<code class="code">\section*[<var class="var">toctitle</var>]{<var class="var">title</var>}</code> (in which, as a reminder,
the star&nbsp;<code class="code">*</code> is optional). See <a class="xref" href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a>. This implies
that when you write a command like
<code class="code">\renewcommand{\section}{...}</code>, the
@@ -4822,8 +4771,8 @@ the title into the left margin.
is inserted before this sectioning unit&rsquo;s title. This space will be
discarded if the sectioning unit happens to start at the beginning of a
page. If this number is negative then the first paragraph following the
-header is not indented, if it is non-negative then the first paragraph
-is indented. (Note that the negative of <code class="code">1pt plus 2pt minus 3pt</code>
+header is not indented; if it is non-negative then the first paragraph
+is indented. (Example: the negative of <code class="code">1pt plus 2pt minus 3pt</code>
is <code class="code">-1pt plus -2pt minus -3pt</code>.)
</p>
<p>For example, if <var class="var">beforeskip</var> is <code class="code">-3.5ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex</code>
@@ -4891,7 +4840,7 @@ are defined with <code class="code">\@startsection</code>, for the <samp class="
<code class="code">\normalfont\Large\bfseries</code>.
</li><li>For <code class="code">subsection</code>: <var class="var">level</var> is 2, <var class="var">indent</var> is 0<span class="dmn">pt</span>,
-<var class="var">beforeskip</var> is <code class="code">-3.25ex plus -1ex minus <span class="w-nolinebreak-text">-0.2ex</span><!-- /@w --></code>,
+<var class="var">beforeskip</var> is <code class="code">-3.25ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex<!-- /@w --></code>,
<var class="var">afterskip</var> is <code class="code">1.5ex plus 0.2ex</code>, and <var class="var">style</var> is
<code class="code">\normalfont\large\bfseries</code>.
@@ -4967,7 +4916,7 @@ display that counter.
<p>
Next: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="n" rel="next">Environments</a>, Previous: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Sectioning</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h2 class="chapter" id="Cross-references-1">7 Cross references</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter" id="Cross-references-1"><span>7 Cross references<a class="copiable-link" href="#Cross-references-1"> &para;</a></span></h2>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-cross-references"></a>
@@ -5030,7 +4979,7 @@ having to enter the &ldquo;Theorem.&rdquo;
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpageref" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\pageref</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="u" rel="up">Cross references</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005clabel-1">7.1 <code class="code">\label</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005clabel-1"><span>7.1 <code class="code">\label</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005clabel-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005clabel"></a>
@@ -5112,7 +5061,7 @@ See Figure~\ref{fig:test}.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cref" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\ref</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005clabel" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\label</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="u" rel="up">Cross references</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cpageref-1">7.2 <code class="code">\pageref</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cpageref-1"><span>7.2 <code class="code">\pageref</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cpageref-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cpageref"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-cross-referencing-with-page-number"></a>
@@ -5152,7 +5101,7 @@ those.)
<p>
Next: <a href="#xr-package" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">xr</code> package</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpageref" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\pageref</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="u" rel="up">Cross references</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cref-1">7.3 <code class="code">\ref</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cref-1"><span>7.3 <code class="code">\ref</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cref-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cref"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-cross-referencing_002c-symbolic"></a>
@@ -5203,7 +5152,7 @@ reference. See the documentation on CTAN.
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cref" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\ref</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="u" rel="up">Cross references</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="xr-package-1">7.4 <code class="code">xr</code> package</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="xr-package-1"><span>7.4 <code class="code">xr</code> package<a class="copiable-link" href="#xr-package-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-xr"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-xr-package"></a>
@@ -5289,12 +5238,12 @@ uses <code class="code">hyperref</code> then they all must use it.
<p>
Next: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="n" rel="next">Line breaking</a>, Previous: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Cross references</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h2 class="chapter" id="Environments-1">8 Environments</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter" id="Environments-1"><span>8 Environments<a class="copiable-link" href="#Environments-1"> &para;</a></span></h2>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environments"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cbegin"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cend"></a>
-
+<a class="anchor" id="Environment"></a>
<p>LaTeX provides many environments for delimiting certain behavior.
An environment begins with <code class="code">\begin</code> and ends with <code class="code">\end</code>,
like this:
@@ -5352,7 +5301,7 @@ the end. For instance, the input
<p>
Next: <a href="#array" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">array</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="abstract-1">8.1 <code class="code">abstract</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="abstract-1"><span>8.1 <code class="code">abstract</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#abstract-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-abstract"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-abstract-environment"></a>
@@ -5419,7 +5368,7 @@ a more flexible solution, use the package <code class="code">abstract</code>).
<p>
Next: <a href="#center" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">center</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#abstract" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">abstract</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="array-1">8.2 <code class="code">array</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="array-1"><span>8.2 <code class="code">array</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#array-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-array"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-array-environment"></a>
@@ -5532,7 +5481,7 @@ the documentation on CTAN.
<p>
Next: <a href="#description" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">description</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#array" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">array</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="center-1">8.3 <code class="code">center</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="center-1"><span>8.3 <code class="code">center</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#center-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-center"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-center-environment"></a>
@@ -5603,7 +5552,7 @@ entire page.
<p>
Up: <a href="#center" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">center</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005ccentering-1">8.3.1 <code class="code">\centering</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005ccentering-1"><span>8.3.1 <code class="code">\centering</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005ccentering-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccentering"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-centering-text_002c-declaration-for"></a>
@@ -5663,7 +5612,7 @@ centered lines &lsquo;<samp class="samp">xx</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp class
<p>
Next: <a href="#displaymath" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">displaymath</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#center" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">center</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="description-1">8.4 <code class="code">description</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="description-1"><span>8.4 <code class="code">description</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#description-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-description"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-description-environment"></a>
@@ -5741,7 +5690,7 @@ lists.
<p>
Next: <a href="#document" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">document</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#description" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">description</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="displaymath-1">8.5 <code class="code">displaymath</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="displaymath-1"><span>8.5 <code class="code">displaymath</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#displaymath-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-displaymath"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-displaymath-environment"></a>
@@ -5773,18 +5722,18 @@ displayed equation facilities. For example, there are a number of
ways in that package for having math text broken across lines.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_005b_002e_002e_002e_005c_005d-display-math"></a>
-<p>The construct <code class="code">\[<var class="var">math</var>\]</code> is a synonym for the environment
+<p>The construct <code class="code">\[ <var class="var">math</var> \]</code> is a synonym for the environment
<code class="code">\begin{displaymath} <var class="var">math</var> \end{displaymath}</code> but the
latter is easier to work with in the source; for instance,
searching for a square bracket may get false positives but the word
<code class="code">displaymath</code> will likely be unique.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_0024_0024_002e_002e_002e_0024_0024-plain-TeX-display-math"></a>
-<p>(Aside: The construct <code class="code">$$<var class="var">math</var>$$</code> from Plain&nbsp;TeX is
-sometimes mistakenly used as a synonym for <code class="code">displaymath</code>. It is
+<p>The construct <code class="code">$$<var class="var">math</var>$$</code> from Plain&nbsp;TeX is
+sometimes used as a synonym for LaTeX&rsquo;s <code class="code">displaymath</code>. It is
not a synonym, and is not officially supported in LaTeX at all;
<code class="code">$$</code> doesn&rsquo;t support the <code class="code">fleqn</code> option (see <a class="pxref" href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>), has different vertical spacing, and doesn&rsquo;t perform
-consistency checks.)
+consistency checks.
</p>
<p>The output from this example is centered and alone on its line.
</p>
@@ -5805,7 +5754,7 @@ consistency checks.)
<p>
Next: <a href="#enumerate" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">enumerate</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#displaymath" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">displaymath</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="document-1">8.6 <code class="code">document</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="document-1"><span>8.6 <code class="code">document</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#document-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-document"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-document-environment"></a>
@@ -5826,7 +5775,7 @@ It is required in every LaTeX document. See <a class="xref" href="#Starting-and
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cAtEndDocument" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\AtEndDocument</code></a>, Up: <a href="#document" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">document</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cAtBeginDocument-1">8.6.1 <code class="code">\AtBeginDocument</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cAtBeginDocument-1"><span>8.6.1 <code class="code">\AtBeginDocument</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cAtBeginDocument"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-beginning-of-document-hook"></a>
@@ -5854,7 +5803,7 @@ will be executed in the order that you gave them.
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\AtBeginDocument</code></a>, Up: <a href="#document" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">document</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cAtEndDocument-1">8.6.2 <code class="code">\AtEndDocument</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cAtEndDocument-1"><span>8.6.2 <code class="code">\AtEndDocument</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cAtEndDocument-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cAtEndDocument"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-end-of-document-hook"></a>
@@ -5884,7 +5833,7 @@ will be executed in the order that you gave them.
<p>
Next: <a href="#eqnarray" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">eqnarray</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#document" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">document</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="enumerate-1">8.7 <code class="code">enumerate</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="enumerate-1"><span>8.7 <code class="code">enumerate</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#enumerate-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-enumerate"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-enumerate-environment"></a>
@@ -5983,7 +5932,7 @@ period.
<p>
Next: <a href="#equation" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">equation</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#enumerate" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">enumerate</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="eqnarray-1">8.8 <code class="code">eqnarray</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="eqnarray-1"><span>8.8 <code class="code">eqnarray</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#eqnarray-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-eqnarray"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-eqnarray-environment"></a>
@@ -6064,7 +6013,7 @@ while the third line has not entry on the left side.
<p>
Next: <a href="#figure" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">figure</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#eqnarray" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">eqnarray</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="equation-1">8.9 <code class="code">equation</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="equation-1"><span>8.9 <code class="code">equation</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#equation-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-equation"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-equation-environment"></a>
@@ -6085,7 +6034,7 @@ except that LaTeX puts an equation number flush to the right margin.
The equation number is generated using the <code class="code">equation</code> counter.
</p>
<p>You should have no blank lines between <code class="code">\begin{equation}</code> and
-<code class="code">\begin{equation}</code>, or LaTeX will tell you that there is a
+<code class="code">\end{equation}</code>, or LaTeX will tell you that there is a
missing dollar sign.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-amsmath-3"></a>
@@ -6102,7 +6051,7 @@ facilities. New documents should include this package.
<p>
Next: <a href="#filecontents" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">filecontents</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#equation" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">equation</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="figure-1">8.10 <code class="code">figure</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="figure-1"><span>8.10 <code class="code">figure</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#figure-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-figure"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-figure-environment"></a>
@@ -6179,7 +6128,7 @@ end of the document, on a page of floats.
<p>
Next: <a href="#flushleft" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">flushleft</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#figure" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">figure</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="filecontents-1">8.11 <code class="code">filecontents</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="filecontents-1"><span>8.11 <code class="code">filecontents</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#filecontents-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-filecontents"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-filecontents-environment"></a>
@@ -6218,17 +6167,17 @@ version <code class="code">filecontents*</code> does not include the header.
<p>The possible options are:
</p>
<dl class="table">
-<dt id='index-force-option-for-filecontents'><span><code class="code">force</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-force-option-for-filecontents'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-overwrite-option-for-filecontents"></a>
+<a id="index-force-option-for-filecontents"></a><span><code class="code">force</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-force-option-for-filecontents"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dt><code class="code">overwrite</code></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-overwrite-option-for-filecontents"></a>
-<p>Overwrite an existing file.
+<dd><p>Overwrite an existing file.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-noheader-option-for-filecontents'><span><code class="code">noheader</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-noheader-option-for-filecontents'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-noheader-option-for-filecontents"></a><span><code class="code">noheader</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-noheader-option-for-filecontents"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Omit the header. Equivalent to using <code class="code">filecontents*</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-nosearch-option-for-filecontents'><span><code class="code">nosearch</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-nosearch-option-for-filecontents'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-nosearch-option-for-filecontents"></a><span><code class="code">nosearch</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-nosearch-option-for-filecontents"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Only check the current directory (and the output directory, if
specified) for an existing file, not the entire search path.
</p>
@@ -6277,7 +6226,7 @@ Article by \myname.
<p>
Next: <a href="#flushright" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">flushright</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#filecontents" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">filecontents</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="flushleft-1">8.12 <code class="code">flushleft</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="flushleft-1"><span>8.12 <code class="code">flushleft</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#flushleft-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-flushleft"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-flushleft-environment"></a>
@@ -6328,7 +6277,7 @@ flush left and ragged right.
<p>
Up: <a href="#flushleft" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">flushleft</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005craggedright-1">8.12.1 <code class="code">\raggedright</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005craggedright-1"><span>8.12.1 <code class="code">\raggedright</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005craggedright-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005craggedright"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ragged-right-text"></a>
@@ -6382,7 +6331,7 @@ Note that <code class="code">\raggedright</code> is inside the curly braces
<p>
Next: <a href="#itemize" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">itemize</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#flushleft" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">flushleft</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="flushright-1">8.13 <code class="code">flushright</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="flushright-1"><span>8.13 <code class="code">flushright</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#flushright-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-flushright"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-flushright-environment"></a>
@@ -6421,7 +6370,7 @@ where one just have mutatis mutandis to replace <code class="code">flushleft</co
<p>
Up: <a href="#flushright" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">flushright</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005craggedleft-1">8.13.1 <code class="code">\raggedleft</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005craggedleft-1"><span>8.13.1 <code class="code">\raggedleft</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005craggedleft-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005craggedleft"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ragged-left-text"></a>
@@ -6449,13 +6398,12 @@ see&nbsp;<a class="ref" href="#flushright"><code class="code">flushright</code><
</p>
<p>Unlike the <code class="code">flushright</code> environment, the <code class="code">\raggedleft</code>
command does not start a new paragraph; it only changes how LaTeX
-formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit&rsquo;s format, the
+formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit&rsquo;s formatting, the
scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or <code class="code">\end</code>
command that ends the paragraph unit.
</p>
-<p>For an example related to this environment, see&nbsp;<a class="ref" href="#g_t_005craggedright"><code class="code">\raggedright</code></a>,
-where one just have mutatis mutandis to replace <code class="code">\raggedright</code> by
-<code class="code">\raggedleft</code>.
+<p>See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005craggedright"><code class="code">\raggedright</code></a>, for an example related to this environment;
+just replace <code class="code">\raggedright</code> there by <code class="code">\raggedleft</code>.
</p>
<hr>
@@ -6466,7 +6414,7 @@ where one just have mutatis mutandis to replace <code class="code">\raggedright<
<p>
Next: <a href="#letter" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">letter</code> environment: writing letters</a>, Previous: <a href="#flushright" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">flushright</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="itemize-1">8.14 <code class="code">itemize</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="itemize-1"><span>8.14 <code class="code">itemize</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#itemize-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-itemize"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-itemize-environment"></a>
@@ -6530,7 +6478,7 @@ level.
</p>
<ol class="enumerate">
<li> &bull; (bullet, from <code class="code">\textbullet</code>)
-</li><li> <b class="b">-<span class="w-nolinebreak-text">-</span><!-- /@w --></b> (bold en-dash, from <code class="code">\normalfont\bfseries\textendash</code>)
+</li><li> <b class="b">--<!-- /@w --></b> (bold en-dash, from <code class="code">\normalfont\bfseries\textendash</code>)
</li><li> * (asterisk, from <code class="code">\textasteriskcentered</code>)
</li><li> . (vertically centered dot, rendered here as a period, from <code class="code">\textperiodcentered</code>)
</li></ol>
@@ -6586,8 +6534,9 @@ see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip"><code class="c
<pre class="example-preformatted">\newenvironment{itemize*}%
{\begin{itemize}%
\setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}%
- \setlength{\parsep}{0pt}}%
- \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}%
+ \setlength{\parsep}{0pt}%
+ \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}%
+ }%
{\end{itemize}}
</pre></div>
@@ -6599,7 +6548,7 @@ see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip"><code class="c
<p>
Next: <a href="#list" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">list</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#itemize" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">itemize</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="letter-environment_003a-writing-letters">8.15 <code class="code">letter</code> environment: writing letters</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="letter-environment_003a-writing-letters"><span>8.15 <code class="code">letter</code> environment: writing letters<a class="copiable-link" href="#letter-environment_003a-writing-letters"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-letter"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-letter-environment"></a>
@@ -6615,7 +6564,7 @@ Next: <a href="#list" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">list</code></a
<p>
Next: <a href="#math" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">math</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#letter" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">letter</code> environment: writing letters</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="list-1">8.16 <code class="code">list</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="list-1"><span>8.16 <code class="code">list</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#list-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-list"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-list-environment"></a>
@@ -6704,16 +6653,16 @@ different than the values shown here.) See also the figure that follows
the list. Each is a length (see <a class="pxref" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). The vertical spaces are
normally rubber lengths, with <code class="code">plus</code> and <code class="code">minus</code> components,
to give TeX flexibility in setting the page. Change each with a
-command such as <code class="code">\setlength{itemsep}{2pt plus1pt minus1pt}</code>.
+command such as <code class="code">\setlength{\itemsep}{2pt plus1pt minus1pt}</code>.
For some effects these lengths should be zero or negative.
</p>
<dl class="ftable">
-<dt id='index-_005citemindent'><span><code class="code">\itemindent</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005citemindent'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005citemindent"></a><span><code class="code">\itemindent</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005citemindent"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="anchor" id="list-itemindent"></a><p>Extra horizontal space indentation, beyond <code class="code">leftmargin</code>, of the
first line each item. Its default value is <code class="code">0pt</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005citemsep'><span><code class="code">\itemsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005citemsep'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005citemsep"></a><span><code class="code">\itemsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005citemsep"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="anchor" id="list-itemsep"></a><p>Vertical space between items, beyond the <code class="code">\parsep</code>. The defaults
for the first three levels in LaTeX&rsquo;s &lsquo;<samp class="samp">article</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">book</samp>&rsquo;,
and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">report</samp>&rsquo; classes at 10 point size are: <code class="code">4pt plus2pt
@@ -6726,13 +6675,13 @@ minus1pt</code>, <code class="code">\parsep</code> (that is, <code class="code">
<code class="code">\topsep</code> (that is, <code class="code">2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005clabelsep'><span><code class="code">\labelsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clabelsep'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005clabelsep"></a><span><code class="code">\labelsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005clabelsep"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="anchor" id="list-labelsep"></a><p>Horizontal space between the label and text of an item.
The default for LaTeX&rsquo;s &lsquo;<samp class="samp">article</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">book</samp>&rsquo;,
and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">report</samp>&rsquo; classes is <code class="code">0.5em</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005clabelwidth'><span><code class="code">\labelwidth</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clabelwidth'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005clabelwidth"></a><span><code class="code">\labelwidth</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005clabelwidth"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="anchor" id="list-labelwidth"></a><p>Horizontal width. The box containing the label is nominally this wide.
If <code class="code">\makelabel</code> returns text that is wider than this then the first
line of the item will be indented to make room for this extra material.
@@ -6754,7 +6703,7 @@ label&rsquo;s left edge coincide with the left margin of the enclosing
environment.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cleftmargin-1'><span><code class="code">\leftmargin</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cleftmargin-1'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cleftmargin-1"></a><span><code class="code">\leftmargin</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cleftmargin-1"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="anchor" id="list-leftmargin"></a><p>Horizontal space between the left margin of the enclosing environment
(or the left margin of the page if this is a top-level list), and the
left margin of this list. It must be non-negative.
@@ -6772,14 +6721,14 @@ error message &lsquo;<samp class="samp">Too deeply nested</samp>&rsquo;.)
<code class="code">2.2em</code>, and <code class="code">\leftmarginiii</code> is <code class="code">1.87em</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005clistparindent'><span><code class="code">\listparindent</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clistparindent'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005clistparindent"></a><span><code class="code">\listparindent</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005clistparindent"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="anchor" id="list-listparindent"></a><p>Horizontal space of additional line indentation, beyond
<code class="code">\leftmargin</code>, for second and subsequent paragraphs within a list
item. A negative value makes this an &ldquo;outdent&rdquo;. Its default value
is <code class="code">0pt</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cparsep'><span><code class="code">\parsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cparsep'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cparsep"></a><span><code class="code">\parsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cparsep"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="anchor" id="list-parsep"></a><p>Vertical space between paragraphs within an item.
The defaults for the first three levels in LaTeX&rsquo;s &lsquo;<samp class="samp">article</samp>&rsquo;,
&lsquo;<samp class="samp">book</samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">report</samp>&rsquo; classes at 10 point size are: <code class="code">4pt
@@ -6790,7 +6739,7 @@ size are: <code class="code">5pt plus2.5pt minus1pt</code>, <code class="code">2
minus1pt</code>, and <code class="code">0pt</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cpartopsep'><span><code class="code">\partopsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cpartopsep'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cpartopsep"></a><span><code class="code">\partopsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cpartopsep"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="anchor" id="list-partopsep"></a><p>Vertical space added, beyond <code class="code">\topsep</code>+<code class="code">\parskip</code>, to the top
and bottom of the entire environment if the list instance is preceded by
a blank line. (A blank line in the LaTeX source before the list
@@ -6806,13 +6755,13 @@ defaults at 12 point are: <code class="code">3pt plus2pt minus3pt</code>, <code
minus2pt</code>, and <code class="code">1pt plus0pt minus1pt</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005crightmargin'><span><code class="code">\rightmargin</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005crightmargin'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005crightmargin"></a><span><code class="code">\rightmargin</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005crightmargin"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="anchor" id="list-rightmargin"></a><p>Horizontal space between the right margin of the list and the right
margin of the enclosing environment. Its default value is <code class="code">0pt</code>.
It must be non-negative.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctopsep'><span><code class="code">\topsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctopsep'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctopsep"></a><span><code class="code">\topsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctopsep"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="anchor" id="list-topsep"></a><p>Vertical space added to both the top and bottom of the list, in addition
to <code class="code">\parskip</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip"><code class="code">\parindent</code> &amp; <code class="code">\parskip</code></a>). The defaults for
the first three levels in LaTeX&rsquo;s &lsquo;<samp class="samp">article</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">book</samp>&rsquo;, and
@@ -6899,15 +6848,15 @@ e.g., <code class="code">\@beginparpenalty=9999</code>; a value of 10000 prohibi
page break.
</p>
<dl class="ftable">
-<dt id='index-_005c_0040beginparpenalty'><span><code class="code">\@beginparpenalty</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_0040beginparpenalty'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005c_0040beginparpenalty"></a><span><code class="code">\@beginparpenalty</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005c_0040beginparpenalty"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="anchor" id="list-beginparpenalty"></a><p>The page breaking penalty for breaking before the list (default <code class="code">-51</code>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005c_0040itempenalty'><span><code class="code">\@itempenalty</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_0040itempenalty'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005c_0040itempenalty"></a><span><code class="code">\@itempenalty</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005c_0040itempenalty"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="anchor" id="list-itempenalty"></a><p>The page breaking penalty for breaking before a list item (default <code class="code">-51</code>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005c_0040endparpenalty'><span><code class="code">\@endparpenalty</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_0040endparpenalty'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005c_0040endparpenalty"></a><span><code class="code">\@endparpenalty</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005c_0040endparpenalty"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="anchor" id="list-endparpenalty"></a><p>The page breaking penalty for breaking after a list (default <code class="code">-51</code>).
</p>
</dd>
@@ -6952,7 +6901,7 @@ See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005cusecounter"><code class="code">\usecounter</c
<p>
Next: <a href="#trivlist" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">trivlist</code>: A restricted form of <code class="code">list</code></a>, Up: <a href="#list" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">list</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005citem_003a-An-entry-in-a-list">8.16.1 <code class="code">\item</code>: An entry in a list</h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005citem_003a-An-entry-in-a-list"><span>8.16.1 <code class="code">\item</code>: An entry in a list<a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005citem_003a-An-entry-in-a-list"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -7003,7 +6952,7 @@ labelled&nbsp;&lsquo;<samp class="samp">3.</samp>&rsquo;.
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005citem" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\item</code>: An entry in a list</a>, Up: <a href="#list" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">list</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="trivlist_003a-A-restricted-form-of-list">8.16.2 <code class="code">trivlist</code>: A restricted form of <code class="code">list</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="trivlist_003a-A-restricted-form-of-list"><span>8.16.2 <code class="code">trivlist</code>: A restricted form of <code class="code">list</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#trivlist_003a-A-restricted-form-of-list"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -7057,7 +7006,7 @@ default) they have no paragraph indent and are vertically separated.
<p>
Next: <a href="#minipage" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">minipage</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#list" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">list</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="math-1">8.17 <code class="code">math</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="math-1"><span>8.17 <code class="code">math</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#math-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-math"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-math-environment"></a>
@@ -7086,7 +7035,7 @@ See <a class="xref" href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a>.
<p>
Next: <a href="#picture" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">picture</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#math" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">math</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="minipage-1">8.18 <code class="code">minipage</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="minipage-1"><span>8.18 <code class="code">minipage</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#minipage-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-minipage"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-minipage-environment"></a>
@@ -7150,12 +7099,12 @@ vertically aligns with the surrounding material.
vertical center lines up with the center of the adjacent text line.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cvtop-plain-TeX'><span><code class="code">t</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cvtop-plain-TeX'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cvtop-plain-TeX"></a><span><code class="code">t</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cvtop-plain-TeX"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Align the baseline of the top line in the <code class="code">minipage</code> with the
baseline of the surrounding text (plain TeX&rsquo;s <code class="code">\vtop</code>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cvbox-_0028plain-TeX_0029'><span><code class="code">b</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cvbox-_0028plain-TeX_0029'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cvbox-_0028plain-TeX_0029"></a><span><code class="code">b</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cvbox-_0028plain-TeX_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Align the baseline of the bottom line in the <code class="code">minipage</code> with the
baseline of the surrounding text (plain TeX&rsquo;s <code class="code">\vbox</code>).
</p></dd>
@@ -7294,7 +7243,7 @@ are vertically centered.
<p>
Next: <a href="#quotation-_0026-quote" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">quotation</code> &amp; <code class="code">quote</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#minipage" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">minipage</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="picture-1">8.19 <code class="code">picture</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="picture-1"><span>8.19 <code class="code">picture</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#picture-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-picture"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-picture-environment"></a>
@@ -7473,7 +7422,7 @@ page header to get repeat material on each of a document&rsquo;s pages.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmultiput" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\multiput</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">picture</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cput-1">8.19.1 <code class="code">\put</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cput-1"><span>8.19.1 <code class="code">\put</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cput-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cput"></a>
@@ -7505,7 +7454,7 @@ text, at the bottom left of the &lsquo;<samp class="samp">A</samp>&rsquo;.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cqbezier" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\qbezier</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cput" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\put</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">picture</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cmultiput-1">8.19.2 <code class="code">\multiput</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cmultiput-1"><span>8.19.2 <code class="code">\multiput</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cmultiput-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmultiput"></a>
@@ -7541,7 +7490,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cqbezier" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\qb
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\graphpaper</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmultiput" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\multiput</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">picture</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cqbezier-1">8.19.3 <code class="code">\qbezier</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cqbezier-1"><span>8.19.3 <code class="code">\qbezier</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cqbezier-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cqbezier"></a>
@@ -7597,7 +7546,7 @@ that curve.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cline" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\line</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cqbezier" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\qbezier</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">picture</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cgraphpaper-1">8.19.4 <code class="code">\graphpaper</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cgraphpaper-1"><span>8.19.4 <code class="code">\graphpaper</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cgraphpaper"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
@@ -7636,7 +7585,7 @@ All arguments must be positive integers.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005clinethickness" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\linethickness</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\graphpaper</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">picture</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cline-1">8.19.5 <code class="code">\line</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cline-1"><span>8.19.5 <code class="code">\line</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cline-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cline"></a>
@@ -7714,7 +7663,7 @@ MetaPost, or Asymptote.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthinlines" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\thinlines</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cline" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\line</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">picture</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005clinethickness-1">8.19.6 <code class="code">\linethickness</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005clinethickness-1"><span>8.19.6 <code class="code">\linethickness</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005clinethickness-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005clinethickness"></a>
@@ -7738,7 +7687,7 @@ lines, circles, or ovals (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005coval"><code class=
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthicklines" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\thicklines</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005clinethickness" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\linethickness</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">picture</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cthinlines-1">8.19.7 <code class="code">\thinlines</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cthinlines-1"><span>8.19.7 <code class="code">\thinlines</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cthinlines-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cthinlines"></a>
@@ -7755,7 +7704,7 @@ changed with either <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005clinethickness"><code class="co
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccircle" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\circle</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cthinlines" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\thinlines</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">picture</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cthicklines-1">8.19.8 <code class="code">\thicklines</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cthicklines-1"><span>8.19.8 <code class="code">\thicklines</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cthicklines-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cthicklines"></a>
@@ -7772,7 +7721,7 @@ in the Trapezoidal Rule example of <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cqbezier"><code
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005coval" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\oval</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cthicklines" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\thicklines</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">picture</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005ccircle-1">8.19.9 <code class="code">\circle</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005ccircle-1"><span>8.19.9 <code class="code">\circle</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005ccircle-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccircle"></a>
@@ -7804,7 +7753,7 @@ integers from 1 to 15.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cshortstack" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\shortstack</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccircle" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\circle</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">picture</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005coval-1">8.19.10 <code class="code">\oval</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005coval-1"><span>8.19.10 <code class="code">\oval</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005coval-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005coval"></a>
@@ -7860,7 +7809,7 @@ frames with a small amount of corner rounding.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvector" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\vector</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005coval" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\oval</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">picture</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cshortstack-1">8.19.11 <code class="code">\shortstack</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cshortstack-1"><span>8.19.11 <code class="code">\shortstack</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cshortstack-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cshortstack"></a>
@@ -7927,7 +7876,7 @@ argument <code class="code">\shortstack{X\\[2pt] o\\o\\X}</code>.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\makebox</code> (picture)</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cshortstack" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\shortstack</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">picture</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cvector-1">8.19.12 <code class="code">\vector</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cvector-1"><span>8.19.12 <code class="code">\vector</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cvector-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cvector"></a>
@@ -7961,7 +7910,7 @@ not (if you use the latter then you get a sequence of arrowheads).
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\framebox</code> (picture)</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvector" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\vector</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">picture</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029-1">8.19.13 <code class="code">\makebox</code> (picture)</h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029-1"><span>8.19.13 <code class="code">\makebox</code> (picture)<a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmakebox-_0028for-picture_0029"></a>
@@ -8018,7 +7967,7 @@ two of these letters.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cframe" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\frame</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\makebox</code> (picture)</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">picture</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029-1">8.19.14 <code class="code">\framebox</code> (picture)</h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029-1"><span>8.19.14 <code class="code">\framebox</code> (picture)<a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cframebox"></a>
@@ -8069,7 +8018,7 @@ determined in some other way then either use <code class="code">\fbox</code> (se
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cdashbox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\dashbox</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\framebox</code> (picture)</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">picture</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cframe-1">8.19.15 <code class="code">\frame</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cframe-1"><span>8.19.15 <code class="code">\frame</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cframe-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cframe"></a>
@@ -8093,7 +8042,7 @@ extra space between the frame and the object. It is fragile
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cframe" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\frame</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">picture</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cdashbox-1">8.19.16 <code class="code">\dashbox</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cdashbox-1"><span>8.19.16 <code class="code">\dashbox</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cdashbox-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cdashbox"></a>
@@ -8138,7 +8087,7 @@ take.
<p>
Next: <a href="#tabbing" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">tabbing</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#picture" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">picture</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="quotation-_0026-quote-1">8.20 <code class="code">quotation</code> &amp; <code class="code">quote</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="quotation-_0026-quote-1"><span>8.20 <code class="code">quotation</code> &amp; <code class="code">quote</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#quotation-_0026-quote-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="anchor" id="quotation"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-quotation"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-quotation-environment"></a>
@@ -8194,7 +8143,7 @@ between paragraphs (it is the rubber length <code class="code">\parsep</code>).
<p>
Next: <a href="#table" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">table</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#quotation-_0026-quote" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">quotation</code> &amp; <code class="code">quote</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="tabbing-1">8.21 <code class="code">tabbing</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="tabbing-1"><span>8.21 <code class="code">tabbing</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#tabbing-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-tabbing"></a>
@@ -8275,44 +8224,44 @@ done in LR mode (see <a class="pxref" href="#Modes">Modes</a>).
They are all fragile (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>).
</p>
<dl class="ftable">
-<dt id='index-_005c_005c-_0028tabbing_0029'><span><code class="code">\\ <span class="r">(tabbing)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_005c-_0028tabbing_0029'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005c_005c-_0028tabbing_0029"></a><span><code class="code">\\ <span class="r">(tabbing)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028tabbing_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>End a tabbed line and typeset it.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005c_003d-_0028tabbing_0029'><span><code class="code">\= <span class="r">(tabbing)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_003d-_0028tabbing_0029'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005c_003d-_0028tabbing_0029"></a><span><code class="code">\= <span class="r">(tabbing)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005c_003d-_0028tabbing_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Sets a tab stop at the current position.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005c_003e-_0028tabbing_0029'><span><code class="code">\&gt; <span class="r">(tabbing)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_003e-_0028tabbing_0029'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005c_003e-_0028tabbing_0029"></a><span><code class="code">\&gt; <span class="r">(tabbing)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005c_003e-_0028tabbing_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_003e"></a>
<p>Advances to the next tab stop.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005c_003c'><span><code class="code">\&lt;</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_003c'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005c_003c"></a><span><code class="code">\&lt;</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005c_003c"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Put following text to the left of the local margin (without changing
the margin). Can only be used at the start of the line.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005c_002b'><span><code class="code">\+</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_002b'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005c_002b"></a><span><code class="code">\+</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005c_002b"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Moves the left margin of the next and all the
following commands one tab stop to the right, beginning tabbed line if
necessary.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005c_002d'><span><code class="code">\-</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_002d'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005c_002d"></a><span><code class="code">\-</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005c_002d"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Moves the left margin of the next and all the
following commands one tab stop to the left, beginning tabbed line if
necessary.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005c_0027-_0028tabbing_0029'><span><code class="code">\' <span class="r">(tabbing)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_0027-_0028tabbing_0029'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005c_0027-_0028tabbing_0029"></a><span><code class="code">\' <span class="r">(tabbing)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005c_0027-_0028tabbing_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Moves everything that you have typed so far in the current column, i.e.,
everything from the most recent <code class="code">\&gt;</code>, <code class="code">\&lt;</code>, <code class="code">\'</code>,
<code class="code">\\</code>, or <code class="code">\kill</code> command, to the previous column and aligned
to the right, flush against the current column&rsquo;s tab stop.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005c_0060-_0028tabbing_0029'><span><code class="code">\` <span class="r">(tabbing)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_0060-_0028tabbing_0029'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005c_0060-_0028tabbing_0029"></a><span><code class="code">\` <span class="r">(tabbing)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005c_0060-_0028tabbing_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, including tab
stop&nbsp;0. However, it can&rsquo;t move text to the right of the last
column because there&rsquo;s no tab stop there. The <code class="code">\`</code> command moves
@@ -8323,7 +8272,7 @@ of the <code class="code">tabbing</code> environment. There must be no <code cl
<code class="code">\end{tabbing}</code> command that ends the line.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ca-_0028tabbing_0029'><span><code class="code">\a <span class="r">(tabbing)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ca-_0028tabbing_0029'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ca-_0028tabbing_0029"></a><span><code class="code">\a <span class="r">(tabbing)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ca-_0028tabbing_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ca_0027-_0028acute-accent-in-tabbing_0029"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ca_0060-_0028grave-accent-in-tabbing_0029"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ca_003d-_0028macron-accent-in-tabbing_0029"></a>
@@ -8332,24 +8281,24 @@ of the <code class="code">tabbing</code> environment. There must be no <code cl
use the commands <code class="code">\a=</code>, <code class="code">\a'</code> and <code class="code">\a`</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ckill'><span><code class="code">\kill</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ckill'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ckill"></a><span><code class="code">\kill</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ckill"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like <code class="code">\\</code> except
that it throws away the current line instead of producing output for it.
Any <code class="code">\=</code>, <code class="code">\+</code> or <code class="code">\-</code> commands in that line remain in
effect.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cpoptabs'><span><code class="code">\poptabs</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cpoptabs'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cpoptabs"></a><span><code class="code">\poptabs</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cpoptabs"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cpoptabs-1"></a>
<p>Restores the tab stop positions saved by the last <code class="code">\pushtabs</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cpushtabs'><span><code class="code">\pushtabs</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cpushtabs'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cpushtabs"></a><span><code class="code">\pushtabs</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cpushtabs"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Saves all current tab stop positions. Useful for temporarily changing
tab stop positions in the middle of a <code class="code">tabbing</code> environment.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctabbingsep'><span><code class="code">\tabbingsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctabbingsep'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctabbingsep"></a><span><code class="code">\tabbingsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctabbingsep"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Distance of the text moved by <code class="code">\'</code> to left of current tab stop.
</p>
</dd>
@@ -8383,14 +8332,16 @@ function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-algorithm2e"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-algorithm2e-package"></a>
+
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-fancyvrb"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-fancyvrb-package"></a>
+
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-listings"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-listings-package"></a>
+
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-minted"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-minted-package"></a>
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-fancyvrb"></a>
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-fancyvrb-package"></a>
-
<p>This example is just for illustration of the environment. To actually
typeset computer code in typewriter like this, a verbatim environment
(see <a class="pxref" href="#verbatim"><code class="code">verbatim</code></a>) would normally be best. For pretty-printed code,
@@ -8405,7 +8356,7 @@ there are quite a few packages, including <code class="code">algorithm2e</code>,
<p>
Next: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">tabular</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#tabbing" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">tabbing</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="table-1">8.22 <code class="code">table</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="table-1"><span>8.22 <code class="code">table</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#table-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-table"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-table-environment"></a>
@@ -8482,7 +8433,7 @@ unless it is pushed to a float page at the end.
<p>
Next: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">thebibliography</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#table" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">table</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="tabular-1">8.23 <code class="code">tabular</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="tabular-1"><span>8.23 <code class="code">tabular</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#tabular-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-tabular"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-tabular-environment"></a>
@@ -8674,25 +8625,25 @@ are likely to get the <code class="code">Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in alig
<p>Parameters that control formatting:
</p>
<dl class="ftable">
-<dt id='index-_005carrayrulewidth'><span><code class="code">\arrayrulewidth</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005carrayrulewidth'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005carrayrulewidth"></a><span><code class="code">\arrayrulewidth</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005carrayrulewidth"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="anchor" id="tabular-arrayrulewidth"></a><p>A length that is the thickness of the rule created by <code class="code">|</code>,
<code class="code">\hline</code>, and <code class="code">\vline</code> in the <code class="code">tabular</code> and <code class="code">array</code>
environments. The default is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">.4pt</samp>&rsquo;. Change it as in
<code class="code">\setlength{\arrayrulewidth}{0.8pt}</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005carraystretch'><span><code class="code">\arraystretch</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005carraystretch'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005carraystretch"></a><span><code class="code">\arraystretch</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005carraystretch"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="anchor" id="tabular-arraystrech"></a><p>A factor by which the spacing between rows in the <code class="code">tabular</code> and
<code class="code">array</code> environments is multiplied. The default is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">1</samp>&rsquo;, for
no scaling. Change it as <code class="code">\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cdoublerulesep'><span><code class="code">\doublerulesep</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdoublerulesep'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cdoublerulesep"></a><span><code class="code">\doublerulesep</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cdoublerulesep"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="anchor" id="tabular-doublerulesep"></a><p>A length that is the distance between the vertical rules produced by the
<code class="code">||</code> specifier. The default is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">2pt</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctabcolsep'><span><code class="code">\tabcolsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctabcolsep'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctabcolsep"></a><span><code class="code">\tabcolsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctabcolsep"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="anchor" id="tabular-tabcolsep"></a><p>A length that is half of the space between columns. The default is
&lsquo;<samp class="samp">6pt</samp>&rsquo;. Change it with <code class="code">\setlength</code>.
</p>
@@ -8717,7 +8668,7 @@ lines:
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvline" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\vline</code></a>, Up: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">tabular</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cmulticolumn-1">8.23.1 <code class="code">\multicolumn</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cmulticolumn-1"><span>8.23.1 <code class="code">\multicolumn</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmulticolumn"></a>
@@ -8820,7 +8771,7 @@ in the first row here. That&rsquo;s because there is no vertical bar in the
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccline" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\cline</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\multicolumn</code></a>, Up: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">tabular</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cvline-1">8.23.2 <code class="code">\vline</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cvline-1"><span>8.23.2 <code class="code">\vline</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cvline-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cvline"></a>
<p>Draw a vertical line in a <code class="code">tabular</code> or <code class="code">array</code> environment
@@ -8858,7 +8809,7 @@ the vertical line in that entry appears immediately next to the
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005chline" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\hline</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvline" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\vline</code></a>, Up: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">tabular</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005ccline-1">8.23.3 <code class="code">\cline</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005ccline-1"><span>8.23.3 <code class="code">\cline</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005ccline-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccline"></a>
@@ -8893,7 +8844,7 @@ height.
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccline" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\cline</code></a>, Up: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">tabular</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005chline-1">8.23.4 <code class="code">\hline</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005chline-1"><span>8.23.4 <code class="code">\hline</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005chline-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005chline"></a>
@@ -8923,7 +8874,7 @@ is required.
<p>
Next: <a href="#theorem" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">theorem</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">tabular</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="thebibliography-1">8.24 <code class="code">thebibliography</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="thebibliography-1"><span>8.24 <code class="code">thebibliography</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#thebibliography-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-thebibliography"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-thebibliography-environment"></a>
@@ -9007,7 +8958,7 @@ language.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccite" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\cite</code></a>, Up: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">thebibliography</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cbibitem-1">8.24.1 <code class="code">\bibitem</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cbibitem-1"><span>8.24.1 <code class="code">\bibitem</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cbibitem-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cbibitem"></a>
@@ -9084,7 +9035,7 @@ recompiling.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnocite" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\nocite</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cbibitem" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\bibitem</code></a>, Up: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">thebibliography</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005ccite-1">8.24.2 <code class="code">\cite</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005ccite-1"><span>8.24.2 <code class="code">\cite</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005ccite-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccite"></a>
@@ -9150,7 +9101,7 @@ the fix may be to run LaTeX again.
<p>
Next: <a href="#Using-BibTeX" accesskey="n" rel="next">Using BibTeX</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccite" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\cite</code></a>, Up: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">thebibliography</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cnocite-1">8.24.3 <code class="code">\nocite</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cnocite-1"><span>8.24.3 <code class="code">\nocite</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cnocite-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnocite"></a>
@@ -9176,7 +9127,7 @@ have not explicitly cited them (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005ccite"><code
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnocite" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\nocite</code></a>, Up: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">thebibliography</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="Using-BibTeX-1">8.24.4 Using BibTeX</h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="Using-BibTeX-1"><span>8.24.4 Using BibTeX<a class="copiable-link" href="#Using-BibTeX-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-using-BibTeX"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-bibTeX_002c-using"></a>
@@ -9267,7 +9218,7 @@ entries from all given bibliographies.
<p>
Up: <a href="#Using-BibTeX" accesskey="u" rel="up">Using BibTeX</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsubsection" id="BibTeX-error-messages-1">8.24.4.1 BibTeX error messages</h4>
+<h4 class="subsubsection" id="BibTeX-error-messages-1"><span>8.24.4.1 BibTeX error messages<a class="copiable-link" href="#BibTeX-error-messages-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-BibTeX-error-messages"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-error-messages_002c-from-BibTeX"></a>
@@ -9284,17 +9235,17 @@ file), rather than the user-level commands described above.
errors, and the corresponding user-level commands.
</p>
<dl class="ftable">
-<dt id='index-_005cbibdata'><span><code class="code">\bibdata</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbibdata'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cbibdata"></a><span><code class="code">\bibdata</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cbibdata"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cbibliography-and-internal-_005cbibdata"></a>
<p><code class="code">\bibliography</code>
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cbibstyle'><span><code class="code">\bibstyle</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbibstyle'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cbibstyle"></a><span><code class="code">\bibstyle</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cbibstyle"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cbibliographystyle-and-internal-_005cbibstyle"></a>
<p><code class="code">\bibliographystyle</code>
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ccitation'><span><code class="code">\citation</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccitation'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ccitation"></a><span><code class="code">\citation</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ccitation"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccite-and-internal-_005ccitation"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnocite-and-internal-_005ccitation"></a>
<p><code class="code">\cite</code>, <code class="code">\nocite</code>
@@ -9318,7 +9269,7 @@ command, BibTeX complains as follows:
<p>
Next: <a href="#titlepage" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">titlepage</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">thebibliography</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="theorem-1">8.25 <code class="code">theorem</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="theorem-1"><span>8.25 <code class="code">theorem</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#theorem-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-theorem"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-theorem-environment"></a>
@@ -9370,7 +9321,7 @@ such as styling options.
<p>
Next: <a href="#verbatim" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">verbatim</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#theorem" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">theorem</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="titlepage-1">8.26 <code class="code">titlepage</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="titlepage-1"><span>8.26 <code class="code">titlepage</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#titlepage-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-titlepage"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-titlepage-environment"></a>
@@ -9426,7 +9377,7 @@ environment, use <code class="code">\maketitle</code> (see <a class="pxref" href
<p>
Next: <a href="#verse" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">verse</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#titlepage" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">titlepage</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="verbatim-1">8.27 <code class="code">verbatim</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="verbatim-1"><span>8.27 <code class="code">verbatim</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#verbatim-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-verbatim"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-verbatim-environment"></a>
@@ -9480,11 +9431,11 @@ help with this.
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-minted-1"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-minted-package-1"></a>
-<p>One common use of verbatim input is to typeset computer code. There are
-packages that are an improvement the <code class="code">verbatim</code> environment. For
-instance, one improvement is to allow the verbatim inclusion of external
-files, or parts of those files. Such packages include <code class="code">listings</code>,
-and <code class="code">minted</code>.
+<p>One common use of verbatim input is to typeset computer code. Some
+packages offer many features not provided by the <code class="code">verbatim</code>
+environment; two of the most popular are <code class="code">listings</code> and
+<code class="code">minted</code>. For example, they are capable of pretty-printing,
+line numbering, and selecting parts of files for a continuing listing.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-fancyvrb-1"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-fancyvrb-package-1"></a>
@@ -9495,7 +9446,10 @@ and <code class="code">minted</code>.
<p>A package that provides many more options for verbatim environments is
<code class="code">fancyvrb</code>. Another is <code class="code">verbatimbox</code>.
</p>
-<p>For a list of all the relevant packages, see CTAN (see <a class="pxref" href="#CTAN">CTAN: The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</a>).
+<p>For a list of all the relevant packages, see CTAN (see <a class="pxref" href="#CTAN">CTAN: The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</a>),
+particularly the topics <code class="code">listing</code>
+(<a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/topic/listing">https://ctan.org/topic/listing</a>) and <code class="code">verbatim</code>
+(<a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/topic/verbatim">https://ctan.org/topic/verbatim</a>).
</p>
@@ -9508,7 +9462,7 @@ and <code class="code">minted</code>.
<p>
Up: <a href="#verbatim" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">verbatim</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cverb-1">8.27.1 <code class="code">\verb</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cverb-1"><span>8.27.1 <code class="code">\verb</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cverb-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cverb"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-verbatim-text_002c-inline"></a>
@@ -9561,15 +9515,6 @@ space character.
is a better option than the <code class="code">\verb</code> command, since
it allows line breaks.
</p>
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-listings-2"></a>
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-listings-package-2"></a>
-
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-minted-2"></a>
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-minted-package-2"></a>
-
-<p>For computer code there are many packages with advantages over
-<code class="code">\verb</code>. One is <code class="code">listings</code>, another is <code class="code">minted</code>.
-</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-cprotect-1"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-cprotect-package-1"></a>
@@ -9591,7 +9536,7 @@ However, the <code class="code">cprotect</code> package can help with this.
<p>
Previous: <a href="#verbatim" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">verbatim</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="verse-1">8.28 <code class="code">verse</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="verse-1"><span>8.28 <code class="code">verse</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#verse-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-verse"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-verse-environment"></a>
@@ -9647,7 +9592,7 @@ are not indented, and the text is not right-justified.
<p>
Next: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="n" rel="next">Page breaking</a>, Previous: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Environments</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h2 class="chapter" id="Line-breaking-1">9 Line breaking</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter" id="Line-breaking-1"><span>9 Line breaking<a class="copiable-link" href="#Line-breaking-1"> &para;</a></span></h2>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-line-breaking"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-breaking-lines"></a>
@@ -9673,10 +9618,11 @@ fiddling with breaks that will change anyway.
<li><a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\obeycr</code> &amp; <code class="code">\restorecr</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#g_t_005cnewline" accesskey="3"><code class="code">\newline</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" accesskey="4"><code class="code">\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary" accesskey="5"><code class="code">\discretionary</code> (generalized hyphenation point)</a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy" accesskey="6"><code class="code">\fussy</code> &amp; <code class="code">\sloppy</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005chyphenation" accesskey="7"><code class="code">\hyphenation</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak" accesskey="8"><code class="code">\linebreak</code> &amp; <code class="code">\nolinebreak</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cslash" accesskey="5"><code class="code">\slash</code>: breakable &lsquo;<samp class="samp">/</samp>&rsquo;</a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary" accesskey="6"><code class="code">\discretionary</code> (generalized hyphenation point)</a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy" accesskey="7"><code class="code">\fussy</code> &amp; <code class="code">\sloppy</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005chyphenation" accesskey="8"><code class="code">\hyphenation</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak" accesskey="9"><code class="code">\linebreak</code> &amp; <code class="code">\nolinebreak</code></a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005c_005c">
@@ -9684,7 +9630,7 @@ fiddling with breaks that will change anyway.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\obeycr</code> &amp; <code class="code">\restorecr</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005c_005c-1">9.1 <code class="code">\\</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005c_005c-1"><span>9.1 <code class="code">\\</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005c_005c-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_005c-_0028force-line-break_0029"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-new-line_002c-starting"></a>
@@ -9770,7 +9716,7 @@ something like this.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewline" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\newline</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_005c" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\\</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr-1">9.2 <code class="code">\obeycr</code> &amp; <code class="code">\restorecr</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr-1"><span>9.2 <code class="code">\obeycr</code> &amp; <code class="code">\restorecr</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cobeycr"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005crestorecr"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cobeycr"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005crestorecr"></a>
@@ -9825,7 +9771,7 @@ fff ggg
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\obeycr</code> &amp; <code class="code">\restorecr</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cnewline-1">9.3 <code class="code">\newline</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cnewline-1"><span>9.3 <code class="code">\newline</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cnewline-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnewline"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-new-line_002c-starting-_0028paragraph-mode_0029"></a>
@@ -9860,9 +9806,9 @@ single cell of the table.
<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\discretionary</code> (generalized hyphenation point)</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewline" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\newline</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cslash" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\slash</code>: breakable &lsquo;<samp class="samp">/</samp>&rsquo;</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewline" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\newline</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005c_002d-_0028discretionary-hyphen_0029">9.4 <code class="code">\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005c_002d-_0028discretionary-hyphen_0029"><span>9.4 <code class="code">\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)<a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028discretionary-hyphen_0029"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-hyphenation_002c-forcing"></a>
@@ -9905,12 +9851,35 @@ requires care.
<hr>
</div>
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cslash">
+<div class="nav-panel">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\discretionary</code> (generalized hyphenation point)</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cslash_003a-breakable-_002f"><span>9.5 <code class="code">\slash</code>: breakable &lsquo;<samp class="samp">/</samp>&rsquo;<a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cslash_003a-breakable-_002f"> &para;</a></span></h3>
+
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cslash"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-slash-character_002c-breakable"></a>
+
+<p>The <code class="code">\slash</code> command produces a &lsquo;<samp class="samp">/</samp>&rsquo; character and then a
+penalty of the same value as an explicit &lsquo;<samp class="samp">-</samp>&rsquo; character
+(<code class="code">\exhyphenpenalty</code>). This allows TeX to break a line at the
+&lsquo;<samp class="samp">/</samp>&rsquo;, similar to a hyphen. Hyphenation is allowed in the word part
+preceding the &lsquo;<samp class="samp">/</samp>&rsquo;, but not after. For example:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example-preformatted">The input\slash output of the program is complicated.
+</pre></div>
+
+
+<hr>
+</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cdiscretionary">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\fussy</code> &amp; <code class="code">\sloppy</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\fussy</code> &amp; <code class="code">\sloppy</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cslash" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\slash</code>: breakable &lsquo;<samp class="samp">/</samp>&rsquo;</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cdiscretionary-_0028generalized-hyphenation-point_0029">9.5 <code class="code">\discretionary</code> (generalized hyphenation point)</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cdiscretionary-_0028generalized-hyphenation-point_0029"><span>9.6 <code class="code">\discretionary</code> (generalized hyphenation point)<a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary-_0028generalized-hyphenation-point_0029"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-hyphenation_002c-discretionary"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-discretionary-hyphenation"></a>
@@ -9947,7 +9916,7 @@ automatically by TeX&rsquo;s hyphenation algorithm.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005chyphenation" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\hyphenation</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\discretionary</code> (generalized hyphenation point)</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy-1">9.6 <code class="code">\fussy</code> &amp; <code class="code">\sloppy</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy-1"><span>9.7 <code class="code">\fussy</code> &amp; <code class="code">\sloppy</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cfussy"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005csloppy"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cfussy"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csloppy"></a>
@@ -9976,7 +9945,7 @@ that paragraph-ending material in the scope of the command.
<p>
Up: <a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">\fussy</code> &amp; <code class="code">\sloppy</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="sloppypar-1">9.6.1 <code class="code">sloppypar</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="sloppypar-1"><span>9.7.1 <code class="code">sloppypar</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#sloppypar-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-sloppypar"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-sloppypar-environment-1"></a>
@@ -10020,7 +9989,7 @@ Up: <a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code clas
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\linebreak</code> &amp; <code class="code">\nolinebreak</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\fussy</code> &amp; <code class="code">\sloppy</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005chyphenation-1">9.7 <code class="code">\hyphenation</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005chyphenation-1"><span>9.8 <code class="code">\hyphenation</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005chyphenation-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005chyphenation"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-hyphenation_002c-defining"></a>
@@ -10033,7 +10002,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak" accesskey="n" rel="nex
<p>Declares allowed hyphenation points within the words in the list. The
words in that list are separated by spaces. Show permitted points for
-hyphenation with a dash character, <code class="code">-</code>.
+hyphenation with an ASCII dash character, <code class="code">-</code>.
</p>
<p>Here is an example:
</p>
@@ -10042,7 +10011,7 @@ hyphenation with a dash character, <code class="code">-</code>.
</pre></div>
<p>Use lowercase letters. TeX will only hyphenate if the word matches
-exactly, no inflections are tried. Multiple <code class="code">\hyphenation</code>
+exactly; no inflections are tried. Multiple <code class="code">\hyphenation</code>
commands accumulate.
</p>
@@ -10054,7 +10023,7 @@ commands accumulate.
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chyphenation" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\hyphenation</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak-1">9.8 <code class="code">\linebreak</code> &amp; <code class="code">\nolinebreak</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak-1"><span>9.9 <code class="code">\linebreak</code> &amp; <code class="code">\nolinebreak</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005clinebreak"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cnolinebreak"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005clinebreak"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnolinebreak"></a>
@@ -10105,7 +10074,7 @@ and&nbsp;<a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cnewline"><code class="code">\newline</cod
<p>
Next: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnotes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Line breaking</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h2 class="chapter" id="Page-breaking-1">10 Page breaking</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter" id="Page-breaking-1"><span>10 Page breaking<a class="copiable-link" href="#Page-breaking-1"> &para;</a></span></h2>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-page-breaking"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-breaking-pages"></a>
@@ -10154,7 +10123,7 @@ influence page breaks while preparing a final version of a document.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewpage" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\newpage</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage-1">10.1 <code class="code">\clearpage</code> &amp; <code class="code">\cleardoublepage</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage-1"><span>10.1 <code class="code">\clearpage</code> &amp; <code class="code">\cleardoublepage</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cclearpage"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cclearpage"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-flushing-floats-and-starting-a-page"></a>
@@ -10217,7 +10186,7 @@ two-column mode then <code class="code">\newpage</code> ends the current column
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\enlargethispage</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\clearpage</code> &amp; <code class="code">\cleardoublepage</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cnewpage-1">10.2 <code class="code">\newpage</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cnewpage-1"><span>10.2 <code class="code">\newpage</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cnewpage-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnewpage"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-new-page_002c-starting"></a>
@@ -10266,7 +10235,7 @@ stretch out the page, as <code class="code">\pagebreak</code> does.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\pagebreak</code> &amp; <code class="code">\nopagebreak</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewpage" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\newpage</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cenlargethispage-1">10.3 <code class="code">\enlargethispage</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cenlargethispage-1"><span>10.3 <code class="code">\enlargethispage</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cenlargethispage"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-enlarge-current-page"></a>
@@ -10305,7 +10274,7 @@ explicit <code class="code">\pagebreak</code>.
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\enlargethispage</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak-1">10.4 <code class="code">\pagebreak</code> &amp; <code class="code">\nopagebreak</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak-1"><span>10.4 <code class="code">\pagebreak</code> &amp; <code class="code">\nopagebreak</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cpagebreak"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cnopagebreak"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cpagebreak"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnopagebreak"></a>
@@ -10360,11 +10329,10 @@ does not have these effects.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csamepage"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-samepage-environment"></a>
-<p>(There is an obsolete declaration <code class="code">\samepage</code>, which tries to only
-allow a break between two paragraphs. There is a related environment
-<code class="code">samepage</code>, also obsolete. Neither of these work reliably. For
-more on keeping material on the same page, see the FAQ entry
-<a class="url" href="https://texfaq.org/FAQ-nopagebrk">https://texfaq.org/FAQ-nopagebrk</a>.)
+<p>A declaration <code class="code">\samepage</code> and corresponding <code class="code">samepage</code>
+environment try to only allow breaks between paragraphs. They are not
+perfectly reliable. For more on keeping material on the same page,
+see the FAQ entry <a class="url" href="https://texfaq.org/FAQ-nopagebrk">https://texfaq.org/FAQ-nopagebrk</a>.)
</p>
<hr>
@@ -10375,7 +10343,7 @@ more on keeping material on the same page, see the FAQ entry
<p>
Next: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Definitions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Page breaking</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h2 class="chapter" id="Footnotes-1">11 Footnotes</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter" id="Footnotes-1"><span>11 Footnotes<a class="copiable-link" href="#Footnotes-1"> &para;</a></span></h2>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-footnotes_002c-creating"></a>
@@ -10414,7 +10382,7 @@ include a bibliographic style with that behavior (see <a class="pxref" href="#Us
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\footnotemark</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cfootnote-1">11.1 <code class="code">\footnote</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cfootnote-1"><span>11.1 <code class="code">\footnote</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cfootnote-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cfootnote"></a>
@@ -10425,7 +10393,8 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code
\footnote[<var class="var">number</var>]{<var class="var">text</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Place a footnote <var class="var">text</var> at the bottom of the current page.
+<p>Place a footnote <var class="var">text</var> at the bottom of the current page, with a
+footnote marker at the current position in the text.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">There are over a thousand footnotes in Gibbon's
@@ -10456,22 +10425,26 @@ you make the change local then you may want to reset the counter with
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-parameters_002c-for-footnotes"></a>
<dl class="ftable">
-<dt id='index-_005cfootnoterule'><span><code class="code">\footnoterule</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cfootnoterule'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cfootnoterule"></a><span><code class="code">\footnoterule</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cfootnoterule"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="anchor" id="footnote-footnoterule"></a><p>Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the page&rsquo;s
footnotes. Default dimensions in the standard document classes (except
-<code class="code">slides</code>, where it does not appear) is: vertical thickness of
+<code class="code">slides</code>, where it does not appear) are: vertical thickness of
<code class="code">0.4pt</code>, and horizontal size of <code class="code">0.4\columnwidth</code> long.
Change the rule with something like this.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example-preformatted">\renewcommand{\footnoterule}{% Kerns avoid vertical space
+<pre class="example-preformatted">% \footnoterule is expanded in vertical mode, thus \kern
+% commands ensure that no vertical space is created,
+% and the rule is separated vertically with 2pt
+% above the note text.
+\renewcommand*{\footnoterule}{%
\kern -3pt % This -3 is negative
\hrule width \textwidth height 1pt % of the sum of this 1
\kern 2pt} % and this 2
</pre></div>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cfootnotesep'><span><code class="code">\footnotesep</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cfootnotesep'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cfootnotesep"></a><span><code class="code">\footnotesep</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cfootnotesep"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="anchor" id="footnote-footnotesep"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-strut"></a>
<p>The height of the strut placed at the beginning of the footnote
(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cstrut"><code class="code">\strut</code></a>). By default, this is set to the normal strut for
@@ -10507,7 +10480,7 @@ shown alphabetically. See <a class="xref" href="#minipage"><code class="code">mi
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\footnotetext</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnote" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\footnote</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cfootnotemark-1">11.2 <code class="code">\footnotemark</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cfootnotemark-1"><span>11.2 <code class="code">\footnotemark</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cfootnotemark"></a>
@@ -10538,8 +10511,8 @@ and the third theorem.\footnotemark[\value{footnote}]
<p>If there are intervening footnotes then you must remember the value of
the number of the common mark. This example gives the same
institutional affiliation to both the first and third authors
-(<code class="code">\thanks</code> is a version of <code class="code">\footnote</code>), by-hand giving the
-number of the footnote.
+(<code class="code">\thanks</code> is a version of <code class="code">\footnote</code>), by explicitly
+specifying the number of the footnote (&lsquo;<samp class="samp">1</samp>&rsquo;).
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">\title{A Treatise on the Binomial Theorem}
@@ -10550,19 +10523,6 @@ number of the footnote.
\maketitle
</pre></div>
-<p>This uses a counter to remember the footnote number. The third sentence
-is followed by the same footnote marker as the first.
-</p>
-<div class="example">
-<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcounter{footnoteValueSaver}
-All babies are illogical.\footnote{%
- Lewis Carroll.}\setcounter{footnoteValueSaver}{\value{footnote}}
-Nobody is despised who can manage a crocodile.\footnote{%
- Captain Hook.}
-Illogical persons are despised.\footnotemark[\value{footnoteValueSaver}]
-Therefore, anyone who can manage a crocodile is not a baby.
-</pre></div>
-
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-cleveref-2"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-cleveref-package-2"></a>
@@ -10585,6 +10545,19 @@ But the key lemma is from Tinker.\cref{fn:TE}
<p>It will work with the package <code class="code">hyperref</code>.
</p>
+<p>This uses a counter to remember the footnote number. The third sentence
+is followed by the same footnote marker as the first.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcounter{footnoteValueSaver}
+All babies are illogical.\footnote{%
+ Lewis Carroll.}\setcounter{footnoteValueSaver}{\value{footnote}}
+Nobody is despised who can manage a crocodile.\footnote{%
+ Captain Hook.}
+Illogical persons are despised.\footnotemark[\value{footnoteValueSaver}]
+Therefore, anyone who can manage a crocodile is not a baby.
+</pre></div>
+
<hr>
</div>
@@ -10593,7 +10566,7 @@ But the key lemma is from Tinker.\cref{fn:TE}
<p>
Next: <a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnotes in section headings</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\footnotemark</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cfootnotetext-1">11.3 <code class="code">\footnotetext</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cfootnotetext-1"><span>11.3 <code class="code">\footnotetext</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cfootnotetext"></a>
@@ -10621,7 +10594,7 @@ examples.
<p>
Next: <a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnotes in a table</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\footnotetext</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="Footnotes-in-section-headings-1">11.4 Footnotes in section headings</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Footnotes-in-section-headings-1"><span>11.4 Footnotes in section headings<a class="copiable-link" href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-footnote_002c-in-section-headings"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-table-of-contents_002c-avoiding-footnotes"></a>
@@ -10636,7 +10609,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnotes in a ta
section starts, as usual, but also at the bottom of the table of
contents, where it is not likely to be desired. The simplest way
to have it not appear on the table of contents is to use the optional
-argument to <code class="code">\section</code>
+argument to <code class="code">\section</code>.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">\section[Please]{Please\footnote{%
@@ -10654,7 +10627,7 @@ what gets moved to the table of contents is the optional argument.
<p>
Next: <a href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnotes of footnotes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Footnotes in section headings</a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="Footnotes-in-a-table-1">11.5 Footnotes in a table</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Footnotes-in-a-table-1"><span>11.5 Footnotes in a table<a class="copiable-link" href="#Footnotes-in-a-table-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-footnote_002c-in-a-table"></a>
@@ -10705,7 +10678,7 @@ part of the regular footnote sequence, use the <code class="code">\footnotemark<
Little is known other than her death.}%
\stepcounter{mpFootnoteValueSaver}%
\footnotetext[\value{mpFootnoteValueSaver}]{%
- Relationship is unresolved in XXI.}
+ Relationship is unresolved.}
\end{center}
</pre></div>
@@ -10742,7 +10715,7 @@ other footnotes.
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Footnotes in a table</a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="Footnotes-of-footnotes-1">11.6 Footnotes of footnotes</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Footnotes-of-footnotes-1"><span>11.6 Footnotes of footnotes<a class="copiable-link" href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-footnote_002c-of-a-footnote"></a>
@@ -10773,7 +10746,7 @@ second.\footnotefrom{%
<p>
Next: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Counters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Footnotes</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h2 class="chapter" id="Definitions-1">12 Definitions</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter" id="Definitions-1"><span>12 Definitions<a class="copiable-link" href="#Definitions-1"> &para;</a></span></h2>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-definitions"></a>
@@ -10794,7 +10767,8 @@ Next: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Counters</a>, Previous: <a hr
<li><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont"><code class="code">\newfont</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend"><code class="code">\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#xspace-package">xspace package</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xspace-package"><code class="code">xspace</code> package</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">
@@ -10802,7 +10776,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Counters</a>, Previous: <a hr
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\providecommand</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand-1">12.1 <code class="code">\newcommand</code> &amp; <code class="code">\renewcommand</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand-1"><span>12.1 <code class="code">\newcommand</code> &amp; <code class="code">\renewcommand</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cnewcommand"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005crenewcommand"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnewcommand"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005crenewcommand"></a>
@@ -10823,7 +10797,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="co
\newcommand*{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}[<var class="var">nargs</var>][<var class="var">optargdefault</var>]{<var class="var">defn</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>or all the same possibilities with <code class="code">\renewcommand</code> instead of
+<p>or the same six possibilities with <code class="code">\renewcommand</code> instead of
<code class="code">\newcommand</code>:
</p>
<div class="example">
@@ -10835,17 +10809,16 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="co
\renewcommand*{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}[<var class="var">nargs</var>][<var class="var">optargdefault</var>]{<var class="var">defn</var>}
</pre></div>
-
<p>Define or redefine a command (see also <code class="code">\DeclareRobustCommand</code> in
<a class="ref" href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a>).
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-starred-form_002c-defining-new-commands"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002a_002dform_002c-defining-new-commands"></a>
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005clong"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005clong_002c-not-defining-a-command-as"></a>
<p>The starred form of these two forbids the arguments from containing
-multiple paragraphs of text (in plain TeX terms: the commands
-are not <code class="code">\long</code>). With the default form, arguments can be
-multiple paragraphs.
+multiple paragraphs of text (i.e., a <code class="code">\par</code> token; in plain
+TeX terms: the commands are not <code class="code">\long</code>). With the default
+form, arguments can be multiple paragraphs.
</p>
<p>These are the parameters (examples follow):
</p>
@@ -10865,9 +10838,9 @@ arguments. If you redefine a command, the new version can have a
different number of arguments than the old version.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-optional-arguments_002c-defining-and-using'><span><var class="var">optargdefault</var><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-optional-arguments_002c-defining-and-using'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-arguments_002c-optional_002c-defining-and-using"></a>
-<p>Optional; if this argument is present then the first argument of
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-arguments_002c-optional_002c-defining-and-using"></a>
+<a id="index-optional-arguments_002c-defining-and-using"></a><span><var class="var">optargdefault</var><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-optional-arguments_002c-defining-and-using"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Optional; if this argument is present then the first argument of
<code class="code">\<var class="var">cmd</var></code> is optional, with default value <var class="var">optargdefault</var>
(which may be the empty string). If <var class="var">optargdefault</var> is not present
then <code class="code">\<var class="var">cmd</var></code> does not take an optional argument.
@@ -10899,7 +10872,7 @@ called with an optional argument, the results are unpredictable: there
may be a LaTeX error, there may be incorrect typeset output, or both.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-parameters_002c-substituting'><span><var class="var">defn</var><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-parameters_002c-substituting'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-parameters_002c-substituting"></a><span><var class="var">defn</var><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-parameters_002c-substituting"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Required; the text to be substituted for every occurrence of
<code class="code">\<var class="var">cmd</var></code>. The parameters <code class="code">#1</code>, <code class="code">#2</code>,
&hellip;, <code class="code">#<var class="var">nargs</var></code> are replaced by the values supplied when
@@ -10991,7 +10964,7 @@ definition: <code class="code">\newcommand{\shipname}[1]{{\it #1}}</code>.
<p>
Up: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">\newcommand</code> &amp; <code class="code">\renewcommand</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="Control-sequence_002c-control-word-and-control-symbol">12.1.1 Control sequence, control word and control symbol</h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="Control-sequence_002c-control-word-and-control-symbol"><span>12.1.1 Control sequence, control word and control symbol<a class="copiable-link" href="#Control-sequence_002c-control-word-and-control-symbol"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-control-sequences"></a>
@@ -11040,7 +11013,7 @@ ignored, and blanks at the beginning of a line are also ignored
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\makeatletter</code> &amp; <code class="code">\makeatother</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\newcommand</code> &amp; <code class="code">\renewcommand</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cprovidecommand-1">12.2 <code class="code">\providecommand</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cprovidecommand-1"><span>12.2 <code class="code">\providecommand</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cprovidecommand"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-commands_002c-defining-new-ones-1"></a>
@@ -11084,7 +11057,7 @@ to) define <code class="code">\myaffiliation</code> does not give an error.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\@ifstar</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\providecommand</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother-1">12.3 <code class="code">\makeatletter</code> &amp; <code class="code">\makeatother</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother-1"><span>12.3 <code class="code">\makeatletter</code> &amp; <code class="code">\makeatother</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cmakeatletter"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cmakeatother"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmakeatother"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmakeatother-1"></a>
@@ -11153,7 +11126,7 @@ three lines should go in the preamble, before the
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\makeatletter</code> &amp; <code class="code">\makeatother</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005c_0040ifstar-1">12.4 <code class="code">\@ifstar</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005c_0040ifstar-1"><span>12.4 <code class="code">\@ifstar</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_0040ifstar"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-commands_002c-star_002dvariants"></a>
@@ -11254,7 +11227,7 @@ this code:
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewlength" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\newlength</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\@ifstar</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cnewcounter_003a-Allocating-a-counter">12.5 <code class="code">\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cnewcounter_003a-Allocating-a-counter"><span>12.5 <code class="code">\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter<a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cnewcounter_003a-Allocating-a-counter"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnewcounter"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-counters_002c-defining-new"></a>
@@ -11312,7 +11285,7 @@ defined.</samp>&rsquo;
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\newsavebox</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cnewlength-1">12.6 <code class="code">\newlength</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cnewlength-1"><span>12.6 <code class="code">\newlength</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cnewlength-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnewlength"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-lengths_002c-allocating-new"></a>
@@ -11353,7 +11326,7 @@ Or name \end... illegal, see p.192 of the manual</samp>&rsquo;.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\newenvironment</code> &amp; <code class="code">\renewenvironment</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewlength" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\newlength</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cnewsavebox-1">12.7 <code class="code">\newsavebox</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cnewsavebox-1"><span>12.7 <code class="code">\newsavebox</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnewsavebox"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-box_002c-allocating-new"></a>
@@ -11395,7 +11368,7 @@ Our logo is \usebox{\logobox}.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\newtheorem</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\newsavebox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment-1">12.8 <code class="code">\newenvironment</code> &amp; <code class="code">\renewenvironment</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment-1"><span>12.8 <code class="code">\newenvironment</code> &amp; <code class="code">\renewenvironment</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cnewenvironment"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005crenewenvironment"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnewenvironment"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005crenewenvironment"></a>
@@ -11567,7 +11540,7 @@ the document, use the environment like this.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewfont" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\newfont</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\newenvironment</code> &amp; <code class="code">\renewenvironment</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cnewtheorem-1">12.9 <code class="code">\newtheorem</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cnewtheorem-1"><span>12.9 <code class="code">\newtheorem</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnewtheorem"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-theorems_002c-defining"></a>
@@ -11711,7 +11684,7 @@ by &lsquo;<samp class="samp">Theorem&nbsp;2.1</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp cla
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cprotect" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\newtheorem</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cnewfont-1">12.10 <code class="code">\newfont</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cnewfont-1"><span>12.10 <code class="code">\newfont</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cnewfont-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnewfont"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-fonts_002c-new-commands-for"></a>
@@ -11760,7 +11733,7 @@ relative to the font&rsquo;s design size, which is a value defined in the
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewfont" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\newfont</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cprotect-1">12.11 <code class="code">\protect</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cprotect-1"><span>12.11 <code class="code">\protect</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cprotect-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cprotect"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-fragile-commands"></a>
@@ -11768,20 +11741,16 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend" accesskey=
<p>All LaTeX commands are either <em class="dfn">fragile</em> or <em class="dfn">robust</em>. A
fragile command can break when it is used in the argument to certain
-other commands. Commands that contain data that LaTeX writes to an
-auxiliary file and re-reads later are fragile. This includes material
-that goes into a table of contents, list of figures, list of tables,
-etc. Fragile commands also include line breaks, any command that has an
-optional argument, and many more. To prevent such commands from
-breaking, one solution is to preceded them with the command
-<code class="code">\protect</code>.
+other commands, typically those that write material to the table of
+contents, the cross-reference file, etc. To prevent fragile
+commands from causing errors, one solution is to precede them with the
+command <code class="code">\protect</code>.
</p>
<p>For example, when LaTeX runs the <code class="code">\section{<var class="var">section
name</var>}</code> command it writes the <var class="var">section name</var> text to the
<samp class="file">.aux</samp> auxiliary file, moving it there for use elsewhere in the
-document such as in the table of contents. Any argument that is
-internally expanded by LaTeX without typesetting it directly is
-referred to as a
+document such as in the table of contents. Such an argument that is
+used in multiple places is referred to as a
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-moving-arguments"></a>
<em class="dfn">moving argument</em>. A command is fragile if it can
expand during this process into invalid TeX code. Some examples of
@@ -11791,47 +11760,65 @@ command (see <a class="pxref" href="#figure"><code class="code">figure</code></a
<code class="code">array</code> environments (see <a class="pxref" href="#tabular"><code class="code">tabular</code></a>).
</p>
<p>If you get strange errors from commands used in moving arguments, try
-preceding it with <code class="code">\protect</code>. Every fragile commands must be
+preceding it with <code class="code">\protect</code>. Each fragile command must be
protected with their own <code class="code">\protect</code>.
</p>
<p>Although usually a <code class="code">\protect</code> command doesn&rsquo;t hurt, length
-commands are robust and should not be preceded by a <code class="code">\protect</code>
-command. Nor can a <code class="code">\protect</code> command be used in the argument to
-<code class="code">\addtocounter</code> or <code class="code">\setcounter</code> command.
+commands such as <code class="code">\parindent</code> should not be preceded by a
+<code class="code">\protect</code> command (see <a class="pxref" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>. Nor can a <code class="code">\protect</code>
+command be used in the argument to <code class="code">\addtocounter</code> or
+<code class="code">\setcounter</code> command (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005csetcounter"><code class="code">\setcounter</code></a> and
+<a class="ref" href="#g_t_005caddtocounter"><code class="code">\addtocounter</code></a>. These commands are already robust.
+</p>
+<p>As of the October 2019 release of LaTeX
+(<a class="url" href="https://www.latex-project.org/news/latex2e-news/ltnews30.pdf">https://www.latex-project.org/news/latex2e-news/ltnews30.pdf</a>),
+most commands that had been previously fragile were fixed to be
+robust. For example, any command taking an optional argument, such as
+<code class="code">\root</code> or <code class="code">\raisebox</code>, was fragile, but is now
+robust. Similarly, <code class="code">\(...\)</code> math was fragile and is now robust
+(<code class="code">$...$</code> has always been robust).
</p>
-<p>In this example the <code class="code">\caption</code> command gives a mysterious error
-about an extra curly brace. Fix the problem by preceding each
-<code class="code">\raisebox</code> command with <code class="code">\protect</code>.
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cverb_002c-as-fragile-command"></a>
+<p>Perhaps the most commonly used remaining fragile command is
+<code class="code">\verb</code>; for example,
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{figure}
...
- \caption{Company headquarters of A\raisebox{1pt}{B}\raisebox{-1pt}{C}}
+ \caption{This \verb|\command| causes an error.}
\end{figure}
</pre></div>
-<p>In the next example the <code class="code">\tableofcontents</code> command gives an error
-because the <code class="code">\(..\)</code> in the section title expands to illegal TeX
-in the <samp class="file">.toc</samp> file. You can solve this by changing <code class="code">\(..\)</code>
-to <code class="code">\protect\(..\protect\)</code>.
+<p>Adding <code class="code">\protect</code> does not help here. It&rsquo;s usually feasible to
+rewrite the caption (or section heading or whatever) to use
+<code class="code">\texttt</code>, often the simplest solution.
+</p>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-cprotect-2"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-cprotect-package-2"></a>
+
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccprotect"></a>
+<p>Alternatively, to use <code class="code">\verb</code>, you can apply the
+<code class="code">\cprotect</code> command from <code class="code">cprotect</code> package
+(<a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/cprotect">https://ctan.org/pkg/cprotect</a>) to the <code class="code">\caption</code>:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{document}
-\tableofcontents
-...
-\section{Einstein's \( e=mc^2 \)}
-...
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\cprotect\caption{This \verb|\command| is ok with \verb|\cprotect|.}
</pre></div>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccprotEnv"></a>
+<p><code class="code">\cprotect</code> also allows use of <code class="code">\begin...\end</code> environments
+in moving arguments, where they are normally not allowed, via a
+similar prefix command <code class="code">\cprotEnv</code>.
+</p>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#xspace-package" accesskey="n" rel="next">xspace package</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cprotect" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#xspace-package" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">xspace</code> package</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cprotect" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend-1">12.12 <code class="code">\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend-1"><span>12.12 <code class="code">\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cignorespaces"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cignorespacesafterend"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cignorespaces"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cignorespacesafterend"></a>
@@ -11929,9 +11916,9 @@ inconvenient. The solution is to change to
<div class="section-level-extent" id="xspace-package">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Class-and-package-commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Class and package commands</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="xspace-package-1">12.13 xspace package</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="xspace-package-1"><span>12.13 <code class="code">xspace</code> package<a class="copiable-link" href="#xspace-package-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cxspace"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-xspace"></a>
@@ -11940,7 +11927,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend" access
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-spaces_002c-ignore-around-commands-1"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-commands_002c-ignore-spaces-1"></a>
-<p>Synopsis:
+<p>This is an add-on package, not part of core LaTeX. Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage{xspace}
@@ -11952,15 +11939,15 @@ Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend" access
adds a space unless the command is followed by certain punctuation
characters.
</p>
-<p>After a command control sequence that is a control word (see <a class="pxref" href="#Control-sequences">Control sequence, control word and control symbol</a>, as opposed to control symbols such as <code class="code">\$</code>), TeX
-gobbles blank characters. Thus, in the first sentence below, the output
-has &lsquo;<samp class="samp">Vermont</samp>&rsquo; placed snugly against the period, without any
-intervening space.
+<p>After a control sequence that is a control word (see <a class="pxref" href="#Control-sequences">Control sequence, control word and control symbol</a>, as opposed to control symbols such as <code class="code">\$</code>), TeX
+gobbles blank characters. Thus, in the first sentence below, the
+output has &lsquo;<samp class="samp">Vermont</samp>&rsquo; placed snugly against the period, without
+any intervening space, despite the space in the input.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcommand{\VT}{Vermont}
Our college is in \VT .
-The \VT{} summers are nice.
+\VT{} summers are nice.
</pre></div>
<p>But because of the gobbling, the second sentence needs the empty curly
@@ -11982,28 +11969,828 @@ Our college is in \VT .
<p>The default exception list contains the characters <code class="code">,.'/?;:!~-)</code>,
the open curly brace and the backslash-space command discussed above,
-and the commands <code class="code">\footnote</code> or <code class="code">\footnotemark</code>. Add to that
-list as with <code class="code">\xspaceaddexceptions{\myfni \myfnii}</code> which adds
-<code class="code">\myfni</code> and&nbsp;<code class="code">\myfnii</code> to the list, and remove from that
-list as with <code class="code">\xspaceremoveexception{!}</code>.
+and the commands <code class="code">\footnote</code> or <code class="code">\footnotemark</code>. You can
+add to that list as with <code class="code">\xspaceaddexceptions{\myfni \myfnii}</code>
+which adds <code class="code">\myfni</code> and&nbsp;<code class="code">\myfnii</code> to the list; and you
+can remove from that list as with <code class="code">\xspaceremoveexception{!}</code>.
</p>
<p>A comment: many experts prefer not to use <code class="code">\xspace</code>. Putting it in
a definition means that the command will usually get the spacing right.
But it isn&rsquo;t easy to predict when to enter empty braces because
<code class="code">\xspace</code> will get it wrong, such as when it is followed by another
command, and so <code class="code">\xspace</code> can make editing material harder and more
-error-prone than instead always inserting the empty braces.
+error-prone than instead of always inserting the empty braces.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+</div>
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="Class-and-package-commands">
+<div class="nav-panel">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#xspace-package" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">xspace</code> package</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<h3 class="section" id="Class-and-package-commands-1"><span>12.14 Class and package commands<a class="copiable-link" href="#Class-and-package-commands-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
+
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-class-and-package-commands"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package-and-class-commands"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-commands_002c-class-and-package"></a>
+
+<p>These are commands designed to help writers of classes or packages.
+</p>
+
+<ul class="mini-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDvi-_0026-_005cAtEndDvi" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\AtBeginDvi</code> &amp; <code class="code">\AtEndDvi</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cAtEndOfClass-_0026-_005cAtEndOfPackage" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\AtEndOfClass</code> &amp; <code class="code">\AtEndOfPackage</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cCheckCommand" accesskey="3"><code class="code">\CheckCommand</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cClassError-and-_005cPackageError-and-others" accesskey="4"><code class="code">\ClassError</code> and <code class="code">\PackageError</code> and others</a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cCurrentOption" accesskey="5"><code class="code">\CurrentOption</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareOption" accesskey="6"><code class="code">\DeclareOption</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareRobustCommand" accesskey="7"><code class="code">\DeclareRobustCommand</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cExecuteOptions" accesskey="8"><code class="code">\ExecuteOptions</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cIfFileExists-_0026-_005cInputIfFileExists" accesskey="9"><code class="code">\IfFileExists</code> &amp; <code class="code">\InputIfFileExists</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cLoadClass-_0026-_005cLoadClassWithOptions"><code class="code">\LoadClass</code> &amp; <code class="code">\LoadClassWithOptions</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cNeedsTeXFormat"><code class="code">\NeedsTeXFormat</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cOptionNotUsed"><code class="code">\OptionNotUsed</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cPassOptionsToClass-_0026-_005cPassOptionsToPackage"><code class="code">\PassOptionsToClass</code> &amp; <code class="code">\PassOptionsToPackage</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cProcessOptions"><code class="code">\ProcessOptions</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cProvidesClass-_0026-_005cProvidesPackage"><code class="code">\ProvidesClass</code> &amp; <code class="code">\ProvidesPackage</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cProvidesFile"><code class="code">\ProvidesFile</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cRequirePackage-_0026-_005cRequirePackageWithOptions"><code class="code">\RequirePackage</code> &amp; <code class="code">\RequirePackageWithOptions</code></a></li>
+</ul>
+<hr>
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cAtBeginDvi-_0026-_005cAtEndDvi">
+<div class="nav-panel">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cAtEndOfClass-_0026-_005cAtEndOfPackage" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\AtEndOfClass</code> &amp; <code class="code">\AtEndOfPackage</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Class-and-package-commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Class and package commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cAtBeginDvi-_0026-_005cAtEndDvi-1"><span>12.14.1 <code class="code">\AtBeginDvi</code> &amp; <code class="code">\AtEndDvi</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDvi-_0026-_005cAtEndDvi-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
+
+<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cAtBeginDvi"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cAtEndDvi"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cAtBeginDvi"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cAtEndDvi"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\AtBeginDvi{<var class="var">code</var>}
+\AtEndDvi{<var class="var">code</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p><code class="code">\AtBeginDvi</code> saves, in a box register, <var class="var">code</var> to be executed
+at the beginning of the shipout of the first page of the document.
+Despite the name, it applies to DVI, PDF, and XDV output. It fills
+the <code class="code">shipout/firstpage</code> hook; new code should use that hook
+directly.
+</p>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-atenddvi"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-atenddvi-package"></a>
+
+<p>Similarly, <code class="code">\AtEndDvi</code> (previously available only with the
+<code class="code">atenddvi</code> package) is code executed when finalizing the main
+output document.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+</div>
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cAtEndOfClass-_0026-_005cAtEndOfPackage">
+<div class="nav-panel">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cCheckCommand" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\CheckCommand</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDvi-_0026-_005cAtEndDvi" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\AtBeginDvi</code> &amp; <code class="code">\AtEndDvi</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Class-and-package-commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Class and package commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cAtEndOfClass-_0026-_005cAtEndOfPackage-1"><span>12.14.2 <code class="code">\AtEndOfClass</code> &amp; <code class="code">\AtEndOfPackage</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cAtEndOfClass-_0026-_005cAtEndOfPackage-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
+
+<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cAtEndOfClass"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cAtEndOfPackage"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cAtEndOfClass"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cAtEndOfPackage"></a>
+
+<p>Synopses:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\AtEndOfClass{<var class="var">code</var>}
+\AtEndOfPackage{<var class="var">code</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Hooks to insert <var class="var">code</var> to be executed when LaTeX finishes
+processing the current class resp. package.
+</p>
+<p>These hooks can be used multiple times; each <code class="code">code</code> segment will
+be executed in the order called. Many packages and classes use these
+commands.
+</p>
+<p>See also <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument"><code class="code">\AtBeginDocument</code></a>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+</div>
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cCheckCommand">
+<div class="nav-panel">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cClassError-and-_005cPackageError-and-others" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\ClassError</code> and <code class="code">\PackageError</code> and others</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cAtEndOfClass-_0026-_005cAtEndOfPackage" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\AtEndOfClass</code> &amp; <code class="code">\AtEndOfPackage</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Class-and-package-commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Class and package commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cCheckCommand-1"><span>12.14.3 <code class="code">\CheckCommand</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cCheckCommand-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
+
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cCheckCommand"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-new-command_002c-checking-definition-of"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-long-command"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005clong-command_002c-checking-for"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\CheckCommand{<var class="var">cmd</var>}[<var class="var">num</var>][<var class="var">default</var>]{<var class="var">definition</var>}
+\CheckCommand* <span class="r">(same parameters)</span>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Like <code class="code">\newcommand</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><code class="code">\newcommand</code> &amp; <code class="code">\renewcommand</code></a>) but does
+not define <var class="var">cmd</var>; instead it checks that the current definition of
+<var class="var">cmd</var> is exactly as given by <var class="var">definition</var> and is or is not
+<em class="dfn"><code class="code">\long</code></em> as expected. A long command is a command that
+accepts <code class="code">\par</code> within an argument.
+</p>
+<p>With the unstarred version of <code class="code">\CheckCommand</code>, <var class="var">cmd</var> is
+expected to be <code class="code">\long</code>; with the starred version, <var class="var">cmd</var> must
+not be <code class="code">\long</code>
+</p>
+<p><code class="code">\CheckCommand</code> raises an error when the check fails. This
+allows you to check before you start redefining <code class="code">cmd</code> yourself
+that no other package has already redefined this command.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+</div>
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cClassError-and-_005cPackageError-and-others">
+<div class="nav-panel">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cCurrentOption" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\CurrentOption</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cCheckCommand" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\CheckCommand</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Class-and-package-commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Class and package commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cClassError-and-_005cPackageError-and-others-1"><span>12.14.4 <code class="code">\ClassError</code> and <code class="code">\PackageError</code> and others<a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cClassError-and-_005cPackageError-and-others-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
+
+<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cClassError"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cClassWarning"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cClassWarningNoLine"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cClassInfo"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cClassInfoNoLine"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cPackageError"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cPackageWarning"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cPackageWarningNoLine"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cPackageInfo"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cPackageInfoNoLine"></a>
+<p>Produce error, warning, and informational messages for classes:
+</p>
+<dl class="table">
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cClassWarning"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cClassWarningNoLine"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cClassInfo"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cClassInfoNoLine"></a>
+<a id="index-_005cClassError"></a><span><code class="code">\ClassError{<var class="var">class name</var>}{<var class="var">error-text</var>}{<var class="var">help-text</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cClassError"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\ClassWarning{<var class="var">class name</var>}{<var class="var">warning-text</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\ClassWarningNoLine{<var class="var">class name</var>}{<var class="var">warning-text</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\ClassInfo{<var class="var">class name</var>}{<var class="var">info-text</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\ClassInfoNoLine{<var class="var">class name</var>}{<var class="var">info-text</var>}</code></dt>
+</dl>
+
+<p>and the same for packages:
+</p><dl class="table">
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cPackageWarning"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cPackageWarningNoLine"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cPackageInfo"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cPackageInfoNoLine"></a>
+<a id="index-_005cPackageError"></a><span><code class="code">\PackageError{<var class="var">package name</var>}{<var class="var">error-text</var>}{<var class="var">help-text</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cPackageError"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\PackageWarning{<var class="var">package name</var>}{<var class="var">warning-text</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\PackageWarningNoLine{<var class="var">package name</var>}{<var class="var">warning-text</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\PackageInfo{<var class="var">package name</var>}{<var class="var">info-text</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\PackageInfoNoLine{<var class="var">package name</var>}{<var class="var">info-text</var>}</code></dt>
+</dl>
+
+<p>For <code class="code">\ClassError</code> and <code class="code">\PackageError</code> the message is
+<var class="var">error-text</var>, followed by TeX&rsquo;s &lsquo;<code class="code">?</code>&rsquo; error prompt. If the
+user then asks for help by typing <code class="code">h</code>, they see the <var class="var">help
+text</var>.
+</p>
+<p>The four <code class="code">Warning</code> commands are similar except that they write
+<var class="var">warning-text</var> on the screen with no error prompt. The four
+<code class="code">Info</code> commands write <var class="var">info-text</var> only in the transcript
+file. The <code class="code">NoLine</code> versions omit the number of the line
+generating the message, while the other versions do show that number.
+</p>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cprotect_002c-and-message-text"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cspace_002c-and-message-text"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cMessageBreak_002c-and-message-text"></a>
+<p>To format the messages, including the <var class="var">help-text</var>: use
+<code class="code">\protect</code> to stop a command from expanding, get a line break
+with <code class="code">\MessageBreak</code>, and get a space with <code class="code">\space</code> when a
+space character is ignore, most commonly after a command.
+</p>
+<p>LaTeX appends a period to the messages.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+</div>
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cCurrentOption">
+<div class="nav-panel">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareOption" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\DeclareOption</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cClassError-and-_005cPackageError-and-others" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\ClassError</code> and <code class="code">\PackageError</code> and others</a>, Up: <a href="#Class-and-package-commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Class and package commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cCurrentOption-1"><span>12.14.5 <code class="code">\CurrentOption</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cCurrentOption-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
+
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cCurrentOption"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-option_002c-currently-being-processed"></a>
+
+<p>Expands to the name of the option currently being processed. This can
+only be used within the <var class="var">code</var> argument of either
+<code class="code">\DeclareOption</code> or <code class="code">\DeclareOption*</code>.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cDeclareOption">
+<div class="nav-panel">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareRobustCommand" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\DeclareRobustCommand</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cCurrentOption" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\CurrentOption</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Class-and-package-commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Class and package commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareOption-1"><span>12.14.6 <code class="code">\DeclareOption</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cDeclareOption-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
+
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cDeclareOption"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-class-options-2"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package-options-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-options_002c-class"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-options_002c-package-1"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareOption{<var class="var">option</var>}{<var class="var">code</var>}
+\DeclareOption*{<var class="var">option</var>}{<var class="var">code</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Define an option a user can include in their <code class="code">\documentclass</code>
+command. For example, a class <code class="code">smcmemo</code> could have an option
+<code class="code">logo</code> allowing users to put the institutional logo on the first
+page. The document would start with
+<code class="code">\documentclass[logo]{smcmemo}</code>. To enable this, the class file
+must contain <code class="code">\DeclareOption{logo}{<var class="var">code</var>}</code> (and later,
+<code class="code">\ProcessOptions</code>).
+</p>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-default-option-processing"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-option-processing-by-default"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Unused-global-option-warning_002c-handling"></a>
+<p>If you request an option that has not been declared, by default this
+will produce a warning like <code class="code">Unused global option(s):
+[badoption].</code> This can be changed by using
+<code class="code">\DeclareOption*{<var class="var">code</var>}</code>, which executes <var class="var">code</var> for
+any unknown option.
+</p>
+<p>For example, many classes extend an existing class, using code such as
+<code class="code">\LoadClass{article}</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cLoadClass">\LoadClass</a>). In this case, it
+makes sense to pass any otherwise-unknown options to the underlying
+class, like this:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareOption*{%
+ \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}%
+}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>As another example, our class <code class="code">smcmemo</code> might allow users to keep
+lists of memo recipients in external files, so the user could invoke
+<code class="code">\documentclass[math]{smcmemo}</code> and it will read the file
+<code class="code">math.memo</code>. This code inputs the file if it exists, while if it
+doesn&rsquo;t, the option is passed to the <code class="code">article</code> class:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareOption*{\InputIfFileExists{\CurrentOption.memo}
+ {}{%
+ \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}}}
+</pre></div>
+
+
+<hr>
+</div>
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cDeclareRobustCommand">
+<div class="nav-panel">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cExecuteOptions" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\ExecuteOptions</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareOption" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\DeclareOption</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Class-and-package-commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Class and package commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareRobustCommand-1"><span>12.14.7 <code class="code">\DeclareRobustCommand</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cDeclareRobustCommand-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
+
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cDeclareRobustCommand"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-new-command_002c-definition"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-robust-command_002c-defining"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareRobustCommand{<var class="var">cmd</var>}[<var class="var">num</var>][<var class="var">default</var>]{<var class="var">definition</var>}
+\DeclareRobustCommand* <span class="r">(same parameters</span>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p><code class="code">\DeclareRobustCommand</code> and its starred form are generally like
+<code class="code">\newcommand</code> and <code class="code">\newcommand*</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><code class="code">\newcommand</code> &amp; <code class="code">\renewcommand</code></a>), with the addition that they define a so-called
+<em class="dfn">robust</em> command, even if some code within the <var class="var">definition</var> is
+fragile. (For a discussion of robust and fragile commands,
+see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>.)
+</p>
+<p>Also unlike <code class="code">\newcommand</code>, these do not give an error if macro
+<var class="var">cmd</var> already exists; instead, a log message is put into the
+transcript file if a command is redefined. Thus,
+<code class="code">\DeclareRobustCommand</code> can be used to define new robust commands
+or to redefine existing commands, making them robust.
+</p>
+<p>The starred form, <code class="code">\DeclareRobustCommand*</code>, disallows the
+arguments from containing multiple paragraphs, just like the starred
+form of <code class="code">\newcommand</code> and <code class="code">\renewcommand</code>. The meaning of
+the arguments is the same.
+</p>
+<p>Commands defined this way are a bit less efficient than those defined
+using <code class="code">\newcommand</code> so unless the command&rsquo;s data is fragile and the
+command is used within a moving argument, use <code class="code">\newcommand</code>.
+</p>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-etoolbox"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-etoolbox-package"></a>
+
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-e_002dTeX_002c-and-robust-commands"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnewrobustcmd-_0028etoolbox-package_0029"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005crenewrobustcmd-_0028etoolbox-package_0029"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cproviderobustcmd-_0028etoolbox-package_0029"></a>
+
+<p>Related to this, the <code class="code">etoolbox</code> package offers three commands
+and their starred forms: <code class="code">\newrobustcmd</code>(<code class="code">*</code>)
+<code class="code">\renewrobustcmd</code>(<code class="code">*</code>), and
+<code class="code">\providerobustcmd</code>(<code class="code">*</code>). They are similar to
+<code class="code">\newcommand</code>, <code class="code">\renewcommand</code>, and <code class="code">\providecommand</code>
+and their own starred forms, but define a robust <var class="var">cmd</var>. They have
+two possible advantages compared to <code class="code">\DeclareRobustCommand</code>:
+</p>
+<ol class="enumerate">
+<li> They use the low-level e-TeX protection mechanism rather than the
+higher-level LaTeX <code class="code">\protect</code> mechanism, so they do not incur
+the slight loss of performance mentioned above, and
+
+</li><li> They make the same distinction between <code class="code">\new&hellip;</code>,
+<code class="code">\renew&hellip;</code>, and <code class="code">\provide&hellip;</code>, as the standard
+commands. That is, they do not just write a log message when you
+redefine <var class="var">cmd</var> that already exists; you need to use either
+<code class="code">\renew&hellip;</code> or <code class="code">\provide&hellip;</code>, or you get an error.
+This may or may not be a benefit.
+</li></ol>
+
+
+<hr>
+</div>
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cExecuteOptions">
+<div class="nav-panel">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cIfFileExists-_0026-_005cInputIfFileExists" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\IfFileExists</code> &amp; <code class="code">\InputIfFileExists</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareRobustCommand" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\DeclareRobustCommand</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Class-and-package-commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Class and package commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cExecuteOptions-1"><span>12.14.8 <code class="code">\ExecuteOptions</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cExecuteOptions-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
+
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cExecuteOptions"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\ExecuteOptions{<var class="var">option-list</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cds_0040option"></a>
+<p>For each option <var class="var">option</var> in <var class="var">option-list</var>, in order, this
+command executes the command <code class="code">\ds@<var class="var">option</var></code>. If this
+command is not defined then that option is silently ignored.
+</p>
+<p>This can be used to provide a default option list before
+<code class="code">\ProcessOptions</code>. For example, if in a class file you want the
+default to be 11pt fonts then you could specify
+<code class="code">\ExecuteOptions{11pt}\ProcessOptions\relax</code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+</div>
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cIfFileExists-_0026-_005cInputIfFileExists">
+<div class="nav-panel">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cLoadClass-_0026-_005cLoadClassWithOptions" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\LoadClass</code> &amp; <code class="code">\LoadClassWithOptions</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cExecuteOptions" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\ExecuteOptions</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Class-and-package-commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Class and package commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cIfFileExists-_0026-_005cInputIfFileExists-1"><span>12.14.9 <code class="code">\IfFileExists</code> &amp; <code class="code">\InputIfFileExists</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cIfFileExists-_0026-_005cInputIfFileExists-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
+
+<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cIfFileExists"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cInputIfFileExists"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cIfFileExists"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cInputIfFileExists"></a>
+
+<p>Synopses:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\IfFileExists{<var class="var">filename</var>}{<var class="var">true-code</var>}{<var class="var">false-code</var>}
+\InputIfFileExists{<var class="var">filename</var>}{<var class="var">true-code</var>}{<var class="var">false-code</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p><code class="code">\IfFileExists</code> executes <var class="var">true-code</var> if LaTeX finds the
+file <samp class="file"><var class="var">filename</var></samp> or <var class="var">false-code</var> otherwise. In the
+first case it executing <var class="var">true-code</var> and then inputs the file.
+Thus the command
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\IfFileExists{img.pdf}{%
+ \includegraphics{img.pdf}}
+ {\typeout{!! img.pdf not found}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>will include the graphic <samp class="file">img.pdf</samp> if it is found and otherwise
+give a warning.
+</p>
+<p>This command looks for the file in all search paths that LaTeX
+uses, not only in the current directory. To look only in the current
+directory do something like
+<code class="code">\IfFileExists{./<var class="var">filename</var>}{<var class="var">true-code</var>}{<var class="var">false-code</var>}</code>.
+If you ask for a filename without a <code class="code">.tex</code> extension then
+LaTeX will first look for the file by appending the <code class="code">.tex</code>;
+for more on how LaTeX handles file extensions see <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cinput"><code class="code">\input</code></a>.
+</p>
+<p><code class="code">\InputIfFileExists</code> is similar, but, as the name states,
+automatically <code class="code">\input</code>s <var class="var">filename</var> if it exists. The
+<var class="var">true-code</var> is executed just before the <code class="code">\input</code>; if the file
+doesn&rsquo;t exist, the <var class="var">false-code</var> is executed. An example:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\InputIfFileExists{mypkg.cfg}
+ {\PackageInfo{Loading mypkg.cfg for configuration information}}
+ {\PackageInfo{No mypkg.cfg found}}
+</pre></div>
+
+
+<hr>
+</div>
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cLoadClass-_0026-_005cLoadClassWithOptions">
+<div class="nav-panel">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cNeedsTeXFormat" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\NeedsTeXFormat</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cIfFileExists-_0026-_005cInputIfFileExists" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\IfFileExists</code> &amp; <code class="code">\InputIfFileExists</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Class-and-package-commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Class and package commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cLoadClass-_0026-_005cLoadClassWithOptions-1"><span>12.14.10 <code class="code">\LoadClass</code> &amp; <code class="code">\LoadClassWithOptions</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cLoadClass-_0026-_005cLoadClassWithOptions-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
+
+<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cLoadClass"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cLoadClassWithOptions"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cLoadClass"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cLoadClassWithOptions"></a>
+
+<p>Synopses:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\LoadClass[<var class="var">options-list</var>]{<var class="var">class-name</var>}[<var class="var">release-date</var>]
+\LoadClassWithOptions{<var class="var">class-name</var>}[<var class="var">release-date</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Load a class, as with
+<code class="code">\documentclass[<var class="var">options-list</var>]{<var class="var">class-name</var>}[<var class="var">release-date</var>]</code>.
+An example: <code class="code">\LoadClass[twoside]{article}</code>.
+</p>
+<p>The <var class="var">options-list</var>, if present, is a comma-separated list. The
+<var class="var">release-date</var> is also optional. If present it must have the form
+<code class="code">YYYY/MM/DD</code>.
+</p>
+<p>If you request <var class="var">release-date</var> and the date of the package
+installed on your system is earlier, then you get a warning on the
+screen and in the log like this:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example-preformatted">You have requested, on input line 4, version `2038/01/19' of
+document class article, but only version `2014/09/29 v1.4h
+Standard LaTeX document class' is available.
+</pre></div>
+
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cPassOptionsToClass_002c-ignoring"></a>
+<p>The command version <code class="code">\LoadClassWithOptions</code> uses the list of
+options for the current class. This means it ignores any options passed
+to it via <code class="code">\PassOptionsToClass</code>. This is a convenience command
+that lets you build classes on existing ones, such as the standard
+<code class="code">article</code> class, without having to track which options were passed.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+</div>
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cNeedsTeXFormat">
+<div class="nav-panel">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cOptionNotUsed" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\OptionNotUsed</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cLoadClass-_0026-_005cLoadClassWithOptions" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\LoadClass</code> &amp; <code class="code">\LoadClassWithOptions</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Class-and-package-commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Class and package commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cNeedsTeXFormat-1"><span>12.14.11 <code class="code">\NeedsTeXFormat</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cNeedsTeXFormat-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
+
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cNeedsTeXFormat"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-format_002c-requiring"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-version-of-format_002c-requiring"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-date-of-format_002c-requiring"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\NeedsTeXFormat{<var class="var">format</var>}[<var class="var">format-date</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Specifies the format that this class must be run under. Often issued
+as the first line of a class file, and most often used as:
+<code class="code">\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}</code>. When a document using that class
+is processed, the format being run must exactly match the <var class="var">format</var>
+name given, including case. If it does not match then execution stops
+with an error like &lsquo;<samp class="samp">This file needs format `LaTeX2e' but this is
+`plain'.</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>To require a version of the format that you know to have certain
+features, include the optional <var class="var">format-date</var> on which those
+features were implemented. If present, it must be in the form
+<code class="code">YYYY/MM/DD</code>. If the format version installed on your system is
+earlier than <var class="var">format date</var> then you get a warning like this.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example-preformatted">You have requested release `2038/01/20' of LaTeX, but only
+release `2016/02/01' is available.
+</pre></div>
+
+
+<hr>
+</div>
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cOptionNotUsed">
+<div class="nav-panel">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cPassOptionsToClass-_0026-_005cPassOptionsToPackage" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\PassOptionsToClass</code> &amp; <code class="code">\PassOptionsToPackage</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cNeedsTeXFormat" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\NeedsTeXFormat</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Class-and-package-commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Class and package commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cOptionNotUsed-1"><span>12.14.12 <code class="code">\OptionNotUsed</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cOptionNotUsed-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
+
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cOptionNotUsed"></a>
+
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-unused-options_002c-adding-to-list"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-options_002c-list-of-unused"></a>
+<p>Adds the current option to the list of unused options. Can only be used
+within the <var class="var">code</var> argument of either <code class="code">\DeclareOption</code> or
+<code class="code">\DeclareOption*</code>.
+</p>
+
+
+<hr>
+</div>
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cPassOptionsToClass-_0026-_005cPassOptionsToPackage">
+<div class="nav-panel">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cProcessOptions" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\ProcessOptions</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cOptionNotUsed" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\OptionNotUsed</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Class-and-package-commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Class and package commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cPassOptionsToClass-_0026-_005cPassOptionsToPackage-1"><span>12.14.13 <code class="code">\PassOptionsToClass</code> &amp; <code class="code">\PassOptionsToPackage</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cPassOptionsToClass-_0026-_005cPassOptionsToPackage-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
+
+<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cPassOptionsToClass"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cPassOptionsToPackage"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cPassOptionsToClass"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cPassOptionsToPackage"></a>
+
+<p>Synopses:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\PassOptionsToClass{<var class="var">options</var>}{<var class="var">clsname</var>}
+\PassOptionsToPackage{<var class="var">option</var>}{<var class="var">pkgname</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Adds the options in the comma-separated list <var class="var">options</var> to the
+options used by any future <code class="code">\RequirePackage</code> or
+<code class="code">\usepackage</code> command for the class <var class="var">clsname</var> or the package
+<var class="var">pkgname</var>, respectively.
+</p>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-option-clash"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-conflict-between-package-options"></a>
+<p>The reason for these commands is that although you may load a package
+any number of times with no options, if you can specify options only
+the first time you load the package. Loading a package with options
+more than once will get you an error like <code class="code">Option clash for
+package foo.</code>. LaTeX throws an error even if there is no conflict
+between the options.
+</p>
+<p>If your own code is bringing in a package twice then you can combine
+the calls; for example, replacing the two
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\RequirePackage[landscape]{geometry}
+\RequirePackage[margins=1in]{geometry}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>with the single command
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\RequirePackage[landscape,margins=1in]{geometry}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>However, suppose you are loading <samp class="file">firstpkg</samp> and inside that
+package it loads <samp class="file">secondpkg</samp>, and you need <code class="code">secondpkg</code> to be
+loaded with option <code class="code">draft</code>. Then before load the first package
+you must tell LaTeX about the desired options for the second
+package, like this:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\PassOptionsToPackage{draft}{secondpkg}
+\RequirePackage{firstpkg}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>If <code class="code">firstpkg.sty</code> loads an option in conflict with what you want
+then you may have to alter its source, or yours.
+</p>
+<p>These commands are useful for general users as well as class and package
+writers. For instance, suppose a user wants to load the <code class="code">graphicx</code>
+package with the option <code class="code">draft</code> and also wants to use a class
+<code class="code">foo</code> that loads the <code class="code">graphicx</code> package, but without that
+option. The user could start their LaTeX file with
+<code class="code">\PassOptionsToPackage{draft}{graphicx} \documentclass{foo}</code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+</div>
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cProcessOptions">
+<div class="nav-panel">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cProvidesClass-_0026-_005cProvidesPackage" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\ProvidesClass</code> &amp; <code class="code">\ProvidesPackage</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cPassOptionsToClass-_0026-_005cPassOptionsToPackage" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\PassOptionsToClass</code> &amp; <code class="code">\PassOptionsToPackage</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Class-and-package-commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Class and package commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cProcessOptions-1"><span>12.14.14 <code class="code">\ProcessOptions</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cProcessOptions-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
+
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cProcessOptions"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-processing-options"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-options_002c-processing"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\ProcessOptions<var class="var">\@options</var>
+\ProcessOptions*<var class="var">\@options</var>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Execute the code for each option that the user has invoked. Invoke it
+in the class file as <code class="code">\ProcessOptions\relax</code> (because of the
+existence of the starred version, described below).
+</p>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-options_002c-global-and-local"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-local-options"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-global-options-2"></a>
+<p>Options come in two types. <em class="dfn">Local options</em> have been specified
+for this particular package in <code class="code">\usepackage[<var class="var">options</var>]</code>,
+<code class="code">\RequirePackage[<var class="var">options</var>]</code>, or the <var class="var">options</var> argument
+of <code class="code">\PassOptionsToPackage{<var class="var">options</var>}</code>. <em class="dfn">Global options</em>
+are those given by the class user in
+<code class="code">\documentclass[<var class="var">options</var>]</code>. If an option is specified both
+locally and globally then it is local.
+</p>
+<p>When <code class="code">\ProcessOptions</code> is called for a package <samp class="file">pkg.sty</samp>, the
+following happens:
+</p>
+<ol class="enumerate">
+<li> For each option <var class="var">option</var> so far declared with
+<code class="code">\DeclareOption</code>, <code class="code">\ProcessOptions</code> looks to see if that
+option is either global or local for <code class="code">pkg</code>. If so, then it
+executes the declared code. This is done in the order in which these
+options were given in <samp class="file">pkg.sty</samp>.
+
+</li><li> For each remaining local option, it executes the command
+<code class="code">\ds@</code><var class="var">option</var> if it has been defined somewhere (other than by
+a <code class="code">\DeclareOption</code>); otherwise, it executes the default option code
+given in <code class="code">\DeclareOption*</code>. If no default option code has been
+declared then it gives an error message. This is done in the order in
+which these options were specified.
+</li></ol>
+
+<p>When <code class="code">\ProcessOptions</code> is called for a class it works in the same
+way except that all options are local, and the default <var class="var">code</var> for
+<code class="code">\DeclareOption*</code> is <code class="code">\OptionNotUsed</code> rather than an error.
+</p>
+<p>The starred version <code class="code">\ProcessOptions*</code> executes the
+options in the order specified in the calling commands, rather than in
+the order of declaration in the class or package. For a package, this
+means that the global options are processed first.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+</div>
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cProvidesClass-_0026-_005cProvidesPackage">
+<div class="nav-panel">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cProvidesFile" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\ProvidesFile</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cProcessOptions" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\ProcessOptions</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Class-and-package-commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Class and package commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cProvidesClass-_0026-_005cProvidesPackage-1"><span>12.14.15 <code class="code">\ProvidesClass</code> &amp; <code class="code">\ProvidesPackage</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cProvidesClass-_0026-_005cProvidesPackage-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
+
+<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cProvidesClass"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cProvidesPackage"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cProvidesClass"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cProvidesPackage"></a>
+
+<p>Synopses:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\ProvidesClass{<var class="var">clsname</var>}[<var class="var">release-date</var> <span class="r">[</span><var class="var">info-text</var><span class="r">]</span>]
+\ProvidesPackage{<var class="var">pkgname</var>}[<var class="var">release-date</var> <span class="r">[</span><var class="var">info-text</var><span class="r">]</span>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Identifies the class or package being defined, printing a message to
+the screen and the log file.
+</p>
+<p>When you load a class or package, for example with
+<code class="code">\documentclass{smcmemo}</code> or <code class="code">\usepackage{test}</code>,
+LaTeX inputs a file (<samp class="file">smcmemo.cls</samp> and <samp class="file">test.sty</samp>,
+respectively). If the name of the file does not match the class or
+package name declared in it then you get a warning. Thus, if you
+invoke <code class="code">\documentclass{smcmemo}</code>, and the file
+<samp class="file">smcmemo.cls</samp> has the statement <code class="code">\ProvidesClass{foo}</code> then
+you get a warning like <code class="code">You have requested document class
+`smcmemo', but the document class provides 'foo'.</code> This warning does
+not prevent LaTeX from processing the rest of the class file
+normally.
+</p>
+<p>If you include the optional argument then you must include a date,
+before any spaces, of the form <code class="code">YYYY/MM/DD</code>. The rest of the
+optional argument is free-form, although it traditionally identifies
+the class. It is written to the screen during compilation and to the
+log file. Thus, if your file <samp class="file">smcmemo.cls</samp> contains the line
+<code class="code">\ProvidesClass{smcmemo}[2008/06/01 v1.0 SMC memo class]</code> and
+your document&rsquo;s first line is <code class="code">\documentclass{smcmemo}</code> then
+you will see <code class="code">Document Class: smcmemo 2008/06/01 v1.0 SMC memo
+class</code>.
+</p>
+<p>The date in the optional argument allows class and package users to
+ask to be warned if the version of the class or package is earlier
+than <var class="var">release date</var>. For instance, a user could enter
+<code class="code">\documentclass{smcmemo}[2018/10/12]</code> or
+<code class="code">\usepackage{foo}[[2017/07/07]]</code> to require a class or package
+with certain features by specifying that it must be released no
+earlier than the given date. Perhaps more importantly, the date
+serves as documentation of the last release. (In practice, package
+users rarely include a date, and class users almost never do.)
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+</div>
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cProvidesFile">
+<div class="nav-panel">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cRequirePackage-_0026-_005cRequirePackageWithOptions" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\RequirePackage</code> &amp; <code class="code">\RequirePackageWithOptions</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cProvidesClass-_0026-_005cProvidesPackage" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\ProvidesClass</code> &amp; <code class="code">\ProvidesPackage</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Class-and-package-commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Class and package commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cProvidesFile-1"><span>12.14.16 <code class="code">\ProvidesFile</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cProvidesFile-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
+
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cProvidesFile"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\ProvidesFile{<var class="var">filename</var>}[<var class="var">info-text</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Declare a file other than the main class and package files, such as a
+configuration or font definition file. It writes the given
+information to the log file, essentially like <code class="code">\ProvidesClass</code>
+and <code class="code">\ProvidesPackage</code> (see the previous section).
+</p>
+<p>For example:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\ProvidesFile{smcmemo.cfg}[2017/10/12 config file for smcmemo.cls]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>writes this into the log:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example-preformatted">File: smcmemo.cfg 2017/10/12 config file for smcmemo.cls
+</pre></div>
+
+
+<hr>
+</div>
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cRequirePackage-_0026-_005cRequirePackageWithOptions">
+<div class="nav-panel">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cProvidesFile" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\ProvidesFile</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Class-and-package-commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Class and package commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cRequirePackage-_0026-_005cRequirePackageWithOptions-1"><span>12.14.17 <code class="code">\RequirePackage</code> &amp; <code class="code">\RequirePackageWithOptions</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cRequirePackage-_0026-_005cRequirePackageWithOptions-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
+
+<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cRequirePackage"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cRequirePackageWithOptions"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cRequirePackage"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cRequirePackageWithOptions"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\RequirePackage[<var class="var">option-list</var>]{<var class="var">pkgname</var>}[<var class="var">release-date</var>]
+\RequirePackageWithOptions{<var class="var">pkgname</var>}[<var class="var">release-date</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Load a package, like the command <code class="code">\usepackage</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a>). An example:<br>
+<code class="code">\RequirePackage[landscape,margin=1in]{geometry}</code>
+</p>
+<p>The initial optional argument <var class="var">option-list</var>, if present, must be a
+comma-separated list. The trailing optional argument
+<var class="var">release-date</var>, if present, must have the form <code class="code">YYYY/MM/DD</code>.
+If the release date of the package as installed on your system is
+earlier than <var class="var">release-date</var> then you get a warning like &lsquo;<samp class="samp">You
+have requested, on input line 9, version `2017/07/03' of package
+jhtest, but only version `2000/01/01' is available</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>The <code class="code">\RequirePackageWithOptions</code> variant uses the list of options
+for the current class. This means it ignores any options passed to it
+via <code class="code">\PassOptionsToClass</code>. This is a convenience command to
+allow easily building classes on existing ones without having to track
+which options were passed.
+</p>
+<p>The difference between <code class="code">\usepackage</code> and <code class="code">\RequirePackage</code>
+is small. The <code class="code">\usepackage</code> command is intended to be used in
+documents, while <code class="code">\RequirePackage</code> is intended for package and
+class files. The most significant difference in practice is that
+<code class="code">\RequirePackage</code> can be used in a document before the
+<code class="code">\documentclass</code> command, while <code class="code">\usepackage</code> gives an error
+there. The most common need for this nowadays is for the
+<code class="code">\DocumentMetadata</code> command (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cDocumentMetadata"><code class="code">\DocumentMetadata</code>: Producing tagged PDF output</a>).
+</p>
+<p>The LaTeX development team strongly recommends use of these and
+related commands over Plain&nbsp;TeX&rsquo;s <code class="code">\input</code>; see the Class
+Guide (<a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/clsguide">https://ctan.org/pkg/clsguide</a>).
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+</div>
+</div>
</div>
<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Counters">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="n" rel="next">Lengths</a>, Previous: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Definitions</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h2 class="chapter" id="Counters-1">13 Counters</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter" id="Counters-1"><span>13 Counters<a class="copiable-link" href="#Counters-1"> &para;</a></span></h2>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-counters_002c-a-list-of"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-variables_002c-a-list-of"></a>
@@ -12054,7 +12841,6 @@ up to four levels of nesting (see <a class="pxref" href="#enumerate"><code class
</p>
-
<ul class="mini-toc">
<li><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</a></li>
<li><a href="#g_t_005cusecounter" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\usecounter</code></a></li>
@@ -12071,7 +12857,7 @@ up to four levels of nesting (see <a class="pxref" href="#enumerate"><code class
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\usecounter</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol_003a-Printing-counters">13.1 <code class="code">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol_003a-Printing-counters"><span>13.1 <code class="code">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters<a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol_003a-Printing-counters"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-counters_002c-printing"></a>
@@ -12085,35 +12871,35 @@ instance, <code class="code">\alph{enumi}</code>. Note that the counter name do
start with a backslash.
</p>
<dl class="ftable">
-<dt id='index-_005calph_007bcounter_007d'><span><code class="code">\alph{<var class="var">counter</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005calph_007bcounter_007d'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005calph_007bcounter_007d"></a><span><code class="code">\alph{<var class="var">counter</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005calph_007bcounter_007d"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Print the value of <var class="var">counter</var> in lowercase letters: &lsquo;a&rsquo;, &lsquo;b&rsquo;,
<small class="enddots">...</small> If the counter&rsquo;s value is less than 1 or more than 26 then
you get &lsquo;<samp class="samp">LaTeX Error: Counter too large.</samp>&rsquo;
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cAlph_007bcounter_007d'><span><code class="code">\Alph{<var class="var">counter</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cAlph_007bcounter_007d'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cAlph_007bcounter_007d"></a><span><code class="code">\Alph{<var class="var">counter</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cAlph_007bcounter_007d"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Print in uppercase letters: &lsquo;A&rsquo;, &lsquo;B&rsquo;, <small class="enddots">...</small> If the counter&rsquo;s value
is less than 1 or more than 26 then you get &lsquo;<samp class="samp">LaTeX Error: Counter
too large.</samp>&rsquo;
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005carabic_007bcounter_007d'><span><code class="code">\arabic{<var class="var">counter</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005carabic_007bcounter_007d'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005carabic_007bcounter_007d"></a><span><code class="code">\arabic{<var class="var">counter</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005carabic_007bcounter_007d"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Print in Arabic numbers such as &lsquo;<samp class="samp">5</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp class="samp">-2</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005croman_007bcounter_007d'><span><code class="code">\roman{<var class="var">counter</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005croman_007bcounter_007d'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005croman_007bcounter_007d"></a><span><code class="code">\roman{<var class="var">counter</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005croman_007bcounter_007d"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Print in lowercase roman numerals: &lsquo;i&rsquo;, &lsquo;ii&rsquo;, <small class="enddots">...</small> If the
counter&rsquo;s value is less than 1 then you get no warning or error but
LaTeX does not print anything in the output.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cRoman_007bcounter_007d'><span><code class="code">\Roman{<var class="var">counter</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cRoman_007bcounter_007d'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cRoman_007bcounter_007d"></a><span><code class="code">\Roman{<var class="var">counter</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cRoman_007bcounter_007d"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Print in uppercase roman numerals: &lsquo;I&rsquo;, &lsquo;II&rsquo;, <small class="enddots">...</small> If the
counter&rsquo;s value is less than 1 then you get no warning or error but
LaTeX does not print anything in the output.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cfnsymbol_007bcounter_007d'><span><code class="code">\fnsymbol{<var class="var">counter</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cfnsymbol_007bcounter_007d'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cfnsymbol_007bcounter_007d"></a><span><code class="code">\fnsymbol{<var class="var">counter</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cfnsymbol_007bcounter_007d"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Prints the value of <var class="var">counter</var> using a sequence of nine symbols that
are traditionally used for labeling footnotes. The value of
<var class="var">counter</var> should be between&nbsp;1 and&nbsp;9, inclusive. If the
@@ -12148,7 +12934,7 @@ warning but LaTeX does not output anything.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvalue" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\value</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cusecounter-1">13.2 <code class="code">\usecounter</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cusecounter-1"><span>13.2 <code class="code">\usecounter</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cusecounter-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cusecounter"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-list-items_002c-specifying-counter"></a>
@@ -12190,7 +12976,7 @@ enumerated with <var class="var">testcounter</var>:
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\setcounter</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\usecounter</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cvalue-1">13.3 <code class="code">\value</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cvalue-1"><span>13.3 <code class="code">\value</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cvalue-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cvalue"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-counters_002c-getting-value-of"></a>
@@ -12239,7 +13025,7 @@ preceded by <code class="code">\protect</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\addtocounter</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvalue" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\value</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005csetcounter-1">13.4 <code class="code">\setcounter</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005csetcounter-1"><span>13.4 <code class="code">\setcounter</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005csetcounter-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csetcounter"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-counters_002c-setting"></a>
@@ -12272,7 +13058,7 @@ Here it is in Roman: \Roman{exercise}.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\refstepcounter</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\setcounter</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005caddtocounter-1">13.5 <code class="code">\addtocounter</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005caddtocounter-1"><span>13.5 <code class="code">\addtocounter</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005caddtocounter-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005caddtocounter"></a>
@@ -12301,7 +13087,7 @@ Here it is in Roman: \Roman{section}.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\stepcounter</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\addtocounter</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005crefstepcounter-1">13.6 <code class="code">\refstepcounter</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005crefstepcounter-1"><span>13.6 <code class="code">\refstepcounter</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005crefstepcounter"></a>
@@ -12330,7 +13116,7 @@ locally, i.e., inside the current group.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\day</code> &amp; <code class="code">\month</code> &amp; <code class="code">\year</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\refstepcounter</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cstepcounter-1">13.7 <code class="code">\stepcounter</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cstepcounter-1"><span>13.7 <code class="code">\stepcounter</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cstepcounter-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cstepcounter"></a>
@@ -12357,7 +13143,7 @@ not influence references; that is, it does not define the current
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\stepcounter</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear-1">13.8 <code class="code">\day</code> &amp; <code class="code">\month</code> &amp; <code class="code">\year</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear-1"><span>13.8 <code class="code">\day</code> &amp; <code class="code">\month</code> &amp; <code class="code">\year</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cday"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cmonth"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cyear"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cday"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmonth"></a>
@@ -12392,7 +13178,7 @@ command line.
<p>
Next: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="n" rel="next">Making paragraphs</a>, Previous: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Counters</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h2 class="chapter" id="Lengths-1">14 Lengths</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter" id="Lengths-1"><span>14 Lengths<a class="copiable-link" href="#Lengths-1"> &para;</a></span></h2>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-lengths_002c-defining-and-using"></a>
@@ -12425,11 +13211,11 @@ placement.
\fboxsep=0pt\fbox{\hbox to #1{#2}}}
</pre></div>
-<p>This example uses those commands to show a black bar 100&nbsp;points
-long between &lsquo;<samp class="samp">XXX</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">YYY</samp>&rsquo;. This length is rigid.
+<p>This next example uses those commands to show a black bar 100&nbsp;points
+long between &lsquo;<samp class="samp">ABC</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">XYZ</samp>&rsquo;. This length is rigid.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example-preformatted">XXX\showhbox{100pt}{\blackbar{100pt}}YYY
+<pre class="example-preformatted">ABC\showhbox{100pt}{\blackbar{100pt}}XYZ
</pre></div>
<p>As for rubber lengths, shrinking is simpler one: with <code class="code">1cm minus
@@ -12439,10 +13225,10 @@ Thus, below the first one works fine, producing a space of
98&nbsp;points between the two bars.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example-preformatted">XXX\showhbox{300pt}{%
+<pre class="example-preformatted">ABC\showhbox{300pt}{%
\blackbar{101pt}\hspace{100pt minus 2pt}\blackbar{101pt}}YYY
-XXX\showhbox{300pt}{%
+ABC\showhbox{300pt}{%
\blackbar{105pt}\hspace{100pt minus 1pt}\blackbar{105pt}}YYY
</pre></div>
@@ -12457,10 +13243,10 @@ beyond the given amount, it will do it. Here the first line is fine,
producing a space of 110&nbsp;points between the bars.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example-preformatted">XXX\showhbox{300pt}{%
+<pre class="example-preformatted">ABC\showhbox{300pt}{%
\blackbar{95pt}\hspace{100pt plus 10pt}\blackbar{95pt}}YYY
-XXX\showhbox{300pt}{%
+ABC\showhbox{300pt}{%
\blackbar{95pt}\hspace{100pt plus 1pt}\blackbar{95pt}}YYY
</pre></div>
@@ -12476,7 +13262,7 @@ length but it gives you a warning like &lsquo;<samp class="samp">Underfull \hbox
stretch or shrink in proportion.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example-preformatted">XXX\showhbox{300pt}{%
+<pre class="example-preformatted">ABC\showhbox{300pt}{%
\blackbar{100pt}% left
\hspace{0pt plus 50pt}\blackbar{80pt}\hspace{0pt plus 10pt}% middle
\blackbar{100pt}}YYY % right
@@ -12491,7 +13277,7 @@ from the first space and 1/6 from the second.
<p>The <code class="code">plus</code> or <code class="code">minus</code> component of a rubber length can contain
a <em class="dfn">fill</em> component, as in <code class="code">1in plus2fill</code>. This gives the
length infinite stretchability or shrinkability so that TeX could set
-it to any distance. Here the two figures will be equal-spaced across
+it to any distance. Here the two figures will be equally spaced across
the page.
</p>
<div class="example">
@@ -12530,7 +13316,7 @@ that after <code class="code">\setlength{\ylength}{1in plus 0.2in}</code> and
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005csetlength" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\setlength</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="Units-of-length-1">14.1 Units of length</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Units-of-length-1"><span>14.1 Units of length<a class="copiable-link" href="#Units-of-length-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-units_002c-of-length"></a>
@@ -12538,50 +13324,50 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005csetlength" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\
math mode.
</p>
<dl class="ftable">
-<dt id='index-pt'><span><code class="code">pt</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-pt'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-pt"></a><span><code class="code">pt</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-pt"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-point"></a>
<a class="anchor" id="units-of-length-pt"></a><p>Point, 1/72.27 inch. The (approximate) conversion to metric units
is 1<span class="dmn">point</span> = .35146<span class="dmn">mm</span> = .035146<span class="dmn">cm</span>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-pc'><span><code class="code">pc</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-pc'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-pc"></a><span><code class="code">pc</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-pc"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-pica"></a>
<a class="anchor" id="units-of-length-pc"></a><p>Pica, 12 pt
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-in'><span><code class="code">in</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-in'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-in"></a><span><code class="code">in</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-in"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-inch"></a>
<a class="anchor" id="units-of-length-in"></a><p>Inch, 72.27 pt
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-bp'><span><code class="code">bp</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-bp'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-bp"></a><span><code class="code">bp</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-bp"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-big-point"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-PostScript-point"></a>
<a class="anchor" id="units-of-length-bp"></a><p>Big point, 1/72 inch. This length is the definition of a point in
PostScript and many desktop publishing systems.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-mm'><span><code class="code">mm</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-mm'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-mm"></a><span><code class="code">mm</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-mm"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-millimeter"></a>
<a class="anchor" id="units-of-length-mm"></a><p>Millimeter, 2.845<span class="dmn">pt</span>
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-cm'><span><code class="code">cm</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-cm'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-cm"></a><span><code class="code">cm</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-cm"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-centimeter"></a>
<a class="anchor" id="units-of-length-cm"></a><p>Centimeter, 10<span class="dmn">mm</span>
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-dd'><span><code class="code">dd</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-dd'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-dd"></a><span><code class="code">dd</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-dd"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-didot-point"></a>
<a class="anchor" id="units-of-length-dd"></a><p>Didot point, 1.07 pt
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-cc'><span><code class="code">cc</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-cc'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-cc"></a><span><code class="code">cc</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-cc"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-cicero"></a>
<a class="anchor" id="units-of-length-cc"></a><p>Cicero, 12 dd
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-sp'><span><code class="code">sp</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-sp'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-sp"></a><span><code class="code">sp</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-sp"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-scaled-point"></a>
<a class="anchor" id="units-of-length-sp"></a><p>Scaled point, 1/65536 pt
</p>
@@ -12592,7 +13378,7 @@ PostScript and many desktop publishing systems.
than being an absolute dimension.
</p>
<dl class="ftable">
-<dt id='index-ex-1'><span><code class="code">ex</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-ex-1'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-ex-1"></a><span><code class="code">ex</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-ex-1"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-x_002dheight"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ex"></a>
<a class="anchor" id="Lengths_002fex"></a><a class="anchor" id="units-of-length-ex"></a><p>The x-height of the current font <em class="dfn">ex</em>, traditionally the
@@ -12600,7 +13386,7 @@ height of the lowercase letter x, is often used for vertical
lengths.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-em-1'><span><code class="code">em</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-em-1'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-em-1"></a><span><code class="code">em</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-em-1"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-m_002dwidth"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-em"></a>
<a class="anchor" id="Lengths_002fem"></a><a class="anchor" id="units-of-length-em"></a><p>Similarly <em class="dfn">em</em>, traditionally the width of the capital
@@ -12610,7 +13396,7 @@ have 1<span class="dmn">em</span> = 10<span class="dmn">pt</span>. LaTeX has se
horizontal spaces based on the em (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad"><code class="code">\enspace</code> &amp; <code class="code">\quad</code> &amp; <code class="code">\qquad</code></a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-mu'><span><code class="code">mu</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-mu'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-mu"></a><span><code class="code">mu</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-mu"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-mu_002c-math-unit"></a>
<a class="anchor" id="units-of-length-mu"></a><p>Finally, in math mode, many definitions are expressed in terms
of the math unit <em class="dfn">mu</em>, defined by 1<span class="dmn">em</span> = 18<span class="dmn">mu</span>, where the
@@ -12632,7 +13418,7 @@ than a definition given in points.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddtolength" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\addtolength</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#Units-of-length" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Units of length</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005csetlength-1">14.2 <code class="code">\setlength</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005csetlength-1"><span>14.2 <code class="code">\setlength</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005csetlength-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csetlength"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-lengths_002c-setting"></a>
@@ -12673,7 +13459,7 @@ then you get an error like &lsquo;<samp class="samp">Missing number, treated as
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005csettodepth" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\settodepth</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csetlength" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\setlength</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005caddtolength-1">14.3 <code class="code">\addtolength</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005caddtolength-1"><span>14.3 <code class="code">\addtolength</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005caddtolength-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005caddtolength"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-lengths_002c-adding-to"></a>
@@ -12720,7 +13506,7 @@ If you leave off the backslash at the start of \<var class="var">len</var>, as i
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005csettoheight" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\settoheight</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddtolength" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\addtolength</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005csettodepth-1">14.4 <code class="code">\settodepth</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005csettodepth-1"><span>14.4 <code class="code">\settodepth</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005csettodepth-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csettodepth"></a>
@@ -12758,7 +13544,7 @@ then you get something like &lsquo;<samp class="samp">Undefined control sequence
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005csettowidth" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\settowidth</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csettodepth" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\settodepth</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005csettoheight-1">14.5 <code class="code">\settoheight</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005csettoheight-1"><span>14.5 <code class="code">\settoheight</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005csettoheight-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csettoheight"></a>
@@ -12797,7 +13583,7 @@ you leave the backslash out of \<var class="var">len</var>, as in
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cstretch" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\stretch</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csettoheight" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\settoheight</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005csettowidth-1">14.6 <code class="code">\settowidth</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005csettowidth-1"><span>14.6 <code class="code">\settowidth</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005csettowidth-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csettowidth"></a>
@@ -12836,7 +13622,7 @@ you leave the backslash out of \<var class="var">len</var>, as in
<p>
Next: <a href="#Expressions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Expressions</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csettowidth" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\settowidth</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cstretch-1">14.7 <code class="code">\stretch</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cstretch-1"><span>14.7 <code class="code">\stretch</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cstretch-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cstretch"></a>
@@ -12888,7 +13674,7 @@ We dedicate this book to our wives.
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cstretch" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\stretch</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="Expressions-1">14.8 Expressions</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Expressions-1"><span>14.8 Expressions<a class="copiable-link" href="#Expressions-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-expressions"></a>
@@ -13004,7 +13790,7 @@ because it rounds <code class="code">3/2</code> to <code class="code">2</code>,
<p>
Next: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math formulas</a>, Previous: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Lengths</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h2 class="chapter" id="Making-paragraphs-1">15 Making paragraphs</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter" id="Making-paragraphs-1"><span>15 Making paragraphs<a class="copiable-link" href="#Making-paragraphs-1"> &para;</a></span></h2>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-making-paragraphs"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-paragraphs"></a>
@@ -13091,7 +13877,7 @@ complete</samp>&rsquo;.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\indent</code> &amp; <code class="code">\noindent</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cpar-1">15.1 <code class="code">\par</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cpar-1"><span>15.1 <code class="code">\par</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cpar-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cpar"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-paragraph_002c-ending"></a>
@@ -13159,7 +13945,7 @@ there is an empty horizontal space of 3&nbsp;inches and then
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\parindent</code> &amp; <code class="code">\parskip</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpar" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\par</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent-1">15.2 <code class="code">\indent</code> &amp; <code class="code">\noindent</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent-1"><span>15.2 <code class="code">\indent</code> &amp; <code class="code">\noindent</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cindent"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cnoindent"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cindent"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnoindent"></a>
@@ -13231,7 +14017,7 @@ look on CTAN for the package <code class="code">indentfirst</code>.
<p>
Next: <a href="#Marginal-notes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Marginal notes</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\indent</code> &amp; <code class="code">\noindent</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip-1">15.3 <code class="code">\parindent</code> &amp; <code class="code">\parskip</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip-1"><span>15.3 <code class="code">\parindent</code> &amp; <code class="code">\parskip</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cparindent"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cparskip"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cparindent-2"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cparskip"></a>
@@ -13283,7 +14069,7 @@ classes is <code class="code">0pt plus1pt</code>.
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\parindent</code> &amp; <code class="code">\parskip</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="Marginal-notes-1">15.4 Marginal notes</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Marginal-notes-1"><span>15.4 Marginal notes<a class="copiable-link" href="#Marginal-notes-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-marginal-notes"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-notes-in-the-margin"></a>
@@ -13327,17 +14113,17 @@ hyphenation there by beginning <var class="var">left</var> or <var class="var">r
<p>These parameters affect the formatting of the note:
</p>
<dl class="ftable">
-<dt id='index-_005cmarginparpush-2'><span><code class="code">\marginparpush</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmarginparpush-2'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cmarginparpush-2"></a><span><code class="code">\marginparpush</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cmarginparpush-2"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="anchor" id="marginal-notes-marginparpush"></a><p>Minimum vertical space between notes; default &lsquo;<samp class="samp">7pt</samp>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<samp class="samp">12pt</samp>&rsquo;
documents, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">5pt</samp>&rsquo; else. See also&nbsp;<a class="ref" href="#page-layout-parameters-marginparpush">page layout parameters marginparpush</a>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cmarginparsep'><span><code class="code">\marginparsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmarginparsep'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cmarginparsep"></a><span><code class="code">\marginparsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cmarginparsep"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="anchor" id="marginal-notes-marginparsep"></a><p>Horizontal space between the main text and the note; default
&lsquo;<samp class="samp">11pt</samp>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<samp class="samp">10pt</samp>&rsquo; documents, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">10pt</samp>&rsquo; else.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cmarginparwidth-2'><span><code class="code">\marginparwidth</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmarginparwidth-2'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cmarginparwidth-2"></a><span><code class="code">\marginparwidth</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cmarginparwidth-2"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="anchor" id="marginal-notes-marginparwidth"></a><p>Width of the note itself; default for a one-sided &lsquo;<samp class="samp">10pt</samp>&rsquo; document
is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">90pt</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">83pt</samp>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<samp class="samp">11pt</samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">68pt</samp>&rsquo; for
&lsquo;<samp class="samp">12pt</samp>&rsquo;; &lsquo;<samp class="samp">17pt</samp>&rsquo; more in each case for a two-sided document.
@@ -13358,7 +14144,7 @@ notes from falling off the bottom of the page.
<p>
Next: <a href="#Modes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Modes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Making paragraphs</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h2 class="chapter" id="Math-formulas-1">16 Math formulas</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter" id="Math-formulas-1"><span>16 Math formulas<a class="copiable-link" href="#Math-formulas-1"> &para;</a></span></h2>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-math-formulas"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-formulas_002c-math"></a>
@@ -13463,7 +14249,7 @@ see their documentation on CTAN.
<li><a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="2">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#Math-functions" accesskey="3">Math functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#Math-accents" accesskey="4">Math accents</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining" accesskey="5">Over- and Underlining</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Over_002d-or-under-math" accesskey="5">Over- or under math</a></li>
<li><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="6">Spacing in math mode</a></li>
<li><a href="#Math-styles" accesskey="7">Math styles</a></li>
<li><a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="8">Math miscellany</a></li>
@@ -13474,7 +14260,7 @@ see their documentation on CTAN.
<p>
Next: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math symbols</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="Subscripts-_0026-superscripts-1">16.1 Subscripts &amp; superscripts</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Subscripts-_0026-superscripts-1"><span>16.1 Subscripts &amp; superscripts<a class="copiable-link" href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="anchor" id="superscript"></a><a class="anchor" id="subscript"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-superscript"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-subscript"></a>
@@ -13565,7 +14351,7 @@ typeset chemical formulas. There are packages for that, such as
<p>
Next: <a href="#Math-functions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math functions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="Math-symbols-1">16.2 Math symbols</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Math-symbols-1"><span>16.2 Math symbols<a class="copiable-link" href="#Math-symbols-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-math-symbols"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-symbols_002c-math"></a>
@@ -13590,32 +14376,32 @@ mode, see <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005censuremath"><code class="code">\ensurema
</p>
<dl class="ftable">
-<dt id='index-_005c_007c'><span><code class="code">\|</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_007c'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005c_007c"></a><span><code class="code">\|</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005c_007c"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2225; Parallel (relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code class="code">\parallel</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005caleph'><span><code class="code">\aleph</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005caleph'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005caleph"></a><span><code class="code">\aleph</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005caleph"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2135; Aleph, transfinite cardinal (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005calpha'><span><code class="code">\alpha</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005calpha'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005calpha"></a><span><code class="code">\alpha</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005calpha"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03B1; Lowercase Greek letter alpha (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005camalg'><span><code class="code">\amalg</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005camalg'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005camalg"></a><span><code class="code">\amalg</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005camalg"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2A3F; Disjoint union (binary)
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cangle'><span><code class="code">\angle</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cangle'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cangle"></a><span><code class="code">\angle</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cangle"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2220; Geometric angle (ordinary). Similar: less-than
sign&nbsp;<code class="code">&lt;</code> and angle bracket&nbsp;<code class="code">\langle</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005capprox'><span><code class="code">\approx</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005capprox'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005capprox"></a><span><code class="code">\approx</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005capprox"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2248; Almost equal to (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cast'><span><code class="code">\ast</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cast'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cast"></a><span><code class="code">\ast</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cast"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2217; Asterisk operator, convolution, six-pointed
(binary). Synonym:&nbsp;<code class="code">*</code>, which is often a superscript or
subscript, as in the Kleene star. Similar:&nbsp;<code class="code">\star</code>, which is
@@ -13623,453 +14409,453 @@ five-pointed, and is sometimes used as a general binary operation, and
sometimes reserved for cross-correlation.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005casymp'><span><code class="code">\asymp</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005casymp'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005casymp"></a><span><code class="code">\asymp</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005casymp"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x224D; Asymptotically equivalent (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cbackslash'><span><code class="code">\backslash</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbackslash'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cbackslash"></a><span><code class="code">\backslash</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cbackslash"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>\ Backslash (ordinary). Similar: set minus&nbsp;<code class="code">\setminus</code>, and
<code class="code">\textbackslash</code> for backslash outside of math mode.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cbeta'><span><code class="code">\beta</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbeta'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cbeta"></a><span><code class="code">\beta</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cbeta"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03B2; Lowercase Greek letter beta (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cbigcap'><span><code class="code">\bigcap</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbigcap'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cbigcap"></a><span><code class="code">\bigcap</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cbigcap"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x22C2; Variable-sized, or n-ary, intersection (operator). Similar:
binary intersection&nbsp;<code class="code">\cap</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cbigcirc'><span><code class="code">\bigcirc</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbigcirc'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cbigcirc"></a><span><code class="code">\bigcirc</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cbigcirc"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x26AA; Circle, larger (binary). Similar: function
composition&nbsp;<code class="code">\circ</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cbigcup'><span><code class="code">\bigcup</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbigcup'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cbigcup"></a><span><code class="code">\bigcup</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cbigcup"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x22C3; Variable-sized, or n-ary, union (operator). Similar: binary
union&nbsp;<code class="code">\cup</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cbigodot'><span><code class="code">\bigodot</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbigodot'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cbigodot"></a><span><code class="code">\bigodot</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cbigodot"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2A00; Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled dot operator (operator).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cbigoplus'><span><code class="code">\bigoplus</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbigoplus'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cbigoplus"></a><span><code class="code">\bigoplus</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cbigoplus"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2A01; Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled plus operator (operator).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cbigotimes'><span><code class="code">\bigotimes</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbigotimes'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cbigotimes"></a><span><code class="code">\bigotimes</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cbigotimes"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2A02; Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled times operator (operator).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cbigtriangledown'><span><code class="code">\bigtriangledown</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbigtriangledown'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cbigtriangledown"></a><span><code class="code">\bigtriangledown</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cbigtriangledown"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x25BD; Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle
pointing down (binary). Synonym: <var class="var">\varbigtriangledown</var>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cbigtriangleup'><span><code class="code">\bigtriangleup</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbigtriangleup'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cbigtriangleup"></a><span><code class="code">\bigtriangleup</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cbigtriangleup"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x25B3; Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle
pointing up (binary). Synonym: <var class="var">\varbigtriangleup</var>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cbigsqcup'><span><code class="code">\bigsqcup</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbigsqcup'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cbigsqcup"></a><span><code class="code">\bigsqcup</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cbigsqcup"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2A06; Variable-sized, or n-ary, square union (operator).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cbiguplus'><span><code class="code">\biguplus</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbiguplus'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cbiguplus"></a><span><code class="code">\biguplus</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cbiguplus"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2A04; Variable-sized, or n-ary, union operator with a plus
(operator). (Note that the name has only one p.)
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cbigvee'><span><code class="code">\bigvee</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbigvee'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cbigvee"></a><span><code class="code">\bigvee</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cbigvee"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x22C1; Variable-sized, or n-ary, logical-or (operator).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cbigwedge'><span><code class="code">\bigwedge</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbigwedge'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cbigwedge"></a><span><code class="code">\bigwedge</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cbigwedge"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x22C0; Variable-sized, or n-ary, logical-and (operator).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cbot'><span><code class="code">\bot</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbot'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cbot"></a><span><code class="code">\bot</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cbot"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x22A5;, Up tack, bottom, least element of a partially ordered
set, or a contradiction (ordinary). See also&nbsp;<code class="code">\top</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cbowtie'><span><code class="code">\bowtie</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbowtie'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cbowtie"></a><span><code class="code">\bowtie</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cbowtie"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x22C8; Natural join of two relations (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cBox'><span><code class="code">\Box</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cBox'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cBox"></a><span><code class="code">\Box</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cBox"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x25A1; Modal operator for necessity; square open box
(ordinary). Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <code class="code">amssymb</code> package.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cbullet'><span><code class="code">\bullet</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbullet'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cbullet"></a><span><code class="code">\bullet</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cbullet"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-bullet-symbol"></a>
<p>&#x2022; Bullet (binary). Similar: multiplication
dot&nbsp;<code class="code">\cdot</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ccap'><span><code class="code">\cap</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccap'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ccap"></a><span><code class="code">\cap</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ccap"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2229; Intersection of two sets (binary). Similar: variable-sized
operator&nbsp;<code class="code">\bigcap</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ccdot'><span><code class="code">\cdot</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccdot'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ccdot"></a><span><code class="code">\cdot</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ccdot"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x22C5; Multiplication (binary). Similar: Bullet
dot&nbsp;<code class="code">\bullet</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cchi'><span><code class="code">\chi</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cchi'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cchi"></a><span><code class="code">\chi</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cchi"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03C7; Lowercase Greek chi (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ccirc'><span><code class="code">\circ</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccirc'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ccirc"></a><span><code class="code">\circ</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ccirc"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2218; Function composition, ring operator (binary). Similar:
variable-sized operator&nbsp;<code class="code">\bigcirc</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cclubsuit'><span><code class="code">\clubsuit</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cclubsuit'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cclubsuit"></a><span><code class="code">\clubsuit</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cclubsuit"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2663; Club card suit (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ccomplement'><span><code class="code">\complement</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccomplement'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ccomplement"></a><span><code class="code">\complement</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ccomplement"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2201;, Set complement, used as a superscript as in
<code class="code">$S^\complement$</code> (ordinary). Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <code class="code">amssymb</code> package. Also used:
<code class="code">$S^{\mathsf{c}}$</code> or&nbsp;<code class="code">$\bar{S}$</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ccong'><span><code class="code">\cong</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccong'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ccong"></a><span><code class="code">\cong</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ccong"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2245; Congruent (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ccoprod'><span><code class="code">\coprod</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccoprod'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ccoprod"></a><span><code class="code">\coprod</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ccoprod"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2210; Coproduct (operator).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ccup'><span><code class="code">\cup</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccup'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ccup"></a><span><code class="code">\cup</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ccup"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x222A; Union of two sets (binary). Similar: variable-sized
operator&nbsp;<code class="code">\bigcup</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cdagger'><span><code class="code">\dagger</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdagger'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cdagger"></a><span><code class="code">\dagger</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cdagger"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2020; Dagger relation (binary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cdashv'><span><code class="code">\dashv</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdashv'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cdashv"></a><span><code class="code">\dashv</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cdashv"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x22A3; Dash with vertical, reversed turnstile (relation). Similar:
turnstile&nbsp;<code class="code">\vdash</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cddagger'><span><code class="code">\ddagger</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cddagger'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cddagger"></a><span><code class="code">\ddagger</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cddagger"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2021; Double dagger relation (binary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cDelta'><span><code class="code">\Delta</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cDelta'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cDelta"></a><span><code class="code">\Delta</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cDelta"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x0394; Greek uppercase delta, used for increment (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cdelta'><span><code class="code">\delta</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdelta'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cdelta"></a><span><code class="code">\delta</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cdelta"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03B4; Greek lowercase delta (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cDiamond'><span><code class="code">\Diamond</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cDiamond'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cDiamond"></a><span><code class="code">\Diamond</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cDiamond"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x25C7; Large diamond operator (ordinary). Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <code class="code">amssymb</code> package.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cdiamond'><span><code class="code">\diamond</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdiamond'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cdiamond"></a><span><code class="code">\diamond</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cdiamond"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x22C4; Diamond operator (binary). Similar: large
diamond&nbsp;<code class="code">\Diamond</code>, circle bullet&nbsp;<code class="code">\bullet</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cdiamondsuit'><span><code class="code">\diamondsuit</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdiamondsuit'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cdiamondsuit"></a><span><code class="code">\diamondsuit</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cdiamondsuit"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2662; Diamond card suit (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cdiv'><span><code class="code">\div</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdiv'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cdiv"></a><span><code class="code">\div</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cdiv"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x00F7; Division sign (binary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cdoteq'><span><code class="code">\doteq</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdoteq'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cdoteq"></a><span><code class="code">\doteq</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cdoteq"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2250; Approaches the limit (relation). Similar: geometrically equal
to&nbsp;<code class="code">\Doteq</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cdownarrow'><span><code class="code">\downarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdownarrow'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cdownarrow"></a><span><code class="code">\downarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cdownarrow"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2193; Down arrow, converges (relation). Similar:
<code class="code">\Downarrow</code> double line down arrow.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cDownarrow'><span><code class="code">\Downarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cDownarrow'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cDownarrow"></a><span><code class="code">\Downarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cDownarrow"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x21D3; Double line down arrow (relation). Similar:
<code class="code">\downarrow</code> single line down arrow.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cell'><span><code class="code">\ell</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cell'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cell"></a><span><code class="code">\ell</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cell"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2113; Lowercase cursive letter l (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cemptyset'><span><code class="code">\emptyset</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cemptyset'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cemptyset"></a><span><code class="code">\emptyset</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cemptyset"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2205; Empty set symbol (ordinary). The variant form is
<code class="code">\varnothing</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cepsilon'><span><code class="code">\epsilon</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cepsilon'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cepsilon"></a><span><code class="code">\epsilon</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cepsilon"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03F5; Lowercase lunate epsilon (ordinary). Similar to
Greek text letter. More widely used in mathematics is the script small
letter epsilon <code class="code">\varepsilon</code>&nbsp;&#x03B5;. Related:
the set membership relation <code class="code">\in</code>&nbsp;&#x2208;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cequiv'><span><code class="code">\equiv</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cequiv'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cequiv"></a><span><code class="code">\equiv</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cequiv"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2261; Equivalence (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ceta'><span><code class="code">\eta</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ceta'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ceta"></a><span><code class="code">\eta</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ceta"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03B7; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cexists'><span><code class="code">\exists</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cexists'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cexists"></a><span><code class="code">\exists</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cexists"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2203; Existential quantifier (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cflat'><span><code class="code">\flat</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cflat'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cflat"></a><span><code class="code">\flat</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cflat"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x266D; Musical flat (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cforall'><span><code class="code">\forall</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cforall'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cforall"></a><span><code class="code">\forall</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cforall"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2200; Universal quantifier (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cfrown'><span><code class="code">\frown</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cfrown'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cfrown"></a><span><code class="code">\frown</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cfrown"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2322; Downward curving arc (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cGamma'><span><code class="code">\Gamma</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cGamma'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cGamma"></a><span><code class="code">\Gamma</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cGamma"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x0393; uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cgamma'><span><code class="code">\gamma</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cgamma'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cgamma"></a><span><code class="code">\gamma</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cgamma"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03B3; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cge'><span><code class="code">\ge</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cge'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cge"></a><span><code class="code">\ge</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cge"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2265; Greater than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym
for&nbsp;<code class="code">\geq</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cgeq'><span><code class="code">\geq</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cgeq'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cgeq"></a><span><code class="code">\geq</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cgeq"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2265; Greater than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym
for&nbsp;<code class="code">\ge</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cgets'><span><code class="code">\gets</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cgets'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cgets"></a><span><code class="code">\gets</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cgets"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2190; Is assigned the value (relation).
Synonym:&nbsp;<code class="code">\leftarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cgg'><span><code class="code">\gg</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cgg'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cgg"></a><span><code class="code">\gg</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cgg"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x226B; Much greater than (relation). Similar: much less
than&nbsp;<code class="code">\ll</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005chbar'><span><code class="code">\hbar</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005chbar'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005chbar"></a><span><code class="code">\hbar</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005chbar"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x210F; Planck constant over two pi (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cheartsuit'><span><code class="code">\heartsuit</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cheartsuit'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cheartsuit"></a><span><code class="code">\heartsuit</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cheartsuit"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2661; Heart card suit (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005chookleftarrow'><span><code class="code">\hookleftarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005chookleftarrow'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005chookleftarrow"></a><span><code class="code">\hookleftarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005chookleftarrow"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x21A9; Hooked left arrow (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005chookrightarrow'><span><code class="code">\hookrightarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005chookrightarrow'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005chookrightarrow"></a><span><code class="code">\hookrightarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005chookrightarrow"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x21AA; Hooked right arrow (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ciff'><span><code class="code">\iff</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ciff'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ciff"></a><span><code class="code">\iff</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ciff"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x27F7; If and only if (relation). It is <code class="code">\Longleftrightarrow</code>
with a <code class="code">\thickmuskip</code> on either side.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cIm'><span><code class="code">\Im</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cIm'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cIm"></a><span><code class="code">\Im</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cIm"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2111; Imaginary part (ordinary). See: real part&nbsp;<code class="code">\Re</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cimath'><span><code class="code">\imath</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cimath'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cimath"></a><span><code class="code">\imath</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cimath"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dotless-i_002c-math"></a>
<p>Dotless i; used when you are putting an accent on an i (see <a class="pxref" href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cin'><span><code class="code">\in</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cin'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cin"></a><span><code class="code">\in</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cin"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2208; Set element (relation). See also: lowercase lunate
epsilon&nbsp;<code class="code">\epsilon</code>&#x03F5; and small letter script
epsilon&nbsp;<code class="code">\varepsilon</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cinfty'><span><code class="code">\infty</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cinfty'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cinfty"></a><span><code class="code">\infty</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cinfty"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x221E; Infinity (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cint'><span><code class="code">\int</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cint'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cint"></a><span><code class="code">\int</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cint"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x222B; Integral (operator).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ciota'><span><code class="code">\iota</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ciota'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ciota"></a><span><code class="code">\iota</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ciota"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03B9; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cJoin'><span><code class="code">\Join</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cJoin'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cJoin"></a><span><code class="code">\Join</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cJoin"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2A1D; Condensed bowtie symbol (relation). Not available in Plain
TeX.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cjmath'><span><code class="code">\jmath</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cjmath'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cjmath"></a><span><code class="code">\jmath</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cjmath"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dotless-j_002c-math"></a>
<p>Dotless j; used when you are putting an accent on a j (see <a class="pxref" href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ckappa'><span><code class="code">\kappa</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ckappa'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ckappa"></a><span><code class="code">\kappa</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ckappa"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03BA; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cLambda'><span><code class="code">\Lambda</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cLambda'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cLambda"></a><span><code class="code">\Lambda</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cLambda"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x039B; uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005clambda'><span><code class="code">\lambda</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clambda'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005clambda"></a><span><code class="code">\lambda</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005clambda"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03BB; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cland'><span><code class="code">\land</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cland'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cland"></a><span><code class="code">\land</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cland"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2227; Logical and (binary). Synonym:&nbsp;<code class="code">\wedge</code>.
See also logical&nbsp;or&nbsp;<code class="code">\lor</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005clangle'><span><code class="code">\langle</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clangle'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005clangle"></a><span><code class="code">\langle</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005clangle"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x27E8; Left angle, or sequence, bracket (opening). Similar:
less-than&nbsp;<code class="code">&lt;</code>. Matches&nbsp;<code class="code">\rangle</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005clbrace'><span><code class="code">\lbrace</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clbrace'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005clbrace"></a><span><code class="code">\lbrace</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005clbrace"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x007B; Left curly brace
(opening). Synonym:&nbsp;<code class="code">\{</code>. Matches&nbsp;<code class="code">\rbrace</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005clbrack'><span><code class="code">\lbrack</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clbrack'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005clbrack"></a><span><code class="code">\lbrack</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005clbrack"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x005B; Left square bracket (opening).
Synonym:&nbsp;<code class="code">[</code>. Matches&nbsp;<code class="code">\rbrack</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005clceil'><span><code class="code">\lceil</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clceil'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005clceil"></a><span><code class="code">\lceil</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005clceil"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2308; Left ceiling bracket, like a square bracket but with the bottom
shaved off (opening). Matches&nbsp;<code class="code">\rceil</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cle'><span><code class="code">\le</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cle'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cle"></a><span><code class="code">\le</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cle"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2264; Less than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym
for&nbsp;<code class="code">\leq</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cleadsto'><span><code class="code">\leadsto</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cleadsto'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cleadsto"></a><span><code class="code">\leadsto</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cleadsto"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x21DD; Squiggly right arrow (relation).
To get this symbol outside of math mode you can put
<code class="code">\newcommand*{\Leadsto}{\ensuremath{\leadsto}}</code> in the
preamble and then use <code class="code">\Leadsto</code> instead.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cLeftarrow'><span><code class="code">\Leftarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cLeftarrow'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cLeftarrow"></a><span><code class="code">\Leftarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cLeftarrow"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x21D0; Is implied by, double-line left arrow (relation). Similar:
single-line left arrow&nbsp;<code class="code">\leftarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cleftarrow'><span><code class="code">\leftarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cleftarrow'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cleftarrow"></a><span><code class="code">\leftarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cleftarrow"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2190; Single-line left arrow (relation).
Synonym:&nbsp;<code class="code">\gets</code>. Similar: double-line left
arrow&nbsp;<code class="code">\Leftarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cleftharpoondown'><span><code class="code">\leftharpoondown</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cleftharpoondown'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cleftharpoondown"></a><span><code class="code">\leftharpoondown</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cleftharpoondown"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x21BD; Single-line left harpoon, barb under bar (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cleftharpoonup'><span><code class="code">\leftharpoonup</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cleftharpoonup'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cleftharpoonup"></a><span><code class="code">\leftharpoonup</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cleftharpoonup"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x21BC; Single-line left harpoon, barb over bar (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cLeftrightarrow'><span><code class="code">\Leftrightarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cLeftrightarrow'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cLeftrightarrow"></a><span><code class="code">\Leftrightarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cLeftrightarrow"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x21D4; Bi-implication; double-line double-headed arrow (relation).
Similar: single-line double headed arrow&nbsp;<code class="code">\leftrightarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cleftrightarrow'><span><code class="code">\leftrightarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cleftrightarrow'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cleftrightarrow"></a><span><code class="code">\leftrightarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cleftrightarrow"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2194; Single-line double-headed arrow (relation). Similar:
double-line double headed arrow&nbsp;<code class="code">\Leftrightarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cleq'><span><code class="code">\leq</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cleq'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cleq"></a><span><code class="code">\leq</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cleq"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2264; Less than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym
for&nbsp;<code class="code">\le</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005clfloor'><span><code class="code">\lfloor</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clfloor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005clfloor"></a><span><code class="code">\lfloor</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005clfloor"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x230A; Left floor bracket (opening). Matches:&nbsp;<code class="code">\floor</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005clhd'><span><code class="code">\lhd</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clhd'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005clhd"></a><span><code class="code">\lhd</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005clhd"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x25C1; Arrowhead, that is, triangle, pointing left (binary).
For the normal subgroup symbol you should load
<code class="code">amssymb</code> and use&nbsp;<code class="code">\vartriangleleft</code> (which is a relation
and so gives better spacing).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cll'><span><code class="code">\ll</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cll'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cll"></a><span><code class="code">\ll</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cll"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x226A; Much less than (relation). Similar: much greater
than&nbsp;<code class="code">\gg</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005clnot'><span><code class="code">\lnot</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clnot'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005clnot"></a><span><code class="code">\lnot</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005clnot"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x00AC; Logical negation (ordinary). Synonym:&nbsp;<code class="code">\neg</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005clongleftarrow'><span><code class="code">\longleftarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clongleftarrow'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005clongleftarrow"></a><span><code class="code">\longleftarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005clongleftarrow"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x27F5; Long single-line left arrow (relation). Similar: long
double-line left arrow&nbsp;<code class="code">\Longleftarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005clongleftrightarrow'><span><code class="code">\longleftrightarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clongleftrightarrow'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005clongleftrightarrow"></a><span><code class="code">\longleftrightarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005clongleftrightarrow"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x27F7; Long single-line double-headed arrow (relation). Similar: long
double-line double-headed arrow&nbsp;<code class="code">\Longleftrightarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005clongmapsto'><span><code class="code">\longmapsto</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clongmapsto'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005clongmapsto"></a><span><code class="code">\longmapsto</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005clongmapsto"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x27FC; Long single-line left arrow starting with vertical bar
(relation). Similar: shorter version&nbsp;<code class="code">\mapsto</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005clongrightarrow'><span><code class="code">\longrightarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clongrightarrow'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005clongrightarrow"></a><span><code class="code">\longrightarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005clongrightarrow"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x27F6; Long single-line right arrow (relation). Similar: long
double-line right arrow&nbsp;<code class="code">\Longrightarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005clor'><span><code class="code">\lor</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005clor"></a><span><code class="code">\lor</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005clor"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2228; Logical or (binary). Synonym:&nbsp;<code class="code">\vee</code>.
See also logical&nbsp;and&nbsp;<code class="code">\land</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cmapsto'><span><code class="code">\mapsto</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmapsto'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cmapsto"></a><span><code class="code">\mapsto</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cmapsto"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x21A6; Single-line left arrow starting with vertical bar
(relation).
Similar: longer version&nbsp;<code class="code">\longmapsto</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cmho'><span><code class="code">\mho</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmho'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cmho"></a><span><code class="code">\mho</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cmho"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2127; Conductance, half-circle rotated capital omega (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cmid'><span><code class="code">\mid</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmid'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cmid"></a><span><code class="code">\mid</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cmid"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2223; Single-line vertical bar (relation). A typical use of
<code class="code">\mid</code> is for a set <code class="code">\{\, x \mid x\geq 5 \,\}</code>.
</p>
@@ -14080,52 +14866,52 @@ ordinals, i.e., footnote symbols. For absolute value, see the entry
for&nbsp;<code class="code">\vert</code> and for norm see the entry for&nbsp;<code class="code">\Vert</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cmodels'><span><code class="code">\models</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmodels'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cmodels"></a><span><code class="code">\models</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cmodels"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x22A8; Entails, or satisfies; double turnstile, short double dash
(relation). Similar: long double dash&nbsp;<code class="code">\vDash</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cmp'><span><code class="code">\mp</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmp'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cmp"></a><span><code class="code">\mp</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cmp"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2213; Minus or plus (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cmu'><span><code class="code">\mu</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmu'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cmu"></a><span><code class="code">\mu</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cmu"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03BC; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cnabla'><span><code class="code">\nabla</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cnabla'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cnabla"></a><span><code class="code">\nabla</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cnabla"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2207; Hamilton&rsquo;s del, or differential, operator (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cnatural'><span><code class="code">\natural</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cnatural'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cnatural"></a><span><code class="code">\natural</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cnatural"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x266E; Musical natural notation (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cne'><span><code class="code">\ne</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cne'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cne"></a><span><code class="code">\ne</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cne"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2260; Not equal (relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code class="code">\neq</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cnearrow'><span><code class="code">\nearrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cnearrow'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cnearrow"></a><span><code class="code">\nearrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cnearrow"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2197; North-east arrow (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cneg'><span><code class="code">\neg</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cneg'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cneg"></a><span><code class="code">\neg</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cneg"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x00AC; Logical negation (ordinary).
Synonym:&nbsp;<code class="code">\lnot</code>. Sometimes instead used for
negation:&nbsp;<code class="code">\sim</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cneq'><span><code class="code">\neq</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cneq'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cneq"></a><span><code class="code">\neq</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cneq"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2260; Not equal (relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code class="code">\ne</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cni'><span><code class="code">\ni</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cni'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cni"></a><span><code class="code">\ni</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cni"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x220B; Reflected membership epsilon; has the member
(relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code class="code">\owns</code>. Similar: is a member
of&nbsp;<code class="code">\in</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cnot'><span><code class="code">\not</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cnot'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cnot"></a><span><code class="code">\not</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cnot"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x0020;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Long solidus, or slash, used to overstrike a
following operator (relation).
</p>
@@ -14134,107 +14920,107 @@ particularly with the <code class="code">amssymb</code> package. For example, <c
is typographically preferable to <code class="code">\not\in</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cnotin'><span><code class="code">\notin</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cnotin'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cnotin"></a><span><code class="code">\notin</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cnotin"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2209; Not an element of (relation). Similar: not subset
of&nbsp;<code class="code">\nsubseteq</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cnu'><span><code class="code">\nu</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cnu'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cnu"></a><span><code class="code">\nu</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cnu"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03BD; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cnwarrow'><span><code class="code">\nwarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cnwarrow'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cnwarrow"></a><span><code class="code">\nwarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cnwarrow"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2196; North-west arrow (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005codot'><span><code class="code">\odot</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005codot'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005codot"></a><span><code class="code">\odot</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005codot"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2299; Dot inside a circle (binary). Similar: variable-sized
operator&nbsp;<code class="code">\bigodot</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005coint'><span><code class="code">\oint</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005coint'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005coint"></a><span><code class="code">\oint</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005coint"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x222E; Contour integral, integral with circle in the middle
(operator).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cOmega'><span><code class="code">\Omega</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cOmega'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cOmega"></a><span><code class="code">\Omega</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cOmega"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03A9; uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005comega'><span><code class="code">\omega</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005comega'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005comega"></a><span><code class="code">\omega</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005comega"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03C9; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cominus'><span><code class="code">\ominus</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cominus'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cominus"></a><span><code class="code">\ominus</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cominus"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2296; Minus sign, or dash, inside a circle (binary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005coplus'><span><code class="code">\oplus</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005coplus'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005coplus"></a><span><code class="code">\oplus</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005coplus"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2295; Plus sign inside a circle (binary). Similar: variable-sized
operator&nbsp;<code class="code">\bigoplus</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005coslash'><span><code class="code">\oslash</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005coslash'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005coslash"></a><span><code class="code">\oslash</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005coslash"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2298; Solidus, or slash, inside a circle (binary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cotimes'><span><code class="code">\otimes</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cotimes'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cotimes"></a><span><code class="code">\otimes</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cotimes"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2297; Times sign, or cross, inside a circle (binary). Similar:
variable-sized operator&nbsp;<code class="code">\bigotimes</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cowns'><span><code class="code">\owns</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cowns'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cowns"></a><span><code class="code">\owns</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cowns"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x220B; Reflected membership epsilon; has the member
(relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code class="code">\ni</code>. Similar: is a member
of&nbsp;<code class="code">\in</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cparallel'><span><code class="code">\parallel</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cparallel'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cparallel"></a><span><code class="code">\parallel</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cparallel"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2225; Parallel (relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code class="code">\|</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cpartial'><span><code class="code">\partial</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cpartial'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cpartial"></a><span><code class="code">\partial</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cpartial"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2202; Partial differential (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cperp'><span><code class="code">\perp</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cperp'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cperp"></a><span><code class="code">\perp</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cperp"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x27C2; Perpendicular (relation). Similar:&nbsp;<code class="code">\bot</code> uses the
same glyph but the spacing is different because it is in the class
ordinary.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cPhi'><span><code class="code">\Phi</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cPhi'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cPhi"></a><span><code class="code">\Phi</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cPhi"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03A6; Uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cphi'><span><code class="code">\phi</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cphi'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cphi"></a><span><code class="code">\phi</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cphi"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03D5; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
<code class="code">\varphi</code>&nbsp;&#x03C6;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cPi'><span><code class="code">\Pi</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cPi'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cPi"></a><span><code class="code">\Pi</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cPi"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03A0; uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cpi'><span><code class="code">\pi</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cpi'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cpi"></a><span><code class="code">\pi</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cpi"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03C0; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
<code class="code">\varpi</code>&nbsp;&#x03D6;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cpm'><span><code class="code">\pm</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cpm'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cpm"></a><span><code class="code">\pm</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cpm"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x00B1; Plus or minus (binary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cprec'><span><code class="code">\prec</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cprec'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cprec"></a><span><code class="code">\prec</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cprec"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x227A; Precedes (relation). Similar: less than&nbsp;<code class="code">&lt;</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cpreceq'><span><code class="code">\preceq</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cpreceq'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cpreceq"></a><span><code class="code">\preceq</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cpreceq"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2AAF; Precedes or equals (relation). Similar: less than or
equals&nbsp;<code class="code">\leq</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cprime'><span><code class="code">\prime</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cprime'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cprime"></a><span><code class="code">\prime</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cprime"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2032; Prime, or minute in a time expression (ordinary).
Typically used as a superscript: <code class="code">$f^\prime$</code>; <code class="code">$f^\prime$</code>
and <code class="code">$f'$</code> produce the same result. An advantage of the second
@@ -14245,176 +15031,176 @@ single quote&nbsp;<code class="code">'</code> in text mode produces a different
(apostrophe).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cprod'><span><code class="code">\prod</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cprod'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cprod"></a><span><code class="code">\prod</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cprod"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x220F; Product (operator).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cpropto'><span><code class="code">\propto</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cpropto'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cpropto"></a><span><code class="code">\propto</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cpropto"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x221D; Is proportional to (relation)
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cPsi'><span><code class="code">\Psi</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cPsi'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cPsi"></a><span><code class="code">\Psi</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cPsi"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03A8; uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cpsi'><span><code class="code">\psi</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cpsi'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cpsi"></a><span><code class="code">\psi</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cpsi"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03C8; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005crangle'><span><code class="code">\rangle</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005crangle'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005crangle"></a><span><code class="code">\rangle</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005crangle"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x27E9; Right angle, or sequence, bracket (closing).
Similar: greater than&nbsp;<code class="code">&gt;</code>. Matches:<code class="code">\langle</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005crbrace'><span><code class="code">\rbrace</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005crbrace'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005crbrace"></a><span><code class="code">\rbrace</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005crbrace"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x007D; Right curly brace
(closing). Synonym:&nbsp;<code class="code">\}</code>. Matches&nbsp;<code class="code">\lbrace</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005crbrack'><span><code class="code">\rbrack</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005crbrack'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005crbrack"></a><span><code class="code">\rbrack</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005crbrack"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x005D; Right square bracket
(closing). Synonym:&nbsp;<code class="code">]</code>. Matches&nbsp;<code class="code">\lbrack</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005crceil'><span><code class="code">\rceil</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005crceil'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005crceil"></a><span><code class="code">\rceil</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005crceil"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2309; Right ceiling bracket (closing). Matches&nbsp;<code class="code">\lceil</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cRe'><span><code class="code">\Re</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cRe'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cRe"></a><span><code class="code">\Re</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cRe"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x211C; Real part, real numbers, cursive capital R (ordinary). Related:
double-line, or blackboard bold, R&nbsp;<code class="code">\mathbb{R}</code>; to access
this, load the <code class="code">amsfonts</code> package.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005crestriction'><span><code class="code">\restriction</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005crestriction'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005crestriction"></a><span><code class="code">\restriction</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005crestriction"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x21BE;, Restriction of a function (relation). Synonym:
<code class="code">\upharpoonright</code>. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <code class="code">amssymb</code> package.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005crevemptyset'><span><code class="code">\revemptyset</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005crevemptyset'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005crevemptyset"></a><span><code class="code">\revemptyset</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005crevemptyset"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x29B0;, Reversed empty set symbol (ordinary). Related:
<code class="code">\varnothing</code>. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp class="file">stix</samp> package.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005crfloor'><span><code class="code">\rfloor</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005crfloor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005crfloor"></a><span><code class="code">\rfloor</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005crfloor"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x230B; Right floor bracket, a right square bracket with the top cut
off (closing). Matches&nbsp;<code class="code">\lfloor</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005crhd'><span><code class="code">\rhd</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005crhd'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005crhd"></a><span><code class="code">\rhd</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005crhd"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x25C1; Arrowhead, that is, triangle, pointing right (binary).
For the normal subgroup symbol you should instead
load <code class="code">amssymb</code> and use&nbsp;<code class="code">\vartriangleright</code> (which is a
relation and so gives better spacing).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005crho'><span><code class="code">\rho</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005crho'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005crho"></a><span><code class="code">\rho</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005crho"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03C1; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
<code class="code">\varrho</code>&nbsp;&#x03F1;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cRightarrow'><span><code class="code">\Rightarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cRightarrow'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cRightarrow"></a><span><code class="code">\Rightarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cRightarrow"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x21D2; Implies, right-pointing double line arrow
(relation). Similar: right single-line arrow&nbsp;<code class="code">\rightarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005crightarrow'><span><code class="code">\rightarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005crightarrow'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005crightarrow"></a><span><code class="code">\rightarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005crightarrow"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2192; Right-pointing single line arrow (relation).
Synonym:&nbsp;<code class="code">\to</code>. Similar: right double line
arrow&nbsp;<code class="code">\Rightarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005crightharpoondown'><span><code class="code">\rightharpoondown</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005crightharpoondown'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005crightharpoondown"></a><span><code class="code">\rightharpoondown</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005crightharpoondown"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x21C1; Right-pointing harpoon with barb below
the line (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005crightharpoonup'><span><code class="code">\rightharpoonup</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005crightharpoonup'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005crightharpoonup"></a><span><code class="code">\rightharpoonup</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005crightharpoonup"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x21C0; Right-pointing harpoon with barb above the
line (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005crightleftharpoons'><span><code class="code">\rightleftharpoons</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005crightleftharpoons'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005crightleftharpoons"></a><span><code class="code">\rightleftharpoons</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005crightleftharpoons"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x21CC; Right harpoon up above left harpoon down
(relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005csearrow'><span><code class="code">\searrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csearrow'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005csearrow"></a><span><code class="code">\searrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005csearrow"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2198; Arrow pointing southeast (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005csetminus'><span><code class="code">\setminus</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csetminus'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005csetminus"></a><span><code class="code">\setminus</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005csetminus"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x29F5; Set difference, reverse solidus or reverse slash,
like \ (binary). Similar: backslash&nbsp;<code class="code">\backslash</code> and also
<code class="code">\textbackslash</code> outside of math mode.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005csharp'><span><code class="code">\sharp</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csharp'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005csharp"></a><span><code class="code">\sharp</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005csharp"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x266F; Musical sharp (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cSigma'><span><code class="code">\Sigma</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cSigma'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cSigma"></a><span><code class="code">\Sigma</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cSigma"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03A3; uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005csigma'><span><code class="code">\sigma</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csigma'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005csigma"></a><span><code class="code">\sigma</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005csigma"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03C3; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
<code class="code">\varsigma</code>&nbsp;&#x03C2;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005csim'><span><code class="code">\sim</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csim'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005csim"></a><span><code class="code">\sim</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005csim"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x223C; Similar, in a relation (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005csimeq'><span><code class="code">\simeq</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csimeq'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005csimeq"></a><span><code class="code">\simeq</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005csimeq"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2243; Similar or equal to, in a relation (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005csmallint'><span><code class="code">\smallint</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csmallint'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005csmallint"></a><span><code class="code">\smallint</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005csmallint"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x222B; Integral sign that does not change to a larger size in a
display (operator).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005csmile'><span><code class="code">\smile</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csmile'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005csmile"></a><span><code class="code">\smile</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005csmile"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2323; Upward curving arc, smile (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cspadesuit'><span><code class="code">\spadesuit</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cspadesuit'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cspadesuit"></a><span><code class="code">\spadesuit</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cspadesuit"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2660; Spade card suit (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005csqcap'><span><code class="code">\sqcap</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csqcap'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005csqcap"></a><span><code class="code">\sqcap</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005csqcap"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2293; Square intersection symbol (binary). Similar:
intersection&nbsp;<code class="code">cap</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005csqcup'><span><code class="code">\sqcup</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csqcup'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005csqcup"></a><span><code class="code">\sqcup</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005csqcup"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2294; Square union symbol (binary). Similar:
union&nbsp;<code class="code">cup</code>. Related: variable-sized
operator&nbsp;<code class="code">\bigsqcup</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005csqsubset'><span><code class="code">\sqsubset</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csqsubset'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005csqsubset"></a><span><code class="code">\sqsubset</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005csqsubset"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x228F;, Square subset symbol (relation). Similar:
subset&nbsp;<code class="code">\subset</code>. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <code class="code">amssymb</code> package.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005csqsubseteq'><span><code class="code">\sqsubseteq</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csqsubseteq'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005csqsubseteq"></a><span><code class="code">\sqsubseteq</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005csqsubseteq"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2291; Square subset or equal symbol (binary). Similar: subset or
equal to&nbsp;<code class="code">\subseteq</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005csqsupset'><span><code class="code">\sqsupset</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csqsupset'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005csqsupset"></a><span><code class="code">\sqsupset</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005csqsupset"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2290;, Square superset symbol (relation). Similar:
superset&nbsp;<code class="code">\supset</code>. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <code class="code">amssymb</code> package.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005csqsupseteq'><span><code class="code">\sqsupseteq</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csqsupseteq'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005csqsupseteq"></a><span><code class="code">\sqsupseteq</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005csqsupseteq"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2292; Square superset or equal symbol (binary).
Similar: superset or equal&nbsp;<code class="code">\supseteq</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cstar'><span><code class="code">\star</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cstar'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cstar"></a><span><code class="code">\star</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cstar"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x22C6; Five-pointed star, sometimes used as a general binary
operation but sometimes reserved for cross-correlation (binary).
Similar: the synonyms asterisk&nbsp;<code class="code">*</code> and <code class="code">\ast</code>, which
@@ -14422,90 +15208,90 @@ are six-pointed, and more often appear as a superscript or subscript,
as with the Kleene star.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005csubset'><span><code class="code">\subset</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csubset'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005csubset"></a><span><code class="code">\subset</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005csubset"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2282; Subset (occasionally, is implied by) (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005csubseteq'><span><code class="code">\subseteq</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csubseteq'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005csubseteq"></a><span><code class="code">\subseteq</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005csubseteq"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2286; Subset or equal to (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005csucc'><span><code class="code">\succ</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csucc'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005csucc"></a><span><code class="code">\succ</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005csucc"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x227B; Comes after, succeeds (relation). Similar: is less
than&nbsp;<code class="code">&gt;</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005csucceq'><span><code class="code">\succeq</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csucceq'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005csucceq"></a><span><code class="code">\succeq</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005csucceq"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2AB0; Succeeds or is equal to (relation). Similar: less
than or equal to&nbsp;<code class="code">\leq</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005csum'><span><code class="code">\sum</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csum'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005csum"></a><span><code class="code">\sum</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005csum"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2211; Summation (operator). Similar: Greek capital
sigma&nbsp;<code class="code">\Sigma</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005csupset'><span><code class="code">\supset</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csupset'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005csupset"></a><span><code class="code">\supset</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005csupset"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2283; Superset (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005csupseteq'><span><code class="code">\supseteq</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csupseteq'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005csupseteq"></a><span><code class="code">\supseteq</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005csupseteq"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2287; Superset or equal to (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005csurd'><span><code class="code">\surd</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csurd'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005csurd"></a><span><code class="code">\surd</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005csurd"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x221A; Radical symbol (ordinary). The LaTeX command
<code class="code">\sqrt{...}</code> typesets the square root of the argument, with a bar
that extends to cover the argument.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cswarrow'><span><code class="code">\swarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cswarrow'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cswarrow"></a><span><code class="code">\swarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cswarrow"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2199; Southwest-pointing arrow (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctau'><span><code class="code">\tau</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctau'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctau"></a><span><code class="code">\tau</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctau"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03C4; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctheta'><span><code class="code">\theta</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctheta'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctheta"></a><span><code class="code">\theta</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctheta"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03B8; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
<code class="code">\vartheta</code>&nbsp;&#x03D1;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctimes'><span><code class="code">\times</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctimes'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctimes"></a><span><code class="code">\times</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctimes"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x00D7; Primary school multiplication sign (binary). See
also&nbsp;<code class="code">\cdot</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cto'><span><code class="code">\to</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cto'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cto"></a><span><code class="code">\to</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cto"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2192; Right-pointing single line arrow (relation).
Synonym:&nbsp;<code class="code">\rightarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctop'><span><code class="code">\top</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctop'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctop"></a><span><code class="code">\top</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctop"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x22A4; Top, greatest element of a partially ordered set
(ordinary). See also&nbsp;<code class="code">\bot</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctriangle'><span><code class="code">\triangle</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctriangle'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctriangle"></a><span><code class="code">\triangle</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctriangle"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x25B3; Triangle (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctriangleleft'><span><code class="code">\triangleleft</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctriangleleft'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctriangleleft"></a><span><code class="code">\triangleleft</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctriangleleft"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x25C1; Not-filled triangle pointing left
(binary). Similar:&nbsp;<code class="code">\lhd</code>. For the normal subgroup symbol you
should load <code class="code">amssymb</code> and use&nbsp;<code class="code">\vartriangleleft</code> (which
is a relation and so gives better spacing).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctriangleright'><span><code class="code">\triangleright</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctriangleright'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctriangleright"></a><span><code class="code">\triangleright</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctriangleright"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x25B7; Not-filled triangle pointing right
(binary). For the normal subgroup symbol you should instead load
<code class="code">amssymb</code> and use&nbsp;<code class="code">\vartriangleright</code> (which is a
relation and so gives better spacing).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cunlhd'><span><code class="code">\unlhd</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cunlhd'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cunlhd"></a><span><code class="code">\unlhd</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cunlhd"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x22B4; Left-pointing not-filled underlined arrowhead, that is,
triangle, with a line under (binary). For the
normal subgroup symbol load <code class="code">amssymb</code> and
@@ -14513,7 +15299,7 @@ use&nbsp;<code class="code">\vartrianglelefteq</code> (which is a relation and s
better spacing).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cunrhd'><span><code class="code">\unrhd</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cunrhd'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cunrhd"></a><span><code class="code">\unrhd</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cunrhd"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x22B5; Right-pointing not-filled underlined arrowhead, that is,
triangle, with a line under (binary). For the
normal subgroup symbol load <code class="code">amssymb</code> and
@@ -14521,137 +15307,137 @@ use&nbsp;<code class="code">\vartrianglerighteq</code> (which is a relation and
better spacing).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cUparrow'><span><code class="code">\Uparrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cUparrow'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cUparrow"></a><span><code class="code">\Uparrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cUparrow"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x21D1; Double-line upward-pointing arrow
(relation). Similar: single-line up-pointing
arrow&nbsp;<code class="code">\uparrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cuparrow'><span><code class="code">\uparrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cuparrow'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cuparrow"></a><span><code class="code">\uparrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cuparrow"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2191; Single-line upward-pointing arrow, diverges
(relation). Similar: double-line up-pointing
arrow&nbsp;<code class="code">\Uparrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cUpdownarrow'><span><code class="code">\Updownarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cUpdownarrow'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cUpdownarrow"></a><span><code class="code">\Updownarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cUpdownarrow"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x21D5; Double-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow
(relation). Similar: single-line upward-and-downward-pointing
arrow&nbsp;<code class="code">\updownarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cupdownarrow'><span><code class="code">\updownarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cupdownarrow'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cupdownarrow"></a><span><code class="code">\updownarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cupdownarrow"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2195; Single-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow
(relation). Similar: double-line upward-and-downward-pointing
arrow&nbsp;<code class="code">\Updownarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cupharpoonright'><span><code class="code">\upharpoonright</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cupharpoonright'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cupharpoonright"></a><span><code class="code">\upharpoonright</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cupharpoonright"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x21BE;, Up harpoon, with barb on right side
(relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code class="code">\restriction</code>.
Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <code class="code">amssymb</code> package.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cuplus'><span><code class="code">\uplus</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cuplus'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cuplus"></a><span><code class="code">\uplus</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cuplus"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x228E; Multiset union, a union symbol with a plus symbol in
the middle (binary). Similar: union&nbsp;<code class="code">\cup</code>. Related:
variable-sized operator&nbsp;<code class="code">\biguplus</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cUpsilon'><span><code class="code">\Upsilon</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cUpsilon'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cUpsilon"></a><span><code class="code">\Upsilon</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cUpsilon"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03A5; uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cupsilon'><span><code class="code">\upsilon</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cupsilon'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cupsilon"></a><span><code class="code">\upsilon</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cupsilon"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03C5; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cvarepsilon'><span><code class="code">\varepsilon</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cvarepsilon'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cvarepsilon"></a><span><code class="code">\varepsilon</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cvarepsilon"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03B5; Small letter script epsilon (ordinary). This is
more widely used in mathematics than the non-variant lunate epsilon form
<code class="code">\epsilon</code>&nbsp;&#x03F5;. Related: set
membership&nbsp;<code class="code">\in</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cvanothing'><span><code class="code">\vanothing</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cvanothing'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cvanothing"></a><span><code class="code">\vanothing</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cvanothing"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2205;, Empty set symbol. Similar: <code class="code">\emptyset</code>. Related:
<code class="code">\revemptyset</code>. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <code class="code">amssymb</code> package.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cvarphi'><span><code class="code">\varphi</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cvarphi'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cvarphi"></a><span><code class="code">\varphi</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cvarphi"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03C6; Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
The non-variant form is <code class="code">\phi</code>&nbsp;&#x03D5;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cvarpi'><span><code class="code">\varpi</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cvarpi'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cvarpi"></a><span><code class="code">\varpi</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cvarpi"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03D6; Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
The non-variant form is <code class="code">\pi</code>&nbsp;&#x03C0;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cvarrho'><span><code class="code">\varrho</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cvarrho'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cvarrho"></a><span><code class="code">\varrho</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cvarrho"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03F1; Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
The non-variant form is <code class="code">\rho</code>&nbsp;&#x03C1;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cvarsigma'><span><code class="code">\varsigma</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cvarsigma'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cvarsigma"></a><span><code class="code">\varsigma</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cvarsigma"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03C2; Variant on the lowercase Greek letter
(ordinary). The non-variant form is
<code class="code">\sigma</code>&nbsp;&#x03C3;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cvartheta'><span><code class="code">\vartheta</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cvartheta'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cvartheta"></a><span><code class="code">\vartheta</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cvartheta"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03D1; Variant on the lowercase Greek letter
(ordinary). The non-variant form is
<code class="code">\theta</code>&nbsp;&#x03B8;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cvdash'><span><code class="code">\vdash</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cvdash'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cvdash"></a><span><code class="code">\vdash</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cvdash"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x22A2; Provable; turnstile, vertical and a dash
(relation). Similar: turnstile rotated a
half-circle&nbsp;<code class="code">\dashv</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cvee'><span><code class="code">\vee</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cvee'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cvee"></a><span><code class="code">\vee</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cvee"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2228; Logical or; a downwards v shape (binary). Related:
logical and&nbsp;<code class="code">\wedge</code>. Similar: variable-sized
operator&nbsp;<code class="code">\bigvee</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cVert'><span><code class="code">\Vert</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cVert'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cVert"></a><span><code class="code">\Vert</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cVert"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2016; Vertical double bar (ordinary). See <a class="xref" href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a>,
for how to use the <code class="code">mathtools</code> package to create flexibly-sized
norm symbols.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cvert'><span><code class="code">\vert</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cvert'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cvert"></a><span><code class="code">\vert</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cvert"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x007C; Single line vertical bar (ordinary). For &ldquo;such
that&rdquo;, as in the definition of a set, use&nbsp;<code class="code">\mid</code> because it
is a relation. See <a class="xref" href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a>, for how to use the <code class="code">mathtools</code>
package to create flexibly-sized absolute-value symbols.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cwedge'><span><code class="code">\wedge</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cwedge'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cwedge"></a><span><code class="code">\wedge</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cwedge"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2227; Logical and (binary). Synonym:&nbsp;<code class="code">\land</code>. See also
logical or <code class="code">\vee</code>. Similar: variable-sized
operator&nbsp;<code class="code">\bigwedge</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cwp'><span><code class="code">\wp</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cwp'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cwp"></a><span><code class="code">\wp</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cwp"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2118; Weierstrass p (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cwr'><span><code class="code">\wr</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cwr'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cwr"></a><span><code class="code">\wr</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cwr"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2240; Wreath product (binary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cXi'><span><code class="code">\Xi</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cXi'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cXi"></a><span><code class="code">\Xi</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cXi"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x039E; uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cxi'><span><code class="code">\xi</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cxi'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cxi"></a><span><code class="code">\xi</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cxi"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03BE; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005czeta'><span><code class="code">\zeta</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005czeta'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005czeta"></a><span><code class="code">\zeta</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005czeta"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03B6; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
@@ -14661,23 +15447,23 @@ operator&nbsp;<code class="code">\bigwedge</code>.
provides versions to use in mathematical text.
</p>
<dl class="ftable">
-<dt id='index-_005cmathdollar'><span><code class="code">\mathdollar</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmathdollar'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cmathdollar"></a><span><code class="code">\mathdollar</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cmathdollar"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Dollar sign in math mode: $.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cmathparagraph'><span><code class="code">\mathparagraph</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmathparagraph'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cmathparagraph"></a><span><code class="code">\mathparagraph</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cmathparagraph"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Paragraph sign (pilcrow) in math mode, &#x00B6;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cmathsection'><span><code class="code">\mathsection</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmathsection'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cmathsection"></a><span><code class="code">\mathsection</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cmathsection"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Section sign in math mode: &#x00A7;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cmathsterling'><span><code class="code">\mathsterling</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmathsterling'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cmathsterling"></a><span><code class="code">\mathsterling</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cmathsterling"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Sterling sign in math mode: &pound;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cmathunderscore'><span><code class="code">\mathunderscore</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmathunderscore'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cmathunderscore"></a><span><code class="code">\mathunderscore</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cmathunderscore"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Underscore in math mode: _.
</p>
</dd>
@@ -14700,7 +15486,7 @@ provides versions to use in mathematical text.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\boldmath</code> &amp; <code class="code">\unboldmath</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math symbols</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="Arrows-1">16.2.1 Arrows</h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="Arrows-1"><span>16.2.1 Arrows<a class="copiable-link" href="#Arrows-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-arrows"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-symbols_002c-arrows"></a>
@@ -14766,7 +15552,7 @@ is: <code class="code">\( f\colon D\to C \) given by \( n\mapsto n^2 \)</code>.
<p>
Next: <a href="#Blackboard-bold" accesskey="n" rel="next">Blackboard bold</a>, Previous: <a href="#Arrows" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Arrows</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math symbols</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath-1">16.2.2 <code class="code">\boldmath</code> &amp; <code class="code">\unboldmath</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath-1"><span>16.2.2 <code class="code">\boldmath</code> &amp; <code class="code">\unboldmath</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cboldmath"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cunboldmath"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cboldmath"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cunboldmath"></a>
@@ -14820,7 +15606,7 @@ Command \mathversion invalid in math mode</samp>&rsquo;.
<p>
Next: <a href="#OpenType-bold-math" accesskey="n" rel="next">OpenType bold math</a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">\boldmath</code> &amp; <code class="code">\unboldmath</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsubsection" id="bm_003a-Individual-bold-math-symbols">16.2.2.1 <code class="code">bm</code>: Individual bold math symbols</h4>
+<h4 class="subsubsection" id="bm_003a-Individual-bold-math-symbols"><span>16.2.2.1 <code class="code">bm</code>: Individual bold math symbols<a class="copiable-link" href="#bm_003a-Individual-bold-math-symbols"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-bm"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-bm-package"></a>
@@ -14849,7 +15635,7 @@ we have $\bm{v} = 5\cdot\bm{u}$
<p>
Previous: <a href="#bm" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">bm</code>: Individual bold math symbols</a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">\boldmath</code> &amp; <code class="code">\unboldmath</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsubsection" id="OpenType-bold-math-1">16.2.2.2 OpenType bold math</h4>
+<h4 class="subsubsection" id="OpenType-bold-math-1"><span>16.2.2.2 OpenType bold math<a class="copiable-link" href="#OpenType-bold-math-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-fontspec-1"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-fontspec-package-1"></a>
@@ -14893,7 +15679,7 @@ desired output. As usual, see the package documentation
<p>
Next: <a href="#Calligraphic" accesskey="n" rel="next">Calligraphic</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\boldmath</code> &amp; <code class="code">\unboldmath</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math symbols</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="Blackboard-bold-1">16.2.3 Blackboard bold</h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="Blackboard-bold-1"><span>16.2.3 Blackboard bold<a class="copiable-link" href="#Blackboard-bold-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-blackboard-bold"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-doublestruck"></a>
@@ -14934,7 +15720,7 @@ capital letters; look on CTAN.
<p>
Next: <a href="#Delimiters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Delimiters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Blackboard-bold" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Blackboard bold</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math symbols</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="Calligraphic-1">16.2.4 Calligraphic</h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="Calligraphic-1"><span>16.2.4 Calligraphic<a class="copiable-link" href="#Calligraphic-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-calligraphic-fonts"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-script-fonts"></a>
@@ -14966,7 +15752,7 @@ an error but you also do not get math calligraphic output. For instance,
<p>
Next: <a href="#Dots" accesskey="n" rel="next">Dots, horizontal or vertical</a>, Previous: <a href="#Calligraphic" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Calligraphic</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math symbols</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="Delimiters-1">16.2.5 Delimiters</h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="Delimiters-1"><span>16.2.5 Delimiters<a class="copiable-link" href="#Delimiters-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-delimiters"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-parentheses"></a>
@@ -15036,7 +15822,7 @@ same behavior.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\bigl</code>, <code class="code">\bigr</code>, etc.</a>, Up: <a href="#Delimiters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Delimiters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsubsection" id="g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright-1">16.2.5.1 <code class="code">\left</code> &amp; <code class="code">\right</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsubsection" id="g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright-1"><span>16.2.5.1 <code class="code">\left</code> &amp; <code class="code">\right</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cleft"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cright"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cleft"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cright"></a>
@@ -15187,7 +15973,7 @@ delimiter; you can&rsquo;t use <code class="code">\left</code> on the first line
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\left</code> &amp; <code class="code">\right</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Delimiters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Delimiters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsubsection" id="g_t_005cbigl_002c-_005cbigr_002c-etc_002e">16.2.5.2 <code class="code">\bigl</code>, <code class="code">\bigr</code>, etc.</h4>
+<h4 class="subsubsection" id="g_t_005cbigl_002c-_005cbigr_002c-etc_002e"><span>16.2.5.2 <code class="code">\bigl</code>, <code class="code">\bigr</code>, etc.<a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cbigl_002c-_005cbigr_002c-etc_002e"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cbigl"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cbigr"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cbigl"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cbigr"></a>
@@ -15308,7 +16094,7 @@ formulas, as here.
<p>
Next: <a href="#Greek-letters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Greek letters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Delimiters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Delimiters</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math symbols</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="Dots_002c-horizontal-or-vertical">16.2.6 Dots, horizontal or vertical</h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="Dots_002c-horizontal-or-vertical"><span>16.2.6 Dots, horizontal or vertical<a class="copiable-link" href="#Dots_002c-horizontal-or-vertical"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ellipses"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dots"></a>
@@ -15328,20 +16114,20 @@ continues.
</p>
<dl class="ftable">
<dd><a class="anchor" id="ellipses-cdots"></a></dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ccdots'><span><code class="code">\cdots</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccdots'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ccdots"></a><span><code class="code">\cdots</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ccdots"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Horizontal ellipsis with the dots raised to the center of the line, as
in &#x22EF;. Used as: <code class="code">\( a_0\cdot a_1\cdots a_{n-1}
\)</code>.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="ellipses-ddots"></a></dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cddots'><span><code class="code">\ddots</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cddots'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cddots"></a><span><code class="code">\ddots</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cddots"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Diagonal ellipsis, &#x22F1;. See the above array example for a
usage.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="ellipses-ldots"></a></dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cldots'><span><code class="code">\ldots</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cldots'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-_005cmathellipsis'><span><code class="code">\mathellipsis</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmathellipsis'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-_005cdots'><span><code class="code">\dots</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdots'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cldots"></a><span><code class="code">\ldots</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cldots"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cmathellipsis"></a><span><code class="code">\mathellipsis</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cmathellipsis"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cdots"></a><span><code class="code">\dots</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cdots"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Ellipsis on the baseline, &#x2026;. Used as: <code class="code">\(
x_0,\ldots x_{n-1} \)</code>. Another example is the above array example.
Synonyms are <code class="code">\mathellipsis</code> and <code class="code">\dots</code>. A synonym from
@@ -15351,7 +16137,7 @@ the <code class="code">amsmath</code> package is <code class="code">\hdots</code
<code class="code">The gears, brakes, \ldots{} are all broken</code>.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="ellipses-vdots"></a></dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cvdots'><span><code class="code">\vdots</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cvdots'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cvdots"></a><span><code class="code">\vdots</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cvdots"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Vertical ellipsis, &#x22EE;. See the above array example for a
usage.
</p>
@@ -15418,7 +16204,7 @@ in accordance with traditional typography.
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Dots" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Dots, horizontal or vertical</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math symbols</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="Greek-letters-1">16.2.7 Greek letters</h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="Greek-letters-1"><span>16.2.7 Greek letters<a class="copiable-link" href="#Greek-letters-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Greek-letters"></a>
@@ -15474,7 +16260,7 @@ italic.
<p>
Next: <a href="#Math-accents" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math accents</a>, Previous: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Math symbols</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="Math-functions-1">16.3 Math functions</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Math-functions-1"><span>16.3 Math functions<a class="copiable-link" href="#Math-functions-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-math-functions"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-functions_002c-math"></a>
@@ -15483,140 +16269,140 @@ Next: <a href="#Math-accents" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math accents</a>, Previou
spacing.
</p>
<dl class="ftable">
-<dt id='index-_005carccos'><span><code class="code">\arccos</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005carccos'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005carccos"></a><span><code class="code">\arccos</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005carccos"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Inverse cosine
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005carcsin'><span><code class="code">\arcsin</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005carcsin'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005carcsin"></a><span><code class="code">\arcsin</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005carcsin"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Inverse sine
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005carctan'><span><code class="code">\arctan</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005carctan'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005carctan"></a><span><code class="code">\arctan</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005carctan"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Inverse tangent
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005carg'><span><code class="code">\arg</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005carg'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005carg"></a><span><code class="code">\arg</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005carg"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Angle between the real axis and a point in the complex plane
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cbmod'><span><code class="code">\bmod</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbmod'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cbmod"></a><span><code class="code">\bmod</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cbmod"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Binary modulo operator, used as in <code class="code">\( 5\bmod 3=2 \)</code>
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ccos'><span><code class="code">\cos</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccos'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ccos"></a><span><code class="code">\cos</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ccos"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Cosine
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ccosh'><span><code class="code">\cosh</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccosh'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ccosh"></a><span><code class="code">\cosh</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ccosh"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Hyperbolic cosine
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ccot'><span><code class="code">\cot</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccot'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ccot"></a><span><code class="code">\cot</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ccot"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Cotangent
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ccoth'><span><code class="code">\coth</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccoth'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ccoth"></a><span><code class="code">\coth</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ccoth"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Hyperbolic cotangent
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ccsc'><span><code class="code">\csc</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccsc'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ccsc"></a><span><code class="code">\csc</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ccsc"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Cosecant
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cdeg'><span><code class="code">\deg</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdeg'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cdeg"></a><span><code class="code">\deg</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cdeg"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Degrees
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cdet'><span><code class="code">\det</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdet'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cdet"></a><span><code class="code">\det</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cdet"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Determinant
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cdim'><span><code class="code">\dim</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdim'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cdim"></a><span><code class="code">\dim</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cdim"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Dimension
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cexp'><span><code class="code">\exp</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cexp'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cexp"></a><span><code class="code">\exp</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cexp"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Exponential
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cgcd'><span><code class="code">\gcd</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cgcd'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cgcd"></a><span><code class="code">\gcd</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cgcd"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Greatest common divisor
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005chom'><span><code class="code">\hom</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005chom'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005chom"></a><span><code class="code">\hom</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005chom"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Homomorphism
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cinf'><span><code class="code">\inf</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cinf'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cinf"></a><span><code class="code">\inf</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cinf"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Infimum
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cker'><span><code class="code">\ker</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cker'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cker"></a><span><code class="code">\ker</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cker"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Kernel
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005clg'><span><code class="code">\lg</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clg'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005clg"></a><span><code class="code">\lg</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005clg"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Base 2 logarithm
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005clim'><span><code class="code">\lim</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clim'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005clim"></a><span><code class="code">\lim</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005clim"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Limit
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005climinf'><span><code class="code">\liminf</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005climinf'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005climinf"></a><span><code class="code">\liminf</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005climinf"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Limit inferior
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005climsup'><span><code class="code">\limsup</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005climsup'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005climsup"></a><span><code class="code">\limsup</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005climsup"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Limit superior
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cln'><span><code class="code">\ln</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cln'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cln"></a><span><code class="code">\ln</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cln"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Natural logarithm
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005clog'><span><code class="code">\log</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clog'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005clog"></a><span><code class="code">\log</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005clog"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Logarithm
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cmax'><span><code class="code">\max</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmax'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cmax"></a><span><code class="code">\max</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cmax"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Maximum
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cmin'><span><code class="code">\min</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmin'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cmin"></a><span><code class="code">\min</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cmin"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Minimum
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cpmod'><span><code class="code">\pmod</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cpmod'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cpmod"></a><span><code class="code">\pmod</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cpmod"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Parenthesized modulus, as used in <code class="code">\( 5\equiv 2\pmod 3 \)</code>
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cPr'><span><code class="code">\Pr</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cPr'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cPr"></a><span><code class="code">\Pr</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cPr"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Probability
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005csec'><span><code class="code">\sec</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csec'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005csec"></a><span><code class="code">\sec</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005csec"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Secant
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005csin'><span><code class="code">\sin</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csin'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005csin"></a><span><code class="code">\sin</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005csin"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Sine
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005csinh'><span><code class="code">\sinh</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csinh'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005csinh"></a><span><code class="code">\sinh</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005csinh"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Hyperbolic sine
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005csup'><span><code class="code">\sup</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csup'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005csup"></a><span><code class="code">\sup</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005csup"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Supremum
sup
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctan'><span><code class="code">\tan</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctan'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctan"></a><span><code class="code">\tan</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctan"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Tangent
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctanh'><span><code class="code">\tanh</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctanh'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctanh"></a><span><code class="code">\tanh</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctanh"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Hyperbolic tangent
</p>
</dd>
@@ -15640,9 +16426,9 @@ subscript to be above and below, as is traditional with <code class="code">\lim<
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Math-accents">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining" accesskey="n" rel="next">Over- and Underlining</a>, Previous: <a href="#Math-functions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Math functions</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Over_002d-or-under-math" accesskey="n" rel="next">Over- or under math</a>, Previous: <a href="#Math-functions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Math functions</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="Math-accents-1">16.4 Math accents</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Math-accents-1"><span>16.4 Math accents<a class="copiable-link" href="#Math-accents-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-math-accents"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-accents_002c-mathematical"></a>
@@ -15652,70 +16438,70 @@ in math. These are different from accents in normal text
(see <a class="pxref" href="#Accents">Accents</a>).
</p>
<dl class="ftable">
-<dt id='index-_005cacute'><span><code class="code">\acute</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cacute'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cacute"></a><span><code class="code">\acute</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cacute"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-acute-accent_002c-math"></a>
<p>Math acute accent
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cbar'><span><code class="code">\bar</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbar'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cbar"></a><span><code class="code">\bar</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cbar"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-bar_002dover-accent_002c-math"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-macron-accent_002c-math"></a>
<p>Math bar-over accent
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cbreve'><span><code class="code">\breve</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbreve'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cbreve"></a><span><code class="code">\breve</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cbreve"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-breve-accent_002c-math"></a>
<p>Math breve accent
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ccheck'><span><code class="code">\check</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccheck'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ccheck"></a><span><code class="code">\check</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ccheck"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-check-accent_002c-math"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-hacek-accent_002c-math"></a>
<p>Math h&aacute;&#269;ek (check) accent
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cddot'><span><code class="code">\ddot</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cddot'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cddot"></a><span><code class="code">\ddot</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cddot"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-double-dot-accent_002c-math"></a>
<p>Math dieresis accent
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cdot'><span><code class="code">\dot</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdot'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cdot"></a><span><code class="code">\dot</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cdot"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-overdot-accent_002c-math"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dot-over-accent_002c-math"></a>
<p>Math dot accent
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cgrave'><span><code class="code">\grave</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cgrave'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cgrave"></a><span><code class="code">\grave</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cgrave"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-grave-accent_002c-math"></a>
<p>Math grave accent
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005chat'><span><code class="code">\hat</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005chat'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005chat"></a><span><code class="code">\hat</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005chat"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-hat-accent_002c-math"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-circumflex-accent_002c-math"></a>
<p>Math hat (circumflex) accent
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cmathring'><span><code class="code">\mathring</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmathring'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cmathring"></a><span><code class="code">\mathring</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cmathring"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ring-accent_002c-math"></a>
<p>Math ring accent </p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctilde'><span><code class="code">\tilde</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctilde'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctilde"></a><span><code class="code">\tilde</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctilde"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-tilde-accent_002c-math"></a>
<p>Math tilde accent
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cvec'><span><code class="code">\vec</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cvec'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cvec"></a><span><code class="code">\vec</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cvec"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-vector-symbol_002c-math"></a>
<p>Math vector symbol
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cwidehat'><span><code class="code">\widehat</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cwidehat'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cwidehat"></a><span><code class="code">\widehat</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cwidehat"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-wide-hat-accent_002c-math"></a>
<p>Math wide hat accent
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cwidetilde'><span><code class="code">\widetilde</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cwidetilde'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cwidetilde"></a><span><code class="code">\widetilde</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cwidetilde"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-wide-tilde-accent_002c-math"></a>
<p>Math wide tilde accent
</p>
@@ -15728,46 +16514,48 @@ one without a dot, <code class="code">\imath</code> or <code class="code">jmath<
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section-level-extent" id="Over_002d-and-Underlining">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="Over_002d-or-under-math">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="n" rel="next">Spacing in math mode</a>, Previous: <a href="#Math-accents" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Math accents</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="Over_002d-and-Underlining-1">16.5 Over- and Underlining</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Over_002d-or-under-math-1"><span>16.5 Over- or under math<a class="copiable-link" href="#Over_002d-or-under-math-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-overlining"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="Over_002d-and-Underlining"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-overlining"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-underlining"></a>
-<p>LaTeX provides commands for making overlines or underlines, or
-putting braces over or under some material.
+<p>LaTeX provides commands for putting lines, braces, and arrows over
+or under math material.
</p>
<dl class="ftable">
-<dt id='index-_005cunderline_007btext_007d'><span><code class="code">\underline{<var class="var">text</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cunderline_007btext_007d'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Underline <var class="var">text</var>. Works inside math mode, and outside.
+<dt><a id="index-_005cunderline_007bmath_007d"></a><span><code class="code">\underline{<var class="var">math</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cunderline_007bmath_007d"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Underline <var class="var">math</var>. For example: <code class="code">\underline{x+y}</code>.
The line is always completely below the text, taking account of
descenders, so in <code class="code">\(\underline{y}\)</code> the line is lower than in
-<code class="code">\(\underline{x}\)</code>. This command is fragile (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>).
+<code class="code">\(\underline{x}\)</code>. As of approximately 2019, this command
+and others in this section are robust; before that, they were fragile
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>).
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-ulem"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ulem-package"></a>
-<p>Note that the package <code class="code">ulem</code> does text mode underlining and allows
-line breaking as well as a number of other features. See the
-documentation on CTAN. See also&nbsp;<a class="ref" href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill"><code class="code">\hrulefill</code> &amp; <code class="code">\dotfill</code></a> for
-producing a line, for such things as a signature.
+<p>The package <code class="code">ulem</code> (<a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/uelem">https://ctan.org/pkg/uelem</a>) does
+text mode underlining and allows line breaking as well as a number of
+other features. See also&nbsp;<a class="ref" href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill"><code class="code">\hrulefill</code> &amp; <code class="code">\dotfill</code></a> for
+producing a line for such things as a signature or placeholder.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005coverline_007btext_007d'><span><code class="code">\overline{<var class="var">text</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005coverline_007btext_007d'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Put a horizontal line over <var class="var">text</var>. Works inside math mode, and
-outside. For example, <code class="code">\overline{x+y}</code>.
-Note that this differs from the command <code class="code">\bar</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a>).
+<dt><a id="index-_005coverline_007bmath_007d"></a><span><code class="code">\overline{<var class="var">math</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005coverline_007bmath_007d"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Put a horizontal line over <var class="var">math</var>. For example: <code class="code">\overline{x+y}</code>.
+This differs from the accent command <code class="code">\bar</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cunderbrace_007bmath_007d'><span><code class="code">\underbrace{<var class="var">math</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cunderbrace_007bmath_007d'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Put a brace under <var class="var">math</var>. For example, this
-<code class="code">(1-\underbrace{1/2)+(1/2}-1/3)</code> emphasizes the telescoping part.
-Attach text to the brace by using the subscript command, <code class="code">_</code>, or
-superscript, <code class="code">^</code>, as here.
+<dt><a id="index-_005cunderbrace_007bmath_007d"></a><span><code class="code">\underbrace{<var class="var">math</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cunderbrace_007bmath_007d"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Put a brace under <var class="var">math</var>. For example:
+<code class="code">(1-\underbrace{1/2)+(1/2}-1/3)</code>.
+</p>
+<p>You can attach text to the brace as a subscript (<code class="code">_</code>) or
+superscript (<code class="code">^</code>) as here:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{displaymath}
@@ -15780,10 +16568,19 @@ superscript, <code class="code">^</code>, as here.
unconnected to the underbrace.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005coverbrace_007bmath_007d'><span><code class="code">\overbrace{<var class="var">math</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005coverbrace_007bmath_007d'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Put a brace over <var class="var">math</var>, as with
-<code class="code">\overbrace{x+x+\cdots+x}^{\mbox{\(k\) times}}</code>. See also
-<code class="code">\underbrace</code>.
+<dt><a id="index-_005coverbrace_007bmath_007d"></a><span><code class="code">\overbrace{<var class="var">math</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005coverbrace_007bmath_007d"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Put a brace over <var class="var">math</var>. For example:<br>
+<code class="code">\overbrace{x+x+\cdots+x}^{\mbox{\(k\) times}}</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><a id="index-_005coverrightarrow_007bmath_007d"></a><span><code class="code">\overrightarrow{<var class="var">math</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005coverrightarrow_007bmath_007d"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Put a right arrow over <var class="var">math</var>. For example:
+<code class="code">\overrightarrow{x+y}</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><a id="index-_005coverleftarrow_007bmath_007d"></a><span><code class="code">\overleftarrow{<var class="var">math</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005coverleftarrow_007bmath_007d"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Put a left arrow over <var class="var">math</var>. For example:
+<code class="code">\overleftarrow{a+b}</code>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
@@ -15791,8 +16588,9 @@ unconnected to the underbrace.
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-mathtools-3"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-mathtools-package-3"></a>
-<p>The package <code class="code">mathtools</code> adds an over- and underbrace, as well as
-some improvements on the braces. See the documentation on CTAN.
+<p>The package <code class="code">mathtools</code> (<a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/mathtools">https://ctan.org/pkg/mathtools</a>)
+adds an over- and underbracket, as well as some improvements on the
+braces.
</p>
<hr>
@@ -15800,9 +16598,9 @@ some improvements on the braces. See the documentation on CTAN.
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Spacing-in-math-mode">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Math-styles" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math styles</a>, Previous: <a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Over- and Underlining</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Math-styles" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math styles</a>, Previous: <a href="#Over_002d-or-under-math" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Over- or under math</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="Spacing-in-math-mode-1">16.6 Spacing in math mode</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Spacing-in-math-mode-1"><span>16.6 Spacing in math mode<a class="copiable-link" href="#Spacing-in-math-mode-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-spacing-within-math-mode"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-math-mode_002c-spacing"></a>
@@ -15828,9 +16626,9 @@ current math symbols family (see <a class="pxref" href="#Units-of-length">Units
a&nbsp;&lsquo;<samp class="samp">M</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<dl class="table">
-<dt id='index-_005c_003b'><span><code class="code">\;</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_003b'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cthickspace"></a>
-<a class="anchor" id="spacing-in-math-mode-thickspace"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-amsmath-10"></a>
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cthickspace"></a>
+<a id="index-_005c_003b"></a><span><code class="code">\;</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005c_003b"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="spacing-in-math-mode-thickspace"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-amsmath-10"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-amsmath-package-10"></a>
<p>Synonym: <code class="code">\thickspace</code>. Normally <code class="code">5.0mu plus 5.0mu</code>. With
@@ -15839,32 +16637,32 @@ can be used in text mode as well as math mode; otherwise, in math mode
only.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cnegthickspace'><span><code class="code">\negthickspace</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cnegthickspace'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cnegthickspace"></a><span><code class="code">\negthickspace</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cnegthickspace"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Normally <code class="code">-5.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu</code>. With the <code class="code">amsmath</code>
package, or as of the 2020-10-01 LaTeX release, can be used in text
mode as well as math mode; otherwise, in math mode only.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005c_003a'><span><code class="code">\:</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_003a'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt><code class="code">\&gt;</code></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_003e-1"></a>
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_003e-1"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmedspace"></a>
-<a class="anchor" id="spacing-in-math-mode-medspace"></a><p>Synonym: <code class="code">\medspace</code>. Normally <code class="code">4.0mu plus 2.0mu minus
+<a id="index-_005c_003a"></a><span><code class="code">\:</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005c_003a"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\&gt;</code></dt>
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="spacing-in-math-mode-medspace"></a><p>Synonym: <code class="code">\medspace</code>. Normally <code class="code">4.0mu plus 2.0mu minus
4.0mu</code>. With the <code class="code">amsmath</code> package, or as of the 2020-10-01
LaTeX release, can be used in text mode as well as math mode; before
that, in math mode only.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cnegmedspace'><span><code class="code">\negmedspace</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cnegmedspace'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cnegmedspace"></a><span><code class="code">\negmedspace</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cnegmedspace"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Normally <code class="code">-4.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu</code>. With the <code class="code">amsmath</code>
package, or as of the 2020-10-01 LaTeX release, can be used in text
mode as well as math mode; before that, in math mode only.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005c_002c'><span><code class="code">\,</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_002c'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cthinspace"></a>
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cthinspace"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-thin-space"></a>
-<a class="anchor" id="Spacing-in-math-mode_002f_005cthinspace"></a><a class="anchor" id="spacing-in-math-mode-thinspace"></a><p>Synonym: <code class="code">\thinspace</code>. Normally <code class="code">3mu</code>, which is 1/6<span class="dmn">em</span>.
+<a id="index-_005c_002c"></a><span><code class="code">\,</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005c_002c"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="Spacing-in-math-mode_002f_005cthinspace"></a><a class="anchor" id="spacing-in-math-mode-thinspace"></a><p>Synonym: <code class="code">\thinspace</code>. Normally <code class="code">3mu</code>, which is 1/6<span class="dmn">em</span>.
Can be used in both math mode and text mode (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace"><code class="code">\thinspace</code> &amp; <code class="code">\negthinspace</code></a>).
</p>
<p>This space is widely used, for instance between the function and the
@@ -15879,10 +16677,10 @@ this, before punctuation in a displayed equation.
</pre></div>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005c_0021'><span><code class="code">\!</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_0021'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnegthinspace"></a>
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnegthinspace"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-thin-space_002c-negative"></a>
-<a class="anchor" id="spacing-in-math-mode-negthinspace"></a><p>Synonym: <code class="code">\negthinspace</code>. A negative thin space. Normally
+<a id="index-_005c_0021"></a><span><code class="code">\!</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005c_0021"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="spacing-in-math-mode-negthinspace"></a><p>Synonym: <code class="code">\negthinspace</code>. A negative thin space. Normally
<code class="code">-3mu</code>. With the <code class="code">amsmath</code> package, or as of the 2020-10-01
LaTeX release, can be used in text mode as well as math mode;
otherwise, the <code class="code">\!</code> command is math mode only but the
@@ -15890,15 +16688,15 @@ otherwise, the <code class="code">\!</code> command is math mode only but the
(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace"><code class="code">\thinspace</code> &amp; <code class="code">\negthinspace</code></a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-quad'><span><code class="code">\quad</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-quad'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cquad"></a>
-<a class="anchor" id="spacing-in-math-mode-quad"></a><p>This is 18<span class="dmn">mu</span>, that is, 1<span class="dmn">em</span>. This is often used for space
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cquad"></a>
+<a id="index-quad"></a><span><code class="code">\quad</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-quad"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="spacing-in-math-mode-quad"></a><p>This is 18<span class="dmn">mu</span>, that is, 1<span class="dmn">em</span>. This is often used for space
surrounding equations or expressions, for instance for the space between
two equations inside a <code class="code">displaymath</code> environment. It is available
in both text and math mode.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cqquad'><span><code class="code">\qquad</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cqquad'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cqquad"></a><span><code class="code">\qquad</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cqquad"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="anchor" id="spacing-in-math-mode-qquad"></a><p>A length of 2 quads, that is, 36<span class="dmn">mu</span> = 2<span class="dmn">em</span>. It is available in
both text and math mode.
</p></dd>
@@ -15917,7 +16715,7 @@ both text and math mode.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\phantom</code> &amp; <code class="code">\vphantom</code> &amp; <code class="code">\hphantom</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spacing in math mode</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005csmash-1">16.6.1 <code class="code">\smash</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005csmash-1"><span>16.6.1 <code class="code">\smash</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005csmash-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-vertical-spacing_002c-math-mode"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-math-mode_002c-vertical-space"></a>
@@ -15979,11 +16777,11 @@ mode. So if it starts a paragraph then you should first put a
<code class="code">\leavevmode</code>, as in the bottom line below.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example-preformatted">xxx xxx xxx
+<pre class="example-preformatted">Text above.
-\smash{yyy} % no paragraph indent
+\smash{smashed, no indent} % no paragraph indent
-\leavevmode\smash{zzz} % usual paragraph indent
+\leavevmode\smash{smashed, with indent} % usual paragraph indent
</pre></div>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-mathtools-4"></a>
@@ -16000,7 +16798,7 @@ control over smashing a subformula box.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\mathstrut</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csmash" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\smash</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spacing in math mode</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom-1">16.6.2 <code class="code">\phantom</code> &amp; <code class="code">\vphantom</code> &amp; <code class="code">\hphantom</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom-1"><span>16.6.2 <code class="code">\phantom</code> &amp; <code class="code">\vphantom</code> &amp; <code class="code">\hphantom</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cphantom"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cvphantom"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005chphantom"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cphantom"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cvphantom"></a>
@@ -16097,7 +16895,7 @@ with <code class="code">\leavevmode</code>.
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\phantom</code> &amp; <code class="code">\vphantom</code> &amp; <code class="code">\hphantom</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spacing in math mode</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cmathstrut-1">16.6.3 <code class="code">\mathstrut</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cmathstrut-1"><span>16.6.3 <code class="code">\mathstrut</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cmathstrut-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmathstrut"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-spacing_002c-math-mode-1"></a>
@@ -16137,7 +16935,7 @@ amount of space, use <code class="code">\rule</code> with a width of zero. See
<p>
Next: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math miscellany</a>, Previous: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Spacing in math mode</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="Math-styles-1">16.7 Math styles</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Math-styles-1"><span>16.7 Math styles<a class="copiable-link" href="#Math-styles-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-math-styles"></a>
@@ -16230,7 +17028,7 @@ improves the height of the denominators; see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cmat
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Math-styles" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Math styles</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="Math-miscellany-1">16.8 Math miscellany</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Math-miscellany-1"><span>16.8 Math miscellany<a class="copiable-link" href="#Math-miscellany-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-math-miscellany"></a>
@@ -16252,7 +17050,7 @@ some that don&rsquo;t fit into other categories.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_002a" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\*</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math miscellany</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="Colon-character-_003a-_0026-_005ccolon">16.8.1 Colon character <code class="code">:</code> &amp; <code class="code">\colon</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="Colon-character-_003a-_0026-_005ccolon"><span>16.8.1 Colon character <code class="code">:</code> &amp; <code class="code">\colon</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#Colon-character-_003a-_0026-_005ccolon"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="anchor" id="colon"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-colon-character"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_003a-_0028for-math_0029"></a>
@@ -16293,7 +17091,7 @@ the colon character as a punctuation then use <code class="code">\mathpunct{:}</
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfrac" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\frac</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Colon character <code class="code">:</code> &amp; <code class="code">\colon</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math miscellany</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005c_002a-1">16.8.2 <code class="code">\*</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005c_002a-1"><span>16.8.2 <code class="code">\*</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005c_002a-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-multiplication_002c-discretionary"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-breaks_002c-multiplication-discretionary"></a>
@@ -16325,7 +17123,7 @@ break, followed by <code class="code">\( A_3 A_4 \)</code>.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005csqrt" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\sqrt</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_002a" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\*</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math miscellany</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cfrac-1">16.8.3 <code class="code">\frac</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cfrac-1"><span>16.8.3 <code class="code">\frac</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cfrac-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-fraction"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cfrac"></a>
@@ -16349,7 +17147,7 @@ mode it comes out small; see the discussion of <code class="code">\displaystyle<
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cstackrel" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\stackrel</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfrac" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\frac</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math miscellany</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005csqrt-1">16.8.4 <code class="code">\sqrt</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005csqrt-1"><span>16.8.4 <code class="code">\sqrt</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005csqrt-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-square-root"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-roots"></a>
@@ -16381,7 +17179,7 @@ without <var class="var">arg</var> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Math-symbols">Ma
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csqrt" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\sqrt</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math miscellany</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cstackrel-1">16.8.5 <code class="code">\stackrel</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cstackrel-1"><span>16.8.5 <code class="code">\stackrel</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cstackrel-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-stack-math"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-relation_002c-text-above"></a>
@@ -16406,7 +17204,7 @@ arrow enter <code class="code">\stackrel{f}{\longrightarrow}</code>.
<p>
Next: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="n" rel="next">Page styles</a>, Previous: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Math formulas</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h2 class="chapter" id="Modes-1">17 Modes</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter" id="Modes-1"><span>17 Modes<a class="copiable-link" href="#Modes-1"> &para;</a></span></h2>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-modes"></a>
@@ -16485,7 +17283,7 @@ situation, where it can put page breaks, is <em class="dfn">outer paragraph mode
<p>
Up: <a href="#Modes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Modes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005censuremath-1">17.1 <code class="code">\ensuremath</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005censuremath-1"><span>17.1 <code class="code">\ensuremath</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005censuremath-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -16522,7 +17320,7 @@ But compare the correct spacing in $\alf+\alf$ with that in \alf+\alf.
<p>
Next: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="n" rel="next">Spaces</a>, Previous: <a href="#Modes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Modes</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h2 class="chapter" id="Page-styles-1">18 Page styles</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter" id="Page-styles-1"><span>18 Page styles<a class="copiable-link" href="#Page-styles-1"> &para;</a></span></h2>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-styles_002c-page"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-page-styles"></a>
@@ -16546,6 +17344,7 @@ styles. See its documentation.
<li><a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\pagenumbering</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle" accesskey="3"><code class="code">\pagestyle</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle" accesskey="4"><code class="code">\thispagestyle</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cthepage" accesskey="5"><code class="code">\thepage</code></a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cmaketitle">
@@ -16553,7 +17352,7 @@ styles. See its documentation.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\pagenumbering</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cmaketitle-1">18.1 <code class="code">\maketitle</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cmaketitle-1"><span>18.1 <code class="code">\maketitle</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cmaketitle-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-titles_002c-making"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmaketitle"></a>
@@ -16599,7 +17398,7 @@ the following declarations. These must come before the
<code class="code">\maketitle</code>, either in the preamble or in the document body.
</p>
<dl class="ftable">
-<dt id='index-_005cauthor_007bname1-_005cand-name2-_005cand-_002e_002e_002e_007d'><span><code class="code">\author{<var class="var">name1</var> \and <var class="var">name2</var> \and ...}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cauthor_007bname1-_005cand-name2-_005cand-_002e_002e_002e_007d'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cauthor_007bname1-_005cand-name2-_005cand-_002e_002e_002e_007d"></a><span><code class="code">\author{<var class="var">name1</var> \and <var class="var">name2</var> \and ...}</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cauthor_007bname1-_005cand-name2-_005cand-_002e_002e_002e_007d"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-author_002c-for-titlepage"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-_005cauthor_0029"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cand-_0028for-_005cauthor_0029"></a>
@@ -16611,7 +17410,7 @@ the <code class="code">\author</code> declaration then you get &lsquo;<samp clas
\author given</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cdate_007btext_007d'><span><code class="code">\date{<var class="var">text</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdate_007btext_007d'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cdate_007btext_007d"></a><span><code class="code">\date{<var class="var">text</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cdate_007btext_007d"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-date_002c-for-titlepage"></a>
<p>Optional. Declare <var class="var">text</var> to be the document&rsquo;s date. The <var class="var">text</var>
doesn&rsquo;t need to be in a date format; it can be any text at all. If you
@@ -16619,17 +17418,17 @@ omit <code class="code">\date</code> then LaTeX uses the current date (see <a cl
To have no date, instead use <code class="code">\date{}</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cthanks_007btext_007d'><span><code class="code">\thanks{<var class="var">text</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cthanks_007btext_007d'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cthanks_007btext_007d"></a><span><code class="code">\thanks{<var class="var">text</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cthanks_007btext_007d"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-thanks_002c-for-titlepage"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-credit-footnote"></a>
-<p>Optional. Produce a footnote. You can use it in the author information
-for acknowledgements as illustrated above, but you can also use it in
-the title, or any place a footnote mark makes sense. It can be any text
-at all so you can use it for any purpose, such as to print an email
-address.
+<p>Optional. Produce a footnote. You can use it in the author
+information for acknowledgements as illustrated above, but you can
+also use it in the title, or anywhere that a footnote mark makes
+sense. It can be any text at all so you can use it for any purpose,
+such as to print an email address.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctitle_007btext_007d'><span><code class="code">\title{<var class="var">text</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctitle_007btext_007d'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctitle_007btext_007d"></a><span><code class="code">\title{<var class="var">text</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctitle_007btext_007d"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-title_002c-for-titlepage"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-_005ctitle_0029"></a>
<p>Required. Declare <var class="var">text</var> to be the title of the document. Get line
@@ -16640,11 +17439,11 @@ yields error &lsquo;<samp class="samp">LaTeX Error: No \title given</samp>&rsquo
</dd>
</dl>
-<p>To make your own title page, see&nbsp;<a class="ref" href="#titlepage"><code class="code">titlepage</code></a>. You can either
+<p>To make your own title page, see <a class="pxref" href="#titlepage"><code class="code">titlepage</code></a>. You can either
create this as a one-off or you can include it as part of a renewed
-<code class="code">\maketitle</code> command. (Many publishers will provide a class to use
+<code class="code">\maketitle</code> command. Many publishers will provide a class to use
in place of <code class="code">article</code> that formats the title according to their
-house requirements.)
+house requirements.
</p>
<hr>
@@ -16654,7 +17453,7 @@ house requirements.)
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\pagestyle</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\maketitle</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cpagenumbering-1">18.2 <code class="code">\pagenumbering</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cpagenumbering-1"><span>18.2 <code class="code">\pagenumbering</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cpagenumbering"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-page-numbering-style"></a>
@@ -16671,20 +17470,11 @@ contents and other page references. This declaration has global scope
so its effect is not stopped by an end of group such as a closing brace
or an end of environment.
</p>
-<p>In this example, before the &lsquo;<samp class="samp">Main</samp>&rsquo; section the pages are numbered
-&lsquo;<samp class="samp">a</samp>&rsquo;, etc. Starting on the page containing the
-<code class="code">\pagenumbering</code> call in that section, the pages are numbered
-&lsquo;<samp class="samp">1</samp>&rsquo;, etc.
+<p>By default, LaTeX numbers pages starting at 1, using Arabic
+numerals.
</p>
-<div class="example">
-<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{document}\pagenumbering{alph}
- ...
-\section{Main}\pagenumbering{arabic}
- ...
-</pre></div>
-
<p>The argument <var class="var">number-style</var> is one of the following (see
-also&nbsp;<a class="ref" href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"><code class="code">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</a>).
+also <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"><code class="code">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</a>).
</p>
<dl class="table">
<dt><code class="code">arabic</code></dt>
@@ -16709,26 +17499,46 @@ get &lsquo;<samp class="samp">LaTeX Error: Counter too large</samp>&rsquo;.
get &lsquo;<samp class="samp">LaTeX Error: Counter too large</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-package_002c-hyperref-2'><span><code class="code">gobble</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-package_002c-hyperref-2'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-hyperref-package-2"></a>
-<p>LaTeX does not output a page number, although it
-does get reset. References to that page also are blank. (This does not
-work with the popular package <code class="code">hyperref</code> so to have the page number
-not appear you may want to instead use <code class="code">\pagestyle{empty}</code> or
-<code class="code">\thispagestyle{empty}</code>.)
+<dt><code class="code">gobble</code></dt>
+<dd><p>no page number is output, though the number is still reset.
+References to that page also are blank.
+</p>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-hyperref-2"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-hyperref-package-2"></a>
+
+<p>This setting does not work with the popular package <code class="code">hyperref</code>,
+so to omit page numbers you may want to instead use
+<code class="code">\pagestyle{empty}</code> or <code class="code">\thispagestyle{empty}</code>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
+<p>If you want to typeset the page number in some other way, or change
+where the page number appears on the page, see&nbsp;<a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cpagestyle"><code class="code">\pagestyle</code></a>
+(in short: use the <code class="code">fancyhdr</code> package). The list above of
+LaTeX&rsquo;s built-in numbering styles cannot be extended.
+</p>
<p>Traditionally, if a document has front matter&mdash;preface, table of
-contents, etc.&mdash;then it is numbered with lowercase Roman numerals. The
-main matter of a document uses arabic. See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter"><code class="code">\frontmatter</code>, <code class="code">\mainmatter</code>, <code class="code">\backmatter</code></a>.
+contents, etc.&mdash;then it is numbered with lowercase Roman
+numerals. The main matter of a document uses arabic. LaTeX
+implements this, by providing explicit commands for the different parts
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter"><code class="code">\frontmatter</code>, <code class="code">\mainmatter</code>, <code class="code">\backmatter</code></a>).
</p>
-<p>If you want to change where the page number appears on the page,
-see&nbsp;<a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cpagestyle"><code class="code">\pagestyle</code></a>. If you want to change the value of the page
-number, then you manipulate the <code class="code">page</code> counter (see <a class="pxref" href="#Counters">Counters</a>).
+<p>As an explicit example, before the &lsquo;<samp class="samp">Main</samp>&rsquo; section the pages are
+numbered &lsquo;<samp class="samp">a</samp>&rsquo;, etc. Starting on the page containing the
+<code class="code">\pagenumbering</code> call in that section, the pages are numbered
+&lsquo;<samp class="samp">1</samp>&rsquo;, etc.
</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{document}\pagenumbering{alph}
+ ...
+\section{Main}\pagenumbering{arabic}
+ ...
+</pre></div>
+<p>If you want to change the value of the page number, then you
+manipulate the <code class="code">page</code> counter (see <a class="pxref" href="#Counters">Counters</a>).
+</p>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cpagestyle">
@@ -16736,7 +17546,7 @@ number, then you manipulate the <code class="code">page</code> counter (see <a c
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\thispagestyle</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\pagenumbering</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cpagestyle-1">18.3 <code class="code">\pagestyle</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cpagestyle-1"><span>18.3 <code class="code">\pagestyle</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cpagestyle-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cpagestyle"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-header-style"></a>
@@ -16755,11 +17565,11 @@ from the current page onwards.
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-fancyhdr-1"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-fancyhdr-package-1"></a>
-<p>A discussion with an example is below. Note first that the package
+<p>A discussion with an example is below. First, however: the package
<code class="code">fancyhdr</code> is now the standard way to manipulate headers and
footers. New documents that need to do anything other than one of the
standard options below should use this package. See its documentation
-on CTAN.
+(<a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/fancyhdr">https://ctan.org/pkg/fancyhdr</a>).
</p>
<p>Values for <var class="var">style</var>:
</p>
@@ -16829,7 +17639,7 @@ setting <code class="code">\rightmark</code> to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">Subsec
<p>Here are the descriptions of <code class="code">\markboth</code> and <code class="code">\markright</code>:
</p>
<dl class="ftable">
-<dt id='index-_005cmarkboth_007bleft_002dhead_007d_007bright_002dhead_007d'><span><code class="code">\markboth{<var class="var">left-head</var>}{<var class="var">right-head</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmarkboth_007bleft_002dhead_007d_007bright_002dhead_007d'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cmarkboth_007bleft_002dhead_007d_007bright_002dhead_007d"></a><span><code class="code">\markboth{<var class="var">left-head</var>}{<var class="var">right-head</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cmarkboth_007bleft_002dhead_007d_007bright_002dhead_007d"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Sets both the right hand and left hand heading information for either a
page style of <code class="code">headings</code> or <code class="code">myheadings</code>. A left hand page
heading <var class="var">left-head</var> is generated by the last <code class="code">\markboth</code>
@@ -16839,7 +17649,7 @@ command before the end of the page. A right hand page heading
the last one that came before that page.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cmarkright_007bright_002dhead_007d'><span><code class="code">\markright{<var class="var">right-head</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmarkright_007bright_002dhead_007d'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cmarkright_007bright_002dhead_007d"></a><span><code class="code">\markright{<var class="var">right-head</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cmarkright_007bright_002dhead_007d"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Sets the right hand page heading, leaving the left unchanged.
</p>
</dd>
@@ -16851,9 +17661,9 @@ the last one that came before that page.
<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cthispagestyle">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\pagestyle</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthepage" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\thepage</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\pagestyle</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cthispagestyle-1">18.4 <code class="code">\thispagestyle</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cthispagestyle-1"><span>18.4 <code class="code">\thispagestyle</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cthispagestyle"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-page-style_002c-this-page"></a>
@@ -16891,13 +17701,48 @@ To make the page entirely empty, the command
<hr>
</div>
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cthepage">
+<div class="nav-panel">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\thispagestyle</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cthepage-1"><span>18.5 <code class="code">\thepage</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cthepage-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
+
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cthepage"></a>
+
+<p>If you want to change the appearance of page numbers only in the page
+headers, for example by adding an ornament, typesetting in small caps,
+etc., then the <code class="code">fancyhdr</code> package, as mentioned in a previous
+section, is the best approach.
+</p>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-page-number-representation"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-table-of-contents_002c-page-numbers-in"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-cross_002dreferences_002c-page-numbers-in"></a>
+<p>On the other hand, you may want to change how page numbers are denoted
+everywhere, including the table of contents and cross-references, as
+well as the page headers. In this case, you should redefine
+<code class="code">\thepage</code>, which is the command LaTeX uses for the
+representation of page numbers.
+</p>
+<p>However, <code class="code">\thepage</code> should do any typesetting or other
+complicated maneuvers, but merely expand to the intended page number
+representation. The results of a complicated redefinition of
+<code class="code">\thepage</code> are not predictable, but LaTeX&rsquo;s report of page
+numbers in diagnostic messages, at least, will become unusable.
+</p>
+<p>There is some discussion of this issue at
+<a class="url" href="https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/687258">https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/687258</a>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+</div>
</div>
<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Spaces">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Boxes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Page styles</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h2 class="chapter" id="Spaces-1">19 Spaces</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter" id="Spaces-1"><span>19 Spaces<a class="copiable-link" href="#Spaces-1"> &para;</a></span></h2>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-spaces"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-white-space"></a>
@@ -16915,7 +17760,7 @@ see&nbsp;<a class="ref" href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a>.
<li><a href="#g_t_005chss" accesskey="4"><code class="code">\hss</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="5"><code class="code">\spacefactor</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029" accesskey="6">Backslash-space, <code class="code">\ </code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_007e" accesskey="7"><code class="code">~</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_007e" accesskey="7"><code class="code">~</code>, <code class="code">\nobreakspace</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace" accesskey="8"><code class="code">\thinspace</code> &amp; <code class="code">\negthinspace</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="9"><code class="code">\/</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill"><code class="code">\hrulefill</code> &amp; <code class="code">\dotfill</code></a></li>
@@ -16932,7 +17777,7 @@ see&nbsp;<a class="ref" href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a>.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005chspace" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\hspace</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad-1">19.1 <code class="code">\enspace</code> &amp; <code class="code">\quad</code> &amp; <code class="code">\qquad</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad-1"><span>19.1 <code class="code">\enspace</code> &amp; <code class="code">\quad</code> &amp; <code class="code">\qquad</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005censpace"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cquad"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cqquad"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005censpace"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cquad-1"></a>
@@ -16974,7 +17819,7 @@ in many circumstances than arbitrary lengths, such as you get with
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005chfill" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\hfill</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\enspace</code> &amp; <code class="code">\quad</code> &amp; <code class="code">\qquad</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005chspace-1">19.2 <code class="code">\hspace</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005chspace-1"><span>19.2 <code class="code">\hspace</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005chspace-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005chspace"></a>
@@ -17039,7 +17884,7 @@ space won&rsquo;t shrink more than 0.25<span class="dmn">cm</span> (see <a class
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005chss" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\hss</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chspace" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\hspace</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005chfill-1">19.3 <code class="code">\hfill</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005chfill-1"><span>19.3 <code class="code">\hfill</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005chfill-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005chfill"></a>
@@ -17091,7 +17936,7 @@ so the space can be discarded at line breaks. To avoid that instead use
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\spacefactor</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chfill" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\hfill</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005chss-1">19.4 <code class="code">\hss</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005chss-1"><span>19.4 <code class="code">\hss</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005chss-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005chss"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-horizontal-space"></a>
@@ -17129,7 +17974,7 @@ X\hbox to 0pt{\hss Z}Y
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next">Backslash-space, <code class="code">\ </code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chss" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\hss</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cspacefactor-1">19.5 <code class="code">\spacefactor</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cspacefactor-1"><span>19.5 <code class="code">\spacefactor</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cspacefactor-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -17138,13 +17983,14 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next">Backslash-spac
</pre></div>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cspacefactor"></a>
-<p>Influence LaTeX&rsquo;s glue stretch and shrink behavior. Most user-level
-documents do not use this command.
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-space-factor"></a>
+<p>Influence LaTeX&rsquo;s stretching and shrinking of glue. Few user-level
+documents need to use this.
</p>
<p>While LaTeX is laying out the material, it may stretch or shrink the
gaps between words. (This space is not a character; it is called the
-<em class="dfn">interword glue</em>; see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005chspace"><code class="code">\hspace</code></a>). The <code class="code">\spacefactor</code> command
-(from Plain&nbsp;TeX) allows you to, for instance, have the space
+<em class="dfn">interword glue</em>; see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005chspace"><code class="code">\hspace</code></a>). The <code class="code">\spacefactor</code> parameter
+(a TeX primitive) allows you to, for instance, have the space
after a period stretch more than the space after a word-ending letter.
</p>
<p>After LaTeX places each character, or rule or other box, it sets a
@@ -17154,48 +18000,49 @@ can happen. A space factor that is larger than the normal value means
that the glue can stretch more and shrink less. Normally, the space
factor is 1000. This value is in effect following most characters, and
any non-character box or math formula. But it is 3000 after a period,
-exclamation mark, or question mark, it is 2000 after a colon, 1500 after
+exclamation mark, or question mark, 2000 after a colon, 1500 after
a semicolon, 1250 after a comma, and 0 after a right parenthesis or
bracket, or closing double quote or single quote. Finally, it is 999
after a capital letter.
</p>
<p>If the space factor&nbsp;<var class="var">f</var> is 1000 then the glue gap will be the
font&rsquo;s normal space value (for Computer Modern Roman 10 point this is
-3.3333&nbsp;points). Otherwise, if the space factor <var class="var">f</var> is greater
+3.3333<span class="dmn">pt</span>). Otherwise, if the space factor <var class="var">f</var> is greater
than 2000 then TeX adds the font&rsquo;s extra space value (for Computer
-Modern Roman 10 point this is 1.11111&nbsp;points), and then the font&rsquo;s
+Modern Roman 10 point this is 1.11111<span class="dmn">pt</span>), and then the font&rsquo;s
normal stretch value is multiplied by <em class="math">f /1000</em> and the normal
shrink value is multiplied by <em class="math">1000/f</em> (for Computer Modern Roman
-10 point these are 1.66666 and 1.11111&nbsp;points).
+10 point these are 1.66666 and 1.11111<span class="dmn">pt</span>).
</p>
-<p>For example, consider the period ending <code class="code">A man's best friend is his
-dog.</code> After it, TeX puts in a fixed extra space, and also allows the
-glue to stretch 3 times as much and shrink 1/3 as much, as the glue
-after <code class="code">friend</code>, which does not end in a period.
+<p>For example, consider the period ending &lsquo;<samp class="samp">A man's best friend is
+his dog.</samp>&rsquo;. After it, TeX puts in a fixed extra space, and also
+allows the glue to stretch 3 times as much and shrink 1/3 as much, as
+the glue after <code class="code">friend</code> or any of the other words, since they are
+not followed by punctuation.
</p>
<p>The rules for space factors are even more complex because they play
-additional roles. In practice, there are two consequences. First, if a
-period or other punctuation is followed by a right parenthesis or
-bracket, or right single or double quote then the spacing effect of that
-period carries through those characters (that is, the following glue
-will have increased stretch and shrink). Second, if
-punctuation comes after a capital letter then its effect is not in place
-so you get an ordinary space. This second case also affects abbreviations
-that do not end in a capital letter (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005c_0040"><code class="code">\@</code></a>).
+additional roles. In practice, there are two consequences. First, if
+a period or other punctuation is followed by a right parenthesis or
+bracket, or right single or double quote then the spacing effect of
+that period carries through those characters (that is, the following
+glue will have increased stretch and shrink). Second, if punctuation
+comes after a capital letter then the normal effect of the period is
+does not happen, so you get an ordinary space. This second case also
+affects abbreviations that do not end in a capital letter
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005c_0040"><code class="code">\@</code></a>).
</p>
<p>You can only use <code class="code">\spacefactor</code> in paragraph mode or LR mode
(see <a class="pxref" href="#Modes">Modes</a>). You can see the current value with
<code class="code">\the\spacefactor</code> or <code class="code">\showthe\spacefactor</code>.
</p>
-<p>(Comment, not really related to <code class="code">\spacefactor</code>: if you get errors
-like &lsquo;<samp class="samp">You can't use `\spacefactor' in vertical mode</samp>&rsquo;, or &lsquo;<samp class="samp">You
-can't use `\spacefactor' in math mode.</samp>&rsquo;, or &lsquo;<samp class="samp">Improper \spacefactor</samp>&rsquo;
-then you have probably tried to redefine an internal command.
-See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother"><code class="code">\makeatletter</code> &amp; <code class="code">\makeatother</code></a>.)
+<p>Finally, not especially related to <code class="code">\spacefactor</code> itself: if you
+get errors like &lsquo;<samp class="samp">You can't use `\spacefactor' in vertical mode</samp>&rsquo;,
+or &lsquo;<samp class="samp">You can't use `\spacefactor' in math mode.</samp>&rsquo;, or
+&lsquo;<samp class="samp">Improper \spacefactor</samp>&rsquo; then you have probably tried to redefine
+an internal command. See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother"><code class="code">\makeatletter</code> &amp; <code class="code">\makeatother</code></a>.
</p>
-
<ul class="mini-toc">
<li><a href="#g_t_005c_0040" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\@</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\frenchspacing</code> &amp; <code class="code">\nonfrenchspacing</code></a></li>
@@ -17207,13 +18054,16 @@ See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother"><code cl
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\frenchspacing</code> &amp; <code class="code">\nonfrenchspacing</code></a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">\spacefactor</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005c_0040-1">19.5.1 <code class="code">\@</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005c_0040-1"><span>19.5.1 <code class="code">\@</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005c_0040-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_0040"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-at_002dsign"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-period_002c-sentence_002dending"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-period_002c-abbreviation_002dending"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-period_002c-spacing-after"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-sentence_002dending-punctuation"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-non_002dsentence_002dending-punctuation"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-punctuation_002c-sentence_002dending"></a>
<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cAT"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -17221,13 +18071,11 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing" accesskey="n"
<pre class="example-preformatted"><var class="var">capital-letter</var>\@.
</pre></div>
-<p>Treat a period as sentence-ending, where LaTeX would otherwise think
-it is part of an abbreviation. LaTeX thinks that a period ends an
-abbreviation if the period comes after a capital letter, and otherwise
-thinks the period ends the sentence. By default, in justifying a line
-LaTeX adjusts the space after a sentence-ending period (or a question
-mark, exclamation point, comma, or colon) more than it adjusts the space
-between words (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cspacefactor"><code class="code">\spacefactor</code></a>).
+<p>Treat a period (or other punctuation) as sentence-ending, where
+LaTeX would otherwise think it is part of an abbreviation.
+LaTeX thinks that a period ends an abbreviation if the period comes
+after a capital letter, and otherwise thinks the period ends the
+sentence.
</p>
<p>This example shows the two cases to remember.
</p>
@@ -17235,12 +18083,15 @@ between words (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cspacefactor"><code class="cod
<pre class="example-preformatted">The songs \textit{Red Guitar}, etc.\ are by Loudon Wainwright~III\@.
</pre></div>
-<p>The second period ends the sentence, despite that it is preceded by a
-capital. We tell LaTeX that it ends the sentence by putting
-<code class="code">\@</code> before it. The first period ends the abbreviation
-&lsquo;<samp class="samp">etc.</samp>&rsquo; but not the sentence. The backslash-space, <code class="code">\ </code>,
-produces a mid-sentence space.
+<p>The first period ends the abbreviation &lsquo;<samp class="samp">etc.</samp>&rsquo; but not the
+sentence. The backslash-space, <code class="code">\ </code>, produces a mid-sentence
+space. The second period ends the sentence, despite it being preceded
+by a capital letter. We tell LaTeX that it ends the sentence by
+putting <code class="code">\@</code> before it.
</p>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-right-parentheses_002fquotes_002c-and-spacing"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-parentheses-and-ends-of-sentences"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-quotes-and-ends-of-sentences"></a>
<p>So: if you have a capital letter followed by a period that ends the
sentence, then put <code class="code">\@</code> before the period. This holds even if
there is an intervening right parenthesis or bracket, or right single or
@@ -17254,17 +18105,24 @@ those characters. For example, this
<p>will have correct inter-sentence spacing after the period.
</p>
-<p>The <code class="code">\@</code> command is only for a text mode. If you use it outside of
-a text mode then you get &lsquo;<samp class="samp">You can't use `\spacefactor' in vertical
-mode</samp>&rsquo; (see <a class="pxref" href="#Modes">Modes</a>).
+<p>The <code class="code">\@</code> command is only for text modes. If you use it outside
+of a text mode then you get the error &lsquo;<samp class="samp">You can't use
+`\spacefactor' in vertical mode</samp>&rsquo; (see <a class="pxref" href="#Modes">Modes</a>).
+</p>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-question-marks_002c-ending-a-sentence"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-exclamation-points_002c-ending-a-sentence"></a>
+<p>All the above applies equally to question marks and exclamation points
+as periods, since all are sentence-ending punctuation, and LaTeX
+increases the space after each in the same way, when they end a
+sentence. LaTeX also increases spacing after colon, semicolon, and
+comma characters (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cspacefactor"><code class="code">\spacefactor</code></a>).
</p>
-<p>Comment: the converse case is a period ending an abbreviation whose last
-letter is not a capital letter, and that abbreviation is not the last
-word in the sentence. For that case follow the period with a
+<p>In addition: the converse case is a period (or other punctuation) that
+does not end a sentence. For that case, follow the period with a
backslash-space, (<code class="code">\ </code>), or a tie, (<code class="code">~</code>), or <code class="code">\@</code>.
Examples are <code class="code">Nat.\ Acad.\ Science</code>, and <code class="code">Mr.~Bean</code>, and
<code class="code">(manure, etc.\@) for sale</code> (note in the last one that the
-<code class="code">\@</code> comes before the closing parenthesis).
+<code class="code">\@</code> comes after the period but before the closing parenthesis).
</p>
<hr>
@@ -17274,7 +18132,7 @@ Examples are <code class="code">Nat.\ Acad.\ Science</code>, and <code class="co
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\normalsfcodes</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_0040" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\@</code></a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">\spacefactor</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cfrenchspacing"></a><h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing-1">19.5.2 <code class="code">\frenchspacing</code> &amp; <code class="code">\nonfrenchspacing</code></h4>
+<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cfrenchspacing"></a><h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing-1"><span>19.5.2 <code class="code">\frenchspacing</code> &amp; <code class="code">\nonfrenchspacing</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cnonfrenchspacing"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cfrenchspacing"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnonfrenchspacing"></a>
@@ -17287,18 +18145,21 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="cod
\nonfrenchspacing
</pre></div>
-<p>The first declaration causes LaTeX to handle spacing between
-sentences in the same way as spacing between words in the middle of a
-sentence. The second switches back to the default handling in which
-spacing between sentences stretches or shrinks more
-(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cspacefactor"><code class="code">\spacefactor</code></a>).
+<p><code class="code">\frenchspacing</code> causes LaTeX to make spacing after all
+punctuation, including periods, be the same as the space between words
+in the middle of a sentence. <code class="code">\nonfrenchspacing</code> switches back
+to the default handling in which spacing after most punctuation stretches
+or shrinks differently than a word space (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cspacefactor"><code class="code">\spacefactor</code></a>).
+</p>
+<p>In American English, the typesetting tradition is to adjust, typically
+increasing, the space after punctuation more than the space between
+words that are in the middle of a sentence. Declaring
+<code class="code">\frenchspacing</code> (the command is inherited from plain TeX)
+switches to the tradition that all spaces are treated equally.
</p>
-<p>Some typographic traditions, including English, prefer to adjust the
-space between sentences (or spaces following a question mark,
-exclamation point, comma, or colon) more than the space between words
-that are in the middle of a sentence. Declaring <code class="code">\frenchspacing</code>
-(the command is from plain TeX) switches to the tradition that all
-spaces are treated equally.
+<p>If your LaTeX document specifies the language being used, for
+example with the <code class="code">babel</code> package, the necessary settings
+should be taken care of for you.
</p>
<hr>
@@ -17308,7 +18169,7 @@ spaces are treated equally.
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\frenchspacing</code> &amp; <code class="code">\nonfrenchspacing</code></a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">\spacefactor</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cnormalsfcodes-1">19.5.3 <code class="code">\normalsfcodes</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cnormalsfcodes-1"><span>19.5.3 <code class="code">\normalsfcodes</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnormalsfcodes"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-spacing_002c-inter_002dsentence-1"></a>
@@ -17329,9 +18190,9 @@ Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing" accesskey
<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_007e" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">~</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\spacefactor</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_007e" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">~</code>, <code class="code">\nobreakspace</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\spacefactor</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="Backslash_002dspace_002c-_005c-">19.6 Backslash-space, <code class="code">\ </code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Backslash_002dspace_002c-_005c-"><span>19.6 Backslash-space, <code class="code">\ </code><a class="copiable-link" href="#Backslash_002dspace_002c-_005c-"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cNEWLINE"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cSPACE"></a>
@@ -17340,7 +18201,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_007e" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">~</code></
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cSPACE-1"></a>
<p>This section refers to the command consisting of two characters, a
-backslash followed by a space.<br>Synopsis:
+backslash followed by a space. Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">\ <!-- /@w -->
@@ -17349,8 +18210,9 @@ backslash followed by a space.<br>Synopsis:
<p>Produce a space. By default it produces white space of length
3.33333<span class="dmn">pt</span> plus 1.66666<span class="dmn">pt</span> minus 1.11111<span class="dmn">pt</span>.
</p>
-<p>When you type one or more blanks between words, LaTeX produces white
-space. But that is different than an explicit space. This illustrates.
+<p>When you type one or more blanks between words, LaTeX produces
+whitespace that is different than an explicit space. This
+illustrates:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{tabular}{rl}
@@ -17384,9 +18246,9 @@ or <code class="code">Jones et al.\ (1993)</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g
<p>Under normal circumstances, <code class="code">\</code><kbd class="key">TAB</kbd> and <code class="code">\</code><kbd class="key">NEWLINE</kbd>
are equivalent to backslash-space, <code class="code">\ </code>.
</p>
-<a class="anchor" id="Leading-blanks"></a><p>Please also note that in order to allow source code indentation, under
-normal circumstances, TeX ignores leading blanks in a line. So the
-following prints &lsquo;<samp class="samp">one word</samp>&rsquo;:
+<a class="anchor" id="Leading-blanks"></a><p>In order to allow source code indentation, under normal circumstances,
+TeX ignores leading blanks in a line. So the following prints
+&lsquo;<samp class="samp">one word</samp>&rsquo;:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">one
@@ -17405,7 +18267,7 @@ the newline after &lsquo;<samp class="samp">one</samp>&rsquo;, not by the space
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\thinspace</code> &amp; <code class="code">\negthinspace</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Backslash-space, <code class="code">\ </code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_007e-1">19.7 <code class="code">~</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_007e_002c-_005cnobreakspace"><span>19.7 <code class="code">~</code>, <code class="code">\nobreakspace</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_007e_002c-_005cnobreakspace"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_007e"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-tie"></a>
@@ -17420,10 +18282,14 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace" accesskey="n" rel="ne
<pre class="example-preformatted"><var class="var">before</var>~<var class="var">after</var>
</pre></div>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnobreakspace"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-no_002dbreak-space_002c-Unicode-U_002b00A0"></a>
<p>The <em class="dfn">tie</em> character, <code class="code">~</code>, produces a space between <var class="var">before</var> and
<var class="var">after</var> at which the line will not be broken. By default the white
space has length 3.33333<span class="dmn">pt</span> plus 1.66666<span class="dmn">pt</span> minus
-1.11111<span class="dmn">pt</span> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>).
+1.11111<span class="dmn">pt</span> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). The command <code class="code">\nobreakspace</code>
+and the Unicode input character U+00A0 (also in many 8-bit encodings)
+are synonyms.
</p>
<p>Note that the word &lsquo;<samp class="samp">tie</samp>&rsquo; has this meaning in the TeX/Texinfo
community; this differs from the typographic term &ldquo;tie&rdquo;, which
@@ -17439,14 +18305,14 @@ in <cite class="cite">The TeXbook</cite>.
<p>In addition, despite the period, LaTeX does not use the
end-of-sentence spacing (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005c_0040"><code class="code">\@</code></a>).
</p>
-<p>Ties prevent the end of line separation of things where that could
-cause confusion. They also still allow hyphenation (of either of the
-tied words), so they are generally preferable to putting consecutive
-words in an <code class="code">\mbox</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><code class="code">\mbox</code> &amp; <code class="code">\makebox</code></a>).
+<p>Ties prevent a line break where that could cause confusion. They also
+still allow hyphenation (of either of the tied words), so they are
+generally preferable to putting consecutive words in an <code class="code">\mbox</code>
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><code class="code">\mbox</code> &amp; <code class="code">\makebox</code></a>).
</p>
-<p>They are also matters of taste, sometimes alarmingly dogmatic taste,
-among readers. Nevertheless, here are some usage models, many of them
-from <cite class="cite">The TeXbook</cite>.
+<p>Exactly where ties should be used is something of a matter of taste,
+sometimes alarmingly dogmatic taste, among readers. Nevertheless, here
+are some usage models, many of them from <cite class="cite">The TeXbook</cite>.
</p>
<ul class="itemize mark-bullet">
<li>Between an enumerator label and number, such as in references:
@@ -17495,9 +18361,9 @@ Vall\'ee~Poussin</code>.
<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\/</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_007e" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">~</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\/</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_007e" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">~</code>, <code class="code">\nobreakspace</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace-1">19.8 <code class="code">\thinspace</code> &amp; <code class="code">\negthinspace</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace-1"><span>19.8 <code class="code">\thinspace</code> &amp; <code class="code">\negthinspace</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cthinspace"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cnegthinspace"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cthinspace-1"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnegthinspace-1"></a>
@@ -17548,7 +18414,7 @@ otherwise, they are available only in math mode.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\hrulefill</code> &amp; <code class="code">\dotfill</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\thinspace</code> &amp; <code class="code">\negthinspace</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005c_002f-1">19.9 <code class="code">\/</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005c_002f-1"><span>19.9 <code class="code">\/</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005c_002f-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_002f"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-italic-correction"></a>
@@ -17610,7 +18476,7 @@ done in a different way.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\bigskip</code> &amp; <code class="code">\medskip</code> &amp; <code class="code">\smallskip</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\/</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill-1">19.10 <code class="code">\hrulefill</code> &amp; <code class="code">\dotfill</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill-1"><span>19.10 <code class="code">\hrulefill</code> &amp; <code class="code">\dotfill</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005chrulefill"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cdotfill"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005chrulefill"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cdotfill"></a>
@@ -17681,7 +18547,7 @@ Similarly, adjust the dot spacing as with
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\bigbreak</code> &amp; <code class="code">\medbreak</code> &amp; <code class="code">\smallbreak</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\hrulefill</code> &amp; <code class="code">\dotfill</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip-1">19.11 <code class="code">\bigskip</code> &amp; <code class="code">\medskip</code> &amp; <code class="code">\smallskip</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip-1"><span>19.11 <code class="code">\bigskip</code> &amp; <code class="code">\medskip</code> &amp; <code class="code">\smallskip</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cbigskip"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cmedskip"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005csmallskip"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cbigskip"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmedskip"></a>
@@ -17715,21 +18581,21 @@ file.
</p>
<dl class="ftable">
<dd><a class="anchor" id="bigskip"></a></dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cbigskip-1'><span><code class="code">\bigskip</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbigskip-1'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cbigskip-1"></a><span><code class="code">\bigskip</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cbigskip-1"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cbigskipamount"></a>
<p>The same as <code class="code">\vspace{\bigskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about one line
space, with stretch and shrink. The default for the <code class="code">book</code> and
<code class="code">article</code> classes is <code class="code">12pt plus 4pt minus 4pt</code>.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="medskip"></a></dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cmedskip-1'><span><code class="code">\medskip</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmedskip-1'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cmedskip-1"></a><span><code class="code">\medskip</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cmedskip-1"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmedskipamount"></a>
<p>The same as <code class="code">\vspace{\medskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about half of a
line space, with stretch and shrink. The default for the <code class="code">book</code>
and <code class="code">article</code> classes is <code class="code">6pt plus 2pt minus 2pt</code>.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="smallskip"></a></dd>
-<dt id='index-_005csmallskip-1'><span><code class="code">\smallskip</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csmallskip-1'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005csmallskip-1"></a><span><code class="code">\smallskip</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005csmallskip-1"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csmallskipamount"></a>
<p>The same as <code class="code">\vspace{\smallskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about a
quarter of a line space, with stretch and shrink. The default for the
@@ -17755,7 +18621,7 @@ put a page break (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbre
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cstrut" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\strut</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\bigskip</code> &amp; <code class="code">\medskip</code> &amp; <code class="code">\smallskip</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak-1">19.12 <code class="code">\bigbreak</code> &amp; <code class="code">\medbreak</code> &amp; <code class="code">\smallbreak</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak-1"><span>19.12 <code class="code">\bigbreak</code> &amp; <code class="code">\medbreak</code> &amp; <code class="code">\smallbreak</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cbigbreak"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cmedbreak"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005csmallbreak"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cbigbreak"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmedbreak"></a>
@@ -17798,7 +18664,7 @@ with &lsquo;<samp class="samp">def</samp>&rsquo;.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvspace" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\vspace</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\bigbreak</code> &amp; <code class="code">\medbreak</code> &amp; <code class="code">\smallbreak</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cstrut-1">19.13 <code class="code">\strut</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cstrut-1"><span>19.13 <code class="code">\strut</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cstrut-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cstrut"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-strut-1"></a>
@@ -17906,7 +18772,7 @@ solve this issue. Changing the first double backslash to something like
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvfill" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\vfill</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cstrut" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\strut</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cvspace-1">19.14 <code class="code">\vspace</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cvspace-1"><span>19.14 <code class="code">\vspace</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cvspace-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cvspace"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-vertical-space"></a>
@@ -17976,7 +18842,7 @@ the page, with at least one inch of space below each.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddvspace" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\addvspace</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvspace" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\vspace</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cvfill-1">19.15 <code class="code">\vfill</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cvfill-1"><span>19.15 <code class="code">\vfill</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cvfill-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cvfill"></a>
@@ -18022,7 +18888,7 @@ Lost Dog!
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvfill" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\vfill</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005caddvspace-1">19.16 <code class="code">\addvspace</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005caddvspace-1"><span>19.16 <code class="code">\addvspace</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005caddvspace-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005caddvspace"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-vertical-space-1"></a>
@@ -18086,9 +18952,9 @@ with a <code class="code">\par</code> command (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_0
<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Boxes">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Color" accesskey="n" rel="next">Color</a>, Previous: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Spaces</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="n" rel="next">Graphics</a>, Previous: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Spaces</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h2 class="chapter" id="Boxes-1">20 Boxes</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter" id="Boxes-1"><span>20 Boxes<a class="copiable-link" href="#Boxes-1"> &para;</a></span></h2>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-boxes"></a>
@@ -18118,7 +18984,7 @@ One useful adjunct to the commands here is <code class="code">adjustbox</code>.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\fbox</code> &amp; <code class="code">\framebox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox-1">20.1 <code class="code">\mbox</code> &amp; <code class="code">\makebox</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox-1"><span>20.1 <code class="code">\mbox</code> &amp; <code class="code">\makebox</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cmbox"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cmakebox"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmbox"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmakebox"></a>
@@ -18156,7 +19022,7 @@ enough to contain the <var class="var">text</var>. (They are like plain TeX&rsq
<p>In the third version the optional argument <var class="var">width</var> specifies the
width of the box. Note that the space occupied by the text need not
equal the width of the box. For one thing, <var class="var">text</var> can be too small;
-this creates a full-line box
+this creates a full-line box:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">\makebox[\linewidth]{Chapter Exam}
@@ -18246,7 +19112,7 @@ and&nbsp;<a class="ref" href="#minipage"><code class="code">minipage</code></a>.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cparbox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\parbox</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\mbox</code> &amp; <code class="code">\makebox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox-1">20.2 <code class="code">\fbox</code> &amp; <code class="code">\framebox</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox-1"><span>20.2 <code class="code">\fbox</code> &amp; <code class="code">\framebox</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cfbox"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cframebox"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cfbox"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cframebox-1"></a>
@@ -18291,7 +19157,7 @@ here is an example creating an empty box that is 1/4<span class="dmn">in</span>
</p>
<dl class="ftable">
<dd><a class="anchor" id="fbox-framebox-fboxrule"></a></dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cfboxrule-2'><span><code class="code">\fboxrule</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cfboxrule-2'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cfboxrule-2"></a><span><code class="code">\fboxrule</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cfboxrule-2"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-frame_002c-line-width"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-frame-rule-width"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cfboxrule"></a>
@@ -18300,7 +19166,7 @@ here is an example creating an empty box that is 1/4<span class="dmn">in</span>
<code class="code">\setlength{\fboxrule}{0.8pt}</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005csetlength"><code class="code">\setlength</code></a>).
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="fbox-framebox-fboxsep"></a></dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cfboxsep-2'><span><code class="code">\fboxsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cfboxsep-2'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cfboxsep-2"></a><span><code class="code">\fboxsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cfboxsep-2"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-frame_002c-separation-from-contents"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cfboxsep"></a>
<p>The distance from the frame to the enclosed box. The default is 3<span class="dmn">pt</span>.
@@ -18345,7 +19211,7 @@ command where the units depend on <code class="code">picture</code>&rsquo;s <cod
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005craisebox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\raisebox</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\fbox</code> &amp; <code class="code">\framebox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cparbox-1">20.3 <code class="code">\parbox</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cparbox-1"><span>20.3 <code class="code">\parbox</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cparbox-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cparbox"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-paragraph-mode-1"></a>
@@ -18414,7 +19280,7 @@ stretchable space).
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\sbox</code> &amp; <code class="code">\savebox</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cparbox" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\parbox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005craisebox-1">20.4 <code class="code">\raisebox</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005craisebox-1"><span>20.4 <code class="code">\raisebox</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005craisebox-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005craisebox"></a>
@@ -18477,7 +19343,7 @@ second is the height of <samp class="file">meta.png</samp>.
<p>
Next: <a href="#lrbox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">lrbox</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005craisebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\raisebox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox-1">20.5 <code class="code">\sbox</code> &amp; <code class="code">\savebox</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox-1"><span>20.5 <code class="code">\sbox</code> &amp; <code class="code">\savebox</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005csbox"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005csavebox"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csbox"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csavebox"></a>
@@ -18578,7 +19444,7 @@ header. LaTeX only typesets it once.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cusebox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\usebox</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\sbox</code> &amp; <code class="code">\savebox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="lrbox-1">20.6 <code class="code">lrbox</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="lrbox-1"><span>20.6 <code class="code">lrbox</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#lrbox-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-lrbox"></a>
@@ -18621,7 +19487,7 @@ for entering the <code class="code">tabular</code>.
<p>
Previous: <a href="#lrbox" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">lrbox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cusebox-1">20.7 <code class="code">\usebox</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cusebox-1"><span>20.7 <code class="code">\usebox</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cusebox-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cusebox"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-box_002c-use-saved-box"></a>
@@ -18641,426 +19507,12 @@ backslash, <code class="code">\</code>.) This command is robust (see <a class="
<hr>
</div>
</div>
-<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Color">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="n" rel="next">Graphics</a>, Previous: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Boxes</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
-<h2 class="chapter" id="Color-1">21 Color</h2>
-
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-color"></a>
-
-<p>You can add color to text, rules, etc. You can also have color in a box
-or on an entire page and write text on top of it.
-</p>
-<p>Color support comes as an additional package. So put
-<code class="code">\usepackage{color}</code> in your document preamble to use the
-commands described here.
-</p>
-<p>Many other packages also supplement LaTeX&rsquo;s color abilities.
-Particularly worth mentioning is <samp class="file">xcolor</samp>, which is widely used and
-significantly extends the capabilities described here, including adding
-&lsquo;<samp class="samp">HTML</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">Hsb</samp>&rsquo; color models.
-</p>
-
-
-<ul class="mini-toc">
-<li><a href="#Color-package-options" accesskey="1"><code class="code">color</code> package options</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Color-models" accesskey="2">Color models</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="3">Commands for color</a></li>
-</ul>
-<hr>
-<div class="section-level-extent" id="Color-package-options">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Color-models" accesskey="n" rel="next">Color models</a>, Up: <a href="#Color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Color</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="color-package-options">21.1 <code class="code">color</code> package options</h3>
-
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-color-package-options"></a>
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-options_002c-color-package"></a>
-
-<p>Synopsis (must be in the document preamble):
-</p>
-<div class="example">
-<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage[<var class="var">comma-separated option list</var>]{color}
-</pre></div>
-
-<p>When you load the <samp class="file">color</samp> package there are two kinds of available
-options.
-</p>
-<p>The first specifies the <em class="dfn">printer driver</em>. LaTeX doesn&rsquo;t contain
-information about different output systems but instead depends on
-information stored in a file. Normally you should not specify the
-driver option in the document, and instead rely on your system&rsquo;s
-default. One advantage of this is that it makes the document portable
-across systems. For completeness we include a list of the drivers. The
-currently relevant ones are: <samp class="file">dvipdfmx</samp>, <samp class="file">dvips</samp>,
-<samp class="file">dvisvgm</samp>, <samp class="file">luatex</samp>, <samp class="file">pdftex</samp>, <samp class="file">xetex</samp>. The two
-<samp class="file">xdvi</samp> and <samp class="file">oztex</samp> are essentially aliases for <samp class="file">dvips</samp>
-(and <samp class="file">xdvi</samp> is monochrome). Ones that should not be used for new
-systems are: <samp class="file">dvipdf</samp>, <samp class="file">dvipdfm</samp>, <samp class="file">dviwin</samp>,
-<samp class="file">dvipsone</samp>, <samp class="file">emtex</samp>, <samp class="file">pctexps</samp>, <samp class="file">pctexwin</samp>,
-<samp class="file">pctexhp</samp>, <samp class="file">pctex32</samp>, <samp class="file">truetex</samp>, <samp class="file">tcidvi</samp>,
-<samp class="file">vtex</samp> (and <samp class="file">dviwindo</samp> is an alias for <samp class="file">dvipsone</samp>).
-</p>
-<p>The second kind of options, beyond the drivers, are below.
-</p>
-<dl class="table">
-<dt><code class="code">monochrome</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Disable the color commands, so that they do not generate errors but do
-not generate color either.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><code class="code">dvipsnames</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Make available a list of 68 color names that are often used,
-particularly in legacy documents. These color names were originally
-provided by the <samp class="file">dvips</samp> driver, giving the option name.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><code class="code">nodvipsnames</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Do not load that list of color names, saving LaTeX a tiny amount of
-memory space.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-
-
-<hr>
-</div>
-<div class="section-level-extent" id="Color-models">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="n" rel="next">Commands for color</a>, Previous: <a href="#Color-package-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">color</code> package options</a>, Up: <a href="#Color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Color</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="Color-models-1">21.2 Color models</h3>
-
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-color-models"></a>
-
-<p>A <em class="dfn">color model</em> is a way of representing colors. LaTeX&rsquo;s
-capabilities depend on the printer driver. However, the <samp class="file">pdftex</samp>,
-<samp class="file">xetex</samp>, and <samp class="file">luatex</samp> printer drivers are today by far the
-most commonly used. The models below work for those drivers. All but
-one of these is also supported by essentially all other printer drivers
-used today.
-</p>
-<p>Note that color combination can be additive or subtractive. Additive
-mixes colors of light, so that for instance combining full intensities
-of red, green, and blue produces white. Subtractive mixes pigments,
-such as with inks, so that combining full intensity of cyan, magenta,
-and yellow makes black.
-</p>
-<dl class="table">
-<dd><a class="anchor" id="color-models-cmyk"></a></dd>
-<dt><code class="code">cmyk</code></dt>
-<dd><p>A comma-separated list with four real numbers between 0 and 1,
-inclusive. The first number is the intensity of cyan, the second is
-magenta, and the others are yellow and black. A number value of 0 means
-minimal intensity, while a 1 is for full intensity. This model is often
-used in color printing. It is a subtractive model.
-</p>
-<a class="anchor" id="color-models-gray"></a></dd>
-<dt><code class="code">gray</code></dt>
-<dd><p>A single real number between 0 and 1, inclusive. The colors are shades
-of grey. The number 0 produces black while 1 gives white.
-</p>
-<a class="anchor" id="color-models-rgb"></a></dd>
-<dt><code class="code">rgb</code></dt>
-<dd><p>A comma-separated list with three real numbers between 0 and 1,
-inclusive. The first number is the intensity of the red component, the
-second is green, and the third the blue. A number value of 0 means that
-none of that component is added in, while a 1 means full intensity.
-This is an additive model.
-</p>
-<a class="anchor" id="color-models-RGB"></a></dd>
-<dt><code class="code">RGB</code></dt>
-<dd><p>(<samp class="file">pdftex</samp>, <samp class="file">xetex</samp>, <samp class="file">luatex</samp> drivers) A comma-separated
-list with three integers between 0 and 255, inclusive. This model is a
-convenience for using <code class="code">rgb</code> since outside of LaTeX colors are
-often described in a red-green-blue model using numbers in this range.
-The values entered here are converted to the <code class="code">rgb</code> model by
-dividing by 255.
-</p>
-<a class="anchor" id="color-models-named"></a></dd>
-<dt><code class="code">named</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Colors are accessed by name, such as &lsquo;<samp class="samp">PrussianBlue</samp>&rsquo;. The list of
-names depends on the driver, but all support the names &lsquo;<samp class="samp">black</samp>&rsquo;,
-&lsquo;<samp class="samp">blue</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">cyan</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">green</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">magenta</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">red</samp>&rsquo;,
-&lsquo;<samp class="samp">white</samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">yellow</samp>&rsquo; (See the <code class="code">dvipsnames</code> option in
-<a class="ref" href="#Color-package-options"><code class="code">color</code> package options</a>).
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-
-
-<hr>
-</div>
-<div class="section-level-extent" id="Commands-for-color">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Previous: <a href="#Color-models" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Color models</a>, Up: <a href="#Color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Color</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="Commands-for-color-1">21.3 Commands for color</h3>
-
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-color-package-commands"></a>
-
-<p>These are the commands available with the <samp class="file">color</samp> package.
-</p>
-
-
-<ul class="mini-toc">
-<li><a href="#Define-colors" accesskey="1">Define colors</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Colored-text" accesskey="2">Colored text</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Colored-boxes" accesskey="3">Colored boxes</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Colored-pages" accesskey="4">Colored pages</a></li>
-</ul>
-<hr>
-<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Define-colors">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Colored-text" accesskey="n" rel="next">Colored text</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for color</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="Define-colors-1">21.3.1 Define colors</h4>
-
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-color-1"></a>
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-define-color"></a>
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-color_002c-define"></a>
-
-<p>Synopsis:
-</p>
-<div class="example">
-<pre class="example-preformatted">\definecolor{<var class="var">name</var>}{<var class="var">model</var>}{<var class="var">specification</var>}
-</pre></div>
-
-<p>Give the name <var class="var">name</var> to the color. For example, after this
-</p>
-<div class="example">
-<pre class="example-preformatted">\definecolor{silver}{rgb}{0.75,0.75,0.74}
-</pre></div>
-
-<p>you can use that color name with <code class="code">Hi ho,
-\textcolor{silver}{Silver}!</code>.
-</p>
-<p>This example gives the color a more abstract name, so it could change and
-not be misleading.
-</p>
-<div class="example">
-<pre class="example-preformatted">\definecolor{logocolor}{RGB}{145,92,131} % RGB needs pdflatex
-\newcommand{\logo}{\textcolor{logocolor}{Bob's Big Bagels}}
-</pre></div>
-
-<p>Often a document&rsquo;s colors are defined in the preamble, or in the class
-or style, rather than in the document body.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-</div>
-<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Colored-text">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Colored-boxes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Colored boxes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Define-colors" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Define colors</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for color</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="Colored-text-1">21.3.2 Colored text</h4>
-
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-color-2"></a>
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-colored-text"></a>
-
-<p>Synopses:
-</p>
-<div class="example">
-<pre class="example-preformatted">\textcolor{<var class="var">name</var>}{...}
-\textcolor[<var class="var">color model</var>]{<var class="var">color specification</var>}{...}
-</pre></div>
-
-<p>or
-</p>
-<div class="example">
-<pre class="example-preformatted">\color{<var class="var">name</var>}
-\color[<var class="var">color model</var>]{<var class="var">color specification</var>}
-</pre></div>
-
-<p>The affected text gets the color. This line
-</p>
-<div class="example">
-<pre class="example-preformatted">\textcolor{magenta}{My name is Ozymandias, King of Kings;}
-Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair!
-</pre></div>
-
-<p>causes the first half to be in magenta while the rest is in black. You
-can use a color declared with <code class="code">\definecolor</code> in exactly the same
-way that we just used the builtin color &lsquo;<samp class="samp">magenta</samp>&rsquo;.
-</p>
-<div class="example">
-<pre class="example-preformatted">\definecolor{MidlifeCrisisRed}{rgb}{1.0,0.11,0.0}
-I'm thinking about getting a \textcolor{MidlifeCrisisRed}{sports car}.
-</pre></div>
-
-<p>The two <code class="code">\textcolor</code> and <code class="code">\color</code> differ in that the first is
-a command form, enclosing the text to be colored as an argument. Often
-this form is more convenient, or at least more explicit. The second
-form is a declaration, as in <code class="code">The moon is made of {\color{green}
-green} cheese</code>, so it is in effect until the end of the current group
-or environment. This is sometimes useful when writing macros or as
-below where it colors everything inside the <code class="code">center</code> environment,
-including the vertical and horizontal lines.
-</p>
-<div class="example">
-<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{center} \color{blue}
- \begin{tabular}{l|r}
- UL &amp;UR \\ \hline
- LL &amp;LR
- \end{tabular}
-\end{center}
-</pre></div>
-
-<p>You can use color in equations. A document might have this definition
-in the preamble
-</p>
-<div class="example">
-<pre class="example-preformatted">\definecolor{highlightcolor}{RGB}{225,15,0}
-</pre></div>
-
-<p>and then contain this equation.
-</p>
-<div class="example">
-<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{equation}
- \int_a^b \textcolor{highlightcolor}{f'(x)}\,dx=f(b)-f(a)
-\end{equation}
-</pre></div>
-
-<p>Typically the colors used in a document are declared in a class or style
-but sometimes you want a one-off. Those are the second forms in the
-synopses.
-</p>
-<div class="example">
-<pre class="example-preformatted">Colors of \textcolor[rgb]{0.33,0.14,0.47}{Purple} and
-{\color[rgb]{0.72,0.60,0.37}Gold} for the team.
-</pre></div>
-
-<p>The format of <var class="var">color specification</var> depends on the color model
-(see <a class="pxref" href="#Color-models">Color models</a>). For instance, while <code class="code">rgb</code> takes three
-numbers, <code class="code">gray</code> takes only one.
-</p>
-<div class="example">
-<pre class="example-preformatted">The selection was \textcolor[gray]{0.5}{grayed out}.
-</pre></div>
-
-<p>Colors inside colors do not combine. Thus
-</p>
-<div class="example">
-<pre class="example-preformatted">\textcolor{green}{kind of \textcolor{blue}{blue}}
-</pre></div>
-
-<p>has a final word that is blue, not a combination of blue and green.
-</p>
-
-
-<hr>
-</div>
-<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Colored-boxes">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Colored-pages" accesskey="n" rel="next">Colored pages</a>, Previous: <a href="#Colored-text" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Colored text</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for color</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="Colored-boxes-1">21.3.3 Colored boxes</h4>
-
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-color-3"></a>
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-colored-boxes"></a>
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-box_002c-colored"></a>
-
-<p>Synopses:
-</p>
-<div class="example">
-<pre class="example-preformatted">\colorbox{<var class="var">name</var>}{...}
-\colorbox[<var class="var">model name</var>]{<var class="var">box background color</var>}{...}
-</pre></div>
-
-<p>or
-</p>
-<div class="example">
-<pre class="example-preformatted">\fcolorbox{<var class="var">frame color</var>}{<var class="var">box background color</var>}{...}
-\fcolorbox[<var class="var">model name</var>]{<var class="var">frame color</var>}{<var class="var">box background color</var>}{...}
-</pre></div>
-
-<p>Make a box with the stated background color. The <code class="code">\fcolorbox</code>
-command puts a frame around the box. For instance this
-</p>
-<div class="example">
-<pre class="example-preformatted">Name:~\colorbox{cyan}{\makebox[5cm][l]{\strut}}
-</pre></div>
-
-<p>makes a cyan-colored box that is five centimeters long and gets its
-depth and height from the <code class="code">\strut</code> (so the depth is
-<code class="code">-.3\baselineskip</code> and the height is <code class="code">\baselineskip</code>). This
-puts white text on a blue background.
-</p>
-<div class="example">
-<pre class="example-preformatted">\colorbox{blue}{\textcolor{white}{Welcome to the machine.}}
-</pre></div>
-
-<p>The <code class="code">\fcolorbox</code> commands use the same parameters as <code class="code">\fbox</code>
-(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox"><code class="code">\fbox</code> &amp; <code class="code">\framebox</code></a>), <code class="code">\fboxrule</code> and <code class="code">\fboxsep</code>, to
-set the thickness of the rule and the boundary between the box interior
-and the surrounding rule. LaTeX&rsquo;s defaults are <code class="code">0.4pt</code> and
-<code class="code">3pt</code>, respectively.
-</p>
-<p>This example changes the thickness of the border to 0.8 points. Note
-that it is surrounded by curly braces so that the change ends at the end
-of the second line.
-</p>
-<div class="example">
-<pre class="example-preformatted">{\setlength{\fboxrule}{0.8pt}
-\fcolorbox{black}{red}{Under no circumstances turn this knob.}}
-</pre></div>
-
-
-<hr>
-</div>
-<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Colored-pages">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Previous: <a href="#Colored-boxes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Colored boxes</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for color</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="Colored-pages-1">21.3.4 Colored pages</h4>
-
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-color-4"></a>
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-colored-page"></a>
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-page_002c-colored"></a>
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-background_002c-colored"></a>
-
-<p>Synopses:
-</p>
-<div class="example">
-<pre class="example-preformatted">\pagecolor{<var class="var">name</var>}
-\pagecolor[<var class="var">color model</var>]{<var class="var">color specification</var>}
-\nopagecolor
-</pre></div>
-
-<p>The first two set the background of the page, and all subsequent pages,
-to the color. For an explanation of the specification in the second
-form see <a class="pxref" href="#Colored-text">Colored text</a>. The third returns the background to normal,
-which is a transparent background. (If that is not supported use
-<code class="code">\pagecolor{white}</code>, although that will make a white background
-rather than the default transparent background.)
-</p>
-<div class="example">
-<pre class="example-preformatted"> ...
-\pagecolor{cyan}
- ...
-\nopagecolor
-</pre></div>
-
-
-<hr>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Graphics">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Special insertions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Color" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Color</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Color" accesskey="n" rel="next">Color</a>, Previous: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Boxes</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h2 class="chapter" id="Graphics-1">22 Graphics</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter" id="Graphics-1"><span>21 Graphics<a class="copiable-link" href="#Graphics-1"> &para;</a></span></h2>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-graphics"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-graphics-package"></a>
@@ -19115,7 +19567,7 @@ see their documentation on CTAN.
<p>
Next: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">graphics</code> package configuration</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="graphics-package-options">22.1 <code class="code">graphics</code> package options</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="graphics-package-options"><span>21.1 <code class="code">graphics</code> package options<a class="copiable-link" href="#graphics-package-options"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-graphics-package-options"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-options_002c-graphics-package"></a>
@@ -19204,7 +19656,7 @@ option has LaTeX to read the size from the latter.
<p>
Next: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="n" rel="next">Commands for graphics</a>, Previous: <a href="#Graphics-package-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">graphics</code> package options</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="graphics-package-configuration">22.2 <code class="code">graphics</code> package configuration</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="graphics-package-configuration"><span>21.2 <code class="code">graphics</code> package configuration<a class="copiable-link" href="#graphics-package-configuration"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-graphics-1"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-graphics-package-1"></a>
@@ -19232,7 +19684,7 @@ TeX distribution&rsquo;s documentation.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">graphics</code> package configuration</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cgraphicspath-1">22.2.1 <code class="code">\graphicspath</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cgraphicspath-1"><span>21.2.1 <code class="code">\graphicspath</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cgraphicspath"></a>
@@ -19314,7 +19766,7 @@ instead in <samp class="file">book/plots</samp>.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\DeclareGraphicsRule</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\graphicspath</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">graphics</code> package configuration</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions-1">22.2.2 <code class="code">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions-1"><span>21.2.2 <code class="code">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions"></a>
@@ -19375,7 +19827,7 @@ than once. Show its value with
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">graphics</code> package configuration</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule-1">22.2.3 <code class="code">\DeclareGraphicsRule</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule-1"><span>21.2.3 <code class="code">\DeclareGraphicsRule</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cDeclareGraphicsRule"></a>
@@ -19468,7 +19920,7 @@ See the documentation for your TeX distribution.
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">graphics</code> package configuration</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="Commands-for-graphics-1">22.3 Commands for graphics</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Commands-for-graphics-1"><span>21.3 Commands for graphics<a class="copiable-link" href="#Commands-for-graphics-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-graphics-package-commands"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-commands_002c-graphics-package"></a>
@@ -19490,7 +19942,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><co
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005crotatebox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\rotatebox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for graphics</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cincludegraphics-1">22.3.1 <code class="code">\includegraphics</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cincludegraphics-1"><span>21.3.1 <code class="code">\includegraphics</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-graphics-2"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-graphics-package-2"></a>
@@ -19853,8 +20305,8 @@ override a prior setting of <code class="code">true</code>, you can set it to <c
<p>These following options allow a user to override LaTeX&rsquo;s method of
choosing the graphic type based on the filename extension. An example
-is that <code class="code">\includegraphics[type=png,ext=.xxx,read=.xxx]{lion}</code>
-will read the file <samp class="file">lion.xxx</samp> as though it were
+is that <code class="code">\includegraphics[type=png,ext=.xyz,read=.xyz]{lion}</code>
+will read the file <samp class="file">lion.xyz</samp> as though it were
<samp class="file">lion.png</samp>. For more on these, see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule"><code class="code">\DeclareGraphicsRule</code></a>.
</p>
<dl class="table">
@@ -19890,7 +20342,7 @@ external commands.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cscalebox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\scalebox</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\includegraphics</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for graphics</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005crotatebox-1">22.3.2 <code class="code">\rotatebox</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005crotatebox-1"><span>21.3.2 <code class="code">\rotatebox</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005crotatebox-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-rotation"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-rotating-graphics"></a>
@@ -19988,7 +20440,7 @@ setting <code class="code">units=6.283185</code> changes to radians counterclock
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cresizebox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\resizebox</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005crotatebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\rotatebox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for graphics</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cscalebox-1">22.3.3 <code class="code">\scalebox</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cscalebox-1"><span>21.3.3 <code class="code">\scalebox</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cscalebox-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-graphics_002c-scaling"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-graphics_002c-resizing"></a>
@@ -20042,7 +20494,7 @@ immediately followed by its mirror reflection against a vertical axis.
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cscalebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\scalebox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for graphics</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cresizebox-1">22.3.4 <code class="code">\resizebox</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cresizebox-1"><span>21.3.4 <code class="code">\resizebox</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cresizebox-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-graphics_002c-scaling-1"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-graphics_002c-resizing-1"></a>
@@ -20087,12 +20539,426 @@ text two inches wide but keep the original height with
</div>
</div>
</div>
+<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Color">
+<div class="nav-panel">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Special insertions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Graphics</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<h2 class="chapter" id="Color-1"><span>22 Color<a class="copiable-link" href="#Color-1"> &para;</a></span></h2>
+
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-color"></a>
+
+<p>You can add color to text, rules, etc. You can also have color in a box
+or on an entire page and write text on top of it.
+</p>
+<p>Color support comes as an additional package. So put
+<code class="code">\usepackage{color}</code> in your document preamble to use the
+commands described here.
+</p>
+<p>Many other packages also supplement LaTeX&rsquo;s color abilities.
+Particularly worth mentioning is <samp class="file">xcolor</samp>, which is widely used and
+significantly extends the capabilities described here, including adding
+&lsquo;<samp class="samp">HTML</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">Hsb</samp>&rsquo; color models.
+</p>
+
+
+<ul class="mini-toc">
+<li><a href="#Color-package-options" accesskey="1"><code class="code">color</code> package options</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Color-models" accesskey="2">Color models</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="3">Commands for color</a></li>
+</ul>
+<hr>
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="Color-package-options">
+<div class="nav-panel">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Color-models" accesskey="n" rel="next">Color models</a>, Up: <a href="#Color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Color</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<h3 class="section" id="color-package-options"><span>22.1 <code class="code">color</code> package options<a class="copiable-link" href="#color-package-options"> &para;</a></span></h3>
+
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-color-package-options"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-options_002c-color-package"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis (must be in the document preamble):
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage[<var class="var">comma-separated option list</var>]{color}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>When you load the <samp class="file">color</samp> package there are two kinds of available
+options.
+</p>
+<p>The first specifies the <em class="dfn">printer driver</em>. LaTeX doesn&rsquo;t contain
+information about different output systems but instead depends on
+information stored in a file. Normally you should not specify the
+driver option in the document, and instead rely on your system&rsquo;s
+default. One advantage of this is that it makes the document portable
+across systems. For completeness we include a list of the drivers. The
+currently relevant ones are: <samp class="file">dvipdfmx</samp>, <samp class="file">dvips</samp>,
+<samp class="file">dvisvgm</samp>, <samp class="file">luatex</samp>, <samp class="file">pdftex</samp>, <samp class="file">xetex</samp>. The two
+<samp class="file">xdvi</samp> and <samp class="file">oztex</samp> are essentially aliases for <samp class="file">dvips</samp>
+(and <samp class="file">xdvi</samp> is monochrome). Ones that should not be used for new
+systems are: <samp class="file">dvipdf</samp>, <samp class="file">dvipdfm</samp>, <samp class="file">dviwin</samp>,
+<samp class="file">dvipsone</samp>, <samp class="file">emtex</samp>, <samp class="file">pctexps</samp>, <samp class="file">pctexwin</samp>,
+<samp class="file">pctexhp</samp>, <samp class="file">pctex32</samp>, <samp class="file">truetex</samp>, <samp class="file">tcidvi</samp>,
+<samp class="file">vtex</samp> (and <samp class="file">dviwindo</samp> is an alias for <samp class="file">dvipsone</samp>).
+</p>
+<p>The second kind of options, beyond the drivers, are below.
+</p>
+<dl class="table">
+<dt><code class="code">monochrome</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Disable the color commands, so that they do not generate errors but do
+not generate color either.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code class="code">dvipsnames</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Make available a list of 68 color names that are often used,
+particularly in legacy documents. These color names were originally
+provided by the <samp class="file">dvips</samp> driver, giving the option name.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code class="code">nodvipsnames</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Do not load that list of color names, saving LaTeX a tiny amount of
+memory space.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+
+<hr>
+</div>
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="Color-models">
+<div class="nav-panel">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="n" rel="next">Commands for color</a>, Previous: <a href="#Color-package-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">color</code> package options</a>, Up: <a href="#Color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Color</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<h3 class="section" id="Color-models-1"><span>22.2 Color models<a class="copiable-link" href="#Color-models-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
+
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-color-models"></a>
+
+<p>A <em class="dfn">color model</em> is a way of representing colors. LaTeX&rsquo;s
+capabilities depend on the printer driver. However, the <samp class="file">pdftex</samp>,
+<samp class="file">xetex</samp>, and <samp class="file">luatex</samp> printer drivers are today by far the
+most commonly used. The models below work for those drivers. All but
+one of these is also supported by essentially all other printer drivers
+used today.
+</p>
+<p>Note that color combination can be additive or subtractive. Additive
+mixes colors of light, so that for instance combining full intensities
+of red, green, and blue produces white. Subtractive mixes pigments,
+such as with inks, so that combining full intensity of cyan, magenta,
+and yellow makes black.
+</p>
+<dl class="table">
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="color-models-cmyk"></a></dd>
+<dt><code class="code">cmyk</code></dt>
+<dd><p>A comma-separated list with four real numbers between 0 and 1,
+inclusive. The first number is the intensity of cyan, the second is
+magenta, and the others are yellow and black. A number value of 0 means
+minimal intensity, while a 1 is for full intensity. This model is often
+used in color printing. It is a subtractive model.
+</p>
+<a class="anchor" id="color-models-gray"></a></dd>
+<dt><code class="code">gray</code></dt>
+<dd><p>A single real number between 0 and 1, inclusive. The colors are shades
+of grey. The number 0 produces black while 1 gives white.
+</p>
+<a class="anchor" id="color-models-rgb"></a></dd>
+<dt><code class="code">rgb</code></dt>
+<dd><p>A comma-separated list with three real numbers between 0 and 1,
+inclusive. The first number is the intensity of the red component, the
+second is green, and the third the blue. A number value of 0 means that
+none of that component is added in, while a 1 means full intensity.
+This is an additive model.
+</p>
+<a class="anchor" id="color-models-RGB"></a></dd>
+<dt><code class="code">RGB</code></dt>
+<dd><p>(<samp class="file">pdftex</samp>, <samp class="file">xetex</samp>, <samp class="file">luatex</samp> drivers) A comma-separated
+list with three integers between 0 and 255, inclusive. This model is a
+convenience for using <code class="code">rgb</code> since outside of LaTeX colors are
+often described in a red-green-blue model using numbers in this range.
+The values entered here are converted to the <code class="code">rgb</code> model by
+dividing by 255.
+</p>
+<a class="anchor" id="color-models-named"></a></dd>
+<dt><code class="code">named</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Colors are accessed by name, such as &lsquo;<samp class="samp">PrussianBlue</samp>&rsquo;. The list of
+names depends on the driver, but all support the names &lsquo;<samp class="samp">black</samp>&rsquo;,
+&lsquo;<samp class="samp">blue</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">cyan</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">green</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">magenta</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">red</samp>&rsquo;,
+&lsquo;<samp class="samp">white</samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">yellow</samp>&rsquo; (See the <code class="code">dvipsnames</code> option in
+<a class="ref" href="#Color-package-options"><code class="code">color</code> package options</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+
+<hr>
+</div>
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="Commands-for-color">
+<div class="nav-panel">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Color-models" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Color models</a>, Up: <a href="#Color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Color</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<h3 class="section" id="Commands-for-color-1"><span>22.3 Commands for color<a class="copiable-link" href="#Commands-for-color-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
+
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-color-package-commands"></a>
+
+<p>These are the commands available with the <samp class="file">color</samp> package.
+</p>
+
+
+<ul class="mini-toc">
+<li><a href="#Define-colors" accesskey="1">Define colors</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Colored-text" accesskey="2">Colored text</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Colored-boxes" accesskey="3">Colored boxes</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Colored-pages" accesskey="4">Colored pages</a></li>
+</ul>
+<hr>
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Define-colors">
+<div class="nav-panel">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Colored-text" accesskey="n" rel="next">Colored text</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for color</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="Define-colors-1"><span>22.3.1 Define colors<a class="copiable-link" href="#Define-colors-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
+
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-color-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-define-color"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-color_002c-define"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\definecolor{<var class="var">name</var>}{<var class="var">model</var>}{<var class="var">specification</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Give the name <var class="var">name</var> to the color. For example, after this
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\definecolor{silver}{rgb}{0.75,0.75,0.74}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>you can use that color name with <code class="code">Hi ho,
+\textcolor{silver}{Silver}!</code>.
+</p>
+<p>This example gives the color a more abstract name, so it could change and
+not be misleading.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\definecolor{logocolor}{RGB}{145,92,131} % RGB needs pdflatex
+\newcommand{\logo}{\textcolor{logocolor}{Bob's Big Bagels}}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Often a document&rsquo;s colors are defined in the preamble, or in the class
+or style, rather than in the document body.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+</div>
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Colored-text">
+<div class="nav-panel">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Colored-boxes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Colored boxes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Define-colors" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Define colors</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for color</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="Colored-text-1"><span>22.3.2 Colored text<a class="copiable-link" href="#Colored-text-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
+
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-color-2"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-colored-text"></a>
+
+<p>Synopses:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\textcolor{<var class="var">name</var>}{...}
+\textcolor[<var class="var">color model</var>]{<var class="var">color specification</var>}{...}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>or
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\color{<var class="var">name</var>}
+\color[<var class="var">color model</var>]{<var class="var">color specification</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The affected text gets the color. This line
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\textcolor{magenta}{My name is Ozymandias, King of Kings;}
+Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair!
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>causes the first half to be in magenta while the rest is in black. You
+can use a color declared with <code class="code">\definecolor</code> in exactly the same
+way that we just used the builtin color &lsquo;<samp class="samp">magenta</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\definecolor{MidlifeCrisisRed}{rgb}{1.0,0.11,0.0}
+I'm thinking about getting a \textcolor{MidlifeCrisisRed}{sports car}.
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The two <code class="code">\textcolor</code> and <code class="code">\color</code> differ in that the first is
+a command form, enclosing the text to be colored as an argument. Often
+this form is more convenient, or at least more explicit. The second
+form is a declaration, as in <code class="code">The moon is made of {\color{green}
+green} cheese</code>, so it is in effect until the end of the current group
+or environment. This is sometimes useful when writing macros or as
+below where it colors everything inside the <code class="code">center</code> environment,
+including the vertical and horizontal lines.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{center} \color{blue}
+ \begin{tabular}{l|r}
+ UL &amp;UR \\ \hline
+ LL &amp;LR
+ \end{tabular}
+\end{center}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>You can use color in equations. A document might have this definition
+in the preamble
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\definecolor{highlightcolor}{RGB}{225,15,0}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>and then contain this equation.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{equation}
+ \int_a^b \textcolor{highlightcolor}{f'(x)}\,dx=f(b)-f(a)
+\end{equation}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Typically the colors used in a document are declared in a class or style
+but sometimes you want a one-off. Those are the second forms in the
+synopses.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example-preformatted">Colors of \textcolor[rgb]{0.33,0.14,0.47}{Purple} and
+{\color[rgb]{0.72,0.60,0.37}Gold} for the team.
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The format of <var class="var">color specification</var> depends on the color model
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Color-models">Color models</a>). For instance, while <code class="code">rgb</code> takes three
+numbers, <code class="code">gray</code> takes only one.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example-preformatted">The selection was \textcolor[gray]{0.5}{grayed out}.
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Colors inside colors do not combine. Thus
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\textcolor{green}{kind of \textcolor{blue}{blue}}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>has a final word that is blue, not a combination of blue and green.
+</p>
+
+
+<hr>
+</div>
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Colored-boxes">
+<div class="nav-panel">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Colored-pages" accesskey="n" rel="next">Colored pages</a>, Previous: <a href="#Colored-text" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Colored text</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for color</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="Colored-boxes-1"><span>22.3.3 Colored boxes<a class="copiable-link" href="#Colored-boxes-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
+
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-color-3"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-colored-boxes"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-box_002c-colored"></a>
+
+<p>Synopses:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\colorbox{<var class="var">name</var>}{...}
+\colorbox[<var class="var">model name</var>]{<var class="var">box background color</var>}{...}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>or
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\fcolorbox{<var class="var">frame color</var>}{<var class="var">box background color</var>}{...}
+\fcolorbox[<var class="var">model name</var>]{<var class="var">frame color</var>}{<var class="var">box background color</var>}{...}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Make a box with the stated background color. The <code class="code">\fcolorbox</code>
+command puts a frame around the box. For instance this
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example-preformatted">Name:~\colorbox{cyan}{\makebox[5cm][l]{\strut}}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>makes a cyan-colored box that is five centimeters long and gets its
+depth and height from the <code class="code">\strut</code> (so the depth is
+<code class="code">-.3\baselineskip</code> and the height is <code class="code">\baselineskip</code>). This
+puts white text on a blue background.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\colorbox{blue}{\textcolor{white}{Welcome to the machine.}}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The <code class="code">\fcolorbox</code> commands use the same parameters as <code class="code">\fbox</code>
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox"><code class="code">\fbox</code> &amp; <code class="code">\framebox</code></a>), <code class="code">\fboxrule</code> and <code class="code">\fboxsep</code>, to
+set the thickness of the rule and the boundary between the box interior
+and the surrounding rule. LaTeX&rsquo;s defaults are <code class="code">0.4pt</code> and
+<code class="code">3pt</code>, respectively.
+</p>
+<p>This example changes the thickness of the border to 0.8 points. Note
+that it is surrounded by curly braces so that the change ends at the end
+of the second line.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example-preformatted">{\setlength{\fboxrule}{0.8pt}
+\fcolorbox{black}{red}{Under no circumstances turn this knob.}}
+</pre></div>
+
+
+<hr>
+</div>
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Colored-pages">
+<div class="nav-panel">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Colored-boxes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Colored boxes</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for color</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="Colored-pages-1"><span>22.3.4 Colored pages<a class="copiable-link" href="#Colored-pages-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
+
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-color-4"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-colored-page"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-page_002c-colored"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-background_002c-colored"></a>
+
+<p>Synopses:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\pagecolor{<var class="var">name</var>}
+\pagecolor[<var class="var">color model</var>]{<var class="var">color specification</var>}
+\nopagecolor
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The first two set the background of the page, and all subsequent pages,
+to the color. For an explanation of the specification in the second
+form see <a class="pxref" href="#Colored-text">Colored text</a>. The third returns the background to normal,
+which is a transparent background. (If that is not supported use
+<code class="code">\pagecolor{white}</code>, although that will make a white background
+rather than the default transparent background.)
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example-preformatted"> ...
+\pagecolor{cyan}
+ ...
+\nopagecolor
+</pre></div>
+
+
+<hr>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Special-insertions">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="n" rel="next">Splitting the input</a>, Previous: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Graphics</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="n" rel="next">Splitting the input</a>, Previous: <a href="#Color" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Color</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h2 class="chapter" id="Special-insertions-1">23 Special insertions</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter" id="Special-insertions-1"><span>23 Special insertions<a class="copiable-link" href="#Special-insertions-1"> &para;</a></span></h2>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-special-insertions"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-insertions-of-special-characters"></a>
@@ -20103,7 +20969,7 @@ special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type.
<ul class="mini-toc">
-<li><a href="#Reserved-characters" accesskey="1">Reserved characters</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Printing-special-characters" accesskey="1">Printing special characters</a></li>
<li><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case" accesskey="2">Upper and lower case</a></li>
<li><a href="#Symbols-by-font-position" accesskey="3">Symbols by font position</a></li>
<li><a href="#Text-symbols" accesskey="4">Text symbols</a></li>
@@ -20114,26 +20980,28 @@ special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type.
<li><a href="#g_t_005ctoday" accesskey="9"><code class="code">\today</code></a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
-<div class="section-level-extent" id="Reserved-characters">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="Printing-special-characters">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Upper-and-lower-case" accesskey="n" rel="next">Upper and lower case</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="Reserved-characters-1">23.1 Reserved characters</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Printing-special-characters-1"><span>23.1 Printing special characters<a class="copiable-link" href="#Printing-special-characters-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-reserved-characters"></a>
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-characters_002c-reserved"></a>
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-special-characters"></a>
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-characters_002c-special"></a>
-<p>LaTeX sets aside the following characters for special purposes. For
-example, the percent sign&nbsp;<code class="code">%</code> is for comments. They are
-called <em class="dfn">reserved characters</em> or <em class="dfn">special characters</em>. They are
-all discussed elsewhere in this manual.
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-reserved-characters_002c-printing"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-special-characters_002c-printing"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-printing-special-characters"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-escaping-special-characters"></a>
+
+<p>LaTeX sets aside a few characters for special purposes; they are
+called reserved characters or special characters. Here they are:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted"># $ % &amp; { } _ ~ ^ \
</pre></div>
+<p>The meaning of all the special characters is given elsewhere
+in this manual (see <a class="pxref" href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a>).
+</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_0023"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_0024"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_0025"></a>
@@ -20143,8 +21011,8 @@ all discussed elsewhere in this manual.
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_007d"></a>
<p>If you want a reserved character to be printed as itself, in the text
body font, for all but the final three characters in that list simply
-put a backslash&nbsp;<code class="code">\</code> in front of the character. Thus,
-typing <code class="code">\$1.23</code> will produce&nbsp;<code class="code">$1.23</code> in your output.
+put a <code class="code">\</code> in front of the character. Thus, typing <code class="code">\$1.23</code>
+will produce <code class="code">$1.23</code> in your output.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_007e"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_005e"></a>
@@ -20155,13 +21023,13 @@ character receiving a tilde accent). Similarly, to get a text body
font circumflex use <code class="code">\^{}</code>. To get a backslash in the font of
the text body, enter <code class="code">\textbackslash{}</code>.
</p>
-<p>To produce the reserved characters in a typewriter font use
-<code class="code">\verb!!</code> as below (the double backslash&nbsp;<code class="code">\\</code> in the
-example is only there to split the lines in the output).
+<p>To produce the reserved characters in a typewriter font, use
+<code class="code">\verb!!</code> as below (the <code class="code">\newline</code> in the example is there
+only to split the lines in the output).
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{center}
- \# \$ \% \&amp; \{ \} \_ \~{} \^{} \textbackslash \\
+ \# \$ \% \&amp; \{ \} \_ \~{} \^{} \textbackslash \newline
\verb!# $ % &amp; { } _ ~ ^ \!
\end{center}
</pre></div>
@@ -20172,9 +21040,9 @@ example is only there to split the lines in the output).
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Upper-and-lower-case">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Symbols-by-font-position" accesskey="n" rel="next">Symbols by font position</a>, Previous: <a href="#Reserved-characters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Reserved characters</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Symbols-by-font-position" accesskey="n" rel="next">Symbols by font position</a>, Previous: <a href="#Printing-special-characters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Printing special characters</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="Upper-and-lower-case-1">23.2 Upper and lower case</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Upper-and-lower-case-1"><span>23.2 Upper and lower case<a class="copiable-link" href="#Upper-and-lower-case-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-uppercase"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-lowercase"></a>
@@ -20256,7 +21124,7 @@ good overview of the topic, past and present.
<p>
Next: <a href="#Text-symbols" accesskey="n" rel="next">Text symbols</a>, Previous: <a href="#Upper-and-lower-case" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Upper and lower case</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="Symbols-by-font-position-1">23.3 Symbols by font position</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Symbols-by-font-position-1"><span>23.3 Symbols by font position<a class="copiable-link" href="#Symbols-by-font-position-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csymbol"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-accessing-any-character-of-a-font"></a>
@@ -20281,7 +21149,7 @@ visible space at 32 decimal could also be written as
<p>
Next: <a href="#Accents" accesskey="n" rel="next">Accents</a>, Previous: <a href="#Symbols-by-font-position" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Symbols by font position</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="Text-symbols-1">23.4 Text symbols</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Text-symbols-1"><span>23.4 Text symbols<a class="copiable-link" href="#Text-symbols-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-text-symbols"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-symbols_002c-text"></a>
@@ -20298,38 +21166,40 @@ the <code class="code">textcomp</code> package for some (technically, those in t
<code class="code">TS1</code> font encoding).
</p>
<dl class="ftable">
-<dt id='index-_005ccopyright'><span><code class="code">\copyright</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccopyright'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextcopyright'><span><code class="code">\textcopyright</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextcopyright'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ccopyright"></a><span><code class="code">\copyright</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ccopyright"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctextcopyright"></a><span><code class="code">\textcopyright</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctextcopyright"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-copyright-symbol"></a>
<p>&copy; The copyright symbol.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cdag'><span><code class="code">\dag</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdag'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cdag"></a><span><code class="code">\dag</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cdag"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dagger_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>&#x2020; The dagger symbol (in text).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cddag'><span><code class="code">\ddag</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cddag'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cddag"></a><span><code class="code">\ddag</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cddag"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-double-dagger_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>&#x2021; The double dagger symbol (in text).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cLaTeX'><span><code class="code">\LaTeX</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cLaTeX'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cLaTeX"></a><span><code class="code">\LaTeX</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cLaTeX"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-LaTeX-logo"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-logo_002c-LaTeX"></a>
<p>The LaTeX logo.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cLaTeXe'><span><code class="code">\LaTeXe</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cLaTeXe'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cLaTeXe"></a><span><code class="code">\LaTeXe</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cLaTeXe"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-LaTeX2e-logo"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-logo_002c-LaTeX2e"></a>
<p>The LaTeX2e logo.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cguillemotleft-_0028_00ab_0029'><span><code class="code">\guillemotleft <span class="r">(&laquo;)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cguillemotleft-_0028_00ab_0029'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-_005cguillemotright-_0028_00bb_0029'><span><code class="code">\guillemotright <span class="r">(&raquo;)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cguillemotright-_0028_00bb_0029'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-_005cguilsinglleft-_0028_2039_0029'><span><code class="code">\guilsinglleft <span class="r">(&lsaquo;)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cguilsinglleft-_0028_2039_0029'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-_005cguilsinglright-_0028_203a_0029'><span><code class="code">\guilsinglright <span class="r">(&rsaquo;)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cguilsinglright-_0028_203a_0029'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cguillemetleft-_0028_00ab_0029"></a><span><code class="code">\guillemetleft <span class="r">(&laquo;)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cguillemetleft-_0028_00ab_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cguillemetright-_0028_00bb_0029"></a><span><code class="code">\guillemetright <span class="r">(&raquo;)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cguillemetright-_0028_00bb_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cguillemotleft-_0028_00ab_0029"></a><span><code class="code">\guillemotleft <span class="r">(&laquo;)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cguillemotleft-_0028_00ab_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cguillemotright-_0028_00bb_0029"></a><span><code class="code">\guillemotright <span class="r">(&raquo;)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cguillemotright-_0028_00bb_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cguilsinglleft-_0028_2039_0029"></a><span><code class="code">\guilsinglleft <span class="r">(&lsaquo;)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cguilsinglleft-_0028_2039_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cguilsinglright-_0028_203a_0029"></a><span><code class="code">\guilsinglright <span class="r">(&rsaquo;)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cguilsinglright-_0028_203a_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-double-guillemets"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-single-guillemets"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-left-angle-quotation-marks"></a>
@@ -20338,41 +21208,45 @@ the <code class="code">textcomp</code> package for some (technically, those in t
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-single-angle-quotation-marks"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-French-quotation-marks"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-quotation-marks_002c-French"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-guillemots_002c-birds"></a>
<p>&laquo;, &raquo;, &lsaquo;, &rsaquo;
Double and single angle quotation marks, commonly used in French.
+The commands <code class="code">@guillemotleft</code> and <code class="code">@guillemotright</code> are
+synonyms for <code class="code">@guillemet...</code>; these are misspellings inherited
+from Adobe. (Guillemots are seabirds; guillemets are French quotes.)
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cldots-1'><span><code class="code">\ldots</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cldots-1'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextellipsis'><span><code class="code">\textellipsis</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextellipsis'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-_005cdots-2'><span><code class="code">\dots</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdots-2'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cldots-1"></a><span><code class="code">\ldots</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cldots-1"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctextellipsis"></a><span><code class="code">\textellipsis</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctextellipsis"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cdots-2"></a><span><code class="code">\dots</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cdots-2"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ellipsis"></a>
<p>&hellip; An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): <code class="code">\ldots</code> and
<code class="code">\dots</code> also work in math mode (see <a class="pxref" href="#Dots">Dots, horizontal or vertical</a>). See that math
mode ellipsis description for additional general information.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005clq'><span><code class="code">\lq</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clq'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005clq"></a><span><code class="code">\lq</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005clq"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-left-quote"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-opening-quote"></a>
<p>&lsquo; Left (opening) quote.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cP'><span><code class="code">\P</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cP'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextparagraph'><span><code class="code">\textparagraph</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextparagraph'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cP"></a><span><code class="code">\P</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cP"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctextparagraph"></a><span><code class="code">\textparagraph</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctextparagraph"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-paragraph-symbol"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-pilcrow"></a>
<p>&#x00B6; Paragraph sign (pilcrow).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cpounds'><span><code class="code">\pounds</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cpounds'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextsterling'><span><code class="code">\textsterling</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextsterling'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cpounds"></a><span><code class="code">\pounds</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cpounds"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctextsterling"></a><span><code class="code">\textsterling</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctextsterling"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-pounds-symbol"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-sterling-symbol"></a>
<p>&pound; English pounds sterling.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cquotedblbase-_0028_201e_0029'><span><code class="code">\quotedblbase <span class="r">(&bdquo;)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cquotedblbase-_0028_201e_0029'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-_005cquotesinglbase-_0028_201a_0029'><span><code class="code">\quotesinglbase <span class="r">(&sbquo;)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cquotesinglbase-_0028_201a_0029'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cquotedblbase-_0028_201e_0029"></a><span><code class="code">\quotedblbase <span class="r">(&bdquo;)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cquotedblbase-_0028_201e_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cquotesinglbase-_0028_201a_0029"></a><span><code class="code">\quotesinglbase <span class="r">(&sbquo;)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cquotesinglbase-_0028_201a_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-double-low_002d9-quotation-mark"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-single-low_002d9-quotation-mark"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-low_002d9-quotation-marks_002c-single-and-double"></a>
@@ -20380,43 +21254,43 @@ mode ellipsis description for additional general information.
Double and single quotation marks on the baseline.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005crq'><span><code class="code">\rq</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005crq'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005crq"></a><span><code class="code">\rq</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005crq"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-right-quote"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-closing-quote"></a>
<p>&rsquo; Right (closing) quote.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cS'><span><code class="code">\S</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cS'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextsection'><span><code class="code">\textsection</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextsection'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cS"></a><span><code class="code">\S</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cS"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctextsection"></a><span><code class="code">\textsection</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctextsection"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-section-symbol"></a>
<p>&#x00A7; Section sign.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cTeX'><span><code class="code">\TeX</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cTeX'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005cTeX"></a><span><code class="code">\TeX</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cTeX"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-TeX-logo"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-logo_002c-TeX"></a>
<p>The TeX logo.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextasciicircum'><span><code class="code">\textasciicircum</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextasciicircum'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctextasciicircum"></a><span><code class="code">\textasciicircum</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctextasciicircum"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-circumflex_002c-ASCII_002c-in-text"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ASCII-circumflex_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>^ ASCII circumflex.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextasciitilde'><span><code class="code">\textasciitilde</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextasciitilde'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctextasciitilde"></a><span><code class="code">\textasciitilde</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctextasciitilde"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-tilde_002c-ASCII_002c-in-text"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ASCII-tilde_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>~ ASCII tilde.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextasteriskcentered'><span><code class="code">\textasteriskcentered</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextasteriskcentered'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctextasteriskcentered"></a><span><code class="code">\textasteriskcentered</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctextasteriskcentered"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-asterisk_002c-centered_002c-in-text"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-centered-asterisk_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>* Centered asterisk.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextbackslash-1'><span><code class="code">\textbackslash</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextbackslash-1'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctextbackslash-1"></a><span><code class="code">\textbackslash</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctextbackslash-1"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-backslash_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>\ Backslash. However, <code class="code">\texttt{\textbackslash}</code> produces a roman
(not typewriter) backslash by default; for a typewriter backslash, it
@@ -20428,52 +21302,52 @@ in:
</pre></div>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextbar'><span><code class="code">\textbar</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextbar'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctextbar"></a><span><code class="code">\textbar</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctextbar"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-vertical-bar_002c-in-text"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-bar_002c-vertical_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>| Vertical bar.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextbardbl'><span><code class="code">\textbardbl</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextbardbl'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctextbardbl"></a><span><code class="code">\textbardbl</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctextbardbl"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-vertical-bar_002c-double_002c-in-text"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-bar_002c-double-vertical_002c-in-text"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-double-vertical-bar_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>&#x23F8; Double vertical bar.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextbigcircle'><span><code class="code">\textbigcircle</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextbigcircle'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctextbigcircle"></a><span><code class="code">\textbigcircle</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctextbigcircle"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-big-circle-symbols_002c-in-text"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-circle-symbol_002c-big_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>&#x25EF;, Big circle symbol.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextbraceleft'><span><code class="code">\textbraceleft</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextbraceleft'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctextbraceleft"></a><span><code class="code">\textbraceleft</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctextbraceleft"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-left-brace_002c-in-text"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-brace_002c-left_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>{ Left brace. See remarks at <code class="code">\textbackslash</code> above about
making <code class="code">\texttt{\textbraceleft}</code> produce a typewriter brace.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextbraceright'><span><code class="code">\textbraceright</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextbraceright'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctextbraceright"></a><span><code class="code">\textbraceright</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctextbraceright"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-right-brace_002c-in-text"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-brace_002c-right_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>} Right brace. See remarks at <code class="code">\textbackslash</code> above about
making <code class="code">\texttt{\textbraceright}</code> produce a typewriter brace.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextbullet'><span><code class="code">\textbullet</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextbullet'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctextbullet"></a><span><code class="code">\textbullet</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctextbullet"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-bullet_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>&bull; Bullet.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextcircled_007bletter_007d'><span><code class="code">\textcircled{<var class="var">letter</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextcircled_007bletter_007d'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctextcircled_007bletter_007d"></a><span><code class="code">\textcircled{<var class="var">letter</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctextcircled_007bletter_007d"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-circled-letter_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>&#x24B6;, Circle around <var class="var">letter</var>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextcompwordmark'><span><code class="code">\textcompwordmark</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextcompwordmark'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextcapitalcompwordmark'><span><code class="code">\textcapitalcompwordmark</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextcapitalcompwordmark'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextascendercompwordmark'><span><code class="code">\textascendercompwordmark</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextascendercompwordmark'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctextcompwordmark"></a><span><code class="code">\textcompwordmark</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctextcompwordmark"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctextcapitalcompwordmark"></a><span><code class="code">\textcapitalcompwordmark</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctextcapitalcompwordmark"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctextascendercompwordmark"></a><span><code class="code">\textascendercompwordmark</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctextascendercompwordmark"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-composite-word-mark_002c-in-text"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-cap-height"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ascender-height"></a>
@@ -20484,24 +21358,24 @@ is most useful in non-English languages. The
while the <code class="code">\textascendercompwordmark</code> form has the ascender height.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextdagger'><span><code class="code">\textdagger</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextdagger'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctextdagger"></a><span><code class="code">\textdagger</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctextdagger"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dagger_002c-in-text-1"></a>
<p>&#x2020; Dagger.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextdaggerdbl'><span><code class="code">\textdaggerdbl</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextdaggerdbl'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctextdaggerdbl"></a><span><code class="code">\textdaggerdbl</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctextdaggerdbl"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dagger_002c-double_002c-in-text"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-double-dagger_002c-in-text-1"></a>
<p>&#x2021; Double dagger.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextdollar-_0028or-_005c_0024_0029'><span><code class="code">\textdollar <span class="r">(or <code class="code">\$</code>)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextdollar-_0028or-_005c_0024_0029'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctextdollar-_0028or-_005c_0024_0029"></a><span><code class="code">\textdollar <span class="r">(or <code class="code">\$</code>)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctextdollar-_0028or-_005c_0024_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dollar-sign"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-currency_002c-dollar"></a>
<p>$ Dollar sign.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextemdash-_0028or-_002d_002d_002d_0029'><span><code class="code">\textemdash <span class="r">(or <code class="code">---</code>)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextemdash-_0028or-_002d_002d_002d_0029'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctextemdash-_0028or-_002d_002d_002d_0029"></a><span><code class="code">\textemdash <span class="r">(or <code class="code">---</code>)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctextemdash-_0028or-_002d_002d_002d_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-em_002ddash"></a>
<div class="raggedright"><p class="raggedright-paragraph">&mdash; Em-dash. Used for punctuation, usually similar to commas or
parentheses, as in &lsquo;<code class="code">The playoffs---if you're lucky
@@ -20509,12 +21383,12 @@ enough to make the playoffs---are more like a sprint.</code>&rsquo; Conventions
for spacing around em-dashes vary widely.
</p></div>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextendash-_0028or-_002d_002d_0029'><span><code class="code">\textendash <span class="r">(or <code class="code">--</code>)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextendash-_0028or-_002d_002d_0029'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctextendash-_0028or-_002d_002d_0029"></a><span><code class="code">\textendash <span class="r">(or <code class="code">--</code>)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctextendash-_0028or-_002d_002d_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-e_002ddash"></a>
<p>&ndash; En-dash. Used for ranges, as in &lsquo;<code class="code">see pages 12--14</code>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctexteuro'><span><code class="code">\texteuro</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctexteuro'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctexteuro"></a><span><code class="code">\texteuro</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctexteuro"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-euro-symbol"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-currency_002c-euro"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-eurosym"></a>
@@ -20529,12 +21403,12 @@ for spacing around em-dashes vary widely.
Euro symbol (Unicode U+20AC).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextexclamdown-_0028or-_0021_0060_0029'><span><code class="code">\textexclamdown <span class="r">(or <code class="code">!`</code>)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextexclamdown-_0028or-_0021_0060_0029'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctextexclamdown-_0028or-_0021_0060_0029"></a><span><code class="code">\textexclamdown <span class="r">(or <code class="code">!`</code>)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctextexclamdown-_0028or-_0021_0060_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-exclamation-point_002c-upside_002ddown"></a>
<p>&iexcl; Upside down exclamation point.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextfiguredash'><span><code class="code">\textfiguredash</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextfiguredash'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctextfiguredash"></a><span><code class="code">\textfiguredash</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctextfiguredash"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-figure-dash-character"></a>
<p>Dash used between numerals, Unicode U+2012. Defined in the June 2021
release of LaTeX. When used in pdfTeX, approximated by an
@@ -20543,30 +21417,30 @@ in the current font, or writes the usual &ldquo;Missing character&rdquo; warning
to the log file.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextgreater'><span><code class="code">\textgreater</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextgreater'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctextgreater"></a><span><code class="code">\textgreater</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctextgreater"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-greater-than-symbol_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>&gt; Greater than symbol.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctexthorizontalbar'><span><code class="code">\texthorizontalbar</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctexthorizontalbar'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctexthorizontalbar"></a><span><code class="code">\texthorizontalbar</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctexthorizontalbar"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-horizontal-bar-character"></a>
<p>Horizontal bar character, Unicode U+2015. Defined in the June 2021
release of LaTeX. Behavior as with <code class="code">\textfiguredash</code> above;
the pdfTeX approximation is an em-dash.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextless'><span><code class="code">\textless</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextless'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctextless"></a><span><code class="code">\textless</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctextless"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-less-than-symbol_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>&lt; Less than symbol.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextleftarrow'><span><code class="code">\textleftarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextleftarrow'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctextleftarrow"></a><span><code class="code">\textleftarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctextleftarrow"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-arrow_002c-left_002c-in-text"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-left-arrow_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>&#x2190;, Left arrow.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextnonbreakinghyphen'><span><code class="code">\textnonbreakinghyphen</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextnonbreakinghyphen'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctextnonbreakinghyphen"></a><span><code class="code">\textnonbreakinghyphen</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctextnonbreakinghyphen"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-non_002dbreaking-hyphen-character"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-hyphen-character_002c-non_002dbreaking"></a>
<p>Non-breaking hyphen character, Unicode U+2011. Defined in the June
@@ -20575,8 +21449,8 @@ above; the pdfTeX approximation is a regular ASCII hyphen (with
breaks disallowed after).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextordfeminine'><span><code class="code">\textordfeminine</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextordfeminine'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextordmasculine'><span><code class="code">\textordmasculine</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextordmasculine'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctextordfeminine"></a><span><code class="code">\textordfeminine</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctextordfeminine"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctextordmasculine"></a><span><code class="code">\textordmasculine</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctextordmasculine"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-feminine-ordinal-symbol"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-masculine-ordinal-symbol"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine"></a>
@@ -20584,50 +21458,50 @@ breaks disallowed after).
<p>&ordf;, &ordm; Feminine and masculine ordinal symbols.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextperiodcentered'><span><code class="code">\textperiodcentered</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextperiodcentered'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctextperiodcentered"></a><span><code class="code">\textperiodcentered</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctextperiodcentered"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-period_002c-centered_002c-in-text"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-centered-period_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>&#x00B7; Centered period.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextquestiondown-_0028or-_003f_0060_0029'><span><code class="code">\textquestiondown <span class="r">(or <code class="code">?`</code>)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextquestiondown-_0028or-_003f_0060_0029'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctextquestiondown-_0028or-_003f_0060_0029"></a><span><code class="code">\textquestiondown <span class="r">(or <code class="code">?`</code>)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctextquestiondown-_0028or-_003f_0060_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-question-mark_002c-upside_002ddown"></a>
<p>&iquest; Upside down question mark.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextquotedblleft-_0028or-_0060_0060_0029'><span><code class="code">\textquotedblleft <span class="r">(or <code class="code">``</code>)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextquotedblleft-_0028or-_0060_0060_0029'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctextquotedblleft-_0028or-_0060_0060_0029"></a><span><code class="code">\textquotedblleft <span class="r">(or <code class="code">``</code>)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctextquotedblleft-_0028or-_0060_0060_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-left-quote_002c-double"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-double-left-quote"></a>
<p>&ldquo; Double left quote.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextquotedblright-_0028or-_0027_0027_0029'><span><code class="code">\textquotedblright <span class="r">(or <code class="code">''</code>)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextquotedblright-_0028or-_0027_0027_0029'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctextquotedblright-_0028or-_0027_0027_0029"></a><span><code class="code">\textquotedblright <span class="r">(or <code class="code">''</code>)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctextquotedblright-_0028or-_0027_0027_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-right-quote_002c-double"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-double-right-quote"></a>
<p>&rdquo; Double right quote.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextquoteleft-_0028or-_0060_0029'><span><code class="code">\textquoteleft <span class="r">(or <code class="code">`</code>)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextquoteleft-_0028or-_0060_0029'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctextquoteleft-_0028or-_0060_0029"></a><span><code class="code">\textquoteleft <span class="r">(or <code class="code">`</code>)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctextquoteleft-_0028or-_0060_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-left-quote_002c-single"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-single-left-quote"></a>
<p>&lsquo; Single left quote.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextquoteright-_0028or-_0027_0029'><span><code class="code">\textquoteright <span class="r">(or <code class="code">'</code>)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextquoteright-_0028or-_0027_0029'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctextquoteright-_0028or-_0027_0029"></a><span><code class="code">\textquoteright <span class="r">(or <code class="code">'</code>)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctextquoteright-_0028or-_0027_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-right-quote_002c-single"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-single-right-quote"></a>
<p>&rsquo; Single right quote.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextquotesingle'><span><code class="code">\textquotesingle</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextquotesingle'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctextquotesingle"></a><span><code class="code">\textquotesingle</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctextquotesingle"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-quote_002c-single-straight"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-straight-single-quote"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-single-quote_002c-straight"></a>
<p>&#x0027;, Straight single quote. (From TS1 encoding.)
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextquotestraightbase'><span><code class="code">\textquotestraightbase</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextquotestraightbase'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextquotestraightdblbase'><span><code class="code">\textquotestraightdblbase</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextquotestraightdblbase'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctextquotestraightbase"></a><span><code class="code">\textquotestraightbase</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctextquotestraightbase"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctextquotestraightdblbase"></a><span><code class="code">\textquotestraightdblbase</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctextquotestraightdblbase"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-quote_002c-straight-base"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-straight-quote_002c-base"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-double-quote_002c-straight-base"></a>
@@ -20635,40 +21509,40 @@ breaks disallowed after).
<p>Single and double straight quotes on the baseline.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextregistered'><span><code class="code">\textregistered</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextregistered'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctextregistered"></a><span><code class="code">\textregistered</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctextregistered"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-registered-symbol"></a>
<p>&reg; Registered symbol.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextrightarrow'><span><code class="code">\textrightarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextrightarrow'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctextrightarrow"></a><span><code class="code">\textrightarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctextrightarrow"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-arrow_002c-right_002c-in-text"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-right-arrow_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>&#x2192;, Right arrow.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextthreequartersemdash'><span><code class="code">\textthreequartersemdash</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextthreequartersemdash'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctextthreequartersemdash"></a><span><code class="code">\textthreequartersemdash</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctextthreequartersemdash"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-three_002dquarters-em_002ddash"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-em_002ddash_002c-three_002dquarters"></a>
<p>&#xFE58;, &ldquo;Three-quarters&rdquo; em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctexttrademark'><span><code class="code">\texttrademark</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctexttrademark'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctexttrademark"></a><span><code class="code">\texttrademark</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctexttrademark"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-trademark-symbol"></a>
<p>&#x2122; Trademark symbol.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctexttwelveudash'><span><code class="code">\texttwelveudash</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctexttwelveudash'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctexttwelveudash"></a><span><code class="code">\texttwelveudash</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctexttwelveudash"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-two_002dthirds-em_002ddash"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-em_002ddash_002c-two_002dthirds"></a>
<p>&#xFE58;, &ldquo;Two-thirds&rdquo; em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextunderscore'><span><code class="code">\textunderscore</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextunderscore'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctextunderscore"></a><span><code class="code">\textunderscore</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctextunderscore"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-underscore_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>_ Underscore.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextvisiblespace'><span><code class="code">\textvisiblespace</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextvisiblespace'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_005ctextvisiblespace"></a><span><code class="code">\textvisiblespace</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctextvisiblespace"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-visible-space-symbol_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>&#x2423;, Visible space symbol.
</p>
@@ -20683,7 +21557,7 @@ breaks disallowed after).
<p>
Next: <a href="#Additional-Latin-letters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Additional Latin letters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Text-symbols" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Text symbols</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="Accents-1">23.5 Accents</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Accents-1"><span>23.5 Accents<a class="copiable-link" href="#Accents-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-accents"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-characters_002c-accented"></a>
@@ -20720,61 +21594,61 @@ These are often used in place of their dotted counterparts when they are
accented.
</p>
<dl class="table">
-<dt id='index-_005c_0022-_0028umlaut-accent_0029'><span><code class="code">\&quot;</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_0022-_0028umlaut-accent_0029'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt><code class="code">\capitaldieresis</code></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccapitaldieresis"></a>
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccapitaldieresis"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-umlaut-accent"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dieresis-accent"></a>
-<p>&ouml; Umlaut (dieresis).
+<a id="index-_005c_0022-_0028umlaut-accent_0029"></a><span><code class="code">\&quot;</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005c_0022-_0028umlaut-accent_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\capitaldieresis</code></dt>
+<dd><p>&ouml; Umlaut (dieresis).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005c_0027-_0028acute-accent_0029'><span><code class="code">\'</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_0027-_0028acute-accent_0029'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt><code class="code">\capitalacute</code></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccapitalacute"></a>
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccapitalacute"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-acute-accent"></a>
-<p>&oacute; Acute accent.
+<a id="index-_005c_0027-_0028acute-accent_0029"></a><span><code class="code">\'</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005c_0027-_0028acute-accent_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\capitalacute</code></dt>
+<dd><p>&oacute; Acute accent.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005c_002e-_0028dot_002dover-accent_0029'><span><code class="code">\.</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_002e-_0028dot_002dover-accent_0029'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dot-accent"></a>
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dot-accent"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dot_002dover-accent"></a>
-<p>&#559; Dot accent.
+<a id="index-_005c_002e-_0028dot_002dover-accent_0029"></a><span><code class="code">\.</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005c_002e-_0028dot_002dover-accent_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>&#559; Dot accent.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005c_003d-_0028macron-accent_0029'><span><code class="code">\=</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_003d-_0028macron-accent_0029'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt><code class="code">\capitalmacron</code></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccapitalmacron"></a>
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccapitalmacron"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-macron-accent"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-overbar-accent"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-bar_002dover-accent"></a>
-<p>&#333; Macron (overbar) accent.
+<a id="index-_005c_003d-_0028macron-accent_0029"></a><span><code class="code">\=</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005c_003d-_0028macron-accent_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\capitalmacron</code></dt>
+<dd><p>&#333; Macron (overbar) accent.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005c_005e-_0028circumflex-accent_0029'><span><code class="code">\^</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_005e-_0028circumflex-accent_0029'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt><code class="code">\capitalcircumflex</code></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccapitalcircumflex"></a>
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccapitalcircumflex"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-circumflex-accent"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-hat-accent"></a>
-<p>&ocirc; Circumflex (hat) accent.
+<a id="index-_005c_005e-_0028circumflex-accent_0029"></a><span><code class="code">\^</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005c_005e-_0028circumflex-accent_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\capitalcircumflex</code></dt>
+<dd><p>&ocirc; Circumflex (hat) accent.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005c_0060-_0028grave-accent_0029'><span><code class="code">\`</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_0060-_0028grave-accent_0029'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt><code class="code">\capitalgrave</code></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccapitalgrave"></a>
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccapitalgrave"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-grave-accent"></a>
-<p>&ograve; Grave accent.
+<a id="index-_005c_0060-_0028grave-accent_0029"></a><span><code class="code">\`</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005c_0060-_0028grave-accent_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\capitalgrave</code></dt>
+<dd><p>&ograve; Grave accent.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005c_007e-_0028tilde-accent_0029'><span><code class="code">\~</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_007e-_0028tilde-accent_0029'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt><code class="code">\capitaltilde</code></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccapitaltilde"></a>
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccapitaltilde"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-tilde-accent"></a>
-<p>&ntilde; Tilde accent.
+<a id="index-_005c_007e-_0028tilde-accent_0029"></a><span><code class="code">\~</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005c_007e-_0028tilde-accent_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\capitaltilde</code></dt>
+<dd><p>&ntilde; Tilde accent.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cb-_0028bar_002dunder-accent_0029'><span><code class="code">\b</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cb-_0028bar_002dunder-accent_0029'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-bar_002dunder-accent"></a>
-<p>o&#818; Bar accent underneath.
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-bar_002dunder-accent"></a>
+<a id="index-_005cb-_0028bar_002dunder-accent_0029"></a><span><code class="code">\b</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cb-_0028bar_002dunder-accent_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>o&#818; Bar accent underneath.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cunderbar"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-underbar"></a>
@@ -20785,68 +21659,68 @@ thus crossing through descenders. See also <code class="code">\underline</code>
<a class="ref" href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cc-_0028cedilla-accent_0029'><span><code class="code">\c</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cc-_0028cedilla-accent_0029'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt><code class="code">\capitalcedilla</code></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccapitalcedilla"></a>
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccapitalcedilla"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-cedilla-accent"></a>
-<p>&ccedil; Cedilla accent underneath.
+<a id="index-_005cc-_0028cedilla-accent_0029"></a><span><code class="code">\c</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cc-_0028cedilla-accent_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\capitalcedilla</code></dt>
+<dd><p>&ccedil; Cedilla accent underneath.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cd-_0028dot_002dunder-accent_0029'><span><code class="code">\d</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cd-_0028dot_002dunder-accent_0029'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt><code class="code">\capitaldotaccent</code></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccapitaldotaccent"></a>
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccapitaldotaccent"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dot_002dunder-accent"></a>
-<p>&#7885; Dot accent underneath.
+<a id="index-_005cd-_0028dot_002dunder-accent_0029"></a><span><code class="code">\d</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cd-_0028dot_002dunder-accent_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\capitaldotaccent</code></dt>
+<dd><p>&#7885; Dot accent underneath.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cH-_0028Hungarian-umlaut-accent_0029'><span><code class="code">\H</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cH-_0028Hungarian-umlaut-accent_0029'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt><code class="code">\capitalhungarumlaut</code></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccapitalhungarumlaut"></a>
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccapitalhungarumlaut"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-hungarian-umlaut-accent"></a>
-<p>&#337; Long Hungarian umlaut accent.
+<a id="index-_005cH-_0028Hungarian-umlaut-accent_0029"></a><span><code class="code">\H</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cH-_0028Hungarian-umlaut-accent_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\capitalhungarumlaut</code></dt>
+<dd><p>&#337; Long Hungarian umlaut accent.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ck-_0028ogonek_0029'><span><code class="code">\k</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ck-_0028ogonek_0029'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt><code class="code">\capitalogonek</code></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccapitalogonek"></a>
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccapitalogonek"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ogonek"></a>
-<p>&#491; Ogonek. Not available in the OT1 encoding.
+<a id="index-_005ck-_0028ogonek_0029"></a><span><code class="code">\k</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ck-_0028ogonek_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\capitalogonek</code></dt>
+<dd><p>&#491; Ogonek. Not available in the OT1 encoding.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cr-_0028ring-accent_0029'><span><code class="code">\r</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cr-_0028ring-accent_0029'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt><code class="code">\capitalring</code></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccapitalring"></a>
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccapitalring"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ring-accent"></a>
-<p>o&#778; Ring accent.
+<a id="index-_005cr-_0028ring-accent_0029"></a><span><code class="code">\r</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cr-_0028ring-accent_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\capitalring</code></dt>
+<dd><p>o&#778; Ring accent.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ct-_0028tie_002dafter-accent_0029'><span><code class="code">\t</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ct-_0028tie_002dafter-accent_0029'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt><code class="code">\capitaltie</code></dt>
-<dt><code class="code">\newtie</code></dt>
-<dt><code class="code">\capitalnewtie</code></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccapitaltie"></a>
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccapitaltie"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnewtie"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccapitalnewtie"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-tie_002dafter-accent"></a>
-<p>Tie-after accent (used for transliterating from Cyrillic, such as in the
+<a id="index-_005ct-_0028tie_002dafter-accent_0029"></a><span><code class="code">\t</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ct-_0028tie_002dafter-accent_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\capitaltie</code></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\newtie</code></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\capitalnewtie</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Tie-after accent (used for transliterating from Cyrillic, such as in the
ALA-LC romanization). It expects that the argument has two characters.
The <code class="code">\newtie</code> form is centered in its box.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cu-_0028breve-accent_0029'><span><code class="code">\u</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cu-_0028breve-accent_0029'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt><code class="code">\capitalbreve</code></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccapitalbreve"></a>
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccapitalbreve"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-breve-accent"></a>
-<p>&#335; Breve accent.
+<a id="index-_005cu-_0028breve-accent_0029"></a><span><code class="code">\u</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cu-_0028breve-accent_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\capitalbreve</code></dt>
+<dd><p>&#335; Breve accent.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cv-_0028breve-accent_0029'><span><code class="code">\v</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cv-_0028breve-accent_0029'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt><code class="code">\capitalcaron</code></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccapitalcaron"></a>
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccapitalcaron"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-hacek-accent"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-check-accent"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-caron-accent"></a>
-<p>&#466; H&aacute;&#269;ek (check, caron) accent.
+<a id="index-_005cv-_0028breve-accent_0029"></a><span><code class="code">\v</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cv-_0028breve-accent_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\capitalcaron</code></dt>
+<dd><p>&#466; H&aacute;&#269;ek (check, caron) accent.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
@@ -20862,7 +21736,7 @@ The <code class="code">\newtie</code> form is centered in its box.
<p>
Up: <a href="#Accents" accesskey="u" rel="up">Accents</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005caccent-1">23.5.1 <code class="code">\accent</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005caccent-1"><span>23.5.1 <code class="code">\accent</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005caccent-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005caccent"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
@@ -20920,12 +21794,12 @@ cases will not work as it cannot analyze upper/lower case.
<p>
Next: <a href="#inputenc-package" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">inputenc</code> package</a>, Previous: <a href="#Accents" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Accents</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="Additional-Latin-letters-1">23.6 Additional Latin letters</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Additional-Latin-letters-1"><span>23.6 Additional Latin letters<a class="copiable-link" href="#Additional-Latin-letters-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="anchor" id="Non_002dEnglish-characters"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Latin-letters_002c-additional"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-letters_002c-additional-Latin"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-extended-Latin"></a>
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-special-characters-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-special-characters"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-non_002dEnglish-characters"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-characters_002c-non_002dEnglish"></a>
@@ -20934,86 +21808,86 @@ A&ndash;Z that extend the Latin alphabet, used primarily in languages other
than English.
</p>
<dl class="table">
-<dt id='index-_005caa-_0028aa_0029'><span><code class="code">\aa</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005caa-_0028aa_0029'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt><code class="code">\AA</code></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cAA-_0028AA_0029"></a>
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cAA-_0028AA_0029"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-aring"></a>
-<p>&aring; and &Aring;.
+<a id="index-_005caa-_0028aa_0029"></a><span><code class="code">\aa</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005caa-_0028aa_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\AA</code></dt>
+<dd><p>&aring; and &Aring;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cae-_0028ae_0029'><span><code class="code">\ae</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cae-_0028ae_0029'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt><code class="code">\AE</code></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cAE-_0028AE_0029"></a>
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cAE-_0028AE_0029"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ae-ligature"></a>
-<p>&aelig; and &AElig;.
+<a id="index-_005cae-_0028ae_0029"></a><span><code class="code">\ae</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cae-_0028ae_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\AE</code></dt>
+<dd><p>&aelig; and &AElig;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cdh-_0028d_0029'><span><code class="code">\dh</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdh-_0028d_0029'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt><code class="code">\DH</code></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cDH-_0028D_0029"></a>
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cDH-_0028D_0029"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Icelandic-eth"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-eth_002c-Icelandic-letter"></a>
-<p>Icelandic letter eth: &eth; and &ETH;. Not available with <small class="sc">OT1</small>
+<a id="index-_005cdh-_0028d_0029"></a><span><code class="code">\dh</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cdh-_0028d_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\DH</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Icelandic letter eth: &eth; and &ETH;. Not available with <small class="sc">OT1</small>
encoding, you need the <samp class="file">fontenc</samp> package to select an alternate
font encoding, such as <small class="sc">T1</small>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cdj'><span><code class="code">\dj</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdj'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cDJ"></a>
+<a id="index-_005cdj"></a><span><code class="code">\dj</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cdj"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dt><code class="code">\DJ</code></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cDJ"></a>
-<p>Crossed d and D, a.k.a. capital and small letter d with stroke. Not
+<dd><p>Crossed d and D, a.k.a. capital and small letter d with stroke. Not
available with <small class="sc">OT1</small> encoding, you need the <samp class="file">fontenc</samp> package to
select an alternate font encoding, such as <small class="sc">T1</small>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cij-_0028ij_0029'><span><code class="code">\ij</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cij-_0028ij_0029'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt><code class="code">\IJ</code></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cIJ-_0028IJ_0029"></a>
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cIJ-_0028IJ_0029"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ij-letter_002c-Dutch"></a>
-<p>ij and IJ (except somewhat closer together than appears here).
+<a id="index-_005cij-_0028ij_0029"></a><span><code class="code">\ij</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cij-_0028ij_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\IJ</code></dt>
+<dd><p>ij and IJ (except somewhat closer together than appears here).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cl-_0028l_0029'><span><code class="code">\l</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cl-_0028l_0029'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt><code class="code">\L</code></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cL-_0028L_0029"></a>
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cL-_0028L_0029"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-polish-l"></a>
-<p>&#322; and &#321;.
+<a id="index-_005cl-_0028l_0029"></a><span><code class="code">\l</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cl-_0028l_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\L</code></dt>
+<dd><p>&#322; and &#321;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cng'><span><code class="code">\ng</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cng'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cNG"></a>
+<a id="index-_005cng"></a><span><code class="code">\ng</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cng"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dt><code class="code">\NG</code></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cNG"></a>
-<p>Lappish letter eng, also used in phonetics.
+<dd><p>Lappish letter eng, also used in phonetics.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005co-_0028o_0029'><span><code class="code">\o</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005co-_0028o_0029'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt><code class="code">\O</code></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cO-_0028O_0029"></a>
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cO-_0028O_0029"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-oslash"></a>
-<p>&oslash; and &Oslash;.
+<a id="index-_005co-_0028o_0029"></a><span><code class="code">\o</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005co-_0028o_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\O</code></dt>
+<dd><p>&oslash; and &Oslash;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005coe-_0028oe_0029'><span><code class="code">\oe</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005coe-_0028oe_0029'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt><code class="code">\OE</code></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cOE-_0028OE_0029"></a>
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cOE-_0028OE_0029"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-oe-ligature"></a>
-<p>&oelig; and &OElig;.
+<a id="index-_005coe-_0028oe_0029"></a><span><code class="code">\oe</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005coe-_0028oe_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\OE</code></dt>
+<dd><p>&oelig; and &OElig;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005css-_0028ss_0029'><span><code class="code">\ss</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005css-_0028ss_0029'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt><code class="code">\SS</code></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cSS-_0028SS_0029"></a>
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cSS-_0028SS_0029"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-es_002dzet-German-letter"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-sharp-S-letters"></a>
-<p>&szlig; and SS.
+<a id="index-_005css-_0028ss_0029"></a><span><code class="code">\ss</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005css-_0028ss_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\SS</code></dt>
+<dd><p>&szlig; and SS.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cth-_0028th_0029'><span><code class="code">\th</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cth-_0028th_0029'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dt><code class="code">\TH</code></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cTH-_0028TH_0029"></a>
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cTH-_0028TH_0029"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Icelandic-thorn"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-thorn_002c-Icelandic-letter"></a>
-<p>Icelandic letter thorn: &thorn; and &THORN;. Not available with <small class="sc">OT1</small>
+<a id="index-_005cth-_0028th_0029"></a><span><code class="code">\th</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cth-_0028th_0029"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\TH</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Icelandic letter thorn: &thorn; and &THORN;. Not available with <small class="sc">OT1</small>
encoding, you need the <samp class="file">fontenc</samp> package to select an alternate
font encoding, such as <small class="sc">T1</small>.
</p>
@@ -21028,7 +21902,7 @@ font encoding, such as <small class="sc">T1</small>.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005crule" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\rule</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#Additional-Latin-letters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Additional Latin letters</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="inputenc-package-1">23.7 <code class="code">inputenc</code> package</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="inputenc-package-1"><span>23.7 <code class="code">inputenc</code> package<a class="copiable-link" href="#inputenc-package-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-inputenc"></a>
@@ -21038,60 +21912,59 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005crule" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\rule<
<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage[<var class="var">encoding-name</var>]{inputenc}
</pre></div>
-<p>Declare the input file&rsquo;s text encoding to be <var class="var">encoding-name</var>. The
-default, if this package is not loaded, is UTF-8. Technically,
-specifying the encoding name is optional, but in practice it is not
-useful to omit it.
-</p>
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-encoding_002c-of-input-files"></a>
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-character-encoding"></a>
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Unicode"></a>
-<p>In a computer file, the characters are stored according to a scheme
-called the <em class="dfn">encoding</em>. There are many different encodings. The
-simplest is ASCII, which supports 95 printable characters, not enough
-for most of the world&rsquo;s languages. For instance, to typeset the
-a-umlaut character &lsquo;<samp class="samp">&auml;</samp>&rsquo; in an ASCII-encoded LaTeX source file, the
-sequence <code class="code">\&quot;a</code> is used. This would make source files for anything
-but English hard to read; even for English, often a more extensive
-encoding is more convenient.
+<p>Declare the input file&rsquo;s text encoding to be <var class="var">encoding-name</var>. (For
+basic background, see <a class="pxref" href="#Input-encodings">Input encodings</a>). The default, if this
+package is not loaded, is UTF-8. Technically, specifying the encoding
+name is optional, but in practice it is not useful to omit it.
</p>
-<p>The modern encoding standard, in some ways a union of the others, is
-UTF-8, one of the representations of Unicode. This is the default for
-LaTeX since 2018.
-</p>
-<p>The <code class="code">inputenc</code> package is how LaTeX knows what encoding is
-used. For instance, the following command explicitly says that the
-input file is UTF-8 (note the lack of a dash).
+<p>The <code class="code">inputenc</code> package tells LaTeX what encoding is used. For
+instance, the following command explicitly says that the input file is
+UTF-8 (note the lack of a dash).
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
</pre></div>
+<p>The most common values for <var class="var">encoding-name</var> are: <code class="code">ascii</code>,
+<code class="code">latin1</code>, <code class="code">latin2</code>, <code class="code">latin3</code>, <code class="code">latin4</code>,
+<code class="code">latin5</code>, <code class="code">latin9</code>, <code class="code">latin10</code>, <code class="code">utf8</code>.
+</p>
<p>Caution: use <code class="code">inputenc</code> only with the pdfTeX engine
-(see <a class="pxref" href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>). (The XeTeX and LuaTeX engines assume
-that the input file is UTF-8 encoded.) If you invoke LaTeX with
-either the <code class="command">xelatex</code> command or the <code class="command">lualatex</code>
-command, and try to declare a non-UTF-8 encoding with <code class="code">inputenc</code>,
-such as <code class="code">latin1</code>, then you will get the error <code class="code">inputenc is
-not designed for xetex or luatex</code>.
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>); with <code class="command">xelatex</code> or
+<code class="command">lualatex</code>, declaring a non-UTF-8 encoding with
+<code class="code">inputenc</code>, such as <code class="code">latin1</code>, will get the error
+<code class="code">inputenc is not designed for xetex or luatex</code>.
</p>
<p>An <code class="code">inputenc</code> package error such as <code class="code">Invalid UTF-8 byte &quot;96</code>
means that some of the material in the input file does not follow the
encoding scheme. Often these errors come from copying material from a
-document that uses a different encoding than the input file; this one
-is a left single quote from a web page using <code class="code">latin1</code> inside a
-LaTeX input file that uses UTF-8. The simplest solution is to
-replace the non-UTF-8 character with its UTF-8 equivalent, or use a
-LaTeX equivalent command or character.
+document that uses a different encoding than the input file. The
+simplest solution is often to replace the non-UTF-8 character with a
+UTF-8 or LaTeX equivalent.
+</p>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-luainputenc"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-luainputenc-package"></a>
+
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cXeTeXinputencoding"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cXeTeXdefaultencoding"></a>
+<p>If you need to process a non-UTF-8 document with LuaTeX, you can
+use the <code class="code">luainputenc</code> package
+(<a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/luainputenc">https://ctan.org/pkg/luainputenc</a>). With XeTeX, the
+<code class="code">\XeTeXinputencoding</code> and <code class="code">\XeTeXdefaultencoding</code> primitives
+can be used (for an explanation and examples, see
+<a class="url" href="https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/324948">https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/324948</a>).
+</p>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-recode-to-change-character-encoding"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-iconv-to-change-character-encoding"></a>
+<p>It&rsquo;s also possible to re-encode a document from an 8-bit encoding to
+UTF-8 outside of TeX, using system utilities. For example,
+&lsquo;<samp class="samp">recode latin1..utf8</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp class="samp">iconv -f latin1 -t utf8</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cinputencoding"></a>
-<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cinputencoding"></a><p>In some documents, such as a collection of journal articles from a
+<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cinputencoding"></a><p>In a few documents, such as a collection of journal articles from a
variety of authors, changing the encoding in mid-document may be
-necessary. Use the command
-<code class="code">\inputencoding{<var class="var">encoding-name</var>}</code>. The most common values
-for <var class="var">encoding-name</var> are: <code class="code">ascii</code>, <code class="code">latin1</code>,
-<code class="code">latin2</code>, <code class="code">latin3</code>, <code class="code">latin4</code>, <code class="code">latin5</code>,
-<code class="code">latin9</code>, <code class="code">latin10</code>, and&nbsp;<code class="code">utf8</code>.
+necessary. You can use the command
+<code class="code">\inputencoding{<var class="var">encoding-name</var>}</code> for this.
</p>
<hr>
@@ -21101,7 +21974,7 @@ for <var class="var">encoding-name</var> are: <code class="code">ascii</code>, <
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctoday" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\today</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#inputenc-package" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">inputenc</code> package</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005crule-1">23.8 <code class="code">\rule</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005crule-1"><span>23.8 <code class="code">\rule</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005crule-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005crule"></a>
@@ -21156,7 +22029,7 @@ See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005cstrut"><code class="code">\strut</code></a>,
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005crule" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\rule</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005ctoday-1">23.9 <code class="code">\today</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005ctoday-1"><span>23.9 <code class="code">\today</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005ctoday-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ctoday"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-date_002c-today_0027s"></a>
@@ -21212,7 +22085,7 @@ date could be incorrect by the time the program finishes.
<p>
Next: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="n" rel="next">Front/back matter</a>, Previous: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Special insertions</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h2 class="chapter" id="Splitting-the-input-1">24 Splitting the input</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter" id="Splitting-the-input-1"><span>24 Splitting the input<a class="copiable-link" href="#Splitting-the-input-1"> &para;</a></span></h2>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-splitting-the-input-file"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-input-file"></a>
@@ -21276,7 +22149,7 @@ your output correctly.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\include</code> &amp; <code class="code">\includeonly</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="u" rel="up">Splitting the input</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cendinput-1">24.1 <code class="code">\endinput</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cendinput-1"><span>24.1 <code class="code">\endinput</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cendinput-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cendinput"></a>
@@ -21323,7 +22196,7 @@ This allows you, for instance, to close an <code class="code">\if...</code> with
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cinput" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\input</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cendinput" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\endinput</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="u" rel="up">Splitting the input</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly-1">24.2 <code class="code">\include</code> &amp; <code class="code">\includeonly</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly-1"><span>24.2 <code class="code">\include</code> &amp; <code class="code">\includeonly</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cinclude"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cincludeonly"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cinclude"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cincludeonly"></a>
@@ -21471,7 +22344,7 @@ also delete the file <samp class="file"><var class="var">root</var>.aux</samp> a
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\include</code> &amp; <code class="code">\includeonly</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="u" rel="up">Splitting the input</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cinput-1">24.3 <code class="code">\input</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cinput-1"><span>24.3 <code class="code">\input</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cinput-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cinput"></a>
@@ -21527,7 +22400,7 @@ this works under TeX Live on GNU/Linux:
<p>
Next: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Letters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Splitting the input</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h2 class="chapter" id="Front_002fback-matter-1">25 Front/back matter</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter" id="Front_002fback-matter-1"><span>25 Front/back matter<a class="copiable-link" href="#Front_002fback-matter-1"> &para;</a></span></h2>
<ul class="mini-toc">
@@ -21541,7 +22414,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Letters</a>, Previous: <a href
<p>
Next: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Indexes</a>, Up: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="u" rel="up">Front/back matter</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="Table-of-contents_002c-list-of-figures_002c-list-of-tables">25.1 Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Table-of-contents_002c-list-of-figures_002c-list-of-tables"><span>25.1 Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables<a class="copiable-link" href="#Table-of-contents_002c-list-of-figures_002c-list-of-tables"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-table-of-contents_002c-creating"></a>
@@ -21715,7 +22588,7 @@ will change these headers depending on the chosen base language.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\addcontentsline</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="u" rel="up">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline-1">25.1.1 <code class="code">\@dottedtocline</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline-1"><span>25.1.1 <code class="code">\@dottedtocline</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_0040dottedtocline"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-table-of-contents-entry_002c-create-dotted-line"></a>
@@ -21765,7 +22638,7 @@ for the Part and Chapter table entries, and in the standard
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\addtocontents</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\@dottedtocline</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="u" rel="up">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005caddcontentsline-1">25.1.2 <code class="code">\addcontentsline</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005caddcontentsline-1"><span>25.1.2 <code class="code">\addcontentsline</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005caddcontentsline"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-table-of-contents-entry_002c-manually-adding"></a>
@@ -21877,7 +22750,7 @@ will not make sense.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\contentsline</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\addcontentsline</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="u" rel="up">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005caddtocontents-1">25.1.3 <code class="code">\addtocontents</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005caddtocontents-1"><span>25.1.3 <code class="code">\addtocontents</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005caddtocontents-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005caddtocontents_007bext_007d_007btext_007d"></a>
@@ -21958,7 +22831,7 @@ move <code class="code">\addtocontents</code> into the file being included.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnofiles" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\nofiles</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\addtocontents</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="u" rel="up">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005ccontentsline-1">25.1.4 <code class="code">\contentsline</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005ccontentsline-1"><span>25.1.4 <code class="code">\contentsline</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005ccontentsline-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-table-of-contents"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccontentsline-2"></a>
@@ -22031,7 +22904,7 @@ file, and running LaTeX again.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnumberline" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\numberline</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\contentsline</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="u" rel="up">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cnofiles-1">25.1.5 <code class="code">\nofiles</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cnofiles-1"><span>25.1.5 <code class="code">\nofiles</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cnofiles-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnofiles"></a>
@@ -22070,7 +22943,7 @@ the old information.
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnofiles" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\nofiles</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="u" rel="up">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cnumberline-1">25.1.6 <code class="code">\numberline</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cnumberline-1"><span>25.1.6 <code class="code">\numberline</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cnumberline-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnumberline"></a>
@@ -22120,7 +22993,7 @@ is automatically added by LaTeX; see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005caddcontents
<p>
Next: <a href="#Glossaries" accesskey="n" rel="next">Glossaries</a>, Previous: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a>, Up: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="u" rel="up">Front/back matter</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="Indexes-1">25.2 Indexes</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Indexes-1"><span>25.2 Indexes<a class="copiable-link" href="#Indexes-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-indexes"></a>
@@ -22205,7 +23078,7 @@ See also the TeX FAQ entry on this topic,
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cindex" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\index</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="Produce-the-index-manually-1">25.2.1 Produce the index manually</h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="Produce-the-index-manually-1"><span>25.2.1 Produce the index manually<a class="copiable-link" href="#Produce-the-index-manually-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-index_002c-producing-manually"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-theindex"></a>
@@ -22253,7 +23126,7 @@ with a new letter.
<p>
Next: <a href="#makeindex" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="command">makeindex</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#Produce-the-index-manually" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Produce the index manually</a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cindex-1">25.2.2 <code class="code">\index</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cindex-1"><span>25.2.2 <code class="code">\index</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cindex-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-index-entry"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cindex-1"></a>
@@ -22417,7 +23290,7 @@ message like this.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cprintindex" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="command">\printindex</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cindex" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\index</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="makeindex-1">25.2.3 <code class="command">makeindex</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="makeindex-1"><span>25.2.3 <code class="command">makeindex</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#makeindex-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-index_002c-processing"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-makeindex_002c-program"></a>
@@ -22479,16 +23352,16 @@ comment.
</p>
<dl class="ftable">
<dd><a class="anchor" id="makeindex-preamble"></a></dd>
-<dt id='index-preamble'><span><code class="code">preamble</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-preamble'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-preamble"></a><span><code class="code">preamble</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-preamble"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Preamble of the output index file. Defines the context in which the index is
formatted. Default: <code class="code">&quot;\\begin{theindex}\n&quot;</code>.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-postamble"></a></dd>
-<dt id='index-postamble'><span><code class="code">postamble</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-postamble'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-postamble"></a><span><code class="code">postamble</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-postamble"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Postamble of the output index file. Default: <code class="code">&quot;\n\n\\end{theindex}\n&quot;</code>.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-group-skip"></a></dd>
-<dt id='index-group_005fskip'><span><code class="code">group_skip</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-group_005fskip'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-group_005fskip"></a><span><code class="code">group_skip</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-group_005fskip"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cindexspace-1"></a>
<p>Traditionally index items are broken into groups, typically a group for
entries starting with letter &lsquo;<samp class="samp">a</samp>&rsquo;, etc. This specifier gives what
@@ -22497,7 +23370,7 @@ is inserted when a new group begins. Default: <code class="code">&quot;\n\n
length, by default <code class="code">10pt plus5pt minus3pt</code>).
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-letheadflag"></a></dd>
-<dt id='index-lethead_005fflag'><span><code class="code">lethead_flag</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-lethead_005fflag'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-lethead_005fflag"></a><span><code class="code">lethead_flag</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-lethead_005fflag"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>An integer. It governs what is inserted for a new group or letter. If
it is 0 (which is the default) then other than <code class="code">group_skip</code> nothing
will be inserted before the group. If it is positive then at a new
@@ -22507,93 +23380,93 @@ then what will be inserted is the letter in lowercase. The default
is&nbsp;0.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-lethead-prefix"></a></dd>
-<dt id='index-lethead_005fprefix'><span><code class="code">lethead_prefix</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-lethead_005fprefix'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-lethead_005fprefix"></a><span><code class="code">lethead_prefix</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-lethead_005fprefix"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>If a new group begins with a different letter then this is the prefix
inserted before the new letter header. Default: <code class="code">&quot;&quot;</code>
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-lethead-suffix"></a></dd>
-<dt id='index-lethead_005fsuffix'><span><code class="code">lethead_suffix</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-lethead_005fsuffix'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-lethead_005fsuffix"></a><span><code class="code">lethead_suffix</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-lethead_005fsuffix"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>If a group begins with a different letter then this is the suffix
inserted after the new letter header. Default: <code class="code">&quot;&quot;</code>.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-item-0"></a></dd>
-<dt id='index-item_005f0'><span><code class="code">item_0</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-item_005f0'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-item_005f0"></a><span><code class="code">item_0</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-item_005f0"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>What is put between two level&nbsp;0 items. Default: <code class="code">&quot;\n \\item
&quot;</code>.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-item-1"></a></dd>
-<dt id='index-item_005f1'><span><code class="code">item_1</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-item_005f1'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-item_005f1"></a><span><code class="code">item_1</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-item_005f1"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Put between two level&nbsp;1 items. Default: <code class="code">&quot;\n \\subitem &quot;</code>.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-item-2"></a></dd>
-<dt id='index-item_005f2'><span><code class="code">item_2</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-item_005f2'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-item_005f2"></a><span><code class="code">item_2</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-item_005f2"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>put between two level&nbsp;2 items. Default: <code class="code">&quot;\n \\subsubitem &quot;</code>.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-item-01"></a></dd>
-<dt id='index-item_005f01'><span><code class="code">item_01</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-item_005f01'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-item_005f01"></a><span><code class="code">item_01</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-item_005f01"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>What is put between a level&nbsp;0 item and a level&nbsp;1 item.
Default: <code class="code">&quot;\n \\subitem &quot;</code>.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-item-x1"></a></dd>
-<dt id='index-item_005fx1'><span><code class="code">item_x1</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-item_005fx1'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-item_005fx1"></a><span><code class="code">item_x1</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-item_005fx1"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>What is put between a level&nbsp;0 item and a level&nbsp;1 item in the
case that the level&nbsp;0 item doesn&rsquo;t have any page numbers (as in
<code class="code">\index{aaa|see{bbb}}</code>). Default: <code class="code">&quot;\n \\subitem &quot;</code>.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-item-12"></a></dd>
-<dt id='index-item_005f12'><span><code class="code">item_12</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-item_005f12'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-item_005f12"></a><span><code class="code">item_12</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-item_005f12"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>What is put between a level&nbsp;1 item and a level&nbsp;2 item.
Default: <code class="code">&quot;\n \\subsubitem &quot;</code>.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-item-x2"></a></dd>
-<dt id='index-item_005fx2'><span><code class="code">item_x2</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-item_005fx2'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-item_005fx2"></a><span><code class="code">item_x2</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-item_005fx2"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>What is put between a level&nbsp;1 item and a level&nbsp;2 item, if the
level&nbsp;1 item doesn&rsquo;t have page numbers. Default: <code class="code">&quot;\n
\\subsubitem &quot;</code>.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-delim-0"></a></dd>
-<dt id='index-delim_005f0'><span><code class="code">delim_0</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-delim_005f0'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-delim_005f0"></a><span><code class="code">delim_0</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-delim_005f0"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Delimiter put between a level&nbsp;0 key and its first page
number. Default: a comma followed by a blank, <code class="code">&quot;, &quot;</code>.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-delim-1"></a></dd>
-<dt id='index-delim_005f1'><span><code class="code">delim_1</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-delim_005f1'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-delim_005f1"></a><span><code class="code">delim_1</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-delim_005f1"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Delimiter put between a level&nbsp;1 key and its first page
number. Default: a comma followed by a blank, <code class="code">&quot;, &quot;</code>.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-delim-2"></a></dd>
-<dt id='index-delim_005f2'><span><code class="code">delim_2</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-delim_005f2'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-delim_005f2"></a><span><code class="code">delim_2</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-delim_005f2"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Delimiter between a level&nbsp;2 key and its first page number. Default:
a comma followed by a blank, <code class="code">&quot;, &quot;</code>.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-delim-n"></a></dd>
-<dt id='index-delim_005fn'><span><code class="code">delim_n</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-delim_005fn'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-delim_005fn"></a><span><code class="code">delim_n</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-delim_005fn"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Delimiter between two page numbers for the same key (at any
level). Default: a comma followed by a blank, <code class="code">&quot;, &quot;</code>.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-delim-r"></a></dd>
-<dt id='index-delim_005fr'><span><code class="code">delim_r</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-delim_005fr'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-delim_005fr"></a><span><code class="code">delim_r</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-delim_005fr"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>What is put between the starting and ending page numbers of a range.
Default: <code class="code">&quot;--&quot;</code>.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-line-max"></a></dd>
-<dt id='index-line_005fmax'><span><code class="code">line_max</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-line_005fmax'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-line_005fmax"></a><span><code class="code">line_max</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-line_005fmax"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>An integer. Maximum length of an index entry&rsquo;s line in the output,
beyond which the line wraps. Default: <code class="code">72</code>.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-indent-space"></a></dd>
-<dt id='index-indent_005fspace'><span><code class="code">indent_space</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-indent_005fspace'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-indent_005fspace"></a><span><code class="code">indent_space</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-indent_005fspace"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>What is inserted at the start of a wrapped line. Default:
<code class="code">&quot;\t\t&quot;</code>.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-indent-length"></a></dd>
-<dt id='index-indent_005flength'><span><code class="code">indent_length</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-indent_005flength'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-indent_005flength"></a><span><code class="code">indent_length</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-indent_005flength"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>A number. The length of the wrapped line indentation. The default
<code class="code">indent_space</code> is two tabs and each tab is eight spaces so the
default here is <code class="code">16</code>.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-page-precedence"></a></dd>
-<dt id='index-page_005fprecedence'><span><code class="code">page_precedence</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-page_005fprecedence'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-page_005fprecedence"></a><span><code class="code">page_precedence</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-page_005fprecedence"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>A document may have pages numbered in different ways. For example, a
book may have front matter pages numbered in lowercase roman while main
matter pages are in arabic. This string specifies the order in which
@@ -22627,7 +23500,7 @@ written in Lua (<a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/xindex">https://ctan.o
<p>
Previous: <a href="#makeindex" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="command">makeindex</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cprintindex-1">25.2.4 <code class="command">\printindex</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cprintindex-1"><span>25.2.4 <code class="command">\printindex</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cprintindex-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-index_002c-printing"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cprintindex"></a>
@@ -22658,7 +23531,7 @@ discussion and an example of the use of <code class="code">\printindex</code>.
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Indexes</a>, Up: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="u" rel="up">Front/back matter</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="Glossaries-1">25.3 Glossaries</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Glossaries-1"><span>25.3 Glossaries<a class="copiable-link" href="#Glossaries-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-glossary"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-glossaries"></a>
@@ -22732,7 +23605,7 @@ CTAN.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cgls" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\gls</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Glossaries" accesskey="u" rel="up">Glossaries</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cnewglossaryentry-1">25.3.1 <code class="code">\newglossaryentry</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cnewglossaryentry-1"><span>25.3.1 <code class="code">\newglossaryentry</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-glossary_002c-entries"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnewglossaryentry"></a>
@@ -22781,26 +23654,26 @@ paragraph.
here are a few.
</p>
<dl class="ftable">
-<dt id='index-name'><span><code class="code">name</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-name'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-name"></a><span><code class="code">name</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-name"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>(Required.) The word, phrase, or symbol that you are defining.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-description'><span><code class="code">description</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-description'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-description"></a><span><code class="code">description</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-description"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>(Required.) The description that will appear in the glossary.
If this has more than one paragraph then you must use the second command
form given in the synopsis.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-plural'><span><code class="code">plural</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-plural'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-plural"></a><span><code class="code">plural</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-plural"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>The plural form of <var class="var">name</var>. Refer to the plural form using
<code class="code">\glspl</code> or <code class="code">\Glspl</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cgls"><code class="code">\gls</code></a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-sort'><span><code class="code">sort</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-sort'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-sort"></a><span><code class="code">sort</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-sort"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>How to place this entry in the list of entries that the glossary holds.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-symbol'><span><code class="code">symbol</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-symbol'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-symbol"></a><span><code class="code">symbol</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-symbol"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>A symbol, such as a mathematical symbol, besides the name.
</p>
</dd>
@@ -22814,7 +23687,7 @@ form given in the synopsis.
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\newglossaryentry</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Glossaries" accesskey="u" rel="up">Glossaries</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cgls-1">25.3.2 <code class="code">\gls</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cgls-1"><span>25.3.2 <code class="code">\gls</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cgls-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-glossary_002c-entry-reference"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cgls"></a>
@@ -22860,7 +23733,7 @@ which also takes the plural.
<p>
Next: <a href="#Input_002foutput" accesskey="n" rel="next">Input/output</a>, Previous: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Front/back matter</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h2 class="chapter" id="Letters-1">26 Letters</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter" id="Letters-1"><span>26 Letters<a class="copiable-link" href="#Letters-1"> &para;</a></span></h2>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-letters_002c-writing"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-writing-letters"></a>
@@ -22970,7 +23843,7 @@ I am not interested in entering a business arrangement with you.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccc" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\cc</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005caddress-1">26.1 <code class="code">\address</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005caddress-1"><span>26.1 <code class="code">\address</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005caddress-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005caddress"></a>
@@ -23008,7 +23881,7 @@ is formatted as a personal letter.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cclosing" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\closing</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddress" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\address</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005ccc-1">26.2 <code class="code">\cc</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005ccc-1"><span>26.2 <code class="code">\cc</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005ccc-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccc"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-cc-list_002c-in-letters"></a>
@@ -23038,7 +23911,7 @@ with a double backslash, <code class="code">\\</code>, as in:
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cencl" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\encl</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccc" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\cc</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cclosing-1">26.3 <code class="code">\closing</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cclosing-1"><span>26.3 <code class="code">\closing</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cclosing-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cclosing"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-letters_002c-ending"></a>
@@ -23065,7 +23938,7 @@ at the end of a letter, above a handwritten signature. For example:
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005clocation" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\location</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cclosing" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\closing</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cencl-1">26.4 <code class="code">\encl</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cencl-1"><span>26.4 <code class="code">\encl</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cencl-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cencl"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-enclosure-list"></a>
@@ -23094,7 +23967,7 @@ Separate multiple lines with a double backslash, <code class="code">\\</code>.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\makelabels</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cencl" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\encl</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005clocation-1">26.5 <code class="code">\location</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005clocation-1"><span>26.5 <code class="code">\location</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005clocation-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005clocation"></a>
@@ -23115,7 +23988,7 @@ appears if the page style is <code class="code">firstpage</code>.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cname" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\name</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005clocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\location</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cmakelabels-1">26.6 <code class="code">\makelabels</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cmakelabels-1"><span>26.6 <code class="code">\makelabels</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cmakelabels-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmakelabels"></a>
@@ -23189,7 +24062,7 @@ are all that you need to print envelopes.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005copening" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\opening</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\makelabels</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cname-1">26.7 <code class="code">\name</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cname-1"><span>26.7 <code class="code">\name</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cname-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cname"></a>
@@ -23210,7 +24083,7 @@ with the return address.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cps" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\ps</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cname" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\name</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005copening-1">26.8 <code class="code">\opening</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005copening-1"><span>26.8 <code class="code">\opening</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005copening-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005copening"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-letters_002c-starting"></a>
@@ -23236,7 +24109,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cps" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\ps</cod
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005csignature" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\signature</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005copening" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\opening</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cps-1">26.9 <code class="code">\ps</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cps-1"><span>26.9 <code class="code">\ps</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cps-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cps"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-postscript_002c-in-letters"></a>
@@ -23261,7 +24134,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005csignature" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctelephone" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\telephone</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cps" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\ps</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005csignature-1">26.10 <code class="code">\signature</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005csignature-1"><span>26.10 <code class="code">\signature</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005csignature-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -23313,7 +24186,7 @@ the document. To have it apply to one letter only, put it inside a
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csignature" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\signature</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005ctelephone-1">26.11 <code class="code">\telephone</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005ctelephone-1"><span>26.11 <code class="code">\telephone</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005ctelephone-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ctelephone"></a>
@@ -23337,7 +24210,7 @@ page.
<p>
Next: <a href="#Command-line-interface" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command line interface</a>, Previous: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Letters</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h2 class="chapter" id="Input_002foutput-1">27 Input/output</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter" id="Input_002foutput-1"><span>27 Input/output<a class="copiable-link" href="#Input_002foutput-1"> &para;</a></span></h2>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-input_002foutput_002c-to-terminal"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-terminal-input_002foutput"></a>
@@ -23364,7 +24237,7 @@ And, you can issue instructions for the operating system.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cread" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\read</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Input/output</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout-1">27.1 <code class="code">\openin</code> &amp; <code class="code">\openout</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout-1"><span>27.1 <code class="code">\openin</code> &amp; <code class="code">\openout</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005copenin"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005copenout"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cclosein"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005ccloseout"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005copenin"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005copenout"></a>
@@ -23455,7 +24328,7 @@ Bad number (16). &lt;to be read again&gt; = l.30 \openin16=test.jh</samp>&rsquo
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctypein" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\typein</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\openin</code> &amp; <code class="code">\openout</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Input/output</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cread-1">27.2 <code class="code">\read</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cread-1"><span>27.2 <code class="code">\read</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cread-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cread"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-file_002c-reading"></a>
@@ -23506,7 +24379,7 @@ CTAN has a number of packages for that; one is <code class="code">datatool</code
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctypeout" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\typeout</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cread" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\read</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Input/output</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005ctypein-1">27.3 <code class="code">\typein</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005ctypein-1"><span>27.3 <code class="code">\typein</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005ctypein-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ctypein"></a>
@@ -23570,7 +24443,7 @@ Recommendation for John Dee.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\write</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ctypein" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\typein</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Input/output</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005ctypeout-1">27.4 <code class="code">\typeout</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005ctypeout-1"><span>27.4 <code class="code">\typeout</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005ctypeout-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ctypeout"></a>
@@ -23619,7 +24492,7 @@ spaces. Use <code class="code">^^J</code> to get a newline. Get a percent char
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ctypeout" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\typeout</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Input/output</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cwrite-1">27.5 <code class="code">\write</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cwrite-1"><span>27.5 <code class="code">\write</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cwrite-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cwrite"></a>
@@ -23777,7 +24650,7 @@ packages for this; one is <code class="code">answers</code>.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmessage" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\message</code></a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">\write</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cwrite-and-security-1">27.5.1 <code class="code">\write</code> and security</h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cwrite-and-security-1"><span>27.5.1 <code class="code">\write</code> and security<a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cwrite-and-security-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-security-and-_005cwrite"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cwrite-and-security"></a>
@@ -23816,7 +24689,7 @@ files in the same directory as the root file, or in subdirectories.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cwlog" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\wlog</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite-and-security" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\write</code> and security</a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">\write</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cmessage-1">27.5.2 <code class="code">\message</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cmessage-1"><span>27.5.2 <code class="code">\message</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cmessage-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmessage"></a>
@@ -23880,7 +24753,7 @@ starting your message at the beginning of a line.
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite18" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\write18</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmessage" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\message</code></a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">\write</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cwlog-1">27.5.3 <code class="code">\wlog</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cwlog-1"><span>27.5.3 <code class="code">\wlog</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cwlog-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cwlog"></a>
@@ -23913,7 +24786,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite18" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\wr
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cwlog" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\wlog</code></a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">\write</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cwrite18-1">27.5.4 <code class="code">\write18</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cwrite18-1"><span>27.5.4 <code class="code">\write18</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#g_t_005cwrite18-1"> &para;</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cwrite18"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-external-commands"></a>
@@ -24034,7 +24907,7 @@ same reason.
<p>
Next: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="n" rel="next">Document templates</a>, Previous: <a href="#Input_002foutput" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Input/output</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h2 class="chapter" id="Command-line-interface-1">28 Command line interface</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter" id="Command-line-interface-1"><span>28 Command line interface<a class="copiable-link" href="#Command-line-interface-1"> &para;</a></span></h2>
<a class="anchor" id="Command-line"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-command-line-interface"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-interface_002c-command-line"></a>
@@ -24103,7 +24976,7 @@ to do.
<p>
Next: <a href="#Command-line-input" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command line input</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-line-interface" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command line interface</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="Command-line-options-1">28.1 Command line options</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Command-line-options-1"><span>28.1 Command line options<a class="copiable-link" href="#Command-line-options-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-options_002c-command-line"></a>
@@ -24120,25 +24993,22 @@ argument with an &lsquo;<samp class="samp">=</samp>&rsquo; sign (&lsquo;<samp cl
spaces around the &lsquo;<samp class="samp">=</samp>&rsquo;. We will generally use the &lsquo;<samp class="samp">=</samp>&rsquo; syntax.
</p>
<dl class="table">
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002d_002dversion-command_002dline-option"></a>
-</dd>
-<dt><code class="code">-version</code></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_002d_002dversion-command_002dline-option"></a><span><code class="code">-version</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_002d_002dversion-command_002dline-option"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Show the current version, like &lsquo;<samp class="samp">pdfTeX 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.16 (TeX
Live 2015/Debian)</samp>&rsquo; along with a small amount of additional information,
and exit.
</p>
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002d_002dhelp-command_002dline-option"></a>
</dd>
-<dt><code class="code">-help</code></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_002d_002dhelp-command_002dline-option"></a><span><code class="code">-help</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_002d_002dhelp-command_002dline-option"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Give a brief usage message that is useful as a prompt and exit.
</p>
-<a class="anchor" id="interaction-modes"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002d_002dinteraction-command_002dline-option"></a>
-</dd>
-<dt id='index-batchmode'><span><code class="code">-interaction=<var class="var">mode</var></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-batchmode'> &para;</a></span></dt>
-<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-scrollmode"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="interaction-modes"></a></dd>
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-scrollmode"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-errorstopmode"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-nonstopmode"></a>
-<p>TeX compiles a document in one of four interaction modes:
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002d_002dinteraction-command_002dline-option"></a>
+<a id="index-batchmode"></a><span><code class="code">-interaction=<var class="var">mode</var></code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-batchmode"> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>TeX compiles a document in one of four interaction modes:
<code class="code">batchmode</code>, <code class="code">nonstopmode</code>, <code class="code">scrollmode</code>,
<code class="code">errorstopmode</code>. In <em class="dfn">errorstopmode</em> (the default), TeX
stops at each error and asks for user intervention. In <em class="dfn">batchmode</em>
@@ -24157,19 +25027,17 @@ input, but nothing else.
<p>eliminates most terminal output.
</p>
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-jobname"></a>
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-filename-for-current-job"></a>
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002d_002djobname-command_002dline-option"></a>
</dd>
-<dt><code class="code">-jobname=<var class="var">string</var></code></dt>
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-filename-for-current-job"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002d_002djobname-command_002dline-option"></a>
+<a id="index-jobname"></a><span><code class="code">-jobname=<var class="var">string</var></code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-jobname"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Set the value of TeX&rsquo;s <em class="dfn">jobname</em> to the string. The log file
and output file will then be named <samp class="file"><var class="var">string</var>.log</samp> and
<samp class="file"><var class="var">string</var>.pdf</samp>. see <a class="pxref" href="#Jobname">Jobname</a>.
</p>
-<a class="anchor" id="output-directory"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-output-directory-for-all-external-files"></a>
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002d_002doutput_002ddirectory-command_002dline-option"></a>
-</dd>
-<dt><code class="code">-output-directory=<var class="var">directory</var></code></dt>
+<a class="anchor" id="output-directory"></a></dd>
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002d_002doutput_002ddirectory-command_002dline-option"></a>
+<a id="index-output-directory-for-all-external-files"></a><span><code class="code">-output-directory=<var class="var">directory</var></code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-output-directory-for-all-external-files"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Write files in the directory <var class="var">directory</var>. It must already exist.
This applies to all external files created by TeX or LaTeX, such
as the <samp class="file">.log</samp> file for the run, the <samp class="file">.aux</samp>, <samp class="file">.toc</samp>,
@@ -24182,14 +25050,13 @@ external files can be read back in, if desired. The true current
directory (in which LaTeX was run) remains unchanged, and is also
checked for input files.
</p>
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-shell-escape"></a>
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cwrite18_002c-enabling"></a>
+</dd>
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cwrite18_002c-enabling"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002d_002denable_002dwrite18-command_002dline-option"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002d_002ddisable_002dwrite18-command_002dline-option"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002d_002dshell_002descape-command_002dline-option"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002d_002dno_002dshell_002descape-command_002dline-option"></a>
-</dd>
-<dt><code class="code">--enable-write18</code></dt>
+<a id="index-shell-escape"></a><span><code class="code">--enable-write18</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-shell-escape"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dt><code class="code">--disable-write18</code></dt>
<dt><code class="code">--shell-escape</code></dt>
<dt><code class="code">--no-shell-escape</code></dt>
@@ -24209,15 +25076,13 @@ a limited number of TeX-related programs, which they distribute.)
<code class="code">\write18{ls -l}</code>, then you do not get an error but the log
file says &lsquo;<samp class="samp">runsystem(ls -l)...disabled</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002d_002dhalt_002don_002derror-command_002dline-option"></a>
</dd>
-<dt><code class="code">-halt-on-error</code></dt>
+<dt><a id="index-_002d_002dhalt_002don_002derror-command_002dline-option"></a><span><code class="code">-halt-on-error</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_002d_002dhalt_002don_002derror-command_002dline-option"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Stop processing at the first error.
</p>
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002d_002dfile_002dline_002derror-command_002dline-option"></a>
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002d_002dno_002dfile_002dline_002derror-command_002dline-option"></a>
</dd>
-<dt><code class="code">-file-line-error</code></dt>
+<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002d_002dno_002dfile_002dline_002derror-command_002dline-option"></a>
+<a id="index-_002d_002dfile_002dline_002derror-command_002dline-option"></a><span><code class="code">-file-line-error</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_002d_002dfile_002dline_002derror-command_002dline-option"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dt><code class="code">-no-file-line-error</code></dt>
<dd><p>Enable or disable <code class="code"><var class="var">filename</var>:<var class="var">lineno</var>:<var class="var">error</var></code>-style
error messages. These are only available with TeX Live or MacTeX.
@@ -24232,7 +25097,7 @@ error messages. These are only available with TeX Live or MacTeX.
<p>
Next: <a href="#Jobname" accesskey="n" rel="next">Jobname</a>, Previous: <a href="#Command-line-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Command line options</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-line-interface" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command line interface</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="Command-line-input-1">28.2 Command line input</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Command-line-input-1"><span>28.2 Command line input<a class="copiable-link" href="#Command-line-input-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-input_002c-on-command-line"></a>
@@ -24288,7 +25153,7 @@ pdflatex -jobname=teachers &quot;\def\teachers{}\input{main}&quot;
<p>The <code class="code">jobname</code> option is there because otherwise both files would be
called <samp class="file">main.pdf</samp> and the second would overwrite the
-first. (see <a class="pxref" href="#Jobname">Jobname</a>.)
+first (see <a class="pxref" href="#Jobname">Jobname</a>).
</p>
<p>In this example we use the command line to select which parts of a
document to include. For a book named <samp class="file">mybook.tex</samp> and structured
@@ -24321,7 +25186,7 @@ chapter. See <a class="xref" href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a>
<p>
Next: <a href="#Recovering-from-errors" accesskey="n" rel="next">Recovering from errors</a>, Previous: <a href="#Command-line-input" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Command line input</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-line-interface" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command line interface</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="Jobname-1">28.3 Jobname</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Jobname-1"><span>28.3 Jobname<a class="copiable-link" href="#Jobname-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cjobname"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-jobname-1"></a>
@@ -24339,19 +25204,19 @@ Here the job name is <code class="code">thesis</code>.
</p>
<p>In general, LaTeX is invoked as <code class="code"><var class="var">latex-engine</var>
<var class="var">options</var> <var class="var">argument</var></code>, where <var class="var">latex-engine</var> is
-<code class="command">pdflatex</code>, <code class="command">lualatex</code>, etc. (see <a class="pxref" href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>).
-If <var class="var">argument</var> does not start with a backslash, as is the case above
-with <code class="code">thesis</code>, then TeX considers it to be the name of the file
-to input as the main document. This file is referred to as the <em class="dfn">root
-file</em> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a>, and&nbsp;<a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cinput"><code class="code">\input</code></a>). The name of
-that root file, without the <samp class="file">.tex</samp> extension if any, is the
-jobname. If <var class="var">argument</var> does start with a backslash, or if TeX is
-in interactive mode, then it waits for the first <code class="code">\input</code> command,
-and the jobname is the argument to <code class="code">\input</code>.
+<code class="command">pdflatex</code>, <code class="command">lualatex</code>, etc. (see <a class="pxref" href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>). If <var class="var">argument</var> does not start with a backslash, as is
+the case above with <code class="code">thesis</code>, then TeX considers it to be the
+name of the file to input as the main document. This file is referred
+to as the <em class="dfn">root file</em> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a>, and
+<a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cinput"><code class="code">\input</code></a>). The name of that root file, without the <samp class="file">.tex</samp>
+extension if any, is the jobname. If <var class="var">argument</var> does start with a
+backslash, or if TeX is in interactive mode, then it waits for the
+first <code class="code">\input</code> command, and the jobname is the argument to
+<code class="code">\input</code>.
</p>
<p>There are two more possibilities for the jobname. It can be directly
specified with the <code class="code">-jobname</code> option, as in <code class="code">pdflatex
--jobname=myname</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Command-line-input">Command line input</a> for a real example).
+-jobname=myname</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Command-line-input">Command line input</a> for a practical example).
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-texput_002c-jobname-default"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-fallback-jobname"></a>
@@ -24420,7 +25285,7 @@ change the name of the output file or the log file.
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Jobname" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Jobname</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-line-interface" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command line interface</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="Recovering-from-errors-1">28.4 Recovering from errors</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Recovering-from-errors-1"><span>28.4 Recovering from errors<a class="copiable-link" href="#Recovering-from-errors-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<p>If LaTeX finds an error in your document then it gives you an error
message and prompts you with a question mark, <code class="code">?</code>. For instance,
@@ -24476,7 +25341,7 @@ keys down at the same time), and then retype the correct command line.
<p>
Next: <a href="#Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Index</a>, Previous: <a href="#Command-line-interface" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Command line interface</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h2 class="appendix" id="Document-templates-1">Appendix A Document templates</h2>
+<h2 class="appendix" id="Document-templates-1"><span>Appendix A Document templates<a class="copiable-link" href="#Document-templates-1"> &para;</a></span></h2>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-document-templates"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-templates_002c-document"></a>
@@ -24499,7 +25364,7 @@ be useful. Additional template resources are listed at
<p>
Next: <a href="#article-template" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">article</code> template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="beamer-template-1">A.1 <code class="code">beamer</code> template</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="beamer-template-1"><span>A.1 <code class="code">beamer</code> template<a class="copiable-link" href="#beamer-template-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-beamer-template-and-class"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-template_002c-beamer"></a>
@@ -24542,7 +25407,7 @@ array of features, but here is a basic template:
<p>
Next: <a href="#book-template" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">book</code> template</a>, Previous: <a href="#beamer-template" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">beamer</code> template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="article-template-1">A.2 <code class="code">article</code> template</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="article-template-1"><span>A.2 <code class="code">article</code> template<a class="copiable-link" href="#article-template-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-template-_0028simple_0029_002c-article"></a>
@@ -24574,7 +25439,7 @@ Some more text.
<p>
Next: <a href="#Larger-book-template" accesskey="n" rel="next">Larger <code class="code">book</code> template</a>, Previous: <a href="#article-template" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">article</code> template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="book-template-1">A.3 <code class="code">book</code> template</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="book-template-1"><span>A.3 <code class="code">book</code> template<a class="copiable-link" href="#book-template-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-template_002c-book"></a>
@@ -24606,7 +25471,7 @@ The end.
<p>
Previous: <a href="#book-template" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">book</code> template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h3 class="section" id="Larger-book-template-1">A.4 Larger <code class="code">book</code> template</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Larger-book-template-1"><span>A.4 Larger <code class="code">book</code> template<a class="copiable-link" href="#Larger-book-template-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-template_002c-book-1"></a>
@@ -24674,37 +25539,43 @@ need to come on a new page is brought in with <code class="code">\input</code> i
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templates</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<h2 class="unnumbered" id="Index-1">Index</h2>
+<h2 class="unnumbered" id="Index-1"><span>Index<a class="copiable-link" href="#Index-1"> &para;</a></span></h2>
<a class="anchor" id="Command-Index"></a>
<div class="printindex cp-printindex">
-<table class="cp-letters-header-printindex"><tr><th>Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-1"><b>$</b></a>
+<table class="cp-letters-header-printindex"><tr><th>Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-1"><b>_</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-2"><b>&amp;</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-2"><b>-</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-3"><b>*</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-3"><b>:</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-4"><b>-</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-4"><b>.</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-5"><b>.</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-5"><b>[</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-6"><b>/</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-6"><b>{</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-7"><b>1</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-7"><b>}</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-8"><b>:</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-8"><b>*</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-9"><b>[</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-9"><b>/</b></a>
&nbsp;
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-10"><b>\</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-11"><b>^</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-11"><b>&amp;</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-12"><b>_</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-12"><b>#</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-13"><b>{</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-13"><b>%</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-14"><b>~</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-14"><b>^</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-15"><b>~</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-16"><b>$</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-17"><b>1</b></a>
&nbsp;
<br>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
@@ -24757,2587 +25628,2710 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
&nbsp;
</td></tr></table>
<table class="cp-entries-printindex" border="0">
-<tr><td></td><th class="entries-header-printindex">Index Entry</th><td>&nbsp;</td><th class="sections-header-printindex"> Section</th></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-1">$</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_0024-inline-math"><code>$ <span class="r">inline math</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#math">math</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_0024_0024_002e_002e_002e_0024_0024-plain-TeX-display-math"><code>$$...$$ <span class="r">plain TeX display math</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-2">&amp;</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_0026-_0028for-table-cells_0029"><code>&amp; <span class="r">(for table cells)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-3">*</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002a-prompt">&lsquo;<samp class="samp">*</samp>&rsquo; prompt</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Recovering-from-errors">Recovering from errors</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002a_002c-to-_005cnocite-all-keys">&lsquo;<samp class="samp">*</samp>&rsquo;, to <code class="code">\nocite</code> all keys</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002a_002dform-of-environment-commands"><code class="code">*</code>-form of environment commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002a_002dform-of-sectioning-commands"><code class="code">*</code>-form of sectioning commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002a_002dform_002c-defining-new-commands">*-form, defining new commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-4">-</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002ddisable_002dwrite18-command_002dline-option"><code>--disable-write18 <span class="r">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002denable_002dwrite18-command_002dline-option"><code>--enable-write18 <span class="r">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002dfile_002dline_002derror-command_002dline-option"><code>--file-line-error <span class="r">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002dhalt_002don_002derror-command_002dline-option"><code>--halt-on-error <span class="r">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002dhelp-command_002dline-option"><code>--help <span class="r">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002dinteraction-command_002dline-option"><code>--interaction <span class="r">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002djobname-command_002dline-option"><code>--jobname <span class="r">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002dno_002dfile_002dline_002derror-command_002dline-option"><code>--no-file-line-error <span class="r">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002dno_002dshell_002descape-command_002dline-option"><code>--no-shell-escape <span class="r">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002doutput_002ddirectory-command_002dline-option"><code>--output-directory <span class="r">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002dshell_002descape-command_002dline-option"><code>--shell-escape <span class="r">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002dversion-command_002dline-option"><code>--version <span class="r">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d1_002c-write-stream-number"><em class="math">-1</em>, write stream number</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-5">.</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002eaux-file"><code>.aux <span class="r">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002eaux-file-and-BibTeX-commands"><code>.aux <span class="r">file and BibTeX commands</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002edvi-file"><code>.dvi <span class="r">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002efmt-file"><code>.fmt <span class="r">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002eglo-file"><samp class="file">.glo</samp> file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002eidx-file"><samp class="file">.idx</samp> file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002eidx-file-1"><samp class="file">.idx</samp> file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002eind-file"><samp class="file">.ind</samp> file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002eisty-file"><samp class="file">.isty</samp> file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002elof-file"><code>.lof <span class="r">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002elof-file-1"><code>.lof <span class="r">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002elof-file-2"><code>.lof <span class="r">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002elog-file"><code>.log <span class="r">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002elot-file"><code>.lot <span class="r">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002elot-file-1"><code>.lot <span class="r">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002elot-file-2"><code>.lot <span class="r">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002epdf-file"><code>.pdf <span class="r">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002etex_002c-default-extension"><code>.tex, <span class="r">default extension</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-interface">Command line interface</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002etoc-file"><code>.toc <span class="r">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002etoc-file-1"><code>.toc <span class="r">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002etoc-file-2"><code>.toc <span class="r">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002exdv-file"><code>.xdv <span class="r">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-6">/</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002fbin_002fsh_002c-used-by-_005cwrite18"><code>/bin/sh<span class="r">, used by <code class="code">\write18</code></span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-7">1</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-10pt-option"><code>10pt <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-11pt-option"><code>11pt <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-12pt-option"><code>12pt <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-8">:</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_003a-_0028for-math_0029"><code>: <span class="r">(for math)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character &amp; \colon</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-9">[</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005b_002e_002e_002e_005d-_0028for-optional-arguments_0029"><code>[...] <span class="r">(for optional arguments)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-10">\</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c-_0028backslash_002dspace_0029"><code>\&nbsp;<!-- /@w --> <span class="r">(backslash-space)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">\(SPACE)</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c-character-starting-commands"><code>\ <span class="r">character starting commands</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0021"><code>\!</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0022-_0028umlaut-accent_0029"><code>\&quot; <span class="r">(umlaut accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0023"><code>\#</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0024"><code>\$</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0025"><code>\%</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0026"><code>\&amp;</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0027-_0028acute-accent_0029"><code>\' <span class="r">(acute accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0027-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\' <span class="r">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0028_002e_002e_002e_005c_0029-inline-math"><code>\(...\) <span class="r">inline math</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#math">math</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_002a"><code>\*</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_002a">\*</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_002b"><code>\+</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_002c"><code>\,</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_002d"><code>\-</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029"><code>\- <span class="r">(hyphenation)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">\- (hyphenation)</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_002e-_0028dot_002dover-accent_0029"><code>\. <span class="r">(dot-over accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_002f"><code>\/</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_002f">\/</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_003a"><code>\:</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_003b"><code>\;</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_003c"><code>\&lt;</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_003d-_0028macron-accent_0029"><code>\= <span class="r">(macron accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_003d-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\= <span class="r">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_003e"><code>\&gt;</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_003e-1"><code>\&gt;</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_003e-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\&gt; <span class="r">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0040"><code>\@</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0040auxout"><code>\@auxout</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0040beginparpenalty"><code>\@beginparpenalty</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0040dottedtocline"><code>\@dottedtocline</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline">\@dottedtocline</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0040endparpenalty"><code>\@endparpenalty</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0040fnsymbol"><code>\@fnsymbol</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0040ifstar"><code>\@ifstar</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0040itempenalty"><code>\@itempenalty</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0040mainaux"><code>\@mainaux</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0040startsection"><code>\@startsection</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection">\@startsection</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ca-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\a <span class="r">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ca_0027-_0028acute-accent-in-tabbing_0029"><code>\a' <span class="r">(acute accent in tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ca_003d-_0028macron-accent-in-tabbing_0029"><code>\a= <span class="r">(macron accent in tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005caa-_0028aa_0029"><code>\aa <span class="r">(&aring;)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cAA-_0028AA_0029"><code>\AA <span class="r">(&Aring;)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005caccent"><code>\accent</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005caccent">\accent</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cacute"><code>\acute</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005caddcontentsline"><code>\addcontentsline</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">\addcontentsline</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005caddress"><code>\address</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005caddress">\address</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005caddtocontents_007bext_007d_007btext_007d"><code>\addtocontents{<var class="var">ext</var>}{<var class="var">text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents">\addtocontents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005caddtocounter"><code>\addtocounter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter">\addtocounter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005caddtolength"><code>\addtolength</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005caddtolength">\addtolength</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005caddvspace"><code>\addvspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cae-_0028ae_0029"><code>\ae <span class="r">(&aelig;)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cAE-_0028AE_0029"><code>\AE <span class="r">(&AElig;)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005caleph"><code>\aleph</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cAlph-example"><code>\Alph <span class="r">example</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005calpha"><code>\alpha</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005calph_007bcounter_007d"><code>\alph{<var class="var">counter</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cAlph_007bcounter_007d"><code>\Alph{<var class="var">counter</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005calsoname"><code>\alsoname</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005camalg"><code>\amalg</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cand-_0028for-_005cauthor_0029"><code>\and <span class="r">(for <code class="code">\author</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cangle"><code>\angle</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cappendix"><code>\appendix</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cappendix">\appendix</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005capprox"><code>\approx</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005carabic_007bcounter_007d"><code>\arabic{<var class="var">counter</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005carccos"><code>\arccos</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005carcsin"><code>\arcsin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005carctan"><code>\arctan</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005carg"><code>\arg</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005carraycolsep"><code>\arraycolsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005carrayrulewidth"><code>\arrayrulewidth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005carraystretch"><code>\arraystretch</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cast"><code>\ast</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005casymp"><code>\asymp</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cAtBeginDocument"><code>\AtBeginDocument</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument">\AtBeginDocument</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cAtBeginDvi"><code>\AtBeginDvi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cAtEndDocument"><code>\AtEndDocument</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cAtEndDocument">\AtEndDocument</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cAtEndOfClass"><code>\AtEndOfClass</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cAtEndOfPackage"><code>\AtEndOfPackage</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cauthor_007bname1-_005cand-name2-_005cand-_002e_002e_002e_007d"><code>\author{<var class="var">name1</var> \and <var class="var">name2</var> \and ...}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ca_0060-_0028grave-accent-in-tabbing_0029"><code>\a` <span class="r">(grave accent in tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cb-_0028bar_002dunder-accent_0029"><code>\b <span class="r">(bar-under accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbackmatter"><code>\backmatter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbackslash"><code>\backslash</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbar"><code>\bar</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbaselineskip"><code>\baselineskip</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbaselineskip-1"><code>\baselineskip</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip &amp; \baselinestretch</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbaselinestretch"><code>\baselinestretch</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip &amp; \baselinestretch</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbegin"><code>\begin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Environments">Environments</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbeta"><code>\beta</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbf"><code>\bf</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbfseries"><code>\bfseries</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbibdata"><code>\bibdata</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbibitem"><code>\bibitem</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbibitem">\bibitem</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbibliography"><code>\bibliography</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbibliography-and-internal-_005cbibdata"><code>\bibliography <span class="r">and internal <code class="code">\bibdata</code></span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbibliographystyle"><code>\bibliographystyle</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbibliographystyle-and-internal-_005cbibstyle"><code>\bibliographystyle <span class="r">and internal <code class="code">\bibstyle</code></span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbibname"><code>\bibname</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbibstyle"><code>\bibstyle</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigbreak"><code>\bigbreak</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak">\bigbreak &amp; \medbreak &amp; \smallbreak</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigcap"><code>\bigcap</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigcirc"><code>\bigcirc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigcup"><code>\bigcup</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigl"><code>\bigl</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e">\bigl &amp; \bigr etc.</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigodot"><code>\bigodot</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigoplus"><code>\bigoplus</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigotimes"><code>\bigotimes</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigr"><code>\bigr</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e">\bigl &amp; \bigr etc.</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigskip"><code>\bigskip</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip &amp; \medskip &amp; \smallskip</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigskip-1"><code>\bigskip</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip &amp; \medskip &amp; \smallskip</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigskipamount"><code>\bigskipamount</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip &amp; \medskip &amp; \smallskip</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigsqcup"><code>\bigsqcup</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigtriangledown"><code>\bigtriangledown</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigtriangleup"><code>\bigtriangleup</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbiguplus"><code>\biguplus</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigvee"><code>\bigvee</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigwedge"><code>\bigwedge</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbmod"><code>\bmod</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cboldmath"><code>\boldmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">\boldmath &amp; \unboldmath</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cboldmath-1"><code>\boldmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">\boldmath &amp; \unboldmath</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbot"><code>\bot</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbottomfraction"><code>\bottomfraction</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbottomfraction-1"><code>\bottomfraction</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbowtie"><code>\bowtie</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cBox"><code>\Box</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbreve"><code>\breve</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbullet"><code>\bullet</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cc-_0028cedilla-accent_0029"><code>\c <span class="r">(cedilla accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccal"><code>\cal</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccap"><code>\cap</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalacute"><code>\capitalacute</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalbreve"><code>\capitalbreve</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalcaron"><code>\capitalcaron</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalcedilla"><code>\capitalcedilla</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalcircumflex"><code>\capitalcircumflex</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccapitaldieresis"><code>\capitaldieresis</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccapitaldotaccent"><code>\capitaldotaccent</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalgrave"><code>\capitalgrave</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalhungarumlaut"><code>\capitalhungarumlaut</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalmacron"><code>\capitalmacron</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalnewtie"><code>\capitalnewtie</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalogonek"><code>\capitalogonek</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalring"><code>\capitalring</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccapitaltie"><code>\capitaltie</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccapitaltilde"><code>\capitaltilde</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccaption"><code>\caption</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccaption">\caption</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccaption-1"><code>\caption</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccaption-2"><code>\caption</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccc"><code>\cc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccc">\cc</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccdot"><code>\cdot</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccdots"><code>\cdots</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccentering"><code>\centering</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccentering">\centering</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cchapter"><code>\chapter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cchapter-1"><code>\chapter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccheck"><code>\check</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cCheckCommand"><code>\CheckCommand</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cCheckCommand_002a"><code>\CheckCommand*</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cchi"><code>\chi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccirc"><code>\circ</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccircle"><code>\circle</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccircle">\circle</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccitation"><code>\citation</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccite"><code>\cite</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccite">\cite</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccite-and-internal-_005ccitation"><code>\cite <span class="r">and internal <code class="code">\citation</code></span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cClassError"><code>\ClassError</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cClassInfo"><code>\ClassInfo</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cClassInfoNoLine"><code>\ClassInfoNoLine</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cClassWarning"><code>\ClassWarning</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cClassWarningNoLine"><code>\ClassWarningNoLine</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccleardoublepage"><code>\cleardoublepage</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">\clearpage &amp; \cleardoublepage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cclearpage"><code>\clearpage</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">\clearpage &amp; \cleardoublepage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccline"><code>\cline</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccline">\cline</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cclosein"><code>\closein</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout">\openin &amp; \openout</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccloseout"><code>\closeout</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout">\openin &amp; \openout</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cclosing"><code>\closing</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cclosing">\closing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cclubsuit"><code>\clubsuit</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccolon"><code>\colon</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character &amp; \colon</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnsep"><code>\columnsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnsep-1"><code>\columnsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnsep-2"><code>\columnsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnseprule"><code>\columnseprule</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnseprule-1"><code>\columnseprule</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnseprule-2"><code>\columnseprule</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnwidth"><code>\columnwidth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnwidth-1"><code>\columnwidth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnwidth-2"><code>\columnwidth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccomplement"><code>\complement</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccong"><code>\cong</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccontentsline"><code>\contentsline</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccontentsline-1"><code>\contentsline</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">\addcontentsline</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccontentsline-2"><code>\contentsline</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccoprod"><code>\coprod</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccopyright"><code>\copyright</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccos"><code>\cos</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccosh"><code>\cosh</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccot"><code>\cot</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccoth"><code>\coth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccsc"><code>\csc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccup"><code>\cup</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cCurrentOption"><code>\CurrentOption</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cd-_0028dot_002dunder-accent_0029"><code>\d <span class="r">(dot-under accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdag"><code>\dag</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdagger"><code>\dagger</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdashbox"><code>\dashbox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cdashbox">\dashbox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdashv"><code>\dashv</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdate_007btext_007d"><code>\date{<var class="var">text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cday"><code>\day</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear">\day &amp; \month &amp; \year</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdblfloatpagefraction"><code>\dblfloatpagefraction</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdblfloatsep"><code>\dblfloatsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdbltextfloatsep"><code>\dbltextfloatsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdbltopfraction"><code>\dbltopfraction</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdbltopnumber"><code>\dbltopnumber</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cddag"><code>\ddag</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cddagger"><code>\ddagger</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cddot"><code>\ddot</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cddots"><code>\ddots</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareFontEncoding"><code>\DeclareFontEncoding</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding">\DeclareFontEncoding</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions"><code>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareGraphicsRule"><code>\DeclareGraphicsRule</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule">\DeclareGraphicsRule</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareOption"><code>\DeclareOption</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareOption_002a"><code>\DeclareOption*</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareRobustCommand"><code>\DeclareRobustCommand</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareRobustCommand_002a"><code>\DeclareRobustCommand*</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextAccent"><code>\DeclareTextAccent</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent">\DeclareTextAccent</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextAccent-1"><code>\DeclareTextAccent</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault">\DeclareTextAccentDefault</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault"><code>\DeclareTextAccentDefault</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault">\DeclareTextAccentDefault</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextCommand"><code>\DeclareTextCommand</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand">\DeclareTextCommand &amp; \ProvideTextCommand</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault"><code>\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault">\DeclareTextCommandDefault &amp; \ProvideTextCommandDefault</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextComposite"><code>\DeclareTextComposite</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite">\DeclareTextComposite</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand"><code>\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextSymbol"><code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand">\DeclareTextCommand &amp; \ProvideTextCommand</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextSymbol-1"><code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol">\DeclareTextSymbol</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextSymbol-2"><code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault"><code>\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdeg"><code>\deg</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDelayedShellEscape"><code>\DelayedShellEscape</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDelta"><code>\Delta</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdelta"><code>\delta</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdet"><code>\det</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdh-_0028d_0029"><code>\dh <span class="r">(&eth;)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDH-_0028D_0029"><code>\DH <span class="r">(&ETH;)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDiamond"><code>\Diamond</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdiamond"><code>\diamond</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdiamondsuit"><code>\diamondsuit</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdim"><code>\dim</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdisplaystyle"><code>\displaystyle</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdiv"><code>\div</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdj"><code>\dj</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDJ"><code>\DJ</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdocumentclass"><code>\documentclass</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdocumentclass_002c-and-texput-jobname"><code>\documentclass<span class="r">, and <code class="code">texput</code> jobname</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdot"><code>\dot</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdoteq"><code>\doteq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdotfill"><code>\dotfill</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill">\hrulefill &amp; \dotfill</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdots"><code>\dots</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdots-1"><code>\dots</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdots-2"><code>\dots</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdotsb"><code>\dotsb</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdotsc"><code>\dotsc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdotsi"><code>\dotsi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdoublerulesep"><code>\doublerulesep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdownarrow"><code>\downarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDownarrow"><code>\Downarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cell"><code>\ell</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cemph"><code>\emph</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cemptyset"><code>\emptyset</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cencl"><code>\encl</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cencl">\encl</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cend"><code>\end</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Environments">Environments</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cendinput"><code>\endinput</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cendinput">\endinput</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cenlargethispage"><code>\enlargethispage</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage">\enlargethispage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005censpace"><code>\enspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad">\enspace &amp; \quad &amp; \qquad</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cenumi"><code>\enumi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cenumii"><code>\enumii</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cenumiii"><code>\enumiii</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cenumiv"><code>\enumiv</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cepsilon"><code>\epsilon</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cequiv"><code>\equiv</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ceta"><code>\eta</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cevensidemargin"><code>\evensidemargin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cevensidemargin-1"><code>\evensidemargin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cevensidemargin-2"><code>\evensidemargin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cExecuteOptions"><code>\ExecuteOptions</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cexists"><code>\exists</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cexp"><code>\exp</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cexternaldocument"><code>\externaldocument</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#xr-package">xr package</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cextracolsep"><code>\extracolsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfbox"><code>\fbox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox &amp; \framebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfboxrule-1"><code>\fboxrule</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfboxrule">\fboxrule</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox &amp; \framebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfboxrule-2"><code>\fboxrule</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox &amp; \framebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfboxsep-1"><code>\fboxsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfboxsep">\fboxsep</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox &amp; \framebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfboxsep-2"><code>\fboxsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox &amp; \framebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfill"><code>\fill</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cflat"><code>\flat</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfloatpagefraction"><code>\floatpagefraction</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfloatpagefraction-1"><code>\floatpagefraction</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfloatsep"><code>\floatsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfloatsep-1"><code>\floatsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cflushbottom"><code>\flushbottom</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom">\flushbottom</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfnsymbol_002c-and-footnotes"><code>\fnsymbol<span class="r">, and footnotes</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfnsymbol_007bcounter_007d"><code>\fnsymbol{<var class="var">counter</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfontdimen1"><code>\fontdimen1</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_002f">\/</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfontencoding"><code>\fontencoding</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfontfamily"><code>\fontfamily</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfontseries"><code>\fontseries</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfontshape"><code>\fontshape</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfontsize"><code>\fontsize</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfootnote"><code>\footnote</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfootnotemark"><code>\footnotemark</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfootnoterule"><code>\footnoterule</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfootnotesep"><code>\footnotesep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfootnotesize"><code>\footnotesize</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfootnotetext"><code>\footnotetext</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext">\footnotetext</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfootskip"><code>\footskip</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfootskip-1"><code>\footskip</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cforall"><code>\forall</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfrac"><code>\frac</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrac">\frac</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cframe"><code>\frame</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cframe">\frame</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cframebox"><code>\framebox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cframebox-1"><code>\framebox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox &amp; \framebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfrenchspacing"><code>\frenchspacing</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing">\frenchspacing &amp; \nonfrenchspacing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfrontmatter"><code>\frontmatter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfrown"><code>\frown</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfussy"><code>\fussy</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy">\fussy &amp; \sloppy</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cGamma"><code>\Gamma</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cgamma"><code>\gamma</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cgcd"><code>\gcd</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cge"><code>\ge</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cgeq"><code>\geq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cgets"><code>\gets</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cgg"><code>\gg</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cgls"><code>\gls</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cgls">\gls</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cgraphicspath"><code>\graphicspath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath">\graphicspath</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cgraphpaper"><code>\graphpaper</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper">\graphpaper</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cgrave"><code>\grave</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cguillemotleft-_0028_00ab_0029"><code>\guillemotleft <span class="r">(&laquo;)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cguillemotright-_0028_00bb_0029"><code>\guillemotright <span class="r">(&raquo;)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cguilsinglleft-_0028_2039_0029"><code>\guilsinglleft <span class="r">(&lsaquo;)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cguilsinglright-_0028_203a_0029"><code>\guilsinglright <span class="r">(&rsaquo;)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cH-_0028Hungarian-umlaut-accent_0029"><code>\H <span class="r">(Hungarian umlaut accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005chat"><code>\hat</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005chbar"><code>\hbar</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cheadheight"><code>\headheight</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cheadheight-1"><code>\headheight</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cheadsep"><code>\headsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cheadsep-1"><code>\headsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cheartsuit"><code>\heartsuit</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005chfill"><code>\hfill</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005chline"><code>\hline</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005chline">\hline</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005chom"><code>\hom</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005chookleftarrow"><code>\hookleftarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005chookrightarrow"><code>\hookrightarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005chphantom"><code>\hphantom</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005chrulefill"><code>\hrulefill</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill">\hrulefill &amp; \dotfill</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005chsize"><code>\hsize</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005chsize-1"><code>\hsize</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005chspace"><code>\hspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005chspace">\hspace</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005chss"><code>\hss</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005chss">\hss</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005chuge"><code>\huge</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cHuge"><code>\Huge</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005chyphenation"><code>\hyphenation</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005chyphenation">\hyphenation</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ci-_0028dotless-i_0029"><code>\i <span class="r">(dotless i)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cIfBeginWith_002a-macro-from-xstring"><code>\IfBeginWith*<span class="r"> macro from <samp class="file">xstring</samp></span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ciff"><code>\iff</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cIfFileExists"><code>\IfFileExists</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cignorespaces"><code>\ignorespaces</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cignorespacesafterend"><code>\ignorespacesafterend</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cij-_0028ij_0029"><code>\ij <span class="r">(ij)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cIJ-_0028IJ_0029"><code>\IJ <span class="r">(IJ)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cIm"><code>\Im</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cimath"><code>\imath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cimmediate_005cwrite"><code>\immediate\write</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cin"><code>\in</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cinclude"><code>\include</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly">\include &amp; \includeonly</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cincludegraphics"><code>\includegraphics</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cincludeonly"><code>\includeonly</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly">\include &amp; \includeonly</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cindent"><code>\indent</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">\indent &amp; \noindent</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cindex"><code>\index</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cindex-1"><code>\index</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cindexentry"><code>\indexentry</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cindexspace"><code>\indexspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Produce-the-index-manually">Produce the index manually</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cindexspace-1"><code>\indexspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cinf"><code>\inf</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cinfty"><code>\infty</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cinput"><code>\input</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cinput">\input</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cinputencoding"><code>\inputencoding</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#inputenc-package">inputenc package</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cInputIfFileExists"><code>\InputIfFileExists</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cint"><code>\int</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cintextsep"><code>\intextsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cintextsep-1"><code>\intextsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ciota"><code>\iota</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cit"><code>\it</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005citem"><code>\item</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005citem-1"><code>\item</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005citem-2"><code>\item</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005citem-3"><code>\item</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005citem-4"><code>\item</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Produce-the-index-manually">Produce the index manually</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005citemindent"><code>\itemindent</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005citemsep"><code>\itemsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005citshape"><code>\itshape</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cj-_0028dotless-j_0029"><code>\j <span class="r">(dotless j)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cjmath"><code>\jmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cjobname"><code><code class="code">\jobname</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cjobname-1"><code>\jobname</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cJoin"><code>\Join</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ck-_0028ogonek_0029"><code>\k <span class="r">(ogonek)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ckappa"><code>\kappa</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cker"><code>\ker</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ckill"><code>\kill</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cl-_0028l_0029"><code>\l <span class="r">(&#322;)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cL-_0028L_0029"><code>\L <span class="r">(&#321;)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cl_0040chapter"><code>\l@chapter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cl_0040section"><code>\l@section</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cl_0040subsection"><code>\l@subsection</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clabel"><code>\label</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005clabel">\label</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clabelenumi"><code>\labelenumi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clabelenumii"><code>\labelenumii</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clabelenumiii"><code>\labelenumiii</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clabelenumiv"><code>\labelenumiv</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clabelitemi"><code>\labelitemi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clabelitemii"><code>\labelitemii</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clabelitemiii"><code>\labelitemiii</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clabelitemiv"><code>\labelitemiv</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clabelsep"><code>\labelsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clabelwidth"><code>\labelwidth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cLambda"><code>\Lambda</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clambda"><code>\lambda</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cland"><code>\land</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clangle"><code>\langle</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clarge"><code>\large</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cLarge"><code>\Large</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cLARGE"><code>\LARGE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cLastDeclaredEncoding"><code>\LastDeclaredEncoding</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding">\LastDeclaredEncoding</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cLaTeX"><code>\LaTeX</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cLaTeXe"><code>\LaTeXe</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clbrace"><code>\lbrace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clbrack"><code>\lbrack</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clceil"><code>\lceil</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cldots"><code>\ldots</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cldots-1"><code>\ldots</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cle"><code>\le</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cleadsto"><code>\leadsto</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cleft"><code>\left</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left &amp; \right</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cLeftarrow"><code>\Leftarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cleftarrow"><code>\leftarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clefteqn"><code>\lefteqn</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cleftharpoondown"><code>\leftharpoondown</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cleftharpoonup"><code>\leftharpoonup</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cleftmargin"><code>\leftmargin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cleftmargin-1"><code>\leftmargin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cleftmargini"><code>\leftmargini</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cleftmarginii"><code>\leftmarginii</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cleftmarginiii"><code>\leftmarginiii</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cleftmarginiv"><code>\leftmarginiv</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cleftmarginv"><code>\leftmarginv</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cleftmarginvi"><code>\leftmarginvi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cLeftrightarrow"><code>\Leftrightarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cleftrightarrow"><code>\leftrightarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cleq"><code>\leq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clfloor"><code>\lfloor</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clg"><code>\lg</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clhd"><code>\lhd</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clim"><code>\lim</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005climinf"><code>\liminf</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005climsup"><code>\limsup</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cline"><code>\line</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clinebreak"><code>\linebreak</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak &amp; \nolinebreak</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clineskip"><code>\lineskip</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip &amp; \baselinestretch</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clineskiplimit"><code>\lineskiplimit</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip &amp; \baselinestretch</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clinespread"><code>\linespread</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clinespread-1"><code>\linespread</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip &amp; \baselinestretch</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clinethickness"><code>\linethickness</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005clinethickness">\linethickness</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clinewidth"><code>\linewidth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clinewidth-1"><code>\linewidth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clistoffigures"><code>\listoffigures</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clistoffigures-1"><code>\listoffigures</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clistoftables"><code>\listoftables</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clistoftables-1"><code>\listoftables</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clistparindent"><code>\listparindent</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cll"><code>\ll</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cln"><code>\ln</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clnot"><code>\lnot</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cLoadClass"><code>\LoadClass</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cLoadClassWithOptions"><code>\LoadClassWithOptions</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clocation"><code>\location</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005clocation">\location</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clog"><code>\log</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clong"><code>\long</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clongleftarrow"><code>\longleftarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clongleftrightarrow"><code>\longleftrightarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clongmapsto"><code>\longmapsto</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clongrightarrow"><code>\longrightarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clor"><code>\lor</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clq"><code>\lq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmainmatter"><code>\mainmatter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmakeatother"><code>\makeatother</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmakeatother-1"><code>\makeatother</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmakebox"><code>\makebox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmakebox-_0028for-picture_0029"><code>\makebox <span class="r">(for <code class="code">picture</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">\makebox (picture)</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmakeglossary"><code>\makeglossary</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmakeglossary-1"><code>\makeglossary</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmakeindex"><code>\makeindex</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmakelabel"><code>\makelabel</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmakelabels"><code>\makelabels</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">\makelabels</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmaketitle"><code>\maketitle</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmapsto"><code>\mapsto</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmarginpar"><code>\marginpar</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmarginparpush"><code>\marginparpush</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmarginparpush-1"><code>\marginparpush</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmarginparpush-2"><code>\marginparpush</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmarginparsep"><code>\marginparsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmarginparwidth"><code>\marginparwidth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmarginparwidth-1"><code>\marginparwidth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmarginparwidth-2"><code>\marginparwidth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmarginsep"><code>\marginsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmarginsep-1"><code>\marginsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmarkboth_007bleft_002dhead_007d_007bright_002dhead_007d"><code>\markboth{<var class="var">left-head</var>}{<var class="var">right-head</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmarkright_007bright_002dhead_007d"><code>\markright{<var class="var">right-head</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmathbf"><code>\mathbf</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmathcal"><code>\mathcal</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmathdollar"><code>\mathdollar</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmathellipsis"><code>\mathellipsis</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmathnormal"><code>\mathnormal</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmathparagraph"><code>\mathparagraph</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmathring"><code>\mathring</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmathrm"><code>\mathrm</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmathsection"><code>\mathsection</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmathsf"><code>\mathsf</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmathsterling"><code>\mathsterling</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmathstrut"><code><code class="code">\mathstrut</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut">\mathstrut</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmathtt"><code>\mathtt</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmathunderscore"><code>\mathunderscore</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmathversion"><code>\mathversion</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmax"><code>\max</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmbox"><code>\mbox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmdseries"><code>\mdseries</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmedbreak"><code>\medbreak</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak">\bigbreak &amp; \medbreak &amp; \smallbreak</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmedskip"><code>\medskip</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip &amp; \medskip &amp; \smallskip</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmedskip-1"><code>\medskip</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip &amp; \medskip &amp; \smallskip</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmedskipamount"><code>\medskipamount</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip &amp; \medskip &amp; \smallskip</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmedspace"><code>\medspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmessage"><code>\message</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmessage">\message</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmho"><code>\mho</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmid"><code>\mid</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmin"><code>\min</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmodels"><code>\models</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmonth"><code>\month</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear">\day &amp; \month &amp; \year</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmp"><code>\mp</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmu"><code>\mu</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmulticolumn"><code>\multicolumn</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn">\multicolumn</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmultiput"><code>\multiput</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmultiput">\multiput</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnabla"><code>\nabla</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cname"><code>\name</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cname">\name</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnatural"><code>\natural</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cne"><code>\ne</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnearrow"><code>\nearrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cNeedsTeXFormat"><code>\NeedsTeXFormat</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cneg"><code>\neg</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnegmedspace"><code>\negmedspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnegthickspace"><code>\negthickspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnegthinspace"><code>\negthinspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnegthinspace-1"><code>\negthinspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cneq"><code>\neq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnewcommand"><code>\newcommand</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnewcounter"><code>\newcounter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">\newcounter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnewenvironment"><code>\newenvironment</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnewfont"><code>\newfont</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnewglossaryentry"><code>\newglossaryentry</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnewlength"><code>\newlength</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnewline"><code>\newline</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewline">\newline</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cNEWLINE">\<kbd class="key">NEWLINE</kbd></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">\(SPACE)</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnewpage"><code>\newpage</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnewsavebox"><code>\newsavebox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnewtheorem"><code>\newtheorem</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnewtie"><code>\newtie</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnewwrite"><code>\newwrite</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cng"><code>\ng</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cNG"><code>\NG</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cni"><code>\ni</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnocite"><code>\nocite</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnocite">\nocite</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnocite-and-internal-_005ccitation"><code>\nocite <span class="r">and internal <code class="code">\citation</code></span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnocite-_007b_002a_007d_002c-for-all-keys"><code>\nocite <span class="r">{*}, for all keys</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnocorr"><code>\nocorr</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnocorrlist"><code>\nocorrlist</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnofiles"><code>\nofiles</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnofiles">\nofiles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnoindent"><code>\noindent</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">\indent &amp; \noindent</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnolinebreak"><code>\nolinebreak</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak &amp; \nolinebreak</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnonfrenchspacing"><code>\nonfrenchspacing</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing">\frenchspacing &amp; \nonfrenchspacing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnonumber"><code>\nonumber</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnopagebreak"><code>\nopagebreak</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnormalfont"><code>\normalfont</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnormalmarginpar"><code>\normalmarginpar</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnormalsfcodes"><code>\normalsfcodes</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes">\normalsfcodes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnormalsize"><code>\normalsize</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnot"><code>\not</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnotin"><code>\notin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnu"><code>\nu</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnumberline"><code>\numberline</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnumberline">\numberline</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnwarrow"><code>\nwarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005co-_0028o_0029"><code>\o <span class="r">(&oslash;)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cO-_0028O_0029"><code>\O <span class="r">(&Oslash;)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cobeycr"><code>\obeycr</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005coddsidemargin"><code>\oddsidemargin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005coddsidemargin-1"><code>\oddsidemargin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005coddsidemargin-2"><code>\oddsidemargin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005codot"><code>\odot</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005coe-_0028oe_0029"><code>\oe <span class="r">(&oelig;)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cOE-_0028OE_0029"><code>\OE <span class="r">(&OElig;)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005coint"><code>\oint</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005coldstylenums"><code>\oldstylenums</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cOmega"><code>\Omega</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005comega"><code>\omega</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cominus"><code>\ominus</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005conecolumn"><code>\onecolumn</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005conecolumn">\onecolumn</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005copenin"><code>\openin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout">\openin &amp; \openout</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005copening"><code>\opening</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005copening">\opening</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005copenout"><code>\openout</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout">\openin &amp; \openout</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005coplus"><code>\oplus</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cOptionNotUsed"><code>\OptionNotUsed</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005coslash"><code>\oslash</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cotimes"><code>\otimes</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005coval"><code>\oval</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005coval">\oval</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005coverbrace_007bmath_007d"><code>\overbrace{<var class="var">math</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005coverline_007btext_007d"><code>\overline{<var class="var">text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cowns"><code>\owns</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cP"><code>\P</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cPackageError"><code>\PackageError</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cPackageInfo"><code>\PackageInfo</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cPackageInfoNoLine"><code>\PackageInfoNoLine</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cPackageWarning"><code>\PackageWarning</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cPackageWarningNoLine"><code>\PackageWarningNoLine</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpagebreak"><code>\pagebreak</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpagenumbering"><code>\pagenumbering</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">\pagenumbering</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpageref"><code>\pageref</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpageref">\pageref</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpagestyle"><code>\pagestyle</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpaperheight"><code>\paperheight</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpaperheight-1"><code>\paperheight</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpaperwidth"><code>\paperwidth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpaperwidth-1"><code>\paperwidth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpar"><code>\par</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpar">\par</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cparagraph"><code>\paragraph</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cparagraph-1"><code>\paragraph</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cparallel"><code>\parallel</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cparbox"><code>\parbox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cparindent"><code>\parindent</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cparindent-1"><code>\parindent</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">\indent &amp; \noindent</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cparindent-2"><code>\parindent</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent &amp; \parskip</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cparsep"><code>\parsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cparskip"><code>\parskip</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent &amp; \parskip</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cparskip-example"><code>\parskip <span class="r">example</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpart"><code>\part</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpart-1"><code>\part</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpart">\part</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpartial"><code>\partial</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpartopsep"><code>\partopsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cPassOptionsToClass"><code>\PassOptionsToClass</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cPassOptionsToPackage"><code>\PassOptionsToPackage</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpdfpageheight"><code>\pdfpageheight</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpdfpagewidth"><code>\pdfpagewidth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cperp"><code>\perp</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cphantom"><code>\phantom</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cPhi"><code>\Phi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cphi"><code>\phi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cPi"><code>\Pi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpi"><code>\pi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpm"><code>\pm</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpmod"><code>\pmod</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpoptabs"><code>\poptabs</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpoptabs-1"><code>\poptabs</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpounds"><code>\pounds</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cPr"><code>\Pr</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cprec"><code>\prec</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpreceq"><code>\preceq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cprevdepth"><code>\prevdepth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip &amp; \baselinestretch</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cprime"><code>\prime</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cprintglossaries"><code>\printglossaries</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cprintglossaries-1"><code>\printglossaries</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cprintindex"><code>\printindex</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cprintindex">\printindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cProcessOptions"><code>\ProcessOptions</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cProcessOptions_002a"><code>\ProcessOptions*</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cprod"><code>\prod</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpropto"><code>\propto</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cprotected_0040write"><code>\protected@write</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cprovidecommand"><code>\providecommand</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand">\providecommand</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cProvidesClass"><code>\ProvidesClass</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cProvidesFile"><code>\ProvidesFile</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cProvidesPackage"><code>\ProvidesPackage</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cProvideTextCommand"><code>\ProvideTextCommand</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand">\DeclareTextCommand &amp; \ProvideTextCommand</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault"><code>\ProvideTextCommandDefault</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault">\DeclareTextCommandDefault &amp; \ProvideTextCommandDefault</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cps"><code>\ps</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cps">\ps</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cPsi"><code>\Psi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpsi"><code>\psi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpushtabs"><code>\pushtabs</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cput"><code>\put</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cput">\put</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cqbezier"><code>\qbezier</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cqbezier">\qbezier</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cqquad"><code>\qquad</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cqquad-1"><code>\qquad</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad">\enspace &amp; \quad &amp; \qquad</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cquad"><code>\quad</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cquad-1"><code>\quad</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad">\enspace &amp; \quad &amp; \qquad</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cquotedblbase-_0028_201e_0029"><code>\quotedblbase <span class="r">(&bdquo;)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cquotesinglbase-_0028_201a_0029"><code>\quotesinglbase <span class="r">(&sbquo;)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cr-_0028ring-accent_0029"><code>\r <span class="r">(ring accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005craggedbottom"><code>\raggedbottom</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom">\raggedbottom</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005craggedleft"><code>\raggedleft</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005craggedright"><code>\raggedright</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005craisebox"><code>\raisebox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005craisebox">\raisebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crangle"><code>\rangle</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crbrace"><code>\rbrace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crbrack"><code>\rbrack</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crceil"><code>\rceil</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cRe"><code>\Re</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cread"><code>\read</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cread">\read</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cref"><code>\ref</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005creflectbox"><code>\reflectbox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crefname"><code>\refname</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crefstepcounter"><code>\refstepcounter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter">\refstepcounter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crenewcommand"><code>\renewcommand</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crenewenvironment"><code>\renewenvironment</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cRequirePackage"><code>\RequirePackage</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cRequirePackage_002c-and-texput-jobname"><code>\RequirePackage<span class="r">, and <code class="code">texput</code> jobname</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cRequirePackageWithOptions"><code>\RequirePackageWithOptions</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cresizebox"><code>\resizebox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crestorecr"><code>\restorecr</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crestriction"><code>\restriction</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crevemptyset"><code>\revemptyset</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005creversemarginpar"><code>\reversemarginpar</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crfloor"><code>\rfloor</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crhd"><code>\rhd</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crho"><code>\rho</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cright"><code>\right</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left &amp; \right</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cRightarrow"><code>\Rightarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crightarrow"><code>\rightarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crightharpoondown"><code>\rightharpoondown</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crightharpoonup"><code>\rightharpoonup</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crightleftharpoons"><code>\rightleftharpoons</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crightmargin"><code>\rightmargin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crm"><code>\rm</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crmfamily"><code>\rmfamily</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005croman_007bcounter_007d"><code>\roman{<var class="var">counter</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cRoman_007bcounter_007d"><code>\Roman{<var class="var">counter</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crotatebox"><code>\rotatebox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crq"><code>\rq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crule"><code>\rule</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cS"><code>\S</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csamepage"><code>\samepage</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csavebox"><code>\savebox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox">\sbox &amp; \savebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csbox"><code>\sbox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox">\sbox &amp; \savebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csc"><code>\sc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cscalebox"><code>\scalebox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cscriptscriptstyle"><code>\scriptscriptstyle</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cscriptsize"><code>\scriptsize</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cscriptstyle"><code>\scriptstyle</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cscshape"><code>\scshape</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csearrow"><code>\searrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csec"><code>\sec</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csection"><code>\section</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csection-1"><code>\section</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csection">\section</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cseename"><code>\seename</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cselectfont"><code>\selectfont</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csetcounter"><code>\setcounter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csetlength"><code>\setlength</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csetlength">\setlength</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csetminus"><code>\setminus</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csettodepth"><code>\settodepth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csettodepth">\settodepth</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csettoheight"><code>\settoheight</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csettoheight">\settoheight</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csettowidth"><code>\settowidth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csettowidth">\settowidth</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csf"><code>\sf</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csffamily"><code>\sffamily</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csharp"><code>\sharp</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cShellEscape"><code>\ShellEscape</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cshipout-and-expansion"><code>\shipout <span class="r">and expansion</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cshortstack"><code>\shortstack</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cshortstack">\shortstack</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cSigma"><code>\Sigma</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csigma"><code>\sigma</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csignature"><code>\signature</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csignature">\signature</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csim"><code>\sim</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csimeq"><code>\simeq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csin"><code>\sin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csinh"><code>\sinh</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csl"><code>\sl</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csloppy"><code>\sloppy</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy">\fussy &amp; \sloppy</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cslshape"><code>\slshape</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csmall"><code>\small</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csmallbreak"><code>\smallbreak</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak">\bigbreak &amp; \medbreak &amp; \smallbreak</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csmallint"><code>\smallint</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csmallskip"><code>\smallskip</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip &amp; \medskip &amp; \smallskip</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csmallskip-1"><code>\smallskip</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip &amp; \medskip &amp; \smallskip</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csmallskipamount"><code>\smallskipamount</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip &amp; \medskip &amp; \smallskip</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csmile"><code>\smile</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cSPACE">\<kbd class="key">SPACE</kbd></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">\(SPACE)</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cSPACE-1"><code>\<kbd class="key">SPACE</kbd></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">\(SPACE)</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cspace"><code>\space</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly">\include &amp; \includeonly</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cspace-1"><code>\space</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cinput">\input</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cspace-2"><code>\space</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctypeout">\typeout</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cspacefactor"><code>\spacefactor</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor">\spacefactor</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cspadesuit"><code>\spadesuit</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csqcap"><code>\sqcap</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csqcup"><code>\sqcup</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csqrt"><code>\sqrt</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csqrt">\sqrt</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csqsubset"><code>\sqsubset</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csqsubseteq"><code>\sqsubseteq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csqsupset"><code>\sqsupset</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csqsupseteq"><code>\sqsupseteq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005css-_0028ss_0029"><code>\ss <span class="r">(&szlig;)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cSS-_0028SS_0029"><code>\SS <span class="r">(SS)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cstackrel"><code>\stackrel</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cstackrel">\stackrel</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cstar"><code>\star</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cstepcounter"><code>\stepcounter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter">\stepcounter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cstop"><code>\stop</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Recovering-from-errors">Recovering from errors</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cstretch"><code>\stretch</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cstretch">\stretch</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cstrut"><code>\strut</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csubitem"><code>\subitem</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Produce-the-index-manually">Produce the index manually</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csubparagraph"><code>\subparagraph</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csubparagraph-1"><code>\subparagraph</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csubsection"><code>\subsection</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csubsection-1"><code>\subsection</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsection">\subsection</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csubset"><code>\subset</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csubseteq"><code>\subseteq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csubsubitem"><code>\subsubitem</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Produce-the-index-manually">Produce the index manually</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csubsubsection"><code>\subsubsection</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csubsubsection-1"><code>\subsubsection</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csucc"><code>\succ</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csucceq"><code>\succeq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csum"><code>\sum</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csup"><code>\sup</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csuppressfloats"><code>\suppressfloats</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csupset"><code>\supset</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csupseteq"><code>\supseteq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csurd"><code>\surd</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cswarrow"><code>\swarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csymbf"><code>\symbf</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#OpenType-bold-math">OpenType bold math</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csymbfit"><code>\symbfit</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#OpenType-bold-math">OpenType bold math</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csymbol"><code>\symbol</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Symbols-by-font-position">Symbols by font position</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ct-_0028tie_002dafter-accent_0029"><code>\t <span class="r">(tie-after accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cTAB">\<kbd class="key">TAB</kbd></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">\(SPACE)</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctabbingsep"><code>\tabbingsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctabcolsep"><code>\tabcolsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctableofcontents"><code>\tableofcontents</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctableofcontents-1"><code>\tableofcontents</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctan"><code>\tan</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctanh"><code>\tanh</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctau"><code>\tau</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctelephone"><code>\telephone</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctelephone">\telephone</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cTeX"><code>\TeX</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextascendercompwordmark"><code>\textascendercompwordmark</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextasciicircum"><code>\textasciicircum</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextasciitilde"><code>\textasciitilde</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextasteriskcentered"><code>\textasteriskcentered</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextbackslash"><code>\textbackslash</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextbackslash-1"><code>\textbackslash</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextbar"><code>\textbar</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextbardbl"><code>\textbardbl</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextbf"><code>\textbf</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextbigcircle"><code>\textbigcircle</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextbraceleft"><code>\textbraceleft</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextbraceright"><code>\textbraceright</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextbullet"><code>\textbullet</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextcapitalcompwordmark"><code>\textcapitalcompwordmark</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextcircled_007bletter_007d"><code>\textcircled{<var class="var">letter</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextcompwordmark"><code>\textcompwordmark</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextcopyright"><code>\textcopyright</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextdagger"><code>\textdagger</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextdaggerdbl"><code>\textdaggerdbl</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextdollar-_0028or-_005c_0024_0029"><code>\textdollar <span class="r">(or <code class="code">\$</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextellipsis"><code>\textellipsis</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextemdash-_0028or-_002d_002d_002d_0029"><code>\textemdash <span class="r">(or <code class="code">---</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextendash-_0028or-_002d_002d_0029"><code>\textendash <span class="r">(or <code class="code">--</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctexteuro"><code>\texteuro</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextexclamdown-_0028or-_0021_0060_0029"><code>\textexclamdown <span class="r">(or <code class="code">!`</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextfiguredash"><code>\textfiguredash</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextfloatsep"><code>\textfloatsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextfloatsep-1"><code>\textfloatsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextfraction"><code>\textfraction</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextfraction-1"><code>\textfraction</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextgreater"><code>\textgreater</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextheight"><code>\textheight</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextheight-1"><code>\textheight</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctexthorizontalbar"><code>\texthorizontalbar</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextit"><code>\textit</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextleftarrow"><code>\textleftarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextless"><code>\textless</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextmd"><code>\textmd</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextnonbreakinghyphen"><code>\textnonbreakinghyphen</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextnormal"><code>\textnormal</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextordfeminine"><code>\textordfeminine</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextordmasculine"><code>\textordmasculine</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextparagraph"><code>\textparagraph</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextperiodcentered"><code>\textperiodcentered</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextquestiondown-_0028or-_003f_0060_0029"><code>\textquestiondown <span class="r">(or <code class="code">?`</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextquotedblleft-_0028or-_0060_0060_0029"><code>\textquotedblleft <span class="r">(or <code class="code">``</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextquotedblright-_0028or-_0027_0027_0029"><code>\textquotedblright <span class="r">(or <code class="code">''</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextquoteleft-_0028or-_0060_0029"><code>\textquoteleft <span class="r">(or <code class="code">`</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextquoteright-_0028or-_0027_0029"><code>\textquoteright <span class="r">(or <code class="code">'</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextquotesingle"><code>\textquotesingle</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextquotestraightbase"><code>\textquotestraightbase</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextquotestraightdblbase"><code>\textquotestraightdblbase</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextregistered"><code>\textregistered</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextrightarrow"><code>\textrightarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextrm"><code>\textrm</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextsc"><code>\textsc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextsection"><code>\textsection</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextsf"><code>\textsf</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextsl"><code>\textsl</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextsterling"><code>\textsterling</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextstyle"><code>\textstyle</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextthreequartersemdash"><code>\textthreequartersemdash</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctexttrademark"><code>\texttrademark</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctexttt"><code>\texttt</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctexttwelveudash"><code>\texttwelveudash</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextunderscore"><code>\textunderscore</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextup"><code>\textup</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextvisiblespace"><code>\textvisiblespace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextwidth"><code>\textwidth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextwidth-1"><code>\textwidth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cth-_0028th_0029"><code>\th <span class="r">(&thorn;)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cTH-_0028TH_0029"><code>\TH <span class="r">(&THORN;)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cthanks_007btext_007d"><code>\thanks{<var class="var">text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctheta"><code>\theta</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cthicklines"><code>\thicklines</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cthicklines">\thicklines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cthickspace"><code>\thickspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cthinlines"><code>\thinlines</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cthinlines">\thinlines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cthinspace"><code>\thinspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cthinspace-1"><code>\thinspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cthispagestyle"><code>\thispagestyle</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle">\thispagestyle</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctilde"><code>\tilde</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctimes"><code>\times</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctiny"><code>\tiny</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctitle_007btext_007d"><code>\title{<var class="var">text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cto"><code>\to</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctoday"><code>\today</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctop"><code>\top</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctopfraction"><code>\topfraction</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctopfraction-1"><code>\topfraction</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctopmargin"><code>\topmargin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctopsep"><code>\topsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctopskip"><code>\topskip</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctopskip-1"><code>\topskip</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctriangle"><code>\triangle</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctriangleleft"><code>\triangleleft</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctriangleright"><code>\triangleright</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctt"><code>\tt</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cttfamily"><code>\ttfamily</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctwocolumn"><code>\twocolumn</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctypein"><code>\typein</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctypein">\typein</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctypeout"><code>\typeout</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctypeout">\typeout</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cu-_0028breve-accent_0029"><code>\u <span class="r">(breve accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cunboldmath"><code>\unboldmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">\boldmath &amp; \unboldmath</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cunboldmath-1"><code>\unboldmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">\boldmath &amp; \unboldmath</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cunderbar"><code>\underbar</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cunderbrace_007bmath_007d"><code>\underbrace{<var class="var">math</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cunderline_007btext_007d"><code>\underline{<var class="var">text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cunitlength"><code>\unitlength</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cunlhd"><code>\unlhd</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cunrhd"><code>\unrhd</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cUparrow"><code>\Uparrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cuparrow"><code>\uparrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cUpdownarrow"><code>\Updownarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cupdownarrow"><code>\updownarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cupharpoonright"><code>\upharpoonright</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cuplus"><code>\uplus</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cupshape"><code>\upshape</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cUpsilon"><code>\Upsilon</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cupsilon"><code>\upsilon</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cusebox"><code>\usebox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cusebox">\usebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cusecounter"><code>\usecounter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cusefont"><code>\usefont</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cusepackage"><code>\usepackage</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cUseTextAccent"><code>\UseTextAccent</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent">\UseTextSymbol &amp; \UseTextAccent</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cUseTextSymbol"><code>\UseTextSymbol</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent">\UseTextSymbol &amp; \UseTextAccent</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cv-_0028breve-accent_0029"><code>\v <span class="r">(breve accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvalue"><code>\value</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cvalue">\value</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvanothing"><code>\vanothing</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvarepsilon"><code>\varepsilon</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvarphi"><code>\varphi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvarpi"><code>\varpi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvarrho"><code>\varrho</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvarsigma"><code>\varsigma</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvartheta"><code>\vartheta</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvbox-_0028plain-TeX_0029"><code>\vbox <span class="r">(plain TeX)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvdash"><code>\vdash</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvdots"><code>\vdots</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvec"><code>\vec</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvector"><code>\vector</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cvector">\vector</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvee"><code>\vee</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cverb"><code>\verb</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cVert"><code>\Vert</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvert"><code>\vert</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvfill"><code>\vfill</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvline"><code>\vline</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cvline">\vline</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvphantom"><code>\vphantom</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvspace"><code>\vspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvtop-plain-TeX"><code>\vtop <span class="r">plain TeX</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cwedge"><code>\wedge</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cwidehat"><code>\widehat</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cwidetilde"><code>\widetilde</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cwlog"><code>\wlog</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwlog">\wlog</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cwp"><code>\wp</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cwr"><code>\wr</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cwrite"><code>\write</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cwrite-and-security"><code class="code">\write</code> and security</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite-and-security">\write and security</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cwrite-streams-16_002c-17_002c-18"><code class="code">\write</code> streams 16, 17, 18</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cwrite18"><code>\write18</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cwrite18_002c-enabling"><code class="code">\write18</code>, enabling</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cXi"><code>\Xi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cxi"><code>\xi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cxspace"><code>\xspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#xspace-package">xspace package</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cyear"><code>\year</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear">\day &amp; \month &amp; \year</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005czeta"><code>\zeta</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005b_002e_002e_002e_005c_005d-display-math"><code>\[...\] <span class="r">display math</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-center_0029"><code>\\ <span class="r">(for <code class="code">center</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#center">center</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-eqnarray_0029"><code>\\ <span class="r">(for <code class="code">eqnarray</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-flushleft_0029"><code>\\ <span class="r">(for <code class="code">flushleft</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-flushright_0029"><code>\\ <span class="r">(for <code class="code">flushright</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-letters_0029"><code>\\ <span class="r">(for letters)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Letters">Letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-tabular_0029"><code>\\ <span class="r">(for <code class="code">tabular</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-verse_0029"><code>\\ <span class="r">(for <code class="code">verse</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verse">verse</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-_005cauthor_0029"><code>\\ <span class="r">(for <code class="code">\author</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-_005cshortstack-objects_0029"><code>\\ <span class="r">(for <code class="code">\shortstack</code> objects)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cshortstack">\shortstack</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-_005ctitle_0029"><code>\\ <span class="r">(for <code class="code">\title</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028force-line-break_0029"><code>\\ <span class="r">(force line break)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\\ <span class="r">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005c_002a-_0028for-eqnarray_0029"><code>\\* <span class="r">(for <code class="code">eqnarray</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005e"><code>\^</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005e-_0028circumflex-accent_0029"><code>\^ <span class="r">(circumflex accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005f"><code>\_</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0060-_0028grave-accent_0029"><code>\` <span class="r">(grave accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0060-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\` <span class="r">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_007b"><code>\{</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_007c"><code>\|</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_007d"><code>\}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_007e"><code>\~</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_007e-_0028tilde-accent_0029"><code>\~ <span class="r">(tilde accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-11">^</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005e-superscript"><code>^ <span class="r">superscript</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005e_005eJ_002c-in-_005cwrite"><code class="code">^^J</code>, in <code class="code">\write</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-12">_</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005f-subscript"><code>_ <span class="r">subscript</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-13">{</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_007b_002e_002e_002e_007d-_0028for-required-arguments_0029"><code>{...} <span class="r">(for required arguments)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-14">~</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_007e"><code>~</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-A">A</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-a4paper-option"><code>a4paper <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-a5paper-option"><code>a5paper <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-abstract-environment"><code><code class="code">abstract</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#abstract">abstract</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-abstract-package"><code class="code">abstract</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#abstract">abstract</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-abstracts">abstracts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#abstract">abstract</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-accents">accents</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-accents_002c-defining">accents, defining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding">\DeclareFontEncoding</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-accents_002c-defining-1">accents, defining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent">\DeclareTextAccent</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-accents_002c-defining-2">accents, defining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault">\DeclareTextAccentDefault</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-accents_002c-defining-3">accents, defining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite">\DeclareTextComposite</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-accents_002c-defining-4">accents, defining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-accents_002c-defining-5">accents, defining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-accents_002c-mathematical">accents, mathematical</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-accessing-any-character-of-a-font">accessing any character of a font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Symbols-by-font-position">Symbols by font position</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-acronyms_002c-list-of">acronyms, list of</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-acute-accent">acute accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-acute-accent_002c-math">acute accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-additional-packages_002c-loading">additional packages, loading</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-adjustbox-package"><code class="code">adjustbox</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ae-ligature">ae ligature</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-algorithm2e-package"><code class="code">algorithm2e</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-align-environment_002c-from-amsmath">align <span class="r">environment, from <code class="code">amsmath</code></span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-aligning-equations">aligning equations</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-alignment-via-tabbing">alignment via tabbing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amscd-package"><code class="code">amscd</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsfonts-package"><code class="code">amsfonts</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsfonts-package-1"><code class="code">amsfonts</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package"><code class="code">amsmath</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-1"><code class="code">amsmath</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-2"><code class="code">amsmath</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-3"><code class="code">amsmath</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-4"><code class="code">amsmath</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-5"><code class="code">amsmath</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-6"><code class="code">amsmath</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left &amp; \right</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-7"><code class="code">amsmath</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e">\bigl &amp; \bigr etc.</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-8"><code class="code">amsmath</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-9"><code class="code">amsmath</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-10"><code class="code">amsmath</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-11"><code class="code">amsmath</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-12"><code class="code">amsmath</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character &amp; \colon</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-13"><code class="code">amsmath</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character &amp; \colon</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-14"><code class="code">amsmath</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package_002c-replacing-eqnarray">amsmath <span class="r">package, replacing <code class="code">eqnarray</code></span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsthm-package"><code class="code">amsthm</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsthm-package-1"><code class="code">amsthm</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-answers-package"><code class="code">answers</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-appendices">appendices</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cappendix">\appendix</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-appendix">appendix</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cappendix">\appendix</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-appendix-package"><code class="code">appendix</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cappendix">\appendix</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-arguments_002c-optional_002c-defining-and-using">arguments, optional, defining and using</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-aring">aring</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-array-environment"><code><code class="code">array</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-array-package"><code class="code">array</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-arrays_002c-math">arrays, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-arrow_002c-left_002c-in-text">arrow, left, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-arrow_002c-right_002c-in-text">arrow, right, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-arrows">arrows</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-article-class"><code>article <span class="r">class</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ascender-height">ascender height</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ASCII-circumflex_002c-in-text">ASCII circumflex, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ASCII-tilde_002c-in-text">ASCII tilde, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-asterisk_002c-centered_002c-in-text">asterisk, centered, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Asymptote-package"><code class="code">Asymptote</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Asymptote-package-1"><code class="code">Asymptote</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Asymptote-package-2"><code class="code">Asymptote</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Asymptote-package-3"><code class="code">Asymptote</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-at-clause_002c-in-font-definitions">at clause, in font definitions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-at_002dsign"><code>at-sign</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-author_002c-for-titlepage">author, for titlepage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-auxiliary-file">auxiliary file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-B">B</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-b5paper-option"><code>b5paper <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-babel-package"><code class="code">babel</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-babel-package-1"><code class="code">babel</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-babel-package-2"><code class="code">babel</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-babel-package-3"><code class="code">babel</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-babel-package-4"><code class="code">babel</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-babel-package-5"><code class="code">babel</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-back-matter-of-a-book">back matter of a book</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-background_002c-colored">background, colored</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colored-pages">Colored pages</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-backslash_002c-in-text">backslash, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-badness">badness</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bar_002c-double-vertical_002c-in-text">bar, double vertical, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bar_002c-vertical_002c-in-text">bar, vertical, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bar_002dover-accent">bar-over accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bar_002dover-accent_002c-math">bar-over accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bar_002dunder-accent">bar-under accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-basics-of-LaTeX">basics of LaTeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-batchmode">batchmode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-beamer-package"><code class="code">beamer</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#beamer-template">beamer template</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-beamer-template-and-class"><code class="code">beamer</code> template and class</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#beamer-template">beamer template</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-beginning-of-document-hook">beginning of document hook</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument">\AtBeginDocument</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bibliography-format_002c-open">bibliography format, open</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028automatically_0029">bibliography, creating (automatically)</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028manually_0029">bibliography, creating (manually)</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bibTeX_002c-using">bibTeX, using</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-big-circle-symbols_002c-in-text">big circle symbols, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-big-point">big point</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bigfoot-package"><code class="code">bigfoot</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes">Footnotes of footnotes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-black-boxes_002c-omitting">black boxes, omitting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-blackboard-bold">blackboard bold</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Blackboard-bold">Blackboard bold</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-blanks_002c-after-control-sequences">blanks, after control sequences</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bm-package"><code class="code">bm</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#bm">bm</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bold-font">bold font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bold-math">bold math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bold-typewriter_002c-avoiding">bold typewriter, avoiding</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-boldface-mathematics">boldface mathematics</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">\boldmath &amp; \unboldmath</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-book-class"><code>book <span class="r">class</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-book_002c-back-matter">book, back matter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-book_002c-end-matter">book, end matter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-book_002c-front-matter">book, front matter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-book_002c-main-matter">book, main matter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bottomnumber"><code>bottomnumber</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bottomnumber-1"><code>bottomnumber</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bounding-box">bounding box</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-box">box</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-box_002c-allocating-new">box, allocating new</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-box_002c-bounding">box, bounding</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-box_002c-colored">box, colored</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colored-boxes">Colored boxes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-box_002c-save">box, save</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox">\sbox &amp; \savebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-box_002c-use-saved-box">box, use saved box</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cusebox">\usebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-boxes">boxes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bp"><code>bp</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-brace_002c-left_002c-in-text">brace, left, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-brace_002c-right_002c-in-text">brace, right, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-braces">braces</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-brackets">brackets</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-breaking-lines">breaking lines</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-breaking-pages">breaking pages</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-breaks_002c-multiplication-discretionary">breaks, multiplication discretionary</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_002a">\*</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-breve-accent">breve accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-breve-accent_002c-math">breve accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bug-reporting">bug reporting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bullet-lists">bullet lists</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bullet-symbol">bullet symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bullet_002c-in-text">bullet, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bulleted-lists">bulleted lists</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-C">C</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-calligraphic-fonts">calligraphic fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Calligraphic">Calligraphic</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-calligraphic-letters-for-math">calligraphic letters for math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cap-height">cap height</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-caption-package"><code class="code">caption</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccaption">\caption</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-captions">captions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccaption">\caption</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-caron-accent">caron accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-catcode">catcode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-category-code_002c-character">category code, character</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cc"><code>cc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cc-list_002c-in-letters">cc list, in letters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccc">\cc</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cedilla-accent">cedilla accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-center-environment"><code><code class="code">center</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#center">center</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-centered-asterisk_002c-in-text">centered asterisk, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-centered-equations">centered equations</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-centered-period_002c-in-text">centered period, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-centering-text_002c-declaration-for">centering text, declaration for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccentering">\centering</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-centering-text_002c-environment-for">centering text, environment for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#center">center</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-centimeter">centimeter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-changing-case-of-characters">changing case of characters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-chapter">chapter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-chapter-1">chapter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-chapter-counter"><code>chapter counter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-character-category-code">character category code</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-character-encoding">character encoding</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#inputenc-package">inputenc package</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-character_002c-invisible">character, invisible</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-character_002c-invisible-1">character, invisible</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut">\mathstrut</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-characters_002c-accented">characters, accented</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-characters_002c-case-of">characters, case of</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-characters_002c-non_002dEnglish">characters, non-English</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-characters_002c-reserved">characters, reserved</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-characters_002c-special">characters, special</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-check-accent">check accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-check-accent_002c-math">check accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cicero">cicero</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-circle-symbol_002c-big_002c-in-text">circle symbol, big, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-circled-letter_002c-in-text">circled letter, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-circumflex-accent">circumflex accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-circumflex-accent_002c-math">circumflex accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-circumflex_002c-ASCII_002c-in-text">circumflex, ASCII, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-citation-key">citation key</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbibitem">\bibitem</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-class-and-package-commands">class and package commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-class-and-package-difference">class and package difference</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-construction">Class and package construction</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-class-and-package-structure">class and package structure</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-class-file-example">class file example</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-class-file-layout">class file layout</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-class-options">class options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-class-options-1">class options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-class-options-2">class options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-classes-of-documents">classes of documents</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cleveref-package"><code class="code">cleveref</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cleveref-package-1"><code class="code">cleveref</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cleveref-package-2"><code class="code">cleveref</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-CLI">CLI</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-interface">Command line interface</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-clock-option-to-slides-class"><code>clock <span class="r">option to <code class="code">slides</code> class</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-closing-letters">closing letters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cclosing">\closing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-closing-quote">closing quote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cm"><code>cm</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cm_002dsuper-package"><code class="code">cm-super</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cmd_002eexe_002c-used-by-_005cwrite18"><code>cmd.exe<span class="r">, used by <code class="code">\write18</code></span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-code_002c-typesetting">code, typesetting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-colon-character">colon character</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character &amp; \colon</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-color">color</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Color">Color</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-color-1">color</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Define-colors">Define colors</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-color-2">color</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colored-text">Colored text</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-color-3">color</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colored-boxes">Colored boxes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-color-4">color</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colored-pages">Colored pages</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-color-models">color models</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Color-models">Color models</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-color-package-commands">color package commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-for-color">Commands for color</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-color-package-options">color package options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Color-package-options">Color package options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-color_002c-define">color, define</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Define-colors">Define colors</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-colored-boxes">colored boxes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colored-boxes">Colored boxes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-colored-page">colored page</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colored-pages">Colored pages</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-colored-text">colored text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colored-text">Colored text</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-command-line-interface">command line interface</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-interface">Command line interface</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-command-syntax">command syntax</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-commands_002c-class-and-package">commands, class and package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-commands_002c-defining-new-ones">commands, defining new ones</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-commands_002c-defining-new-ones-1">commands, defining new ones</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand">\providecommand</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-commands_002c-document-class">commands, document class</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-construction">Class and package construction</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-commands_002c-graphics-package">commands, graphics package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-for-graphics">Commands for graphics</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-commands_002c-ignore-spaces">commands, ignore spaces</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-commands_002c-ignore-spaces-1">commands, ignore spaces</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#xspace-package">xspace package</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-commands_002c-redefining">commands, redefining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-commands_002c-run-from-LaTeX">commands, run from LaTeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-commands_002c-star_002dvariants">commands, star-variants</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-composite-word-mark_002c-in-text">composite word mark, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-comprehensive-package"><code class="code">comprehensive</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-computer-programs_002c-typesetting">computer programs, typesetting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-configuration_002c-graphics-package">configuration, graphics package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-contents-file">contents file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-control-sequences">control sequences</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Control-sequences">Control sequences</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-control-symbol_002c-defined">control symbol, defined</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Control-sequences">Control sequences</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-control-word_002c-defined">control word, defined</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Control-sequences">Control sequences</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-copyright-symbol">copyright symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-counters_002c-a-list-of">counters, a list of</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-counters_002c-defining-new">counters, defining new</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">\newcounter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-counters_002c-getting-value-of">counters, getting value of</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cvalue">\value</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-counters_002c-printing">counters, printing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-counters_002c-setting">counters, setting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cprotect-package"><code class="code">cprotect</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cprotect-package-1"><code class="code">cprotect</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-creating-pictures">creating pictures</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-creating-tables">creating tables</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-credit-footnote">credit footnote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cross-references">cross references</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cross-references_002c-resolving">cross references, resolving</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cross-referencing-with-page-number">cross referencing with page number</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpageref">\pageref</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cross-referencing_002c-across-documents">cross referencing, across documents</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#xr-package">xr package</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cross-referencing_002c-symbolic">cross referencing, symbolic</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-CTAN">CTAN</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#CTAN">CTAN</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-curly-braces">curly braces</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-currency_002c-dollar">currency, dollar</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-currency_002c-euro">currency, euro</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-D">D</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dagger_002c-double_002c-in-text">dagger, double, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dagger_002c-in-text">dagger, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dagger_002c-in-text-1">dagger, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-DANTE-e_002eV_002e">DANTE e.V.</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#CTAN">CTAN</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-datatool-package"><code class="code">datatool</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cread">\read</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-date_002c-for-titlepage">date, for titlepage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-date_002c-today_0027s">date, today&rsquo;s</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-datetime-package"><code class="code">datetime</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dbltopnumber"><code>dbltopnumber</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dbltopnumber-1"><code>dbltopnumber</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dcolumn-package"><code class="code">dcolumn</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dd"><code>dd</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-declaration-form-of-font-size-commands">declaration form of font size commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-declaration-form-of-font-style-commands">declaration form of font style commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-define-color">define color</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Define-colors">Define colors</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-defining-a-new-command">defining a new command</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-defining-a-new-command-1">defining a new command</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand">\providecommand</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-defining-new-environments">defining new environments</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-defining-new-fonts">defining new fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-defining-new-theorems">defining new theorems</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-definitions">definitions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-delayed-_005cwrite">delayed <code class="code">\write</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-delimiters">delimiters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-delimiters_002c-paired">delimiters, paired</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left &amp; \right</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-delim_005f0"><code>delim_0</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-delim_005f1"><code>delim_1</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-delim_005f2"><code>delim_2</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-delim_005fn"><code>delim_n</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-delim_005fr"><code>delim_r</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-description"><code>description</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-description-environment"><code><code class="code">description</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-description-lists_002c-creating">description lists, creating</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-design-size_002c-in-font-definitions">design size, in font definitions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-didot-point">didot point</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dieresis-accent">dieresis accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-difference-between-class-and-package">difference between class and package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-construction">Class and package construction</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dimen-plain-TeX">dimen <span class="r">plain TeX</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-directory-listings_002c-from-system">directory listings, from system</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-discretionary-breaks_002c-multiplication">discretionary breaks, multiplication</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_002a">\*</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-discretionary-hyphenation">discretionary hyphenation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary">\discretionary</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-display-math-mode">display math mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-display-style">display style</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-displaying-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation">displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation &amp; quote</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-displaying-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation">displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation &amp; quote</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-displaymath-environment"><code><code class="code">displaymath</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-displaymath-environment-1"><code><code class="code">displaymath</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-document-class-commands">document class commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-construction">Class and package construction</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-document-class-options">document class options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-document-class_002c-defined">document class, defined</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-document-classes">document classes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-document-environment"><code><code class="code">document</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#document">document</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-document-root-name">document root name</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-document-templates">document templates</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-templates">Document templates</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dollar-sign">dollar sign</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dot-accent">dot accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dot-over-accent_002c-math">dot over accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dot_002dover-accent">dot-over accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dot_002dunder-accent">dot-under accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dotless-i">dotless i</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dotless-i_002c-math">dotless i, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dotless-j">dotless j</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dotless-j_002c-math">dotless j, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dots">dots</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-double-angle-quotation-marks">double angle quotation marks</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-double-dagger_002c-in-text">double dagger, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-double-dagger_002c-in-text-1">double dagger, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-double-dot-accent_002c-math">double dot accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-double-guillemets">double guillemets</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-double-left-quote">double left quote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-double-low_002d9-quotation-mark">double low-9 quotation mark</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-double-quote_002c-straight-base">double quote, straight base</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-double-right-quote">double right quote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-double-spacing">double spacing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip &amp; \baselinestretch</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-double-vertical-bar_002c-in-text">double vertical bar, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-doublestruck">doublestruck</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Blackboard-bold">Blackboard bold</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-draft-option"><code>draft <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dvilualatex_002ddev"><code>dvilualatex-dev</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dvipdfmx-command"><code>dvipdfmx <span class="r">command</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dvips-command"><code>dvips <span class="r">command</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dvitype-command"><code>dvitype <span class="r">command</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-E">E</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-e_002ddash">e-dash</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-e_002dTeX">e-TeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ellipses">ellipses</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ellipsis">ellipsis</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ellipsis_002c-in-Unicode-_0028U_002b2026_0029">ellipsis, in Unicode (U+2026)</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ellipsis_002c-traditional-_0028three-periods_0029">ellipsis, traditional (three periods)</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-em">em</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-em-1"><code>em</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-em_002ddash">em-dash</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-em_002ddash_002c-three_002dquarters">em-dash, three-quarters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-em_002ddash_002c-two_002dthirds">em-dash, two-thirds</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-emphasis">emphasis</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-enclosure-list">enclosure list</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cencl">\encl</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-encoding_002c-font">encoding, font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding">\DeclareFontEncoding</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-encoding_002c-of-input-files">encoding, of input files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#inputenc-package">inputenc package</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-end-matter-of-a-book">end matter of a book</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-end-of-document-hook">end of document hook</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cAtEndDocument">\AtEndDocument</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ending-and-starting">ending and starting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-engines_002c-TeX">engines, TeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-enlarge-current-page">enlarge current page</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage">\enlargethispage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-enumerate-environment"><code><code class="code">enumerate</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-enumi-counter"><code>enumi counter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-enumii-counter"><code>enumii counter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-enumiii-counter"><code>enumiii counter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-enumitem-package"><code class="code">enumitem</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-enumitem-package-1"><code class="code">enumitem</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-enumiv-counter"><code>enumiv counter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment">environment</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment-form-of-font-size-commands">environment form of font size commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-abstract"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">abstract</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#abstract">abstract</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-array"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">array</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-center"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">center</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#center">center</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-description"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">description</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-displaymath"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">displaymath</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-displaymath-1"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">displaymath</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-document"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">document</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#document">document</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-enumerate"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">enumerate</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-eqnarray"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">eqnarray</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-equation"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">equation</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-equation-1"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">equation</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-figure"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">figure</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-filecontents"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">filecontents</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-filecontents_002a"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">filecontents*</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-flushleft"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">flushleft</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-flushright"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">flushright</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-itemize"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">itemize</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-letter"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">letter</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#letter">letter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-list"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">list</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-math"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">math</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#math">math</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-math-1"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">math</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-minipage"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">minipage</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-picture"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">picture</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-quotation"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">quotation</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation &amp; quote</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-quote"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">quote</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation &amp; quote</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-sloppypar"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">sloppypar</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#sloppypar">sloppypar</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-tabbing"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">tabbing</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-table"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">table</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-tabular"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">tabular</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-thebibliography"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">thebibliography</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-theindex"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">theindex</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Produce-the-index-manually">Produce the index manually</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-theorem"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">theorem</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-theorem_002dlike">environment, theorem-like</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-titlepage"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">titlepage</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-verbatim"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">verbatim</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-verse"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">verse</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verse">verse</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environments">environments</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Environments">Environments</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environments_002c-defining">environments, defining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-envlab-package"><code class="code">envlab</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">\makelabels</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-EPS-files">EPS files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-eqnarray-environment"><code><code class="code">eqnarray</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-equation-counter"><code>equation counter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-equation-environment"><code><code class="code">equation</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-equation-environment-1"><code><code class="code">equation</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-equation-number_002c-cross-referencing">equation number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-equation-numbers_002c-left-vs_002e-right">equation numbers, left vs. right</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-equation-numbers_002c-omitting">equation numbers, omitting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-equations_002c-aligning">equations, aligning</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-equations_002c-environment-for">equations, environment for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-equations_002c-flush-left-vs_002e-centered">equations, flush left vs. centered</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-error-messages_002c-from-BibTeX">error messages, from BibTeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-errorstopmode">errorstopmode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-es_002dzet-German-letter">es-zet German letter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-etex-command"><code>etex <span class="r">command</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-eth_002c-Icelandic-letter">eth, Icelandic letter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-etoolbox-package"><code class="code">etoolbox</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-euro-symbol">euro symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-eurosym-package"><code class="code">eurosym</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-eurosym-package-1"><code class="code">eurosym</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ex">ex</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ex-1"><code>ex</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-exclamation-point_002c-upside_002ddown">exclamation point, upside-down</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-executivepaper-option"><code>executivepaper <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-expl3-package"><code class="code">expl3</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-expl3-package-1"><code class="code">expl3</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-exponent">exponent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-expressions"><code>expressions</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Expressions">Expressions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-extended-Latin">extended Latin</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-external-commands">external commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-external-files_002c-writing">external files, writing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-F">F</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fallback-jobname">fallback jobname</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-families_002c-of-fonts">families, of fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fancyhdr-package"><code class="code">fancyhdr</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fancyhdr-package-1"><code class="code">fancyhdr</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fancyvrb-package"><code class="code">fancyvrb</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fancyvrb-package-1"><code class="code">fancyvrb</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-feminine-ordinal-symbol">feminine ordinal symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-figure-counter"><code>figure counter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-figure-dash-character">figure dash character</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-figure-environment"><code><code class="code">figure</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-figure-number_002c-cross-referencing">figure number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-figures_002c-footnotes-in">figures, footnotes in</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-figures_002c-inserting">figures, inserting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-file_002c-closing">file, closing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout">\openin &amp; \openout</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-file_002c-opening">file, opening</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout">\openin &amp; \openout</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-file_002c-reading">file, reading</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cread">\read</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-file_002c-root">file, root</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-file_002c-root-1">file, root</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-filecontents-environment"><code><code class="code">filecontents</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-filecontents_002a-environment"><code><code class="code">filecontents*</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-filename-for-current-job">filename for current job</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-final-option"><code>final <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-first_002dlatex_002ddoc-document"><code>first-latex-doc <span class="r">document</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fixed_002dwidth-font">fixed-width font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-flafter-package"><code class="code">flafter</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fleqn-option"><code>fleqn <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-float-package"><code class="code">float</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-float-page">float page</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-flush-left-equations">flush left equations</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-flushing-floats-and-starting-a-page">flushing floats and starting a page</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">\clearpage &amp; \cleardoublepage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-flushleft-environment"><code><code class="code">flushleft</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-flushright-environment"><code><code class="code">flushright</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-font-catalogue">font catalogue</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-font-commands_002c-low_002dlevel">font commands, low-level</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-font-dimension_002c-slant">font dimension, slant</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_002f">\/</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-font-encoding">font encoding</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-font-encoding-1">font encoding</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent">\DeclareTextAccent</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-font-encoding_002c-declaring">font encoding, declaring</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding">\DeclareFontEncoding</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-font-size">font size</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-font-sizes">font sizes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-font-styles">font styles</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-font-symbols_002c-by-number">font symbols, by number</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Symbols-by-font-position">Symbols by font position</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fontenc"><code>fontenc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fonts">fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Fonts">Fonts</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fonts_002c-new-commands-for">fonts, new commands for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fonts_002c-script">fonts, script</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Calligraphic">Calligraphic</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fontspec-package"><code class="code">fontspec</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fontspec-package-1"><code class="code">fontspec</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#OpenType-bold-math">OpenType bold math</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-footer-style">footer style</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-footer_002c-parameters-for">footer, parameters for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-footnote-counter"><code>footnote counter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-footnote-number_002c-cross-referencing">footnote number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-footnote-parameters">footnote parameters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-footnote_002c-in-a-table">footnote, in a table</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table">Footnotes in a table</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-footnote_002c-in-section-headings">footnote, in section headings</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings">Footnotes in section headings</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-footnote_002c-of-a-footnote">footnote, of a footnote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes">Footnotes of footnotes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-footnotes-in-figures">footnotes in figures</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-footnotes_002c-creating">footnotes, creating</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-footnotes_002c-in-a-minipage">footnotes, in a minipage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-footnotes_002c-symbols-instead-of-numbers">footnotes, symbols instead of numbers</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-force-option-for-filecontents"><code class="code">force</code> option for <code class="code">filecontents</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-format-files_002c-TeX">format files, TeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-formulas_002c-environment-for">formulas, environment for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-formulas_002c-math">formulas, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-forward-reference">forward reference</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-forward-references_002c-resolving">forward references, resolving</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fraction">fraction</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrac">\frac</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fragile-commands">fragile commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-frame-rule-width"><code>frame rule width</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox &amp; \framebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-frame_002c-line-width"><code>frame, line width</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox &amp; \framebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-frame_002c-separation-from-contents"><code>frame, separation from contents</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox &amp; \framebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-French-quotation-marks">French quotation marks</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-front-matter-of-a-book">front matter of a book</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-functions_002c-math">functions, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-G">G</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-geometry-package"><code class="code">geometry</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-geometry-package-1"><code class="code">geometry</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-global-options">global options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-global-options-1">global options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-glossaries">glossaries</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-glossary">glossary</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-glossary_002c-entries">glossary, entries</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-glossary_002c-entry-reference">glossary, entry reference</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cgls">\gls</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-glue-plain-TeX">glue <span class="r">plain TeX</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-glue-register_002c-plain-TeX">glue register, plain TeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-graphics">graphics</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Graphics">Graphics</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-graphics-1">graphics</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-graphics-2">graphics</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-graphics-package">graphics package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Graphics">Graphics</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-graphics-package-1">graphics package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-graphics-package-2">graphics package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-graphics-package-commands">graphics package commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-for-graphics">Commands for graphics</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-graphics-package-options">graphics package options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Graphics-package-options">Graphics package options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-graphics-packages">graphics packages</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-graphics_002c-resizing">graphics, resizing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-graphics_002c-resizing-1">graphics, resizing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-graphics_002c-scaling">graphics, scaling</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-graphics_002c-scaling-1">graphics, scaling</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-graphpap-package"><code class="code">graphpap</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper">\graphpaper</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-grave-accent">grave accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-grave-accent_002c-math">grave accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-greater-than-symbol_002c-in-text">greater than symbol, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-greek-letters">greek letters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Greek-letters">Greek letters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Greek-letters">Greek letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-grfext-package"><code class="code">grfext</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-group_002c-and-environments">group, and environments</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Environments">Environments</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-group_005fskip"><code>group_skip</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-H">H</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hacek-accent_002c-math">h&aacute;&#269;ek accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hacek-accent">hacek accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Halmos-symbol">Halmos symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hard-space">hard space</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hat-accent">hat accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hat-accent_002c-math">hat accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-header-style">header style</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-header_002c-parameters-for">header, parameters for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hello_002c-world">hello, world</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-here_002c-putting-floats">here, putting floats</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-home-page-for-manual">home page for manual</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-horizontal-bar-character">horizontal bar character</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-horizontal-paragraph-indentation">horizontal paragraph indentation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent &amp; \parskip</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-horizontal-space">horizontal space</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005chss">\hss</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-horizontal-space_002c-stretchable">horizontal space, stretchable</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005chss">\hss</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-horizontal-spacing">horizontal spacing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hungarian-umlaut-accent">hungarian umlaut accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hyperref-package"><code class="code">hyperref</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hyperref-package-1"><code class="code">hyperref</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hyperref-package-2"><code class="code">hyperref</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">\pagenumbering</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hyperref-package-3"><code class="code">hyperref</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hyperref-package-4"><code class="code">hyperref</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-input">Command line input</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hyphen-character_002c-non_002dbreaking">hyphen character, non-breaking</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-defining">hyphenation, defining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005chyphenation">\hyphenation</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-discretionary">hyphenation, discretionary</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary">\discretionary</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-forcing">hyphenation, forcing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">\- (hyphenation)</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-preventing">hyphenation, preventing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-I">I</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Icelandic-eth">Icelandic eth</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Icelandic-thorn">Icelandic thorn</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-idx-file">idx file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ij-letter_002c-Dutch">ij letter, Dutch</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-immediate-_005cwrite">immediate <code class="code">\write</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-implementations-of-TeX">implementations of TeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-importing-graphics">importing graphics</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-in"><code>in</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-inch">inch</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-including-graphics">including graphics</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-indent_002c-forcing">indent, forcing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">\indent &amp; \noindent</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-indentation-of-paragraphs_002c-in-minipage">indentation of paragraphs, in minipage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-indentfirst-package"><code class="code">indentfirst</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpart">\part</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-indentfirst-package-1"><code class="code">indentfirst</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-indentfirst-package-2"><code class="code">indentfirst</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csection">\section</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-indentfirst-package-3"><code class="code">indentfirst</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsection">\subsection</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-indentfirst-package-4"><code class="code">indentfirst</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-indentfirst-package-5"><code class="code">indentfirst</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">\indent &amp; \noindent</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-indent_005flength"><code>indent_length</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-indent_005fspace"><code>indent_space</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-index-entries_002c-subentries">index entries, subentries</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-index-entries_002c-_0060see_0027-and-_0060see-also_0027">index entries, &lsquo;see&rsquo; and &lsquo;see also&rsquo;</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-index-entry">index entry</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-index-package"><code class="code">index</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-index_002c-multiple">index, multiple</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-index_002c-page-range">index, page range</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-index_002c-printing">index, printing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cprintindex">\printindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-index_002c-processing">index, processing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-index_002c-producing-manually">index, producing manually</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Produce-the-index-manually">Produce the index manually</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-index_002c-style-file"><code>index, style file</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-indexes">indexes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-infinite-horizontal-stretch">infinite horizontal stretch</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-infinite-vertical-stretch">infinite vertical stretch</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-inline-formulas">inline formulas</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#math">math</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-inner-paragraph-mode">inner paragraph mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-input-file">input file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-input_002c-on-command-line">input, on command line</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-input">Command line input</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-input_002foutput">input/output</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Input_002foutput">Input/output</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-input_002foutput_002c-to-terminal">input/output, to terminal</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Input_002foutput">Input/output</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-inputenc"><code>inputenc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#inputenc-package">inputenc package</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-inserting-figures">inserting figures</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-insertions-of-special-characters">insertions of special characters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-insertions">Special insertions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-interface_002c-command-line">interface, command line</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-interface">Command line interface</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-interline-space">interline space</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip &amp; \baselinestretch</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-internal-vertical-mode">internal vertical mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-invisible-character">invisible character</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-invisible-character-1">invisible character</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut">\mathstrut</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-italic-correction">italic correction</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_002f">\/</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-italic-font">italic font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-itemize-environment"><code><code class="code">itemize</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-item_005f0"><code>item_0</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-item_005f01"><code>item_01</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-item_005f1"><code>item_1</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-item_005f12"><code>item_12</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-item_005f2"><code>item_2</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-item_005fx1"><code>item_x1</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-item_005fx2"><code>item_x2</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-J">J</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-jobname">jobname</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-jobname-1">jobname</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-JPEG-files">JPEG files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-JPG-files">JPG files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-justification_002c-ragged-left">justification, ragged left</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-justification_002c-ragged-right">justification, ragged right</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-K">K</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e">Knuth, Donald E.</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-L">L</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-label">label</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-labelled-lists_002c-creating">labelled lists, creating</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Lamport-TeX">Lamport TeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Lamport_002c-Leslie">Lamport, Leslie</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-landscape-option"><code>landscape <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-landscape-orientation">landscape orientation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-latex"><code>latex</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-latex-command"><code>latex <span class="r">command</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LaTeX-format-_0028_002efmt_0029-files">LaTeX format (<code class="code">.fmt</code>) files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LaTeX-logo">LaTeX logo</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LaTeX-overview">LaTeX overview</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LaTeX-Project-team">LaTeX Project team</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LaTeX-vs_002e-LaTeX2e">LaTeX vs. LaTeX2e</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-latex_002ddev"><code>latex-dev</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-latex_002ddoc_002dptr-document"><code>latex-doc-ptr <span class="r">document</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LaTeX2e-logo">LaTeX2e logo</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LaTeX3-syntax">LaTeX3 syntax</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-latexrefman_0040tug_002eorg-email-address"><code><a class="email" href="mailto:latexrefman@tug.org">latexrefman@tug.org</a> <span class="r">email address</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-latexsym-package"><code class="code">latexsym</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Latin-letters_002c-additional">Latin letters, additional</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-layout-commands">layout commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Layout">Layout</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-layout_002c-page-parameters-for">layout, page parameters for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-leaders_002c-dots-in-table-of-contents">leaders, dots in table of contents</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline">\@dottedtocline</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-leading">leading</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip &amp; \baselinestretch</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-left-angle-quotation-marks">left angle quotation marks</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-left-arrow_002c-in-text">left arrow, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-left-brace_002c-in-text">left brace, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-left-quote">left quote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-left-quote_002c-double">left quote, double</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-left-quote_002c-single">left quote, single</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-left_002dhand-equation-numbers">left-hand equation numbers</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-left_002djustifying-text">left-justifying text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-left_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for">left-justifying text, environment for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-left_002dto_002dright-mode">left-to-right mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-legalpaper-option"><code>legalpaper <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lengths_002c-adding-to">lengths, adding to</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005caddtolength">\addtolength</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lengths_002c-allocating-new">lengths, allocating new</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lengths_002c-defining-and-using">lengths, defining and using</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lengths_002c-setting">lengths, setting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csetlength">\setlength</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-leqno-option"><code>leqno <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-less-than-symbol_002c-in-text">less than symbol, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lethead_005fflag"><code>lethead_flag</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lethead_005fprefix"><code>lethead_prefix</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lethead_005fsuffix"><code>lethead_suffix</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-letter-class"><code>letter <span class="r">class</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-letter-environment"><code><code class="code">letter</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#letter">letter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-letterpaper-option"><code>letterpaper <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-letters_002c-accented">letters, accented</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-letters_002c-additional-Latin">letters, additional Latin</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-letters_002c-ending">letters, ending</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cclosing">\closing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-letters_002c-starting">letters, starting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005copening">\opening</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-letters_002c-writing">letters, writing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Letters">Letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-line-break_002c-forcing">line break, forcing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-line-breaking">line breaking</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-line-breaks_002c-changing">line breaks, changing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy">\fussy &amp; \sloppy</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-line-breaks_002c-forcing">line breaks, forcing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak &amp; \nolinebreak</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-line-breaks_002c-multiplication-discretionary">line breaks, multiplication discretionary</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_002a">\*</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-line-breaks_002c-preventing">line breaks, preventing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak &amp; \nolinebreak</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lines-in-tables">lines in tables</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-line_005fmax"><code>line_max</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lining-numerals">lining numerals</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lining-text-up-in-tables">lining text up in tables</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lining-text-up-using-tab-stops">lining text up using tab stops</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-list-environment"><code><code class="code">list</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-list-items_002c-specifying-counter">list items, specifying counter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-list-of-figures-file">list of figures file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-list-of-tables-file">list of tables file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-listings-package"><code class="code">listings</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-listings-package-1"><code class="code">listings</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-listings-package-2"><code class="code">listings</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lists-of-items">lists of items</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lists-of-items_002c-generic">lists of items, generic</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lists-of-items_002c-numbered">lists of items, numbered</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lmodern-package"><code class="code">lmodern</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-loading-additional-packages">loading additional packages</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-locale-information_002c-from-system">locale information, from system</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-log-file">log file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-log-file_002c-writing-to">log file, writing to</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-logo_002c-LaTeX">logo, LaTeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-logo_002c-LaTeX2e">logo, LaTeX2e</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-logo_002c-TeX">logo, TeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-long-command">long command</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-low_002d9-quotation-marks_002c-single-and-double">low-9 quotation marks, single and double</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-low_002dlevel-font-commands">low-level font commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lowercase">lowercase</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LR-box"><code>LR box</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LR-mode">LR mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lrbox"><code>lrbox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#lrbox">lrbox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lshort-document"><code>lshort <span class="r">document</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lualatex"><code>lualatex</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lualatex_002ddev"><code>lualatex-dev</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LuaTeX">LuaTeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LuaTeX_002c-256-output-streams-in">LuaTeX, 256 output streams in</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-M">M</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-m_002dwidth">m-width</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-macron-accent">macron accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-macron-accent_002c-math">macron accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-macros2e-package"><code class="code">macros2e</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Madsen_002c-Lars">Madsen, Lars</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mail-merges">mail merges</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cread">\read</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-main-matter-of-a-book">main matter of a book</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-make-a-box">make a box</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-makeidx-package"><code class="code">makeidx</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cprintindex">\printindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-makeindex-program"><code class="command">makeindex</code> program</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-makeindex_002c-program"><code>makeindex, <span class="r">program</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-makeindex_002c-style-file"><code>makeindex, style file</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-making-a-title-page">making a title page</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-making-paragraphs">making paragraphs</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-marginal-notes">marginal notes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-masculine-ordinal-symbol">masculine ordinal symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-matching-brackets">matching brackets</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left &amp; \right</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-matching-parentheses">matching parentheses</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left &amp; \right</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math-accents">math accents</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math-environment"><code><code class="code">math</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#math">math</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math-environment-1"><code><code class="code">math</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math-formulas">math formulas</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math-functions">math functions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math-miscellany">math miscellany</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math-mode">math mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math-mode_002c-entering">math mode, entering</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math-mode_002c-spacing">math mode, spacing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math-mode_002c-spacing-1">math mode, spacing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math-mode_002c-spacing-2">math mode, spacing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut">\mathstrut</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math-mode_002c-vertical-space">math mode, vertical space</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csmash">\smash</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math-styles">math styles</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math-symbols">math symbols</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math_002c-arrows"><code>math, arrows</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math_002c-bold">math, bold</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mathematics_002c-boldface">mathematics, boldface</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">\boldmath &amp; \unboldmath</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mathtools-package"><code class="code">mathtools</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mathtools-package-1"><code class="code">mathtools</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mathtools-package-2"><code class="code">mathtools</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left &amp; \right</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mathtools-package-3"><code class="code">mathtools</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mathtools-package-4"><code class="code">mathtools</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csmash">\smash</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mathtools-package-5"><code class="code">mathtools</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-MetaPost-package"><code class="code">MetaPost</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mfirstuc-package"><code class="code">mfirstuc</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mhchem-package"><code class="code">mhchem</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-millimeter">millimeter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-minipage-environment"><code><code class="code">minipage</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-minipage_002c-creating-a">minipage, creating a</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-minted-package"><code class="code">minted</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-minted-package-1"><code class="code">minted</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-minted-package-2"><code class="code">minted</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mirrors-of-CTAN">mirrors of CTAN</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#CTAN">CTAN</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mm"><code>mm</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-modes">modes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-monospace-font">monospace font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-moving-arguments">moving arguments</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mpfootnote-counter">mpfootnote counter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mpfootnote-counter-1"><code>mpfootnote counter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mu"><code>mu</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mu_002c-math-unit">mu, math unit</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-multicolumn-text">multicolumn text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-multilingual-support">multilingual support</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-multind-package"><code class="code">multind</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-multiple-indexes">multiple indexes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-multiplication_002c-discretionary">multiplication, discretionary</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_002a">\*</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-N">N</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-name"><code>name</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-name-of-document-root">name of document root</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-NBSP">NBSP</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-nested-_005cinclude_002c-not-allowed">nested <code class="code">\include</code>, not allowed</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly">\include &amp; \includeonly</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-new-class-commands">new class commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-construction">Class and package construction</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-new-command_002c-checking">new command, checking</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-new-command_002c-definition">new command, definition</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-new-commands_002c-defining">new commands, defining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-new-commands_002c-defining-1">new commands, defining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand">\providecommand</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-new-line_002c-output-as-input">new line, output as input</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-new-line_002c-starting">new line, starting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-new-line_002c-starting-_0028paragraph-mode_0029">new line, starting (paragraph mode)</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewline">\newline</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-new-page_002c-starting">new page, starting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-newline_002c-in-_005cwrite">newline, in <code class="code">\write</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-noheader-option-for-filecontents"><code class="code">noheader</code> option for <code class="code">filecontents</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-non_002dbreaking-hyphen-character">non-breaking hyphen character</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-non_002dEnglish-characters">non-English characters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-nonstopmode">nonstopmode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-nosearch-option-for-filecontents"><code class="code">nosearch</code> option for <code class="code">filecontents</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-notes-in-the-margin">notes in the margin</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-notitlepage-option"><code>notitlepage <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-null-delimiter">null delimiter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left &amp; \right</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-numbered-items_002c-specifying-counter">numbered items, specifying counter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-numerals_002c-old_002dstyle">numerals, old-style</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-O">O</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-oblique-font">oblique font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-oe-ligature">oe ligature</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ogonek">ogonek</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-old_002dstyle-numerals">old-style numerals</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-one_002dcolumn-output">one-column output</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005conecolumn">\onecolumn</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-onecolumn-option"><code>onecolumn <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-oneside-option"><code>oneside <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-open-a-file">open a file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout">\openin &amp; \openout</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-openany-option"><code>openany <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-openbib-option"><code>openbib <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-opening-quote">opening quote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-openright-option"><code>openright <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-OpenType-fonts">OpenType fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-operating-system-information">operating system information</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-optional-arguments_002c-defining-and-using">optional arguments, defining and using</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-options_002c-class">options, class</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-options_002c-color-package">options, color package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Color-package-options">Color package options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-options_002c-command-line">options, command line</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-options_002c-document-class">options, document class</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-options_002c-document-class-1">options, document class</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-options_002c-global">options, global</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-options_002c-graphics-package">options, graphics package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Graphics-package-options">Graphics package options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-options_002c-package">options, package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-options_002c-package-1">options, package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine">ordinals, feminine and masculine</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-oslash">oslash</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-OT1">OT1</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-outer-paragraph-mode">outer paragraph mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-output-directory-for-all-external-files">output directory for all external files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-overbar-accent">overbar accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-overdot-accent_002c-math">overdot accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-overlining">overlining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-overview-of-LaTeX">overview of LaTeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-overwrite-option-for-filecontents"><code class="code">overwrite</code> option for <code class="code">filecontents</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-P">P</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package-file-layout">package file layout</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package-options">package options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package-options-1">package options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-abstract"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">abstract</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#abstract">abstract</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-adjustbox"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">adjustbox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-algorithm2e"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">algorithm2e</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amscd"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amscd</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsfonts"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsfonts</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsfonts-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsfonts</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-2"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-3"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-4"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-5"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-6"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left &amp; \right</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-7"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e">\bigl &amp; \bigr etc.</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-8"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-9"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-10"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-11"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-12"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character &amp; \colon</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-13"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character &amp; \colon</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-14"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsthm"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsthm</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsthm-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsthm</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-answers"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">answers</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-appendix"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">appendix</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cappendix">\appendix</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-array"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">array</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-Asymptote"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">Asymptote</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-Asymptote-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">Asymptote</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-Asymptote-2"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">Asymptote</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-Asymptote-3"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">Asymptote</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">babel</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">babel</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel-2"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">babel</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel-3"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">babel</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel-4"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">babel</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel-5"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">babel</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-beamer"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">beamer</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#beamer-template">beamer template</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-bigfoot"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">bigfoot</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes">Footnotes of footnotes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-bm"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">bm</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#bm">bm</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-caption"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">caption</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccaption">\caption</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-cleveref"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">cleveref</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-cleveref-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">cleveref</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-cleveref-2"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">cleveref</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-cm_002dsuper"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">cm-super</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-comprehensive"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">comprehensive</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-cprotect"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">cprotect</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-cprotect-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">cprotect</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-datatool"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">datatool</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cread">\read</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-datetime"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">datetime</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-dcolumn"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">dcolumn</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-enumitem"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">enumitem</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-enumitem-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">enumitem</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-envlab"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">envlab</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">\makelabels</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-etoolbox"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">etoolbox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-eurosym"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">eurosym</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-eurosym-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">eurosym</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-expl3"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">expl3</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-expl3-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">expl3</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-fancyhdr"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">fancyhdr</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-fancyhdr-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">fancyhdr</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-fancyvrb"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">fancyvrb</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-fancyvrb-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">fancyvrb</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-flafter"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">flafter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-float"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">float</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-fontspec"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">fontspec</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-fontspec-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">fontspec</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#OpenType-bold-math">OpenType bold math</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-geometry"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">geometry</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-geometry-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">geometry</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-graphpap"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">graphpap</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper">\graphpaper</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-grfext"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">grfext</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-hyperref"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">hyperref</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-hyperref-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">hyperref</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-hyperref-2"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">hyperref</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">\pagenumbering</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-hyperref-3"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">hyperref</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-hyperref-4"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">hyperref</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-input">Command line input</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-indentfirst"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">indentfirst</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpart">\part</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-indentfirst-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">indentfirst</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-indentfirst-2"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">indentfirst</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csection">\section</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-indentfirst-3"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">indentfirst</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsection">\subsection</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-indentfirst-4"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">indentfirst</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-indentfirst-5"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">indentfirst</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">\indent &amp; \noindent</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-index"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">index</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-latexsym"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">latexsym</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-listings"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">listings</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-listings-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">listings</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-listings-2"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">listings</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-lmodern"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">lmodern</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-macros2e"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">macros2e</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-makeidx"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">makeidx</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cprintindex">\printindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-mathtools"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">mathtools</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-mathtools-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">mathtools</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-mathtools-2"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">mathtools</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left &amp; \right</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-mathtools-3"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">mathtools</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-mathtools-4"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">mathtools</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csmash">\smash</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-mathtools-5"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">mathtools</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-MetaPost"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">MetaPost</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-mfirstuc"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">mfirstuc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-mhchem"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">mhchem</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-minted"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">minted</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-minted-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">minted</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-minted-2"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">minted</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-multind"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">multind</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-pict2e"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">pict2e</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-polyglossia"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">polyglossia</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-polyglossia-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">polyglossia</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-polyglossia-2"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">polyglossia</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-polyglossia-3"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">polyglossia</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-PSTricks"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">PSTricks</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-setspace"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">setspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip &amp; \baselinestretch</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-shellesc"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">shellesc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-showidx"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">showidx</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-siunitx"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">siunitx</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-siunitx-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">siunitx</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-suffix"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">suffix</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-tablefootnote"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">tablefootnote</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table">Footnotes in a table</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-texosquery"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">texosquery</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-textcase"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">textcase</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-textcomp"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">textcomp</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-TikZ"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">TikZ</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-TikZ-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">TikZ</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-TikZ-2"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">TikZ</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-tikz_002dcd"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">tikz-cd</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-titlesec"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">titlesec</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-titlesec-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">titlesec</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpart">\part</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-titlesec-2"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">titlesec</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-titlesec-3"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">titlesec</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csection">\section</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-titlesec-4"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">titlesec</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsection">\subsection</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-titlesec-5"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">titlesec</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-tocbibbind"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">tocbibbind</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-tocloft"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">tocloft</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-tocloft-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">tocloft</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-ulem"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">ulem</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-unicode_002dmath"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">unicode-math</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#OpenType-bold-math">OpenType bold math</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-unicode_002dmath-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">unicode-math</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-unicode_002dmath-2"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">unicode-math</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Greek-letters">Greek letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-url"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">url</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-verbatimbox"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">verbatimbox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-xparse"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">xparse</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-xparse-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">xparse</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-xr"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">xr</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#xr-package">xr package</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-xr_002dhyper"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">xr-hyper</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#xr-package">xr package</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-xspace"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">xspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#xspace-package">xspace package</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-xstring"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">xstring</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-packages_002c-loading-additional">packages, loading additional</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-page-break_002c-forcing">page break, forcing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-page-break_002c-preventing">page break, preventing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-page-breaking">page breaking</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-page-counter"><code>page counter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-page-layout-parameters">page layout parameters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-page-number_002c-cross-referencing">page number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpageref">\pageref</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-page-numbering-style">page numbering style</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">\pagenumbering</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-page-style_002c-this-page">page style, this page</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle">\thispagestyle</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-page-styles">page styles</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-page_002c-colored">page, colored</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colored-pages">Colored pages</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-page_005fprecedence"><code>page_precedence</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-paired-delimiters">paired delimiters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left &amp; \right</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-paragraph">paragraph</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-paragraph-1">paragraph</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-paragraph-counter"><code>paragraph counter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentation">paragraph indentation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent &amp; \parskip</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentation_002c-in-minipage">paragraph indentation, in minipage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text">paragraph indentations in quoted text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation &amp; quote</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text_002c-omitting">paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation &amp; quote</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-paragraph-mode">paragraph mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-paragraph-mode-1">paragraph mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-paragraph-symbol">paragraph symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-paragraph_002c-ending">paragraph, ending</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpar">\par</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-paragraph_002c-in-a-box">paragraph, in a box</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-paragraphs">paragraphs</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-parameters_002c-for-footnotes">parameters, for footnotes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-parameters_002c-page-layout">parameters, page layout</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-parameters_002c-substituting">parameters, substituting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-parent-directories_002c-cannot-write-to">parent directories, cannot write to</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite-and-security">\write and security</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-parentheses">parentheses</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-part">part</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-part-1">part</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpart">\part</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-part-counter"><code>part counter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pattern_002c-current-tab-stops_002c-tabbing">pattern, current tab stops, <span class="r">tabbing</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pc"><code>pc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-PDF-graphic-files">PDF graphic files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pdflatex"><code>pdflatex</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pdflatex-command"><code>pdflatex <span class="r">command</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pdflatex_002ddev"><code>pdflatex-dev</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pdfTeX">pdfTeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pdfTeX-engine">pdfTeX engine</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-period_002c-abbreviation_002dending">period, abbreviation-ending</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-period_002c-centered_002c-in-text">period, centered, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-period_002c-sentence_002dending">period, sentence-ending</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-period_002c-spacing-after">period, spacing after</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pica">pica</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pict2e-package"><code class="code">pict2e</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-picture-environment"><code><code class="code">picture</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pictures_002c-creating">pictures, creating</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pilcrow">pilcrow</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-placement-of-floats">placement of floats</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-platex"><code>platex</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-platex_002ddev"><code>platex-dev</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-plural"><code>plural</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-PNG-files">PNG files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-poetry_002c-an-environment-for">poetry, an environment for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verse">verse</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-point">point</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-polish-l">polish l</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-polyglossia-package"><code class="code">polyglossia</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-polyglossia-package-1"><code class="code">polyglossia</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-polyglossia-package-2"><code class="code">polyglossia</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-polyglossia-package-3"><code class="code">polyglossia</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-portrait-orientation">portrait orientation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-position_002c-in-picture">position, in picture</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-postamble"><code>postamble</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-PostScript-point">PostScript point</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-postscript_002c-in-letters">postscript, in letters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cps">\ps</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pounds-symbol">pounds symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-preamble"><code>preamble</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-preamble_002c-defined">preamble, defined</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-prerelease-testing">prerelease testing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-prompt_002c-_002a">prompt, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">*</samp>&rsquo;</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Recovering-from-errors">Recovering from errors</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pronunciation">pronunciation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-PSTricks-package"><code class="code">PSTricks</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pt"><code>pt</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-Q">Q</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-quad">quad</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-question-mark_002c-upside_002ddown">question mark, upside-down</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-quotation-environment"><code><code class="code">quotation</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation &amp; quote</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-quotation-marks_002c-French">quotation marks, French</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-quote-environment"><code><code class="code">quote</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation &amp; quote</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-quote_002c-single-straight">quote, single straight</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-quote_002c-straight-base">quote, straight base</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying">quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation &amp; quote</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying">quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation &amp; quote</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-R">R</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-radical">radical</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csqrt">\sqrt</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ragged-left-text">ragged left text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ragged-left-text_002c-environment-for">ragged left text, environment for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ragged-right-text">ragged right text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ragged-right-text_002c-environment-for">ragged right text, environment for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-read-a-file">read a file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cread">\read</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-redefining-a-command">redefining a command</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-redefining-environments">redefining environments</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-reference_002c-forward">reference, forward</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-references_002c-resolving-forward">references, resolving forward</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-registered-symbol">registered symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-relation_002c-text-above">relation, text above</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cstackrel">\stackrel</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-release-candidates">release candidates</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-remarks-in-the-margin">remarks in the margin</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-report-class"><code>report <span class="r">class</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-reporting-bugs">reporting bugs</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-reserved-characters">reserved characters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-resizing">resizing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-resizing-1">resizing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-restricted-shell-access">restricted shell access</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-right-angle-quotation-marks">right angle quotation marks</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-right-arrow_002c-in-text">right arrow, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-right-brace_002c-in-text">right brace, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-right-quote">right quote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-right-quote_002c-double">right quote, double</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-right-quote_002c-single">right quote, single</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-right_002dhand-equation-numbers">right-hand equation numbers</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-right_002djustifying-text">right-justifying text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-right_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for">right-justifying text, environment for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-rigid-lengths">rigid lengths</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ring-accent">ring accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ring-accent_002c-math">ring accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-robust-commands">robust commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-roman-font">roman font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-root-file">root file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-root-file-1">root file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-roots">roots</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csqrt">\sqrt</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-rotating-graphics">rotating graphics</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-rotating-text">rotating text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-rotation">rotation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-row_002c-tabbing">row, <span class="r">tabbing</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-rubber-lengths">rubber lengths</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-rubber-lengths_002c-defining-new">rubber lengths, defining new</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-running-header-and-footer">running header and footer</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-running-header-and-footer-style">running header and footer style</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-S">S</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-samepage-environment"><code>samepage <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-sans-serif-font">sans serif font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-scaled-point">scaled point</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-scaling">scaling</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-scaling-1">scaling</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-script-fonts">script fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Calligraphic">Calligraphic</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-script-letters-for-math">script letters for math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-script-style">script style</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-scriptscript-style">scriptscript style</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-scrollmode">scrollmode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-secnumdepth"><code>secnumdepth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-secnumdepth-counter"><code>secnumdepth <span class="r">counter</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-section">section</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-section-1">section</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csection">\section</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-section-counter"><code>section counter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-section-number_002c-cross-referencing">section number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-section-numbers_002c-printing">section numbers, printing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-section-symbol">section symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-section_002c-redefining">section, redefining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection">\@startsection</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-sectioning-commands">sectioning commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-sectioning_002c-part">sectioning, part</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpart">\part</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-security-and-_005cwrite">security and <code class="code">\write</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite-and-security">\write and security</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-see-and-see-also-index-entries">see and see also index entries</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-self_002dcontained-sources">self-contained sources</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-series_002c-of-fonts">series, of fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-setspace-package"><code class="code">setspace</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip &amp; \baselinestretch</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-setting-counters">setting counters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-sh_002c-used-by-_005cwrite18"><code>sh<span class="r">, used by <code class="code">\write18</code></span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-shapes_002c-of-fonts">shapes, of fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-sharp-S-letters">sharp S letters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-shell-access">shell access</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-shell-escape">shell escape</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-SHELL_002c-environment-variables"><code>SHELL<span class="r">, environment variables</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-shellesc-package"><code class="code">shellesc</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-showidx-package"><code class="code">showidx</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-simulating-typed-text">simulating typed text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-single-angle-quotation-marks">single angle quotation marks</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-single-guillemets">single guillemets</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-single-left-quote">single left quote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-single-low_002d9-quotation-mark">single low-9 quotation mark</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-single-quote_002c-straight">single quote, straight</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-single-right-quote">single right quote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-siunitx-package"><code class="code">siunitx</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-siunitx-package-1"><code class="code">siunitx</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-sizes-of-text">sizes of text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-skip-plain-TeX">skip <span class="r">plain TeX</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-skip-register_002c-plain-TeX">skip register, plain TeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-slanted-font">slanted font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-slides-class"><code>slides <span class="r">class</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-sloppypar-environment">sloppypar environment</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#sloppypar">sloppypar</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-sloppypar-environment-1"><code><code class="code">sloppypar</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#sloppypar">sloppypar</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-slot_002c-font">slot, font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent">\DeclareTextAccent</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-small-caps-font">small caps font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-sort"><code>sort</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-source-files_002c-making-self_002dcontained">source files, making self-contained</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-sp"><code>sp</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-space-between-lines">space between lines</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip &amp; \baselinestretch</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-space_002c-inserting-horizontal">space, inserting horizontal</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005chss">\hss</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-space_002c-inserting-vertical">space, inserting vertical</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-space_002c-negative-thin">space, negative thin</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-space_002c-thin">space, thin</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-space_002c-unbreakable">space, unbreakable</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-space_002c-vertical">space, vertical</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-spaces">spaces</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spaces">Spaces</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-spaces_002c-ignore-around-commands">spaces, ignore around commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-spaces_002c-ignore-around-commands-1">spaces, ignore around commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#xspace-package">xspace package</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-spacing-within-math-mode">spacing within math mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-spacing_002c-inter_002dsentence">spacing, inter-sentence</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing">\frenchspacing &amp; \nonfrenchspacing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-spacing_002c-inter_002dsentence-1">spacing, inter-sentence</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes">\normalsfcodes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-spacing_002c-math-mode">spacing, math mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-spacing_002c-math-mode-1">spacing, math mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut">\mathstrut</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Spanish-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine">Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-special-characters">special characters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-special-characters-1">special characters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-special-insertions">special insertions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-insertions">Special insertions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-specifier_002c-float-placement">specifier, float placement</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-splitting-the-input-file">splitting the input file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-square-root">square root</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csqrt">\sqrt</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-stack-math">stack math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cstackrel">\stackrel</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-star_002dvariants_002c-commands">star-variants, commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-starred-form_002c-defining-new-commands">starred form, defining new commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-starting-a-new-page">starting a new page</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-starting-a-new-page-and-clearing-floats">starting a new page and clearing floats</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">\clearpage &amp; \cleardoublepage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-starting-and-ending">starting and ending</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-starting-on-a-right_002dhand-page">starting on a right-hand page</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">\clearpage &amp; \cleardoublepage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-sterling-symbol">sterling symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-straight-double-quote_002c-base">straight double quote, base</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-straight-quote_002c-base">straight quote, base</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-straight-single-quote">straight single quote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-stretch_002c-infinite-horizontal">stretch, infinite horizontal</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-stretch_002c-infinite-vertical">stretch, infinite vertical</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-stretch_002c-omitting-vertical">stretch, omitting vertical</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom">\raggedbottom</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-strut">strut</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-strut-1">strut</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-strut_002c-math">strut, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut">\mathstrut</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-styles-of-text">styles of text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-styles_002c-page">styles, page</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-subparagraph">subparagraph</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-subparagraph-1">subparagraph</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-subparagraph-counter"><code>subparagraph counter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-subscript">subscript</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-subsection">subsection</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-subsection-1">subsection</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsection">\subsection</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-subsection-counter"><code>subsection counter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-subsubsection">subsubsection</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-subsubsection-1">subsubsection</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-subsubsection-counter"><code>subsubsection counter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-suffix-package"><code class="code">suffix</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-superscript">superscript</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-symbol"><code>symbol</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-symbol_002c-defining">symbol, defining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol">\DeclareTextSymbol</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-symbols_002c-arrows">symbols, arrows</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-symbols_002c-boldface">symbols, boldface</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#bm">bm</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-symbols_002c-math">symbols, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-symbols_002c-text">symbols, text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-system-commands_002c-run-from-LaTeX">system commands, run from LaTeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-system-information">system information</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-T">T</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-T1">T1</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tab-stops_002c-using">tab stops, using</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tabbing-environment"><code><code class="code">tabbing</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-table-counter"><code>table counter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-table-environment"><code><code class="code">table</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-table-of-contents">table of contents</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-table-of-contents-entry_002c-create-dotted-line">table of contents entry, create dotted line</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline">\@dottedtocline</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-table-of-contents-entry_002c-manually-adding">table of contents entry, manually adding</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">\addcontentsline</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-table-of-contents-file">table of contents file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-table-of-contents_002c-avoiding-footnotes">table of contents, avoiding footnotes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings">Footnotes in section headings</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-table-of-contents_002c-creating">table of contents, creating</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-table-of-contents_002c-sectioning-numbers-printed">table of contents, sectioning numbers printed</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tablefootnote-package"><code class="code">tablefootnote</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table">Footnotes in a table</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tables_002c-creating">tables, creating</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tabular-environment"><code><code class="code">tabular</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-template-_0028simple_0029_002c-article">template (simple), <code class="code">article</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#article-template">article template</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-template_002c-beamer">template, <code class="code">beamer</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#beamer-template">beamer template</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-template_002c-book">template, <code class="code">book</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#book-template">book template</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-template_002c-book-1">template, <code class="code">book</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Larger-book-template">Larger book template</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-templates_002c-document">templates, document</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-templates">Document templates</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-terminal-input_002foutput">terminal input/output</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Input_002foutput">Input/output</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-terminal_002c-writing-to">terminal, writing to</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TeX-format-_0028_002efmt_0029-files">TeX format (<code class="code">.fmt</code>) files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TeX-logo">TeX logo</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-texosquery-package"><code class="code">texosquery</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-texput_002c-jobname-default"><code>texput<span class="r">, jobname default</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-text-style">text style</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-text-symbols">text symbols</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-text_002c-resizing">text, resizing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-text_002c-resizing-1">text, resizing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-text_002c-scaling">text, scaling</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-text_002c-scaling-1">text, scaling</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-textcase-package"><code class="code">textcase</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-textcomp-package"><code class="code">textcomp</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-thanks_002c-for-titlepage">thanks, for titlepage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-thebibliography-environment"><code><code class="code">thebibliography</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-theindex"><code>theindex</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Produce-the-index-manually">Produce the index manually</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-theindex-environment"><code><code class="code">theindex</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Produce-the-index-manually">Produce the index manually</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-theorem-environment"><code><code class="code">theorem</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-theorem_002dlike-environment">theorem-like environment</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-theorems_002c-defining">theorems, defining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-theorems_002c-typesetting">theorems, typesetting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-thin-space">thin space</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-thin-space-1">thin space</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-thin-space_002c-negative">thin space, negative</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-thin-space_002c-negative-1">thin space, negative</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-thorn_002c-Icelandic-letter">thorn, Icelandic letter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-three_002dquarters-em_002ddash">three-quarters em-dash</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tie">tie</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tie_002dafter-accent">tie-after accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TikZ-package"><code class="code">TikZ</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TikZ-package-1"><code class="code">TikZ</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TikZ-package-2"><code class="code">TikZ</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tikz_002dcd-package"><code class="code">tikz-cd</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tilde-accent">tilde accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tilde-accent_002c-math">tilde accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tilde_002c-ASCII_002c-in-text">tilde, ASCII, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-title-page_002c-separate-or-run_002din">title page, separate or run-in</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-title-pages_002c-creating">title pages, creating</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-title_002c-for-titlepage">title, for titlepage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-titlepage-environment"><code><code class="code">titlepage</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-titlepage-option"><code>titlepage <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-titles_002c-making">titles, making</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-titlesec-package"><code class="code">titlesec</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-titlesec-package-1"><code class="code">titlesec</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpart">\part</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-titlesec-package-2"><code class="code">titlesec</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-titlesec-package-3"><code class="code">titlesec</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csection">\section</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-titlesec-package-4"><code class="code">titlesec</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsection">\subsection</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-titlesec-package-5"><code class="code">titlesec</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tocbibbind-package"><code class="code">tocbibbind</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tocdepth"><code>tocdepth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tocdepth-counter"><code>tocdepth <span class="r">counter</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tocloft-package"><code class="code">tocloft</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tocloft-package-1"><code class="code">tocloft</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-today_0027s-date">today&rsquo;s date</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tombstone">tombstone</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-topmargin"><code>topmargin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-topnumber"><code>topnumber</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-topnumber-1"><code>topnumber</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-totalnumber"><code>totalnumber</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-totalnumber-1"><code>totalnumber</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-trademark-symbol">trademark symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-transcript-file">transcript file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TrueType-fonts">TrueType fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TS1-encoding">TS1 encoding</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-two_002dcolumn-output">two-column output</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-two_002dthirds-em_002ddash">two-thirds em-dash</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-twocolumn-option"><code>twocolumn <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-twoside-option"><code>twoside <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-type-styles">type styles</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-typed-text_002c-simulating">typed text, simulating</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-typeface-sizes">typeface sizes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-typefaces">typefaces</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Fonts">Fonts</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-typewriter-font">typewriter font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-typewriter-labels-in-lists">typewriter labels in lists</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-U">U</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ulem-package"><code class="code">ulem</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-umlaut-accent">umlaut accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-unbreakable-space">unbreakable space</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-underbar">underbar</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-underlining">underlining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-underscore_002c-in-text">underscore, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Unicode">Unicode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#inputenc-package">inputenc package</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Unicode-input_002c-native">Unicode input, native</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-unicode_002dmath-package"><code class="code">unicode-math</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#OpenType-bold-math">OpenType bold math</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-unicode_002dmath-package-1"><code class="code">unicode-math</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-unicode_002dmath-package-2"><code class="code">unicode-math</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Greek-letters">Greek letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-units_002c-of-length">units, of length</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-unofficial-nature-of-this-manual">unofficial nature of this manual</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-unordered-lists">unordered lists</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-uplatex"><code>uplatex</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-uplatex_002ddev"><code>uplatex-dev</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-uppercase">uppercase</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-url-package"><code class="code">url</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-using-BibTeX">using BibTeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-UTF_002d8_002c-default-LaTeX-input-encoding">UTF-8, default LaTeX input encoding</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-UTF_002d8_002c-engine-support-for">UTF-8, engine support for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-UTF_002d8_002c-font-support-for">UTF-8, font support for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-V">V</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-variables_002c-a-list-of">variables, a list of</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-vector-symbol_002c-math">vector symbol, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-verbatim-environment"><code><code class="code">verbatim</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-verbatim-text">verbatim text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-verbatim-text_002c-inline">verbatim text, inline</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-verbatimbox-package"><code class="code">verbatimbox</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-verse-environment"><code><code class="code">verse</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verse">verse</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-vertical-bar_002c-double_002c-in-text">vertical bar, double, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-vertical-bar_002c-in-text">vertical bar, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-vertical-mode">vertical mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-vertical-space">vertical space</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-vertical-space-1">vertical space</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-vertical-space-before-paragraphs">vertical space before paragraphs</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent &amp; \parskip</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-vertical-spacing">vertical spacing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-vertical-spacing-1">vertical spacing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut">\mathstrut</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-vertical-spacing_002c-math-mode">vertical spacing, math mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csmash">\smash</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-visible-space">visible space</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-visible-space-symbol_002c-in-text">visible space symbol, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-W">W</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-weights_002c-of-fonts">weights, of fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-whatsit-item">whatsit item</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-white-space">white space</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spaces">Spaces</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-wide-hat-accent_002c-math">wide hat accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-wide-tilde-accent_002c-math">wide tilde accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-widths_002c-of-fonts">widths, of fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Wright_002c-Joseph">Wright, Joseph</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-writing-external-files">writing external files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-writing-letters">writing letters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Letters">Letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-X">X</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-x_002dheight">x-height</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-xdvi-command"><code>xdvi <span class="r">command</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-xdvipdfmx"><code>xdvipdfmx</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-xelatex"><code>xelatex</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-xelatex_002ddev"><code>xelatex-dev</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-XeTeX">XeTeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-xindex-program"><code>xindex <span class="r">program</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-xindy-program"><code>xindy <span class="r">program</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-xparse-package"><code class="code">xparse</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-xparse-package-1"><code class="code">xparse</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-xr-package"><code class="code">xr</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#xr-package">xr package</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-xr_002dhyper-package"><code class="code">xr-hyper</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#xr-package">xr package</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-xspace-package"><code class="code">xspace</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#xspace-package">xspace package</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-xstring-package"><code class="code">xstring</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><th class="entries-header-printindex">Index Entry</th><th class="sections-header-printindex">Section</th></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-1">_</th></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005f-character_002c-meaning-of"><code>_ <span class="r">character</span>, meaning of</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-characters">Special characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005f-subscript"><code>_ <span class="r">subscript</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-2">-</th></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002ddisable_002dwrite18-command_002dline-option"><code>--disable-write18 <span class="r">command-line option</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002denable_002dwrite18-command_002dline-option"><code>--enable-write18 <span class="r">command-line option</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002dfile_002dline_002derror-command_002dline-option"><code>--file-line-error <span class="r">command-line option</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002dhalt_002don_002derror-command_002dline-option"><code>--halt-on-error <span class="r">command-line option</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002dhelp-command_002dline-option"><code>--help <span class="r">command-line option</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002dinteraction-command_002dline-option"><code>--interaction <span class="r">command-line option</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002djobname-command_002dline-option"><code>--jobname <span class="r">command-line option</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002dno_002dfile_002dline_002derror-command_002dline-option"><code>--no-file-line-error <span class="r">command-line option</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002dno_002dshell_002descape-command_002dline-option"><code>--no-shell-escape <span class="r">command-line option</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002doutput_002ddirectory-command_002dline-option"><code>--output-directory <span class="r">command-line option</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002dshell_002descape-command_002dline-option"><code>--shell-escape <span class="r">command-line option</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002dversion-command_002dline-option"><code>--version <span class="r">command-line option</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d1_002c-write-stream-number"><em class="math">-1</em>, write stream number</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-3">:</th></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_003a-_0028for-math_0029"><code>: <span class="r">(for math)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character &amp; \colon</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-4">.</th></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002eaux-file"><code>.aux <span class="r">file</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002eaux-file-and-BibTeX-commands"><code>.aux <span class="r">file and BibTeX commands</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002edvi-file"><code>.dvi <span class="r">file</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002efmt-file"><code>.fmt <span class="r">file</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002eglo-file"><samp class="file">.glo</samp> file</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002eidx-file"><samp class="file">.idx</samp> file</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002eidx-file-1"><samp class="file">.idx</samp> file</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002eind-file"><samp class="file">.ind</samp> file</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002eisty-file"><samp class="file">.isty</samp> file</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002elof-file"><code>.lof <span class="r">file</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002elof-file-1"><code>.lof <span class="r">file</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002elof-file-2"><code>.lof <span class="r">file</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002elog-file"><code>.log <span class="r">file</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002elot-file"><code>.lot <span class="r">file</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002elot-file-1"><code>.lot <span class="r">file</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002elot-file-2"><code>.lot <span class="r">file</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002epdf-file"><code>.pdf <span class="r">file</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002etex_002c-default-extension"><code>.tex, <span class="r">default extension</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-interface">Command line interface</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002etoc-file"><code>.toc <span class="r">file</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002etoc-file-1"><code>.toc <span class="r">file</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002etoc-file-2"><code>.toc <span class="r">file</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002exdv-file"><code>.xdv <span class="r">file</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-5">[</th></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005b_002e_002e_002e_005d-_0028for-optional-arguments_0029"><code>[...] <span class="r">(for optional arguments)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-6">{</th></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_007b-character_002c-meaning-of"><code>{ <span class="r">character</span>, meaning of</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-characters">Special characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_007b_002e_002e_002e_007d-_0028for-required-arguments_0029"><code>{...} <span class="r">(for required arguments)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-7">}</th></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_007d-character_002c-meaning-of"><code>} <span class="r">character</span>, meaning of</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-characters">Special characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-8">*</th></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002a-prompt">&lsquo;<samp class="samp">*</samp>&rsquo; prompt</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Recovering-from-errors">Recovering from errors</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002a_002dform-of-environment-commands"><code class="code">*</code>-form of environment commands</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002a_002dform-of-sectioning-commands"><code class="code">*</code>-form of sectioning commands</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002a_002dform_002c-defining-new-commands">*-form, defining new commands</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002a_002c-to-_005cnocite-all-keys">&lsquo;<samp class="samp">*</samp>&rsquo;, to <code class="code">\nocite</code> all keys</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-9">/</th></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002fbin_002fsh_002c-used-by-_005cwrite18"><code>/bin/sh<span class="r">, used by <code class="code">\write18</code></span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-10">\</th></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c-_0028backslash_002dspace_0029"><code>\&nbsp;<!-- /@w --> <span class="r">(backslash-space)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">\(SPACE)</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c-character-starting-commands"><code>\ <span class="r">character starting commands</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c-character_002c-meaning-of"><code>\ <span class="r">character</span>, meaning of</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-characters">Special characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005f"><code>\_</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Printing-special-characters">Printing special characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_002d"><code>\-</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029"><code>\- <span class="r">(hyphenation)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">\- (hyphenation)</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_002c"><code>\,</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_003b"><code>\;</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_003a"><code>\:</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0021"><code>\!</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_002e-_0028dot_002dover-accent_0029"><code>\. <span class="r">(dot-over accent)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0027-_0028acute-accent_0029"><code>\' <span class="r">(acute accent)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0027-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\' <span class="r">(tabbing)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0022-_0028umlaut-accent_0029"><code>\&quot; <span class="r">(umlaut accent)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0028_002e_002e_002e_005c_0029-inline-math"><code>\(...\) <span class="r">inline math</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#math">math</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005b_002e_002e_002e_005c_005d-display-math"><code>\[...\] <span class="r">display math</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_007b"><code>\{</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Printing-special-characters">Printing special characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_007d"><code>\}</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Printing-special-characters">Printing special characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0040"><code>\@</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0040auxout"><code>\@auxout</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0040beginparpenalty"><code>\@beginparpenalty</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0040dottedtocline"><code>\@dottedtocline</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline">\@dottedtocline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0040endparpenalty"><code>\@endparpenalty</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0040fnsymbol"><code>\@fnsymbol</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0040ifstar"><code>\@ifstar</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0040itempenalty"><code>\@itempenalty</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0040mainaux"><code>\@mainaux</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0040startsection"><code>\@startsection</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection">\@startsection</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_002a"><code>\*</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_002a">\*</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_002f"><code>\/</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_002f">\/</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-_005cauthor_0029"><code>\\ <span class="r">(for <code class="code">\author</code>)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-_005cshortstack-objects_0029"><code>\\ <span class="r">(for <code class="code">\shortstack</code> objects)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cshortstack">\shortstack</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-_005ctitle_0029"><code>\\ <span class="r">(for <code class="code">\title</code>)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-center_0029"><code>\\ <span class="r">(for <code class="code">center</code>)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#center">center</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-eqnarray_0029"><code>\\ <span class="r">(for <code class="code">eqnarray</code>)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-flushleft_0029"><code>\\ <span class="r">(for <code class="code">flushleft</code>)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-flushright_0029"><code>\\ <span class="r">(for <code class="code">flushright</code>)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-letters_0029"><code>\\ <span class="r">(for letters)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Letters">Letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-tabular_0029"><code>\\ <span class="r">(for <code class="code">tabular</code>)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-verse_0029"><code>\\ <span class="r">(for <code class="code">verse</code>)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verse">verse</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028force-line-break_0029"><code>\\ <span class="r">(force line break)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\\ <span class="r">(tabbing)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005c_002a-_0028for-eqnarray_0029"><code>\\* <span class="r">(for <code class="code">eqnarray</code>)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0026"><code>\&amp;</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Printing-special-characters">Printing special characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0023"><code>\#</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Printing-special-characters">Printing special characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0025"><code>\%</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Printing-special-characters">Printing special characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0060-_0028grave-accent_0029"><code>\` <span class="r">(grave accent)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0060-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\` <span class="r">(tabbing)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005e"><code>\^</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Printing-special-characters">Printing special characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005e-_0028circumflex-accent_0029"><code>\^ <span class="r">(circumflex accent)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_002b"><code>\+</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_003c"><code>\&lt;</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_003d-_0028macron-accent_0029"><code>\= <span class="r">(macron accent)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_003d-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\= <span class="r">(tabbing)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_003e"><code>\&gt;</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_003e-1"><code>\&gt;</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_003e-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\&gt; <span class="r">(tabbing)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_007c"><code>\|</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_007e"><code>\~</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Printing-special-characters">Printing special characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_007e-_0028tilde-accent_0029"><code>\~ <span class="r">(tilde accent)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0024"><code>\$</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Printing-special-characters">Printing special characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ca-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\a <span class="r">(tabbing)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ca_0027-_0028acute-accent-in-tabbing_0029"><code>\a' <span class="r">(acute accent in tabbing)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ca_0060-_0028grave-accent-in-tabbing_0029"><code>\a` <span class="r">(grave accent in tabbing)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ca_003d-_0028macron-accent-in-tabbing_0029"><code>\a= <span class="r">(macron accent in tabbing)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005caa-_0028aa_0029"><code>\aa <span class="r">(&aring;)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cAA-_0028AA_0029"><code>\AA <span class="r">(&Aring;)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005caccent"><code>\accent</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005caccent">\accent</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cacute"><code>\acute</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005caddcontentsline"><code>\addcontentsline</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">\addcontentsline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005caddress"><code>\address</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005caddress">\address</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005caddtocontents_007bext_007d_007btext_007d"><code>\addtocontents{<var class="var">ext</var>}{<var class="var">text</var>}</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents">\addtocontents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005caddtocounter"><code>\addtocounter</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter">\addtocounter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005caddtolength"><code>\addtolength</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005caddtolength">\addtolength</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005caddvspace"><code>\addvspace</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cae-_0028ae_0029"><code>\ae <span class="r">(&aelig;)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cAE-_0028AE_0029"><code>\AE <span class="r">(&AElig;)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005caleph"><code>\aleph</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cAlph-example"><code>\Alph <span class="r">example</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005calph_007bcounter_007d"><code>\alph{<var class="var">counter</var>}</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cAlph_007bcounter_007d"><code>\Alph{<var class="var">counter</var>}</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005calpha"><code>\alpha</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005calsoname"><code>\alsoname</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005camalg"><code>\amalg</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cand-_0028for-_005cauthor_0029"><code>\and <span class="r">(for <code class="code">\author</code>)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cangle"><code>\angle</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cappendix"><code>\appendix</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cappendix">\appendix</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005capprox"><code>\approx</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005carabic_007bcounter_007d"><code>\arabic{<var class="var">counter</var>}</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005carccos"><code>\arccos</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005carcsin"><code>\arcsin</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005carctan"><code>\arctan</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005carg"><code>\arg</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005carraycolsep"><code>\arraycolsep</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005carrayrulewidth"><code>\arrayrulewidth</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005carraystretch"><code>\arraystretch</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cast"><code>\ast</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005casymp"><code>\asymp</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cAtBeginDocument"><code>\AtBeginDocument</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument">\AtBeginDocument</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cAtBeginDvi"><code>\AtBeginDvi</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDvi-_0026-_005cAtEndDvi">\AtBeginDvi &amp; \AtEndDvi</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cAtEndDocument"><code>\AtEndDocument</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cAtEndDocument">\AtEndDocument</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cAtEndDvi"><code>\AtEndDvi</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDvi-_0026-_005cAtEndDvi">\AtBeginDvi &amp; \AtEndDvi</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cAtEndOfClass"><code>\AtEndOfClass</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cAtEndOfClass-_0026-_005cAtEndOfPackage">\AtEndOfClass &amp; \AtEndOfPackage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cAtEndOfPackage"><code>\AtEndOfPackage</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cAtEndOfClass-_0026-_005cAtEndOfPackage">\AtEndOfClass &amp; \AtEndOfPackage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cauthor_007bname1-_005cand-name2-_005cand-_002e_002e_002e_007d"><code>\author{<var class="var">name1</var> \and <var class="var">name2</var> \and ...}</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cb-_0028bar_002dunder-accent_0029"><code>\b <span class="r">(bar-under accent)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbackmatter"><code>\backmatter</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbackslash"><code>\backslash</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbar"><code>\bar</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbaselineskip"><code>\baselineskip</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbaselineskip-1"><code>\baselineskip</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip &amp; \baselinestretch</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbaselinestretch"><code>\baselinestretch</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip &amp; \baselinestretch</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbegin"><code>\begin</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Environments">Environments</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbeta"><code>\beta</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbf"><code>\bf</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbfseries"><code>\bfseries</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbibdata"><code>\bibdata</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbibitem"><code>\bibitem</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbibitem">\bibitem</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbibliography"><code>\bibliography</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbibliography-and-internal-_005cbibdata"><code>\bibliography <span class="r">and internal <code class="code">\bibdata</code></span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbibliographystyle"><code>\bibliographystyle</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbibliographystyle-and-internal-_005cbibstyle"><code>\bibliographystyle <span class="r">and internal <code class="code">\bibstyle</code></span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbibname"><code>\bibname</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbibstyle"><code>\bibstyle</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigbreak"><code>\bigbreak</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak">\bigbreak &amp; \medbreak &amp; \smallbreak</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigcap"><code>\bigcap</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigcirc"><code>\bigcirc</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigcup"><code>\bigcup</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigl"><code>\bigl</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e">\bigl &amp; \bigr etc.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigodot"><code>\bigodot</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigoplus"><code>\bigoplus</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigotimes"><code>\bigotimes</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigr"><code>\bigr</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e">\bigl &amp; \bigr etc.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigskip"><code>\bigskip</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip &amp; \medskip &amp; \smallskip</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigskip-1"><code>\bigskip</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip &amp; \medskip &amp; \smallskip</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigskipamount"><code>\bigskipamount</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip &amp; \medskip &amp; \smallskip</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigsqcup"><code>\bigsqcup</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigtriangledown"><code>\bigtriangledown</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigtriangleup"><code>\bigtriangleup</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbiguplus"><code>\biguplus</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigvee"><code>\bigvee</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigwedge"><code>\bigwedge</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbmod"><code>\bmod</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cboldmath"><code>\boldmath</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">\boldmath &amp; \unboldmath</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cboldmath-1"><code>\boldmath</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">\boldmath &amp; \unboldmath</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbot"><code>\bot</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbottomfraction"><code>\bottomfraction</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbottomfraction-1"><code>\bottomfraction</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbowtie"><code>\bowtie</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cBox"><code>\Box</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbreve"><code>\breve</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbullet"><code>\bullet</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cc-_0028cedilla-accent_0029"><code>\c <span class="r">(cedilla accent)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccal"><code>\cal</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccap"><code>\cap</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalacute"><code>\capitalacute</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalbreve"><code>\capitalbreve</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalcaron"><code>\capitalcaron</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalcedilla"><code>\capitalcedilla</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalcircumflex"><code>\capitalcircumflex</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccapitaldieresis"><code>\capitaldieresis</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccapitaldotaccent"><code>\capitaldotaccent</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalgrave"><code>\capitalgrave</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalhungarumlaut"><code>\capitalhungarumlaut</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalmacron"><code>\capitalmacron</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalnewtie"><code>\capitalnewtie</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalogonek"><code>\capitalogonek</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalring"><code>\capitalring</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccapitaltie"><code>\capitaltie</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccapitaltilde"><code>\capitaltilde</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccaption"><code>\caption</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccaption">\caption</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccaption-1"><code>\caption</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccaption-2"><code>\caption</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccc"><code>\cc</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccc">\cc</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccdot"><code>\cdot</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccdots"><code>\cdots</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccentering"><code>\centering</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccentering">\centering</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cchapter"><code>\chapter</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cchapter-1"><code>\chapter</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccheck"><code>\check</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cCheckCommand"><code>\CheckCommand</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cCheckCommand">\CheckCommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cchi"><code>\chi</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccirc"><code>\circ</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccircle"><code>\circle</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccircle">\circle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccitation"><code>\citation</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccite"><code>\cite</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccite">\cite</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccite-and-internal-_005ccitation"><code>\cite <span class="r">and internal <code class="code">\citation</code></span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cClassError"><code>\ClassError</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cClassError-and-_005cPackageError-and-others">\ClassError and \PackageError and others</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cClassInfo"><code>\ClassInfo</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cClassError-and-_005cPackageError-and-others">\ClassError and \PackageError and others</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cClassInfoNoLine"><code>\ClassInfoNoLine</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cClassError-and-_005cPackageError-and-others">\ClassError and \PackageError and others</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cClassWarning"><code>\ClassWarning</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cClassError-and-_005cPackageError-and-others">\ClassError and \PackageError and others</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cClassWarningNoLine"><code>\ClassWarningNoLine</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cClassError-and-_005cPackageError-and-others">\ClassError and \PackageError and others</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccleardoublepage"><code>\cleardoublepage</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">\clearpage &amp; \cleardoublepage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cclearpage"><code>\clearpage</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">\clearpage &amp; \cleardoublepage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccline"><code>\cline</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccline">\cline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cclosein"><code>\closein</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout">\openin &amp; \openout</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccloseout"><code>\closeout</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout">\openin &amp; \openout</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cclosing"><code>\closing</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cclosing">\closing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cclubsuit"><code>\clubsuit</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccolon"><code>\colon</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character &amp; \colon</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnsep"><code>\columnsep</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnsep-1"><code>\columnsep</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnsep-2"><code>\columnsep</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnseprule"><code>\columnseprule</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnseprule-1"><code>\columnseprule</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnseprule-2"><code>\columnseprule</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnwidth"><code>\columnwidth</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnwidth-1"><code>\columnwidth</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnwidth-2"><code>\columnwidth</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccomplement"><code>\complement</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccong"><code>\cong</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccontentsline"><code>\contentsline</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccontentsline-1"><code>\contentsline</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">\addcontentsline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccontentsline-2"><code>\contentsline</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccoprod"><code>\coprod</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccopyright"><code>\copyright</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccos"><code>\cos</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccosh"><code>\cosh</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccot"><code>\cot</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccoth"><code>\coth</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccprotect"><code>\cprotect</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccprotEnv"><code>\cprotEnv</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccsc"><code>\csc</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccup"><code>\cup</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cCurrentOption"><code>\CurrentOption</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cCurrentOption">\CurrentOption</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cd-_0028dot_002dunder-accent_0029"><code>\d <span class="r">(dot-under accent)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdag"><code>\dag</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdagger"><code>\dagger</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdashbox"><code>\dashbox</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cdashbox">\dashbox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdashv"><code>\dashv</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdate_007btext_007d"><code>\date{<var class="var">text</var>}</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cday"><code>\day</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear">\day &amp; \month &amp; \year</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdblfloatpagefraction"><code>\dblfloatpagefraction</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdblfloatsep"><code>\dblfloatsep</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdbltextfloatsep"><code>\dbltextfloatsep</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdbltopfraction"><code>\dbltopfraction</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdbltopnumber"><code>\dbltopnumber</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cddag"><code>\ddag</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cddagger"><code>\ddagger</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cddot"><code>\ddot</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cddots"><code>\ddots</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareFontEncoding"><code>\DeclareFontEncoding</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding">\DeclareFontEncoding</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions"><code>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareGraphicsRule"><code>\DeclareGraphicsRule</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule">\DeclareGraphicsRule</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareOption"><code>\DeclareOption</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareOption">\DeclareOption</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareRobustCommand"><code>\DeclareRobustCommand</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareRobustCommand">\DeclareRobustCommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextAccent"><code>\DeclareTextAccent</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent">\DeclareTextAccent</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextAccent-1"><code>\DeclareTextAccent</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault">\DeclareTextAccentDefault</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault"><code>\DeclareTextAccentDefault</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault">\DeclareTextAccentDefault</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextCommand"><code>\DeclareTextCommand</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand">\DeclareTextCommand &amp; \ProvideTextCommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault"><code>\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault">\DeclareTextCommandDefault &amp; \ProvideTextCommandDefault</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextComposite"><code>\DeclareTextComposite</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite">\DeclareTextComposite</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand"><code>\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextSymbol"><code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand">\DeclareTextCommand &amp; \ProvideTextCommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextSymbol-1"><code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol">\DeclareTextSymbol</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextSymbol-2"><code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault"><code>\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdeg"><code>\deg</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDelayedShellEscape"><code>\DelayedShellEscape</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDelta"><code>\Delta</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdelta"><code>\delta</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdet"><code>\det</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdh-_0028d_0029"><code>\dh <span class="r">(&eth;)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDH-_0028D_0029"><code>\DH <span class="r">(&ETH;)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDiamond"><code>\Diamond</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdiamond"><code>\diamond</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdiamondsuit"><code>\diamondsuit</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdim"><code>\dim</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdisplaystyle"><code>\displaystyle</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdiv"><code>\div</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdj"><code>\dj</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDJ"><code>\DJ</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdocumentclass"><code>\documentclass</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdocumentclass_002c-and-texput-jobname"><code>\documentclass<span class="r">, and <code class="code">texput</code> jobname</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDocumentMetadata"><code>\DocumentMetadata</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDocumentMetadata">\DocumentMetadata</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdot"><code>\dot</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdoteq"><code>\doteq</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdotfill"><code>\dotfill</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill">\hrulefill &amp; \dotfill</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdots"><code>\dots</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdots-1"><code>\dots</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdots-2"><code>\dots</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdotsb"><code>\dotsb</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdotsc"><code>\dotsc</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdotsi"><code>\dotsi</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdoublerulesep"><code>\doublerulesep</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdownarrow"><code>\downarrow</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDownarrow"><code>\Downarrow</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cds_0040option"><code>\ds@<var class="var">option</var></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cExecuteOptions">\ExecuteOptions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cell"><code>\ell</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cemph"><code>\emph</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cemptyset"><code>\emptyset</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cencl"><code>\encl</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cencl">\encl</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cend"><code>\end</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Environments">Environments</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cendinput"><code>\endinput</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cendinput">\endinput</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cenlargethispage"><code>\enlargethispage</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage">\enlargethispage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005censpace"><code>\enspace</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad">\enspace &amp; \quad &amp; \qquad</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cenumi"><code>\enumi</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cenumii"><code>\enumii</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cenumiii"><code>\enumiii</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cenumiv"><code>\enumiv</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cepsilon"><code>\epsilon</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cequiv"><code>\equiv</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ceta"><code>\eta</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cevensidemargin"><code>\evensidemargin</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cevensidemargin-1"><code>\evensidemargin</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cevensidemargin-2"><code>\evensidemargin</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cExecuteOptions"><code>\ExecuteOptions</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cExecuteOptions">\ExecuteOptions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cexists"><code>\exists</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cexp"><code>\exp</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cexternaldocument"><code>\externaldocument</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#xr-package">xr package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cextracolsep"><code>\extracolsep</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfbox"><code>\fbox</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox &amp; \framebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfboxrule-1"><code>\fboxrule</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfboxrule">\fboxrule</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox &amp; \framebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfboxrule-2"><code>\fboxrule</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox &amp; \framebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfboxsep-1"><code>\fboxsep</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfboxsep">\fboxsep</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox &amp; \framebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfboxsep-2"><code>\fboxsep</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox &amp; \framebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfill"><code>\fill</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cflat"><code>\flat</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfloatpagefraction"><code>\floatpagefraction</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfloatpagefraction-1"><code>\floatpagefraction</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfloatsep"><code>\floatsep</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfloatsep-1"><code>\floatsep</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cflushbottom"><code>\flushbottom</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom">\flushbottom</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfnsymbol_002c-and-footnotes"><code>\fnsymbol<span class="r">, and footnotes</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfnsymbol_007bcounter_007d"><code>\fnsymbol{<var class="var">counter</var>}</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfontdimen1"><code>\fontdimen1</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_002f">\/</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfontencoding"><code>\fontencoding</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfontfamily"><code>\fontfamily</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfontseries"><code>\fontseries</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfontshape"><code>\fontshape</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfontsize"><code>\fontsize</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfootnote"><code>\footnote</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfootnotemark"><code>\footnotemark</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfootnoterule"><code>\footnoterule</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfootnotesep"><code>\footnotesep</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfootnotesize"><code>\footnotesize</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfootnotetext"><code>\footnotetext</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext">\footnotetext</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfootskip"><code>\footskip</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfootskip-1"><code>\footskip</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cforall"><code>\forall</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfrac"><code>\frac</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrac">\frac</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cframe"><code>\frame</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cframe">\frame</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cframebox"><code>\framebox</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cframebox-1"><code>\framebox</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox &amp; \framebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfrenchspacing"><code>\frenchspacing</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing">\frenchspacing &amp; \nonfrenchspacing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfrontmatter"><code>\frontmatter</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfrown"><code>\frown</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfussy"><code>\fussy</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy">\fussy &amp; \sloppy</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cGamma"><code>\Gamma</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cgamma"><code>\gamma</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cgcd"><code>\gcd</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cge"><code>\ge</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cgeq"><code>\geq</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cgets"><code>\gets</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cgg"><code>\gg</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cgls"><code>\gls</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cgls">\gls</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cgraphicspath"><code>\graphicspath</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath">\graphicspath</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cgraphpaper"><code>\graphpaper</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper">\graphpaper</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cgrave"><code>\grave</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cguillemetleft-_0028_00ab_0029"><code>\guillemetleft <span class="r">(&laquo;)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cguillemetright-_0028_00bb_0029"><code>\guillemetright <span class="r">(&raquo;)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cguillemotleft-_0028_00ab_0029"><code>\guillemotleft <span class="r">(&laquo;)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cguillemotright-_0028_00bb_0029"><code>\guillemotright <span class="r">(&raquo;)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cguilsinglleft-_0028_2039_0029"><code>\guilsinglleft <span class="r">(&lsaquo;)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cguilsinglright-_0028_203a_0029"><code>\guilsinglright <span class="r">(&rsaquo;)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cH-_0028Hungarian-umlaut-accent_0029"><code>\H <span class="r">(Hungarian umlaut accent)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005chat"><code>\hat</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005chbar"><code>\hbar</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cheadheight"><code>\headheight</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cheadheight-1"><code>\headheight</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cheadsep"><code>\headsep</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cheadsep-1"><code>\headsep</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cheartsuit"><code>\heartsuit</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005chfill"><code>\hfill</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005chline"><code>\hline</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005chline">\hline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005chom"><code>\hom</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005chookleftarrow"><code>\hookleftarrow</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005chookrightarrow"><code>\hookrightarrow</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005chphantom"><code>\hphantom</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005chrulefill"><code>\hrulefill</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill">\hrulefill &amp; \dotfill</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005chsize"><code>\hsize</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005chsize-1"><code>\hsize</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005chspace"><code>\hspace</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005chspace">\hspace</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005chss"><code>\hss</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005chss">\hss</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005chuge"><code>\huge</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cHuge"><code>\Huge</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005chyphenation"><code>\hyphenation</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005chyphenation">\hyphenation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ci-_0028dotless-i_0029"><code>\i <span class="r">(dotless i)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cIfBeginWith_002a-macro-from-xstring"><code>\IfBeginWith*<span class="r"> macro from <samp class="file">xstring</samp></span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ciff"><code>\iff</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cIfFileExists"><code>\IfFileExists</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cIfFileExists-_0026-_005cInputIfFileExists">\IfFileExists &amp; \InputIfFileExists</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cignorespaces"><code>\ignorespaces</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cignorespacesafterend"><code>\ignorespacesafterend</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cij-_0028ij_0029"><code>\ij <span class="r">(ij)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cIJ-_0028IJ_0029"><code>\IJ <span class="r">(IJ)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cIm"><code>\Im</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cimath"><code>\imath</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cimmediate_005cwrite"><code>\immediate\write</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cin"><code>\in</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cinclude"><code>\include</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly">\include &amp; \includeonly</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cincludegraphics"><code>\includegraphics</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cincludeonly"><code>\includeonly</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly">\include &amp; \includeonly</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cindent"><code>\indent</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">\indent &amp; \noindent</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cindex"><code>\index</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cindex-1"><code>\index</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cindexentry"><code>\indexentry</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cindexspace"><code>\indexspace</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Produce-the-index-manually">Produce the index manually</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cindexspace-1"><code>\indexspace</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cinf"><code>\inf</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cinfty"><code>\infty</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cinput"><code>\input</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cinput">\input</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cinputencoding"><code>\inputencoding</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#inputenc-package">inputenc package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cInputIfFileExists"><code>\InputIfFileExists</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cIfFileExists-_0026-_005cInputIfFileExists">\IfFileExists &amp; \InputIfFileExists</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cint"><code>\int</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cintextsep"><code>\intextsep</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cintextsep-1"><code>\intextsep</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ciota"><code>\iota</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cit"><code>\it</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005citem"><code>\item</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005citem-1"><code>\item</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005citem-2"><code>\item</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005citem-3"><code>\item</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005citem-4"><code>\item</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Produce-the-index-manually">Produce the index manually</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005citemindent"><code>\itemindent</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005citemsep"><code>\itemsep</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005citshape"><code>\itshape</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cj-_0028dotless-j_0029"><code>\j <span class="r">(dotless j)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cjmath"><code>\jmath</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cjobname"><code><code class="code">\jobname</code></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cjobname-1"><code>\jobname</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cJoin"><code>\Join</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ck-_0028ogonek_0029"><code>\k <span class="r">(ogonek)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ckappa"><code>\kappa</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cker"><code>\ker</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ckill"><code>\kill</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cl-_0028l_0029"><code>\l <span class="r">(&#322;)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cL-_0028L_0029"><code>\L <span class="r">(&#321;)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cl_0040chapter"><code>\l@chapter</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cl_0040section"><code>\l@section</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cl_0040subsection"><code>\l@subsection</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clabel"><code>\label</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005clabel">\label</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clabelenumi"><code>\labelenumi</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clabelenumii"><code>\labelenumii</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clabelenumiii"><code>\labelenumiii</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clabelenumiv"><code>\labelenumiv</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clabelitemi"><code>\labelitemi</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clabelitemii"><code>\labelitemii</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clabelitemiii"><code>\labelitemiii</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clabelitemiv"><code>\labelitemiv</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clabelsep"><code>\labelsep</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clabelwidth"><code>\labelwidth</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cLambda"><code>\Lambda</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clambda"><code>\lambda</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cland"><code>\land</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clangle"><code>\langle</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clarge"><code>\large</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cLarge"><code>\Large</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cLARGE"><code>\LARGE</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cLastDeclaredEncoding"><code>\LastDeclaredEncoding</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding">\LastDeclaredEncoding</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cLaTeX"><code>\LaTeX</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cLaTeXe"><code>\LaTeXe</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clbrace"><code>\lbrace</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clbrack"><code>\lbrack</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clceil"><code>\lceil</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cldots"><code>\ldots</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cldots-1"><code>\ldots</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cle"><code>\le</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cleadsto"><code>\leadsto</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cleft"><code>\left</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left &amp; \right</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cLeftarrow"><code>\Leftarrow</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cleftarrow"><code>\leftarrow</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clefteqn"><code>\lefteqn</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cleftharpoondown"><code>\leftharpoondown</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cleftharpoonup"><code>\leftharpoonup</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cleftmargin"><code>\leftmargin</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cleftmargin-1"><code>\leftmargin</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cleftmargini"><code>\leftmargini</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cleftmarginii"><code>\leftmarginii</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cleftmarginiii"><code>\leftmarginiii</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cleftmarginiv"><code>\leftmarginiv</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cleftmarginv"><code>\leftmarginv</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cleftmarginvi"><code>\leftmarginvi</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cLeftrightarrow"><code>\Leftrightarrow</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cleftrightarrow"><code>\leftrightarrow</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cleq"><code>\leq</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clfloor"><code>\lfloor</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clg"><code>\lg</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clhd"><code>\lhd</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clim"><code>\lim</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005climinf"><code>\liminf</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005climsup"><code>\limsup</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cline"><code>\line</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clinebreak"><code>\linebreak</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak &amp; \nolinebreak</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clineskip"><code>\lineskip</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip &amp; \baselinestretch</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clineskiplimit"><code>\lineskiplimit</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip &amp; \baselinestretch</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clinespread"><code>\linespread</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clinespread-1"><code>\linespread</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip &amp; \baselinestretch</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clinethickness"><code>\linethickness</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005clinethickness">\linethickness</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clinewidth"><code>\linewidth</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clinewidth-1"><code>\linewidth</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clistoffigures"><code>\listoffigures</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clistoffigures-1"><code>\listoffigures</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clistoftables"><code>\listoftables</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clistoftables-1"><code>\listoftables</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clistparindent"><code>\listparindent</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cll"><code>\ll</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cln"><code>\ln</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clnot"><code>\lnot</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cLoadClass"><code>\LoadClass</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cLoadClass-_0026-_005cLoadClassWithOptions">\LoadClass &amp; \LoadClassWithOptions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cLoadClassWithOptions"><code>\LoadClassWithOptions</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cLoadClass-_0026-_005cLoadClassWithOptions">\LoadClass &amp; \LoadClassWithOptions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clocation"><code>\location</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005clocation">\location</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clog"><code>\log</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clong-command_002c-checking-for"><code class="code">\long</code> command, checking for</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cCheckCommand">\CheckCommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clong_002c-not-defining-a-command-as"><code>\long<span class="r">, not defining a command as</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clongleftarrow"><code>\longleftarrow</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clongleftrightarrow"><code>\longleftrightarrow</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clongmapsto"><code>\longmapsto</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clongrightarrow"><code>\longrightarrow</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clor"><code>\lor</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clq"><code>\lq</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmainmatter"><code>\mainmatter</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmakeatother"><code>\makeatother</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmakeatother-1"><code>\makeatother</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmakebox"><code>\makebox</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmakebox-_0028for-picture_0029"><code>\makebox <span class="r">(for <code class="code">picture</code>)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">\makebox (picture)</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmakeglossary"><code>\makeglossary</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmakeglossary-1"><code>\makeglossary</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmakeindex"><code>\makeindex</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmakelabel"><code>\makelabel</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmakelabels"><code>\makelabels</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">\makelabels</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmaketitle"><code>\maketitle</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmapsto"><code>\mapsto</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmarginpar"><code>\marginpar</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmarginparpush"><code>\marginparpush</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmarginparpush-1"><code>\marginparpush</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmarginparpush-2"><code>\marginparpush</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmarginparsep"><code>\marginparsep</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmarginparwidth"><code>\marginparwidth</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmarginparwidth-1"><code>\marginparwidth</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmarginparwidth-2"><code>\marginparwidth</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmarginsep"><code>\marginsep</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmarginsep-1"><code>\marginsep</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmarkboth_007bleft_002dhead_007d_007bright_002dhead_007d"><code>\markboth{<var class="var">left-head</var>}{<var class="var">right-head</var>}</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmarkright_007bright_002dhead_007d"><code>\markright{<var class="var">right-head</var>}</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmathbf"><code>\mathbf</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmathcal"><code>\mathcal</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmathdollar"><code>\mathdollar</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmathellipsis"><code>\mathellipsis</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmathnormal"><code>\mathnormal</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmathparagraph"><code>\mathparagraph</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmathring"><code>\mathring</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmathrm"><code>\mathrm</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmathsection"><code>\mathsection</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmathsf"><code>\mathsf</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmathsterling"><code>\mathsterling</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmathstrut"><code><code class="code">\mathstrut</code></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut">\mathstrut</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmathtt"><code>\mathtt</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmathunderscore"><code>\mathunderscore</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmathversion"><code>\mathversion</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmax"><code>\max</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmbox"><code>\mbox</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmdseries"><code>\mdseries</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmedbreak"><code>\medbreak</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak">\bigbreak &amp; \medbreak &amp; \smallbreak</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmedskip"><code>\medskip</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip &amp; \medskip &amp; \smallskip</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmedskip-1"><code>\medskip</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip &amp; \medskip &amp; \smallskip</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmedskipamount"><code>\medskipamount</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip &amp; \medskip &amp; \smallskip</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmedspace"><code>\medspace</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmessage"><code>\message</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmessage">\message</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cMessageBreak_002c-and-message-text"><code class="code">\MessageBreak</code>, and message text</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cClassError-and-_005cPackageError-and-others">\ClassError and \PackageError and others</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmho"><code>\mho</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmid"><code>\mid</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmin"><code>\min</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmodels"><code>\models</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmonth"><code>\month</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear">\day &amp; \month &amp; \year</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmp"><code>\mp</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmu"><code>\mu</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmulticolumn"><code>\multicolumn</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn">\multicolumn</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmultiput"><code>\multiput</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmultiput">\multiput</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnabla"><code>\nabla</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cname"><code>\name</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cname">\name</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnatural"><code>\natural</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cne"><code>\ne</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnearrow"><code>\nearrow</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cNeedsTeXFormat"><code>\NeedsTeXFormat</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cNeedsTeXFormat">\NeedsTeXFormat</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cneg"><code>\neg</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnegmedspace"><code>\negmedspace</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnegthickspace"><code>\negthickspace</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnegthinspace"><code>\negthinspace</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnegthinspace-1"><code>\negthinspace</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cneq"><code>\neq</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnewcommand"><code>\newcommand</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnewcounter"><code>\newcounter</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">\newcounter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnewenvironment"><code>\newenvironment</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnewfont"><code>\newfont</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnewglossaryentry"><code>\newglossaryentry</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnewlength"><code>\newlength</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnewline"><code>\newline</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewline">\newline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cNEWLINE">\<kbd class="key">NEWLINE</kbd></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">\(SPACE)</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnewpage"><code>\newpage</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnewrobustcmd-_0028etoolbox-package_0029"><code>\newrobustcmd <span class="r">(<code class="t">etoolbox</code> package)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareRobustCommand">\DeclareRobustCommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnewsavebox"><code>\newsavebox</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnewtheorem"><code>\newtheorem</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnewtie"><code>\newtie</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnewwrite"><code>\newwrite</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cng"><code>\ng</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cNG"><code>\NG</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cni"><code>\ni</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnobreakspace"><code>\nobreakspace</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnocite"><code>\nocite</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnocite">\nocite</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnocite-_007b_002a_007d_002c-for-all-keys"><code>\nocite <span class="r">{*}, for all keys</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnocite-and-internal-_005ccitation"><code>\nocite <span class="r">and internal <code class="code">\citation</code></span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnocorr"><code>\nocorr</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnocorrlist"><code>\nocorrlist</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnofiles"><code>\nofiles</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnofiles">\nofiles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnoindent"><code>\noindent</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">\indent &amp; \noindent</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnolinebreak"><code>\nolinebreak</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak &amp; \nolinebreak</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnonfrenchspacing"><code>\nonfrenchspacing</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing">\frenchspacing &amp; \nonfrenchspacing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnonumber"><code>\nonumber</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnopagebreak"><code>\nopagebreak</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnormalfont"><code>\normalfont</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnormalmarginpar"><code>\normalmarginpar</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnormalsfcodes"><code>\normalsfcodes</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes">\normalsfcodes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnormalsize"><code>\normalsize</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnot"><code>\not</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnotin"><code>\notin</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnu"><code>\nu</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnumberline"><code>\numberline</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnumberline">\numberline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnwarrow"><code>\nwarrow</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005co-_0028o_0029"><code>\o <span class="r">(&oslash;)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cO-_0028O_0029"><code>\O <span class="r">(&Oslash;)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cobeycr"><code>\obeycr</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005coddsidemargin"><code>\oddsidemargin</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005coddsidemargin-1"><code>\oddsidemargin</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005coddsidemargin-2"><code>\oddsidemargin</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005codot"><code>\odot</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005coe-_0028oe_0029"><code>\oe <span class="r">(&oelig;)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cOE-_0028OE_0029"><code>\OE <span class="r">(&OElig;)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005coint"><code>\oint</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005coldstylenums"><code>\oldstylenums</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cOmega"><code>\Omega</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005comega"><code>\omega</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cominus"><code>\ominus</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005conecolumn"><code>\onecolumn</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005conecolumn">\onecolumn</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005copenin"><code>\openin</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout">\openin &amp; \openout</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005copening"><code>\opening</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005copening">\opening</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005copenout"><code>\openout</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout">\openin &amp; \openout</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005coplus"><code>\oplus</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cOptionNotUsed"><code>\OptionNotUsed</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cOptionNotUsed">\OptionNotUsed</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005coslash"><code>\oslash</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cotimes"><code>\otimes</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005coval"><code>\oval</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005coval">\oval</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005coverbrace_007bmath_007d"><code>\overbrace{<var class="var">math</var>}</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Over_002d-or-under-math">Over- or under math</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005coverleftarrow_007bmath_007d"><code>\overleftarrow{<var class="var">math</var>}</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Over_002d-or-under-math">Over- or under math</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005coverline_007bmath_007d"><code>\overline{<var class="var">math</var>}</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Over_002d-or-under-math">Over- or under math</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005coverrightarrow_007bmath_007d"><code>\overrightarrow{<var class="var">math</var>}</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Over_002d-or-under-math">Over- or under math</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cowns"><code>\owns</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cP"><code>\P</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cPackageError"><code>\PackageError</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cClassError-and-_005cPackageError-and-others">\ClassError and \PackageError and others</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cPackageInfo"><code>\PackageInfo</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cClassError-and-_005cPackageError-and-others">\ClassError and \PackageError and others</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cPackageInfoNoLine"><code>\PackageInfoNoLine</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cClassError-and-_005cPackageError-and-others">\ClassError and \PackageError and others</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cPackageWarning"><code>\PackageWarning</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cClassError-and-_005cPackageError-and-others">\ClassError and \PackageError and others</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cPackageWarningNoLine"><code>\PackageWarningNoLine</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cClassError-and-_005cPackageError-and-others">\ClassError and \PackageError and others</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpagebreak"><code>\pagebreak</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpagenumbering"><code>\pagenumbering</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">\pagenumbering</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpageref"><code>\pageref</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpageref">\pageref</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpagestyle"><code>\pagestyle</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpaperheight"><code>\paperheight</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpaperheight-1"><code>\paperheight</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpaperwidth"><code>\paperwidth</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpaperwidth-1"><code>\paperwidth</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpar"><code>\par</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpar">\par</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cparagraph"><code>\paragraph</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cparagraph-1"><code>\paragraph</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cparallel"><code>\parallel</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cparbox"><code>\parbox</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cparindent"><code>\parindent</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cparindent-1"><code>\parindent</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">\indent &amp; \noindent</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cparindent-2"><code>\parindent</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent &amp; \parskip</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cparsep"><code>\parsep</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cparskip"><code>\parskip</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent &amp; \parskip</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cparskip-example"><code>\parskip <span class="r">example</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpart"><code>\part</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpart-1"><code>\part</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpart">\part</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpartial"><code>\partial</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpartopsep"><code>\partopsep</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cPassOptionsToClass"><code>\PassOptionsToClass</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cPassOptionsToClass-_0026-_005cPassOptionsToPackage">\PassOptionsToClass &amp; \PassOptionsToPackage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cPassOptionsToClass_002c-ignoring"><code>\PassOptionsToClass<span class="r">, ignoring</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cLoadClass-_0026-_005cLoadClassWithOptions">\LoadClass &amp; \LoadClassWithOptions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cPassOptionsToPackage"><code>\PassOptionsToPackage</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cPassOptionsToClass-_0026-_005cPassOptionsToPackage">\PassOptionsToClass &amp; \PassOptionsToPackage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpdfpageheight"><code>\pdfpageheight</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpdfpagewidth"><code>\pdfpagewidth</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cperp"><code>\perp</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cphantom"><code>\phantom</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cPhi"><code>\Phi</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cphi"><code>\phi</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cPi"><code>\Pi</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpi"><code>\pi</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpm"><code>\pm</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpmod"><code>\pmod</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpoptabs"><code>\poptabs</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpoptabs-1"><code>\poptabs</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpounds"><code>\pounds</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cPr"><code>\Pr</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cprec"><code>\prec</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpreceq"><code>\preceq</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cprevdepth"><code>\prevdepth</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip &amp; \baselinestretch</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cprime"><code>\prime</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cprintglossaries"><code>\printglossaries</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cprintglossaries-1"><code>\printglossaries</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cprintindex"><code>\printindex</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cprintindex">\printindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cProcessOptions"><code>\ProcessOptions</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cProcessOptions">\ProcessOptions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cprod"><code>\prod</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpropto"><code>\propto</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cprotect_002c-and-message-text"><code class="code">\protect</code>, and message text</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cClassError-and-_005cPackageError-and-others">\ClassError and \PackageError and others</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cprotected_0040write"><code>\protected@write</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cprovidecommand"><code>\providecommand</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand">\providecommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cproviderobustcmd-_0028etoolbox-package_0029"><code>\providerobustcmd <span class="r">(<code class="t">etoolbox</code> package)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareRobustCommand">\DeclareRobustCommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cProvidesClass"><code>\ProvidesClass</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cProvidesClass-_0026-_005cProvidesPackage">\ProvidesClass &amp; \ProvidesPackage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cProvidesFile"><code>\ProvidesFile</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cProvidesFile">\ProvidesFile</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cProvidesPackage"><code>\ProvidesPackage</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cProvidesClass-_0026-_005cProvidesPackage">\ProvidesClass &amp; \ProvidesPackage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cProvideTextCommand"><code>\ProvideTextCommand</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand">\DeclareTextCommand &amp; \ProvideTextCommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault"><code>\ProvideTextCommandDefault</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault">\DeclareTextCommandDefault &amp; \ProvideTextCommandDefault</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cps"><code>\ps</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cps">\ps</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cPsi"><code>\Psi</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpsi"><code>\psi</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpushtabs"><code>\pushtabs</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cput"><code>\put</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cput">\put</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cqbezier"><code>\qbezier</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cqbezier">\qbezier</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cqquad"><code>\qquad</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cqquad-1"><code>\qquad</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad">\enspace &amp; \quad &amp; \qquad</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cquad"><code>\quad</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cquad-1"><code>\quad</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad">\enspace &amp; \quad &amp; \qquad</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cquotedblbase-_0028_201e_0029"><code>\quotedblbase <span class="r">(&bdquo;)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cquotesinglbase-_0028_201a_0029"><code>\quotesinglbase <span class="r">(&sbquo;)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cr-_0028ring-accent_0029"><code>\r <span class="r">(ring accent)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005craggedbottom"><code>\raggedbottom</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom">\raggedbottom</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005craggedleft"><code>\raggedleft</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005craggedright"><code>\raggedright</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005craisebox"><code>\raisebox</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005craisebox">\raisebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crangle"><code>\rangle</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crbrace"><code>\rbrace</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crbrack"><code>\rbrack</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crceil"><code>\rceil</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cRe"><code>\Re</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cread"><code>\read</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cread">\read</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cref"><code>\ref</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005creflectbox"><code>\reflectbox</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crefname"><code>\refname</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crefstepcounter"><code>\refstepcounter</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter">\refstepcounter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crenewcommand"><code>\renewcommand</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crenewenvironment"><code>\renewenvironment</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crenewrobustcmd-_0028etoolbox-package_0029"><code>\renewrobustcmd <span class="r">(<code class="t">etoolbox</code> package)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareRobustCommand">\DeclareRobustCommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cRequirePackage"><code>\RequirePackage</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cRequirePackage-_0026-_005cRequirePackageWithOptions">\RequirePackage &amp; \RequirePackageWithOptions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cRequirePackage_002c-and-texput-jobname"><code>\RequirePackage<span class="r">, and <code class="code">texput</code> jobname</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cRequirePackageWithOptions"><code>\RequirePackageWithOptions</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cRequirePackage-_0026-_005cRequirePackageWithOptions">\RequirePackage &amp; \RequirePackageWithOptions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cresizebox"><code>\resizebox</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crestorecr"><code>\restorecr</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crestriction"><code>\restriction</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crevemptyset"><code>\revemptyset</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005creversemarginpar"><code>\reversemarginpar</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crfloor"><code>\rfloor</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crhd"><code>\rhd</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crho"><code>\rho</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cright"><code>\right</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left &amp; \right</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cRightarrow"><code>\Rightarrow</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crightarrow"><code>\rightarrow</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crightharpoondown"><code>\rightharpoondown</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crightharpoonup"><code>\rightharpoonup</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crightleftharpoons"><code>\rightleftharpoons</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crightmargin"><code>\rightmargin</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crm"><code>\rm</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crmfamily"><code>\rmfamily</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005croman_007bcounter_007d"><code>\roman{<var class="var">counter</var>}</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cRoman_007bcounter_007d"><code>\Roman{<var class="var">counter</var>}</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crotatebox"><code>\rotatebox</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crq"><code>\rq</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crule"><code>\rule</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cS"><code>\S</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csamepage"><code>\samepage</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csavebox"><code>\savebox</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox">\sbox &amp; \savebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csbox"><code>\sbox</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox">\sbox &amp; \savebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csc"><code>\sc</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cscalebox"><code>\scalebox</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cscriptscriptstyle"><code>\scriptscriptstyle</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cscriptsize"><code>\scriptsize</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cscriptstyle"><code>\scriptstyle</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cscshape"><code>\scshape</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csearrow"><code>\searrow</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csec"><code>\sec</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csection"><code>\section</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csection-1"><code>\section</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csection">\section</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cseename"><code>\seename</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cselectfont"><code>\selectfont</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csetcounter"><code>\setcounter</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csetlength"><code>\setlength</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csetlength">\setlength</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csetminus"><code>\setminus</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csettodepth"><code>\settodepth</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csettodepth">\settodepth</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csettoheight"><code>\settoheight</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csettoheight">\settoheight</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csettowidth"><code>\settowidth</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csettowidth">\settowidth</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csf"><code>\sf</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csffamily"><code>\sffamily</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csharp"><code>\sharp</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cShellEscape"><code>\ShellEscape</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cshipout-and-expansion"><code>\shipout <span class="r">and expansion</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cshortstack"><code>\shortstack</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cshortstack">\shortstack</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cSigma"><code>\Sigma</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csigma"><code>\sigma</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csignature"><code>\signature</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csignature">\signature</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csim"><code>\sim</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csimeq"><code>\simeq</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csin"><code>\sin</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csinh"><code>\sinh</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csl"><code>\sl</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cslash"><code>\slash</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cslash">\slash</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csloppy"><code>\sloppy</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy">\fussy &amp; \sloppy</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cslshape"><code>\slshape</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csmall"><code>\small</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csmallbreak"><code>\smallbreak</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak">\bigbreak &amp; \medbreak &amp; \smallbreak</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csmallint"><code>\smallint</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csmallskip"><code>\smallskip</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip &amp; \medskip &amp; \smallskip</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csmallskip-1"><code>\smallskip</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip &amp; \medskip &amp; \smallskip</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csmallskipamount"><code>\smallskipamount</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip &amp; \medskip &amp; \smallskip</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csmile"><code>\smile</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cSPACE">\<kbd class="key">SPACE</kbd></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">\(SPACE)</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cSPACE-1"><code>\<kbd class="key">SPACE</kbd></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">\(SPACE)</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cspace"><code>\space</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly">\include &amp; \includeonly</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cspace-1"><code>\space</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cinput">\input</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cspace-2"><code>\space</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctypeout">\typeout</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cspace_002c-and-message-text"><code class="code">\space</code>, and message text</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cClassError-and-_005cPackageError-and-others">\ClassError and \PackageError and others</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cspacefactor"><code>\spacefactor</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor">\spacefactor</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cspadesuit"><code>\spadesuit</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csqcap"><code>\sqcap</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csqcup"><code>\sqcup</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csqrt"><code>\sqrt</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csqrt">\sqrt</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csqsubset"><code>\sqsubset</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csqsubseteq"><code>\sqsubseteq</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csqsupset"><code>\sqsupset</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csqsupseteq"><code>\sqsupseteq</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005css-_0028ss_0029"><code>\ss <span class="r">(&szlig;)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cSS-_0028SS_0029"><code>\SS <span class="r">(SS)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cstackrel"><code>\stackrel</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cstackrel">\stackrel</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cstar"><code>\star</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cstepcounter"><code>\stepcounter</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter">\stepcounter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cstop"><code>\stop</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Recovering-from-errors">Recovering from errors</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cstretch"><code>\stretch</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cstretch">\stretch</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cstrut"><code>\strut</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csubitem"><code>\subitem</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Produce-the-index-manually">Produce the index manually</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csubparagraph"><code>\subparagraph</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csubparagraph-1"><code>\subparagraph</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csubsection"><code>\subsection</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csubsection-1"><code>\subsection</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsection">\subsection</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csubset"><code>\subset</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csubseteq"><code>\subseteq</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csubsubitem"><code>\subsubitem</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Produce-the-index-manually">Produce the index manually</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csubsubsection"><code>\subsubsection</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csubsubsection-1"><code>\subsubsection</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csucc"><code>\succ</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csucceq"><code>\succeq</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csum"><code>\sum</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csup"><code>\sup</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csuppressfloats"><code>\suppressfloats</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csupset"><code>\supset</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csupseteq"><code>\supseteq</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csurd"><code>\surd</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cswarrow"><code>\swarrow</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csymbf"><code>\symbf</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#OpenType-bold-math">OpenType bold math</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csymbfit"><code>\symbfit</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#OpenType-bold-math">OpenType bold math</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csymbol"><code>\symbol</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Symbols-by-font-position">Symbols by font position</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ct-_0028tie_002dafter-accent_0029"><code>\t <span class="r">(tie-after accent)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cTAB">\<kbd class="key">TAB</kbd></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">\(SPACE)</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctabbingsep"><code>\tabbingsep</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctabcolsep"><code>\tabcolsep</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctableofcontents"><code>\tableofcontents</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctableofcontents-1"><code>\tableofcontents</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctan"><code>\tan</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctanh"><code>\tanh</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctau"><code>\tau</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctelephone"><code>\telephone</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctelephone">\telephone</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cTeX"><code>\TeX</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextascendercompwordmark"><code>\textascendercompwordmark</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextasciicircum"><code>\textasciicircum</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextasciitilde"><code>\textasciitilde</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextasteriskcentered"><code>\textasteriskcentered</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextbackslash"><code>\textbackslash</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Printing-special-characters">Printing special characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextbackslash-1"><code>\textbackslash</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextbar"><code>\textbar</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextbardbl"><code>\textbardbl</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextbf"><code>\textbf</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextbigcircle"><code>\textbigcircle</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextbraceleft"><code>\textbraceleft</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextbraceright"><code>\textbraceright</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextbullet"><code>\textbullet</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextcapitalcompwordmark"><code>\textcapitalcompwordmark</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextcircled_007bletter_007d"><code>\textcircled{<var class="var">letter</var>}</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextcompwordmark"><code>\textcompwordmark</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextcopyright"><code>\textcopyright</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextdagger"><code>\textdagger</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextdaggerdbl"><code>\textdaggerdbl</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextdollar-_0028or-_005c_0024_0029"><code>\textdollar <span class="r">(or <code class="code">\$</code>)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextellipsis"><code>\textellipsis</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextemdash-_0028or-_002d_002d_002d_0029"><code>\textemdash <span class="r">(or <code class="code">---</code>)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextendash-_0028or-_002d_002d_0029"><code>\textendash <span class="r">(or <code class="code">--</code>)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctexteuro"><code>\texteuro</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextexclamdown-_0028or-_0021_0060_0029"><code>\textexclamdown <span class="r">(or <code class="code">!`</code>)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextfiguredash"><code>\textfiguredash</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextfloatsep"><code>\textfloatsep</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextfloatsep-1"><code>\textfloatsep</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextfraction"><code>\textfraction</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextfraction-1"><code>\textfraction</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextgreater"><code>\textgreater</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextheight"><code>\textheight</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextheight-1"><code>\textheight</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctexthorizontalbar"><code>\texthorizontalbar</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextit"><code>\textit</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextleftarrow"><code>\textleftarrow</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextless"><code>\textless</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextmd"><code>\textmd</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextnonbreakinghyphen"><code>\textnonbreakinghyphen</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextnormal"><code>\textnormal</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextordfeminine"><code>\textordfeminine</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextordmasculine"><code>\textordmasculine</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextparagraph"><code>\textparagraph</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextperiodcentered"><code>\textperiodcentered</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextquestiondown-_0028or-_003f_0060_0029"><code>\textquestiondown <span class="r">(or <code class="code">?`</code>)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextquotedblleft-_0028or-_0060_0060_0029"><code>\textquotedblleft <span class="r">(or <code class="code">``</code>)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextquotedblright-_0028or-_0027_0027_0029"><code>\textquotedblright <span class="r">(or <code class="code">''</code>)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextquoteleft-_0028or-_0060_0029"><code>\textquoteleft <span class="r">(or <code class="code">`</code>)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextquoteright-_0028or-_0027_0029"><code>\textquoteright <span class="r">(or <code class="code">'</code>)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextquotesingle"><code>\textquotesingle</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextquotestraightbase"><code>\textquotestraightbase</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextquotestraightdblbase"><code>\textquotestraightdblbase</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextregistered"><code>\textregistered</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextrightarrow"><code>\textrightarrow</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextrm"><code>\textrm</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextsc"><code>\textsc</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextsection"><code>\textsection</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextsf"><code>\textsf</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextsl"><code>\textsl</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextsterling"><code>\textsterling</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextstyle"><code>\textstyle</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextthreequartersemdash"><code>\textthreequartersemdash</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctexttrademark"><code>\texttrademark</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctexttt"><code>\texttt</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctexttwelveudash"><code>\texttwelveudash</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextunderscore"><code>\textunderscore</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextup"><code>\textup</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextvisiblespace"><code>\textvisiblespace</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextwidth"><code>\textwidth</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextwidth-1"><code>\textwidth</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cth-_0028th_0029"><code>\th <span class="r">(&thorn;)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cTH-_0028TH_0029"><code>\TH <span class="r">(&THORN;)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cthanks_007btext_007d"><code>\thanks{<var class="var">text</var>}</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cthepage"><code>\thepage</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cthepage">\thepage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctheta"><code>\theta</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cthicklines"><code>\thicklines</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cthicklines">\thicklines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cthickspace"><code>\thickspace</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cthinlines"><code>\thinlines</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cthinlines">\thinlines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cthinspace"><code>\thinspace</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cthinspace-1"><code>\thinspace</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cthispagestyle"><code>\thispagestyle</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle">\thispagestyle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctilde"><code>\tilde</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctimes"><code>\times</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctiny"><code>\tiny</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctitle_007btext_007d"><code>\title{<var class="var">text</var>}</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cto"><code>\to</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctoday"><code>\today</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctop"><code>\top</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctopfraction"><code>\topfraction</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctopfraction-1"><code>\topfraction</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctopmargin"><code>\topmargin</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctopsep"><code>\topsep</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctopskip"><code>\topskip</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctopskip-1"><code>\topskip</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctriangle"><code>\triangle</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctriangleleft"><code>\triangleleft</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctriangleright"><code>\triangleright</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctt"><code>\tt</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cttfamily"><code>\ttfamily</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctwocolumn"><code>\twocolumn</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctypein"><code>\typein</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctypein">\typein</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctypeout"><code>\typeout</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctypeout">\typeout</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cu-_0028breve-accent_0029"><code>\u <span class="r">(breve accent)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cunboldmath"><code>\unboldmath</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">\boldmath &amp; \unboldmath</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cunboldmath-1"><code>\unboldmath</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">\boldmath &amp; \unboldmath</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cunderbar"><code>\underbar</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cunderbrace_007bmath_007d"><code>\underbrace{<var class="var">math</var>}</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Over_002d-or-under-math">Over- or under math</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cunderline_007bmath_007d"><code>\underline{<var class="var">math</var>}</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Over_002d-or-under-math">Over- or under math</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cunitlength"><code>\unitlength</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cunlhd"><code>\unlhd</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cunrhd"><code>\unrhd</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cUparrow"><code>\Uparrow</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cuparrow"><code>\uparrow</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cUpdownarrow"><code>\Updownarrow</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cupdownarrow"><code>\updownarrow</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cupharpoonright"><code>\upharpoonright</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cuplus"><code>\uplus</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cupshape"><code>\upshape</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cUpsilon"><code>\Upsilon</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cupsilon"><code>\upsilon</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cusebox"><code>\usebox</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cusebox">\usebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cusecounter"><code>\usecounter</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cusefont"><code>\usefont</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cusepackage"><code>\usepackage</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cusepackage">\usepackage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cUseTextAccent"><code>\UseTextAccent</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent">\UseTextSymbol &amp; \UseTextAccent</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cUseTextSymbol"><code>\UseTextSymbol</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent">\UseTextSymbol &amp; \UseTextAccent</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cv-_0028breve-accent_0029"><code>\v <span class="r">(breve accent)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvalue"><code>\value</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cvalue">\value</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvanothing"><code>\vanothing</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvarepsilon"><code>\varepsilon</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvarphi"><code>\varphi</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvarpi"><code>\varpi</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvarrho"><code>\varrho</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvarsigma"><code>\varsigma</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvartheta"><code>\vartheta</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvbox-_0028plain-TeX_0029"><code>\vbox <span class="r">(plain TeX)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvdash"><code>\vdash</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvdots"><code>\vdots</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvec"><code>\vec</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvector"><code>\vector</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cvector">\vector</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvee"><code>\vee</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cverb"><code>\verb</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cverb_002c-as-fragile-command"><code>\verb<span class="r">, as fragile command</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cVert"><code>\Vert</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvert"><code>\vert</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvfill"><code>\vfill</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvline"><code>\vline</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cvline">\vline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvphantom"><code>\vphantom</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvspace"><code>\vspace</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvtop-plain-TeX"><code>\vtop <span class="r">plain TeX</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cwedge"><code>\wedge</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cwidehat"><code>\widehat</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cwidetilde"><code>\widetilde</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cwlog"><code>\wlog</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwlog">\wlog</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cwp"><code>\wp</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cwr"><code>\wr</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cwrite"><code>\write</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cwrite-and-security"><code class="code">\write</code> and security</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite-and-security">\write and security</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cwrite-streams-16_002c-17_002c-18"><code class="code">\write</code> streams 16, 17, 18</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cwrite18"><code>\write18</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cwrite18_002c-enabling"><code class="code">\write18</code>, enabling</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cXeTeXdefaultencoding"><code>\XeTeXdefaultencoding</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#inputenc-package">inputenc package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cXeTeXinputencoding"><code>\XeTeXinputencoding</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#inputenc-package">inputenc package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cXi"><code>\Xi</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cxi"><code>\xi</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cxspace"><code>\xspace</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#xspace-package">xspace package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cyear"><code>\year</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear">\day &amp; \month &amp; \year</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005czeta"><code>\zeta</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-11">&amp;</th></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_0026-_0028for-table-cells_0029"><code>&amp; <span class="r">(for table cells)</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_0026-character_002c-meaning-of"><code>&amp; <span class="r">character</span>, meaning of</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-characters">Special characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-12">#</th></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_0023-character_002c-meaning-of"><code># <span class="r">character</span>, meaning of</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-characters">Special characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-13">%</th></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_0025-character_002c-meaning-of"><code>% <span class="r">character</span>, meaning of</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-characters">Special characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-14">^</th></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005e-character_002c-meaning-of"><code>^ <span class="r">character</span>, meaning of</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-characters">Special characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005e-superscript"><code>^ <span class="r">superscript</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005e_005eJ_002c-in-_005cwrite"><code class="code">^^J</code>, in <code class="code">\write</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-15">~</th></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_007e"><code>~</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_007e-character_002c-meaning-of"><code>~ <span class="r">character</span>, meaning of</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-characters">Special characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-16">$</th></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_0024-character_002c-meaning-of"><code>$ <span class="r">character</span>, meaning of</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-characters">Special characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_0024-inline-math"><code>$ <span class="r">inline math</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#math">math</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_0024_0024_002e_002e_002e_0024_0024-plain-TeX-display-math"><code>$$...$$ <span class="r">plain TeX display math</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-17">1</th></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-10pt-option"><code>10pt <span class="r">option</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-11pt-option"><code>11pt <span class="r">option</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-12pt-option"><code>12pt <span class="r">option</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-A">A</th></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-a4paper-option"><code>a4paper <span class="r">option</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-a5paper-option"><code>a5paper <span class="r">option</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-abstract-environment"><code><code class="code">abstract</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#abstract">abstract</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-abstract-package"><code class="code">abstract</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#abstract">abstract</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-abstracts">abstracts</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#abstract">abstract</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-accents">accents</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-accents_002c-defining">accents, defining</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding">\DeclareFontEncoding</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-accents_002c-defining-1">accents, defining</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent">\DeclareTextAccent</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-accents_002c-defining-2">accents, defining</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault">\DeclareTextAccentDefault</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-accents_002c-defining-3">accents, defining</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite">\DeclareTextComposite</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-accents_002c-defining-4">accents, defining</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-accents_002c-defining-5">accents, defining</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-accents_002c-mathematical">accents, mathematical</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-accessibility">accessibility</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDocumentMetadata">\DocumentMetadata</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-accessing-any-character-of-a-font">accessing any character of a font</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Symbols-by-font-position">Symbols by font position</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-acronyms_002c-list-of">acronyms, list of</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-acute-accent">acute accent</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-acute-accent_002c-math">acute accent, math</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-additional-packages_002c-loading">additional packages, loading</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cusepackage">\usepackage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-adjustbox-package"><code class="code">adjustbox</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ae-ligature">ae ligature</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-algorithm2e-package"><code class="code">algorithm2e</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-align-environment_002c-from-amsmath">align <span class="r">environment, from <code class="code">amsmath</code></span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-aligning-equations">aligning equations</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-alignment-via-tabbing">alignment via tabbing</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-alphabetic-presentation-forms-Unicode-block">alphabetic presentation forms Unicode block</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Ligatures">Ligatures</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ampersand-character_002c-meaning-of">ampersand character, meaning of</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-characters">Special characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amscd-package"><code class="code">amscd</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsfonts-package"><code class="code">amsfonts</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsfonts-package-1"><code class="code">amsfonts</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package"><code class="code">amsmath</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-1"><code class="code">amsmath</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-2"><code class="code">amsmath</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-3"><code class="code">amsmath</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-4"><code class="code">amsmath</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-5"><code class="code">amsmath</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-6"><code class="code">amsmath</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left &amp; \right</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-7"><code class="code">amsmath</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e">\bigl &amp; \bigr etc.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-8"><code class="code">amsmath</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-9"><code class="code">amsmath</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-10"><code class="code">amsmath</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-11"><code class="code">amsmath</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-12"><code class="code">amsmath</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character &amp; \colon</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-13"><code class="code">amsmath</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character &amp; \colon</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-14"><code class="code">amsmath</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package_002c-replacing-eqnarray">amsmath <span class="r">package, replacing <code class="code">eqnarray</code></span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsthm-package"><code class="code">amsthm</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsthm-package-1"><code class="code">amsthm</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-answers-package"><code class="code">answers</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-appendices">appendices</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cappendix">\appendix</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-appendix">appendix</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cappendix">\appendix</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-appendix-package"><code class="code">appendix</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cappendix">\appendix</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-arguments_002c-optional_002c-defining-and-using">arguments, optional, defining and using</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-aring">aring</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-array-environment"><code><code class="code">array</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-array-package"><code class="code">array</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-arrays_002c-math">arrays, math</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-arrow_002c-left_002c-in-text">arrow, left, in text</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-arrow_002c-right_002c-in-text">arrow, right, in text</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-arrows">arrows</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-article-class"><code>article <span class="r">class</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ascender-height">ascender height</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ASCII-circumflex_002c-in-text">ASCII circumflex, in text</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ASCII-tilde_002c-in-text">ASCII tilde, in text</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-asterisk_002c-centered_002c-in-text">asterisk, centered, in text</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Asymptote-package"><code class="code">Asymptote</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Asymptote-package-1"><code class="code">Asymptote</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Asymptote-package-2"><code class="code">Asymptote</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Asymptote-package-3"><code class="code">Asymptote</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-at-clause_002c-in-font-definitions">at clause, in font definitions</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-at_002dsign"><code>at-sign</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-atenddvi-package"><code class="code">atenddvi</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDvi-_0026-_005cAtEndDvi">\AtBeginDvi &amp; \AtEndDvi</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-author_002c-for-titlepage">author, for titlepage</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-auxiliary-file">auxiliary file</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-B">B</th></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-b5paper-option"><code>b5paper <span class="r">option</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-babel-package"><code class="code">babel</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-babel-package-1"><code class="code">babel</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-babel-package-2"><code class="code">babel</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-babel-package-3"><code class="code">babel</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-babel-package-4"><code class="code">babel</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-babel-package-5"><code class="code">babel</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-back-matter-of-a-book">back matter of a book</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-background_002c-colored">background, colored</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colored-pages">Colored pages</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-backslash_002c-in-text">backslash, in text</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-backslash_002c-meaning-of">backslash, meaning of</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-characters">Special characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-badness">badness</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bar_002dover-accent">bar-over accent</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bar_002dover-accent_002c-math">bar-over accent, math</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bar_002dunder-accent">bar-under accent</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bar_002c-double-vertical_002c-in-text">bar, double vertical, in text</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bar_002c-vertical_002c-in-text">bar, vertical, in text</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-basics-of-LaTeX">basics of LaTeX</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-batchmode">batchmode</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-beamer-package"><code class="code">beamer</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#beamer-template">beamer template</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-beamer-template-and-class"><code class="code">beamer</code> template and class</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#beamer-template">beamer template</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-beginning-of-document-hook">beginning of document hook</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument">\AtBeginDocument</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bibliography-format_002c-open">bibliography format, open</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028automatically_0029">bibliography, creating (automatically)</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028manually_0029">bibliography, creating (manually)</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bibTeX_002c-using">bibTeX, using</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-big-circle-symbols_002c-in-text">big circle symbols, in text</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-big-point">big point</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bigfoot-package"><code class="code">bigfoot</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes">Footnotes of footnotes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-black-boxes_002c-omitting">black boxes, omitting</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-blackboard-bold">blackboard bold</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Blackboard-bold">Blackboard bold</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-blanks_002c-after-control-sequences">blanks, after control sequences</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bm-package"><code class="code">bm</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#bm">bm</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bold-font">bold font</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bold-math">bold math</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bold-typewriter_002c-avoiding">bold typewriter, avoiding</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-boldface-mathematics">boldface mathematics</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">\boldmath &amp; \unboldmath</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-book-class"><code>book <span class="r">class</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-book_002c-back-matter">book, back matter</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-book_002c-end-matter">book, end matter</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-book_002c-front-matter">book, front matter</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-book_002c-main-matter">book, main matter</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bottomnumber"><code>bottomnumber</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bottomnumber-1"><code>bottomnumber</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bounding-box">bounding box</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-box">box</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-box_002c-allocating-new">box, allocating new</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-box_002c-bounding">box, bounding</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-box_002c-colored">box, colored</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colored-boxes">Colored boxes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-box_002c-save">box, save</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox">\sbox &amp; \savebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-box_002c-use-saved-box">box, use saved box</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cusebox">\usebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-boxes">boxes</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bp"><code>bp</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-brace_002c-left_002c-in-text">brace, left, in text</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-brace_002c-right_002c-in-text">brace, right, in text</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-braces">braces</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-braces_002c-meaning-of">braces, meaning of</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-characters">Special characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-brackets">brackets</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-breaking-lines">breaking lines</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-breaking-pages">breaking pages</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-breaks_002c-multiplication-discretionary">breaks, multiplication discretionary</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_002a">\*</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-breve-accent">breve accent</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-breve-accent_002c-math">breve accent, math</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bug-reporting">bug reporting</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bullet-lists">bullet lists</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bullet-symbol">bullet symbol</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bullet_002c-in-text">bullet, in text</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bulleted-lists">bulleted lists</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-C">C</th></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-calligraphic-fonts">calligraphic fonts</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Calligraphic">Calligraphic</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-calligraphic-letters-for-math">calligraphic letters for math</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cap-height">cap height</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-caption-package"><code class="code">caption</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccaption">\caption</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-captions">captions</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccaption">\caption</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-caret-character_002c-meaning-of">caret character, meaning of</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-characters">Special characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-caron-accent">caron accent</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-catcode">catcode</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-category-code_002c-character">category code, character</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cc"><code>cc</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cc-list_002c-in-letters">cc list, in letters</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccc">\cc</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cedilla-accent">cedilla accent</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-center-environment"><code><code class="code">center</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#center">center</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-centered-asterisk_002c-in-text">centered asterisk, in text</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-centered-equations">centered equations</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-centered-period_002c-in-text">centered period, in text</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-centering-text_002c-declaration-for">centering text, declaration for</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccentering">\centering</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-centering-text_002c-environment-for">centering text, environment for</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#center">center</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-centimeter">centimeter</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-changing-case-of-characters">changing case of characters</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-chapter">chapter</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-chapter-1">chapter</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-chapter-counter"><code>chapter counter</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-character-category-code">character category code</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-character-encoding">character encoding</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Input-encodings">Input encodings</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-character_002c-invisible">character, invisible</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-character_002c-invisible-1">character, invisible</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut">\mathstrut</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-characters_002c-accented">characters, accented</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-characters_002c-case-of">characters, case of</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-characters_002c-non_002dEnglish">characters, non-English</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-check-accent">check accent</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-check-accent_002c-math">check accent, math</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cicero">cicero</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-circle-symbol_002c-big_002c-in-text">circle symbol, big, in text</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-circled-letter_002c-in-text">circled letter, in text</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-circumflex-accent">circumflex accent</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-circumflex-accent_002c-math">circumflex accent, math</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-circumflex_002c-ASCII_002c-in-text">circumflex, ASCII, in text</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-citation-key">citation key</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbibitem">\bibitem</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-class-and-package-commands">class and package commands</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-class-and-package-difference">class and package difference</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-creation">Class and package creation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-class-and-package-structure">class and package structure</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-class-file-example">class file example</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-class-file-layout">class file layout</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Class-Guide_002c-document">Class Guide, document</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-class-options">class options</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-class-options-1">class options</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-class-options-2">class options</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareOption">\DeclareOption</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-class-writing-tutorial-document">class writing tutorial document</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-classes-of-documents">classes of documents</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cleveref-package"><code class="code">cleveref</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cleveref-package-1"><code class="code">cleveref</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cleveref-package-2"><code class="code">cleveref</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-CLI">CLI</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-interface">Command line interface</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-clock-option-to-slides-class"><code>clock <span class="r">option to <code class="code">slides</code> class</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-closing-letters">closing letters</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cclosing">\closing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-closing-quote">closing quote</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-clsguide-document"><code>clsguide <span class="r">document</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cm"><code>cm</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cm_002dsuper-package"><code class="code">cm-super</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cmd_002eexe_002c-used-by-_005cwrite18"><code>cmd.exe<span class="r">, used by <code class="code">\write18</code></span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-code_002c-typesetting">code, typesetting</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-colon-character">colon character</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character &amp; \colon</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-color">color</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Color">Color</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-color-1">color</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Define-colors">Define colors</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-color-2">color</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colored-text">Colored text</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-color-3">color</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colored-boxes">Colored boxes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-color-4">color</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colored-pages">Colored pages</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-color-models">color models</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Color-models">Color models</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-color-package-commands">color package commands</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-for-color">Commands for color</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-color-package-options">color package options</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Color-package-options">Color package options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-color_002c-define">color, define</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Define-colors">Define colors</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-colored-boxes">colored boxes</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colored-boxes">Colored boxes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-colored-page">colored page</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colored-pages">Colored pages</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-colored-text">colored text</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colored-text">Colored text</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-command-line-interface">command line interface</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-interface">Command line interface</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-command-syntax">command syntax</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-commands_002c-class-and-package">commands, class and package</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-commands_002c-defining-new-ones">commands, defining new ones</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-commands_002c-defining-new-ones-1">commands, defining new ones</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand">\providecommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-commands_002c-document-class">commands, document class</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-creation">Class and package creation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-commands_002c-graphics-package">commands, graphics package</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-for-graphics">Commands for graphics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-commands_002c-ignore-spaces">commands, ignore spaces</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-commands_002c-ignore-spaces-1">commands, ignore spaces</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#xspace-package">xspace package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-commands_002c-redefining">commands, redefining</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-commands_002c-run-from-LaTeX">commands, run from LaTeX</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-commands_002c-star_002dvariants">commands, star-variants</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-composite-word-mark_002c-in-text">composite word mark, in text</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-comprehensive-package"><code class="code">comprehensive</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-computer-programs_002c-typesetting">computer programs, typesetting</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-configuration_002c-graphics-package">configuration, graphics package</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-conflict-between-package-options">conflict between package options</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cPassOptionsToClass-_0026-_005cPassOptionsToPackage">\PassOptionsToClass &amp; \PassOptionsToPackage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-contents-file">contents file</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-control-sequences">control sequences</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Control-sequences">Control sequences</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-control-symbol_002c-defined">control symbol, defined</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Control-sequences">Control sequences</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-control-word_002c-defined">control word, defined</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Control-sequences">Control sequences</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-copyright-symbol">copyright symbol</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Cork-encoding">Cork encoding</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-counters_002c-a-list-of">counters, a list of</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-counters_002c-defining-new">counters, defining new</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">\newcounter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-counters_002c-getting-value-of">counters, getting value of</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cvalue">\value</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-counters_002c-printing">counters, printing</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-counters_002c-setting">counters, setting</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cprotect-package"><code class="code">cprotect</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cprotect-package-1"><code class="code">cprotect</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cprotect-package-2"><code class="code">cprotect</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-creating-pictures">creating pictures</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-creating-tables">creating tables</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-credit-footnote">credit footnote</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cross-references">cross references</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cross-references_002c-resolving">cross references, resolving</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cross-referencing-with-page-number">cross referencing with page number</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpageref">\pageref</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cross-referencing_002c-across-documents">cross referencing, across documents</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#xr-package">xr package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cross-referencing_002c-symbolic">cross referencing, symbolic</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cross_002dreferences_002c-page-numbers-in">cross-references, page numbers in</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cthepage">\thepage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-CTAN">CTAN</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#CTAN">CTAN</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-curly-braces">curly braces</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-curly-braces_002c-meaning-of">curly braces, meaning of</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-characters">Special characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-currency_002c-dollar">currency, dollar</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-currency_002c-euro">currency, euro</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-D">D</th></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dagger_002c-double_002c-in-text">dagger, double, in text</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dagger_002c-in-text">dagger, in text</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dagger_002c-in-text-1">dagger, in text</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-DANTE-e_002eV_002e">DANTE e.V.</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#CTAN">CTAN</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-datatool-package"><code class="code">datatool</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cread">\read</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-date-of-format_002c-requiring">date of format, requiring</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cNeedsTeXFormat">\NeedsTeXFormat</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-date_002c-for-titlepage">date, for titlepage</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-date_002c-today_0027s">date, today&rsquo;s</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-datetime-package"><code class="code">datetime</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dbltopnumber"><code>dbltopnumber</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dbltopnumber-1"><code>dbltopnumber</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dcolumn-package"><code class="code">dcolumn</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dd"><code>dd</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-declaration-form-of-font-size-commands">declaration form of font size commands</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-declaration-form-of-font-style-commands">declaration form of font style commands</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-default-option-processing">default option processing</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareOption">\DeclareOption</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-define-color">define color</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Define-colors">Define colors</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-defining-a-new-command">defining a new command</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-defining-a-new-command-1">defining a new command</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand">\providecommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-defining-new-environments">defining new environments</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-defining-new-fonts">defining new fonts</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-defining-new-theorems">defining new theorems</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-definitions">definitions</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-delayed-_005cwrite">delayed <code class="code">\write</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-delim_005f0"><code>delim_0</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-delim_005f1"><code>delim_1</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-delim_005f2"><code>delim_2</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-delim_005fn"><code>delim_n</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-delim_005fr"><code>delim_r</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-delimiters">delimiters</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-delimiters_002c-paired">delimiters, paired</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left &amp; \right</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-description"><code>description</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-description-environment"><code><code class="code">description</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-description-lists_002c-creating">description lists, creating</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-design-size_002c-in-font-definitions">design size, in font definitions</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-didot-point">didot point</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dieresis-accent">dieresis accent</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-difference-between-class-and-package">difference between class and package</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-creation">Class and package creation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dimen-plain-TeX">dimen <span class="r">plain TeX</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-directory-listings_002c-from-system">directory listings, from system</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-discretionary-breaks_002c-multiplication">discretionary breaks, multiplication</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_002a">\*</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-discretionary-hyphenation">discretionary hyphenation</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary">\discretionary</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-display-math-mode">display math mode</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-display-style">display style</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-displaying-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation">displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation &amp; quote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-displaying-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation">displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation &amp; quote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-displaymath-environment"><code><code class="code">displaymath</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-displaymath-environment-1"><code><code class="code">displaymath</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-document-class-commands">document class commands</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-creation">Class and package creation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-document-class-options">document class options</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-document-class_002c-defined">document class, defined</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-document-classes">document classes</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-document-environment"><code><code class="code">document</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#document">document</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-document-root-name">document root name</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-document-templates">document templates</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-templates">Document templates</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-documentmetadata_002dsupport_002ddoc-document"><code>documentmetadata-support-doc <span class="r">document</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDocumentMetadata">\DocumentMetadata</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dollar-sign">dollar sign</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dollar-sign-character_002c-meaning-of">dollar sign character, meaning of</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-characters">Special characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dot-accent">dot accent</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dot-over-accent_002c-math">dot over accent, math</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dot_002dover-accent">dot-over accent</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dot_002dunder-accent">dot-under accent</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dotless-i">dotless i</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dotless-i_002c-math">dotless i, math</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dotless-j">dotless j</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dotless-j_002c-math">dotless j, math</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dots">dots</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-double-angle-quotation-marks">double angle quotation marks</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-double-dagger_002c-in-text">double dagger, in text</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-double-dagger_002c-in-text-1">double dagger, in text</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-double-dot-accent_002c-math">double dot accent, math</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-double-guillemets">double guillemets</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-double-left-quote">double left quote</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-double-low_002d9-quotation-mark">double low-9 quotation mark</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-double-quotation-marks_002c-as-ligatures">double quotation marks, as ligatures</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Ligatures">Ligatures</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-double-quote_002c-straight-base">double quote, straight base</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-double-right-quote">double right quote</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-double-spacing">double spacing</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip &amp; \baselinestretch</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-double-vertical-bar_002c-in-text">double vertical bar, in text</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-doublestruck">doublestruck</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Blackboard-bold">Blackboard bold</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-draft-option"><code>draft <span class="r">option</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dvilualatex_002ddev"><code>dvilualatex-dev</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dvipdfmx-command"><code>dvipdfmx <span class="r">command</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dvips-command"><code>dvips <span class="r">command</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dvitype-command"><code>dvitype <span class="r">command</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-E">E</th></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-e_002ddash">e-dash</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-e_002dTeX">e-TeX</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-e_002dTeX_002c-and-robust-commands">e-TeX, and robust commands</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareRobustCommand">\DeclareRobustCommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ellipses">ellipses</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ellipsis">ellipsis</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ellipsis_002c-in-Unicode-_0028U_002b2026_0029">ellipsis, in Unicode (U+2026)</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ellipsis_002c-traditional-_0028three-periods_0029">ellipsis, traditional (three periods)</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-em-1"><code>em</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-em">em</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-em_002ddash">em-dash</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-em_002ddash_002c-as-ligature">em-dash, as ligature</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Ligatures">Ligatures</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-em_002ddash_002c-three_002dquarters">em-dash, three-quarters</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-em_002ddash_002c-two_002dthirds">em-dash, two-thirds</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-emphasis">emphasis</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-en_002ddash_002c-as-ligature">en-dash, as ligature</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Ligatures">Ligatures</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-enclosure-list">enclosure list</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cencl">\encl</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-encoding_002c-font">encoding, font</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding">\DeclareFontEncoding</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-encodings_002c-input">encodings, input</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Input-encodings">Input encodings</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-end-matter-of-a-book">end matter of a book</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-end-of-document-hook">end of document hook</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cAtEndDocument">\AtEndDocument</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ending-and-starting">ending and starting</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-engines_002c-TeX">engines, TeX</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-enlarge-current-page">enlarge current page</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage">\enlargethispage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-enumerate-environment"><code><code class="code">enumerate</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-enumi-counter"><code>enumi counter</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-enumii-counter"><code>enumii counter</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-enumiii-counter"><code>enumiii counter</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-enumitem-package"><code class="code">enumitem</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-enumitem-package-1"><code class="code">enumitem</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-enumiv-counter"><code>enumiv counter</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment">environment</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment-form-of-font-size-commands">environment form of font size commands</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-abstract"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">abstract</code></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#abstract">abstract</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-array"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">array</code></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-center"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">center</code></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#center">center</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-description"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">description</code></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-displaymath"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">displaymath</code></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-displaymath-1"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">displaymath</code></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-document"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">document</code></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#document">document</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-enumerate"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">enumerate</code></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-eqnarray"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">eqnarray</code></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-equation"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">equation</code></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-equation-1"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">equation</code></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-figure"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">figure</code></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-filecontents"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">filecontents</code></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-filecontents_002a"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">filecontents*</code></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-flushleft"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">flushleft</code></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-flushright"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">flushright</code></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-itemize"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">itemize</code></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-letter"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">letter</code></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#letter">letter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-list"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">list</code></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-math"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">math</code></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#math">math</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-math-1"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">math</code></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-minipage"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">minipage</code></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-picture"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">picture</code></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-quotation"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">quotation</code></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation &amp; quote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-quote"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">quote</code></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation &amp; quote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-sloppypar"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">sloppypar</code></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#sloppypar">sloppypar</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-tabbing"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">tabbing</code></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-table"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">table</code></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-tabular"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">tabular</code></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-thebibliography"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">thebibliography</code></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-theindex"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">theindex</code></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Produce-the-index-manually">Produce the index manually</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-theorem"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">theorem</code></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-theorem_002dlike">environment, theorem-like</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-titlepage"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">titlepage</code></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-verbatim"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">verbatim</code></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-verse"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">verse</code></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verse">verse</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environments">environments</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Environments">Environments</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environments_002c-defining">environments, defining</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-envlab-package"><code class="code">envlab</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">\makelabels</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-EPS-files">EPS files</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-eqnarray-environment"><code><code class="code">eqnarray</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-equation-counter"><code>equation counter</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-equation-environment"><code><code class="code">equation</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-equation-environment-1"><code><code class="code">equation</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-equation-number_002c-cross-referencing">equation number, cross referencing</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-equation-numbers_002c-left-vs_002e-right">equation numbers, left vs. right</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-equation-numbers_002c-omitting">equation numbers, omitting</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-equations_002c-aligning">equations, aligning</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-equations_002c-environment-for">equations, environment for</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-equations_002c-flush-left-vs_002e-centered">equations, flush left vs. centered</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-error-messages_002c-from-BibTeX">error messages, from BibTeX</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-errorstopmode">errorstopmode</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-es_002dzet-German-letter">es-zet German letter</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-escaping-special-characters">escaping special characters</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Printing-special-characters">Printing special characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-etex-command"><code>etex <span class="r">command</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-eth_002c-Icelandic-letter">eth, Icelandic letter</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-etoolbox-package"><code class="code">etoolbox</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareRobustCommand">\DeclareRobustCommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-euro-symbol">euro symbol</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-eurosym-package"><code class="code">eurosym</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-eurosym-package-1"><code class="code">eurosym</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ex-1"><code>ex</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ex">ex</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-exclamation-point_002c-upside_002ddown">exclamation point, upside-down</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-exclamation-points_002c-ending-a-sentence">exclamation points, ending a sentence</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-executivepaper-option"><code>executivepaper <span class="r">option</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-expl3-package"><code class="code">expl3</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-expl3-package-1"><code class="code">expl3</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-exponent">exponent</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-expressions"><code>expressions</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Expressions">Expressions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-extended-Latin">extended Latin</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-external-commands">external commands</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-external-files_002c-writing">external files, writing</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-F">F</th></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-f_002dligatures">f-ligatures</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Ligatures">Ligatures</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fallback-jobname">fallback jobname</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-families_002c-of-fonts">families, of fonts</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fancyhdr-package"><code class="code">fancyhdr</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fancyhdr-package-1"><code class="code">fancyhdr</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fancyvrb-package"><code class="code">fancyvrb</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fancyvrb-package-1"><code class="code">fancyvrb</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-feminine-ordinal-symbol">feminine ordinal symbol</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-figure-counter"><code>figure counter</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-figure-dash-character">figure dash character</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-figure-environment"><code><code class="code">figure</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-figure-number_002c-cross-referencing">figure number, cross referencing</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-figures_002c-footnotes-in">figures, footnotes in</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-figures_002c-inserting">figures, inserting</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-file_002c-closing">file, closing</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout">\openin &amp; \openout</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-file_002c-opening">file, opening</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout">\openin &amp; \openout</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-file_002c-reading">file, reading</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cread">\read</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-file_002c-root">file, root</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-file_002c-root-1">file, root</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-filecontents-environment"><code><code class="code">filecontents</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-filecontents_002a-environment"><code><code class="code">filecontents*</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-filename-for-current-job">filename for current job</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-final-option"><code>final <span class="r">option</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-first_002dlatex_002ddoc-document"><code>first-latex-doc <span class="r">document</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fixed_002dwidth-font">fixed-width font</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-flafter-package"><code class="code">flafter</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fleqn-option"><code>fleqn <span class="r">option</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-float-package"><code class="code">float</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-float-page">float page</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-flush-left-equations">flush left equations</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-flushing-floats-and-starting-a-page">flushing floats and starting a page</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">\clearpage &amp; \cleardoublepage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-flushleft-environment"><code><code class="code">flushleft</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-flushright-environment"><code><code class="code">flushright</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-font-catalogue">font catalogue</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-font-commands_002c-low_002dlevel">font commands, low-level</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-font-dimension_002c-slant">font dimension, slant</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_002f">\/</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-font-encoding">font encoding</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-font-encoding-1">font encoding</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent">\DeclareTextAccent</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-font-encoding_002c-declaring">font encoding, declaring</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding">\DeclareFontEncoding</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-font-size">font size</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-font-sizes">font sizes</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-font-styles">font styles</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-font-symbols_002c-by-number">font symbols, by number</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Symbols-by-font-position">Symbols by font position</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fontenc"><code>fontenc</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fonts">fonts</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Fonts">Fonts</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fonts_002c-new-commands-for">fonts, new commands for</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fonts_002c-script">fonts, script</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Calligraphic">Calligraphic</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fontspec-package"><code class="code">fontspec</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fontspec-package-1"><code class="code">fontspec</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#OpenType-bold-math">OpenType bold math</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-footer-style">footer style</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-footer_002c-parameters-for">footer, parameters for</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-footnote-counter"><code>footnote counter</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-footnote-number_002c-cross-referencing">footnote number, cross referencing</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-footnote-parameters">footnote parameters</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-footnote_002c-in-a-table">footnote, in a table</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table">Footnotes in a table</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-footnote_002c-in-section-headings">footnote, in section headings</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings">Footnotes in section headings</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-footnote_002c-of-a-footnote">footnote, of a footnote</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes">Footnotes of footnotes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-footnotes-in-figures">footnotes in figures</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-footnotes_002c-creating">footnotes, creating</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-footnotes_002c-in-a-minipage">footnotes, in a minipage</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-footnotes_002c-symbols-instead-of-numbers">footnotes, symbols instead of numbers</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-force-option-for-filecontents"><code class="code">force</code> option for <code class="code">filecontents</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-format-files_002c-TeX">format files, TeX</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-format_002c-requiring">format, requiring</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cNeedsTeXFormat">\NeedsTeXFormat</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-formulas_002c-environment-for">formulas, environment for</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-formulas_002c-math">formulas, math</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-forward-reference">forward reference</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-forward-references_002c-resolving">forward references, resolving</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fraction">fraction</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrac">\frac</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fragile-commands">fragile commands</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-frame-rule-width"><code>frame rule width</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox &amp; \framebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-frame_002c-line-width"><code>frame, line width</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox &amp; \framebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-frame_002c-separation-from-contents"><code>frame, separation from contents</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox &amp; \framebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-French-quotation-marks">French quotation marks</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-front-matter-of-a-book">front matter of a book</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-functions_002c-math">functions, math</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-G">G</th></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-geometry-package"><code class="code">geometry</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-global-options">global options</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-global-options-1">global options</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cusepackage">\usepackage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-global-options-2">global options</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cProcessOptions">\ProcessOptions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-glossaries">glossaries</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-glossary">glossary</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-glossary_002c-entries">glossary, entries</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-glossary_002c-entry-reference">glossary, entry reference</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cgls">\gls</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-glue-plain-TeX">glue <span class="r">plain TeX</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-glue-register_002c-plain-TeX">glue register, plain TeX</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-graphics">graphics</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Graphics">Graphics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-graphics-1">graphics</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-graphics-2">graphics</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-graphics-package">graphics package</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Graphics">Graphics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-graphics-package-1">graphics package</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-graphics-package-2">graphics package</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-graphics-package-commands">graphics package commands</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-for-graphics">Commands for graphics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-graphics-package-options">graphics package options</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Graphics-package-options">Graphics package options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-graphics-packages">graphics packages</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-graphics_002c-resizing">graphics, resizing</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-graphics_002c-resizing-1">graphics, resizing</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-graphics_002c-scaling">graphics, scaling</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-graphics_002c-scaling-1">graphics, scaling</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-graphpap-package"><code class="code">graphpap</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper">\graphpaper</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-grave-accent">grave accent</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-grave-accent_002c-math">grave accent, math</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-greater-than-symbol_002c-in-text">greater than symbol, in text</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-greek-letters">greek letters</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Greek-letters">Greek letters</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Greek-letters">Greek letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-grfext-package"><code class="code">grfext</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-group_005fskip"><code>group_skip</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-group_002c-and-environments">group, and environments</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Environments">Environments</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-guillemots_002c-birds">guillemots, birds</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-H">H</th></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hacek-accent">hacek accent</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hacek-accent_002c-math">h&aacute;&#269;ek accent, math</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Halmos-symbol">Halmos symbol</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hard-space">hard space</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hash-character-_0028_0023_0029_002c-meaning-of">hash character (<code class="code">#</code>), meaning of</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-characters">Special characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hat-accent">hat accent</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hat-accent_002c-math">hat accent, math</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hat-character_002c-meaning-of">hat character, meaning of</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-characters">Special characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-header-style">header style</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-header_002c-parameters-for">header, parameters for</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hello_002c-world">hello, world</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-here_002c-putting-floats">here, putting floats</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hilatex"><code>hilatex</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-HINT-format">HINT format</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-HiTeX">HiTeX</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-home-page-for-manual">home page for manual</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-horizontal-bar-character">horizontal bar character</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-horizontal-paragraph-indentation">horizontal paragraph indentation</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent &amp; \parskip</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-horizontal-space">horizontal space</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005chss">\hss</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-horizontal-space_002c-stretchable">horizontal space, stretchable</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005chss">\hss</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-horizontal-spacing">horizontal spacing</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hungarian-umlaut-accent">hungarian umlaut accent</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hyperref-package"><code class="code">hyperref</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hyperref-package-1"><code class="code">hyperref</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hyperref-package-2"><code class="code">hyperref</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">\pagenumbering</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hyperref-package-3"><code class="code">hyperref</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hyperref-package-4"><code class="code">hyperref</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-input">Command line input</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hyphen-character_002c-non_002dbreaking">hyphen character, non-breaking</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-defining">hyphenation, defining</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005chyphenation">\hyphenation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-discretionary">hyphenation, discretionary</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary">\discretionary</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-forcing">hyphenation, forcing</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">\- (hyphenation)</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-preventing">hyphenation, preventing</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-I">I</th></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Icelandic-eth">Icelandic eth</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Icelandic-thorn">Icelandic thorn</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-idx-file">idx file</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ij-letter_002c-Dutch">ij letter, Dutch</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-immediate-_005cwrite">immediate <code class="code">\write</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-implementations-of-TeX">implementations of TeX</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-importing-graphics">importing graphics</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-in"><code>in</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-inch">inch</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-including-graphics">including graphics</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-indent_005flength"><code>indent_length</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-indent_005fspace"><code>indent_space</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-indent_002c-forcing">indent, forcing</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">\indent &amp; \noindent</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-indentation-of-paragraphs_002c-in-minipage">indentation of paragraphs, in minipage</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-indentfirst-package"><code class="code">indentfirst</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpart">\part</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-indentfirst-package-1"><code class="code">indentfirst</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-indentfirst-package-2"><code class="code">indentfirst</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csection">\section</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-indentfirst-package-3"><code class="code">indentfirst</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsection">\subsection</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-indentfirst-package-4"><code class="code">indentfirst</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-indentfirst-package-5"><code class="code">indentfirst</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">\indent &amp; \noindent</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-index-entries_002c-_0060see_0027-and-_0060see-also_0027">index entries, &lsquo;see&rsquo; and &lsquo;see also&rsquo;</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-index-entries_002c-subentries">index entries, subentries</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-index-entry">index entry</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-index-package"><code class="code">index</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-index_002c-multiple">index, multiple</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-index_002c-page-range">index, page range</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-index_002c-printing">index, printing</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cprintindex">\printindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-index_002c-processing">index, processing</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-index_002c-producing-manually">index, producing manually</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Produce-the-index-manually">Produce the index manually</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-index_002c-style-file"><code>index, style file</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-indexes">indexes</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-infinite-horizontal-stretch">infinite horizontal stretch</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-infinite-vertical-stretch">infinite vertical stretch</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-inline-formulas">inline formulas</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#math">math</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-inner-paragraph-mode">inner paragraph mode</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-input-encodings">input encodings</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Input-encodings">Input encodings</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-input-file">input file</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-input_002c-on-command-line">input, on command line</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-input">Command line input</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-input_002foutput">input/output</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Input_002foutput">Input/output</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-input_002foutput_002c-to-terminal">input/output, to terminal</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Input_002foutput">Input/output</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-inputenc"><code>inputenc</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#inputenc-package">inputenc package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-inserting-figures">inserting figures</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-insertions-of-special-characters">insertions of special characters</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-insertions">Special insertions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-interface_002c-command-line">interface, command line</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-interface">Command line interface</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-interline-space">interline space</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip &amp; \baselinestretch</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-internal-vertical-mode">internal vertical mode</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-inverted-exclamation-mark_002c-as-ligature">inverted exclamation mark, as ligature</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Ligatures">Ligatures</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-inverted-question-mark_002c-as-ligature">inverted question mark, as ligature</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Ligatures">Ligatures</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-invisible-character">invisible character</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-invisible-character-1">invisible character</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut">\mathstrut</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-italic-correction">italic correction</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_002f">\/</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-italic-font">italic font</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-item_005f0"><code>item_0</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-item_005f01"><code>item_01</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-item_005f1"><code>item_1</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-item_005f12"><code>item_12</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-item_005f2"><code>item_2</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-item_005fx1"><code>item_x1</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-item_005fx2"><code>item_x2</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-itemize-environment"><code><code class="code">itemize</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-J">J</th></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-jobname">jobname</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-jobname-1">jobname</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-JPEG-files">JPEG files</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-JPG-files">JPG files</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-justification_002c-ragged-left">justification, ragged left</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-justification_002c-ragged-right">justification, ragged right</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-K">K</th></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e">Knuth, Donald E.</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-L">L</th></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-label">label</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-labelled-lists_002c-creating">labelled lists, creating</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Lamport-TeX">Lamport TeX</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Lamport_002c-Leslie">Lamport, Leslie</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-landscape-option"><code>landscape <span class="r">option</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-landscape-orientation">landscape orientation</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-latex"><code>latex</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-latex-command"><code>latex <span class="r">command</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LaTeX-format-_0028_002efmt_0029-files">LaTeX format (<code class="code">.fmt</code>) files</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LaTeX-logo">LaTeX logo</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LaTeX-overview">LaTeX overview</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LaTeX-Project-team">LaTeX Project team</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LaTeX-vs_002e-LaTeX2e">LaTeX vs. LaTeX2e</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-latex_002ddev"><code>latex-dev</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-latex_002ddoc_002dptr-document"><code>latex-doc-ptr <span class="r">document</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-latex_002dlab-package"><code class="code">latex-lab</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDocumentMetadata">\DocumentMetadata</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LaTeX2e-logo">LaTeX2e logo</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LaTeX3-syntax">LaTeX3 syntax</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-latexrefman_0040tug_002eorg-email-address"><code><a class="email" href="mailto:latexrefman@tug.org">latexrefman@tug.org</a> <span class="r">email address</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-latexsym-package"><code class="code">latexsym</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Latin-letters_002c-additional">Latin letters, additional</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-layout-commands">layout commands</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Layout">Layout</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-layout_002c-page-parameters-for">layout, page parameters for</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-leaders_002c-dots-in-table-of-contents">leaders, dots in table of contents</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline">\@dottedtocline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-leading">leading</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip &amp; \baselinestretch</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-left-angle-quotation-marks">left angle quotation marks</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-left-arrow_002c-in-text">left arrow, in text</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-left-brace_002c-in-text">left brace, in text</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-left-brace_002c-meaning-of">left brace, meaning of</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-characters">Special characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-left-quote">left quote</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-left-quote_002c-double">left quote, double</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-left-quote_002c-single">left quote, single</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-left_002dhand-equation-numbers">left-hand equation numbers</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-left_002djustifying-text">left-justifying text</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-left_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for">left-justifying text, environment for</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-left_002dto_002dright-mode">left-to-right mode</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-legalpaper-option"><code>legalpaper <span class="r">option</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lengths_002c-adding-to">lengths, adding to</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005caddtolength">\addtolength</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lengths_002c-allocating-new">lengths, allocating new</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lengths_002c-defining-and-using">lengths, defining and using</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lengths_002c-setting">lengths, setting</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csetlength">\setlength</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-leqno-option"><code>leqno <span class="r">option</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-less-than-symbol_002c-in-text">less than symbol, in text</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lethead_005fflag"><code>lethead_flag</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lethead_005fprefix"><code>lethead_prefix</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lethead_005fsuffix"><code>lethead_suffix</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-letter-class"><code>letter <span class="r">class</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-letter-environment"><code><code class="code">letter</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#letter">letter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-letterpaper-option"><code>letterpaper <span class="r">option</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-letters_002c-accented">letters, accented</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-letters_002c-additional-Latin">letters, additional Latin</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-letters_002c-ending">letters, ending</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cclosing">\closing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-letters_002c-starting">letters, starting</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005copening">\opening</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-letters_002c-writing">letters, writing</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Letters">Letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ligatures">ligatures</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Ligatures">Ligatures</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-line-break_002c-forcing">line break, forcing</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-line-breaking">line breaking</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-line-breaks_002c-changing">line breaks, changing</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy">\fussy &amp; \sloppy</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-line-breaks_002c-forcing">line breaks, forcing</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak &amp; \nolinebreak</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-line-breaks_002c-multiplication-discretionary">line breaks, multiplication discretionary</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_002a">\*</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-line-breaks_002c-preventing">line breaks, preventing</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak &amp; \nolinebreak</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-line_005fmax"><code>line_max</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lines-in-tables">lines in tables</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lining-numerals">lining numerals</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lining-text-up-in-tables">lining text up in tables</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lining-text-up-using-tab-stops">lining text up using tab stops</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-list-environment"><code><code class="code">list</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-list-items_002c-specifying-counter">list items, specifying counter</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-list-of-figures-file">list of figures file</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-list-of-tables-file">list of tables file</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-listings-package"><code class="code">listings</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-listings-package-1"><code class="code">listings</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lists-of-items">lists of items</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lists-of-items_002c-generic">lists of items, generic</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lists-of-items_002c-numbered">lists of items, numbered</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lmodern-package"><code class="code">lmodern</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-loading-additional-packages">loading additional packages</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cusepackage">\usepackage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-local-options">local options</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cProcessOptions">\ProcessOptions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-locale-information_002c-from-system">locale information, from system</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-log-file">log file</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-log-file_002c-writing-to">log file, writing to</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-logo_002c-LaTeX">logo, LaTeX</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-logo_002c-LaTeX2e">logo, LaTeX2e</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-logo_002c-TeX">logo, TeX</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-long-command">long command</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cCheckCommand">\CheckCommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-low_002d9-quotation-marks_002c-single-and-double">low-9 quotation marks, single and double</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-low_002dlevel-font-commands">low-level font commands</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lowercase">lowercase</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LR-box"><code>LR box</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LR-mode">LR mode</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lrbox"><code>lrbox</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#lrbox">lrbox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lshort-document"><code>lshort <span class="r">document</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-luainputenc-package"><code class="code">luainputenc</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#inputenc-package">inputenc package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lualatex"><code>lualatex</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lualatex_002ddev"><code>lualatex-dev</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LuaTeX">LuaTeX</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LuaTeX_002c-256-output-streams-in">LuaTeX, 256 output streams in</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-M">M</th></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-m_002dwidth">m-width</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-macron-accent">macron accent</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-macron-accent_002c-math">macron accent, math</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-macros2e-package"><code class="code">macros2e</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Madsen_002c-Lars">Madsen, Lars</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mail-merges">mail merges</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cread">\read</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-main-matter-of-a-book">main matter of a book</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-make-a-box">make a box</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-makeidx-package"><code class="code">makeidx</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cprintindex">\printindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-makeindex-program"><code class="command">makeindex</code> program</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-makeindex_002c-program"><code>makeindex, <span class="r">program</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-makeindex_002c-style-file"><code>makeindex, style file</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-making-a-title-page">making a title page</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-making-paragraphs">making paragraphs</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-marginal-notes">marginal notes</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-masculine-ordinal-symbol">masculine ordinal symbol</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-matching-brackets">matching brackets</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left &amp; \right</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-matching-parentheses">matching parentheses</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left &amp; \right</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math-accents">math accents</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math-environment"><code><code class="code">math</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#math">math</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math-environment-1"><code><code class="code">math</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math-formulas">math formulas</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math-functions">math functions</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math-miscellany">math miscellany</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math-mode">math mode</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math-mode_002c-entering">math mode, entering</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math-mode_002c-spacing">math mode, spacing</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math-mode_002c-spacing-1">math mode, spacing</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math-mode_002c-spacing-2">math mode, spacing</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut">\mathstrut</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math-mode_002c-vertical-space">math mode, vertical space</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csmash">\smash</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math-styles">math styles</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math-symbols">math symbols</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math_002c-arrows"><code>math, arrows</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math_002c-bold">math, bold</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mathematics_002c-boldface">mathematics, boldface</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">\boldmath &amp; \unboldmath</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mathtools-package"><code class="code">mathtools</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mathtools-package-1"><code class="code">mathtools</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mathtools-package-2"><code class="code">mathtools</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left &amp; \right</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mathtools-package-3"><code class="code">mathtools</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Over_002d-or-under-math">Over- or under math</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mathtools-package-4"><code class="code">mathtools</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csmash">\smash</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mathtools-package-5"><code class="code">mathtools</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-meaning-of-special-characters">meaning of special characters</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-characters">Special characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-metadata_002c-adding">metadata, adding</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDocumentMetadata">\DocumentMetadata</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-MetaPost-package"><code class="code">MetaPost</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mfirstuc-package"><code class="code">mfirstuc</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mhchem-package"><code class="code">mhchem</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-millimeter">millimeter</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-minipage-environment"><code><code class="code">minipage</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-minipage_002c-creating-a">minipage, creating a</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-minted-package"><code class="code">minted</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-minted-package-1"><code class="code">minted</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mirrors-of-CTAN">mirrors of CTAN</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#CTAN">CTAN</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mm"><code>mm</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mobile-output">mobile output</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-modes">modes</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-monospace-font">monospace font</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-moving-arguments">moving arguments</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mpfootnote-counter">mpfootnote counter</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mpfootnote-counter-1"><code>mpfootnote counter</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mu"><code>mu</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mu_002c-math-unit">mu, math unit</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-multicolumn-text">multicolumn text</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-multilingual-support">multilingual support</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-multind-package"><code class="code">multind</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-multiple-indexes">multiple indexes</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-multiplication_002c-discretionary">multiplication, discretionary</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_002a">\*</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-N">N</th></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-name"><code>name</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-name-of-document-root">name of document root</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-NBSP">NBSP</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-nested-_005cinclude_002c-not-allowed">nested <code class="code">\include</code>, not allowed</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly">\include &amp; \includeonly</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-new-class-commands">new class commands</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-creation">Class and package creation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-new-command_002c-checking-definition-of">new command, checking definition of</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cCheckCommand">\CheckCommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-new-command_002c-definition">new command, definition</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareRobustCommand">\DeclareRobustCommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-new-commands_002c-defining">new commands, defining</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-new-commands_002c-defining-1">new commands, defining</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand">\providecommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-new-line_002c-output-as-input">new line, output as input</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-new-line_002c-starting">new line, starting</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-new-line_002c-starting-_0028paragraph-mode_0029">new line, starting (paragraph mode)</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewline">\newline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-new-page_002c-starting">new page, starting</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-newline_002c-in-_005cwrite">newline, in <code class="code">\write</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-no_002dbreak-space_002c-Unicode-U_002b00A0">no-break space, Unicode U+00A0</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-noheader-option-for-filecontents"><code class="code">noheader</code> option for <code class="code">filecontents</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-non_002dbreaking-hyphen-character">non-breaking hyphen character</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-non_002dEnglish-characters">non-English characters</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-non_002dsentence_002dending-punctuation">non-sentence-ending punctuation</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-nonstopmode">nonstopmode</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-nosearch-option-for-filecontents"><code class="code">nosearch</code> option for <code class="code">filecontents</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-notes-in-the-margin">notes in the margin</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-notitlepage-option"><code>notitlepage <span class="r">option</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-null-delimiter">null delimiter</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left &amp; \right</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-number-sign-character-_0028_0023_0029_002c-meaning-of">number sign character (<code class="code">#</code>), meaning of</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-characters">Special characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-numbered-items_002c-specifying-counter">numbered items, specifying counter</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-numerals_002c-old_002dstyle">numerals, old-style</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-O">O</th></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-oblique-font">oblique font</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-oe-ligature">oe ligature</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ogonek">ogonek</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-old_002dstyle-numerals">old-style numerals</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-one_002dcolumn-output">one-column output</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005conecolumn">\onecolumn</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-onecolumn-option"><code>onecolumn <span class="r">option</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-oneside-option"><code>oneside <span class="r">option</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-open-a-file">open a file</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout">\openin &amp; \openout</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-openany-option"><code>openany <span class="r">option</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-openbib-option"><code>openbib <span class="r">option</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-opening-quote">opening quote</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-openright-option"><code>openright <span class="r">option</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-OpenType-fonts">OpenType fonts</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-operating-system-information">operating system information</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-option-clash">option clash</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cPassOptionsToClass-_0026-_005cPassOptionsToPackage">\PassOptionsToClass &amp; \PassOptionsToPackage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-option-processing-by-default">option processing by default</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareOption">\DeclareOption</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-option_002c-currently-being-processed">option, currently being processed</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cCurrentOption">\CurrentOption</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-optional-arguments_002c-defining-and-using">optional arguments, defining and using</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-options_002c-class">options, class</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareOption">\DeclareOption</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-options_002c-color-package">options, color package</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Color-package-options">Color package options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-options_002c-command-line">options, command line</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-options_002c-document-class">options, document class</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-options_002c-document-class-1">options, document class</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-options_002c-global">options, global</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cusepackage">\usepackage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-options_002c-global-and-local">options, global and local</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cProcessOptions">\ProcessOptions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-options_002c-graphics-package">options, graphics package</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Graphics-package-options">Graphics package options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-options_002c-list-of-unused">options, list of unused</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cOptionNotUsed">\OptionNotUsed</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-options_002c-package">options, package</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-options_002c-package-1">options, package</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareOption">\DeclareOption</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-options_002c-processing">options, processing</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cProcessOptions">\ProcessOptions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine">ordinals, feminine and masculine</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-oslash">oslash</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-OT1">OT1</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-OT1-encoding">OT1 encoding</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-outer-paragraph-mode">outer paragraph mode</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-output-directory-for-all-external-files">output directory for all external files</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-overbar-accent">overbar accent</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-overdot-accent_002c-math">overdot accent, math</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-overlining">overlining</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Over_002d-or-under-math">Over- or under math</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-overview-of-LaTeX">overview of LaTeX</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-overwrite-option-for-filecontents"><code class="code">overwrite</code> option for <code class="code">filecontents</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-P">P</th></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package-and-class-commands">package and class commands</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package-file-layout">package file layout</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package-options">package options</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package-options-1">package options</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareOption">\DeclareOption</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-abstract"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">abstract</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#abstract">abstract</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-adjustbox"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">adjustbox</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-algorithm2e"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">algorithm2e</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amscd"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amscd</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsfonts"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsfonts</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsfonts-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsfonts</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsmath</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsmath</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-2"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsmath</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-3"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsmath</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-4"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsmath</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-5"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsmath</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-6"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsmath</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left &amp; \right</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-7"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsmath</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e">\bigl &amp; \bigr etc.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-8"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsmath</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-9"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsmath</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-10"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsmath</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-11"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsmath</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-12"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsmath</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character &amp; \colon</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-13"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsmath</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character &amp; \colon</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-14"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsmath</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsthm"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsthm</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsthm-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsthm</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-answers"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">answers</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-appendix"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">appendix</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cappendix">\appendix</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-array"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">array</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-Asymptote"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">Asymptote</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-Asymptote-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">Asymptote</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-Asymptote-2"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">Asymptote</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-Asymptote-3"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">Asymptote</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-atenddvi"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">atenddvi</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDvi-_0026-_005cAtEndDvi">\AtBeginDvi &amp; \AtEndDvi</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">babel</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">babel</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel-2"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">babel</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel-3"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">babel</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel-4"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">babel</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel-5"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">babel</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-beamer"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">beamer</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#beamer-template">beamer template</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-bigfoot"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">bigfoot</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes">Footnotes of footnotes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-bm"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">bm</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#bm">bm</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-caption"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">caption</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccaption">\caption</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-cleveref"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">cleveref</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-cleveref-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">cleveref</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-cleveref-2"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">cleveref</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-cm_002dsuper"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">cm-super</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-comprehensive"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">comprehensive</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-cprotect"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">cprotect</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-cprotect-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">cprotect</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-cprotect-2"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">cprotect</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-datatool"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">datatool</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cread">\read</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-datetime"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">datetime</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-dcolumn"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">dcolumn</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-enumitem"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">enumitem</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-enumitem-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">enumitem</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-envlab"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">envlab</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">\makelabels</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-etoolbox"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">etoolbox</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareRobustCommand">\DeclareRobustCommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-eurosym"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">eurosym</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-eurosym-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">eurosym</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-expl3"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">expl3</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-expl3-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">expl3</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-fancyhdr"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">fancyhdr</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-fancyhdr-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">fancyhdr</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-fancyvrb"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">fancyvrb</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-fancyvrb-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">fancyvrb</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-flafter"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">flafter</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-float"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">float</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-fontspec"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">fontspec</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-fontspec-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">fontspec</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#OpenType-bold-math">OpenType bold math</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-geometry"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">geometry</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-graphpap"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">graphpap</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper">\graphpaper</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-grfext"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">grfext</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-hyperref"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">hyperref</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-hyperref-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">hyperref</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-hyperref-2"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">hyperref</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">\pagenumbering</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-hyperref-3"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">hyperref</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-hyperref-4"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">hyperref</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-input">Command line input</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-indentfirst"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">indentfirst</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpart">\part</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-indentfirst-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">indentfirst</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-indentfirst-2"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">indentfirst</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csection">\section</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-indentfirst-3"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">indentfirst</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsection">\subsection</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-indentfirst-4"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">indentfirst</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-indentfirst-5"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">indentfirst</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">\indent &amp; \noindent</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-index"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">index</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-latex_002dlab"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">latex-lab</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDocumentMetadata">\DocumentMetadata</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-latexsym"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">latexsym</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-listings"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">listings</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-listings-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">listings</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-lmodern"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">lmodern</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-luainputenc"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">luainputenc</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#inputenc-package">inputenc package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-macros2e"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">macros2e</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-makeidx"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">makeidx</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cprintindex">\printindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-mathtools"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">mathtools</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-mathtools-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">mathtools</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-mathtools-2"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">mathtools</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left &amp; \right</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-mathtools-3"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">mathtools</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Over_002d-or-under-math">Over- or under math</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-mathtools-4"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">mathtools</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csmash">\smash</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-mathtools-5"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">mathtools</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-MetaPost"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">MetaPost</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-mfirstuc"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">mfirstuc</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-mhchem"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">mhchem</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-minted"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">minted</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-minted-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">minted</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-multind"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">multind</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-pict2e"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">pict2e</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-polyglossia"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">polyglossia</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-polyglossia-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">polyglossia</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-polyglossia-2"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">polyglossia</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-polyglossia-3"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">polyglossia</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-PSTricks"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">PSTricks</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-setspace"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">setspace</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip &amp; \baselinestretch</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-shellesc"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">shellesc</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-showidx"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">showidx</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-siunitx"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">siunitx</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-siunitx-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">siunitx</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-suffix"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">suffix</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-tablefootnote"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">tablefootnote</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table">Footnotes in a table</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-texosquery"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">texosquery</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-textcase"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">textcase</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-textcomp"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">textcomp</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-TikZ"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">TikZ</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-TikZ-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">TikZ</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-TikZ-2"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">TikZ</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-tikz_002dcd"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">tikz-cd</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-titlesec"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">titlesec</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-titlesec-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">titlesec</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpart">\part</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-titlesec-2"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">titlesec</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-titlesec-3"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">titlesec</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csection">\section</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-titlesec-4"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">titlesec</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsection">\subsection</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-titlesec-5"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">titlesec</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-tocbibbind"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">tocbibbind</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-tocloft"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">tocloft</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-tocloft-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">tocloft</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-ulem"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">ulem</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Over_002d-or-under-math">Over- or under math</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-unicode_002dmath"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">unicode-math</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#OpenType-bold-math">OpenType bold math</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-unicode_002dmath-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">unicode-math</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-unicode_002dmath-2"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">unicode-math</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Greek-letters">Greek letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-url"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">url</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-verbatimbox"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">verbatimbox</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-xparse"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">xparse</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-xparse-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">xparse</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-xr"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">xr</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#xr-package">xr package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-xr_002dhyper"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">xr-hyper</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#xr-package">xr package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-xspace"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">xspace</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#xspace-package">xspace package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-xstring"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">xstring</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-packages_002c-loading-additional">packages, loading additional</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cusepackage">\usepackage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-page-break_002c-forcing">page break, forcing</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-page-break_002c-preventing">page break, preventing</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-page-breaking">page breaking</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-page-counter"><code>page counter</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-page-layout-parameters">page layout parameters</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-page-number-representation">page number representation</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cthepage">\thepage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-page-number_002c-cross-referencing">page number, cross referencing</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpageref">\pageref</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-page-numbering-style">page numbering style</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">\pagenumbering</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-page-style_002c-this-page">page style, this page</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle">\thispagestyle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-page-styles">page styles</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-page_005fprecedence"><code>page_precedence</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-page_002c-colored">page, colored</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colored-pages">Colored pages</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-paired-delimiters">paired delimiters</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left &amp; \right</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-paragraph">paragraph</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-paragraph-1">paragraph</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-paragraph-counter"><code>paragraph counter</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentation">paragraph indentation</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent &amp; \parskip</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentation_002c-in-minipage">paragraph indentation, in minipage</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text">paragraph indentations in quoted text</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation &amp; quote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text_002c-omitting">paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation &amp; quote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-paragraph-mode">paragraph mode</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-paragraph-mode-1">paragraph mode</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-paragraph-symbol">paragraph symbol</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-paragraph_002c-ending">paragraph, ending</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpar">\par</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-paragraph_002c-in-a-box">paragraph, in a box</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-paragraphs">paragraphs</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-parameters_002c-for-footnotes">parameters, for footnotes</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-parameters_002c-page-layout">parameters, page layout</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-parameters_002c-substituting">parameters, substituting</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-parent-directories_002c-cannot-write-to">parent directories, cannot write to</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite-and-security">\write and security</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-parentheses">parentheses</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-parentheses-and-ends-of-sentences">parentheses and ends of sentences</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-part">part</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-part-1">part</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpart">\part</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-part-counter"><code>part counter</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pattern_002c-current-tab-stops_002c-tabbing">pattern, current tab stops, <span class="r">tabbing</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pc"><code>pc</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-PDF-graphic-files">PDF graphic files</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-PDF_002c-tagged">PDF, tagged</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDocumentMetadata">\DocumentMetadata</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pdflatex"><code>pdflatex</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pdflatex-command"><code>pdflatex <span class="r">command</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pdflatex_002ddev"><code>pdflatex-dev</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pdfTeX">pdfTeX</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pdfTeX-engine">pdfTeX engine</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-percent-character_002c-meaning-of">percent character, meaning of</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-characters">Special characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-period_002c-abbreviation_002dending">period, abbreviation-ending</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-period_002c-centered_002c-in-text">period, centered, in text</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-period_002c-sentence_002dending">period, sentence-ending</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-period_002c-spacing-after">period, spacing after</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pica">pica</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pict2e-package"><code class="code">pict2e</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-picture-environment"><code><code class="code">picture</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pictures_002c-creating">pictures, creating</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pilcrow">pilcrow</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-placement-of-floats">placement of floats</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-platex"><code>platex</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-platex_002ddev"><code>platex-dev</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-plural"><code>plural</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-PNG-files">PNG files</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-poetry_002c-an-environment-for">poetry, an environment for</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verse">verse</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-point">point</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-polish-l">polish l</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-polyglossia-package"><code class="code">polyglossia</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-polyglossia-package-1"><code class="code">polyglossia</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-polyglossia-package-2"><code class="code">polyglossia</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-polyglossia-package-3"><code class="code">polyglossia</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-portrait-orientation">portrait orientation</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-position_002c-in-picture">position, in picture</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-postamble"><code>postamble</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-PostScript-point">PostScript point</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-postscript_002c-in-letters">postscript, in letters</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cps">\ps</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pounds-symbol">pounds symbol</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-preamble"><code>preamble</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-preamble_002c-defined">preamble, defined</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-prerelease-testing">prerelease testing</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-printing-special-characters">printing special characters</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Printing-special-characters">Printing special characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-processing-options">processing options</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cProcessOptions">\ProcessOptions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-prompt_002c-_002a">prompt, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">*</samp>&rsquo;</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Recovering-from-errors">Recovering from errors</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pronunciation">pronunciation</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-PSTricks-package"><code class="code">PSTricks</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pt"><code>pt</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-punctuation_002c-sentence_002dending">punctuation, sentence-ending</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-Q">Q</th></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-quad">quad</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-question-mark_002c-upside_002ddown">question mark, upside-down</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-question-marks_002c-ending-a-sentence">question marks, ending a sentence</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-quotation-environment"><code><code class="code">quotation</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation &amp; quote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-quotation-marks_002c-as-ligatures">quotation marks, as ligatures</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Ligatures">Ligatures</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-quotation-marks_002c-French">quotation marks, French</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-quote-environment"><code><code class="code">quote</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation &amp; quote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-quote_002c-single-straight">quote, single straight</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-quote_002c-straight-base">quote, straight base</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying">quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation &amp; quote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying">quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation &amp; quote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-quotes-and-ends-of-sentences">quotes and ends of sentences</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-R">R</th></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-radical">radical</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csqrt">\sqrt</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ragged-left-text">ragged left text</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ragged-left-text_002c-environment-for">ragged left text, environment for</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ragged-right-text">ragged right text</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ragged-right-text_002c-environment-for">ragged right text, environment for</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-read-a-file">read a file</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cread">\read</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-redefining-a-command">redefining a command</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-redefining-environments">redefining environments</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-reference_002c-forward">reference, forward</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-references_002c-resolving-forward">references, resolving forward</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-registered-symbol">registered symbol</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-relation_002c-text-above">relation, text above</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cstackrel">\stackrel</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-release-candidates">release candidates</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-remarks-in-the-margin">remarks in the margin</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-report-class"><code>report <span class="r">class</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-reporting-bugs">reporting bugs</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-reserved-characters_002c-meaning-of">reserved characters, meaning of</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-characters">Special characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-reserved-characters_002c-printing">reserved characters, printing</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Printing-special-characters">Printing special characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-resizing">resizing</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-resizing-1">resizing</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-restricted-shell-access">restricted shell access</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-right-angle-quotation-marks">right angle quotation marks</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-right-arrow_002c-in-text">right arrow, in text</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-right-brace_002c-in-text">right brace, in text</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-right-brace_002c-meaning-of">right brace, meaning of</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-characters">Special characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-right-parentheses_002fquotes_002c-and-spacing">right parentheses/quotes, and spacing</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-right-quote">right quote</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-right-quote_002c-double">right quote, double</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-right-quote_002c-single">right quote, single</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-right_002dhand-equation-numbers">right-hand equation numbers</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-right_002djustifying-text">right-justifying text</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-right_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for">right-justifying text, environment for</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-rigid-lengths">rigid lengths</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ring-accent">ring accent</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ring-accent_002c-math">ring accent, math</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-robust-command_002c-defining">robust command, defining</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareRobustCommand">\DeclareRobustCommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-robust-commands">robust commands</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-roman-font">roman font</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-root-file">root file</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-root-file-1">root file</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-roots">roots</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csqrt">\sqrt</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-rotating-graphics">rotating graphics</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-rotating-text">rotating text</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-rotation">rotation</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-row_002c-tabbing">row, <span class="r">tabbing</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-rubber-lengths">rubber lengths</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-rubber-lengths_002c-defining-new">rubber lengths, defining new</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-running-header-and-footer">running header and footer</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-running-header-and-footer-style">running header and footer style</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-S">S</th></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-samepage-environment"><code>samepage <span class="r">environment</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-sans-serif-font">sans serif font</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-scaled-point">scaled point</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-scaling">scaling</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-scaling-1">scaling</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-script-fonts">script fonts</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Calligraphic">Calligraphic</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-script-letters-for-math">script letters for math</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-script-style">script style</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-scriptscript-style">scriptscript style</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-scrollmode">scrollmode</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-secnumdepth"><code>secnumdepth</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-secnumdepth-counter"><code>secnumdepth <span class="r">counter</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-section">section</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-section-1">section</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csection">\section</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-section-counter"><code>section counter</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-section-number_002c-cross-referencing">section number, cross referencing</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-section-numbers_002c-printing">section numbers, printing</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-section-symbol">section symbol</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-section_002c-redefining">section, redefining</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection">\@startsection</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-sectioning-commands">sectioning commands</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-sectioning_002c-part">sectioning, part</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpart">\part</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-security-and-_005cwrite">security and <code class="code">\write</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite-and-security">\write and security</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-see-and-see-also-index-entries">see and see also index entries</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-self_002dcontained-sources">self-contained sources</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-sentence_002dending-punctuation">sentence-ending punctuation</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-series_002c-of-fonts">series, of fonts</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-setspace-package"><code class="code">setspace</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip &amp; \baselinestretch</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-setting-counters">setting counters</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-sh_002c-used-by-_005cwrite18"><code>sh<span class="r">, used by <code class="code">\write18</code></span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-shapes_002c-of-fonts">shapes, of fonts</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-sharp-character-_0028_0023_0029_002c-meaning-of">sharp character (<code class="code">#</code>), meaning of</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-characters">Special characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-sharp-S-letters">sharp S letters</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-shell-access">shell access</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-shell-escape">shell escape</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-SHELL_002c-environment-variables"><code>SHELL<span class="r">, environment variables</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-shellesc-package"><code class="code">shellesc</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-showidx-package"><code class="code">showidx</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-simulating-typed-text">simulating typed text</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-single-angle-quotation-marks">single angle quotation marks</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-single-guillemets">single guillemets</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-single-left-quote">single left quote</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-single-low_002d9-quotation-mark">single low-9 quotation mark</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-single-quote_002c-straight">single quote, straight</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-single-right-quote">single right quote</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-siunitx-package"><code class="code">siunitx</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-siunitx-package-1"><code class="code">siunitx</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-sizes-of-text">sizes of text</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-skip-plain-TeX">skip <span class="r">plain TeX</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-skip-register_002c-plain-TeX">skip register, plain TeX</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-slanted-font">slanted font</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-slash-character_002c-breakable">slash character, breakable</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cslash">\slash</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-slides-class"><code>slides <span class="r">class</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-sloppypar-environment">sloppypar environment</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#sloppypar">sloppypar</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-sloppypar-environment-1"><code><code class="code">sloppypar</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#sloppypar">sloppypar</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-slot_002c-font">slot, font</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent">\DeclareTextAccent</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-small-caps-font">small caps font</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-sort"><code>sort</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-source-files_002c-making-self_002dcontained">source files, making self-contained</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-sp"><code>sp</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-space-between-lines">space between lines</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip &amp; \baselinestretch</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-space-factor">space factor</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor">\spacefactor</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-space_002c-inserting-horizontal">space, inserting horizontal</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005chss">\hss</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-space_002c-inserting-vertical">space, inserting vertical</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-space_002c-negative-thin">space, negative thin</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-space_002c-thin">space, thin</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-space_002c-unbreakable">space, unbreakable</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-space_002c-vertical">space, vertical</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-spaces">spaces</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spaces">Spaces</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-spaces_002c-ignore-around-commands">spaces, ignore around commands</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-spaces_002c-ignore-around-commands-1">spaces, ignore around commands</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#xspace-package">xspace package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-spacing-within-math-mode">spacing within math mode</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-spacing_002c-inter_002dsentence">spacing, inter-sentence</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing">\frenchspacing &amp; \nonfrenchspacing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-spacing_002c-inter_002dsentence-1">spacing, inter-sentence</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes">\normalsfcodes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-spacing_002c-math-mode">spacing, math mode</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-spacing_002c-math-mode-1">spacing, math mode</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut">\mathstrut</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Spanish-exclamation-mark_002c-as-ligature">Spanish exclamation mark, as ligature</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Ligatures">Ligatures</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Spanish-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine">Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Spanish-question-mark_002c-as-ligature">Spanish question mark, as ligature</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Ligatures">Ligatures</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-special-characters">special characters</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-special-characters_002c-meaning-of">special characters, meaning of</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-characters">Special characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-special-characters_002c-printing">special characters, printing</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Printing-special-characters">Printing special characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-special-insertions">special insertions</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-insertions">Special insertions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-specifier_002c-float-placement">specifier, float placement</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-splitting-the-input-file">splitting the input file</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-square-root">square root</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csqrt">\sqrt</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-stack-math">stack math</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cstackrel">\stackrel</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-star_002dvariants_002c-commands">star-variants, commands</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-starred-form_002c-defining-new-commands">starred form, defining new commands</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-starting-a-new-page">starting a new page</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-starting-a-new-page-and-clearing-floats">starting a new page and clearing floats</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">\clearpage &amp; \cleardoublepage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-starting-and-ending">starting and ending</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-starting-on-a-right_002dhand-page">starting on a right-hand page</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">\clearpage &amp; \cleardoublepage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-sterling-symbol">sterling symbol</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-straight-double-quote_002c-base">straight double quote, base</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-straight-quote_002c-base">straight quote, base</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-straight-single-quote">straight single quote</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-stretch_002c-infinite-horizontal">stretch, infinite horizontal</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-stretch_002c-infinite-vertical">stretch, infinite vertical</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-stretch_002c-omitting-vertical">stretch, omitting vertical</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom">\raggedbottom</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-strut">strut</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-strut-1">strut</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-strut_002c-math">strut, math</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut">\mathstrut</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-styles-of-text">styles of text</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-styles_002c-page">styles, page</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-subparagraph">subparagraph</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-subparagraph-1">subparagraph</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-subparagraph-counter"><code>subparagraph counter</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-subscript">subscript</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-subsection">subsection</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-subsection-1">subsection</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsection">\subsection</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-subsection-counter"><code>subsection counter</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-subsubsection">subsubsection</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-subsubsection-1">subsubsection</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-subsubsection-counter"><code>subsubsection counter</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-suffix-package"><code class="code">suffix</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-superscript">superscript</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-symbol"><code>symbol</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-symbol_002c-defining">symbol, defining</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol">\DeclareTextSymbol</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-symbols_002c-arrows">symbols, arrows</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-symbols_002c-boldface">symbols, boldface</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#bm">bm</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-symbols_002c-math">symbols, math</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-symbols_002c-text">symbols, text</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-system-commands_002c-run-from-LaTeX">system commands, run from LaTeX</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-system-information">system information</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-T">T</th></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-T1">T1</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-T1-encoding">T1 encoding</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tab-stops_002c-using">tab stops, using</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tabbing-environment"><code><code class="code">tabbing</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-table-counter"><code>table counter</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-table-environment"><code><code class="code">table</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-table-of-contents">table of contents</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-table-of-contents-entry_002c-create-dotted-line">table of contents entry, create dotted line</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline">\@dottedtocline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-table-of-contents-entry_002c-manually-adding">table of contents entry, manually adding</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">\addcontentsline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-table-of-contents-file">table of contents file</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-table-of-contents_002c-avoiding-footnotes">table of contents, avoiding footnotes</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings">Footnotes in section headings</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-table-of-contents_002c-creating">table of contents, creating</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-table-of-contents_002c-page-numbers-in">table of contents, page numbers in</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cthepage">\thepage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-table-of-contents_002c-sectioning-numbers-printed">table of contents, sectioning numbers printed</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tablefootnote-package"><code class="code">tablefootnote</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table">Footnotes in a table</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tables_002c-creating">tables, creating</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tabular-environment"><code><code class="code">tabular</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tagged-PDF">tagged PDF</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDocumentMetadata">\DocumentMetadata</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-template-_0028simple_0029_002c-article">template (simple), <code class="code">article</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#article-template">article template</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-template_002c-beamer">template, <code class="code">beamer</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#beamer-template">beamer template</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-template_002c-book">template, <code class="code">book</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#book-template">book template</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-template_002c-book-1">template, <code class="code">book</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Larger-book-template">Larger book template</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-templates_002c-document">templates, document</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-templates">Document templates</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-terminal-input_002foutput">terminal input/output</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Input_002foutput">Input/output</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-terminal_002c-writing-to">terminal, writing to</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TeX-format-_0028_002efmt_0029-files">TeX format (<code class="code">.fmt</code>) files</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TeX-logo">TeX logo</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-texosquery-package"><code class="code">texosquery</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-texput_002c-jobname-default"><code>texput<span class="r">, jobname default</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-text-style">text style</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-text-symbols">text symbols</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-text_002c-resizing">text, resizing</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-text_002c-resizing-1">text, resizing</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-text_002c-scaling">text, scaling</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-text_002c-scaling-1">text, scaling</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-textcase-package"><code class="code">textcase</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-textcomp-package"><code class="code">textcomp</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-thanks_002c-for-titlepage">thanks, for titlepage</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-thebibliography-environment"><code><code class="code">thebibliography</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-theindex"><code>theindex</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Produce-the-index-manually">Produce the index manually</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-theindex-environment"><code><code class="code">theindex</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Produce-the-index-manually">Produce the index manually</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-theorem-environment"><code><code class="code">theorem</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-theorem_002dlike-environment">theorem-like environment</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-theorems_002c-defining">theorems, defining</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-theorems_002c-typesetting">theorems, typesetting</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-thin-space">thin space</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-thin-space-1">thin space</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-thin-space_002c-negative">thin space, negative</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-thin-space_002c-negative-1">thin space, negative</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-thorn_002c-Icelandic-letter">thorn, Icelandic letter</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-three_002dquarters-em_002ddash">three-quarters em-dash</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tie">tie</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tie_002dafter-accent">tie-after accent</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TikZ-package"><code class="code">TikZ</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TikZ-package-1"><code class="code">TikZ</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TikZ-package-2"><code class="code">TikZ</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tikz_002dcd-package"><code class="code">tikz-cd</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tilde-accent">tilde accent</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tilde-accent_002c-math">tilde accent, math</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tilde-character_002c-meaning-of">tilde character, meaning of</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-characters">Special characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tilde_002c-ASCII_002c-in-text">tilde, ASCII, in text</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-title-page_002c-separate-or-run_002din">title page, separate or run-in</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-title-pages_002c-creating">title pages, creating</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-title_002c-for-titlepage">title, for titlepage</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-titlepage-environment"><code><code class="code">titlepage</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-titlepage-option"><code>titlepage <span class="r">option</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-titles_002c-making">titles, making</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-titlesec-package"><code class="code">titlesec</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-titlesec-package-1"><code class="code">titlesec</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpart">\part</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-titlesec-package-2"><code class="code">titlesec</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-titlesec-package-3"><code class="code">titlesec</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csection">\section</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-titlesec-package-4"><code class="code">titlesec</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsection">\subsection</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-titlesec-package-5"><code class="code">titlesec</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tocbibbind-package"><code class="code">tocbibbind</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tocdepth"><code>tocdepth</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tocdepth-counter"><code>tocdepth <span class="r">counter</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tocloft-package"><code class="code">tocloft</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tocloft-package-1"><code class="code">tocloft</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-today_0027s-date">today&rsquo;s date</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tombstone">tombstone</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-topmargin"><code>topmargin</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-topnumber"><code>topnumber</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-topnumber-1"><code>topnumber</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-totalnumber"><code>totalnumber</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-totalnumber-1"><code>totalnumber</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-trademark-symbol">trademark symbol</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-transcript-file">transcript file</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TrueType-fonts">TrueType fonts</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TS1-_0028text-companion_0029-encoding">TS1 (text companion) encoding</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TS1-encoding">TS1 encoding</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-two_002dcolumn-output">two-column output</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-two_002dthirds-em_002ddash">two-thirds em-dash</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-twocolumn-option"><code>twocolumn <span class="r">option</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-twoside-option"><code>twoside <span class="r">option</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-type-styles">type styles</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-typed-text_002c-simulating">typed text, simulating</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-typeface-sizes">typeface sizes</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-typefaces">typefaces</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Fonts">Fonts</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-typewriter-font">typewriter font</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-typewriter-labels-in-lists">typewriter labels in lists</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-U">U</th></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ulem-package"><code class="code">ulem</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Over_002d-or-under-math">Over- or under math</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-umlaut-accent">umlaut accent</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-unbreakable-space">unbreakable space</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-underbar">underbar</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-underlining">underlining</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Over_002d-or-under-math">Over- or under math</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-underscore-character_002c-meaning-of">underscore character, meaning of</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-characters">Special characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-underscore_002c-in-text">underscore, in text</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Unicode">Unicode</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Input-encodings">Input encodings</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Unicode-input_002c-native">Unicode input, native</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-unicode_002dmath-package"><code class="code">unicode-math</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#OpenType-bold-math">OpenType bold math</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-unicode_002dmath-package-1"><code class="code">unicode-math</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-unicode_002dmath-package-2"><code class="code">unicode-math</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Greek-letters">Greek letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-units_002c-of-length">units, of length</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-unofficial-nature-of-this-manual">unofficial nature of this manual</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-unordered-lists">unordered lists</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Unused-global-option-warning_002c-handling"><code class="code">Unused global option</code> warning, handling</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareOption">\DeclareOption</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-unused-options_002c-adding-to-list">unused options, adding to list</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cOptionNotUsed">\OptionNotUsed</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-uplatex"><code>uplatex</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-uplatex_002ddev"><code>uplatex-dev</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-uppercase">uppercase</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-url-package"><code class="code">url</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-using-BibTeX">using BibTeX</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-UTF_002d8_002c-default-LaTeX-input-encoding">UTF-8, default LaTeX input encoding</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-UTF_002d8_002c-engine-support-for">UTF-8, engine support for</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-UTF_002d8_002c-font-support-for">UTF-8, font support for</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-V">V</th></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-variables_002c-a-list-of">variables, a list of</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-vector-symbol_002c-math">vector symbol, math</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-verbatim-environment"><code><code class="code">verbatim</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-verbatim-text">verbatim text</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-verbatim-text_002c-inline">verbatim text, inline</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-verbatimbox-package"><code class="code">verbatimbox</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-verse-environment"><code><code class="code">verse</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verse">verse</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-version-of-format_002c-requiring">version of format, requiring</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cNeedsTeXFormat">\NeedsTeXFormat</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-vertical-bar_002c-double_002c-in-text">vertical bar, double, in text</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-vertical-bar_002c-in-text">vertical bar, in text</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-vertical-mode">vertical mode</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-vertical-space">vertical space</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-vertical-space-1">vertical space</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-vertical-space-before-paragraphs">vertical space before paragraphs</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent &amp; \parskip</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-vertical-spacing">vertical spacing</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-vertical-spacing-1">vertical spacing</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut">\mathstrut</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-vertical-spacing_002c-math-mode">vertical spacing, math mode</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csmash">\smash</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-visible-space">visible space</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-visible-space-symbol_002c-in-text">visible space symbol, in text</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-W">W</th></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-weights_002c-of-fonts">weights, of fonts</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-whatsit-item">whatsit item</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-white-space">white space</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spaces">Spaces</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-wide-hat-accent_002c-math">wide hat accent, math</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-wide-tilde-accent_002c-math">wide tilde accent, math</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-widths_002c-of-fonts">widths, of fonts</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Wright_002c-Joseph">Wright, Joseph</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-writing-external-files">writing external files</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-writing-letters">writing letters</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Letters">Letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-X">X</th></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-x_002dheight">x-height</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-xdvi-command"><code>xdvi <span class="r">command</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-xdvipdfmx"><code>xdvipdfmx</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-xelatex"><code>xelatex</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-xelatex_002ddev"><code>xelatex-dev</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-XeTeX">XeTeX</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-xindex-program"><code>xindex <span class="r">program</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-xindy-program"><code>xindy <span class="r">program</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-xparse-package"><code class="code">xparse</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-xparse-package-1"><code class="code">xparse</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-xr-package"><code class="code">xr</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#xr-package">xr package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-xr_002dhyper-package"><code class="code">xr-hyper</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#xr-package">xr package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-xspace-package"><code class="code">xspace</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#xspace-package">xspace package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-xstring-package"><code class="code">xstring</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
</table>
-<table class="cp-letters-footer-printindex"><tr><th>Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-1"><b>$</b></a>
+<table class="cp-letters-footer-printindex"><tr><th>Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-1"><b>_</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-2"><b>&amp;</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-2"><b>-</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-3"><b>*</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-3"><b>:</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-4"><b>-</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-4"><b>.</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-5"><b>.</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-5"><b>[</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-6"><b>/</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-6"><b>{</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-7"><b>1</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-7"><b>}</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-8"><b>:</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-8"><b>*</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-9"><b>[</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-9"><b>/</b></a>
&nbsp;
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-10"><b>\</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-11"><b>^</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-11"><b>&amp;</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-12"><b>#</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-13"><b>%</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-14"><b>^</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-12"><b>_</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-15"><b>~</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-13"><b>{</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-16"><b>$</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-14"><b>~</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-17"><b>1</b></a>
&nbsp;
<br>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
diff --git a/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.info b/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.info
index ec085c4988..f690253c27 100644
--- a/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.info
+++ b/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.info
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-This is latex2e.info, produced by makeinfo version 7.0.1 from
+This is latex2e.info, produced by makeinfo version 7.1 from
latex2e.texi.
This document is an unofficial reference manual for LaTeX, a document
-preparation system, version of January 2023.
+preparation system, version of May 2024.
This manual was originally translated from ‘LATEX.HLP’ v1.0a in the
VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by George D.
@@ -44,8 +44,8 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Top, Next: About this document, Up: (dir)
LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual
***************************************
-This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of January
-2023) for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system.
+This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of May 2024)
+for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system.
* Menu:
@@ -69,8 +69,8 @@ This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of January
* Page styles:: Various styles of page layout.
* Spaces:: Horizontal and vertical space.
* Boxes:: Making boxes.
-* Color:: Defining and using colors.
* Graphics:: Importing graphics from outside LaTeX.
+* Color:: Defining and using colors.
* Special insertions:: Inserting reserved and special characters.
* Splitting the input:: Dealing with big files by splitting.
* Front/back matter:: Tables of contents, glossaries, indexes.
@@ -90,14 +90,14 @@ This is an unofficial reference manual for the LaTeX2e document
preparation system, which is a macro package for the TeX typesetting
program (*note Overview::).
- This document’s home page is <https://latexref.xyz>; it has separate
+ This document's home page is <https://latexref.xyz>; it has separate
web pages for each topic. Alternatively.
<https://latexref.xyz/dev/latex2e.html> has the entire document on a
single page. For other output formats, the sources, and plenty more
information, see <https://latexref.xyz/dev/>.
- In this document, we will mostly just use ‘LaTeX’ rather than
-‘LaTeX2e’, since the previous version of LaTeX (2.09) was frozen decades
+ In this document, we will mostly just use 'LaTeX' rather than
+'LaTeX2e', since the previous version of LaTeX (2.09) was frozen decades
ago.
LaTeX is maintained by a group of volunteers
@@ -106,7 +106,8 @@ the LaTeX project is available from their web site. The present
document is completely unofficial and has not been written or reviewed
by the LaTeX maintainers. Do not send bug reports or anything else
about this document to them. Instead, please send all comments to
-<latexrefman@tug.org>.
+<latexrefman@tug.org>. This is a public list; you can (un)subscribe,
+view the archives, etc., at <https://lists.tug.org/latexrefman>.
This document is a reference, not a tutorial. There is a vast array
of other information available about LaTeX, at all levels. Here are a
@@ -122,8 +123,7 @@ few introductions.
A longer introduction to LaTeX, translated to many languages.
<https://tug.org/begin.html>
- Introduction to the TeX system, including LaTeX, with further
- references.
+ Overview of getting started with TeX and LaTeX.

File: latex2e.info, Node: Overview, Next: Document classes, Prev: About this document, Up: Top
@@ -142,17 +142,17 @@ with interspersed commands. The default encoding for the text is UTF-8
(as of 2018). The commands specify, for example, how the text should be
formatted.
- LaTeX is implemented as a set of related so-called “macros” which use
-Donald E. Knuth’s TeX typesetting program or one of its derivatives,
-collectively known as “engines”. Thus, the user produces output,
-typically PDF, by giving the input file to a TeX engine. (The following
-sections describe all this in more detail.)
+ LaTeX is implemented as a set of so-called "macros" (a TeX “format”)
+which use Donald E. Knuth's TeX typesetting program or one of its
+derivatives, collectively known as "engines". Thus, the user produces
+output, typically PDF, by giving the input file to a TeX engine. The
+following sections describe all this in more detail.
The term LaTeX is also sometimes used to mean the language in which
the input document is marked up, that is, to mean the set of commands
available to a LaTeX user.
- The name LaTeX is short for “Lamport TeX”. It is pronounced LAH-teck
+ The name LaTeX is short for "Lamport TeX". It is pronounced LAH-teck
or LAY-teck, or sometimes LAY-tecks. Inside a document, produce the
logo with ‘\LaTeX’. Where use of the logo is not sensible, such as in
plain text, write it as ‘LaTeX’.
@@ -162,9 +162,11 @@ plain text, write it as ‘LaTeX’.
* Starting and ending:: The standard beginning and end of a document.
* Output files:: Files produced.
* TeX engines:: Programs that can compile TeX and LaTeX.
+* Input text:: Input encodings and special characters.
* LaTeX command syntax:: General syntax of LaTeX commands.
-* Environment:: An area of the source with distinct behavior.
-* CTAN:: Our repository.
+* Environment syntax:: \begin{envname} ... \end{envname}.
+* \DocumentMetadata:: Towards accessible PDF output.
+* CTAN:: The TeX world's general repository.

File: latex2e.info, Node: Starting and ending, Next: Output files, Up: Overview
@@ -173,7 +175,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Starting and ending, Next: Output files, Up: Overvi
=======================
LaTeX files have a simple global structure, with a standard beginning
-and ending. This is a small example.
+and ending. Here is a small example:
\documentclass{article}
\begin{document}
@@ -184,18 +186,18 @@ Every LaTeX document has a ‘\begin{document}’ line and an
‘\end{document}’ line.
Here, the ‘article’ is the “document class”. It is implemented in a
-file ‘article.cls’. You can use any document class on your system. A
-few document classes are defined by LaTeX itself, and vast array of
-others are widely available. *Note Document classes::.
+file ‘article.cls’. You can use any document class available on your
+system. A few document classes are defined by LaTeX itself, and a vast
+array of others are available. *Note Document classes::.
You can include other LaTeX commands between the ‘\documentclass’ and
the ‘\begin{document}’ commands. This area is called the “preamble”.
- The ‘\begin{document}’, ‘\end{document}’ pair defines an
+ The ‘\begin{document}’ ... ‘\end{document}’ pair defines an
“environment”; the ‘document’ environment (and no others) is required in
-all LaTeX documents (*note document::). LaTeX make available to you
-many environments that are documented here (*note Environments::). Many
-more are available to you from external packages, most importantly those
+all LaTeX documents (*note document::). LaTeX provides many
+environments that are documented here (*note Environments::). Many more
+are available to you from external packages, most importantly those
available at CTAN (*note CTAN::).
The following sections discuss how to produce PDF or other output
@@ -208,7 +210,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Output files, Next: TeX engines, Prev: Starting and
================
LaTeX produces a main output file and at least two auxiliary files. The
-main output file’s name ends in either ‘.dvi’ or ‘.pdf’.
+main output file's name ends in either ‘.dvi’ or ‘.pdf’.
‘.dvi’
If LaTeX is invoked with the system command ‘latex’ then it
@@ -236,8 +238,8 @@ main output file’s name ends in either ‘.dvi’ or ‘.pdf’.
‘.aux’
Auxiliary information is used by LaTeX for things such as cross
references. For example, the first time that LaTeX finds a forward
- reference—a cross reference to something that has not yet appeared
- in the source—it will appear in the output as a doubled question
+ reference--a cross reference to something that has not yet appeared
+ in the source--it will appear in the output as a doubled question
mark ‘??’. When the referred-to spot does eventually appear in the
source then LaTeX writes its location information to this ‘.aux’
file. On the next invocation, LaTeX reads the location information
@@ -251,15 +253,15 @@ used to make a table of contents (*note Table of contents etc.::). A
particular class may create others; the list is open-ended.

-File: latex2e.info, Node: TeX engines, Next: LaTeX command syntax, Prev: Output files, Up: Overview
+File: latex2e.info, Node: TeX engines, Next: Input text, Prev: Output files, Up: Overview
2.3 TeX engines
===============
-LaTeX is a large set of commands that is executed by a TeX program
-(*note Overview::). Such a set of commands is called a “format”, and is
-embodied in a binary ‘.fmt’ file, which can be read much more quickly
-than the corresponding TeX source.
+LaTeX is a large set of commands (macros) that is executed by a TeX
+program (*note Overview::). Such a set of commands is called a
+“format”, and is embodied in a binary ‘.fmt’ file, which can be read
+much more quickly than the corresponding TeX source.
This section gives a terse overview of the TeX programs that are
commonly available (see also *note Command line interface::).
@@ -272,7 +274,7 @@ commonly available (see also *note Command line interface::).
‘latex’, the main output is a ‘.dvi’ file; as ‘pdflatex’, the main
output is a ‘.pdf’ file.
- pdfTeX incorporates the e-TeX extensions to Knuth’s original
+ pdfTeX incorporates the e-TeX extensions to Knuth's original
program (<https://ctan.org/pkg/etex>), including additional
programming features and bi-directional typesetting, and has plenty
of extensions of its own. e-TeX is available on its own as the
@@ -280,13 +282,14 @@ commonly available (see also *note Command line interface::).
In other TeX distributions, ‘latex’ may invoke e-TeX rather than
pdfTeX. In any case, the e-TeX extensions can be assumed to be
- available in LaTeX.
+ available in LaTeX, and a few extensions beyond e-TeX, particularly
+ for file manipulation.
‘lualatex’
If LaTeX is invoked via the system command ‘lualatex’, the LuaTeX
engine is run (<https://ctan.org/pkg/luatex>). This program allows
code written in the scripting language Lua (<http://luatex.org>) to
- interact with TeX’s typesetting. LuaTeX handles UTF-8 Unicode
+ interact with TeX's typesetting. LuaTeX handles UTF-8 Unicode
input natively, can handle OpenType and TrueType fonts, and
produces a ‘.pdf’ file by default. There is also ‘dvilualatex’ to
produce a ‘.dvi’ file.
@@ -304,6 +307,12 @@ commonly available (see also *note Command line interface::).
process is automatic. The ‘.xdv’ file is only useful for
debugging.
+‘hilatex’
+ If LaTeX is invoked via the system command ‘hilatex’, the HiTeX
+ engine is run (<https://ctan.org/pkg/hitex>). This program
+ produces its own format, named HINT, designed especially for
+ high-quality typesetting on mobile devices.
+
‘platex’
‘uplatex’
These commands provide significant additional support for Japanese
@@ -311,7 +320,7 @@ commonly available (see also *note Command line interface::).
<https://ctan.org/pkg/ptex> and <https://ctan.org/pkg/uptex>.
As of 2019, there is a companion ‘-dev’ command and format for all of
-the above:
+the above, except ‘hitex’:
‘dvilualatex-dev’
‘latex-dev’
@@ -335,31 +344,195 @@ the above:
undergo the same extensive regression testing by the LaTeX team
before being released.
- For more information, see “The LaTeX release workflow and the LaTeX
- ‘dev’ formats” by Frank Mittelbach, ‘TUGboat’ 40:2,
+ For more information, see "The LaTeX release workflow and the LaTeX
+ ‘dev’ formats" by Frank Mittelbach, ‘TUGboat’ 40:2,
<https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb40-2/tb125mitt-dev.pdf>.

-File: latex2e.info, Node: LaTeX command syntax, Next: Environment, Prev: TeX engines, Up: Overview
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Input text, Next: LaTeX command syntax, Prev: TeX engines, Up: Overview
+
+2.4 Input text
+==============
-2.4 LaTeX command syntax
+To a first approximation, most input characters in LaTeX print as
+themselves. But there are exceptions, as discussed in the following
+sections.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Input encodings::
+* Ligatures:: Combined characters: ff fi fl ffi ffl " " - -- '! '?
+* Special characters:: With special meaning: ‘\ { } % $ & _ ^ # ~’
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Input encodings, Next: Ligatures, Up: Input text
+
+2.4.1 Input encodings
+---------------------
+
+The input to TeX (or any computer program) ultimately consists of a
+sequence of bytes. (Nowadays, a byte is almost universally an eight-bit
+number, i.e., an integer between 0 and 255, inclusive.) The input
+encoding defines how to interpret that sequence of bytes, and thus how
+LaTeX behaves.
+
+ Today, by far the most common way to encode text is with “UTF-8”, a
+so-called "Unicode Transformation Format" which specifies how to
+transform a sequence of 8-bit bytes to Unicode code points, which are
+defined independent of any particular representation. The Unicode
+encoding defines code points for virtually all characters used today in
+written text.
+
+ When TeX was created, Unicode and UTF-8 did not exist and the 7-bit
+ASCII encoding was by far the most widely used. So TeX does not require
+Unicode for text input. UTF-8 is a superset of ASCII, so a pure 7-bit
+ASCII document is also UTF-8.
+
+ Since 2018, the default input encoding for LaTeX is UTF-8. Some
+methods for handling documents written in some other encoding, such as
+ISO-8859-1 (Latin 1), are explained in *note inputenc package::.
+
+ You can easily find more about all these topics in any introductory
+computer text or online. For example, you might start at:
+<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode>.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Ligatures, Next: Special characters, Prev: Input encodings, Up: Input text
+
+2.4.2 Ligatures
+---------------
+
+A “ligature” combines two or more letters (more generally, characters)
+into a single glyph. For example, in Latin-based typography, the two
+letters ‘f’ and ‘i’ are often combined into the glyph 'fi'.
+
+ TeX supports ligatures automatically. To continue the example, if
+the input has the word ‘fine’, written as four separate ASCII
+characters, TeX will output the word 'fine' (with the default fonts),
+with three typeset glyphs.
+
+ In traditional TeX, the available ligatures, if any, are defined by
+the current font. TeX also uses the ligature mechanism to produce a few
+typographical characters which were not available in any computer
+encoding when TeX was invented. In all, in the original Computer Modern
+fonts, the following input character sequences are defined to lead to
+ligatures:
+
+‘ff’
+ ff (ff ligature, U+FB00)
+‘fi’
+ fi (fi ligature, U+FB01)
+‘fl’
+ fl (fl ligature, U+FB02)
+‘ffi’
+ ffi (ffi ligature, U+FB03)
+‘ffl’
+ ffl (ffl ligature, U+FB04)
+‘``’
+ " (left double quotation mark, U+201C)
+‘''’
+ " (right double quotation mark, U+201D)
+‘--’
+ - (en-dash, U+2013)
+‘---’
+ -- (em-dash, U+2014)
+‘!`’
+ !' (inverted exclamation mark, U+00A1)
+‘?`’
+ ?' (inverted question mark, U+00BF)
+
+(For the f-ligatures above, the text in parentheses shows the individual
+characters, so in the typeset output you can easily see the difference
+between the ligature and the original character sequence.)
+
+ Nowadays it's usually possible to directly input the punctuation
+characters as Unicode characters, and LaTeX supports that (see previous
+section). But even today, it can still often be useful to use the ASCII
+ligature input form; for example, the difference between an en-dash and
+em-dash, as a single glyph, can be all but impossible to discern, but
+the difference between two and three ASCII hyphen characters is clear.
+Similarly with quotation marks, in some fonts.
+
+ Thus, even the engines with native support for UTF-8, namely LuaTeX
+and XeTeX, also support the ASCII ligature input sequences by default,
+independent of the font used. They also need to do so for
+compatibility.
+
+ By the way, the f-ligatures are also available in Unicode (the
+"Alphabetic Presentation Forms" block starting at U+FB00), but it's
+almost never desirable to use them as input characters, since in
+principle it should be up to the typesetter and the current font whether
+to use ligatures. Also, in practice, using them will typically cause
+searches to fail, that is, a search for the two characters ‘fi’ will not
+be matched by the ligature 'fi' at U+FB01.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Special characters, Prev: Ligatures, Up: Input text
+
+2.4.3 Special characters: ‘\ { } % $ & _ ^ # ~’
+-----------------------------------------------
+
+Besides ligatures (see previous section), a few individual characters
+have special meaning to LaTeX. They are called “reserved characters” or
+“special characters”. Here they are:
+
+‘\’
+ Introduces a command name, as seen throughout this manual.
+
+‘{’
+‘}’
+ Delimits a required argument to a command or a level of grouping,
+ as seen throughout this manual.
+
+‘%’
+ Starts a comment: the ‘%’ and all remaining characters on the
+ current line are ignored.
+
+‘$’
+ Starts and ends math mode (*note Math formulas::).
+
+‘&’
+ Separates cells in a table (*note tabular::).
+
+‘_’
+‘^’
+ Introduce a subscript or superscript, respectively, in math (*note
+ Subscripts & superscripts::); they produce an error outside math
+ mode. As a little-used special feature, two superscript characters
+ in a row can introduce special notation for an arbitrary character.
+
+‘#’
+ Stands for arguments in a macro definition (*note \newcommand &
+ \renewcommand::).
+
+‘~’
+ Produces a nonbreakable interword space (*note ~::).
+
+ *Note Printing special characters::, for how to typeset these
+characters when you need them literally.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: LaTeX command syntax, Next: Environment syntax, Prev: Input text, Up: Overview
+
+2.5 LaTeX command syntax
========================
In the LaTeX input file, a command name starts with a backslash
character, ‘\’. The name itself then consists of either (a) a string of
letters or (b) a single non-letter.
- LaTeX commands names are case sensitive so that ‘\pagebreak’ differs
-from ‘\Pagebreak’ (the latter is not a standard command). Most command
-names are lowercase, but in any event you must enter all commands in the
-same case as they are defined.
+ LaTeX commands names are case sensitive; for example, ‘\pagebreak’
+differs from ‘\Pagebreak’ (the latter is not a standard command). Most
+command names are lowercase, but in any event you must enter all
+commands in the same case as they are defined.
A command may be followed by zero, one, or more arguments. These
arguments may be either required or optional. Required arguments are
contained in curly braces, ‘{...}’. Optional arguments are contained in
square brackets, ‘[...]’. Generally, but not universally, if the
command accepts an optional argument, it comes first, before any
-required arguments.
+required arguments; optional arguments could come after required
+arguments, or both before and after.
Inside of an optional argument, to use the character close square
bracket (‘]’) hide it inside curly braces, as in ‘\item[closing bracket
@@ -368,23 +541,23 @@ argument after it, then to make the first character of the following
text be an open square bracket, hide it inside curly braces.
LaTeX has the convention that some commands have a ‘*’ form that is
-related to the form without a ‘*’, such as ‘\chapter’ and ‘\chapter*’.
-The exact difference in behavior varies from command to command.
+closely related to the form without a ‘*’, such as ‘\chapter’ and
+‘\chapter*’. The difference in behavior varies from command to command.
This manual describes all accepted options and ‘*’-forms for the
commands it covers (barring unintentional omissions, a.k.a. bugs).
As of the 2020-10-01 release of LaTeX, the ‘expl3’ and ‘xparse’
packages are part of the LaTeX2e format. They provide a completely
-different underlying programming language syntax. We won’t try to cover
-them in this document; see the related package documentation and other
+different underlying programming language syntax. We won't try to cover
+that in this document; see the related package documentation and other
LaTeX manuals.

-File: latex2e.info, Node: Environment, Next: CTAN, Prev: LaTeX command syntax, Up: Overview
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Environment syntax, Next: \DocumentMetadata, Prev: LaTeX command syntax, Up: Overview
-2.5 Environment
-===============
+2.6 Environment syntax
+======================
Synopsis:
@@ -415,31 +588,61 @@ the table to be aligned on its top row) while the second argument is
required (it specifies the formatting of columns).
\begin{tabular}[t]{r|l}
- ... rows of table ...
+ ... ROWS-OF-TABLE ...
\end{tabular}

-File: latex2e.info, Node: CTAN, Prev: Environment, Up: Overview
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \DocumentMetadata, Next: CTAN, Prev: Environment syntax, Up: Overview
+
+2.7 ‘\DocumentMetadata’: Producing tagged PDF output
+====================================================
+
+The ‘\DocumentMetadata’ command was added to LaTeX in 2022. It enables
+so-called "tagging" of the PDF output, aiding accessibility of the PDF.
+It is supported best with LuaLaTeX; pdfLaTeX and XeLaTeX are supported
+as well as possible (*note TeX engines::).
+
+ It is unlike nearly any other command in LaTeX in that it must occur
+before the ‘\documentclass’ command that starts a LaTeX document proper
+(*note \documentclass::). Therefore it must be called with
+‘\RequirePackage’ rather than ‘\usepackage’ (*note \RequirePackage::).
+
+ This support is still in development, so we will not try to list all
+the possible settings. Please see the ‘documentmetadata-support-doc’
+document, part of the ‘latex-lab’ package
+(<https://ctan.org/pkg/latex-lab>). Here is a simple example which
+enables most tagging currently implemented:
+
+ \DocumentMetadata{testphase={phase-III,firstaid}}
+ \documentclass{article}
+ ...
+
+ As you can see from the key name ‘testphase’, this is all still in an
+experimental phase. The LaTeX developers strongly encourage users to
+give it a try and report problems, so it can be improved.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: CTAN, Prev: \DocumentMetadata, Up: Overview
-2.6 CTAN: The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network
+2.8 CTAN: The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network
===============================================
The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network, CTAN, is the TeX and LaTeX
-community’s repository of free material. It is a set of Internet sites
+community's repository of free material. It is a set of Internet sites
around the world that offer material related to LaTeX for download.
Visit CTAN on the web at <https://ctan.org>.
This material is organized into packages, discrete bundles that
typically offer some coherent functionality and are maintained by one
person or a small number of people. For instance, many publishers have
-a package that allows authors to format papers to that publisher’s
+a package that allows authors to format papers to that publisher's
specifications.
- In addition to the massive holdings, the ‘ctan.org’ web site offers
+ In addition to its massive holdings, the ‘ctan.org’ web site offers
features such as search by name or by functionality.
CTAN is not a single host, but instead is a set of hosts, one of
-which is the so-called “master”. The master host actively manages the
+which is the so-called "master". The master host actively manages the
material, for instance, by accepting uploads of new or updated packages.
For many years, it has been hosted by the German TeX group, DANTE e.V.
@@ -455,13 +658,13 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Document classes, Next: Fonts, Prev: Overview, Up:
3 Document classes
******************
-The document’s overall class is defined with this command, which is
-normally the first command in a LaTeX source file.
+The document's overall class is defined with the ‘\documentclass’
+command, which is normally the first command in a LaTeX source file.
\documentclass[OPTIONS]{CLASS}
- The following document CLASS names are built into LaTeX. (Many other
-document classes are available as separate packages; *note Overview::.)
+ The following document CLASS names are built into LaTeX. Many other
+document classes are available as separate packages (*note Overview::).
‘article’
For a journal article, a presentation, and miscellaneous general
@@ -480,21 +683,21 @@ document classes are available as separate packages; *note Overview::.)
technical reports or theses, which may contain several chapters.
‘slides’
- For slide presentations—rarely used nowadays. The ‘beamer’ package
- is perhaps the most prevalent (<https://ctan.org/pkg/beamer>).
- *Note beamer template::, for a small template for a beamer
- document.
+ For slide presentations--rarely used nowadays. The ‘beamer’
+ package is perhaps the most prevalent replacement
+ (<https://ctan.org/pkg/beamer>). *Note beamer template::, for a
+ small template for a beamer document.
Standard OPTIONS are described in the next section.
* Menu:
-* Document class options:: Global options.
-* Additional packages:: Bring in packages.
-* Class and package construction:: Create new classes and packages.
+* Document class options:: Global options.
+* \usepackage:: Bring in additional packages.
+* Class and package creation:: Writing new classes and packages.

-File: latex2e.info, Node: Document class options, Next: Additional packages, Up: Document classes
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Document class options, Next: \usepackage, Up: Document classes
3.1 Document class options
==========================
@@ -505,15 +708,18 @@ specify more than one OPTION, separate them with a comma.
\documentclass[OPTION1,OPTION2,...]{CLASS}
+ LaTeX automatically passes options specified for ‘\documentclass’ on
+to any other loaded classes that can handle them.
+
Here is the list of the standard class options.
All of the standard classes except ‘slides’ accept the following
-options for selecting the typeface size (default is ‘10pt’):
+options for selecting the typeface size; the default is ‘10pt’:
10pt 11pt 12pt
All of the standard classes accept these options for selecting the
-paper size (these show height by width):
+paper size (dimensions are listed height by width):
‘a4paper’
210 by 297mm (about 8.25 by 11.75 inches)
@@ -535,12 +741,12 @@ paper size (these show height by width):
When using one of the engines pdfLaTeX, LuaLaTeX, or XeLaTeX (*note
TeX engines::), options other than ‘letterpaper’ set the print area but
-you must also set the physical paper size. One way to do that is to put
-‘\pdfpagewidth=\paperwidth’ and ‘\pdfpageheight=\paperheight’ in your
-document’s preamble.
-
- The ‘geometry’ package provides flexible ways of setting the print
-area and physical page size.
+you must also set the physical paper size. Usually, the ‘geometry’
+package is the best way to do that; it provides flexible ways of setting
+the print area and physical page size. Otherwise, setting the paper
+size is engine-dependent. For example, with pdfLaTeX, you could include
+‘\pdfpagewidth=\paperwidth’ and ‘\pdfpageheight=\paperheight’ in the
+preamble.
Miscellaneous other options:
@@ -560,7 +766,7 @@ area and physical page size.
right side.
‘openbib’
- Use “open” bibliography format.
+ Use "open" bibliography format.
‘titlepage’
‘notitlepage’
@@ -583,7 +789,7 @@ area and physical page size.
For one-sided printing, the text is centered on the page. For
two-sided printing, the ‘\evensidemargin’ (‘\oddsidemargin’)
parameter determines the distance on even (odd) numbered pages
- between the left side of the page and the text’s left margin, with
+ between the left side of the page and the text's left margin, with
‘\oddsidemargin’ being 40% of the difference between ‘\paperwidth’
and ‘\textwidth’, and ‘\evensidemargin’ is the remainder.
@@ -596,29 +802,39 @@ area and physical page size.
the bottom of each note.

-File: latex2e.info, Node: Additional packages, Next: Class and package construction, Prev: Document class options, Up: Document classes
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \usepackage, Next: Class and package creation, Prev: Document class options, Up: Document classes
-3.2 Additional packages
-=======================
+3.2 ‘\usepackage’: Additional packages
+======================================
-Load a package PKG, with the package options given in the
-comma-separated list OPTIONS, as here.
+To load a package PKG, with the package options given in the
+comma-separated list OPTIONS:
- \usepackage[OPTIONS]{PKG}.
+ \usepackage[OPTIONS]{PKG}[MINDATE]
To specify more than one package you can separate them with a comma,
as in ‘\usepackage{PKG1,PKG2,...}’, or use multiple ‘\usepackage’
commands.
- Any options given in the ‘\documentclass’ command that are unknown to
-the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with
-‘\usepackage’.
+ If the MINDATE optional argument is given, LaTeX gives a warning if
+the loaded package has an earlier date, i.e., is too old. The MINDATE
+argument must be in the form ‘YYYY/MM/DD’. More info on this:
+<https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/47743>.
+
+ ‘\usepackage’ must be used in the document preamble, between the
+‘\documentclass’ declaration and the ‘\begin{document}’. Occasionally
+it is necessary to load packages before the ‘\documentclass’; see
+‘\RequirePackage’ for that (*note \RequirePackage::).
+
+ Any options given in the global ‘\documentclass’ command that are
+unknown to the selected document class are passed on to the packages
+loaded with ‘\usepackage’.

-File: latex2e.info, Node: Class and package construction, Prev: Additional packages, Up: Document classes
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Class and package creation, Prev: \usepackage, Up: Document classes
-3.3 Class and package construction
-==================================
+3.3 Class and package creation
+==============================
You can create new document classes and new packages. For instance, if
your memos must satisfy some local requirements, such as a standard
@@ -628,30 +844,33 @@ and begin your documents with ‘\documentclass{smcmemo}’.
What separates a package from a document class is that the commands
in a package are useful across classes while those in a document class
are specific to that class. Thus, a command to set page headers is for
-a package while a command to make the page headers say ‘Memo from the
-SMC Math Department’ is for a class.
-
- Inside of a class or package file you can use the at-sign ‘@’ as a
-character in command names without having to surround the code
-containing that command with ‘\makeatletter’ and ‘\makeatother’. *Note
-\makeatletter & \makeatother::. This allow you to create commands that
-users will not accidentally redefine. Another technique is to preface
-class- or package-specific commands with some string to prevent your
-class or package from interfering with others. For instance, the class
-‘smcmemo’ might have commands ‘\smc@tolist’, ‘\smc@fromlist’, etc.
+a package while a command to make the page headers be ‘Memo from the SMC
+Math Department’ is for a class.
+
+ Inside of a class or package definition you can use the at-sign ‘@’
+as a character in command names without having to surround the code
+containing that command with ‘\makeatletter’ and ‘\makeatother’ (*note
+\makeatletter & \makeatother::). This allows you to create commands
+that users will not accidentally redefine.
+
+ It is also highly desirable to prefix class- or package-specific
+commands with your package name or similar string, to prevent your
+definitions from clashing with those from other packages. For instance,
+the class ‘smcmemo’ might have commands ‘\smc@tolist’, ‘\smc@fromlist’,
+etc.
* Menu:
* Class and package structure:: Layout of the file.
-* Class and package commands:: List of commands.

-File: latex2e.info, Node: Class and package structure, Next: Class and package commands, Up: Class and package construction
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Class and package structure, Up: Class and package creation
3.3.1 Class and package structure
---------------------------------
A class file or package file typically has four parts.
+
1. In the “identification part”, the file says that it is a LaTeX
package or class and describes itself, using the ‘\NeedsTeXFormat’
and ‘\ProvidesClass’ or ‘\ProvidesPackage’ commands.
@@ -687,361 +906,15 @@ file.
It identifies itself, handles the class options via the default of
passing them all to the ‘article’ class, and then loads the ‘article’
-class to provide the basis for this class’s code.
+class to provide the basis for this class's code.
For more, see the official guide for class and package writers, the
-Class Guide, at
-<https://www.latex-project.org/help/documentation/clsguide.pdf> (much of
-the descriptions here derive from this document), or the tutorial
-<https://www.tug.org/TUGboat/tb26-3/tb84heff.pdf>.
-
-
-File: latex2e.info, Node: Class and package commands, Prev: Class and package structure, Up: Class and package construction
-
-3.3.2 Class and package commands
---------------------------------
-
-These are the commands designed to help writers of classes or packages.
-
-‘\AtBeginDvi{specials}’
- Save in a box register things that are written to the ‘.dvi’ file
- at the beginning of the shipout of the first page of the document.
-
-‘\AtEndOfClass{CODE}’
-‘\AtEndOfPackage{CODE}’
- Hook to insert CODE to be executed when LaTeX finishes processing
- the current class or package. You can use these hooks multiple
- times; the ‘code’ will be executed in the order that you called it.
- See also *note \AtBeginDocument::.
-
-‘\CheckCommand{CMD}[NUM][DEFAULT]{DEFINITION}’
-‘\CheckCommand*{CMD}[NUM][DEFAULT]{DEFINITION}’
- Like ‘\newcommand’ (*note \newcommand & \renewcommand::) but does
- not define CMD; instead it checks that the current definition of
- CMD is exactly as given by DEFINITION and is or is not “long” as
- expected. A long command is a command that accepts ‘\par’ within
- an argument. The CMD command is expected to be long with the
- unstarred version of ‘\CheckCommand’. Raises an error when the
- check fails. This allows you to check before you start redefining
- ‘cmd’ yourself that no other package has already redefined this
- command.
-
-‘\ClassError{CLASS NAME}{ERROR TEXT}{HELP TEXT}’
-‘\ClassWarning{CLASS NAME}{WARNING TEXT}’
-‘\ClassWarningNoLine{CLASS NAME}{WARNING TEXT}’
-‘\ClassInfo{CLASS NAME}{INFO TEXT}’
-‘\ClassInfoNoLine{CLASS NAME}{INFO TEXT}’
-‘\PackageError{PACKAGE NAME}{ERROR TEXT}{HELP TEXT}’
-‘\PackageWarning{PACKAGE NAME}{WARNING TEXT}’
-‘\PackageWarningNoLine{PACKAGE NAME}{WARNING TEXT}’
-‘\PackageInfo{PACKAGE NAME}{INFO TEXT}’
-‘\PackageInfoNoLine{PACKAGE NAME}{INFO TEXT}’
- Produce an error message, or warning or informational messages.
-
- For ‘\ClassError’ and ‘\PackageError’ the message is ERROR TEXT,
- followed by TeX’s ‘?’ error prompt. If the user then asks for help
- by typing ‘h’, they see the HELP TEXT.
-
- The four warning commands are similar except that they write
- WARNING TEXT on the screen with no error prompt. The four info
- commands write INFO TEXT only in the transcript file. The ‘NoLine’
- versions do not show the number of the line generating the message,
- while the other versions do show that number.
-
- To format the messages, including the HELP TEXT: use ‘\protect’ to
- stop a command from expanding, get a line break with
- ‘\MessageBreak’, and get a space with ‘\space’ when a space
- character does not allow it, like after a command. Note that LaTeX
- appends a period to the messages.
-
-‘\CurrentOption’
- Expands to the name of the currently-being-processed option. Can
- only be used within the CODE argument of either ‘\DeclareOption’ or
- ‘\DeclareOption*’.
-
-‘\DeclareOption{OPTION}{CODE}’
-‘\DeclareOption*{CODE}’
- Make an option available to a user to invoke in their
- ‘\documentclass’ command. For example, the ‘smcmemo’ class could
- have an option ‘\documentclass[logo]{smcmemo}’ allowing users to
- put the institutional logo on the first page. The class file must
- contain ‘\DeclareOption{logo}{CODE}’ (and later,
- ‘\ProcessOptions’).
-
- If you request an option that has not been declared, by default
- this will produce a warning like ‘Unused global option(s):
- [badoption].’ Change this behavior with the starred version
- ‘\DeclareOption*{CODE}’. For example, many classes extend an
- existing class, using a command such as ‘\LoadClass{article}’, and
- for passing extra options to the underlying class use code such as
- this.
-
- \DeclareOption*{%
- \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}%
- }
-
- Another example is that the class ‘smcmemo’ may allow users to keep
- lists of memo recipients in external files. Then the user could
- invoke ‘\documentclass[math]{smcmemo}’ and it will read the file
- ‘math.memo’. This code handles the file if it exists and otherwise
- passes the option to the ‘article’ class.
-
- \DeclareOption*{\InputIfFileExists{\CurrentOption.memo}{}{%
- \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}}}
-
-‘\DeclareRobustCommand{CMD}[NUM][DEFAULT]{DEFINITION}’
-‘* \DeclareRobustCommand*{CMD}[NUM][DEFAULT]{DEFINITION}’
- Like ‘\newcommand’ and ‘\newcommand*’ (*note \newcommand &
- \renewcommand::) but these declare a robust command, even if some
- code within the DEFINITION is fragile. (For a discussion of robust
- and fragile commands *note \protect::.) Use this command to define
- new robust commands or to redefine existing commands and make them
- robust. Unlike ‘\newcommand’ these do not give an error if macro
- CMD already exists; instead, a log message is put into the
- transcript file if a command is redefined.
-
- Commands defined this way are a bit less efficient than those
- defined using ‘\newcommand’ so unless the command’s data is fragile
- and the command is used within a moving argument, use
- ‘\newcommand’.
-
- The ‘etoolbox’ package offers the commands ‘\newrobustcmd’,
- ‘\newrobustcmd*’, as well as the commands ‘\renewrobustcmd’,
- ‘\renewrobustcmd*’, and the commands ‘\providerobustcmd’, and
- ‘\providerobustcmd*’. These are similar to ‘\newcommand’,
- ‘\newcommand*’, ‘\renewcommand’, ‘\renewcommand*’,
- ‘\providecommand’, and ‘\providecommand*’, but define a robust CMD
- with two advantages as compared to ‘\DeclareRobustCommand’:
- 1. They use the low-level e-TeX protection mechanism rather than
- the higher level LaTeX ‘\protect’ mechanism, so they do not
- incur the slight loss of performance mentioned above, and
- 2. They make the same distinction between ‘\new...’, ‘\renew...’,
- and ‘\provide...’, as the standard commands, so they do not
- just make a log message when you redefine CMD that already
- exists, in that case you need to use either ‘\renew...’ or
- ‘\provide...’ or you get an error.
-
-‘\IfFileExists{FILENAME}{TRUE CODE}{FALSE CODE}’
-‘\InputIfFileExists{FILENAME}{TRUE CODE}{FALSE CODE}’
- Execute TRUE CODE if LaTeX finds the file ‘FILE NAME’ or FALSE CODE
- otherwise. In the first case it executing TRUE CODE and then
- inputs the file. Thus the command
-
- \IfFileExists{img.pdf}{%
- \includegraphics{img.pdf}}{\typeout{!! img.pdf not found}
-
- will include the graphic ‘img.pdf’ if it is found and otherwise
- give a warning.
-
- This command looks for the file in all search paths that LaTeX
- uses, not only in the current directory. To look only in the
- current directory do something like ‘\IfFileExists{./filename}{TRUE
- CODE}{FALSE CODE}’. If you ask for a filename without a ‘.tex’
- extension then LaTeX will first look for the file by appending the
- ‘.tex’; for more on how LaTeX handles file extensions see *note
- \input::.
-
-‘\LoadClass[OPTIONS LIST]{CLASS NAME}[RELEASE DATE]’
-‘\LoadClassWithOptions{CLASS NAME}[RELEASE DATE]’
- Load a class, as with ‘\documentclass[OPTIONS LIST]{CLASS
- NAME}[RELEASE INFO]’. An example is
- ‘\LoadClass[twoside]{article}’.
-
- The OPTIONS LIST, if present, is a comma-separated list. The
- RELEASE DATE is optional. If present it must have the form
- YYYY/MM/DD.
-
- If you request a RELEASE DATE and the date of the package installed
- on your system is earlier, then you get a warning on the screen and
- in the log like this.
-
- You have requested, on input line 4, version `2038/01/19' of
- document class article, but only version `2014/09/29 v1.4h
- Standard LaTeX document class' is available.
-
- The command version ‘\LoadClassWithOptions’ uses the list of
- options for the current class. This means it ignores any options
- passed to it via ‘\PassOptionsToClass’. This is a convenience
- command that lets you build classes on existing ones, such as the
- standard ‘article’ class, without having to track which options
- were passed.
-
-‘\ExecuteOptions{OPTIONS-LIST}’
- For each option OPTION in the OPTIONS-LIST, in order, this command
- executes the command ‘\ds@OPTION’. If this command is not defined
- then that option is silently ignored.
-
- It can be used to provide a default option list before
- ‘\ProcessOptions’. For example, if in a class file you want the
- default to be 11pt fonts then you could specify
- ‘\ExecuteOptions{11pt}\ProcessOptions\relax’.
-
-‘\NeedsTeXFormat{FORMAT}[FORMAT DATE]’
- Specifies the format that this class must be run under. Often
- issued as the first line of a class file, and most often used as:
- ‘\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}’. When a document using that class is
- processed, the format name given here must match the format that is
- actually being run (including that the FORMAT string is case
- sensitive). If it does not match then execution stops with an
- error like ‘This file needs format `LaTeX2e' but this is `xxx'.’
-
- To specify a version of the format that you know to have certain
- features, include the optional FORMAT DATE on which those features
- were implemented. If present it must be in the form ‘YYYY/MM/DD’.
- If the format version installed on your system is earlier than
- FORMAT DATE then you get a warning like this.
-
- You have requested release `2038/01/20' of LaTeX, but only
- release `2016/02/01' is available.
-
-‘\OptionNotUsed’
- Adds the current option to the list of unused options. Can only be
- used within the CODE argument of either ‘\DeclareOption’ or
- ‘\DeclareOption*’.
-
-‘\PassOptionsToClass{OPTION LIST}{CLASS NAME}’
-‘\PassOptionsToPackage{OPTION LIST}{PACKAGE NAME}’
- Adds the options in the comma-separated list OPTION LIST to the
- options used by any future ‘\RequirePackage’ or ‘\usepackage’
- command for package PACKAGE NAME or the class CLASS NAME.
-
- The reason for these commands is: you may load a package any number
- of times with no options but if you want options then you may only
- supply them when you first load the package. Loading a package
- with options more than once will get you an error like ‘Option
- clash for package foo.’ (LaTeX throws an error even if there is no
- conflict between the options.)
-
- If your own code is bringing in a package twice then you can
- collapse that to once, for example replacing the two
- ‘\RequirePackage[landscape]{geometry}’ and
- ‘\RequirePackage[margins=1in]{geometry}’ with the single command
- ‘\RequirePackage[landscape,margins=1in]{geometry}’.
-
- However, imagine that you are loading ‘firstpkg’ and inside that
- package it loads ‘secondpkg’, and you need the second package to be
- loaded with option ‘draft’. Then before doing the first package
- you must queue up the options for the second package, like this.
-
- \PassOptionsToPackage{draft}{secondpkg}
- \RequirePackage{firstpkg}
-
- (If ‘firstpkg.sty’ loads an option in conflict with what you want
- then you may have to alter its source.)
-
- These commands are useful for general users as well as class and
- package writers. For instance, suppose a user wants to load the
- ‘graphicx’ package with the option ‘draft’ and also wants to use a
- class ‘foo’ that loads the ‘graphicx’ package, but without that
- option. The user could start their LaTeX file with
- ‘\PassOptionsToPackage{draft}{graphicx}\documentclass{foo}’.
-
-‘\ProcessOptions’
-‘\ProcessOptions*\@OPTIONS’
- Execute the code for each option that the user has invoked.
- Include it in the class file as ‘\ProcessOptions\relax’ (because of
- the existence of the starred command).
-
- Options come in two types. “Local options” have been specified for
- this particular package in the OPTIONS argument of
- ‘\PassOptionsToPackage{OPTIONS}’, ‘\usepackage[OPTIONS]’, or
- ‘\RequirePackage[OPTIONS]’. “Global options” are those given by
- the class user in ‘\documentclass[OPTIONS]’ (If an option is
- specified both locally and globally then it is local.)
-
- When ‘\ProcessOptions’ is called for a package ‘pkg.sty’, the
- following happens:
- 1. For each option OPTION so far declared with ‘\DeclareOption’,
- it looks to see if that option is either a global or a local
- option for ‘pkg’. If so then it executes the declared code.
- This is done in the order in which these options were given in
- ‘pkg.sty’.
- 2. For each remaining local option, it executes the command
- ‘\ds@’OPTION if it has been defined somewhere (other than by a
- ‘\DeclareOption’); otherwise, it executes the default option
- code given in ‘\DeclareOption*’. If no default option code
- has been declared then it gives an error message. This is
- done in the order in which these options were specified.
-
- When ‘\ProcessOptions’ is called for a class it works in the same
- way except that all options are local, and the default CODE for
- ‘\DeclareOption*’ is ‘\OptionNotUsed’ rather than an error.
-
- The starred version ‘\ProcessOptions*’ executes the options in the
- order specified in the calling commands, rather than in the order
- of declaration in the class or package. For a package this means
- that the global options are processed first.
-
-‘\ProvidesClass{CLASS NAME}[RELEASE DATE BRIEF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION]’
-‘\ProvidesClass{CLASS NAME}[RELEASE DATE]’
-‘\ProvidesPackage{PACKAGE NAME}[RELEASE DATE BRIEF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION]’
-‘\ProvidesPackage{PACKAGE NAME}[RELEASE DATE]’
- Identifies the class or package, printing a message to the screen
- and the log file.
-
- When you load a class or package, for example with
- ‘\documentclass{smcmemo}’ or ‘\usepackage{test}’, LaTeX inputs a
- file. If the name of the file does not match the class or package
- name declared in it then you get a warning. Thus, if you invoke
- ‘\documentclass{smcmemo}’, and the file ‘smcmemo.cls’ has the
- statement ‘\ProvidesClass{xxx}’ then you get a warning like ‘You
- have requested document class `smcmemo', but the document class
- provides 'xxx'.’ This warning does not prevent LaTeX from
- processing the rest of the class file normally.
-
- If you include the optional argument then you must include a date,
- before any spaces, of the form ‘YYYY/MM/DD’. The rest of the
- optional argument is free-form, although it traditionally
- identifies the class, and is written to the screen during
- compilation and to the log file. Thus, if your file ‘smcmemo.cls’
- contains the line ‘\ProvidesClass{smcmemo}[2008/06/01 v1.0 SMC memo
- class]’ and your document’s first line is ‘\documentclass{smcmemo}’
- then you will see ‘Document Class: smcmemo 2008/06/01 v1.0 SMC memo
- class’.
-
- The date in the optional argument allows class and package users to
- ask to be warned if the version of the class or package is earlier
- than RELEASE DATE. For instance, a user could enter
- ‘\documentclass{smcmemo}[2018/10/12]’ or
- ‘\usepackage{foo}[[2017/07/07]]’ to require a class or package with
- certain features by specifying that it must be released no earlier
- than the given date. (Although, in practice package users only
- rarely include a date, and class users almost never do.)
-
-‘\ProvidesFile{FILENAME}[ADDITIONAL INFORMATION]’
- Declare a file other than the main class and package files, such as
- configuration files or font definition files. Put this command in
- that file and you get in the log a string like ‘File: test.config
- 2017/10/12 config file for test.cls’ for FILENAME equal to
- ‘test.config’ and ADDITIONAL INFORMATION equal to ‘2017/10/12
- config file for test.cls’.
-
-‘\RequirePackage[OPTION LIST]{PACKAGE NAME}[RELEASE DATE]’
-‘\RequirePackageWithOptions{PACKAGE NAME}[RELEASE DATE]’
- Load a package, like the command ‘\usepackage’ (*note Additional
- packages::). The LaTeX development team strongly recommends use of
- these commands over Plain TeX’s ‘\input’; see the Class Guide. An
- example is ‘\RequirePackage[landscape,margin=1in]{geometry}’.
-
- The OPTION LIST, if present, is a comma-separated list. The
- RELEASE DATE, if present, must have the form YYYY/MM/DD. If the
- release date of the package as installed on your system is earlier
- than RELEASE DATE then you get a warning like ‘You have requested,
- on input line 9, version `2017/07/03' of package jhtest, but only
- version `2000/01/01' is available’.
-
- The ‘\RequirePackageWithOptions’ version uses the list of options
- for the current class. This means it ignores any options passed to
- it via ‘\PassOptionsToClass’. This is a convenience command to
- allow easily building classes on existing ones without having to
- track which options were passed.
-
- The difference between ‘\usepackage’ and ‘\RequirePackage’ is
- small. The ‘\usepackage’ command is intended for the document file
- while ‘\RequirePackage’ is intended for package and class files.
- Thus, using ‘\usepackage’ before the ‘\documentclass’ command
- causes LaTeX to give error like ‘\usepackage before
- \documentclass’, but you can use ‘\RequirePackage’ there.
+Class Guide, at <https://ctan.org/pkg/clsguide> (much of the description
+here derives from this document), or the tutorial at
+<https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb26-3/tb84heff.pdf>.
+
+ *Note Class and package commands::, for some of the commands
+specifically intended for class and package writers.

File: latex2e.info, Node: Fonts, Next: Layout, Prev: Document classes, Up: Top
@@ -1111,7 +984,7 @@ character codes to the font glyphs that are used to typeset your output.
engines::). If you use the ‘xelatex’ or ‘lualatex’ engine then instead
use the ‘fontspec’ package.
- TeX’s original font family, Computer Modern, has a limited character
+ TeX's original font family, Computer Modern, has a limited character
set. For instance, to make common accented characters you must use
‘\accent’ (*note \accent::) but this disables hyphenation. TeX users
have agreed on a number of standards to access the larger sets of
@@ -1130,17 +1003,17 @@ to directly enter accented characters into your source file.)
blurry or do not magnify well then your fonts may be bitmapped,
sometimes called raster or Type 3. You want vector fonts. Use a
package such as ‘lmodern’ or ‘cm-super’ to get a font that extends
-LaTeX’s default using vector fonts.
+LaTeX's default using vector fonts.
For each FONT_ENCODING given as an option but not already declared,
this package loads the encoding definition files, named
‘FONT_ENCODINGenc.def’. It also sets ‘\encodingdefault’ to be the last
encoding in the option list.
- These are the common values for FONT_ENCODING.
+ These are the common values for FONT_ENCODING:
‘OT1’
- The original encoding for TeX. Limited to mostly English
+ The original 7-bit encoding for TeX. Limited to mostly English
characters.
‘OMS, OML’
@@ -1148,14 +1021,14 @@ encoding in the option list.
‘T1’
TeX text extended. Sometimes called the Cork encoding for the
- Users Group meeting where it was developed. Gives access to most
- European accented characters. The most common option for this
+ users group meeting where it was developed (1990). Gives access to
+ most European accented characters. The most common option for this
package.
‘TS1’
Text Companion encoding.
-LaTeX’s default is to load ‘OML’, ‘T1’, ‘OT1’, and then ‘OMS’, and set
+LaTeX's default is to load ‘OML’, ‘T1’, ‘OT1’, and then ‘OMS’, and set
the default to ‘OT1’.
Even if you do not use accented letters, you may need to specify a
@@ -1166,7 +1039,7 @@ family then you may need to load the package that selects your fonts
before loading ‘fontenc’, to prevent the system from loading any
‘T1’ encoded fonts from the default.
- The LaTeX team reserve encoding names starting with: ‘T’ for the
+ The LaTeX team reserves encoding names starting with: ‘T’ for the
standard text encodings with 256 characters, ‘TS’ for symbols that
extend the corresponding T encodings, ‘X’ for test encodings, ‘M’ for
standard math encodings with 256 characters, ‘A’ for special
@@ -1181,9 +1054,9 @@ is not in effect.
* Menu:
-* \DeclareFontEncoding:: Define an encoding.
-* \DeclareTextAccent:: Define an accent in the encoding.
-* \DeclareTextAccentDefault:: Fallback for using an accent in the encoding.
+* \DeclareFontEncoding:: Define an encoding.
+* \DeclareTextAccent:: Define an accent in the encoding.
+* \DeclareTextAccentDefault:: Fallback for using an accent in the encoding.
* \DeclareTextCommand & \ProvideTextCommand:: New encoding-specific command.
* \DeclareTextCommandDefault & \ProvideTextCommandDefault:: Fallback for encoding-specific commands.
* \DeclareTextComposite:: Directly access an accented glyph, in the encoding.
@@ -1439,9 +1312,9 @@ Symbols defined in this way are for use in text, not mathematics.
For example, this line from ‘t1enc.def’ declares the number of the
glyph to use for «, the left guillemet.
- \DeclareTextSymbol{\guillemotleft}{T1}{19}
+ \DeclareTextSymbol{\guillemetleft}{T1}{19}
-The command ‘\DeclareTextCommand{\guillemotleft}{T1}{\char 19}’ has the
+The command ‘\DeclareTextCommand{\guillemetleft}{T1}{\char 19}’ has the
same effect but is slower (*note \DeclareTextCommand &
\ProvideTextCommand::).
@@ -1558,7 +1431,7 @@ form. But shown after it in parenthesis is the corresponding
arguments, as in ‘{\itshape TEXT}’. The scope of the declaration form
lasts until the next type style command or the end of the current group.
In addition, each has an environment form such as
-‘\begin{itshape}...\end{itshape}’, which we’ll describe further at the
+‘\begin{itshape}...\end{itshape}’, which we'll describe further at the
end of the section.
These commands, in any of the three forms, are cumulative; for
@@ -1677,9 +1550,9 @@ switching to bold letters and symbols in formulas.
‘\mathversion{normal}’ restores the default.
Finally, the command ‘\oldstylenums{NUMERALS}’ will typeset so-called
-“old-style” numerals, which have differing heights and depths (and
-sometimes widths) from the standard “lining” numerals, which all have
-the same height as uppercase letters. LaTeX’s default fonts support
+"old-style" numerals, which have differing heights and depths (and
+sometimes widths) from the standard "lining" numerals, which all have
+the same height as uppercase letters. LaTeX's default fonts support
this, and will respect ‘\textbf’ (but not other styles; there are no
italic old-style numerals in Computer Modern). Many other fonts have
old-style numerals also; sometimes package options are provided to make
@@ -1723,7 +1596,7 @@ end of the current group, so you could enclose it in curly braces
Trying to use these commands in math, as with ‘$\small mv^2/2$’,
results in ‘LaTeX Font Warning: Command \small invalid in math mode’,
-and the font size doesn’t change. To work with a too-large formula,
+and the font size doesn't change. To work with a too-large formula,
often the best option is to use the ‘displaymath’ environment (*note
Math formulas::), or one of the environments from the ‘amsmath’ package.
For inline mathematics, such as in a table of formulas, an alternative
@@ -1735,7 +1608,7 @@ also changes a number of other aspects of how mathematics is typeset.
An “environment form” of each of these commands is also defined; for
instance, ‘\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}’. However, in practice this form
can easily lead to unwanted spaces at the beginning and/or end of the
-environment without careful consideration, so it’s generally less
+environment without careful consideration, so it's generally less
error-prone to stick to the declaration form.
(Aside: Technically, due to the way LaTeX defines ‘\begin’ and
@@ -1758,7 +1631,7 @@ ones.
‘\fontencoding{ENCODING}’
Select the font encoding, the encoding of the output font. There
are a large number of valid encodings. The most common are ‘OT1’,
- Knuth’s original encoding for Computer Modern (the default), and
+ Knuth's original encoding for Computer Modern (the default), and
‘T1’, also known as the Cork encoding, which has support for the
accented characters used by the most widespread European languages
(German, French, Italian, Polish and others), which allows TeX to
@@ -1979,7 +1852,7 @@ following parameters control float behavior of two-column output.
‘\dblfloatpagefraction’
For a float page of two-column wide floats, this is the minimum
fraction that must be occupied by floats, limiting the amount of
- blank space. LaTeX’s default is ‘0.5’. Change it with
+ blank space. LaTeX's default is ‘0.5’. Change it with
‘\renewcommand’.
‘\dblfloatsep’
@@ -1999,7 +1872,7 @@ following parameters control float behavior of two-column output.
maximum number of floats allowed at the top of the page. The LaTeX
default is ‘2’.
- This example uses ‘\twocolumn’’s optional argument of to create a
+ This example uses ‘\twocolumn’'s optional argument of to create a
title that spans the two-column article:
\documentclass[twocolumn]{article}
@@ -2096,7 +1969,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Page layout parameters, Next: \baselineskip & \basel
Width of the current line, decreased for each nested ‘list’ (*note
list::). That is, the nominal value for ‘\linewidth’ is to equal
‘\textwidth’ but for each nested list the ‘\linewidth’ is decreased
- by the sum of that list’s ‘\leftmargin’ and ‘\rightmargin’ (*note
+ by the sum of that list's ‘\leftmargin’ and ‘\rightmargin’ (*note
itemize::).
‘\marginparpush’
@@ -2128,13 +2001,13 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Page layout parameters, Next: \baselineskip & \basel
‘\oddsidemargin’
‘\evensidemargin’
The ‘\oddsidemargin’ length is the extra distance between the left
- side of the page and the text’s left margin, on odd-numbered pages
+ side of the page and the text's left margin, on odd-numbered pages
when the document class option ‘twoside’ is chosen and on all pages
when ‘oneside’ is in effect. When ‘twoside’ is in effect, on
even-numbered pages the extra distance on the left is
‘\evensidemargin’.
- LaTeX’s default is that ‘\oddsidemargin’ is 40% of the difference
+ LaTeX's default is that ‘\oddsidemargin’ is 40% of the difference
between ‘\paperwidth’ and ‘\textwidth’, and ‘\evensidemargin’ is
the remainder.
@@ -2208,14 +2081,14 @@ baseline to baseline.
Ordinarily document authors do not directly change ‘\baselineskip’
while writing. Instead, it is set by the low level font selection
command ‘\fontsize’ (*note low level font commands fontsize::). The
-‘\baselineskip’’s value is reset every time a font change happens and so
+‘\baselineskip’'s value is reset every time a font change happens and so
any direct change to ‘\baselineskip’ would vanish the next time there
was a font switch. For how to influence line spacing, see the
discussion of ‘\baselinestretch’ below.
- Usually, a font’s size and baseline skip is assigned by the font
+ Usually, a font's size and baseline skip is assigned by the font
designer. These numbers are nominal in the sense that if, for instance,
-a font’s style file has the command ‘\fontsize{10pt}{12pt}’ then that
+a font's style file has the command ‘\fontsize{10pt}{12pt}’ then that
does not mean that the characters in the font are 10pt tall; for
instance, parentheses and accented capitals may be taller. Nor does it
mean that if the lines are spaced less than 12pt apart then they risk
@@ -2225,7 +2098,7 @@ touching. Rather these numbers are typographic judgements. (Often, the
The ‘\baselineskip’ is not a property of each line but of the entire
paragraph. As a result, large text in the middle of a paragraph, such
as a single ‘{\Huge Q}’, will be squashed into its line. TeX will make
-sure it doesn’t scrape up against the line above but won’t change the
+sure it doesn't scrape up against the line above but won't change the
‘\baselineskip’ for that one line to make extra room above. For the
fix, use a ‘\strut’ (*note \strut::).
@@ -2246,7 +2119,7 @@ less than ‘\baselineskip’ then TeX inserts vertical glue to make up the
difference. There are two fine points. The first is that if the lines
would be too close together, closer than ‘\lineskiplimit’, then TeX
instead uses ‘\lineskip’ as the interline glue. The second is that TeX
-doesn’t actually use the depth of the previous line. Instead it uses
+doesn't actually use the depth of the previous line. Instead it uses
‘\prevdepth’, which usually contains that depth. But at the beginning
of the paragraph (or any vertical list) or just after a rule,
‘\prevdepth’ has the value -1000pt and this special value tells TeX not
@@ -2271,9 +2144,9 @@ spacing, take FACTOR to be 1.6 and for one-and-a-half spacing use 1.3.
These numbers are rough: for instance, since the ‘\baselineskip’ is
about 1.2 times the font size, multiplying by 1.6 gives a baseline skip
to font size ratio of about 2. (The ‘\linespread’ command is defined as
-‘\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{FACTOR}’ so it also won’t take effect
+‘\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{FACTOR}’ so it also won't take effect
until a font setting happens. But that always takes place at the start
-of a document, so there you don’t need to follow it with ‘\selectfont’.)
+of a document, so there you don't need to follow it with ‘\selectfont’.)
A simpler approach is the ‘setspace’ package. The basic example:
@@ -2330,41 +2203,41 @@ below. The default for both ‘figure’ and ‘table’, in both ‘article’
‘book’ classes, is ‘tbp’.
‘t’
- (Top)—at the top of a text page.
+ (Top)--at the top of a text page.
‘b’
- (Bottom)—at the bottom of a text page. (However, ‘b’ is not
+ (Bottom)--at the bottom of a text page. (However, ‘b’ is not
allowed for full-width floats (‘figure*’) with double-column
output. To ameliorate this, use the ‘stfloats’ or ‘dblfloatfix’
package, but see the discussion at caveats in the FAQ:
<https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-2colfloat>.
‘h’
- (Here)—at the position in the text where the ‘figure’ environment
+ (Here)--at the position in the text where the ‘figure’ environment
appears. However, ‘h’ is not allowed by itself; ‘t’ is
automatically added.
- To absolutely force a float to appear “here”, you can
+ To absolutely force a float to appear "here", you can
‘\usepackage{float}’ and use the ‘H’ specifier which it defines.
For further discussion, see the FAQ entry at
<https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-figurehere>.
‘p’
- (Page of floats)—on a separate “float page”, which is a page
+ (Page of floats)--on a separate “float page”, which is a page
containing no text, only floats.
‘!’
Used in addition to one of the above; for this float only, LaTeX
ignores the restrictions on both the number of floats that can
appear and the relative amounts of float and non-float text on the
- page. The ‘!’ specifier does _not_ mean “put the float here”; see
+ page. The ‘!’ specifier does _not_ mean "put the float here"; see
above.
Note: the order in which letters appear in the PLACEMENT argument
does not change the order in which LaTeX tries to place the float; for
instance, ‘btp’ has the same effect as ‘tbp’. All that PLACEMENT does
is that if a letter is not present then the algorithm does not try that
-location. Thus, LaTeX’s default of ‘tbp’ is to try every location
+location. Thus, LaTeX's default of ‘tbp’ is to try every location
except placing the float where it occurs in the source.
To prevent LaTeX from moving floats to the end of the document or a
@@ -2439,10 +2312,10 @@ a command of the form ‘\setcounter{CTRNAME}{NATURAL NUMBER}’):
The principal TeX FAQ entry relating to floats
<https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-floats> contains suggestions for relaxing
-LaTeX’s default parameters to reduce the problem of floats being pushed
+LaTeX's default parameters to reduce the problem of floats being pushed
to the end. A full explanation of the float placement algorithm is in
-Frank Mittelbach’s article “How to influence the position of float
-environments like figure and table in LaTeX?”
+Frank Mittelbach's article "How to influence the position of float
+environments like figure and table in LaTeX?"
(<https://www.latex-project.org/publications/2014-FMi-TUB-tb111mitt-float-placement.pdf>).
* Menu:
@@ -2543,7 +2416,7 @@ For instance, declare the start of a subsection as with
‘\subsection{Motivation}’.
The table has each SECTIONING-COMMAND in LaTeX. All are available in
-all of LaTeX’s standard document classes ‘book’, ‘report’,
+all of LaTeX's standard document classes ‘book’, ‘report’,
and ‘article’, except that ‘\chapter’ is not available in ‘article’.
Sectioning unit Command Level
@@ -2574,7 +2447,7 @@ TOC-TITLE for these other places.
The level number in the table above determines which sectional units
are numbered, and which appear in the table of contents. If the
-sectioning command’s LEVEL is less than or equal to the value of the
+sectioning command's LEVEL is less than or equal to the value of the
counter ‘secnumdepth’ then the titles for this sectioning command will
be numbered (*note Sectioning/secnumdepth::). And, if LEVEL is less
than or equal to the value of the counter ‘tocdepth’ then the table of
@@ -2604,7 +2477,7 @@ commands.
‘secnumdepth’ is 1 in an ‘article’ then a ‘\section{Introduction}’
command will produce output like ‘1 Introduction’ while
‘\subsection{Discussion}’ will produce output like ‘Discussion’,
- without the number. LaTeX’s default ‘secnumdepth’ is 3 in
+ without the number. LaTeX's default ‘secnumdepth’ is 3 in
‘article’ class and 2 in the ‘book’ and ‘report’ classes.
‘tocdepth’
@@ -2613,7 +2486,7 @@ commands.
sectioning units at LEVEL be the smallest ones listed (*note
\setcounter::). See the above table for the level numbers. For
instance, if ‘tocdepth’ is 1 then the table of contents will list
- sections but not subsections. LaTeX’s default ‘tocdepth’ is 3 in
+ sections but not subsections. LaTeX's default ‘tocdepth’ is 3 in
‘article’ class and 2 in the ‘book’ and ‘report’ classes.
* Menu:
@@ -2656,7 +2529,7 @@ LaTeX outputs TITLE, also alone on its line, in bold and in even larger
type. In class ‘book’, the LaTeX default puts each part alone on its
own page. If the book is two-sided then LaTeX will skip a page if
needed to have the new part on an odd-numbered page. In ‘report’ it is
-again alone on a page, but LaTeX won’t force it onto an odd-numbered
+again alone on a page, but LaTeX won't force it onto an odd-numbered
page. In an ‘article’ LaTeX does not put it on a fresh page, but
instead outputs the part number and part title onto the main document
page.
@@ -2733,7 +2606,7 @@ there. This shows the full name in the chapter title,
\chapter[Weyl]{Hermann Klaus Hugo (Peter) Weyl (1885--1955)}
but only ‘Weyl’ on the contents page. This puts a line break in the
-title but that doesn’t work well with running headers so it omits the
+title but that doesn't work well with running headers so it omits the
break in the contents
\chapter[Given it all; my story]{Given it all\\ my story}
@@ -3051,7 +2924,7 @@ Synopsis, one or more of:
Format a ‘book’ class document differently according to which part of
the document is being produced. All three commands are optional.
- Traditionally, a book’s front matter contains such things as the
+ Traditionally, a book's front matter contains such things as the
title page, an abstract, a table of contents, a preface, a list of
notations, a list of figures, and a list of tables. (Some of these
front matter pages, such as the title page, are traditionally not
@@ -3059,7 +2932,7 @@ numbered.) The back matter may contain such things as a glossary,
notes, a bibliography, and an index.
The ‘\frontmatter’ command makes the pages numbered in lowercase
-roman, and makes chapters not numbered, although each chapter’s title
+roman, and makes chapters not numbered, although each chapter's title
appears in the table of contents; if you use other sectioning commands
here, use the ‘*’-version (*note Sectioning::).
@@ -3075,7 +2948,7 @@ commands.

File: latex2e.info, Node: \@startsection, Prev: \frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter, Up: Sectioning
-6.8 ‘\@startsection’, typesetting sectional unit headings
+6.8 ‘\@startsection’: Typesetting sectional unit headings
=========================================================
Synopsis:
@@ -3085,14 +2958,14 @@ Synopsis:
Used to help redefine the behavior of commands that start sectioning
divisions such as ‘\section’ or ‘\subsection’.
- Note that the ‘titlesec’ package makes manipulation of sectioning
-easier. Further, while most requirements for sectioning commands can be
+ The ‘titlesec’ package makes manipulation of sectioning easier.
+Further, while most requirements for sectioning commands can be
satisfied with ‘\@startsection’, some cannot. For instance, in the
standard LaTeX ‘book’ and ‘report’ classes the commands ‘\chapter’ and
-‘\report’ are not constructed in this way. To make such a command you
+‘\report’ are not constructed using this. To make such a command you
may want to use the ‘\secdef’ command.
- Technically, ‘\@startsection’ has the form
+ The ‘\@startsection’ macro is used like this:
\@startsection{NAME}
{LEVEL}
@@ -3111,7 +2984,7 @@ so that issuing
{STYLE}}
redefines ‘\section’ while keeping its standard calling form
-‘\section*[TOCTITLE]{TITLE}’ (in which, for reminder, the star ‘*’ is
+‘\section*[TOCTITLE]{TITLE}’ (in which, as a reminder, the star ‘*’ is
optional). *Note Sectioning::. This implies that when you write a
command like ‘\renewcommand{\section}{...}’, the ‘\@startsection{...}’
must come last in the definition. See the examples below.
@@ -3121,7 +2994,7 @@ NAME
counter must be defined separately. Most commonly this is either
‘section’, ‘subsection’, or ‘paragraph’. Although in those cases
the counter name is the same as the sectioning command itself, you
- don’t have to use the same name.
+ don't have to use the same name.
Then ‘\the’NAME displays the title number and ‘\’NAME‘mark’ is for
the page headers. See the third example below.
@@ -3134,9 +3007,9 @@ LEVEL
‘secnumdepth’ then titles for this sectioning command will be
numbered (*note Sectioning/secnumdepth::). For instance, if
‘secnumdepth’ is 1 in an ‘article’ then the command
- ‘\section{Introduction}’ will produce output like “1 Introduction”
+ ‘\section{Introduction}’ will produce output like "1 Introduction"
while ‘\subsection{Discussion}’ will produce output like
- “Discussion”, without the number prefix.
+ "Discussion", without the number prefix.
If LEVEL is less than or equal to the value of the counter TOCDEPTH
then the table of contents will have an entry for this sectioning
@@ -3152,11 +3025,11 @@ INDENT
BEFORESKIP
The absolute value of this length is the amount of vertical space
- that is inserted before this sectioning unit’s title. This space
+ that is inserted before this sectioning unit's title. This space
will be discarded if the sectioning unit happens to start at the
beginning of a page. If this number is negative then the first
- paragraph following the header is not indented, if it is
- non-negative then the first paragraph is indented. (Note that the
+ paragraph following the header is not indented; if it is
+ non-negative then the first paragraph is indented. (Example: the
negative of ‘1pt plus 2pt minus 3pt’ is ‘-1pt plus -2pt minus
-3pt’.)
@@ -3168,7 +3041,7 @@ BEFORESKIP
flexibility in making up the page (*note Lengths::).
The full accounting of the vertical space between the baseline of
- the line prior to this sectioning unit’s header and the baseline of
+ the line prior to this sectioning unit's header and the baseline of
the header is that it is the sum of the ‘\parskip’ of the text
font, the ‘\baselineskip’ of the title font, and the absolute value
of the BEFORESKIP. This space is typically rubber so it may
@@ -3179,7 +3052,7 @@ BEFORESKIP
AFTERSKIP
This is a length. If AFTERSKIP is non-negative then this is the
- vertical space inserted after the sectioning unit’s title header.
+ vertical space inserted after the sectioning unit's title header.
If it is negative then the title header becomes a run-in header, so
that it becomes part of the next paragraph. In this case the
absolute value of the length gives the horizontal space between the
@@ -3192,13 +3065,13 @@ AFTERSKIP
flexibility in putting together the page.
If ‘afterskip’ is non-negative then the full accounting of the
- vertical space between the baseline of the sectioning unit’s header
+ vertical space between the baseline of the sectioning unit's header
and the baseline of the first line of the following paragraph is
that it is the sum of the ‘\parskip’ of the title font, the
‘\baselineskip’ of the text font, and the value of AFTER. That
space is typically rubber so it may stretch or shrink. (Note that
because the sign of ‘afterskip’ changes the sectioning unit
- header’s from standalone to run-in, you cannot use a negative
+ header's from standalone to run-in, you cannot use a negative
‘afterskip’ to cancel part of the ‘\parskip’.)
STYLE
@@ -3211,7 +3084,7 @@ STYLE
STYLE to ‘\bfseries\MakeUppercase’ would produce titles that are
bold and uppercase.
- These are LaTeX’s defaults for the first three sectioning units that
+ These are LaTeX's defaults for the first three sectioning units that
are defined with ‘\@startsection’, for the ‘article’, ‘book’, and
‘report’ classes.
@@ -3235,7 +3108,7 @@ mode.’ means that you forgot this.) *Note \makeatletter &
\makeatother::.
This will put section titles in large boldface type, centered. It
-says ‘\renewcommand’ because LaTeX’s standard classes have already
+says ‘\renewcommand’ because LaTeX's standard classes have already
defined a ‘\section’. For the same reason it does not define a
‘section’ counter, or the commands ‘\thesection’ and ‘\l@section’.
@@ -3316,10 +3189,10 @@ references changes; you get the same warning and the output contains the
old reference information. In both cases, resolve this by compiling the
document a second time.
- The ‘cleveref’ package enhances LaTeX’s cross referencing features.
+ The ‘cleveref’ package enhances LaTeX's cross referencing features.
You can arrange that if you enter
‘\begin{thm}\label{th:Nerode}...\end{thm}’ then ‘\cref{th:Nerode}’ will
-output ‘Theorem 3.21’, without you having to enter the “Theorem.”
+output ‘Theorem 3.21’, without you having to enter the "Theorem."
* Menu:
@@ -3428,7 +3301,7 @@ Synopsis:
Produces the number of the sectional unit, equation, footnote,
figure, ..., of the corresponding ‘\label’ command (*note \label::). It
-does not produce any text, such as the word ‘Section’ or ‘Figure’, just
+does not produce any text, such as the word 'Section' or 'Figure', just
the bare number itself.
If there is no ‘\label{KEY}’ then you get something like ‘LaTeX
@@ -3550,7 +3423,7 @@ an error like: ‘! LaTeX Error: \begin{table*} on input line 5 ended by
* tabbing:: Align text arbitrarily.
* table:: Floating tables.
* tabular:: Align text in columns.
-* thebibliography:: Bibliography or reference list.
+* thebibliography:: Bibliography or reference list.
* theorem:: Theorems, lemmas, etc.
* titlepage:: For hand crafted title pages.
* verbatim:: Simulating typed input.
@@ -3655,7 +3528,7 @@ features of the two environments, including the optional POS argument.
is that ‘array’ entries are typeset in math mode, in textstyle (*note
Math styles::) except if the COLS definition specifies the column with
‘p{...}’, which causes the entry to be typeset in text mode. The second
-is that, instead of ‘tabular’’s parameter ‘\tabcolsep’, LaTeX’s
+is that, instead of ‘tabular’'s parameter ‘\tabcolsep’, LaTeX's
intercolumn space in an ‘array’ is governed by ‘\arraycolsep’, which
gives half the width between columns. The default for this is ‘5pt’ so
that between two columns comes 10pt of space.
@@ -3717,7 +3590,7 @@ space between the last two lines.
the School of Environmental Engineering
\end{center}
- In this example, depending on the page’s line width, LaTeX may choose
+ In this example, depending on the page's line width, LaTeX may choose
a line break for the part before the double backslash. If so, it will
center each of the two lines and if not it will center the single line.
Then LaTeX will break at the double backslash, and will center the
@@ -3730,7 +3603,7 @@ ending.
\end{center}
A double backslash after the final line is optional. If present it
-doesn’t add any vertical space.
+doesn't add any vertical space.
In a two-column document the text is centered in a column, not in the
entire page.
@@ -3758,7 +3631,7 @@ or
Center the material in its scope. It is most often used inside an
environment such as ‘figure’, or in a ‘parbox’.
- This example’s ‘\centering’ declaration causes the graphic to be
+ This example's ‘\centering’ declaration causes the graphic to be
horizontally centered.
\begin{figure}
@@ -3770,7 +3643,7 @@ horizontally centered.
The scope of this ‘\centering’ ends with the ‘\end{figure}’.
Unlike the ‘center’ environment, the ‘\centering’ command does not
-add vertical space above and below the text. That’s its advantage in
+add vertical space above and below the text. That's its advantage in
the above example; there is not an excess of space.
It also does not start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX
@@ -3798,7 +3671,7 @@ Synopsis:
...
\end{description}
- Environment to make a list of labeled items. Each item’s LABEL is
+ Environment to make a list of labeled items. Each item's LABEL is
typeset in bold and is flush left, so that long labels continue into the
first line of the item text. There must be at least one item; having
none causes the LaTeX error ‘Something's wrong--perhaps a missing
@@ -3869,17 +3742,17 @@ environment (*note equation::).
displayed equation facilities. For example, there are a number of ways
in that package for having math text broken across lines.
- The construct ‘\[MATH\]’ is a synonym for the environment
+ The construct ‘\[ MATH \]’ is a synonym for the environment
‘\begin{displaymath} MATH \end{displaymath}’ but the latter is easier to
work with in the source; for instance, searching for a square bracket
may get false positives but the word ‘displaymath’ will likely be
unique.
- (Aside: The construct ‘$$MATH$$’ from Plain TeX is sometimes
-mistakenly used as a synonym for ‘displaymath’. It is not a synonym,
-and is not officially supported in LaTeX at all; ‘$$’ doesn’t support
-the ‘fleqn’ option (*note Document class options::), has different
-vertical spacing, and doesn’t perform consistency checks.)
+ The construct ‘$$MATH$$’ from Plain TeX is sometimes used as a
+synonym for LaTeX's ‘displaymath’. It is not a synonym, and is not
+officially supported in LaTeX at all; ‘$$’ doesn't support the ‘fleqn’
+option (*note Document class options::), has different vertical spacing,
+and doesn't perform consistency checks.
The output from this example is centered and alone on its line.
@@ -3980,7 +3853,7 @@ optional text, which may contain multiple paragraphs.
Enumerations may be nested within other ‘enumerate’ environments, or
within any paragraph-making environment such as ‘itemize’ (*note
-itemize::), up to four levels deep. This gives LaTeX’s default for the
+itemize::), up to four levels deep. This gives LaTeX's default for the
format at each nesting level, where 1 is the top level, the outermost
level.
@@ -4020,7 +3893,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: eqnarray, Next: equation, Prev: enumerate, Up: Env
The ‘eqnarray’ environment is obsolete. It has infelicities, including
spacing that is inconsistent with other mathematics elements. (See
-“Avoid eqnarray!” by Lars Madsen
+"Avoid eqnarray!" by Lars Madsen
<https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb33-1/tb103madsen.pdf>). New documents should
include the ‘amsmath’ package and use the displayed mathematics
environments provided there, such as the ‘align’ environment. We
@@ -4086,8 +3959,8 @@ that LaTeX puts an equation number flush to the right margin. The
equation number is generated using the ‘equation’ counter.
You should have no blank lines between ‘\begin{equation}’ and
-‘\begin{equation}’, or LaTeX will tell you that there is a missing
-dollar sign.
+‘\end{equation}’, or LaTeX will tell you that there is a missing dollar
+sign.
The package ‘amsmath’ package has extensive displayed equation
facilities. New documents should include this package.
@@ -4117,7 +3990,7 @@ or:
Figures are for material that is not part of the normal text. An
example is material that you cannot have split between two pages, such
as a graphic. Because of this, LaTeX does not typeset figures in
-sequence with normal text but instead “floats” them to a convenient
+sequence with normal text but instead "floats" them to a convenient
place, such as the top of a following page (*note Floats::).
The FIGURE BODY can consist of imported graphics (*note Graphics::),
@@ -4279,7 +4152,7 @@ in a ‘parbox’. For the environment form see *note flushleft::.
Unlike the ‘flushleft’ environment, the ‘\raggedright’ command does
not start a new paragraph; it only changes how LaTeX formats paragraph
-units. To affect a paragraph unit’s format, the scope of the
+units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the
declaration must contain the blank line or ‘\end’ command that ends the
paragraph unit.
@@ -4342,13 +4215,12 @@ a ‘parbox’. For the environment form see *note flushright::.
Unlike the ‘flushright’ environment, the ‘\raggedleft’ command does
not start a new paragraph; it only changes how LaTeX formats paragraph
-units. To affect a paragraph unit’s format, the scope of the
+units. To affect a paragraph unit's formatting, the scope of the
declaration must contain the blank line or ‘\end’ command that ends the
paragraph unit.
- For an example related to this environment, see *note \raggedright::,
-where one just have mutatis mutandis to replace ‘\raggedright’ by
-‘\raggedleft’.
+ *Note \raggedright::, for an example related to this environment;
+just replace ‘\raggedright’ there by ‘\raggedleft’.

File: latex2e.info, Node: itemize, Next: letter, Prev: flushright, Up: Environments
@@ -4375,8 +4247,8 @@ the LaTeX error ‘Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item’.
\item Rice portrait
\end{itemize}
-With the default locale—without loading e.g. ‘babel’ package with
-another language than USenglish—as a top-level list each label would
+With the default locale--without loading e.g. ‘babel’ package with
+another language than USenglish--as a top-level list each label would
come out as a bullet, •. The format of the labeling depends on the
nesting level; see below.
@@ -4437,8 +4309,9 @@ within a single item (‘\parskip’ is not list-specific, *note \parindent
\newenvironment{itemize*}%
{\begin{itemize}%
\setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}%
- \setlength{\parsep}{0pt}}%
- \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}%
+ \setlength{\parsep}{0pt}%
+ \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}%
+ }%
{\end{itemize}}

@@ -4530,7 +4403,7 @@ different than the values shown here.) See also the figure that follows
the list. Each is a length (*note Lengths::). The vertical spaces are
normally rubber lengths, with ‘plus’ and ‘minus’ components, to give TeX
flexibility in setting the page. Change each with a command such as
-‘\setlength{itemsep}{2pt plus1pt minus1pt}’. For some effects these
+‘\setlength{\itemsep}{2pt plus1pt minus1pt}’. For some effects these
lengths should be zero or negative.
‘\itemindent’
@@ -4539,7 +4412,7 @@ lengths should be zero or negative.
‘\itemsep’
Vertical space between items, beyond the ‘\parsep’. The defaults
- for the first three levels in LaTeX’s ‘article’, ‘book’, and
+ for the first three levels in LaTeX's ‘article’, ‘book’, and
‘report’ classes at 10 point size are: ‘4pt plus2pt minus1pt’,
‘\parsep’ (that is, ‘2pt plus1pt minus1pt’), and ‘\topsep’ (that
is, ‘2pt plus1pt minus1pt’). The defaults at 11 point are: ‘4.5pt
@@ -4551,7 +4424,7 @@ lengths should be zero or negative.
‘\labelsep’
Horizontal space between the label and text of an item. The
- default for LaTeX’s ‘article’, ‘book’, and ‘report’ classes is
+ default for LaTeX's ‘article’, ‘book’, and ‘report’ classes is
‘0.5em’.
‘\labelwidth’
@@ -4559,18 +4432,18 @@ lengths should be zero or negative.
wide. If ‘\makelabel’ returns text that is wider than this then
the first line of the item will be indented to make room for this
extra material. If ‘\makelabel’ returns text of width less than or
- equal to ‘\labelwidth’ then LaTeX’s default is that the label is
+ equal to ‘\labelwidth’ then LaTeX's default is that the label is
typeset flush right in a box of this width.
The left edge of the label box is
‘\leftmargin’+‘\itemindent’-‘\labelsep’-‘\labelwidth’ from the left
margin of the enclosing environment.
- The default for LaTeX’s ‘article’, ‘book’, and ‘report’ classes at
+ The default for LaTeX's ‘article’, ‘book’, and ‘report’ classes at
the top level is ‘\leftmargini’-‘\labelsep’, (which is ‘2em’ in one
column mode and ‘1.5em’ in two column mode). At the second level
it is ‘\leftmarginii’-‘\labelsep’, and at the third level it is
- ‘\leftmarginiii’-‘\labelsep’. These definitions make the label’s
+ ‘\leftmarginiii’-‘\labelsep’. These definitions make the label's
left edge coincide with the left margin of the enclosing
environment.
@@ -4586,7 +4459,7 @@ lengths should be zero or negative.
‘\leftmarginvi’. (Nesting greater than level five generates the
error message ‘Too deeply nested’.)
- The defaults for the first three levels in LaTeX’s ‘article’,
+ The defaults for the first three levels in LaTeX's ‘article’,
‘book’, and ‘report’ classes are: ‘\leftmargini’ is ‘2.5em’ (in two
column mode, ‘2em’), ‘\leftmarginii’ is ‘2.2em’, and
‘\leftmarginiii’ is ‘1.87em’.
@@ -4594,12 +4467,12 @@ lengths should be zero or negative.
‘\listparindent’
Horizontal space of additional line indentation, beyond
‘\leftmargin’, for second and subsequent paragraphs within a list
- item. A negative value makes this an “outdent”. Its default value
+ item. A negative value makes this an "outdent". Its default value
is ‘0pt’.
‘\parsep’
Vertical space between paragraphs within an item. The defaults for
- the first three levels in LaTeX’s ‘article’, ‘book’, and ‘report’
+ the first three levels in LaTeX's ‘article’, ‘book’, and ‘report’
classes at 10 point size are: ‘4pt plus2pt minus1pt’, ‘2pt plus1pt
minus1pt’, and ‘0pt’. The defaults at 11 point size are: ‘4.5pt
plus2pt minus1pt’, ‘2pt plus1pt minus1pt’, and ‘0pt’. The defaults
@@ -4613,7 +4486,7 @@ lengths should be zero or negative.
changes spacing at both the top and bottom of the list; whether the
line following the list is blank does not matter.)
- The defaults for the first three levels in LaTeX’s ‘article’,
+ The defaults for the first three levels in LaTeX's ‘article’,
‘book’, and ‘report’ classes at 10 point size are: ‘2pt plus1
minus1pt’, ‘2pt plus1pt minus1pt’, and ‘1pt plus0pt minus1pt’. The
defaults at 11 point are: ‘3pt plus1pt minus1pt’, ‘3pt plus1pt
@@ -4629,7 +4502,7 @@ lengths should be zero or negative.
‘\topsep’
Vertical space added to both the top and bottom of the list, in
addition to ‘\parskip’ (*note \parindent & \parskip::). The
- defaults for the first three levels in LaTeX’s ‘article’, ‘book’,
+ defaults for the first three levels in LaTeX's ‘article’, ‘book’,
and ‘report’ classes at 10 point size are: ‘8pt plus2pt minus4pt’,
‘4pt plus2pt minus1pt’, and ‘2pt plus1pt minus1pt’. The defaults
at 11 point are: ‘9pt plus3pt minus5pt’, ‘4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt’,
@@ -4696,11 +4569,11 @@ H4
H5
‘\rightmargin’
- The list’s left and right margins, shown above as H3 and H5, are with
+ The list's left and right margins, shown above as H3 and H5, are with
respect to the ones provided by the surrounding environment, or with
respect to the page margins for a top-level list. The line width used
for typesetting the list items is ‘\linewidth’ (*note Page layout
-parameters::). For instance, set the list’s left margin to be one
+parameters::). For instance, set the list's left margin to be one
quarter of the distance between the left and right margins of the
enclosing environment with ‘\setlength{\leftmargin}{0.25\linewidth}’.
@@ -4804,7 +4677,7 @@ Synopsis:
A restricted version of the list environment, in which margins are
not indented and an ‘\item’ without an optional argument produces no
text. It is most often used in macros, to define an environment where
-the ‘\item’ command is part of the environment’s definition. For
+the ‘\item’ command is part of the environment's definition. For
instance, the ‘center’ environment is defined essentially like this:
\newenvironment{center}
@@ -4899,11 +4772,11 @@ aligns with the surrounding material.
‘t’
Align the baseline of the top line in the ‘minipage’ with the
- baseline of the surrounding text (plain TeX’s ‘\vtop’).
+ baseline of the surrounding text (plain TeX's ‘\vtop’).
‘b’
Align the baseline of the bottom line in the ‘minipage’ with the
- baseline of the surrounding text (plain TeX’s ‘\vbox’).
+ baseline of the surrounding text (plain TeX's ‘\vbox’).
To see the effects of these, contrast running this
@@ -4915,7 +4788,7 @@ with the results of changing ‘c’ to ‘b’ or ‘t’.
The optional argument HEIGHT is a rigid length (*note Lengths::). It
sets the height of the ‘minipage’. You can enter any value larger than,
-or equal to, or smaller than the ‘minipage’’s natural height and LaTeX
+or equal to, or smaller than the ‘minipage’'s natural height and LaTeX
will not give an error or warning. You can also set it to a height of
zero or a negative value.
@@ -4937,7 +4810,7 @@ is the value of POSITION).
stretchable space.
The INNER-POS argument makes sense when the HEIGHT option is set to a
-value larger than the ‘minipage’’s natural height. To see the effect of
+value larger than the ‘minipage’'s natural height. To see the effect of
the options, run this example with the various choices in place of ‘b’.
Text before
@@ -5023,7 +4896,7 @@ or
PICTURE COMMAND
\end{picture}
-Where there may be any number of PICTURE COMMAND’s.
+Where there may be any number of PICTURE COMMAND's.
An environment to create simple pictures containing lines, arrows,
boxes, circles, and text. This environment is not obsolete, but new
@@ -5031,7 +4904,7 @@ documents typically use much more powerful graphics creation systems,
such as TikZ, PSTricks, MetaPost, or Asymptote. None of these are
covered in this document; see CTAN.
- To start, here’s an example showing the parallelogram law for adding
+ To start, here's an example showing the parallelogram law for adding
vectors.
\setlength{\unitlength}{1cm}
@@ -5049,7 +4922,7 @@ positive real numbers (WIDTH,HEIGHT). Multiply these by the value
‘\unitlength’ to get the nominal size of the output, i.e. the space that
LaTeX reserves on the output page. This nominal size need not be how
large the picture really is; LaTeX will draw things from the picture
-outside the picture’s box.
+outside the picture's box.
This environment also has an optional argument (XOFFSET,YOFFSET). It
is used to shift the origin. Unlike most optional arguments, this one
@@ -5063,7 +4936,7 @@ point at the lower-left corner of the picture.
\begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20)
produces a box of width 100 millimeters and height 200 millimeters. The
-picture’s origin is the point (10mm,20mm) and so the lower-left corner
+picture's origin is the point (10mm,20mm) and so the lower-left corner
is there, and the upper-right corner is at (110mm,220mm). When you
first draw a picture you typically omit the optional argument, leaving
the origin at the lower-left corner. If you then want to modify your
@@ -5078,7 +4951,7 @@ length in multiples of the unit length ‘\unitlength’, so if
‘\unitlength’ has been set to ‘1cm’, then the coordinate ‘2.54’
specifies a length of 2.54 centimeters.
- LaTeX’s default for ‘\unitlength’ is ‘1pt’. It is a rigid length
+ LaTeX's default for ‘\unitlength’ is ‘1pt’. It is a rigid length
(*note Lengths::). Change it with the ‘\setlength’ command (*note
\setlength::). Make this change only outside of a ‘picture’
environment.
@@ -5134,7 +5007,7 @@ exact location. For example:
The red X will be precisely a quarter of the ‘\textwidth’ from the left
margin, and ‘0.35\textwidth’ up from the bottom of the picture. Another
example of this usage is to put similar code in the page header to get
-repeat material on each of a document’s pages.
+repeat material on each of a document's pages.
* Menu:
@@ -5223,8 +5096,8 @@ line at (X3,Y3).
\qbezier(1,1)(1.25,0.75)(1,0)
-The curve’s tangent line at (1,1) contains (1.25,0.75), as does the
-curve’s tangent line at (1,0).
+The curve's tangent line at (1,1) contains (1.25,0.75), as does the
+curve's tangent line at (1,0).
The optional argument NUM gives the number of calculated intermediate
points. The default is to draw a smooth curve whose maximum number of
@@ -5256,7 +5129,7 @@ Synopsis:
\graphpaper(X_INIT,Y_INIT)(X_DIMEN,Y_DIMEN)
\graphpaper[SPACING](X_INIT,Y_INIT)(X_DIMEN,Y_DIMEN)
- Draw a coordinate grid. Requires the ‘graphpap’ package. The grid’s
+ Draw a coordinate grid. Requires the ‘graphpap’ package. The grid's
origin is ‘(X_INIT,Y_INIT)’. Grid lines come every SPACING units (the
default is 10). The grid extends X_DIMEN units to the right and Y_DIMEN
units up. All arguments must be positive integers.
@@ -5283,8 +5156,8 @@ Synopsis:
\line(X_RUN,Y_RISE){TRAVEL}
Draw a line. It slopes such that it vertically rises Y_RISE for
-every horizontal X_RUN. The TRAVEL is the total horizontal change—it is
-not the length of the vector, it is the change in x. In the special
+every horizontal X_RUN. The TRAVEL is the total horizontal change--it
+is not the length of the vector, it is the change in x. In the special
case of vertical lines, where (X_RUN,Y_RISE)=(0,1), the TRAVEL gives the
change in y.
@@ -5300,8 +5173,8 @@ length of the line, it is the change in x.
The arguments X_RUN and Y_RISE are integers that can be positive,
negative, or zero. (If both are 0 then LaTeX treats the second as 1.)
With ‘\put(X_INIT,Y_INIT){\line(X_RUN,Y_RISE){TRAVEL}}’, if X_RUN is
-negative then the line’s ending point has a first coordinate that is
-less than X_INIT. If Y_RISE is negative then the line’s ending point
+negative then the line's ending point has a first coordinate that is
+less than X_INIT. If Y_RISE is negative then the line's ending point
has a second coordinate that is less than Y_INIT.
If TRAVEL is negative then you get ‘LaTeX Error: Bad \line or \vector
@@ -5463,7 +5336,7 @@ is smaller than that between the third and last row. You can adjust row
heights and depths either by putting in the usual interline spacing with
‘\shortstack{X\\ \strut o\\o\\X}’ (*note \strut::), or explicitly, via
an zero-width box ‘\shortstack{X \\ \rule{0pt}{12pt} o\\o\\X}’ or by
-using ‘\\’’s optional argument ‘\shortstack{X\\[2pt] o\\o\\X}’.
+using ‘\\’'s optional argument ‘\shortstack{X\\[2pt] o\\o\\X}’.
The ‘\shortstack’ command is also available outside the ‘picture’
environment.
@@ -5480,7 +5353,7 @@ Synopsis:
Draw a line ending in an arrow. The slope of that line is: it
vertically rises Y_RISE for every horizontal X_RUN. The TRAVEL is the
-total horizontal change—it is not the length of the vector, it is the
+total horizontal change--it is not the length of the vector, it is the
change in x. In the special case of vertical vectors, if
(X_RUN,Y_RISE)=(0,1), then TRAVEL gives the change in y.
@@ -5615,7 +5488,7 @@ and height RECT-HEIGHT units.
\put(0,0){\dashbox{0.1}(5,0.5){My hovercraft is full of eels.}}
-Each dash will be ‘0.1\unitlength’ long, the box’s width is
+Each dash will be ‘0.1\unitlength’ long, the box's width is
‘5\unitlength’ and its height is ‘0.5\unitlength’.
As in that example, a dashed box looks best when RECT-WIDTH and
@@ -5745,12 +5618,12 @@ They are all fragile (*note \protect::).
Moves everything that you have typed so far in the current column,
i.e., everything from the most recent ‘\>’, ‘\<’, ‘\'’, ‘\\’, or
‘\kill’ command, to the previous column and aligned to the right,
- flush against the current column’s tab stop.
+ flush against the current column's tab stop.
‘\` (tabbing)’
Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, including
- tab stop 0. However, it can’t move text to the right of the last
- column because there’s no tab stop there. The ‘\`’ command moves
+ tab stop 0. However, it can't move text to the right of the last
+ column because there's no tab stop there. The ‘\`’ command moves
all the text that follows it, up to the ‘\\’ or ‘\end{tabbing}’
command that ends the line, to the right margin of the ‘tabbing’
environment. There must be no ‘\>’ or ‘\'’ command between the
@@ -5899,7 +5772,7 @@ illustrates many of the features.
\end{tabular}
The output will have two left-aligned columns with a vertical bar
-between them. This is specified in ‘tabular’’s argument ‘{l|l}’. Put
+between them. This is specified in ‘tabular’'s argument ‘{l|l}’. Put
the entries into different columns by separating them with an ampersand,
‘&’. The end of each row is marked with a double backslash, ‘\\’. Put
a horizontal rule below a row, after a double backslash, with ‘\hline’.
@@ -5909,7 +5782,7 @@ follows to put a rule below the table.
The required and optional arguments to ‘tabular’ consist of:
POS
- Optional. Specifies the table’s vertical position. The default is
+ Optional. Specifies the table's vertical position. The default is
to align the table so its vertical center matches the baseline of
the surrounding text. There are two other possible alignments: ‘t’
aligns the table so its top row matches the baseline of the
@@ -5942,7 +5815,7 @@ COLS
(*note \protect::).
If between two column specifiers there is no @-expression then
- LaTeX’s ‘book’, ‘article’, and ‘report’ classes will put on
+ LaTeX's ‘book’, ‘article’, and ‘report’ classes will put on
either side of each column a space of width ‘\tabcolsep’,
which by default is 6pt. That is, by default adjacent columns
are separated by 12pt (so ‘\tabcolsep’ is misleadingly named
@@ -6086,7 +5959,7 @@ spanned by the single heading ‘Name’.
‘\begin{tabular}{|r|ccp{1.5in}|}’ the parts are ‘|r|’, ‘c’, ‘c’,
and ‘p{1.5in}|’.
- The COLS argument overrides the ‘array’ or ‘tabular’ environment’s
+ The COLS argument overrides the ‘array’ or ‘tabular’ environment's
intercolumn area default adjoining this multicolumn entry. To affect
that area, this argument can contain vertical bars ‘|’ indicating the
placement of vertical rules, and ‘@{...}’ expressions. Thus if COLS is
@@ -6107,7 +5980,7 @@ bar. Between entry one and entry two there will be a vertical rule;
although the first COLS does not have an ending vertical bar, the second
COLS does have a starting one. Between entry two and entry three there
is a single vertical rule; despite that the COLS in both of the
-surrounding ‘multicolumn’’s call for a vertical rule, you only get one
+surrounding ‘multicolumn’'s call for a vertical rule, you only get one
rule. Between entry three and entry four there is no vertical rule; the
default calls for one but the COLS in the entry three ‘\multicolumn’
leaves it out, and that takes precedence. Finally, following entry four
@@ -6115,7 +5988,7 @@ there is a vertical rule because of the default.
The number of spanned columns NUMCOLS can be 1. Besides giving the
ability to change the horizontal alignment, this also is useful to
-override for one row the ‘tabular’ definition’s default intercolumn area
+override for one row the ‘tabular’ definition's default intercolumn area
specification, including the placement of vertical rules.
In the example below, in the ‘tabular’ definition the first column is
@@ -6136,8 +6009,8 @@ center those two columns on the page range en-dash.
Although the ‘tabular’ specification by default puts a vertical rule
between the first and second columns, no such vertical rule appears in
-the first row here. That’s because there is no vertical bar in the COLS
-part of the first row’s first ‘\multicolumn’ command.
+the first row here. That's because there is no vertical bar in the COLS
+part of the first row's first ‘\multicolumn’ command.

File: latex2e.info, Node: \vline, Next: \cline, Prev: \multicolumn, Up: tabular
@@ -6146,18 +6019,18 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \vline, Next: \cline, Prev: \multicolumn, Up: tabu
---------------
Draw a vertical line in a ‘tabular’ or ‘array’ environment extending the
-full height and depth of an entry’s row. Can also be used in an
+full height and depth of an entry's row. Can also be used in an
@-expression, although its synonym vertical bar ‘|’ is more common.
-This command is rarely used in the body of a table; typically a table’s
-vertical lines are specified in ‘tabular’’s COLS argument and overridden
+This command is rarely used in the body of a table; typically a table's
+vertical lines are specified in ‘tabular’'s COLS argument and overridden
as needed with ‘\multicolumn’ (*note tabular::).
- The example below illustrates some pitfalls. In the first row’s
+ The example below illustrates some pitfalls. In the first row's
second entry the ‘\hfill’ moves the ‘\vline’ to the left edge of the
cell. But that is different than putting it halfway between the two
columns, so between the first and second columns there are two vertical
rules, with the one from the ‘{c|cc}’ specifier coming before the one
-produced by the ‘\vline\hfill’. In contrast, the first row’s third
+produced by the ‘\vline\hfill’. In contrast, the first row's third
entry shows the usual way to put a vertical bar between two columns. In
the second row, the ‘ghi’ is the widest entry in its column so in the
‘\vline\hfill’ the ‘\hfill’ has no effect and the vertical line in that
@@ -6200,13 +6073,13 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \hline, Prev: \cline, Up: tabular
---------------
Draw a horizontal line the width of the enclosing ‘tabular’ or ‘array’
-environment. It’s most commonly used to draw a line at the top, bottom,
+environment. It's most commonly used to draw a line at the top, bottom,
and between the rows of a table.
In this example the top of the table has two horizontal rules, one
above the other, that span both columns. The bottom of the table has a
single rule spanning both columns. Because of the ‘\hline’, the
-‘tabular’ second row’s line ending double backslash ‘\\’ is required.
+‘tabular’ second row's line ending double backslash ‘\\’ is required.
\begin{tabular}{ll} \hline\hline
Baseball &Red Sox \\
@@ -6261,7 +6134,7 @@ tradition is to use ‘9’ for bibliographies with less than 10 references,
To change it there are two cases. In the ‘book’ and ‘report’ classes,
where the top level sectioning is ‘\chapter’ and the default title is
‘Bibliography’, that title is in the macro ‘\bibname’. For ‘article’,
-where the class’s top level sectioning is ‘\section’ and the default is
+where the class's top level sectioning is ‘\section’ and the default is
‘References’, the title is in macro ‘\refname’. Change it by redefining
the command, as with ‘\renewcommand{\refname}{Cited references}’, after
‘\begin{document}’.
@@ -6421,14 +6294,14 @@ sophisticated approach to managing bibliographies is provided by the
BibTeX program. This is only an introduction; see the full
documentation on CTAN (*note CTAN::).
- With BibTeX, you don’t use the ‘thebibliography’ environment directly
+ With BibTeX, you don't use the ‘thebibliography’ environment directly
(*note thebibliography::). Instead, include these lines:
\bibliographystyle{BIBSTYLE}
\bibliography{BIBFILE1, BIBFILE2, ...}
The BIBSTYLE refers to a file ‘BIBSTYLE.bst’, which defines how your
-citations will look. The standard BIBSTYLE’s distributed with BibTeX
+citations will look. The standard BIBSTYLE's distributed with BibTeX
are:
‘alpha’
@@ -6467,7 +6340,7 @@ that format.
}
Only the bibliographic entries referred to via ‘\cite’ and ‘\nocite’
-will be listed in the document’s bibliography. Thus you can keep all
+will be listed in the document's bibliography. Thus you can keep all
your sources together in one file, or a small number of files, and rely
on BibTeX to include in this document only those that you used.
@@ -6619,20 +6492,22 @@ already be converted to a token list along the catcode regime in effect
when the macro was called. However, the ‘cprotect’ package can help
with this.
- One common use of verbatim input is to typeset computer code. There
-are packages that are an improvement the ‘verbatim’ environment. For
-instance, one improvement is to allow the verbatim inclusion of external
-files, or parts of those files. Such packages include ‘listings’, and
-‘minted’.
+ One common use of verbatim input is to typeset computer code. Some
+packages offer many features not provided by the ‘verbatim’ environment;
+two of the most popular are ‘listings’ and ‘minted’. For example, they
+are capable of pretty-printing, line numbering, and selecting parts of
+files for a continuing listing.
A package that provides many more options for verbatim environments
is ‘fancyvrb’. Another is ‘verbatimbox’.
- For a list of all the relevant packages, see CTAN (*note CTAN::).
+ For a list of all the relevant packages, see CTAN (*note CTAN::),
+particularly the topics ‘listing’ (<https://ctan.org/topic/listing>) and
+‘verbatim’ (<https://ctan.org/topic/verbatim>).
* Menu:
-* \verb:: The macro form of the ‘verbatim’ environment.
+* \verb:: The macro form of the ‘verbatim’ environment.

File: latex2e.info, Node: \verb, Up: verbatim
@@ -6657,9 +6532,9 @@ The first ‘\verb’ has its LITERAL-TEXT surrounded with exclamation
point, ‘!’. The second instead uses plus, ‘+’, because the exclamation
point is part of ‘literal-text’.
- The single-character delimiter CHAR surrounds LITERAL-TEXT—it must be
-the same character before and after. No spaces come between ‘\verb’ or
-‘\verb*’ and CHAR, or between CHAR and LITERAL-TEXT, or between
+ The single-character delimiter CHAR surrounds LITERAL-TEXT--it must
+be the same character before and after. No spaces come between ‘\verb’
+or ‘\verb*’ and CHAR, or between CHAR and LITERAL-TEXT, or between
LITERAL-TEXT and the second occurrence of CHAR (the synopsis shows a
space only to distinguish one component from the other). The delimiter
must not appear in LITERAL-TEXT. The LITERAL-TEXT cannot include a line
@@ -6676,9 +6551,6 @@ word ‘with’:
For typesetting Internet addresses, urls, the package ‘url’ is a
better option than the ‘\verb’ command, since it allows line breaks.
- For computer code there are many packages with advantages over
-‘\verb’. One is ‘listings’, another is ‘minted’.
-
You cannot use ‘\verb’ in the argument to a macro, for instance in
the argument to a ‘\section’. It is not a question of ‘\verb’ being
fragile (*note \protect::), instead it just cannot work, as the ‘\verb’
@@ -6704,7 +6576,7 @@ Synopsis:
An environment for poetry.
- Here are two lines from Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet.
+ Here are two lines from Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet.
Then plainly know my heart's dear love is set \\
On the fair daughter of rich Capulet.
@@ -6753,7 +6625,8 @@ fiddling with breaks that will change anyway.
* \obeycr & \restorecr:: Make each input line start a new output line.
* \newline:: Break the line
* \- (hyphenation):: Insert explicit hyphenation.
-* \discretionary:: Explicit control of the hyphen character.
+* \slash:: Insert a breakable /.
+* \discretionary:: Explicit control of hyphenation character(s).
* \fussy & \sloppy:: Be more or less particular with line breaking.
* \hyphenation:: Tell LaTeX how to hyphenate a word.
* \linebreak & \nolinebreak:: Forcing & avoiding line breaks.
@@ -6787,8 +6660,8 @@ The starred form, ‘\\*’, tells LaTeX not to start a new page between the
two lines, by issuing a ‘\nobreak’.
Explicit line breaks in the main text body are unusual in LaTeX. In
-particular, don’t start new paragraphs with ‘\\’. Instead leave a blank
-line between the two paragraphs. And don’t put in a sequence of ‘\\’’s
+particular, don't start new paragraphs with ‘\\’. Instead leave a blank
+line between the two paragraphs. And don't put in a sequence of ‘\\’'s
to make vertical space. Instead use ‘\vspace{LENGTH}’, or
‘\leavevmode\vspace{LENGTH}’, or ‘\vspace*{LENGTH}’ if you want the
space to not be thrown out at the top of a new page (*note \vspace::).
@@ -6837,7 +6710,7 @@ command restores normal line-breaking behavior.
This is not the way to show verbatim text or computer code. Use
‘verbatim’ (*note verbatim::) instead.
- With LaTeX’s usual defaults, this
+ With LaTeX's usual defaults, this
aaa
bbb
@@ -6894,7 +6767,7 @@ of the table.
The ‘Date:’ will be baseline-aligned with ‘Name:’.

-File: latex2e.info, Node: \- (hyphenation), Next: \discretionary, Prev: \newline, Up: Line breaking
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \- (hyphenation), Next: \slash, Prev: \newline, Up: Line breaking
9.4 ‘\-’ (discretionary hyphen)
===============================
@@ -6931,9 +6804,23 @@ require that it break there. You can force a split with something like
this forced break may look out of place, so this approach requires care.

-File: latex2e.info, Node: \discretionary, Next: \fussy & \sloppy, Prev: \- (hyphenation), Up: Line breaking
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \slash, Next: \discretionary, Prev: \- (hyphenation), Up: Line breaking
+
+9.5 ‘\slash’: breakable ‘/’
+===========================
+
+The ‘\slash’ command produces a ‘/’ character and then a penalty of the
+same value as an explicit ‘-’ character (‘\exhyphenpenalty’). This
+allows TeX to break a line at the ‘/’, similar to a hyphen. Hyphenation
+is allowed in the word part preceding the ‘/’, but not after. For
+example:
+
+ The input\slash output of the program is complicated.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \discretionary, Next: \fussy & \sloppy, Prev: \slash, Up: Line breaking
-9.5 ‘\discretionary’ (generalized hyphenation point)
+9.6 ‘\discretionary’ (generalized hyphenation point)
====================================================
Synopsis:
@@ -6949,17 +6836,17 @@ POST-BREAK at the start of the next line. If there is no line break
here then TeX puts NO-BREAK.
In ‘difficult’ the three letters ‘ffi’ form a ligature. But TeX can
-nonetheless break between the two ‘f’’s with this.
+nonetheless break between the two ‘f’'s with this.
di\discretionary{f-}{fi}{ffi}cult
Note that users do not have to do this. It is typically handled
-automatically by TeX’s hyphenation algorithm.
+automatically by TeX's hyphenation algorithm.

File: latex2e.info, Node: \fussy & \sloppy, Next: \hyphenation, Prev: \discretionary, Up: Line breaking
-9.6 ‘\fussy’ & ‘\sloppy’
+9.7 ‘\fussy’ & ‘\sloppy’
========================
Declarations to make TeX more picky or less picky about line breaking.
@@ -6980,7 +6867,7 @@ the scope of the command.

File: latex2e.info, Node: sloppypar, Up: \fussy & \sloppy
-9.6.1 ‘sloppypar’
+9.7.1 ‘sloppypar’
-----------------
Synopsis:
@@ -7011,7 +6898,7 @@ Synopsis:

File: latex2e.info, Node: \hyphenation, Next: \linebreak & \nolinebreak, Prev: \fussy & \sloppy, Up: Line breaking
-9.7 ‘\hyphenation’
+9.8 ‘\hyphenation’
==================
Synopsis:
@@ -7020,20 +6907,20 @@ Synopsis:
Declares allowed hyphenation points within the words in the list.
The words in that list are separated by spaces. Show permitted points
-for hyphenation with a dash character, ‘-’.
+for hyphenation with an ASCII dash character, ‘-’.
Here is an example:
\hyphenation{hat-er il-lit-e-ra-ti tru-th-i-ness}
Use lowercase letters. TeX will only hyphenate if the word matches
-exactly, no inflections are tried. Multiple ‘\hyphenation’ commands
+exactly; no inflections are tried. Multiple ‘\hyphenation’ commands
accumulate.

File: latex2e.info, Node: \linebreak & \nolinebreak, Prev: \hyphenation, Up: Line breaking
-9.8 ‘\linebreak’ & ‘\nolinebreak’
+9.9 ‘\linebreak’ & ‘\nolinebreak’
=================================
Synopses, one of:
@@ -7076,7 +6963,7 @@ with its usual aplomb. But if you are writing commands, or tweaking the
final version of a document, then you may need to understand how to
influence its actions.
- LaTeX’s algorithm for splitting a document into pages is more complex
+ LaTeX's algorithm for splitting a document into pages is more complex
than just waiting until there is enough material to fill a page and
outputting the result. Instead, LaTeX typesets more material than would
fit on the page and then chooses a break that is optimal in some way (it
@@ -7091,9 +6978,9 @@ extra line falls on the second page). Another example is where LaTeX
uses available vertical shrinkage to fit on a page not just the header
for a new section but also the first two lines of that section.
- But LaTeX does not optimize over the entire document’s set of page
+ But LaTeX does not optimize over the entire document's set of page
breaks. So it can happen that the first page break is great but the
-second one is lousy; to break the current page LaTeX doesn’t look as far
+second one is lousy; to break the current page LaTeX doesn't look as far
ahead as the next page break. So occasionally you may want to influence
page breaks while preparing a final version of a document.
@@ -7128,7 +7015,7 @@ content a right-hand page, an odd-numbered page, if necessary inserting
a blank page. The ‘\clearpage’ command is robust while
‘\cleardoublepage’ is fragile (*note \protect::).
- LaTeX’s page breaks are optimized so ordinarily you only use this
+ LaTeX's page breaks are optimized so ordinarily you only use this
command in a document body to polish the final version, or inside
commands.
@@ -7142,7 +7029,7 @@ this command.
{\pagestyle{empty}\origdoublepage}%
}
-If you want LaTeX’s standard ‘\chapter’ command to do this then add the
+If you want LaTeX's standard ‘\chapter’ command to do this then add the
line ‘\let\cleardoublepage\clearemptydoublepage’. (Of course this
affects all uses of ‘\cleardoublepage’, not just the one in ‘\chapter’.)
@@ -7163,7 +7050,7 @@ Synopsis:
End the current page. This command is robust (*note \protect::).
- LaTeX’s page breaks are optimized so ordinarily you only use this
+ LaTeX's page breaks are optimized so ordinarily you only use this
command in a document body to polish the final version, or inside
commands.
@@ -7238,7 +7125,7 @@ prevent the break. But for instance ‘\nopagebreak[1]’ suggests to LaTeX
that another spot might be preferable. The higher the number, the more
insistent the request. Both commands are fragile (*note \protect::).
- LaTeX’s page endings are optimized so ordinarily you only use these
+ LaTeX's page endings are optimized so ordinarily you only use these
commands in a document body to polish the final version, or inside
commands.
@@ -7259,11 +7146,10 @@ strange, and if ‘\flushbottom’ is in effect this can cause you to get
‘Underfull \vbox (badness 10000) has occurred while \output is active’.
*Note \newpage::, for a command that does not have these effects.
- (There is an obsolete declaration ‘\samepage’, which tries to only
-allow a break between two paragraphs. There is a related environment
-‘samepage’, also obsolete. Neither of these work reliably. For more on
-keeping material on the same page, see the FAQ entry
-<https://texfaq.org/FAQ-nopagebrk>.)
+ A declaration ‘\samepage’ and corresponding ‘samepage’ environment
+try to only allow breaks between paragraphs. They are not perfectly
+reliable. For more on keeping material on the same page, see the FAQ
+entry <https://texfaq.org/FAQ-nopagebrk>.)

File: latex2e.info, Node: Footnotes, Next: Definitions, Prev: Page breaking, Up: Top
@@ -7307,7 +7193,8 @@ Synopsis, one of:
\footnote{TEXT}
\footnote[NUMBER]{TEXT}
- Place a footnote TEXT at the bottom of the current page.
+ Place a footnote TEXT at the bottom of the current page, with a
+footnote marker at the current position in the text.
There are over a thousand footnotes in Gibbon's
\textit{Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire}.\footnote{%
@@ -7332,12 +7219,16 @@ you make the change local then you may want to reset the counter with
‘\footnoterule’
Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the
- page’s footnotes. Default dimensions in the standard document
- classes (except ‘slides’, where it does not appear) is: vertical
+ page's footnotes. Default dimensions in the standard document
+ classes (except ‘slides’, where it does not appear) are: vertical
thickness of ‘0.4pt’, and horizontal size of ‘0.4\columnwidth’
long. Change the rule with something like this.
- \renewcommand{\footnoterule}{% Kerns avoid vertical space
+ % \footnoterule is expanded in vertical mode, thus \kern
+ % commands ensure that no vertical space is created,
+ % and the rule is separated vertically with 2pt
+ % above the note text.
+ \renewcommand*{\footnoterule}{%
\kern -3pt % This -3 is negative
\hrule width \textwidth height 1pt % of the sum of this 1
\kern 2pt} % and this 2
@@ -7352,7 +7243,7 @@ you make the change local then you may want to reset the counter with
The ‘\footnote’ command is fragile (*note \protect::).
- LaTeX’s default puts many restrictions on where you can use a
+ LaTeX's default puts many restrictions on where you can use a
‘\footnote’; for instance, you cannot use it in an argument to a
sectioning command such as ‘\chapter’ (it can only be used in outer
paragraph mode; *note Modes::). There are some workarounds; see
@@ -7393,7 +7284,8 @@ footnote markers referring to the same footnote.
If there are intervening footnotes then you must remember the value
of the number of the common mark. This example gives the same
institutional affiliation to both the first and third authors (‘\thanks’
-is a version of ‘\footnote’), by-hand giving the number of the footnote.
+is a version of ‘\footnote’), by explicitly specifying the number of the
+footnote (‘1’).
\title{A Treatise on the Binomial Theorem}
\author{J Moriarty\thanks{University of Leeds}
@@ -7402,17 +7294,6 @@ is a version of ‘\footnote’), by-hand giving the number of the footnote.
\begin{document}
\maketitle
- This uses a counter to remember the footnote number. The third
-sentence is followed by the same footnote marker as the first.
-
- \newcounter{footnoteValueSaver}
- All babies are illogical.\footnote{%
- Lewis Carroll.}\setcounter{footnoteValueSaver}{\value{footnote}}
- Nobody is despised who can manage a crocodile.\footnote{%
- Captain Hook.}
- Illogical persons are despised.\footnotemark[\value{footnoteValueSaver}]
- Therefore, anyone who can manage a crocodile is not a baby.
-
This example accomplishes the same by using the package ‘cleveref’.
\usepackage{cleveref}[2012/02/15] % in preamble
@@ -7424,6 +7305,17 @@ sentence is followed by the same footnote marker as the first.
It will work with the package ‘hyperref’.
+ This uses a counter to remember the footnote number. The third
+sentence is followed by the same footnote marker as the first.
+
+ \newcounter{footnoteValueSaver}
+ All babies are illogical.\footnote{%
+ Lewis Carroll.}\setcounter{footnoteValueSaver}{\value{footnote}}
+ Nobody is despised who can manage a crocodile.\footnote{%
+ Captain Hook.}
+ Illogical persons are despised.\footnotemark[\value{footnoteValueSaver}]
+ Therefore, anyone who can manage a crocodile is not a baby.
+

File: latex2e.info, Node: \footnotetext, Next: Footnotes in section headings, Prev: \footnotemark, Up: Footnotes
@@ -7457,7 +7349,7 @@ causes the footnote to appear at the bottom of the page where the
section starts, as usual, but also at the bottom of the table of
contents, where it is not likely to be desired. The simplest way to
have it not appear on the table of contents is to use the optional
-argument to ‘\section’
+argument to ‘\section’.
\section[Please]{Please\footnote{%
Don't footnote in chapter and section headers!}}
@@ -7515,7 +7407,7 @@ of the regular footnote sequence, use the ‘\footnotemark’ and
Little is known other than her death.}%
\stepcounter{mpFootnoteValueSaver}%
\footnotetext[\value{mpFootnoteValueSaver}]{%
- Relationship is unresolved in XXI.}
+ Relationship is unresolved.}
\end{center}
For a floating ‘table’ environment (*note table::), use the
@@ -7546,7 +7438,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Footnotes of footnotes, Prev: Footnotes in a table,
Particularly in the humanities, authors can have multiple classes of
footnotes, including having footnotes of footnotes. The package
-‘bigfoot’ extends LaTeX’s default footnote mechanism in many ways,
+‘bigfoot’ extends LaTeX's default footnote mechanism in many ways,
including allow these two, as in this example.
\usepackage{bigfoot} % in preamble
@@ -7580,6 +7472,7 @@ LaTeX has support for making new commands of many different kinds.
* \protect:: Using tricky commands.
* \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend:: Discard extra spaces.
* xspace package:: Space after a macro, conditionally.
+* Class and package commands:: Primarily for LaTeX programmers.

File: latex2e.info, Node: \newcommand & \renewcommand, Next: \providecommand, Up: Definitions
@@ -7596,7 +7489,7 @@ Synopses, one of (three regular forms, three starred forms):
\newcommand*{\CMD}[NARGS]{DEFN}
\newcommand*{\CMD}[NARGS][OPTARGDEFAULT]{DEFN}
-or all the same possibilities with ‘\renewcommand’ instead of
+or the same six possibilities with ‘\renewcommand’ instead of
‘\newcommand’:
\renewcommand{\CMD}{DEFN}
@@ -7610,8 +7503,9 @@ or all the same possibilities with ‘\renewcommand’ instead of
*note Class and package commands::).
The starred form of these two forbids the arguments from containing
-multiple paragraphs of text (in plain TeX terms: the commands are not
-‘\long’). With the default form, arguments can be multiple paragraphs.
+multiple paragraphs of text (i.e., a ‘\par’ token; in plain TeX terms:
+the commands are not ‘\long’). With the default form, arguments can be
+multiple paragraphs.
These are the parameters (examples follow):
@@ -7761,7 +7655,7 @@ whitespace in the output (*note \newcommand & \renewcommand:: and *note
simply print ‘Hello!’ (if you use the Emacs info viewer, turn on the
‘whitespace-mode’ minor mode to see the trailing spaces):
- Hel\relax
+ Hel\relax
lo!
This is because blanks after ‘\relax’, including the newline, are
@@ -7825,7 +7719,7 @@ backslash, followed by letters, category 11 characters (except that a
command name can also consist of a category 0 character followed by a
single non-letter symbol).
- LaTeX’s source code has the convention that some commands use ‘@’ in
+ LaTeX's source code has the convention that some commands use ‘@’ in
their name. These commands are mainly intended for package or class
writers. The convention prevents authors who are just using a package
or class from accidentally replacing such a command with one of their
@@ -7833,7 +7727,7 @@ own, because by default the at-sign has catcode 12.
Use the pair ‘\makeatletter’ and ‘\makeatother’ inside a ‘.tex’ file,
typically in the preamble, when you are defining or redefining commands
-named with ‘@’, by having them surround your definition. Don’t use
+named with ‘@’, by having them surround your definition. Don't use
these inside ‘.sty’ or ‘.cls’ files since the ‘\usepackage’ and
‘\documentclass’ commands already arrange that the at-sign has the
character code of a letter, catcode 11.
@@ -7895,7 +7789,7 @@ will return "not starry blue sky" while ‘\ciel*{night}’ will return
\makeatother
In the next example, the starred variant takes a different number of
-arguments than the unstarred one. With this definition, Agent 007’s
+arguments than the unstarred one. With this definition, Agent 007's
‘``My name is \agentsecret*{Bond}, \agentsecret{James}{Bond}.''’ is
equivalent to entering the commands ‘``My name is \textsc{Bond},
\textit{James} textsc{Bond}.''’
@@ -8117,7 +8011,7 @@ defined. Or name \end... illegal, see p.192 of the manual’. If you try
to redefine an environment and the name has not yet been used then you
get something like ‘LaTeX Error: Environment hank undefined.’.
- This example gives an environment like LaTeX’s ‘quotation’ except
+ This example gives an environment like LaTeX's ‘quotation’ except
that it will be set in smaller type.
\newenvironment{smallquote}{%
@@ -8144,7 +8038,7 @@ environment that cites the author.
\end{quotation}
}
-The author’s name is optional, and defaults to ‘Shakespeare’. In the
+The author's name is optional, and defaults to ‘Shakespeare’. In the
document, use the environment like this.
\begin{citequote}[Lincoln]
@@ -8213,7 +8107,7 @@ TITLE
NUMBERED_WITHIN
Optional; the name of an already defined counter, usually a
sectional unit such as ‘chapter’ or ‘section’. When the
- NUMBERED_WITHIN counter is reset then the NAME environment’s
+ NUMBERED_WITHIN counter is reset then the NAME environment's
counter will also be reset.
If this optional argument is not used then the command ‘\theNAME’
@@ -8241,7 +8135,7 @@ results in ‘Definition 1’ and ‘Definition 2’ in the output.
\end{defn}
This example has the same document body as the prior one. But here
-‘\newtheorem’’s optional argument NUMBERED_WITHIN is given as ‘section’,
+‘\newtheorem’'s optional argument NUMBERED_WITHIN is given as ‘section’,
so the output is like ‘Definition 1.1’ and ‘Definition 2.1’.
\newtheorem{defn}{Definition}[section]
@@ -8300,9 +8194,9 @@ backslash, ‘\’.
The FONT DESCRIPTION consists of a FONTNAME and an optional “at
clause”. LaTeX will look on your system for a file named
‘FONTNAME.tfm’. The at clause can have the form either ‘at DIMEN’ or
-‘scaled FACTOR’, where a FACTOR of ‘1000’ means no scaling. For LaTeX’s
+‘scaled FACTOR’, where a FACTOR of ‘1000’ means no scaling. For LaTeX's
purposes, all this does is scale all the character and other font
-dimensions relative to the font’s design size, which is a value defined
+dimensions relative to the font's design size, which is a value defined
in the ‘.tfm’ file.
This defines two equivalent fonts and typesets a few characters in
@@ -8320,53 +8214,59 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \protect, Next: \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafteren
================
All LaTeX commands are either “fragile” or “robust”. A fragile command
-can break when it is used in the argument to certain other commands.
-Commands that contain data that LaTeX writes to an auxiliary file and
-re-reads later are fragile. This includes material that goes into a
-table of contents, list of figures, list of tables, etc. Fragile
-commands also include line breaks, any command that has an optional
-argument, and many more. To prevent such commands from breaking, one
-solution is to preceded them with the command ‘\protect’.
+can break when it is used in the argument to certain other commands,
+typically those that write material to the table of contents, the
+cross-reference file, etc. To prevent fragile commands from causing
+errors, one solution is to precede them with the command ‘\protect’.
For example, when LaTeX runs the ‘\section{SECTION NAME}’ command it
writes the SECTION NAME text to the ‘.aux’ auxiliary file, moving it
there for use elsewhere in the document such as in the table of
-contents. Any argument that is internally expanded by LaTeX without
-typesetting it directly is referred to as a “moving argument”. A
-command is fragile if it can expand during this process into invalid TeX
-code. Some examples of moving arguments are those that appear in the
-‘\caption{...}’ command (*note figure::), in the ‘\thanks{...}’ command
-(*note \maketitle::), and in @-expressions in the ‘tabular’ and ‘array’
-environments (*note tabular::).
+contents. Such an argument that is used in multiple places is referred
+to as a “moving argument”. A command is fragile if it can expand during
+this process into invalid TeX code. Some examples of moving arguments
+are those that appear in the ‘\caption{...}’ command (*note figure::),
+in the ‘\thanks{...}’ command (*note \maketitle::), and in @-expressions
+in the ‘tabular’ and ‘array’ environments (*note tabular::).
If you get strange errors from commands used in moving arguments, try
-preceding it with ‘\protect’. Every fragile commands must be protected
+preceding it with ‘\protect’. Each fragile command must be protected
with their own ‘\protect’.
- Although usually a ‘\protect’ command doesn’t hurt, length commands
-are robust and should not be preceded by a ‘\protect’ command. Nor can
-a ‘\protect’ command be used in the argument to ‘\addtocounter’ or
-‘\setcounter’ command.
+ Although usually a ‘\protect’ command doesn't hurt, length commands
+such as ‘\parindent’ should not be preceded by a ‘\protect’ command
+(*note Lengths::. Nor can a ‘\protect’ command be used in the argument
+to ‘\addtocounter’ or ‘\setcounter’ command (*note \setcounter:: and
+*note \addtocounter::. These commands are already robust.
+
+ As of the October 2019 release of LaTeX
+(<https://www.latex-project.org/news/latex2e-news/ltnews30.pdf>), most
+commands that had been previously fragile were fixed to be robust. For
+example, any command taking an optional argument, such as ‘\root’ or
+‘\raisebox’, was fragile, but is now robust. Similarly, ‘\(...\)’ math
+was fragile and is now robust (‘$...$’ has always been robust).
- In this example the ‘\caption’ command gives a mysterious error about
-an extra curly brace. Fix the problem by preceding each ‘\raisebox’
-command with ‘\protect’.
+ Perhaps the most commonly used remaining fragile command is ‘\verb’;
+for example,
\begin{figure}
...
- \caption{Company headquarters of A\raisebox{1pt}{B}\raisebox{-1pt}{C}}
+ \caption{This \verb|\command| causes an error.}
\end{figure}
- In the next example the ‘\tableofcontents’ command gives an error
-because the ‘\(..\)’ in the section title expands to illegal TeX in the
-‘.toc’ file. You can solve this by changing ‘\(..\)’ to
-‘\protect\(..\protect\)’.
+ Adding ‘\protect’ does not help here. It's usually feasible to
+rewrite the caption (or section heading or whatever) to use ‘\texttt’,
+often the simplest solution.
- \begin{document}
- \tableofcontents
- ...
- \section{Einstein's \( e=mc^2 \)}
- ...
+ Alternatively, to use ‘\verb’, you can apply the ‘\cprotect’ command
+from ‘cprotect’ package (<https://ctan.org/pkg/cprotect>) to the
+‘\caption’:
+
+ \cprotect\caption{This \verb|\command| is ok with \verb|\cprotect|.}
+
+ ‘\cprotect’ also allows use of ‘\begin...\end’ environments in moving
+arguments, where they are normally not allowed, via a similar prefix
+command ‘\cprotEnv’.

File: latex2e.info, Node: \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend, Next: xspace package, Prev: \protect, Up: Definitions
@@ -8447,12 +8347,12 @@ solution is to change to
‘\newenvironment{eq}{\begin{equation}}{\end{equation}\ignorespacesafterend}’.

-File: latex2e.info, Node: xspace package, Prev: \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend, Up: Definitions
+File: latex2e.info, Node: xspace package, Next: Class and package commands, Prev: \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend, Up: Definitions
-12.13 xspace package
-====================
+12.13 ‘xspace’ package
+======================
-Synopsis:
+This is an add-on package, not part of core LaTeX. Synopsis:
\usepackage{xspace}
...
@@ -8462,15 +8362,15 @@ Synopsis:
adds a space unless the command is followed by certain punctuation
characters.
- After a command control sequence that is a control word (*note
-Control sequences::, as opposed to control symbols such as ‘\$’), TeX
-gobbles blank characters. Thus, in the first sentence below, the output
-has ‘Vermont’ placed snugly against the period, without any intervening
-space.
+ After a control sequence that is a control word (*note Control
+sequences::, as opposed to control symbols such as ‘\$’), TeX gobbles
+blank characters. Thus, in the first sentence below, the output has
+‘Vermont’ placed snugly against the period, without any intervening
+space, despite the space in the input.
\newcommand{\VT}{Vermont}
Our college is in \VT .
- The \VT{} summers are nice.
+ \VT{} summers are nice.
But because of the gobbling, the second sentence needs the empty
curly braces or else there would be no space separating ‘Vermont’ from
@@ -8489,17 +8389,576 @@ In this example, the empty braces are not needed.
The default exception list contains the characters ‘,.'/?;:!~-)’, the
open curly brace and the backslash-space command discussed above, and
-the commands ‘\footnote’ or ‘\footnotemark’. Add to that list as with
-‘\xspaceaddexceptions{\myfni \myfnii}’ which adds ‘\myfni’ and ‘\myfnii’
-to the list, and remove from that list as with
+the commands ‘\footnote’ or ‘\footnotemark’. You can add to that list
+as with ‘\xspaceaddexceptions{\myfni \myfnii}’ which adds ‘\myfni’
+and ‘\myfnii’ to the list; and you can remove from that list as with
‘\xspaceremoveexception{!}’.
A comment: many experts prefer not to use ‘\xspace’. Putting it in a
definition means that the command will usually get the spacing right.
-But it isn’t easy to predict when to enter empty braces because
+But it isn't easy to predict when to enter empty braces because
‘\xspace’ will get it wrong, such as when it is followed by another
command, and so ‘\xspace’ can make editing material harder and more
-error-prone than instead always inserting the empty braces.
+error-prone than instead of always inserting the empty braces.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Class and package commands, Prev: xspace package, Up: Definitions
+
+12.14 Class and package commands
+================================
+
+These are commands designed to help writers of classes or packages.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* \AtBeginDvi & \AtEndDvi::
+* \AtEndOfClass & \AtEndOfPackage::
+* \CheckCommand::
+* \ClassError and \PackageError and others::
+* \CurrentOption::
+* \DeclareOption::
+* \DeclareRobustCommand::
+* \ExecuteOptions::
+* \IfFileExists & \InputIfFileExists::
+* \LoadClass & \LoadClassWithOptions::
+* \NeedsTeXFormat::
+* \OptionNotUsed::
+* \PassOptionsToClass & \PassOptionsToPackage::
+* \ProcessOptions::
+* \ProvidesClass & \ProvidesPackage::
+* \ProvidesFile::
+* \RequirePackage & \RequirePackageWithOptions ::
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \AtBeginDvi & \AtEndDvi, Next: \AtEndOfClass & \AtEndOfPackage, Up: Class and package commands
+
+12.14.1 ‘\AtBeginDvi’ & ‘\AtEndDvi’
+-----------------------------------
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \AtBeginDvi{CODE}
+ \AtEndDvi{CODE}
+
+ ‘\AtBeginDvi’ saves, in a box register, CODE to be executed at the
+beginning of the shipout of the first page of the document. Despite the
+name, it applies to DVI, PDF, and XDV output. It fills the
+‘shipout/firstpage’ hook; new code should use that hook directly.
+
+ Similarly, ‘\AtEndDvi’ (previously available only with the ‘atenddvi’
+package) is code executed when finalizing the main output document.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \AtEndOfClass & \AtEndOfPackage, Next: \CheckCommand, Prev: \AtBeginDvi & \AtEndDvi, Up: Class and package commands
+
+12.14.2 ‘\AtEndOfClass’ & ‘\AtEndOfPackage’
+-------------------------------------------
+
+Synopses:
+
+ \AtEndOfClass{CODE}
+ \AtEndOfPackage{CODE}
+
+ Hooks to insert CODE to be executed when LaTeX finishes processing
+the current class resp. package.
+
+ These hooks can be used multiple times; each ‘code’ segment will be
+executed in the order called. Many packages and classes use these
+commands.
+
+ See also *note \AtBeginDocument::.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \CheckCommand, Next: \ClassError and \PackageError and others, Prev: \AtEndOfClass & \AtEndOfPackage, Up: Class and package commands
+
+12.14.3 ‘\CheckCommand’
+-----------------------
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \CheckCommand{CMD}[NUM][DEFAULT]{DEFINITION}
+ \CheckCommand* (same parameters)
+
+ Like ‘\newcommand’ (*note \newcommand & \renewcommand::) but does not
+define CMD; instead it checks that the current definition of CMD is
+exactly as given by DEFINITION and is or is not “‘\long’” as expected.
+A long command is a command that accepts ‘\par’ within an argument.
+
+ With the unstarred version of ‘\CheckCommand’, CMD is expected to be
+‘\long’; with the starred version, CMD must not be ‘\long’
+
+ ‘\CheckCommand’ raises an error when the check fails. This allows
+you to check before you start redefining ‘cmd’ yourself that no other
+package has already redefined this command.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \ClassError and \PackageError and others, Next: \CurrentOption, Prev: \CheckCommand, Up: Class and package commands
+
+12.14.4 ‘\ClassError’ and ‘\PackageError’ and others
+----------------------------------------------------
+
+Produce error, warning, and informational messages for classes:
+
+‘\ClassError{CLASS NAME}{ERROR-TEXT}{HELP-TEXT}’
+‘\ClassWarning{CLASS NAME}{WARNING-TEXT}’
+‘\ClassWarningNoLine{CLASS NAME}{WARNING-TEXT}’
+‘\ClassInfo{CLASS NAME}{INFO-TEXT}’
+‘\ClassInfoNoLine{CLASS NAME}{INFO-TEXT}’
+
+and the same for packages:
+‘\PackageError{PACKAGE NAME}{ERROR-TEXT}{HELP-TEXT}’
+‘\PackageWarning{PACKAGE NAME}{WARNING-TEXT}’
+‘\PackageWarningNoLine{PACKAGE NAME}{WARNING-TEXT}’
+‘\PackageInfo{PACKAGE NAME}{INFO-TEXT}’
+‘\PackageInfoNoLine{PACKAGE NAME}{INFO-TEXT}’
+
+ For ‘\ClassError’ and ‘\PackageError’ the message is ERROR-TEXT,
+followed by TeX's '‘?’' error prompt. If the user then asks for help by
+typing ‘h’, they see the HELP TEXT.
+
+ The four ‘Warning’ commands are similar except that they write
+WARNING-TEXT on the screen with no error prompt. The four ‘Info’
+commands write INFO-TEXT only in the transcript file. The ‘NoLine’
+versions omit the number of the line generating the message, while the
+other versions do show that number.
+
+ To format the messages, including the HELP-TEXT: use ‘\protect’ to
+stop a command from expanding, get a line break with ‘\MessageBreak’,
+and get a space with ‘\space’ when a space character is ignore, most
+commonly after a command.
+
+ LaTeX appends a period to the messages.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \CurrentOption, Next: \DeclareOption, Prev: \ClassError and \PackageError and others, Up: Class and package commands
+
+12.14.5 ‘\CurrentOption’
+------------------------
+
+Expands to the name of the option currently being processed. This can
+only be used within the CODE argument of either ‘\DeclareOption’ or
+‘\DeclareOption*’.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \DeclareOption, Next: \DeclareRobustCommand, Prev: \CurrentOption, Up: Class and package commands
+
+12.14.6 ‘\DeclareOption’
+------------------------
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \DeclareOption{OPTION}{CODE}
+ \DeclareOption*{OPTION}{CODE}
+
+ Define an option a user can include in their ‘\documentclass’
+command. For example, a class ‘smcmemo’ could have an option ‘logo’
+allowing users to put the institutional logo on the first page. The
+document would start with ‘\documentclass[logo]{smcmemo}’. To enable
+this, the class file must contain ‘\DeclareOption{logo}{CODE}’ (and
+later, ‘\ProcessOptions’).
+
+ If you request an option that has not been declared, by default this
+will produce a warning like ‘Unused global option(s): [badoption].’ This
+can be changed by using ‘\DeclareOption*{CODE}’, which executes CODE for
+any unknown option.
+
+ For example, many classes extend an existing class, using code such
+as ‘\LoadClass{article}’ (*note \LoadClass::). In this case, it makes
+sense to pass any otherwise-unknown options to the underlying class,
+like this:
+
+ \DeclareOption*{%
+ \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}%
+ }
+
+ As another example, our class ‘smcmemo’ might allow users to keep
+lists of memo recipients in external files, so the user could invoke
+‘\documentclass[math]{smcmemo}’ and it will read the file ‘math.memo’.
+This code inputs the file if it exists, while if it doesn't, the option
+is passed to the ‘article’ class:
+
+ \DeclareOption*{\InputIfFileExists{\CurrentOption.memo}
+ {}{%
+ \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}}}
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \DeclareRobustCommand, Next: \ExecuteOptions, Prev: \DeclareOption, Up: Class and package commands
+
+12.14.7 ‘\DeclareRobustCommand’
+-------------------------------
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \DeclareRobustCommand{CMD}[NUM][DEFAULT]{DEFINITION}
+ \DeclareRobustCommand* (same parameters
+
+ ‘\DeclareRobustCommand’ and its starred form are generally like
+‘\newcommand’ and ‘\newcommand*’ (*note \newcommand & \renewcommand::),
+with the addition that they define a so-called “robust” command, even if
+some code within the DEFINITION is fragile. (For a discussion of robust
+and fragile commands, *note \protect::.)
+
+ Also unlike ‘\newcommand’, these do not give an error if macro CMD
+already exists; instead, a log message is put into the transcript file
+if a command is redefined. Thus, ‘\DeclareRobustCommand’ can be used to
+define new robust commands or to redefine existing commands, making them
+robust.
+
+ The starred form, ‘\DeclareRobustCommand*’, disallows the arguments
+from containing multiple paragraphs, just like the starred form of
+‘\newcommand’ and ‘\renewcommand’. The meaning of the arguments is the
+same.
+
+ Commands defined this way are a bit less efficient than those defined
+using ‘\newcommand’ so unless the command's data is fragile and the
+command is used within a moving argument, use ‘\newcommand’.
+
+ Related to this, the ‘etoolbox’ package offers three commands and
+their starred forms: ‘\newrobustcmd’(‘*’) ‘\renewrobustcmd’(‘*’), and
+‘\providerobustcmd’(‘*’). They are similar to ‘\newcommand’,
+‘\renewcommand’, and ‘\providecommand’ and their own starred forms, but
+define a robust CMD. They have two possible advantages compared to
+‘\DeclareRobustCommand’:
+
+ 1. They use the low-level e-TeX protection mechanism rather than the
+ higher-level LaTeX ‘\protect’ mechanism, so they do not incur the
+ slight loss of performance mentioned above, and
+
+ 2. They make the same distinction between ‘\new...’, ‘\renew...’, and
+ ‘\provide...’, as the standard commands. That is, they do not just
+ write a log message when you redefine CMD that already exists; you
+ need to use either ‘\renew...’ or ‘\provide...’, or you get an
+ error. This may or may not be a benefit.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \ExecuteOptions, Next: \IfFileExists & \InputIfFileExists, Prev: \DeclareRobustCommand, Up: Class and package commands
+
+12.14.8 ‘\ExecuteOptions’
+-------------------------
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \ExecuteOptions{OPTION-LIST}
+
+ For each option OPTION in OPTION-LIST, in order, this command
+executes the command ‘\ds@OPTION’. If this command is not defined then
+that option is silently ignored.
+
+ This can be used to provide a default option list before
+‘\ProcessOptions’. For example, if in a class file you want the default
+to be 11pt fonts then you could specify
+‘\ExecuteOptions{11pt}\ProcessOptions\relax’.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \IfFileExists & \InputIfFileExists, Next: \LoadClass & \LoadClassWithOptions, Prev: \ExecuteOptions, Up: Class and package commands
+
+12.14.9 ‘\IfFileExists’ & ‘\InputIfFileExists’
+----------------------------------------------
+
+Synopses:
+
+ \IfFileExists{FILENAME}{TRUE-CODE}{FALSE-CODE}
+ \InputIfFileExists{FILENAME}{TRUE-CODE}{FALSE-CODE}
+
+ ‘\IfFileExists’ executes TRUE-CODE if LaTeX finds the file ‘FILENAME’
+or FALSE-CODE otherwise. In the first case it executing TRUE-CODE and
+then inputs the file. Thus the command
+
+ \IfFileExists{img.pdf}{%
+ \includegraphics{img.pdf}}
+ {\typeout{!! img.pdf not found}
+
+will include the graphic ‘img.pdf’ if it is found and otherwise give a
+warning.
+
+ This command looks for the file in all search paths that LaTeX uses,
+not only in the current directory. To look only in the current
+directory do something like
+‘\IfFileExists{./FILENAME}{TRUE-CODE}{FALSE-CODE}’. If you ask for a
+filename without a ‘.tex’ extension then LaTeX will first look for the
+file by appending the ‘.tex’; for more on how LaTeX handles file
+extensions see *note \input::.
+
+ ‘\InputIfFileExists’ is similar, but, as the name states,
+automatically ‘\input’s FILENAME if it exists. The TRUE-CODE is
+executed just before the ‘\input’; if the file doesn't exist, the
+FALSE-CODE is executed. An example:
+
+ \InputIfFileExists{mypkg.cfg}
+ {\PackageInfo{Loading mypkg.cfg for configuration information}}
+ {\PackageInfo{No mypkg.cfg found}}
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \LoadClass & \LoadClassWithOptions, Next: \NeedsTeXFormat, Prev: \IfFileExists & \InputIfFileExists, Up: Class and package commands
+
+12.14.10 ‘\LoadClass’ & ‘\LoadClassWithOptions’
+-----------------------------------------------
+
+Synopses:
+
+ \LoadClass[OPTIONS-LIST]{CLASS-NAME}[RELEASE-DATE]
+ \LoadClassWithOptions{CLASS-NAME}[RELEASE-DATE]
+
+ Load a class, as with
+‘\documentclass[OPTIONS-LIST]{CLASS-NAME}[RELEASE-DATE]’. An example:
+‘\LoadClass[twoside]{article}’.
+
+ The OPTIONS-LIST, if present, is a comma-separated list. The
+RELEASE-DATE is also optional. If present it must have the form
+‘YYYY/MM/DD’.
+
+ If you request RELEASE-DATE and the date of the package installed on
+your system is earlier, then you get a warning on the screen and in the
+log like this:
+
+ You have requested, on input line 4, version `2038/01/19' of
+ document class article, but only version `2014/09/29 v1.4h
+ Standard LaTeX document class' is available.
+
+ The command version ‘\LoadClassWithOptions’ uses the list of options
+for the current class. This means it ignores any options passed to it
+via ‘\PassOptionsToClass’. This is a convenience command that lets you
+build classes on existing ones, such as the standard ‘article’ class,
+without having to track which options were passed.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \NeedsTeXFormat, Next: \OptionNotUsed, Prev: \LoadClass & \LoadClassWithOptions, Up: Class and package commands
+
+12.14.11 ‘\NeedsTeXFormat’
+--------------------------
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \NeedsTeXFormat{FORMAT}[FORMAT-DATE]
+
+ Specifies the format that this class must be run under. Often issued
+as the first line of a class file, and most often used as:
+‘\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}’. When a document using that class is
+processed, the format being run must exactly match the FORMAT name
+given, including case. If it does not match then execution stops with
+an error like ‘This file needs format `LaTeX2e' but this is `plain'.’.
+
+ To require a version of the format that you know to have certain
+features, include the optional FORMAT-DATE on which those features were
+implemented. If present, it must be in the form ‘YYYY/MM/DD’. If the
+format version installed on your system is earlier than FORMAT DATE then
+you get a warning like this.
+
+ You have requested release `2038/01/20' of LaTeX, but only
+ release `2016/02/01' is available.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \OptionNotUsed, Next: \PassOptionsToClass & \PassOptionsToPackage, Prev: \NeedsTeXFormat, Up: Class and package commands
+
+12.14.12 ‘\OptionNotUsed’
+-------------------------
+
+Adds the current option to the list of unused options. Can only be used
+within the CODE argument of either ‘\DeclareOption’ or
+‘\DeclareOption*’.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \PassOptionsToClass & \PassOptionsToPackage, Next: \ProcessOptions, Prev: \OptionNotUsed, Up: Class and package commands
+
+12.14.13 ‘\PassOptionsToClass’ & ‘\PassOptionsToPackage’
+--------------------------------------------------------
+
+Synopses:
+
+ \PassOptionsToClass{OPTIONS}{CLSNAME}
+ \PassOptionsToPackage{OPTION}{PKGNAME}
+
+ Adds the options in the comma-separated list OPTIONS to the options
+used by any future ‘\RequirePackage’ or ‘\usepackage’ command for the
+class CLSNAME or the package PKGNAME, respectively.
+
+ The reason for these commands is that although you may load a package
+any number of times with no options, if you can specify options only the
+first time you load the package. Loading a package with options more
+than once will get you an error like ‘Option clash for package foo.’.
+LaTeX throws an error even if there is no conflict between the options.
+
+ If your own code is bringing in a package twice then you can combine
+the calls; for example, replacing the two
+
+ \RequirePackage[landscape]{geometry}
+ \RequirePackage[margins=1in]{geometry}
+
+with the single command
+
+ \RequirePackage[landscape,margins=1in]{geometry}
+
+ However, suppose you are loading ‘firstpkg’ and inside that package
+it loads ‘secondpkg’, and you need ‘secondpkg’ to be loaded with option
+‘draft’. Then before load the first package you must tell LaTeX about
+the desired options for the second package, like this:
+
+ \PassOptionsToPackage{draft}{secondpkg}
+ \RequirePackage{firstpkg}
+
+If ‘firstpkg.sty’ loads an option in conflict with what you want then
+you may have to alter its source, or yours.
+
+ These commands are useful for general users as well as class and
+package writers. For instance, suppose a user wants to load the
+‘graphicx’ package with the option ‘draft’ and also wants to use a class
+‘foo’ that loads the ‘graphicx’ package, but without that option. The
+user could start their LaTeX file with
+‘\PassOptionsToPackage{draft}{graphicx} \documentclass{foo}’.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \ProcessOptions, Next: \ProvidesClass & \ProvidesPackage, Prev: \PassOptionsToClass & \PassOptionsToPackage, Up: Class and package commands
+
+12.14.14 ‘\ProcessOptions’
+--------------------------
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \ProcessOptions\@OPTIONS
+ \ProcessOptions*\@OPTIONS
+
+ Execute the code for each option that the user has invoked. Invoke
+it in the class file as ‘\ProcessOptions\relax’ (because of the
+existence of the starred version, described below).
+
+ Options come in two types. “Local options” have been specified for
+this particular package in ‘\usepackage[OPTIONS]’,
+‘\RequirePackage[OPTIONS]’, or the OPTIONS argument of
+‘\PassOptionsToPackage{OPTIONS}’. “Global options” are those given by
+the class user in ‘\documentclass[OPTIONS]’. If an option is specified
+both locally and globally then it is local.
+
+ When ‘\ProcessOptions’ is called for a package ‘pkg.sty’, the
+following happens:
+
+ 1. For each option OPTION so far declared with ‘\DeclareOption’,
+ ‘\ProcessOptions’ looks to see if that option is either global or
+ local for ‘pkg’. If so, then it executes the declared code. This
+ is done in the order in which these options were given in
+ ‘pkg.sty’.
+
+ 2. For each remaining local option, it executes the command
+ ‘\ds@’OPTION if it has been defined somewhere (other than by a
+ ‘\DeclareOption’); otherwise, it executes the default option code
+ given in ‘\DeclareOption*’. If no default option code has been
+ declared then it gives an error message. This is done in the order
+ in which these options were specified.
+
+ When ‘\ProcessOptions’ is called for a class it works in the same way
+except that all options are local, and the default CODE for
+‘\DeclareOption*’ is ‘\OptionNotUsed’ rather than an error.
+
+ The starred version ‘\ProcessOptions*’ executes the options in the
+order specified in the calling commands, rather than in the order of
+declaration in the class or package. For a package, this means that the
+global options are processed first.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \ProvidesClass & \ProvidesPackage, Next: \ProvidesFile, Prev: \ProcessOptions, Up: Class and package commands
+
+12.14.15 ‘\ProvidesClass’ & ‘\ProvidesPackage’
+----------------------------------------------
+
+Synopses:
+
+ \ProvidesClass{CLSNAME}[RELEASE-DATE [INFO-TEXT]]
+ \ProvidesPackage{PKGNAME}[RELEASE-DATE [INFO-TEXT]]
+
+ Identifies the class or package being defined, printing a message to
+the screen and the log file.
+
+ When you load a class or package, for example with
+‘\documentclass{smcmemo}’ or ‘\usepackage{test}’, LaTeX inputs a file
+(‘smcmemo.cls’ and ‘test.sty’, respectively). If the name of the file
+does not match the class or package name declared in it then you get a
+warning. Thus, if you invoke ‘\documentclass{smcmemo}’, and the file
+‘smcmemo.cls’ has the statement ‘\ProvidesClass{foo}’ then you get a
+warning like ‘You have requested document class `smcmemo', but the
+document class provides 'foo'.’ This warning does not prevent LaTeX from
+processing the rest of the class file normally.
+
+ If you include the optional argument then you must include a date,
+before any spaces, of the form ‘YYYY/MM/DD’. The rest of the optional
+argument is free-form, although it traditionally identifies the class.
+It is written to the screen during compilation and to the log file.
+Thus, if your file ‘smcmemo.cls’ contains the line
+‘\ProvidesClass{smcmemo}[2008/06/01 v1.0 SMC memo class]’ and your
+document's first line is ‘\documentclass{smcmemo}’ then you will see
+‘Document Class: smcmemo 2008/06/01 v1.0 SMC memo class’.
+
+ The date in the optional argument allows class and package users to
+ask to be warned if the version of the class or package is earlier than
+RELEASE DATE. For instance, a user could enter
+‘\documentclass{smcmemo}[2018/10/12]’ or
+‘\usepackage{foo}[[2017/07/07]]’ to require a class or package with
+certain features by specifying that it must be released no earlier than
+the given date. Perhaps more importantly, the date serves as
+documentation of the last release. (In practice, package users rarely
+include a date, and class users almost never do.)
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \ProvidesFile, Next: \RequirePackage & \RequirePackageWithOptions, Prev: \ProvidesClass & \ProvidesPackage, Up: Class and package commands
+
+12.14.16 ‘\ProvidesFile’
+------------------------
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \ProvidesFile{FILENAME}[INFO-TEXT]
+
+ Declare a file other than the main class and package files, such as a
+configuration or font definition file. It writes the given information
+to the log file, essentially like ‘\ProvidesClass’ and
+‘\ProvidesPackage’ (see the previous section).
+
+ For example:
+
+ \ProvidesFile{smcmemo.cfg}[2017/10/12 config file for smcmemo.cls]
+
+writes this into the log:
+
+ File: smcmemo.cfg 2017/10/12 config file for smcmemo.cls
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \RequirePackage & \RequirePackageWithOptions, Prev: \ProvidesFile, Up: Class and package commands
+
+12.14.17 ‘\RequirePackage’ & ‘\RequirePackageWithOptions’
+---------------------------------------------------------
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \RequirePackage[OPTION-LIST]{PKGNAME}[RELEASE-DATE]
+ \RequirePackageWithOptions{PKGNAME}[RELEASE-DATE]
+
+ Load a package, like the command ‘\usepackage’ (*note Additional
+packages::). An example:
+‘\RequirePackage[landscape,margin=1in]{geometry}’
+
+ The initial optional argument OPTION-LIST, if present, must be a
+comma-separated list. The trailing optional argument RELEASE-DATE, if
+present, must have the form ‘YYYY/MM/DD’. If the release date of the
+package as installed on your system is earlier than RELEASE-DATE then
+you get a warning like ‘You have requested, on input line 9, version
+`2017/07/03' of package jhtest, but only version `2000/01/01' is
+available’.
+
+ The ‘\RequirePackageWithOptions’ variant uses the list of options for
+the current class. This means it ignores any options passed to it via
+‘\PassOptionsToClass’. This is a convenience command to allow easily
+building classes on existing ones without having to track which options
+were passed.
+
+ The difference between ‘\usepackage’ and ‘\RequirePackage’ is small.
+The ‘\usepackage’ command is intended to be used in documents, while
+‘\RequirePackage’ is intended for package and class files. The most
+significant difference in practice is that ‘\RequirePackage’ can be used
+in a document before the ‘\documentclass’ command, while ‘\usepackage’
+gives an error there. The most common need for this nowadays is for the
+‘\DocumentMetadata’ command (*note \DocumentMetadata::).
+
+ The LaTeX development team strongly recommends use of these and
+related commands over Plain TeX's ‘\input’; see the Class Guide
+(<https://ctan.org/pkg/clsguide>).

File: latex2e.info, Node: Counters, Next: Lengths, Prev: Definitions, Up: Top
@@ -8509,11 +8968,11 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Counters, Next: Lengths, Prev: Definitions, Up: To
Everything LaTeX numbers for you has a counter associated with it. The
name of the counter is often the same as the name of the environment or
-command associated with the number, except that the counter’s name has
+command associated with the number, except that the counter's name has
no backslash ‘\’. Thus, associated with the ‘\chapter’ command is the
‘chapter’ counter that keeps track of the chapter number.
- Below is a list of the counters used in LaTeX’s standard document
+ Below is a list of the counters used in LaTeX's standard document
classes to control numbering.
part paragraph figure enumi
@@ -8557,12 +9016,12 @@ instance, ‘\alph{enumi}’. Note that the counter name does not start
with a backslash.
‘\alph{COUNTER}’
- Print the value of COUNTER in lowercase letters: ‘a’, ‘b’, ... If
- the counter’s value is less than 1 or more than 26 then you get
+ Print the value of COUNTER in lowercase letters: 'a', 'b', ... If
+ the counter's value is less than 1 or more than 26 then you get
‘LaTeX Error: Counter too large.’
‘\Alph{COUNTER}’
- Print in uppercase letters: ‘A’, ‘B’, ... If the counter’s value
+ Print in uppercase letters: 'A', 'B', ... If the counter's value
is less than 1 or more than 26 then you get ‘LaTeX Error: Counter
too large.’
@@ -8570,19 +9029,19 @@ with a backslash.
Print in Arabic numbers such as ‘5’ or ‘-2’.
‘\roman{COUNTER}’
- Print in lowercase roman numerals: ‘i’, ‘ii’, ... If the counter’s
+ Print in lowercase roman numerals: 'i', 'ii', ... If the counter's
value is less than 1 then you get no warning or error but LaTeX
does not print anything in the output.
‘\Roman{COUNTER}’
- Print in uppercase roman numerals: ‘I’, ‘II’, ... If the counter’s
+ Print in uppercase roman numerals: 'I', 'II', ... If the counter's
value is less than 1 then you get no warning or error but LaTeX
does not print anything in the output.
‘\fnsymbol{COUNTER}’
Prints the value of COUNTER using a sequence of nine symbols that
are traditionally used for labeling footnotes. The value of
- COUNTER should be between 1 and 9, inclusive. If the counter’s
+ COUNTER should be between 1 and 9, inclusive. If the counter's
value is less than 0 or more than 9 then you get ‘LaTeX Error:
Counter too large’, while if it is 0 then you get no error or
warning but LaTeX does not output anything.
@@ -8677,7 +9136,7 @@ Synopsis:
\setcounter{COUNTER}{VALUE}
Globally set the counter COUNTER to have the value of the VALUE
-argument, which must be an integer. Thus, you can set a counter’s value
+argument, which must be an integer. Thus, you can set a counter's value
as ‘\setcounter{section}{5}’. Note that the counter name does not start
with a backslash.
@@ -8719,7 +9178,7 @@ Synopsis:
Globally increments the value of COUNTER by one, as does
‘\stepcounter’ (*note \stepcounter::). The difference is that this
command resets the value of any counter numbered within it. (For the
-definition of “counters numbered within”, *note \newcounter::.)
+definition of "counters numbered within", *note \newcounter::.)
In addition, this command also defines the current ‘\ref’ value to be
the result of ‘\thecounter’.
@@ -8738,7 +9197,7 @@ Synopsis:
\stepcounter{COUNTER}
Globally adds one to COUNTER and resets all counters numbered within
-it. (For the definition of “counters numbered within”, *note
+it. (For the definition of "counters numbered within", *note
\newcounter::.)
This command differs from ‘\refstepcounter’ in that this one does not
@@ -8796,10 +9255,10 @@ TeX to stretch or shrink the length to optimize placement.
\newcommand{\showhbox}[2]{%
\fboxsep=0pt\fbox{\hbox to #1{#2}}}
-This example uses those commands to show a black bar 100 points long
-between ‘XXX’ and ‘YYY’. This length is rigid.
+This next example uses those commands to show a black bar 100 points
+long between ‘ABC’ and ‘XYZ’. This length is rigid.
- XXX\showhbox{100pt}{\blackbar{100pt}}YYY
+ ABC\showhbox{100pt}{\blackbar{100pt}}XYZ
As for rubber lengths, shrinking is simpler one: with ‘1cm minus
0.05cm’, the natural length is 1cm but TeX can shrink it down as far as
@@ -8807,15 +9266,15 @@ between ‘XXX’ and ‘YYY’. This length is rigid.
first one works fine, producing a space of 98 points between the two
bars.
- XXX\showhbox{300pt}{%
+ ABC\showhbox{300pt}{%
\blackbar{101pt}\hspace{100pt minus 2pt}\blackbar{101pt}}YYY
- XXX\showhbox{300pt}{%
+ ABC\showhbox{300pt}{%
\blackbar{105pt}\hspace{100pt minus 1pt}\blackbar{105pt}}YYY
But the second one gets a warning like ‘Overfull \hbox (1.0pt too wide)
detected at line 17’. In the output the first ‘Y’ is overwritten by the
-end of the black bar, because the box’s material is wider than the 300pt
+end of the black bar, because the box's material is wider than the 300pt
allocated, as TeX has refused to shrink the total to less than
309 points.
@@ -8823,16 +9282,16 @@ allocated, as TeX has refused to shrink the total to less than
beyond the given amount, it will do it. Here the first line is fine,
producing a space of 110 points between the bars.
- XXX\showhbox{300pt}{%
+ ABC\showhbox{300pt}{%
\blackbar{95pt}\hspace{100pt plus 10pt}\blackbar{95pt}}YYY
- XXX\showhbox{300pt}{%
+ ABC\showhbox{300pt}{%
\blackbar{95pt}\hspace{100pt plus 1pt}\blackbar{95pt}}YYY
In the second line TeX needs a stretch of 10 points and only 1 point was
specified. TeX stretches the space to the required length but it gives
you a warning like ‘Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) detected at line
-22’. (We won’t discuss badness.)
+22’. (We won't discuss badness.)
You can put both stretch and shrink in the same length, as in ‘1ex
plus 0.05ex minus 0.02ex’.
@@ -8840,20 +9299,20 @@ plus 0.05ex minus 0.02ex’.
If TeX is setting two or more rubber lengths then it allocates the
stretch or shrink in proportion.
- XXX\showhbox{300pt}{%
+ ABC\showhbox{300pt}{%
\blackbar{100pt}% left
\hspace{0pt plus 50pt}\blackbar{80pt}\hspace{0pt plus 10pt}% middle
\blackbar{100pt}}YYY % right
The left and right bars take up 100 points, so the middle needs another
-100. The middle bar is 80 points so the two ‘\hspace’’s must stretch
+100. The middle bar is 80 points so the two ‘\hspace’'s must stretch
20 points. Because the two are ‘plus 50pt’ and ‘plus 10pt’, TeX gets
5/6 of the stretch from the first space and 1/6 from the second.
The ‘plus’ or ‘minus’ component of a rubber length can contain a
“fill” component, as in ‘1in plus2fill’. This gives the length infinite
stretchability or shrinkability so that TeX could set it to any
-distance. Here the two figures will be equal-spaced across the page.
+distance. Here the two figures will be equally spaced across the page.
\begin{minipage}{\linewidth}
\hspace{0pt plus 1fill}\includegraphics{godel.png}%
@@ -8962,7 +9421,7 @@ rubber length (*note Lengths::). It can be positive, negative or zero,
and can be in any units that LaTeX understands (*note Units of
length::).
- Below, with LaTeX’s defaults the first paragraph will be indented
+ Below, with LaTeX's defaults the first paragraph will be indented
while the second will not.
I told the doctor I broke my leg in two places.
@@ -9216,7 +9675,7 @@ So ‘\the\glueexpr 5pt plus 1pt * 2 \relax’ results in ‘10pt plus 2pt’.
TeX will coerce other numerical types in the same way as it does when
doing register assignment. Thus ‘\the\numexpr\dimexpr 1pt\relax\relax’
will result in ‘65536’, which is ‘1pt’ converted to scaled points (*note
-‘sp’: units of length sp, TeX’s internal unit) and then coerced into an
+‘sp’: units of length sp, TeX's internal unit) and then coerced into an
integer. With a ‘\glueexpr’ here, the stretch and shrink would be
dropped. Going the other way, a ‘\numexpr’ inside a ‘\dimexpr’ or
‘\glueexpr’ will need appropriate units, as in ‘\the\dimexpr\numexpr 1 +
@@ -9231,7 +9690,7 @@ a division) which is done as one combined operation with a 64-bit
product as intermediate value. The result of each operation is again
checked to be in the allowed range.
- Finally, division and scaling take place with rounding (unlike TeX’s
+ Finally, division and scaling take place with rounding (unlike TeX's
‘\divide’, which truncates). Thus ‘\the\dimexpr 5pt*(3/2)\relax’ puts
‘10.0pt’ in the document, because it rounds ‘3/2’ to ‘2’, while
‘\the\dimexpr 5pt*(4/3)\relax’ produces ‘5.0pt’.
@@ -9277,11 +9736,11 @@ identical:
Second paragraph.
\end{document}
- Once LaTeX has gathered all of a paragraph’s contents it divides that
+ Once LaTeX has gathered all of a paragraph's contents it divides that
content into lines in a way that is optimized over the entire paragraph
(*note Line breaking::).
- There are places where a new paragraph is not permitted. Don’t put a
+ There are places where a new paragraph is not permitted. Don't put a
blank line in math mode (*note Modes::); here the blank line before the
‘\end{equation}’
@@ -9388,7 +9847,7 @@ paragraph, use ‘\noindent’.
In the middle of a paragraph the ‘\noindent’ command has no effect,
because LaTeX is already in horizontal mode there. The ‘\indent’
-command’s only effect is to output a space.
+command's only effect is to output a space.
This example starts a fresh paragraph.
@@ -9447,7 +9906,7 @@ is ‘1em’. (These values are set before LaTeX calls ‘\normalfont’ so
different font then to set ‘\parindent’ to 1em matching that font, put
‘\AtBeginDocument{\setlength{\parindent}{1em}}’ in the preamble.)
- The default value for ‘\parskip’ in LaTeX’s standard document classes
+ The default value for ‘\parskip’ in LaTeX's standard document classes
is ‘0pt plus1pt’.

@@ -9480,7 +9939,7 @@ paragraph. Revert that to the default position with ‘\normalmarginpar’.
note in the left margin, while the mandatory argument RIGHT is used for
a note in the right margin.
- Normally, a note’s first word will not be hyphenated. You can enable
+ Normally, a note's first word will not be hyphenated. You can enable
hyphenation there by beginning LEFT or RIGHT with ‘\hspace{0pt}’.
These parameters affect the formatting of the note:
@@ -9578,10 +10037,10 @@ on CTAN.
* Math symbols:: Various mathematical squiggles.
* Math functions:: Math function names like sin and exp.
* Math accents:: Accents in math.
-* Over- and Underlining:: Things over or under formulas.
+* Over- or under math:: Lines, braces, arrows over/under formulas.
* Spacing in math mode:: Thick, medium, thin, and negative spaces.
* Math styles:: Determine the size of things.
-* Math miscellany:: Stuff that doesn’t fit anywhere else.
+* Math miscellany:: Stuff that doesn't fit anywhere else.

File: latex2e.info, Node: Subscripts & superscripts, Next: Math symbols, Up: Math formulas
@@ -9602,14 +10061,14 @@ or, one of:
Make EXP appear as a superscript of BASE (with the caret
character, ‘^’) or a subscript (with underscore, ‘_’).
- In this example the ‘0’’s and ‘1’’s are subscripts while the ‘2’’s
+ In this example the ‘0’'s and ‘1’'s are subscripts while the ‘2’'s
are superscripts.
\( (x_0+x_1)^2 \leq (x_0)^2+(x_1)^2 \)
To have the subscript or superscript contain more than one character,
surround the expression with curly braces, as in ‘e^{-2x}’. This
-example’s fourth line shows curly braces used to group an expression for
+example's fourth line shows curly braces used to group an expression for
the exponent.
\begin{displaymath}
@@ -9657,7 +10116,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Math symbols, Next: Math functions, Prev: Subscript
LaTeX provides almost any mathematical or technical symbol that anyone
uses. For example, if you include ‘$\pi$’ in your source, you will get
-the pi symbol π. See the “Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List” package at
+the pi symbol π. See the "Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List" package at
<https://ctan.org/pkg/comprehensive>.
Here is a list of commonly-used symbols. It is by no means
@@ -10051,7 +10510,7 @@ whatever the current mode, see *note \ensuremath::.
μ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
‘\nabla’
- ∇ Hamilton’s del, or differential, operator (ordinary).
+ ∇ Hamilton's del, or differential, operator (ordinary).
‘\natural’
♮ Musical natural notation (ordinary).
@@ -10077,7 +10536,7 @@ whatever the current mode, see *note \ensuremath::.
Long solidus, or slash, used to overstrike a following operator
(relation).
- Many negated operators are available that don’t require ‘\not’,
+ Many negated operators are available that don't require ‘\not’,
particularly with the ‘amssymb’ package. For example, ‘\notin’ is
typographically preferable to ‘\not\in’.
@@ -10456,7 +10915,7 @@ whatever the current mode, see *note \ensuremath::.
use the ‘mathtools’ package to create flexibly-sized norm symbols.
‘\vert’
- | Single line vertical bar (ordinary). For “such that”, as in the
+ | Single line vertical bar (ordinary). For "such that", as in the
definition of a set, use ‘\mid’ because it is a relation. *Note
Delimiters::, for how to use the ‘mathtools’ package to create
flexibly-sized absolute-value symbols.
@@ -10623,7 +11082,7 @@ the same.) If you do have a bold math font, though, then ‘\boldmath’
and ‘bm’ work fine.
If no such font is available, one alternative is to construct fake
-bold fonts with the ‘fontspec’ package’s ‘FakeBold=1’ parameter (see its
+bold fonts with the ‘fontspec’ package's ‘FakeBold=1’ parameter (see its
documentation, <https://ctan.org/pkg/fontspec>). This may be acceptable
for drafting or informal distribution, but the results are far from a
true bold font.
@@ -10631,7 +11090,7 @@ true bold font.
Another alternative to handling bold for OpenType math fonts is to
use the ‘\symbf’ (bold), ‘\symbfit’ (bold italic), and related commands
from the ‘unicode-math’ package. These do not change the current font,
-but rather change the (Unicode) “alphabet” used, which in practice is
+but rather change the (Unicode) "alphabet" used, which in practice is
more widely supported than a separate bold font. Many variations are
possible, and so there are subtleties to getting the desired output. As
usual, see the package documentation
@@ -10805,7 +11264,7 @@ But with ‘\left’ and ‘\right’
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet
\( \left(a+b+c+d+e+f+g+h+i+j+k+l+m+n+o+p+q+r+s+t+u+v+w+x+y+z\right) \)
-LaTeX won’t break the line, causing the formula to extend into the
+LaTeX won't break the line, causing the formula to extend into the
margin.
Because ‘\left ... \right’ make a group, all the usual grouping rules
@@ -10821,7 +11280,7 @@ forgotten, and the output is ‘1.2pt’.
The ‘\left ... \right’ pair affect the horizontal spacing of the
enclosed formula, in two ways. The first is that in ‘\( \sin(x) =
\sin\left(x\right) \)’ the one after the equals sign has more space
-around the ‘x’. That’s because ‘\left( ... \right)’ inserts an inner
+around the ‘x’. That's because ‘\left( ... \right)’ inserts an inner
node while ‘( ... )’ inserts an opening node. The second way that the
pair affect the horizontal spacing is that because they form a group,
the enclosed subformula will be typeset at its natural width, with no
@@ -10851,7 +11310,7 @@ TeX can choose delimiters that are too small, as in ‘\( \left| |x|+|y|
A third awkward case is when a long displayed formula is on more than
one line and you must match the sizes of the opening and closing
-delimiter; you can’t use ‘\left’ on the first line and ‘\right’ on the
+delimiter; you can't use ‘\left’ on the first line and ‘\right’ on the
last because they must be paired.
To size the delimiters manually, see *note \bigl & \bigr etc.::.
@@ -11004,16 +11463,16 @@ for a comma following, ‘\dotsb’ if you need the ellipses that fits when
the dots are followed by a binary operator or relation symbol, ‘\dotsi’
for dots with integrals, or ‘\dotso’ for others.
- The ‘\dots’ command from ‘amsmath’ differs from the LaTeX kernel’s
+ The ‘\dots’ command from ‘amsmath’ differs from the LaTeX kernel's
‘\dots’ command in another way: it outputs a thin space after the
ellipsis. Furthermore, the ‘unicode-math’ package automatically loads
-‘amsmath’, so ‘amsmath’’s ‘\dots’ may be active even when you did not
+‘amsmath’, so ‘amsmath’'s ‘\dots’ may be active even when you did not
explicitly load it, thus changing the output from ‘\dots’ in both text
and math mode.
Yet more about the ellipsis commands: when running under Unicode
engines (‘lualatex’, ‘xelatex’), LaTeX will use the Unicode ellipsis
-character (U+2026) in the font if it’s available; under traditional TeX
+character (U+2026) in the font if it's available; under traditional TeX
engines (‘pdflatex’, ‘latex’), it will typeset three spaced periods.
Generally, the Unicode single-character ellipsis has almost no space
between the three periods, while the spacing of the non-Unicode ellipsis
@@ -11056,7 +11515,7 @@ Symbol Command Name
ψ, Ψ ‘\psi’, ‘\Psi’ Psi
ω, Ω ‘\omega’, ‘\Omega’ Omega
- For omicron, if you are using LaTeX’s default Computer Modern font
+ For omicron, if you are using LaTeX's default Computer Modern font
then enter omicron just as ‘o’ or ‘O’. If you like having the name or
if your font shows a difference then you can use something like
‘\newcommand\omicron{o}’. The package ‘unicode-math’ has ‘\upomicron’
@@ -11185,7 +11644,7 @@ any superscript or subscript to be above and below, as is traditional
with ‘\lim’, ‘\sup’, or ‘\max’.

-File: latex2e.info, Node: Math accents, Next: Over- and Underlining, Prev: Math functions, Up: Math formulas
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Math accents, Next: Over- or under math, Prev: Math functions, Up: Math formulas
16.4 Math accents
=================
@@ -11237,35 +11696,37 @@ Accents::).
use one without a dot, ‘\imath’ or ‘jmath’ (*note Math symbols::).

-File: latex2e.info, Node: Over- and Underlining, Next: Spacing in math mode, Prev: Math accents, Up: Math formulas
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Over- or under math, Next: Spacing in math mode, Prev: Math accents, Up: Math formulas
-16.5 Over- and Underlining
-==========================
+16.5 Over- or under math
+========================
-LaTeX provides commands for making overlines or underlines, or putting
-braces over or under some material.
+LaTeX provides commands for putting lines, braces, and arrows over or
+under math material.
-‘\underline{TEXT}’
- Underline TEXT. Works inside math mode, and outside. The line is
+‘\underline{MATH}’
+ Underline MATH. For example: ‘\underline{x+y}’. The line is
always completely below the text, taking account of descenders, so
in ‘\(\underline{y}\)’ the line is lower than in
- ‘\(\underline{x}\)’. This command is fragile (*note \protect::).
+ ‘\(\underline{x}\)’. As of approximately 2019, this command and
+ others in this section are robust; before that, they were fragile
+ (*note \protect::).
- Note that the package ‘ulem’ does text mode underlining and allows
- line breaking as well as a number of other features. See the
- documentation on CTAN. See also *note \hrulefill & \dotfill:: for
- producing a line, for such things as a signature.
+ The package ‘ulem’ (<https://ctan.org/pkg/uelem>) does text mode
+ underlining and allows line breaking as well as a number of other
+ features. See also *note \hrulefill & \dotfill:: for producing a
+ line for such things as a signature or placeholder.
-‘\overline{TEXT}’
- Put a horizontal line over TEXT. Works inside math mode, and
- outside. For example, ‘\overline{x+y}’. Note that this differs
- from the command ‘\bar’ (*note Math accents::).
+‘\overline{MATH}’
+ Put a horizontal line over MATH. For example: ‘\overline{x+y}’.
+ This differs from the accent command ‘\bar’ (*note Math accents::).
‘\underbrace{MATH}’
- Put a brace under MATH. For example, this
- ‘(1-\underbrace{1/2)+(1/2}-1/3)’ emphasizes the telescoping part.
- Attach text to the brace by using the subscript command, ‘_’, or
- superscript, ‘^’, as here.
+ Put a brace under MATH. For example:
+ ‘(1-\underbrace{1/2)+(1/2}-1/3)’.
+
+ You can attach text to the brace as a subscript (‘_’) or
+ superscript (‘^’) as here:
\begin{displaymath}
1+1/2+\underbrace{1/3+1/4}_{>1/2}+
@@ -11276,15 +11737,20 @@ braces over or under some material.
unconnected to the underbrace.
‘\overbrace{MATH}’
- Put a brace over MATH, as with
- ‘\overbrace{x+x+\cdots+x}^{\mbox{\(k\) times}}’. See also
- ‘\underbrace’.
+ Put a brace over MATH. For example:
+ ‘\overbrace{x+x+\cdots+x}^{\mbox{\(k\) times}}’.
+
+‘\overrightarrow{MATH}’
+ Put a right arrow over MATH. For example: ‘\overrightarrow{x+y}’.
+
+‘\overleftarrow{MATH}’
+ Put a left arrow over MATH. For example: ‘\overleftarrow{a+b}’.
- The package ‘mathtools’ adds an over- and underbrace, as well as some
-improvements on the braces. See the documentation on CTAN.
+ The package ‘mathtools’ (<https://ctan.org/pkg/mathtools>) adds an
+over- and underbracket, as well as some improvements on the braces.

-File: latex2e.info, Node: Spacing in math mode, Next: Math styles, Prev: Over- and Underlining, Up: Math formulas
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Spacing in math mode, Next: Math styles, Prev: Over- or under math, Up: Math formulas
16.6 Spacing in math mode
=========================
@@ -11293,7 +11759,7 @@ When typesetting mathematics, LaTeX puts in spacing according to the
normal rules for mathematics texts. If you enter ‘y=m x’ then LaTeX
ignores the space and in the output the m is next to the x, as y=mx.
- But LaTeX’s rules occasionally need tweaking. For example, in an
+ But LaTeX's rules occasionally need tweaking. For example, in an
integral the tradition is to put a small extra space between the ‘f(x)’
and the ‘dx’, here done with the ‘\,’ command:
@@ -11417,15 +11883,15 @@ with the height of the ‘\sum’ (*note \phantom & \vphantom &
\hphantom::).
While most often used in mathematics, the ‘\smash’ command can appear
-in other contexts. However, it doesn’t change into horizontal mode. So
+in other contexts. However, it doesn't change into horizontal mode. So
if it starts a paragraph then you should first put a ‘\leavevmode’, as
in the bottom line below.
- xxx xxx xxx
+ Text above.
- \smash{yyy} % no paragraph indent
+ \smash{smashed, no indent} % no paragraph indent
- \leavevmode\smash{zzz} % usual paragraph indent
+ \leavevmode\smash{smashed, with indent} % usual paragraph indent
The package ‘mathtools’ has operators that provide even finer control
over smashing a subformula box.
@@ -11492,7 +11958,7 @@ should give it such a status, for example with the ‘\operatorname’
command from the package ‘amsmath’.
While most often used in mathematics, these three can appear in other
-contexts. However, they don’t cause LaTeX to change into horizontal
+contexts. However, they don't cause LaTeX to change into horizontal
mode. So if one of these starts a paragraph then you should prefix it
with ‘\leavevmode’.
@@ -11527,12 +11993,12 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Math styles, Next: Math miscellany, Prev: Spacing i
16.7 Math styles
================
-TeX’s rules for typesetting a formula depend on the context. For
+TeX's rules for typesetting a formula depend on the context. For
example, inside a displayed equation, the input ‘\sum_{0\leq
i<n}k^m=\frac{n^{m+1}}{m+1}+\mbox{lower order terms}’ will give output
with the summation index centered below the summation symbol. But if
that input is inline then the summation index is off to the right rather
-than below, so it won’t push the lines apart. Similarly, in a displayed
+than below, so it won't push the lines apart. Similarly, in a displayed
context, the symbols in the numerator and denominator will be larger
than for an inline context, and in display math subscripts and
superscripts are further apart then they are in inline math.
@@ -11554,7 +12020,7 @@ superscripts are further apart then they are in inline math.
declaration of ‘\displaystyle’, or ‘\textstyle’, or ‘\scriptstyle’, or
‘\scriptscriptstyle’.
- In this example, the ‘Arithmetic’ line’s fraction will look
+ In this example, the ‘Arithmetic’ line's fraction will look
scrunched.
\begin{tabular}{r|cc}
@@ -11565,7 +12031,7 @@ scrunched.
&$\displaystyle a\cdot\frac{1-b^n}{1-b}$ \\
\end{tabular}
-But because of the ‘\displaystyle’ declaration, the ‘Geometric’ line’s
+But because of the ‘\displaystyle’ declaration, the ‘Geometric’ line's
fraction will be easy to read, with characters the same size as in the
rest of the line.
@@ -11599,7 +12065,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Math miscellany, Prev: Math styles, Up: Math formul
====================
LaTeX contains a wide variety of mathematics facilities. Here are some
-that don’t fit into other categories.
+that don't fit into other categories.
* Menu:
@@ -11719,13 +12185,13 @@ the math modes), and error messages will refer to these.
“LR mode” (for left-to-right mode; in plain TeX this is called
“restricted horizontal mode”) is in effect when LaTeX starts making
- a box with an ‘\mbox’ command. As in paragraph mode, LaTeX’s
+ a box with an ‘\mbox’ command. As in paragraph mode, LaTeX's
output is a string of words with spaces between them. Unlike in
paragraph mode, in LR mode LaTeX never starts a new line, it just
keeps going from left to right. (Although LaTeX will not complain
that the LR box is too long, when it is finished and next tries to
put that box into a line, it might well complain that the finished
- LR box won’t fit there.)
+ LR box won't fit there.)
• “Math mode” is when LaTeX is generating an inline mathematical
formula.
@@ -11808,6 +12274,7 @@ See its documentation.
* \pagenumbering:: Set the style used for page numbers.
* \pagestyle:: Change the headings/footings style.
* \thispagestyle:: Change the headings/footings style for this page.
+* \thepage:: Changing page number representation everywhere.

File: latex2e.info, Node: \maketitle, Next: \pagenumbering, Up: Page styles
@@ -11854,23 +12321,23 @@ either in the preamble or in the document body.
‘\author{NAME1 \and NAME2 \and ...}’
Required. Declare the document author or authors. The argument is
a list of authors separated by ‘\and’ commands. To separate lines
- within a single author’s entry, for instance to give the author’s
+ within a single author's entry, for instance to give the author's
institution or address, use a double backslash, ‘\\’. If you omit
the ‘\author’ declaration then you get ‘LaTeX Warning: No \author
given’.
‘\date{TEXT}’
- Optional. Declare TEXT to be the document’s date. The TEXT
- doesn’t need to be in a date format; it can be any text at all. If
+ Optional. Declare TEXT to be the document's date. The TEXT
+ doesn't need to be in a date format; it can be any text at all. If
you omit ‘\date’ then LaTeX uses the current date (*note \today::).
To have no date, instead use ‘\date{}’.
‘\thanks{TEXT}’
Optional. Produce a footnote. You can use it in the author
information for acknowledgements as illustrated above, but you can
- also use it in the title, or any place a footnote mark makes sense.
- It can be any text at all so you can use it for any purpose, such
- as to print an email address.
+ also use it in the title, or anywhere that a footnote mark makes
+ sense. It can be any text at all so you can use it for any
+ purpose, such as to print an email address.
‘\title{TEXT}’
Required. Declare TEXT to be the title of the document. Get line
@@ -11878,11 +12345,11 @@ either in the preamble or in the document body.
‘\title’ declaration then the ‘\maketitle’ command yields error
‘LaTeX Error: No \title given’.
- To make your own title page, see *note titlepage::. You can either
+ To make your own title page, *note titlepage::. You can either
create this as a one-off or you can include it as part of a renewed
-‘\maketitle’ command. (Many publishers will provide a class to use in
+‘\maketitle’ command. Many publishers will provide a class to use in
place of ‘article’ that formats the title according to their house
-requirements.)
+requirements.

File: latex2e.info, Node: \pagenumbering, Next: \pagestyle, Prev: \maketitle, Up: Page styles
@@ -11900,14 +12367,7 @@ contents and other page references. This declaration has global scope
so its effect is not stopped by an end of group such as a closing brace
or an end of environment.
- In this example, before the ‘Main’ section the pages are numbered
-‘a’, etc. Starting on the page containing the ‘\pagenumbering’ call in
-that section, the pages are numbered ‘1’, etc.
-
- \begin{document}\pagenumbering{alph}
- ...
- \section{Main}\pagenumbering{arabic}
- ...
+ By default, LaTeX numbers pages starting at 1, using Arabic numerals.
The argument NUMBER-STYLE is one of the following (see also *note
\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol::).
@@ -11930,20 +12390,35 @@ that section, the pages are numbered ‘1’, etc.
you get ‘LaTeX Error: Counter too large’.
‘gobble’
- LaTeX does not output a page number, although it does get reset.
- References to that page also are blank. (This does not work with
- the popular package ‘hyperref’ so to have the page number not
- appear you may want to instead use ‘\pagestyle{empty}’ or
- ‘\thispagestyle{empty}’.)
+ no page number is output, though the number is still reset.
+ References to that page also are blank.
+
+ This setting does not work with the popular package ‘hyperref’, so
+ to omit page numbers you may want to instead use
+ ‘\pagestyle{empty}’ or ‘\thispagestyle{empty}’.
- Traditionally, if a document has front matter—preface, table of
-contents, etc.—then it is numbered with lowercase Roman numerals. The
-main matter of a document uses arabic. *Note \frontmatter & \mainmatter
-& \backmatter::.
+ If you want to typeset the page number in some other way, or change
+where the page number appears on the page, see *note \pagestyle:: (in
+short: use the ‘fancyhdr’ package). The list above of LaTeX's built-in
+numbering styles cannot be extended.
- If you want to change where the page number appears on the page,
-see *note \pagestyle::. If you want to change the value of the page
-number, then you manipulate the ‘page’ counter (*note Counters::).
+ Traditionally, if a document has front matter--preface, table of
+contents, etc.--then it is numbered with lowercase Roman numerals. The
+main matter of a document uses arabic. LaTeX implements this, by
+providing explicit commands for the different parts (*note \frontmatter
+& \mainmatter & \backmatter::).
+
+ As an explicit example, before the ‘Main’ section the pages are
+numbered ‘a’, etc. Starting on the page containing the ‘\pagenumbering’
+call in that section, the pages are numbered ‘1’, etc.
+
+ \begin{document}\pagenumbering{alph}
+ ...
+ \section{Main}\pagenumbering{arabic}
+ ...
+
+ If you want to change the value of the page number, then you
+manipulate the ‘page’ counter (*note Counters::).

File: latex2e.info, Node: \pagestyle, Next: \thispagestyle, Prev: \pagenumbering, Up: Page styles
@@ -11958,10 +12433,11 @@ Synopsis:
Declaration that specifies how the page headers and footers are
typeset, from the current page onwards.
- A discussion with an example is below. Note first that the package
+ A discussion with an example is below. First, however: the package
‘fancyhdr’ is now the standard way to manipulate headers and footers.
New documents that need to do anything other than one of the standard
-options below should use this package. See its documentation on CTAN.
+options below should use this package. See its documentation
+(<https://ctan.org/pkg/fancyhdr>).
Values for STYLE:
@@ -11980,10 +12456,10 @@ options below should use this package. See its documentation on CTAN.
Custom headers, specified via the ‘\markboth’ or the ‘\markright’
commands.
- Some discussion of the motivation for LaTeX’s mechanism will help you
+ Some discussion of the motivation for LaTeX's mechanism will help you
work with the options ‘headings’ or ‘myheadings’. The document source
below produces an article, two-sided, with the pagestyle ‘headings’. On
-this document’s left hand pages, LaTeX wants (in addition to the page
+this document's left hand pages, LaTeX wants (in addition to the page
number) the title of the current section. On its right hand pages LaTeX
wants the title of the current subsection. When it makes up a page,
LaTeX gets this information from the commands ‘\leftmark’ and
@@ -12034,7 +12510,7 @@ etc.
Sets the right hand page heading, leaving the left unchanged.

-File: latex2e.info, Node: \thispagestyle, Prev: \pagestyle, Up: Page styles
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \thispagestyle, Next: \thepage, Prev: \pagestyle, Up: Page styles
18.4 ‘\thispagestyle’
=====================
@@ -12065,6 +12541,32 @@ make the page entirely empty, the command ‘\thispagestyle{empty}’
immediately follows the second ‘\chapter’.

+File: latex2e.info, Node: \thepage, Prev: \thispagestyle, Up: Page styles
+
+18.5 ‘\thepage’
+===============
+
+If you want to change the appearance of page numbers only in the page
+headers, for example by adding an ornament, typesetting in small caps,
+etc., then the ‘fancyhdr’ package, as mentioned in a previous section,
+is the best approach.
+
+ On the other hand, you may want to change how page numbers are
+denoted everywhere, including the table of contents and
+cross-references, as well as the page headers. In this case, you should
+redefine ‘\thepage’, which is the command LaTeX uses for the
+representation of page numbers.
+
+ However, ‘\thepage’ should do any typesetting or other complicated
+maneuvers, but merely expand to the intended page number representation.
+The results of a complicated redefinition of ‘\thepage’ are not
+predictable, but LaTeX's report of page numbers in diagnostic messages,
+at least, will become unusable.
+
+ There is some discussion of this issue at
+<https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/687258>.
+
+
File: latex2e.info, Node: Spaces, Next: Boxes, Prev: Page styles, Up: Top
19 Spaces
@@ -12148,8 +12650,8 @@ stretchable and shrinkable, it is sometimes called “glue”.
\noindent\makebox[\linewidth][r]{Name:\hspace{1in}}
The ‘*’-form inserts horizontal space that is non-discardable. More
-precisely, when TeX breaks a paragraph into lines any white space—glues
-and kerns—that come at a line break are discarded. The ‘*’-form avoids
+precisely, when TeX breaks a paragraph into lines any white space--glues
+and kerns--that come at a line break are discarded. The ‘*’-form avoids
that (technically, it adds a non-discardable invisible item in front of
the space).
@@ -12173,7 +12675,7 @@ If you erase the ‘*’ then LaTeX discards the blank.
\end{center}
Because the argument to each ‘\hspace’ has ‘minus 0.25cm’, each can
-shrink a little if the three figures are too wide. But each space won’t
+shrink a little if the three figures are too wide. But each space won't
shrink more than 0.25cm (*note Lengths::).

@@ -12210,7 +12712,7 @@ space can be discarded at line breaks. To avoid that instead use
\caption{Comparison of two graphs} \label{fig:twographs}
\end{figure}
-Note the ‘\hspace*’’s where the space could otherwise be dropped.
+Note the ‘\hspace*’'s where the space could otherwise be dropped.

File: latex2e.info, Node: \hss, Next: \spacefactor, Prev: \hfill, Up: Spaces
@@ -12227,7 +12729,7 @@ infinitely stretchable (this command is a TeX primitive). LaTeX authors
should reach first for the ‘\makebox’ command to get the effects of
‘\hss’ (*note \mbox & \makebox::).
- Here, the first line’s ‘\hss’ makes the Z stick out to the right,
+ Here, the first line's ‘\hss’ makes the Z stick out to the right,
overwriting the Y. In the second line the Z sticks out to the left,
overwriting the X.
@@ -12247,13 +12749,13 @@ Synopsis:
\spacefactor=INTEGER
- Influence LaTeX’s glue stretch and shrink behavior. Most user-level
-documents do not use this command.
+ Influence LaTeX's stretching and shrinking of glue. Few user-level
+documents need to use this.
While LaTeX is laying out the material, it may stretch or shrink the
gaps between words. (This space is not a character; it is called the
-“interword glue”; *note \hspace::). The ‘\spacefactor’ command (from
-Plain TeX) allows you to, for instance, have the space after a period
+“interword glue”; *note \hspace::). The ‘\spacefactor’ parameter (a TeX
+primitive) allows you to, for instance, have the space after a period
stretch more than the space after a word-ending letter.
After LaTeX places each character, or rule or other box, it sets a
@@ -12263,24 +12765,25 @@ happen. A space factor that is larger than the normal value means that
the glue can stretch more and shrink less. Normally, the space factor
is 1000. This value is in effect following most characters, and any
non-character box or math formula. But it is 3000 after a period,
-exclamation mark, or question mark, it is 2000 after a colon, 1500 after
-a semicolon, 1250 after a comma, and 0 after a right parenthesis or
+exclamation mark, or question mark, 2000 after a colon, 1500 after a
+semicolon, 1250 after a comma, and 0 after a right parenthesis or
bracket, or closing double quote or single quote. Finally, it is 999
after a capital letter.
- If the space factor F is 1000 then the glue gap will be the font’s
+ If the space factor F is 1000 then the glue gap will be the font's
normal space value (for Computer Modern Roman 10 point this is
-3.3333 points). Otherwise, if the space factor F is greater than 2000
-then TeX adds the font’s extra space value (for Computer Modern Roman 10
-point this is 1.11111 points), and then the font’s normal stretch value
-is multiplied by f /1000 and the normal shrink value is multiplied by
+3.3333pt). Otherwise, if the space factor F is greater than 2000 then
+TeX adds the font's extra space value (for Computer Modern Roman 10
+point this is 1.11111pt), and then the font's normal stretch value is
+multiplied by f /1000 and the normal shrink value is multiplied by
1000/f (for Computer Modern Roman 10 point these are 1.66666 and
-1.11111 points).
+1.11111pt).
For example, consider the period ending ‘A man's best friend is his
-dog.’ After it, TeX puts in a fixed extra space, and also allows the
+dog.’. After it, TeX puts in a fixed extra space, and also allows the
glue to stretch 3 times as much and shrink 1/3 as much, as the glue
-after ‘friend’, which does not end in a period.
+after ‘friend’ or any of the other words, since they are not followed by
+punctuation.
The rules for space factors are even more complex because they play
additional roles. In practice, there are two consequences. First, if a
@@ -12288,19 +12791,19 @@ period or other punctuation is followed by a right parenthesis or
bracket, or right single or double quote then the spacing effect of that
period carries through those characters (that is, the following glue
will have increased stretch and shrink). Second, if punctuation comes
-after a capital letter then its effect is not in place so you get an
-ordinary space. This second case also affects abbreviations that do not
-end in a capital letter (*note \@::).
+after a capital letter then the normal effect of the period is does not
+happen, so you get an ordinary space. This second case also affects
+abbreviations that do not end in a capital letter (*note \@::).
You can only use ‘\spacefactor’ in paragraph mode or LR mode (*note
Modes::). You can see the current value with ‘\the\spacefactor’ or
‘\showthe\spacefactor’.
- (Comment, not really related to ‘\spacefactor’: if you get errors
-like ‘You can't use `\spacefactor' in vertical mode’, or ‘You can't use
-`\spacefactor' in math mode.’, or ‘Improper \spacefactor’ then you have
-probably tried to redefine an internal command. *Note \makeatletter &
-\makeatother::.)
+ Finally, not especially related to ‘\spacefactor’ itself: if you get
+errors like ‘You can't use `\spacefactor' in vertical mode’, or ‘You
+can't use `\spacefactor' in math mode.’, or ‘Improper \spacefactor’ then
+you have probably tried to redefine an internal command. *Note
+\makeatletter & \makeatother::.
* Menu:
@@ -12318,22 +12821,19 @@ Synopsis:
CAPITAL-LETTER\@.
- Treat a period as sentence-ending, where LaTeX would otherwise think
-it is part of an abbreviation. LaTeX thinks that a period ends an
-abbreviation if the period comes after a capital letter, and otherwise
-thinks the period ends the sentence. By default, in justifying a line
-LaTeX adjusts the space after a sentence-ending period (or a question
-mark, exclamation point, comma, or colon) more than it adjusts the space
-between words (*note \spacefactor::).
+ Treat a period (or other punctuation) as sentence-ending, where LaTeX
+would otherwise think it is part of an abbreviation. LaTeX thinks that
+a period ends an abbreviation if the period comes after a capital
+letter, and otherwise thinks the period ends the sentence.
This example shows the two cases to remember.
The songs \textit{Red Guitar}, etc.\ are by Loudon Wainwright~III\@.
-The second period ends the sentence, despite that it is preceded by a
-capital. We tell LaTeX that it ends the sentence by putting ‘\@’ before
-it. The first period ends the abbreviation ‘etc.’ but not the sentence.
-The backslash-space, ‘\ ’, produces a mid-sentence space.
+The first period ends the abbreviation ‘etc.’ but not the sentence. The
+backslash-space, ‘\ ’, produces a mid-sentence space. The second period
+ends the sentence, despite it being preceded by a capital letter. We
+tell LaTeX that it ends the sentence by putting ‘\@’ before it.
So: if you have a capital letter followed by a period that ends the
sentence, then put ‘\@’ before the period. This holds even if there is
@@ -12346,16 +12846,22 @@ characters. For example, this
will have correct inter-sentence spacing after the period.
- The ‘\@’ command is only for a text mode. If you use it outside of a
-text mode then you get ‘You can't use `\spacefactor' in vertical mode’
-(*note Modes::).
+ The ‘\@’ command is only for text modes. If you use it outside of a
+text mode then you get the error ‘You can't use `\spacefactor' in
+vertical mode’ (*note Modes::).
+
+ All the above applies equally to question marks and exclamation
+points as periods, since all are sentence-ending punctuation, and LaTeX
+increases the space after each in the same way, when they end a
+sentence. LaTeX also increases spacing after colon, semicolon, and
+comma characters (*note \spacefactor::).
- Comment: the converse case is a period ending an abbreviation whose
-last letter is not a capital letter, and that abbreviation is not the
-last word in the sentence. For that case follow the period with a
+ In addition: the converse case is a period (or other punctuation)
+that does not end a sentence. For that case, follow the period with a
backslash-space, (‘\ ’), or a tie, (‘~’), or ‘\@’. Examples are ‘Nat.\
Acad.\ Science’, and ‘Mr.~Bean’, and ‘(manure, etc.\@) for sale’ (note
-in the last one that the ‘\@’ comes before the closing parenthesis).
+in the last one that the ‘\@’ comes after the period but before the
+closing parenthesis).

File: latex2e.info, Node: \frenchspacing & \nonfrenchspacing, Next: \normalsfcodes, Prev: \@, Up: \spacefactor
@@ -12368,18 +12874,21 @@ Synopsis, one of:
\frenchspacing
\nonfrenchspacing
- The first declaration causes LaTeX to handle spacing between
-sentences in the same way as spacing between words in the middle of a
-sentence. The second switches back to the default handling in which
-spacing between sentences stretches or shrinks more (*note
-\spacefactor::).
+ ‘\frenchspacing’ causes LaTeX to make spacing after all punctuation,
+including periods, be the same as the space between words in the middle
+of a sentence. ‘\nonfrenchspacing’ switches back to the default
+handling in which spacing after most punctuation stretches or shrinks
+differently than a word space (*note \spacefactor::).
- Some typographic traditions, including English, prefer to adjust the
-space between sentences (or spaces following a question mark,
-exclamation point, comma, or colon) more than the space between words
-that are in the middle of a sentence. Declaring ‘\frenchspacing’ (the
-command is from plain TeX) switches to the tradition that all spaces are
-treated equally.
+ In American English, the typesetting tradition is to adjust,
+typically increasing, the space after punctuation more than the space
+between words that are in the middle of a sentence. Declaring
+‘\frenchspacing’ (the command is inherited from plain TeX) switches to
+the tradition that all spaces are treated equally.
+
+ If your LaTeX document specifies the language being used, for example
+with the ‘babel’ package, the necessary settings should be taken care of
+for you.

File: latex2e.info, Node: \normalsfcodes, Prev: \frenchspacing & \nonfrenchspacing, Up: \spacefactor
@@ -12401,16 +12910,15 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \(SPACE), Next: ~, Prev: \spacefactor, Up: Spaces
==========================
This section refers to the command consisting of two characters, a
-backslash followed by a space.
-Synopsis:
+backslash followed by a space. Synopsis:
- \
+ \
Produce a space. By default it produces white space of length
3.33333pt plus 1.66666pt minus 1.11111pt.
- When you type one or more blanks between words, LaTeX produces white
-space. But that is different than an explicit space. This illustrates.
+ When you type one or more blanks between words, LaTeX produces
+whitespace that is different than an explicit space. This illustrates:
\begin{tabular}{rl}
One blank:& makes some space \\
@@ -12441,9 +12949,9 @@ of ending a sentence, as in ‘Prof.\ Smith’ or ‘Jones et al.\ (1993)’
Under normal circumstances, ‘\’<TAB> and ‘\’<NEWLINE> are equivalent
to backslash-space, ‘\ ’.
- Please also note that in order to allow source code indentation,
-under normal circumstances, TeX ignores leading blanks in a line. So
-the following prints ‘one word’:
+ In order to allow source code indentation, under normal
+circumstances, TeX ignores leading blanks in a line. So the following
+prints ‘one word’:
one
word
@@ -12454,8 +12962,8 @@ newline after ‘one’, not by the space before ‘word’.

File: latex2e.info, Node: ~, Next: \thinspace & \negthinspace, Prev: \(SPACE), Up: Spaces
-19.7 ‘~’
-========
+19.7 ‘~’, ‘\nobreakspace’
+=========================
Synopsis:
@@ -12463,11 +12971,13 @@ Synopsis:
The “tie” character, ‘~’, produces a space between BEFORE and AFTER
at which the line will not be broken. By default the white space has
-length 3.33333pt plus 1.66666pt minus 1.11111pt (*note Lengths::).
+length 3.33333pt plus 1.66666pt minus 1.11111pt (*note Lengths::). The
+command ‘\nobreakspace’ and the Unicode input character U+00A0 (also in
+many 8-bit encodings) are synonyms.
Note that the word ‘tie’ has this meaning in the TeX/Texinfo
-community; this differs from the typographic term “tie”, which is a
-diacritic in the shape of an arc, called a “tie-after” accent in ‘The
+community; this differs from the typographic term "tie", which is a
+diacritic in the shape of an arc, called a "tie-after" accent in ‘The
TeXbook’.
Here LaTeX will not break the line between the final two words:
@@ -12477,14 +12987,14 @@ TeXbook’.
In addition, despite the period, LaTeX does not use the end-of-sentence
spacing (*note \@::).
- Ties prevent the end of line separation of things where that could
-cause confusion. They also still allow hyphenation (of either of the
-tied words), so they are generally preferable to putting consecutive
-words in an ‘\mbox’ (*note \mbox & \makebox::).
+ Ties prevent a line break where that could cause confusion. They
+also still allow hyphenation (of either of the tied words), so they are
+generally preferable to putting consecutive words in an ‘\mbox’ (*note
+\mbox & \makebox::).
- They are also matters of taste, sometimes alarmingly dogmatic taste,
-among readers. Nevertheless, here are some usage models, many of them
-from ‘The TeXbook’.
+ Exactly where ties should be used is something of a matter of taste,
+sometimes alarmingly dogmatic taste, among readers. Nevertheless, here
+are some usage models, many of them from ‘The TeXbook’.
• Between an enumerator label and number, such as in references:
‘Chapter~12’, or ‘Theorem~\ref{th:Wilsons}’, or
@@ -12514,8 +13024,8 @@ from ‘The TeXbook’.
• Between symbols in series: ‘$1$,~$2$, or~$3$’ or ‘$1$,~$2$,
\ldots,~$n$’.
- • Between a person’s given names and between multiple surnames:
- ‘Donald~E. Knuth’, or ‘Luis~I. Trabb~Pardo’, or ‘Charles~XII’—but
+ • Between a person's given names and between multiple surnames:
+ ‘Donald~E. Knuth’, or ‘Luis~I. Trabb~Pardo’, or ‘Charles~XII’--but
you must give TeX places to break the line so you might do ‘Charles
Louis Xavier~Joseph de~la Vall\'ee~Poussin’.
@@ -12574,7 +13084,7 @@ hit the AFTER-CHARACTER roman H
because the italic letter f leans far to the right.
- If AFTER-CHARACTER is a period or comma then don’t insert an italic
+ If AFTER-CHARACTER is a period or comma then don't insert an italic
correction since those punctuation symbols are so low to the baseline
already. However, with semicolons or colons, as well as with normal
letters, the italic correction can help. It is typically used between a
@@ -12624,10 +13134,10 @@ spaced dots.
\noindent John Aubrey, RN \dotfill{} Melbury Lodge
- To make the rule or dots go to the line’s end use ‘\null’ at the
+ To make the rule or dots go to the line's end use ‘\null’ at the
start or end.
- To change the rule’s thickness, copy the definition and adjust it, as
+ To change the rule's thickness, copy the definition and adjust it, as
here
\renewcommand{\hrulefill}{%
@@ -12667,7 +13177,7 @@ Synopsis, one of:
These commands are fragile (*note \protect::).
Here the skip suggests the passage of time (from The Golden Ocean by
-O’Brian).
+O'Brian).
Mr Saumarez would have something rude to say to him, no doubt: he
was at home again, and it was delightful.
@@ -12756,7 +13266,7 @@ having zero height.
This example has four lists. In the first there is a much bigger gap
between items 2 and 3 than there is between items 1 and 2. The second
-list fixes that with a ‘\strut’ at the end of its first item’s second
+list fixes that with a ‘\strut’ at the end of its first item's second
line.
\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}
@@ -12789,7 +13299,7 @@ line.
\end{enumerate}
\end{minipage}%
-The final two lists use ‘\fbox’ to show what’s happening. The first
+The final two lists use ‘\fbox’ to show what's happening. The first
item ‘\parbox’ of the third list goes only to the bottom of its second
‘test’, which happens not have any characters that descend below the
baseline. The fourth list adds the strut that gives the needed extra
@@ -12798,7 +13308,7 @@ below-baseline space.
The ‘\strut’ command is often useful in graphics, such as in ‘TikZ’
or ‘Asymptote’. For instance, you may have a command such as
‘\graphnode{NODE-NAME}’ that fits a circle around NODE-NAME. However,
-unless you are careful the NODE-NAME’s ‘x’ and ‘y’ will produce
+unless you are careful the NODE-NAME's ‘x’ and ‘y’ will produce
different-diameter circles because the characters are different sizes.
A careful ‘\graphnode’ might insert a ‘\strut’, then NODE-NAME, and then
draw the circle.
@@ -12816,7 +13326,7 @@ keeps the second integral from hitting the first.
\end{tabular}
(Although the line-ending double backslash command has an available
-optional argument to change the corresponding baseline skip, that won’t
+optional argument to change the corresponding baseline skip, that won't
solve this issue. Changing the first double backslash to something like
‘\\[2.5ex]’ will put more room between the header line and the ‘\hline’
rule, and the integral would still hit the rule.)
@@ -12833,7 +13343,7 @@ Synopsis, one of:
\vspace*{LENGTH}
Add the vertical space LENGTH. The LENGTH can be positive, negative,
-or zero. It is a rubber length—it may contain a ‘plus’ or ‘minus’
+or zero. It is a rubber length--it may contain a ‘plus’ or ‘minus’
component (*note Lengths::).
This puts space between the two paragraphs.
@@ -12918,9 +13428,9 @@ Synopsis:
\addvspace{VERT-LENGTH}
Add a vertical space of VERT-LENGTH. However, if there are two or
-more ‘\addvspace’’s in a sequence then together they only add the space
+more ‘\addvspace’'s in a sequence then together they only add the space
needed to make the natural length equal to the maximum of the
-VERT-LENGTH’s in that sequence. This command is fragile (*note
+VERT-LENGTH's in that sequence. This command is fragile (*note
\protect::). The VERT-LENGTH is a rubber length (*note Lengths::).
This example illustrates. The ‘picture’ draws a scale over which to
@@ -12944,14 +13454,14 @@ apart: the sum of the ‘\baselineskip’ and the 10pt from the first
Now uncomment the second ‘\addvspace’. It does not make the gap 20pt
longer; instead the gap is the sum of ‘\baselineskip’ and 20pt. So
-‘\addvspace’ in a sense does the opposite of its name—it makes sure that
-multiple vertical spaces do not accumulate, but instead that only the
-largest one is used.
+‘\addvspace’ in a sense does the opposite of its name--it makes sure
+that multiple vertical spaces do not accumulate, but instead that only
+the largest one is used.
LaTeX uses this command to adjust the vertical space above or below
an environment that starts a new paragraph. For instance, a ‘theorem’
environment begins and ends with ‘\addvspace’ so that two consecutive
-‘theorem’’s are separated by one vertical space, not two.
+‘theorem’'s are separated by one vertical space, not two.
A error ‘Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item’ pointing to an
‘\addvspace’ means that you were not in vertical mode when you hit this
@@ -12959,7 +13469,7 @@ command. One way to change that is to precede ‘\addvspace’ with a
‘\par’ command (*note \par::), as in the above example.

-File: latex2e.info, Node: Boxes, Next: Color, Prev: Spaces, Up: Top
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Boxes, Next: Graphics, Prev: Spaces, Up: Top
20 Boxes
********
@@ -13005,12 +13515,12 @@ name, ‘T-34’.
The first two command invocations shown, ‘\mbox’ and ‘\makebox’, are
roughly the same. They create a box just wide enough to contain the
-TEXT. (They are like plain TeX’s ‘\hbox’.)
+TEXT. (They are like plain TeX's ‘\hbox’.)
In the third version the optional argument WIDTH specifies the width
of the box. Note that the space occupied by the text need not equal the
width of the box. For one thing, TEXT can be too small; this creates a
-full-line box
+full-line box:
\makebox[\linewidth]{Chapter Exam}
@@ -13019,7 +13529,7 @@ See the example below of zero-width boxes.
In the WIDTH argument you can use the following lengths that refer to
the dimension of the box that LaTeX gets on typesetting TEXT: ‘\depth’,
-‘\height’, ‘\width’, ‘\totalheight’ (this is the box’s height plus its
+‘\height’, ‘\width’, ‘\totalheight’ (this is the box's height plus its
depth). For example, to make a box with the text stretched to double
the natural size you can say this.
@@ -13139,7 +13649,7 @@ frame the result.
*Note Colored boxes::, for colors other than black and white.
The ‘picture’ environment has a version of the ‘\framebox’ command
-where the units depend on ‘picture’’s ‘\unitlength’ (*note \framebox
+where the units depend on ‘picture’'s ‘\unitlength’ (*note \framebox
(picture)::).

@@ -13167,7 +13677,7 @@ fragile (*note \protect::).
\end{picture}
The CONTENTS are processed in a text mode (*note Modes::) so LaTeX
-will break lines to make a paragraph. But it won’t make multiple
+will break lines to make a paragraph. But it won't make multiple
paragraphs; for that, use a ‘minipage’ environment (*note minipage::).
The options for ‘\parbox’ (except for CONTENTS) are the same as those
@@ -13228,7 +13738,7 @@ gets by typesetting TEXT.
In the arguments DISTANCE, HEIGHT, and DEPTH you can use the
following lengths that refer to the dimension of the box that LaTeX gets
on typesetting TEXT: ‘\depth’, ‘\height’, ‘\width’, ‘\totalheight’ (this
-is the box’s height plus its depth).
+is the box's height plus its depth).
This will align two graphics on their top (*note Graphics::).
@@ -13287,7 +13797,7 @@ WIDTH, and the position of the text inside that box as POSITION. *Note
In the ‘\sbox’ and ‘\savebox’ commands the TEXT is typeset in LR mode
so it does not have line breaks (*note Modes::). If you use these then
-LaTeX doesn’t give you an error but it ignores what you want: if you
+LaTeX doesn't give you an error but it ignores what you want: if you
enter ‘\sbox{\newreg}{test \\ test}’ and ‘\usebox{\newreg}’ then you get
‘testtest’, while if you enter ‘\sbox{\newreg}{test \par test}’ and
‘\usebox{\newreg}’ then you get ‘test test’, but no error or warning.
@@ -13304,7 +13814,7 @@ To fix this use a ‘\parbox’ or ‘minipage’ as here.
...
\usebox{\areg}
- As an example of the efficiency of reusing a register’s contents,
+ As an example of the efficiency of reusing a register's contents,
this puts the same picture on each page of the document by putting it in
the header. LaTeX only typesets it once.
@@ -13377,302 +13887,9 @@ variable name BOX-CMD starts with a backslash, ‘\’.) This command is
robust (*note \protect::).

-File: latex2e.info, Node: Color, Next: Graphics, Prev: Boxes, Up: Top
-
-21 Color
-********
-
-You can add color to text, rules, etc. You can also have color in a box
-or on an entire page and write text on top of it.
-
- Color support comes as an additional package. So put
-‘\usepackage{color}’ in your document preamble to use the commands
-described here.
-
- Many other packages also supplement LaTeX’s color abilities.
-Particularly worth mentioning is ‘xcolor’, which is widely used and
-significantly extends the capabilities described here, including adding
-‘HTML’ and ‘Hsb’ color models.
-
-* Menu:
-
-* Color package options:: Options when you load the standard package.
-* Color models:: How colors are represented.
-* Commands for color:: The available commands.
-
-
-File: latex2e.info, Node: Color package options, Next: Color models, Up: Color
-
-21.1 ‘color’ package options
-============================
-
-Synopsis (must be in the document preamble):
-
- \usepackage[COMMA-SEPARATED OPTION LIST]{color}
-
- When you load the ‘color’ package there are two kinds of available
-options.
-
- The first specifies the “printer driver”. LaTeX doesn’t contain
-information about different output systems but instead depends on
-information stored in a file. Normally you should not specify the
-driver option in the document, and instead rely on your system’s
-default. One advantage of this is that it makes the document portable
-across systems. For completeness we include a list of the drivers. The
-currently relevant ones are: ‘dvipdfmx’, ‘dvips’, ‘dvisvgm’, ‘luatex’,
-‘pdftex’, ‘xetex’. The two ‘xdvi’ and ‘oztex’ are essentially aliases
-for ‘dvips’ (and ‘xdvi’ is monochrome). Ones that should not be used
-for new systems are: ‘dvipdf’, ‘dvipdfm’, ‘dviwin’, ‘dvipsone’, ‘emtex’,
-‘pctexps’, ‘pctexwin’, ‘pctexhp’, ‘pctex32’, ‘truetex’, ‘tcidvi’, ‘vtex’
-(and ‘dviwindo’ is an alias for ‘dvipsone’).
-
- The second kind of options, beyond the drivers, are below.
-
-‘monochrome’
- Disable the color commands, so that they do not generate errors but
- do not generate color either.
-
-‘dvipsnames’
- Make available a list of 68 color names that are often used,
- particularly in legacy documents. These color names were
- originally provided by the ‘dvips’ driver, giving the option name.
-
-‘nodvipsnames’
- Do not load that list of color names, saving LaTeX a tiny amount of
- memory space.
-
-
-File: latex2e.info, Node: Color models, Next: Commands for color, Prev: Color package options, Up: Color
-
-21.2 Color models
-=================
-
-A “color model” is a way of representing colors. LaTeX’s capabilities
-depend on the printer driver. However, the ‘pdftex’, ‘xetex’, and
-‘luatex’ printer drivers are today by far the most commonly used. The
-models below work for those drivers. All but one of these is also
-supported by essentially all other printer drivers used today.
-
- Note that color combination can be additive or subtractive. Additive
-mixes colors of light, so that for instance combining full intensities
-of red, green, and blue produces white. Subtractive mixes pigments,
-such as with inks, so that combining full intensity of cyan, magenta,
-and yellow makes black.
-
-‘cmyk’
- A comma-separated list with four real numbers between 0 and 1,
- inclusive. The first number is the intensity of cyan, the second
- is magenta, and the others are yellow and black. A number value of
- 0 means minimal intensity, while a 1 is for full intensity. This
- model is often used in color printing. It is a subtractive model.
-
-‘gray’
- A single real number between 0 and 1, inclusive. The colors are
- shades of grey. The number 0 produces black while 1 gives white.
-
-‘rgb’
- A comma-separated list with three real numbers between 0 and 1,
- inclusive. The first number is the intensity of the red component,
- the second is green, and the third the blue. A number value of 0
- means that none of that component is added in, while a 1 means full
- intensity. This is an additive model.
-
-‘RGB’
- (‘pdftex’, ‘xetex’, ‘luatex’ drivers) A comma-separated list with
- three integers between 0 and 255, inclusive. This model is a
- convenience for using ‘rgb’ since outside of LaTeX colors are often
- described in a red-green-blue model using numbers in this range.
- The values entered here are converted to the ‘rgb’ model by
- dividing by 255.
-
-‘named’
- Colors are accessed by name, such as ‘PrussianBlue’. The list of
- names depends on the driver, but all support the names ‘black’,
- ‘blue’, ‘cyan’, ‘green’, ‘magenta’, ‘red’, ‘white’, and ‘yellow’
- (See the ‘dvipsnames’ option in *note Color package options::).
-
-
-File: latex2e.info, Node: Commands for color, Prev: Color models, Up: Color
-
-21.3 Commands for color
-=======================
-
-These are the commands available with the ‘color’ package.
-
-* Menu:
-
-* Define colors:: Give a color a name.
-* Colored text:: Text or rules in color.
-* Colored boxes:: A box of color, to write over.
-* Colored pages:: A whole page colored.
-
-
-File: latex2e.info, Node: Define colors, Next: Colored text, Up: Commands for color
-
-21.3.1 Define colors
---------------------
-
-Synopsis:
-
- \definecolor{NAME}{MODEL}{SPECIFICATION}
-
- Give the name NAME to the color. For example, after this
-
- \definecolor{silver}{rgb}{0.75,0.75,0.74}
-
-you can use that color name with ‘Hi ho, \textcolor{silver}{Silver}!’.
-
- This example gives the color a more abstract name, so it could change
-and not be misleading.
-
- \definecolor{logocolor}{RGB}{145,92,131} % RGB needs pdflatex
- \newcommand{\logo}{\textcolor{logocolor}{Bob's Big Bagels}}
-
- Often a document’s colors are defined in the preamble, or in the
-class or style, rather than in the document body.
-
-
-File: latex2e.info, Node: Colored text, Next: Colored boxes, Prev: Define colors, Up: Commands for color
-
-21.3.2 Colored text
--------------------
-
-Synopses:
-
- \textcolor{NAME}{...}
- \textcolor[COLOR MODEL]{COLOR SPECIFICATION}{...}
-
-or
-
- \color{NAME}
- \color[COLOR MODEL]{COLOR SPECIFICATION}
-
- The affected text gets the color. This line
-
- \textcolor{magenta}{My name is Ozymandias, King of Kings;}
- Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair!
-
-causes the first half to be in magenta while the rest is in black. You
-can use a color declared with ‘\definecolor’ in exactly the same way
-that we just used the builtin color ‘magenta’.
-
- \definecolor{MidlifeCrisisRed}{rgb}{1.0,0.11,0.0}
- I'm thinking about getting a \textcolor{MidlifeCrisisRed}{sports car}.
-
- The two ‘\textcolor’ and ‘\color’ differ in that the first is a
-command form, enclosing the text to be colored as an argument. Often
-this form is more convenient, or at least more explicit. The second
-form is a declaration, as in ‘The moon is made of {\color{green} green}
-cheese’, so it is in effect until the end of the current group or
-environment. This is sometimes useful when writing macros or as below
-where it colors everything inside the ‘center’ environment, including
-the vertical and horizontal lines.
-
- \begin{center} \color{blue}
- \begin{tabular}{l|r}
- UL &UR \\ \hline
- LL &LR
- \end{tabular}
- \end{center}
-
- You can use color in equations. A document might have this
-definition in the preamble
-
- \definecolor{highlightcolor}{RGB}{225,15,0}
-
-and then contain this equation.
-
- \begin{equation}
- \int_a^b \textcolor{highlightcolor}{f'(x)}\,dx=f(b)-f(a)
- \end{equation}
-
- Typically the colors used in a document are declared in a class or
-style but sometimes you want a one-off. Those are the second forms in
-the synopses.
-
- Colors of \textcolor[rgb]{0.33,0.14,0.47}{Purple} and
- {\color[rgb]{0.72,0.60,0.37}Gold} for the team.
-
- The format of COLOR SPECIFICATION depends on the color model (*note
-Color models::). For instance, while ‘rgb’ takes three numbers, ‘gray’
-takes only one.
-
- The selection was \textcolor[gray]{0.5}{grayed out}.
-
- Colors inside colors do not combine. Thus
-
- \textcolor{green}{kind of \textcolor{blue}{blue}}
-
-has a final word that is blue, not a combination of blue and green.
-
-
-File: latex2e.info, Node: Colored boxes, Next: Colored pages, Prev: Colored text, Up: Commands for color
-
-21.3.3 Colored boxes
---------------------
-
-Synopses:
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Graphics, Next: Color, Prev: Boxes, Up: Top
- \colorbox{NAME}{...}
- \colorbox[MODEL NAME]{BOX BACKGROUND COLOR}{...}
-
-or
-
- \fcolorbox{FRAME COLOR}{BOX BACKGROUND COLOR}{...}
- \fcolorbox[MODEL NAME]{FRAME COLOR}{BOX BACKGROUND COLOR}{...}
-
- Make a box with the stated background color. The ‘\fcolorbox’
-command puts a frame around the box. For instance this
-
- Name:~\colorbox{cyan}{\makebox[5cm][l]{\strut}}
-
-makes a cyan-colored box that is five centimeters long and gets its
-depth and height from the ‘\strut’ (so the depth is ‘-.3\baselineskip’
-and the height is ‘\baselineskip’). This puts white text on a blue
-background.
-
- \colorbox{blue}{\textcolor{white}{Welcome to the machine.}}
-
- The ‘\fcolorbox’ commands use the same parameters as ‘\fbox’ (*note
-\fbox & \framebox::), ‘\fboxrule’ and ‘\fboxsep’, to set the thickness
-of the rule and the boundary between the box interior and the
-surrounding rule. LaTeX’s defaults are ‘0.4pt’ and ‘3pt’, respectively.
-
- This example changes the thickness of the border to 0.8 points. Note
-that it is surrounded by curly braces so that the change ends at the end
-of the second line.
-
- {\setlength{\fboxrule}{0.8pt}
- \fcolorbox{black}{red}{Under no circumstances turn this knob.}}
-
-
-File: latex2e.info, Node: Colored pages, Prev: Colored boxes, Up: Commands for color
-
-21.3.4 Colored pages
---------------------
-
-Synopses:
-
- \pagecolor{NAME}
- \pagecolor[COLOR MODEL]{COLOR SPECIFICATION}
- \nopagecolor
-
- The first two set the background of the page, and all subsequent
-pages, to the color. For an explanation of the specification in the
-second form *note Colored text::. The third returns the background to
-normal, which is a transparent background. (If that is not supported
-use ‘\pagecolor{white}’, although that will make a white background
-rather than the default transparent background.)
-
- ...
- \pagecolor{cyan}
- ...
- \nopagecolor
-
-
-File: latex2e.info, Node: Graphics, Next: Special insertions, Prev: Color, Up: Top
-
-22 Graphics
+21 Graphics
***********
You can use graphics such as PNG or PDF files in your LaTeX document.
@@ -13718,7 +13935,7 @@ see their documentation on CTAN.

File: latex2e.info, Node: Graphics package options, Next: Graphics package configuration, Up: Graphics
-22.1 ‘graphics’ package options
+21.1 ‘graphics’ package options
===============================
Synopsis (must be in the document preamble):
@@ -13738,7 +13955,7 @@ kinds of available options.
The first is that LaTeX does not contain information about different
output systems but instead depends on information stored in a “printer
driver” file. Normally you should not specify the driver option in the
-document, and instead rely on your system’s default. One advantage of
+document, and instead rely on your system's default. One advantage of
this is that it makes the document portable across systems.
For completeness here is a list of the drivers. The currently
@@ -13785,7 +14002,7 @@ with a ‘.def’ extension, such as ‘pdftex.def’.

File: latex2e.info, Node: Graphics package configuration, Next: Commands for graphics, Prev: Graphics package options, Up: Graphics
-22.2 ‘graphics’ package configuration
+21.2 ‘graphics’ package configuration
=====================================
These commands configure the way LaTeX searches the file system for the
@@ -13795,7 +14012,7 @@ graphic.
dependent. In this document we cover GNU/Linux, Macintosh, and Windows,
as those systems are typically configured. For other situations consult
the documentation in ‘grfguide.pdf’, or the LaTeX source, or your TeX
-distribution’s documentation.
+distribution's documentation.
* Menu:
@@ -13806,7 +14023,7 @@ distribution’s documentation.

File: latex2e.info, Node: \graphicspath, Next: \DeclareGraphicsExtensions, Up: Graphics package configuration
-22.2.1 ‘\graphicspath’
+21.2.1 ‘\graphicspath’
----------------------
Synopsis:
@@ -13826,9 +14043,9 @@ declaration below tells the system to then look in the subdirectory
...
\graphicspath{ {pix/} {../pix/} }
- The ‘\graphicspath’ declaration is optional. If you don’t include it
-then LaTeX’s default is to search all of the places that it usually
-looks for a file (it uses LaTeX’s ‘\input@path’). In particular, in
+ The ‘\graphicspath’ declaration is optional. If you don't include it
+then LaTeX's default is to search all of the places that it usually
+looks for a file (it uses LaTeX's ‘\input@path’). In particular, in
this case one of the places it looks is the current directory.
Enclose each directory name in curly braces; for example, above it
@@ -13872,7 +14089,7 @@ it contains ‘\include{chapters/chap1}’. If in ‘chap1.tex’ you put

File: latex2e.info, Node: \DeclareGraphicsExtensions, Next: \DeclareGraphicsRule, Prev: \graphicspath, Up: Graphics package configuration
-22.2.2 ‘\DeclareGraphicsExtensions’
+21.2.2 ‘\DeclareGraphicsExtensions’
-----------------------------------
Synopses:
@@ -13917,7 +14134,7 @@ more than once. Show its value with

File: latex2e.info, Node: \DeclareGraphicsRule, Prev: \DeclareGraphicsExtensions, Up: Graphics package configuration
-22.2.3 ‘\DeclareGraphicsRule’
+21.2.3 ‘\DeclareGraphicsRule’
-----------------------------
Synopsis:
@@ -13993,7 +14210,7 @@ COMMAND

File: latex2e.info, Node: Commands for graphics, Prev: Graphics package configuration, Up: Graphics
-22.3 Commands for graphics
+21.3 Commands for graphics
==========================
These are the commands available with the ‘graphics’ and ‘graphicx’
@@ -14009,7 +14226,7 @@ packages.

File: latex2e.info, Node: \includegraphics, Next: \rotatebox, Up: Commands for graphics
-22.3.1 ‘\includegraphics’
+21.3.1 ‘\includegraphics’
-------------------------
Synopses for ‘graphics’ package:
@@ -14106,7 +14323,7 @@ gives the coordinates of the top right corner of the image, as a pair of
TeX dimensions (*note Units of length::). If the units are omitted they
default to ‘bp’. In this case, the lower left corner of the image is
assumed to be at (0,0). If two optional arguments are present then the
-leading one is ‘[LLX,LLY]’, specifying the coordinates of the image’s
+leading one is ‘[LLX,LLY]’, specifying the coordinates of the image's
lower left. Thus, ‘\includegraphics[1in,0.618in]{...}’ calls for the
graphic to be placed so it is 1 inch wide and 0.618 inches tall and so
its origin is at (0,0).
@@ -14129,7 +14346,7 @@ two will end with different widths and heights.
Note that a graphic is placed by LaTeX into a box, which is
traditionally referred to as its “bounding box” (distinct from the
-PostScript BoundingBox described below). The graphic’s printed area may
+PostScript BoundingBox described below). The graphic's printed area may
go beyond this box, or sit inside this box, but when LaTeX makes up a
page it puts together boxes and this is the box allocated for the
graphic.
@@ -14187,7 +14404,7 @@ graphic.
left, ‘r’ for right, ‘b’ for bottom, ‘c’ for center, ‘t’ for top,
and ‘B’ for baseline. Thus, entering the command
‘\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=c]{moon}’ will turn the picture
- upside down about that picture’s center, while the command
+ upside down about that picture's center, while the command
‘\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=lB]{LeBateau}’ will turn its
picture upside down about its left baseline. (The character ‘c’
gives the horizontal center in ‘bc’ or ‘tc’, but gives the vertical
@@ -14236,7 +14453,7 @@ graphic.
to which the contents of the page are to be clipped when displayed.
The BleedBox is the region to which the contents of the page should
be clipped in production. The TrimBox is the intended dimensions
- of the finished page. The ArtBox is the extent of the page’s
+ of the finished page. The ArtBox is the extent of the page's
meaningful content. The driver will set the image size based on
CropBox if present, otherwise it will not use one of the others,
with a driver-defined order of preference. MediaBox is always
@@ -14266,7 +14483,7 @@ graphic.
graphic files, which have a size specified with a line ‘%%BoundingBox’
that appears in the file. It has four values, giving the lower x
coordinate, lower y coordinate, upper x coordinate, and upper y
-coordinate. The units are PostScript points, equivalent to TeX’s big
+coordinate. The units are PostScript points, equivalent to TeX's big
points, 1/72 inch. For example, if an ‘.eps’ file has the line
‘%%BoundingBox 10 20 40 80’ then its natural size is 30/72 inch wide by
60/72 inch tall.
@@ -14298,13 +14515,13 @@ points, 1/72 inch. For example, if an ‘.eps’ file has the line
then LaTeX will look for ‘%%HiResBoundingBox’ lines instead of
‘%%BoundingBox’ lines. (The ‘BoundingBox’ lines use only natural
numbers while the ‘HiResBoundingBox’ lines use decimals; both use
- units equivalent to TeX’s big points, 1/72 inch.) To override a
+ units equivalent to TeX's big points, 1/72 inch.) To override a
prior setting of ‘true’, you can set it to ‘false’.
- These following options allow a user to override LaTeX’s method of
+ These following options allow a user to override LaTeX's method of
choosing the graphic type based on the filename extension. An example
-is that ‘\includegraphics[type=png,ext=.xxx,read=.xxx]{lion}’ will read
-the file ‘lion.xxx’ as though it were ‘lion.png’. For more on these,
+is that ‘\includegraphics[type=png,ext=.xyz,read=.xyz]{lion}’ will read
+the file ‘lion.xyz’ as though it were ‘lion.png’. For more on these,
*note \DeclareGraphicsRule::.
‘type’
@@ -14327,7 +14544,7 @@ the file ‘lion.xxx’ as though it were ‘lion.png’. For more on these,

File: latex2e.info, Node: \rotatebox, Next: \scalebox, Prev: \includegraphics, Up: Commands for graphics
-22.3.2 ‘\rotatebox’
+21.3.2 ‘\rotatebox’
-------------------
Synopsis if you use the ‘graphics’ package:
@@ -14370,7 +14587,7 @@ you can get the same effect without needing this package, except for the
‘x’ and ‘y’ options (*note \includegraphics::).
‘origin’
- The point of the MATERIAL’s box about which the rotation happens.
+ The point of the MATERIAL's box about which the rotation happens.
Possible value is any string containing one or two of: ‘l’ for
left, ‘r’ for right, ‘b’ for bottom, ‘c’ for center, ‘t’ for top,
and ‘B’ for baseline. Thus, the first line here
@@ -14387,7 +14604,7 @@ you can get the same effect without needing this package, except for the
‘x, y’
Specify an arbitrary point of rotation with ‘\rotatebox[x=TeX
DIMENSION,y=TeX DIMENSION]{...}’ (*note Units of length::). These
- give the offset from the box’s reference point.
+ give the offset from the box's reference point.
‘units’
This key allows you to change the default of degrees
@@ -14398,7 +14615,7 @@ you can get the same effect without needing this package, except for the

File: latex2e.info, Node: \scalebox, Next: \resizebox, Prev: \rotatebox, Up: Commands for graphics
-22.3.3 ‘\scalebox’
+21.3.3 ‘\scalebox’
------------------
Synopses:
@@ -14433,7 +14650,7 @@ axis.

File: latex2e.info, Node: \resizebox, Prev: \scalebox, Up: Commands for graphics
-22.3.4 ‘\resizebox’
+21.3.4 ‘\resizebox’
-------------------
Synopses:
@@ -14451,7 +14668,7 @@ vertically by the same factor to keep it from being distorted.
\resizebox{0.5in}{!}{\includegraphics{lion}}
- The unstarred form ‘\resizebox’ takes VERTICAL LENGTH to be the box’s
+ The unstarred form ‘\resizebox’ takes VERTICAL LENGTH to be the box's
height while the starred form ‘\resizebox*’ takes it to be height+depth.
For instance, make the text have a height+depth of a quarter-inch with
‘\resizebox*{!}{0.25in}{\parbox{3.5in}{This box has both height and
@@ -14463,7 +14680,300 @@ wide but keep the original height with ‘\resizebox{2in}{\height}{Two
inches}’.

-File: latex2e.info, Node: Special insertions, Next: Splitting the input, Prev: Graphics, Up: Top
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Color, Next: Special insertions, Prev: Graphics, Up: Top
+
+22 Color
+********
+
+You can add color to text, rules, etc. You can also have color in a box
+or on an entire page and write text on top of it.
+
+ Color support comes as an additional package. So put
+‘\usepackage{color}’ in your document preamble to use the commands
+described here.
+
+ Many other packages also supplement LaTeX's color abilities.
+Particularly worth mentioning is ‘xcolor’, which is widely used and
+significantly extends the capabilities described here, including adding
+‘HTML’ and ‘Hsb’ color models.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Color package options:: Options when you load the standard package.
+* Color models:: How colors are represented.
+* Commands for color:: The available commands.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Color package options, Next: Color models, Up: Color
+
+22.1 ‘color’ package options
+============================
+
+Synopsis (must be in the document preamble):
+
+ \usepackage[COMMA-SEPARATED OPTION LIST]{color}
+
+ When you load the ‘color’ package there are two kinds of available
+options.
+
+ The first specifies the “printer driver”. LaTeX doesn't contain
+information about different output systems but instead depends on
+information stored in a file. Normally you should not specify the
+driver option in the document, and instead rely on your system's
+default. One advantage of this is that it makes the document portable
+across systems. For completeness we include a list of the drivers. The
+currently relevant ones are: ‘dvipdfmx’, ‘dvips’, ‘dvisvgm’, ‘luatex’,
+‘pdftex’, ‘xetex’. The two ‘xdvi’ and ‘oztex’ are essentially aliases
+for ‘dvips’ (and ‘xdvi’ is monochrome). Ones that should not be used
+for new systems are: ‘dvipdf’, ‘dvipdfm’, ‘dviwin’, ‘dvipsone’, ‘emtex’,
+‘pctexps’, ‘pctexwin’, ‘pctexhp’, ‘pctex32’, ‘truetex’, ‘tcidvi’, ‘vtex’
+(and ‘dviwindo’ is an alias for ‘dvipsone’).
+
+ The second kind of options, beyond the drivers, are below.
+
+‘monochrome’
+ Disable the color commands, so that they do not generate errors but
+ do not generate color either.
+
+‘dvipsnames’
+ Make available a list of 68 color names that are often used,
+ particularly in legacy documents. These color names were
+ originally provided by the ‘dvips’ driver, giving the option name.
+
+‘nodvipsnames’
+ Do not load that list of color names, saving LaTeX a tiny amount of
+ memory space.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Color models, Next: Commands for color, Prev: Color package options, Up: Color
+
+22.2 Color models
+=================
+
+A “color model” is a way of representing colors. LaTeX's capabilities
+depend on the printer driver. However, the ‘pdftex’, ‘xetex’, and
+‘luatex’ printer drivers are today by far the most commonly used. The
+models below work for those drivers. All but one of these is also
+supported by essentially all other printer drivers used today.
+
+ Note that color combination can be additive or subtractive. Additive
+mixes colors of light, so that for instance combining full intensities
+of red, green, and blue produces white. Subtractive mixes pigments,
+such as with inks, so that combining full intensity of cyan, magenta,
+and yellow makes black.
+
+‘cmyk’
+ A comma-separated list with four real numbers between 0 and 1,
+ inclusive. The first number is the intensity of cyan, the second
+ is magenta, and the others are yellow and black. A number value of
+ 0 means minimal intensity, while a 1 is for full intensity. This
+ model is often used in color printing. It is a subtractive model.
+
+‘gray’
+ A single real number between 0 and 1, inclusive. The colors are
+ shades of grey. The number 0 produces black while 1 gives white.
+
+‘rgb’
+ A comma-separated list with three real numbers between 0 and 1,
+ inclusive. The first number is the intensity of the red component,
+ the second is green, and the third the blue. A number value of 0
+ means that none of that component is added in, while a 1 means full
+ intensity. This is an additive model.
+
+‘RGB’
+ (‘pdftex’, ‘xetex’, ‘luatex’ drivers) A comma-separated list with
+ three integers between 0 and 255, inclusive. This model is a
+ convenience for using ‘rgb’ since outside of LaTeX colors are often
+ described in a red-green-blue model using numbers in this range.
+ The values entered here are converted to the ‘rgb’ model by
+ dividing by 255.
+
+‘named’
+ Colors are accessed by name, such as ‘PrussianBlue’. The list of
+ names depends on the driver, but all support the names ‘black’,
+ ‘blue’, ‘cyan’, ‘green’, ‘magenta’, ‘red’, ‘white’, and ‘yellow’
+ (See the ‘dvipsnames’ option in *note Color package options::).
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Commands for color, Prev: Color models, Up: Color
+
+22.3 Commands for color
+=======================
+
+These are the commands available with the ‘color’ package.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Define colors:: Give a color a name.
+* Colored text:: Text or rules in color.
+* Colored boxes:: A box of color, to write over.
+* Colored pages:: A whole page colored.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Define colors, Next: Colored text, Up: Commands for color
+
+22.3.1 Define colors
+--------------------
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \definecolor{NAME}{MODEL}{SPECIFICATION}
+
+ Give the name NAME to the color. For example, after this
+
+ \definecolor{silver}{rgb}{0.75,0.75,0.74}
+
+you can use that color name with ‘Hi ho, \textcolor{silver}{Silver}!’.
+
+ This example gives the color a more abstract name, so it could change
+and not be misleading.
+
+ \definecolor{logocolor}{RGB}{145,92,131} % RGB needs pdflatex
+ \newcommand{\logo}{\textcolor{logocolor}{Bob's Big Bagels}}
+
+ Often a document's colors are defined in the preamble, or in the
+class or style, rather than in the document body.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Colored text, Next: Colored boxes, Prev: Define colors, Up: Commands for color
+
+22.3.2 Colored text
+-------------------
+
+Synopses:
+
+ \textcolor{NAME}{...}
+ \textcolor[COLOR MODEL]{COLOR SPECIFICATION}{...}
+
+or
+
+ \color{NAME}
+ \color[COLOR MODEL]{COLOR SPECIFICATION}
+
+ The affected text gets the color. This line
+
+ \textcolor{magenta}{My name is Ozymandias, King of Kings;}
+ Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair!
+
+causes the first half to be in magenta while the rest is in black. You
+can use a color declared with ‘\definecolor’ in exactly the same way
+that we just used the builtin color ‘magenta’.
+
+ \definecolor{MidlifeCrisisRed}{rgb}{1.0,0.11,0.0}
+ I'm thinking about getting a \textcolor{MidlifeCrisisRed}{sports car}.
+
+ The two ‘\textcolor’ and ‘\color’ differ in that the first is a
+command form, enclosing the text to be colored as an argument. Often
+this form is more convenient, or at least more explicit. The second
+form is a declaration, as in ‘The moon is made of {\color{green} green}
+cheese’, so it is in effect until the end of the current group or
+environment. This is sometimes useful when writing macros or as below
+where it colors everything inside the ‘center’ environment, including
+the vertical and horizontal lines.
+
+ \begin{center} \color{blue}
+ \begin{tabular}{l|r}
+ UL &UR \\ \hline
+ LL &LR
+ \end{tabular}
+ \end{center}
+
+ You can use color in equations. A document might have this
+definition in the preamble
+
+ \definecolor{highlightcolor}{RGB}{225,15,0}
+
+and then contain this equation.
+
+ \begin{equation}
+ \int_a^b \textcolor{highlightcolor}{f'(x)}\,dx=f(b)-f(a)
+ \end{equation}
+
+ Typically the colors used in a document are declared in a class or
+style but sometimes you want a one-off. Those are the second forms in
+the synopses.
+
+ Colors of \textcolor[rgb]{0.33,0.14,0.47}{Purple} and
+ {\color[rgb]{0.72,0.60,0.37}Gold} for the team.
+
+ The format of COLOR SPECIFICATION depends on the color model (*note
+Color models::). For instance, while ‘rgb’ takes three numbers, ‘gray’
+takes only one.
+
+ The selection was \textcolor[gray]{0.5}{grayed out}.
+
+ Colors inside colors do not combine. Thus
+
+ \textcolor{green}{kind of \textcolor{blue}{blue}}
+
+has a final word that is blue, not a combination of blue and green.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Colored boxes, Next: Colored pages, Prev: Colored text, Up: Commands for color
+
+22.3.3 Colored boxes
+--------------------
+
+Synopses:
+
+ \colorbox{NAME}{...}
+ \colorbox[MODEL NAME]{BOX BACKGROUND COLOR}{...}
+
+or
+
+ \fcolorbox{FRAME COLOR}{BOX BACKGROUND COLOR}{...}
+ \fcolorbox[MODEL NAME]{FRAME COLOR}{BOX BACKGROUND COLOR}{...}
+
+ Make a box with the stated background color. The ‘\fcolorbox’
+command puts a frame around the box. For instance this
+
+ Name:~\colorbox{cyan}{\makebox[5cm][l]{\strut}}
+
+makes a cyan-colored box that is five centimeters long and gets its
+depth and height from the ‘\strut’ (so the depth is ‘-.3\baselineskip’
+and the height is ‘\baselineskip’). This puts white text on a blue
+background.
+
+ \colorbox{blue}{\textcolor{white}{Welcome to the machine.}}
+
+ The ‘\fcolorbox’ commands use the same parameters as ‘\fbox’ (*note
+\fbox & \framebox::), ‘\fboxrule’ and ‘\fboxsep’, to set the thickness
+of the rule and the boundary between the box interior and the
+surrounding rule. LaTeX's defaults are ‘0.4pt’ and ‘3pt’, respectively.
+
+ This example changes the thickness of the border to 0.8 points. Note
+that it is surrounded by curly braces so that the change ends at the end
+of the second line.
+
+ {\setlength{\fboxrule}{0.8pt}
+ \fcolorbox{black}{red}{Under no circumstances turn this knob.}}
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Colored pages, Prev: Colored boxes, Up: Commands for color
+
+22.3.4 Colored pages
+--------------------
+
+Synopses:
+
+ \pagecolor{NAME}
+ \pagecolor[COLOR MODEL]{COLOR SPECIFICATION}
+ \nopagecolor
+
+ The first two set the background of the page, and all subsequent
+pages, to the color. For an explanation of the specification in the
+second form *note Colored text::. The third returns the background to
+normal, which is a transparent background. (If that is not supported
+use ‘\pagecolor{white}’, although that will make a white background
+rather than the default transparent background.)
+
+ ...
+ \pagecolor{cyan}
+ ...
+ \nopagecolor
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Special insertions, Next: Splitting the input, Prev: Color, Up: Top
23 Special insertions
*********************
@@ -14473,7 +14983,7 @@ meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type.
* Menu:
-* Reserved characters:: Inserting ‘# $ % & { } _ ~ ^ \’
+* Printing special characters:: Inserting ‘# $ % & { } _ ~ ^ \’
* Upper and lower case:: Make text upper or lower case.
* Symbols by font position:: Inserting font symbols by number.
* Text symbols:: Inserting other non-letter symbols in text.
@@ -14481,25 +14991,26 @@ meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type.
* Additional Latin letters:: Inserting other non-English characters.
* inputenc package:: Set the input file text encoding.
* \rule:: Inserting lines and rectangles.
-* \today:: Inserting today’s date.
+* \today:: Inserting today's date.

-File: latex2e.info, Node: Reserved characters, Next: Upper and lower case, Up: Special insertions
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Printing special characters, Next: Upper and lower case, Up: Special insertions
-23.1 Reserved characters
-========================
+23.1 Printing special characters
+================================
-LaTeX sets aside the following characters for special purposes. For
-example, the percent sign ‘%’ is for comments. They are called
-“reserved characters” or “special characters”. They are all discussed
-elsewhere in this manual.
+LaTeX sets aside a few characters for special purposes; they are called
+reserved characters or special characters. Here they are:
# $ % & { } _ ~ ^ \
+ The meaning of all the special characters is given elsewhere in this
+manual (*note Reserved characters::).
+
If you want a reserved character to be printed as itself, in the text
body font, for all but the final three characters in that list simply
-put a backslash ‘\’ in front of the character. Thus, typing ‘\$1.23’
-will produce ‘$1.23’ in your output.
+put a ‘\’ in front of the character. Thus, typing ‘\$1.23’ will produce
+‘$1.23’ in your output.
As to the last three characters, to get a tilde in the text body font
use ‘\~{}’ (omitting the curly braces would result in the next character
@@ -14507,17 +15018,17 @@ receiving a tilde accent). Similarly, to get a text body font
circumflex use ‘\^{}’. To get a backslash in the font of the text body,
enter ‘\textbackslash{}’.
- To produce the reserved characters in a typewriter font use ‘\verb!!’
-as below (the double backslash ‘\\’ in the example is only there to
-split the lines in the output).
+ To produce the reserved characters in a typewriter font, use
+‘\verb!!’ as below (the ‘\newline’ in the example is there only to split
+the lines in the output).
\begin{center}
- \# \$ \% \& \{ \} \_ \~{} \^{} \textbackslash \\
+ \# \$ \% \& \{ \} \_ \~{} \^{} \textbackslash \newline
\verb!# $ % & { } _ ~ ^ \!
\end{center}

-File: latex2e.info, Node: Upper and lower case, Next: Symbols by font position, Prev: Reserved characters, Up: Special insertions
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Upper and lower case, Next: Symbols by font position, Prev: Printing special characters, Up: Special insertions
23.2 Upper and lower case
=========================
@@ -14531,7 +15042,7 @@ Synopsis:
Change the case of characters. The TeX primitive commands
‘\uppercase’ and ‘\lowercase’ are set up by default to work only with
-the 26 letters a–z and A–Z. The LaTeX commands ‘\MakeUppercase’ and
+the 26 letters a-z and A-Z. The LaTeX commands ‘\MakeUppercase’ and
‘\MakeLowercase’ commands also change characters accessed by commands
such as ‘\ae’ or ‘\aa’. The commands ‘\MakeUppercase’ and
‘\MakeLowercase’ are robust but they have moving arguments (*note
@@ -14567,8 +15078,8 @@ standard LaTeX commands ‘\MakeUppercase’ and ‘\MakeLowerCase’.
Handling all the casing rules specified by Unicode, e.g., for
non-Latin scripts, is a much bigger job than anything envisioned in the
original TeX and LaTeX. It has been implemented in the ‘expl3’ package
-as of 2020. The article “Case changing: From TeX primitives to the
-Unicode algorithm”, (Joseph Wright, ‘TUGboat’ 41:1,
+as of 2020. The article "Case changing: From TeX primitives to the
+Unicode algorithm", (Joseph Wright, ‘TUGboat’ 41:1,
<https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb41-1/tb127wright-case.pdf>), gives a good
overview of the topic, past and present.
@@ -14616,12 +15127,16 @@ encoding).
‘\LaTeXe’
The LaTeX2e logo.
+‘\guillemetleft («)’
+‘\guillemetright (»)’
‘\guillemotleft («)’
‘\guillemotright (»)’
‘\guilsinglleft (‹)’
‘\guilsinglright (›)’
«, », ‹, › Double and single angle quotation marks, commonly used
- in French.
+ in French. The commands ‘@guillemotleft’ and ‘@guillemotright’ are
+ synonyms for ‘@guillemet...’; these are misspellings inherited from
+ Adobe. (Guillemots are seabirds; guillemets are French quotes.)
‘\ldots’
‘\textellipsis’
@@ -14631,7 +15146,7 @@ encoding).
description for additional general information.
‘\lq’
- ‘ Left (opening) quote.
+ ' Left (opening) quote.
‘\P’
‘\textparagraph’
@@ -14646,7 +15161,7 @@ encoding).
„ and ‚ Double and single quotation marks on the baseline.
‘\rq’
- ’ Right (closing) quote.
+ ' Right (closing) quote.
‘\S’
‘\textsection’
@@ -14714,13 +15229,13 @@ encoding).
$ Dollar sign.
‘\textemdash (or ‘---’)’
- — Em-dash. Used for punctuation, usually similar to commas or
- parentheses, as in ‘‘The playoffs---if you're lucky enough to make
- the playoffs---are more like a sprint.’’ Conventions for spacing
+ -- Em-dash. Used for punctuation, usually similar to commas or
+ parentheses, as in '‘The playoffs---if you're lucky enough to make
+ the playoffs---are more like a sprint.’' Conventions for spacing
around em-dashes vary widely.
‘\textendash (or ‘--’)’
- – En-dash. Used for ranges, as in ‘‘see pages 12--14’’.
+ - En-dash. Used for ranges, as in '‘see pages 12--14’'.
‘\texteuro’
@@ -14737,8 +15252,8 @@ encoding).
Dash used between numerals, Unicode U+2012. Defined in the June
2021 release of LaTeX. When used in pdfTeX, approximated by an
en-dash; with a Unicode engine, either typesets the glyph if
- available in the current font, or writes the usual “Missing
- character” warning to the log file.
+ available in the current font, or writes the usual "Missing
+ character" warning to the log file.
‘\textgreater’
> Greater than symbol.
@@ -14771,16 +15286,16 @@ encoding).
¿ Upside down question mark.
‘\textquotedblleft (or ‘``’)’
- “ Double left quote.
+ " Double left quote.
‘\textquotedblright (or ‘''’)’
- ” Double right quote.
+ " Double right quote.
‘\textquoteleft (or ‘`’)’
- ‘ Single left quote.
+ ' Single left quote.
‘\textquoteright (or ‘'’)’
- ’ Single right quote.
+ ' Single right quote.
‘\textquotesingle’
', Straight single quote. (From TS1 encoding.)
@@ -14796,13 +15311,13 @@ encoding).
→, Right arrow.
‘\textthreequartersemdash’
- ﹘, “Three-quarters” em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
+ ﹘, "Three-quarters" em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
‘\texttrademark’
™ Trademark symbol.
‘\texttwelveudash’
- ﹘, “Two-thirds” em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
+ ﹘, "Two-thirds" em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
‘\textunderscore’
_ Underscore.
@@ -14816,7 +15331,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Accents, Next: Additional Latin letters, Prev: Text
23.5 Accents
============
-LaTeX has wide support for many of the world’s scripts and languages,
+LaTeX has wide support for many of the world's scripts and languages,
provided through the core ‘babel’ package, which supports pdfLaTeX,
XeLaTeX and LuaLaTeX. The ‘polyglossia’ package provides similar
support with the latter two engines.
@@ -14963,7 +15478,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Additional Latin letters, Next: inputenc package, P
23.6 Additional Latin letters
=============================
-Here are the basic LaTeX commands for inserting letters beyond A–Z that
+Here are the basic LaTeX commands for inserting letters beyond A-Z that
extend the Latin alphabet, used primarily in languages other than
English.
@@ -15027,51 +15542,46 @@ Synopsis:
\usepackage[ENCODING-NAME]{inputenc}
- Declare the input file’s text encoding to be ENCODING-NAME. The
-default, if this package is not loaded, is UTF-8. Technically,
-specifying the encoding name is optional, but in practice it is not
-useful to omit it.
-
- In a computer file, the characters are stored according to a scheme
-called the “encoding”. There are many different encodings. The
-simplest is ASCII, which supports 95 printable characters, not enough
-for most of the world’s languages. For instance, to typeset the
-a-umlaut character ‘ä’ in an ASCII-encoded LaTeX source file, the
-sequence ‘\"a’ is used. This would make source files for anything but
-English hard to read; even for English, often a more extensive encoding
-is more convenient.
-
- The modern encoding standard, in some ways a union of the others, is
-UTF-8, one of the representations of Unicode. This is the default for
-LaTeX since 2018.
-
- The ‘inputenc’ package is how LaTeX knows what encoding is used. For
+ Declare the input file's text encoding to be ENCODING-NAME. (For
+basic background, *note Input encodings::). The default, if this
+package is not loaded, is UTF-8. Technically, specifying the encoding
+name is optional, but in practice it is not useful to omit it.
+
+ The ‘inputenc’ package tells LaTeX what encoding is used. For
instance, the following command explicitly says that the input file is
UTF-8 (note the lack of a dash).
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
+ The most common values for ENCODING-NAME are: ‘ascii’, ‘latin1’,
+‘latin2’, ‘latin3’, ‘latin4’, ‘latin5’, ‘latin9’, ‘latin10’, ‘utf8’.
+
Caution: use ‘inputenc’ only with the pdfTeX engine (*note TeX
-engines::). (The XeTeX and LuaTeX engines assume that the input file is
-UTF-8 encoded.) If you invoke LaTeX with either the ‘xelatex’ command
-or the ‘lualatex’ command, and try to declare a non-UTF-8 encoding with
-‘inputenc’, such as ‘latin1’, then you will get the error ‘inputenc is
-not designed for xetex or luatex’.
+engines::); with ‘xelatex’ or ‘lualatex’, declaring a non-UTF-8 encoding
+with ‘inputenc’, such as ‘latin1’, will get the error ‘inputenc is not
+designed for xetex or luatex’.
An ‘inputenc’ package error such as ‘Invalid UTF-8 byte "96’ means
that some of the material in the input file does not follow the encoding
scheme. Often these errors come from copying material from a document
-that uses a different encoding than the input file; this one is a left
-single quote from a web page using ‘latin1’ inside a LaTeX input file
-that uses UTF-8. The simplest solution is to replace the non-UTF-8
-character with its UTF-8 equivalent, or use a LaTeX equivalent command
-or character.
+that uses a different encoding than the input file. The simplest
+solution is often to replace the non-UTF-8 character with a UTF-8 or
+LaTeX equivalent.
+
+ If you need to process a non-UTF-8 document with LuaTeX, you can use
+the ‘luainputenc’ package (<https://ctan.org/pkg/luainputenc>). With
+XeTeX, the ‘\XeTeXinputencoding’ and ‘\XeTeXdefaultencoding’ primitives
+can be used (for an explanation and examples, see
+<https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/324948>).
+
+ It's also possible to re-encode a document from an 8-bit encoding to
+UTF-8 outside of TeX, using system utilities. For example, ‘recode
+latin1..utf8’ or ‘iconv -f latin1 -t utf8’.
- In some documents, such as a collection of journal articles from a
+ In a few documents, such as a collection of journal articles from a
variety of authors, changing the encoding in mid-document may be
-necessary. Use the command ‘\inputencoding{ENCODING-NAME}’. The most
-common values for ENCODING-NAME are: ‘ascii’, ‘latin1’, ‘latin2’,
-‘latin3’, ‘latin4’, ‘latin5’, ‘latin9’, ‘latin10’, and ‘utf8’.
+necessary. You can use the command ‘\inputencoding{ENCODING-NAME}’ for
+this.

File: latex2e.info, Node: \rule, Next: \today, Prev: inputenc package, Up: Special insertions
@@ -15087,7 +15597,7 @@ Synopsis, one of:
Produce a “rule”, a filled-in rectangle.
This example produces a rectangular blob, sometimes called a Halmos
-symbol, or just “qed”, often used to mark the end of a proof:
+symbol, or just "qed", often used to mark the end of a proof:
\newcommand{\qedsymbol}{\rule{0.4em}{2ex}}
@@ -15121,7 +15631,7 @@ Synopsis:
\today
- Produce today’s date in the format ‘MONTH DD, YYYY’. An example of a
+ Produce today's date in the format ‘MONTH DD, YYYY’. An example of a
date in that format is ‘July 4, 1976’.
Multilingual packages such as ‘babel’ or ‘polyglossia’, or classes
@@ -15211,7 +15721,7 @@ Synopsis:
after ‘\endinput’ will not be included. This command is optional; if
‘filename.tex’ has no ‘\endinput’ then LaTeX will read all of the file.
- For example, suppose that a document’s root file has ‘\input{chap1}’
+ For example, suppose that a document's root file has ‘\input{chap1}’
and this is ‘chap1.tex’.
\chapter{One}
@@ -15259,7 +15769,7 @@ from ‘FILENAME.tex’ into the document, and then it does another
The ‘\includeonly’ command controls which files will be read by LaTeX
under subsequent ‘\include’ commands. Its list of filenames is
comma-separated. It must appear in the preamble or even earlier, e.g.,
-the command line; it can’t appear in the document body.
+the command line; it can't appear in the document body.
This example root document, ‘constitution.tex’, brings in three
files, ‘preamble.tex’, ‘articles.tex’, and ‘amendments.tex’.
@@ -15288,7 +15798,7 @@ Running LaTeX on ‘constitution.tex’ makes the material from the three
files appear in the document but also generates the auxiliary files
‘preamble.aux’, ‘articles.aux’, and ‘amendments.aux’. These contain
information such as page numbers and cross-references (*note Cross
-references::). If you now comment out ‘\includeonly’’s lines with
+references::). If you now comment out ‘\includeonly’'s lines with
‘preamble’ and ‘amendments’ and run LaTeX again then the resulting
document shows only the material from ‘articles.tex’, not the material
from ‘preamble.tex’ or ‘amendments.tex’. Nonetheless, all of the
@@ -15423,7 +15933,7 @@ contents entries are automatically generated from the sectioning
commands ‘\chapter’, etc.
This example illustrates the first command, ‘\tableofcontents’.
-LaTeX will produce a table of contents on the book’s first page.
+LaTeX will produce a table of contents on the book's first page.
\documentclass{book}
% \setcounter{tocdepth}{1}
@@ -15480,7 +15990,7 @@ commands such as ‘\l@section{TEXT}{PAGENUMBER}’ and
‘\l@subsection{TEXT}{PAGENUMBER}’. These commands often use the
‘\@dottedtocline’ command (*note \@dottedtocline::).
- A consequence of LaTeX’s strategy of using auxiliary files is that to
+ A consequence of LaTeX's strategy of using auxiliary files is that to
get the correct information in the document you must run LaTeX twice,
once to store the information and the second time to retrieve it. In
the ordinary course of writing a document authors run LaTeX a number of
@@ -15656,7 +16166,7 @@ here
\addcontentsline{toc}{setcion}{\protect\textbf{Appendices}}
-then you don’t get an error but the formatting in the table of contents
+then you don't get an error but the formatting in the table of contents
will not make sense.

@@ -15935,7 +16445,7 @@ Synopsis:
\protect::).
For example, as described in *note Indexes::, one way to get an index
-from what’s below is to compile the document with ‘pdflatex test’, then
+from what's below is to compile the document with ‘pdflatex test’, then
process the index entries with ‘makeindex test’, and then compile again
with ‘pdflatex test’.
@@ -16138,7 +16648,7 @@ then it is a comment.
‘item_x1’
What is put between a level 0 item and a level 1 item in the case
- that the level 0 item doesn’t have any page numbers (as in
+ that the level 0 item doesn't have any page numbers (as in
‘\index{aaa|see{bbb}}’). Default: ‘"\n \\subitem "’.
‘item_12’
@@ -16147,7 +16657,7 @@ then it is a comment.
‘item_x2’
What is put between a level 1 item and a level 2 item, if the
- level 1 item doesn’t have page numbers. Default: ‘"\n \\subsubitem
+ level 1 item doesn't have page numbers. Default: ‘"\n \\subsubitem
"’.
‘delim_0’
@@ -16171,7 +16681,7 @@ then it is a comment.
range. Default: ‘"--"’.
‘line_max’
- An integer. Maximum length of an index entry’s line in the output,
+ An integer. Maximum length of an index entry's line in the output,
beyond which the line wraps. Default: ‘72’.
‘indent_space’
@@ -16422,10 +16932,10 @@ typically ends with a ‘\closing’ command such as ‘\closing{Yours,}’.
Additional material may come after the ‘\closing’. You can say who
is receiving a copy of the letter with a command like ‘\cc{the Boss \\
-the Boss's Boss}’. There’s a similar ‘\encl’ command for a list of
+the Boss's Boss}’. There's a similar ‘\encl’ command for a list of
enclosures. And, you can add a postscript with ‘\ps’.
- LaTeX’s default is to indent the sender name and the closing above it
+ LaTeX's default is to indent the sender name and the closing above it
by a length of ‘\longindentation’. By default this is ‘0.5\textwidth’.
To make them flush left, put ‘\setlength{\longindentation}{0em}’ in your
preamble.
@@ -16455,17 +16965,17 @@ marked as optional are typically omitted.
* Menu:
-* \address:: Sender’s return address.
+* \address:: Sender's return address.
* \cc:: Carbon copy list.
* \closing:: Saying goodbye.
* \encl:: List of enclosed material.
-* \location:: Sender’s organizational location.
+* \location:: Sender's organizational location.
* \makelabels:: Make address labels.
-* \name:: Sender’s name, for the return address.
+* \name:: Sender's name, for the return address.
* \opening:: Saying hello.
* \ps:: Adding a postscript.
-* \signature:: Sender’s signature.
-* \telephone:: Sender’s phone number.
+* \signature:: Sender's signature.
+* \telephone:: Sender's phone number.

File: latex2e.info, Node: \address, Next: \cc, Up: Letters
@@ -16524,7 +17034,7 @@ Synopsis:
\closing{TEXT}
- Produce the letter’s closing. This is optional, but usual. It
+ Produce the letter's closing. This is optional, but usual. It
appears at the end of a letter, above a handwritten signature. For
example:
@@ -16631,7 +17141,7 @@ Synopsis:
\name{NAME}
- Optional. Sender’s name, used for printing on the envelope together
+ Optional. Sender's name, used for printing on the envelope together
with the return address.

@@ -16675,7 +17185,7 @@ Synopsis:
\signature{FIRST LINE \\
... }
- The sender’s name. This command is optional, although its inclusion
+ The sender's name. This command is optional, although its inclusion
is usual.
The argument text appears at the end of the letter, after the
@@ -16685,7 +17195,7 @@ Separate multiple lines with a double backslash, ‘\\’. For example:
\signature{J Fred Muggs \\
White House}
- LaTeX’s default for the vertical space from the ‘\closing’ text down
+ LaTeX's default for the vertical space from the ‘\closing’ text down
to the ‘\signature’ text is ‘6\medskipamount’, which is six times
‘\medskipamount’ (where ‘\medskipamount’ is equal to a ‘\parskip’, which
in turn is defined by default here to 0.7em).
@@ -16712,7 +17222,7 @@ Synopsis:
\telephone{NUMBER}
- The sender’s telephone number. This is typically in the preamble,
+ The sender's telephone number. This is typically in the preamble,
where it applies to all letters. This only appears if the ‘firstpage’
pagestyle is selected. If so, it appears on the lower right of the
page.
@@ -16790,7 +17300,7 @@ writes one line to it, and closes it.
But filenames with a period can cause trouble: if TeX finds a FILENAME
of ‘presidents.dat’ it could look first for ‘presidents.dat.tex’ and
later for ‘presidents.dat’, or it could do the opposite. Your
-distribution’s documentation should say more, and if you find something
+distribution's documentation should say more, and if you find something
that works for you then you are good, but to ensure complete portability
the best thing is to use file names containing only the twenty six ASCII
letters (not case-sensitive) and the ten digits, along with underscore
@@ -16800,7 +17310,7 @@ and dash, and in particular with no dot or space.
error. It just considers that the stream is not open (test for this
with ‘\ifeof’; one recourse is the command ‘\InputIfFileExists’, *note
Class and package commands::). If you try to use the same number twice,
-LaTeX won’t give you an error. If you try to use a bad number then you
+LaTeX won't give you an error. If you try to use a bad number then you
get an error message like ‘! Bad number (16). <to be read again> = l.30
\openin16=test.jh’.
@@ -16908,7 +17418,7 @@ outputs ‘Recommendation for John Dee’. Like what happens here with
‘\renewcommand’ (among others) are replaced by their definitions before
being printed.
- LaTeX’s usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space
+ LaTeX's usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space
and ignoring spaces after a command name apply to ‘msg’. Use the
command ‘\space’ to get a single space, independent of surrounding
spaces. Use ‘^^J’ to get a newline. Get a percent character with
@@ -16988,7 +17498,7 @@ So, you use ‘\write’ in one of three contexts:
that you should use ‘#’ instead of ‘##’).
2. With the second, STRING is stored on the current list of things (as
- a TeX “whatsit” item) and kept until the page is shipped out and
+ a TeX "whatsit" item) and kept until the page is shipped out and
likewise the macros are unexpanded until ‘\shipout’. At
‘\shipout’, STRING is fully expanded.
@@ -16998,7 +17508,7 @@ So, you use ‘\write’ in one of three contexts:
protected or to have some other special definition for the write.
As a simple example of expansion with ‘\write’, STRING here contains
-a control sequence ‘\triplex’ which we’ve defined to be the text ‘XYZ’:
+a control sequence ‘\triplex’ which we've defined to be the text ‘XYZ’:
\newwrite\jhfile
\openout\jhfile=test.jh
@@ -17009,7 +17519,7 @@ This results in the file ‘test.jh’ containing the text ‘test XYZtest’
followed by a newline.
The cases where NUMBER is 16, 17, or 18 are special. Because of
-‘\write’’s behavior when NUMBER is outside the range from 0 to 15
+‘\write’'s behavior when NUMBER is outside the range from 0 to 15
described above, in Plain TeX ‘\write16’ and ‘\write17’ were sometimes
used to write to the log file and the terminal; however, in LaTeX, the
natural way to do that is with ‘\typeout’ (*note \typeout::). The
@@ -17141,7 +17651,7 @@ Synopsis:
\write18{SHELL_COMMAND}
Issue a command to the operating system shell. The operating system
-runs the command and LaTeX’s execution is blocked until that finishes.
+runs the command and LaTeX's execution is blocked until that finishes.
This sequence (on Unix)
@@ -17307,7 +17817,7 @@ generally use the ‘=’ syntax.
eliminates most terminal output.
‘-jobname=STRING’
- Set the value of TeX’s “jobname” to the string. The log file and
+ Set the value of TeX's “jobname” to the string. The log file and
output file will then be named ‘STRING.log’ and ‘STRING.pdf’.
*note Jobname::.
@@ -17395,8 +17905,8 @@ different versions.
pdflatex -jobname=teachers "\def\teachers{}\input{main}"
The ‘jobname’ option is there because otherwise both files would be
-called ‘main.pdf’ and the second would overwrite the first. (*note
-Jobname::.)
+called ‘main.pdf’ and the second would overwrite the first (*note
+Jobname::).
In this example we use the command line to select which parts of a
document to include. For a book named ‘mybook.tex’ and structured like
@@ -17442,7 +17952,7 @@ argument to ‘\input’.
There are two more possibilities for the jobname. It can be directly
specified with the ‘-jobname’ option, as in ‘pdflatex -jobname=myname’
-(*note Command line input:: for a real example).
+(*note Command line input:: for a practical example).
The final possibility is ‘texput’, which is the final fallback
default if no other name is available to TeX. That is, if no ‘-jobname’
@@ -17473,8 +17983,8 @@ catcode 11.
Because of this catcode situation, using the jobname in a conditional
can become complicated. One solution is to use the macro ‘\IfBeginWith’
from the ‘xstring’ package in its star variant, which is insensitive to
-catcode. For example, in the following text the footnote “Including
-Respublica Bananensis Francorum.” is only present if the task name
+catcode. For example, in the following text the footnote "Including
+Respublica Bananensis Francorum." is only present if the task name
starts with ‘my-doc’.
If a democracy is just a regime where citizens vote then
@@ -17649,7 +18159,7 @@ comment out all the other chapter entries from the argument to
‘\includeonly’. That will speed up compilation without losing any
information such as cross-references. (Material that does not need to
come on a new page is brought in with ‘\input’ instead of ‘\include’.
-You don’t get the cross-reference benefit with ‘\input’.)
+You don't get the cross-reference benefit with ‘\input’.)
\documentclass[titlepage]{book}
\usepackage{makeidx}\makeindex
@@ -17698,17 +18208,9 @@ Index
* Menu:
-* $ inline math: math. (line 12)
-* $$...$$ plain TeX display math: displaymath. (line 32)
-* & (for table cells): tabular. (line 32)
-* * prompt: Recovering from errors.
- (line 23)
-* *, to \nocite all keys: Using BibTeX. (line 61)
-* *-form of environment commands: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment.
- (line 27)
-* *-form of sectioning commands: Sectioning. (line 31)
-* *-form, defining new commands: \newcommand & \renewcommand.
- (line 28)
+* _ character, meaning of: Special characters. (line 30)
+* _ subscript: Subscripts & superscripts.
+ (line 6)
* --disable-write18 command-line option: Command line options.
(line 61)
* --enable-write18 command-line option: Command line options.
@@ -17734,6 +18236,8 @@ Index
* --version command-line option: Command line options.
(line 18)
* -1, write stream number: \write. (line 30)
+* : (for math): Colon character & \colon.
+ (line 6)
* .aux file: Output files. (line 33)
* .aux file and BibTeX commands: BibTeX error messages.
(line 6)
@@ -17760,43 +18264,85 @@ Index
* .toc file <1>: Table of contents etc..
(line 6)
* .toc file <2>: \contentsline. (line 6)
-* .xdv file: TeX engines. (line 42)
-* /bin/sh, used by \write18: \write18. (line 60)
-* 10pt option: Document class options.
- (line 14)
-* 11pt option: Document class options.
- (line 14)
-* 12pt option: Document class options.
- (line 14)
-* : (for math): Colon character & \colon.
- (line 6)
+* .xdv file: TeX engines. (line 43)
* [...] (for optional arguments): LaTeX command syntax.
(line 6)
+* { character, meaning of: Special characters. (line 15)
+* {...} (for required arguments): LaTeX command syntax.
+ (line 6)
+* } character, meaning of: Special characters. (line 15)
+* * prompt: Recovering from errors.
+ (line 23)
+* *-form of environment commands: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment.
+ (line 27)
+* *-form of sectioning commands: Sectioning. (line 31)
+* *-form, defining new commands: \newcommand & \renewcommand.
+ (line 28)
+* *, to \nocite all keys: Using BibTeX. (line 61)
+* /bin/sh, used by \write18: \write18. (line 60)
* \ (backslash-space): \(SPACE). (line 6)
* \ character starting commands: LaTeX command syntax.
(line 6)
+* \ character, meaning of: Special characters. (line 11)
+* \_: Printing special characters.
+ (line 14)
+* \-: tabbing. (line 83)
+* \- (hyphenation): \- (hyphenation). (line 6)
+* \,: Spacing in math mode.
+ (line 47)
+* \;: Spacing in math mode.
+ (line 23)
+* \:: Spacing in math mode.
+ (line 36)
* \!: Spacing in math mode.
(line 61)
-* \" (umlaut accent): Accents. (line 25)
-* \#: Reserved characters. (line 13)
-* \$: Reserved characters. (line 13)
-* \%: Reserved characters. (line 13)
-* \&: Reserved characters. (line 13)
+* \. (dot-over accent): Accents. (line 32)
* \' (acute accent): Accents. (line 29)
* \' (tabbing): tabbing. (line 87)
+* \" (umlaut accent): Accents. (line 25)
* \(...\) inline math: math. (line 12)
+* \[...\] display math: displaymath. (line 26)
+* \{: Printing special characters.
+ (line 14)
+* \}: Printing special characters.
+ (line 14)
+* \@: \@. (line 6)
+* \@auxout: \write. (line 45)
+* \@beginparpenalty: list. (line 261)
+* \@dottedtocline: \@dottedtocline. (line 6)
+* \@endparpenalty: list. (line 269)
+* \@fnsymbol: \footnote. (line 25)
+* \@ifstar: \@ifstar. (line 6)
+* \@itempenalty: list. (line 265)
+* \@mainaux: \write. (line 45)
+* \@startsection: \@startsection. (line 6)
* \*: \*. (line 6)
-* \+: tabbing. (line 79)
-* \,: Spacing in math mode.
- (line 47)
-* \-: tabbing. (line 83)
-* \- (hyphenation): \- (hyphenation). (line 6)
-* \. (dot-over accent): Accents. (line 32)
* \/: \/. (line 6)
-* \:: Spacing in math mode.
- (line 36)
-* \;: Spacing in math mode.
- (line 23)
+* \\ (for \author): \maketitle. (line 43)
+* \\ (for \shortstack objects): \shortstack. (line 35)
+* \\ (for \title): \maketitle. (line 64)
+* \\ (for center): center. (line 16)
+* \\ (for eqnarray): eqnarray. (line 29)
+* \\ (for flushleft): flushleft. (line 14)
+* \\ (for flushright): flushright. (line 12)
+* \\ (for letters): Letters. (line 48)
+* \\ (for tabular): tabular. (line 36)
+* \\ (for verse): verse. (line 21)
+* \\ (force line break): \\. (line 6)
+* \\ (tabbing): tabbing. (line 66)
+* \\* (for eqnarray): eqnarray. (line 35)
+* \&: Printing special characters.
+ (line 14)
+* \#: Printing special characters.
+ (line 14)
+* \%: Printing special characters.
+ (line 14)
+* \` (grave accent): Accents. (line 44)
+* \` (tabbing): tabbing. (line 93)
+* \^: Printing special characters.
+ (line 19)
+* \^ (circumflex accent): Accents. (line 40)
+* \+: tabbing. (line 79)
* \<: tabbing. (line 75)
* \= (macron accent): Accents. (line 36)
* \= (tabbing): tabbing. (line 69)
@@ -17804,18 +18350,15 @@ Index
* \> <1>: Spacing in math mode.
(line 36)
* \> (tabbing): tabbing. (line 72)
-* \@: \@. (line 6)
-* \@auxout: \write. (line 45)
-* \@beginparpenalty: list. (line 243)
-* \@dottedtocline: \@dottedtocline. (line 6)
-* \@endparpenalty: list. (line 251)
-* \@fnsymbol: \footnote. (line 24)
-* \@ifstar: \@ifstar. (line 6)
-* \@itempenalty: list. (line 247)
-* \@mainaux: \write. (line 45)
-* \@startsection: \@startsection. (line 6)
+* \|: Math symbols. (line 18)
+* \~: Printing special characters.
+ (line 19)
+* \~ (tilde accent): Accents. (line 48)
+* \$: Printing special characters.
+ (line 14)
* \a (tabbing): tabbing. (line 102)
* \a' (acute accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 103)
+* \a` (grave accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 103)
* \a= (macron accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 103)
* \aa (å): Additional Latin letters.
(line 12)
@@ -17835,11 +18378,11 @@ Index
(line 16)
* \aleph: Math symbols. (line 21)
* \Alph example: enumerate. (line 61)
-* \alpha: Math symbols. (line 24)
* \alph{COUNTER}: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol.
(line 14)
* \Alph{COUNTER}: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol.
(line 19)
+* \alpha: Math symbols. (line 24)
* \alsoname: \index. (line 58)
* \amalg: Math symbols. (line 27)
* \and (for \author): \maketitle. (line 43)
@@ -17858,15 +18401,16 @@ Index
* \ast: Math symbols. (line 37)
* \asymp: Math symbols. (line 44)
* \AtBeginDocument: \AtBeginDocument. (line 6)
-* \AtBeginDvi: Class and package commands.
- (line 9)
+* \AtBeginDvi: \AtBeginDvi & \AtEndDvi.
+ (line 6)
* \AtEndDocument: \AtEndDocument. (line 6)
-* \AtEndOfClass: Class and package commands.
- (line 14)
-* \AtEndOfPackage: Class and package commands.
- (line 14)
+* \AtEndDvi: \AtBeginDvi & \AtEndDvi.
+ (line 6)
+* \AtEndOfClass: \AtEndOfClass & \AtEndOfPackage.
+ (line 6)
+* \AtEndOfPackage: \AtEndOfClass & \AtEndOfPackage.
+ (line 6)
* \author{NAME1 \and NAME2 \and ...}: \maketitle. (line 42)
-* \a` (grave accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 103)
* \b (bar-under accent): Accents. (line 51)
* \backmatter: \frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter.
(line 6)
@@ -17956,10 +18500,7 @@ Index
* \chapter: Sectioning. (line 6)
* \chapter <1>: \chapter. (line 6)
* \check: Math accents. (line 19)
-* \CheckCommand: Class and package commands.
- (line 21)
-* \CheckCommand*: Class and package commands.
- (line 21)
+* \CheckCommand: \CheckCommand. (line 6)
* \chi: Math symbols. (line 117)
* \circ: Math symbols. (line 120)
* \circle: \circle. (line 6)
@@ -17968,16 +18509,16 @@ Index
* \cite: \cite. (line 6)
* \cite and internal \citation: BibTeX error messages.
(line 23)
-* \ClassError: Class and package commands.
- (line 41)
-* \ClassInfo: Class and package commands.
- (line 41)
-* \ClassInfoNoLine: Class and package commands.
- (line 41)
-* \ClassWarning: Class and package commands.
- (line 41)
-* \ClassWarningNoLine: Class and package commands.
- (line 41)
+* \ClassError: \ClassError and \PackageError and others.
+ (line 13)
+* \ClassInfo: \ClassError and \PackageError and others.
+ (line 13)
+* \ClassInfoNoLine: \ClassError and \PackageError and others.
+ (line 13)
+* \ClassWarning: \ClassError and \PackageError and others.
+ (line 13)
+* \ClassWarningNoLine: \ClassError and \PackageError and others.
+ (line 13)
* \cleardoublepage: \clearpage & \cleardoublepage.
(line 6)
* \clearpage: \clearpage & \cleardoublepage.
@@ -18016,10 +18557,11 @@ Index
* \cosh: Math functions. (line 27)
* \cot: Math functions. (line 30)
* \coth: Math functions. (line 33)
+* \cprotect: \protect. (line 51)
+* \cprotEnv: \protect. (line 57)
* \csc: Math functions. (line 36)
* \cup: Math symbols. (line 139)
-* \CurrentOption: Class and package commands.
- (line 60)
+* \CurrentOption: \CurrentOption. (line 6)
* \d (dot-under accent): Accents. (line 65)
* \dag: Text symbols. (line 17)
* \dagger: Math symbols. (line 143)
@@ -18043,14 +18585,9 @@ Index
(line 6)
* \DeclareGraphicsRule: \DeclareGraphicsRule.
(line 6)
-* \DeclareOption: Class and package commands.
- (line 66)
-* \DeclareOption*: Class and package commands.
- (line 66)
-* \DeclareRobustCommand: Class and package commands.
- (line 96)
-* \DeclareRobustCommand*: Class and package commands.
- (line 96)
+* \DeclareOption: \DeclareOption. (line 6)
+* \DeclareRobustCommand: \DeclareRobustCommand.
+ (line 6)
* \DeclareTextAccent: \DeclareTextAccent. (line 6)
* \DeclareTextAccent <1>: \DeclareTextAccentDefault.
(line 6)
@@ -18092,19 +18629,21 @@ Index
(line 26)
* \documentclass: Document classes. (line 6)
* \documentclass, and texput jobname: Jobname. (line 32)
+* \DocumentMetadata: \DocumentMetadata. (line 6)
* \dot: Math accents. (line 25)
* \doteq: Math symbols. (line 173)
* \dotfill: \hrulefill & \dotfill.
(line 6)
* \dots: Dots. (line 26)
* \dots <1>: Dots. (line 49)
-* \dots <2>: Text symbols. (line 38)
+* \dots <2>: Text symbols. (line 42)
* \dotsb: Dots. (line 49)
* \dotsc: Dots. (line 49)
* \dotsi: Dots. (line 49)
* \doublerulesep: tabular. (line 168)
* \downarrow: Math symbols. (line 177)
* \Downarrow: Math symbols. (line 181)
+* \ds@OPTION: \ExecuteOptions. (line 10)
* \ell: Math symbols. (line 185)
* \emph: Font styles. (line 60)
* \emptyset: Math symbols. (line 188)
@@ -18122,13 +18661,12 @@ Index
* \equiv: Math symbols. (line 197)
* \eta: Math symbols. (line 200)
* \evensidemargin: Document class options.
- (line 84)
+ (line 87)
* \evensidemargin <1>: Page layout parameters.
(line 67)
* \evensidemargin <2>: Page layout parameters.
(line 68)
-* \ExecuteOptions: Class and package commands.
- (line 172)
+* \ExecuteOptions: \ExecuteOptions. (line 6)
* \exists: Math symbols. (line 203)
* \exp: Math functions. (line 48)
* \externaldocument: xr package. (line 6)
@@ -18147,7 +18685,7 @@ Index
* \floatsep: Floats. (line 114)
* \floatsep <1>: Floats. (line 115)
* \flushbottom: \flushbottom. (line 6)
-* \fnsymbol, and footnotes: \footnote. (line 24)
+* \fnsymbol, and footnotes: \footnote. (line 25)
* \fnsymbol{COUNTER}: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol.
(line 37)
* \fontdimen1: \/. (line 40)
@@ -18163,8 +18701,8 @@ Index
(line 101)
* \footnote: \footnote. (line 6)
* \footnotemark: \footnotemark. (line 6)
-* \footnoterule: \footnote. (line 34)
-* \footnotesep: \footnote. (line 46)
+* \footnoterule: \footnote. (line 35)
+* \footnotesep: \footnote. (line 51)
* \footnotesize: Font sizes. (line 11)
* \footnotetext: \footnotetext. (line 6)
* \footskip: Page layout parameters.
@@ -18193,10 +18731,12 @@ Index
* \graphicspath: \graphicspath. (line 6)
* \graphpaper: \graphpaper. (line 6)
* \grave: Math accents. (line 28)
-* \guillemotleft («): Text symbols. (line 29)
-* \guillemotright (»): Text symbols. (line 30)
-* \guilsinglleft (‹): Text symbols. (line 31)
-* \guilsinglright (›): Text symbols. (line 32)
+* \guillemetleft («): Text symbols. (line 29)
+* \guillemetright (»): Text symbols. (line 30)
+* \guillemotleft («): Text symbols. (line 31)
+* \guillemotright (»): Text symbols. (line 32)
+* \guilsinglleft (‹): Text symbols. (line 33)
+* \guilsinglright (›): Text symbols. (line 34)
* \H (Hungarian umlaut accent): Accents. (line 69)
* \hat: Math accents. (line 31)
* \hbar: Math symbols. (line 235)
@@ -18230,8 +18770,8 @@ Index
* \i (dotless i): Accents. (line 19)
* \IfBeginWith* macro from xstring: Jobname. (line 53)
* \iff: Math symbols. (line 247)
-* \IfFileExists: Class and package commands.
- (line 128)
+* \IfFileExists: \IfFileExists & \InputIfFileExists.
+ (line 6)
* \ignorespaces: \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend.
(line 6)
* \ignorespacesafterend: \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend.
@@ -18259,9 +18799,9 @@ Index
* \inf: Math functions. (line 57)
* \infty: Math symbols. (line 262)
* \input: \input. (line 6)
-* \inputencoding: inputenc package. (line 50)
-* \InputIfFileExists: Class and package commands.
- (line 128)
+* \inputencoding: inputenc package. (line 46)
+* \InputIfFileExists: \IfFileExists & \InputIfFileExists.
+ (line 6)
* \int: Math symbols. (line 265)
* \intextsep: Floats. (line 118)
* \intextsep <1>: Floats. (line 119)
@@ -18318,7 +18858,7 @@ Index
* \lbrack: Math symbols. (line 298)
* \lceil: Math symbols. (line 301)
* \ldots: Dots. (line 24)
-* \ldots <1>: Text symbols. (line 36)
+* \ldots <1>: Text symbols. (line 40)
* \le: Math symbols. (line 305)
* \leadsto: Math symbols. (line 308)
* \left: \left & \right. (line 6)
@@ -18370,20 +18910,21 @@ Index
* \ll: Math symbols. (line 348)
* \ln: Math functions. (line 75)
* \lnot: Math symbols. (line 351)
-* \LoadClass: Class and package commands.
- (line 148)
-* \LoadClassWithOptions: Class and package commands.
- (line 148)
+* \LoadClass: \LoadClass & \LoadClassWithOptions.
+ (line 6)
+* \LoadClassWithOptions: \LoadClass & \LoadClassWithOptions.
+ (line 6)
* \location: \location. (line 6)
* \log: Math functions. (line 78)
-* \long: \newcommand & \renewcommand.
+* \long command, checking for: \CheckCommand. (line 6)
+* \long, not defining a command as: \newcommand & \renewcommand.
(line 28)
* \longleftarrow: Math symbols. (line 354)
* \longleftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 358)
* \longmapsto: Math symbols. (line 362)
* \longrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 366)
* \lor: Math symbols. (line 370)
-* \lq: Text symbols. (line 43)
+* \lq: Text symbols. (line 47)
* \mainmatter: \frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter.
(line 6)
* \makeatother: \makeatletter & \makeatother.
@@ -18415,8 +18956,8 @@ Index
(line 41)
* \marginsep <1>: Page layout parameters.
(line 43)
-* \markboth{LEFT-HEAD}{RIGHT-HEAD}: \pagestyle. (line 76)
-* \markright{RIGHT-HEAD}: \pagestyle. (line 85)
+* \markboth{LEFT-HEAD}{RIGHT-HEAD}: \pagestyle. (line 77)
+* \markright{RIGHT-HEAD}: \pagestyle. (line 86)
* \mathbf: Font styles. (line 111)
* \mathcal: Font styles. (line 127)
* \mathdollar: Math symbols. (line 834)
@@ -18446,6 +18987,8 @@ Index
* \medspace: Spacing in math mode.
(line 36)
* \message: \message. (line 6)
+* \MessageBreak, and message text: \ClassError and \PackageError and others.
+ (line 31)
* \mho: Math symbols. (line 378)
* \mid: Math symbols. (line 381)
* \min: Math functions. (line 84)
@@ -18461,8 +19004,7 @@ Index
* \natural: Math symbols. (line 404)
* \ne: Math symbols. (line 407)
* \nearrow: Math symbols. (line 410)
-* \NeedsTeXFormat: Class and package commands.
- (line 182)
+* \NeedsTeXFormat: \NeedsTeXFormat. (line 6)
* \neg: Math symbols. (line 413)
* \negmedspace: Spacing in math mode.
(line 42)
@@ -18484,6 +19026,8 @@ Index
* \newline: \newline. (line 6)
* \<NEWLINE>: \(SPACE). (line 6)
* \newpage: \newpage. (line 6)
+* \newrobustcmd (etoolbox package): \DeclareRobustCommand.
+ (line 32)
* \newsavebox: \newsavebox. (line 6)
* \newtheorem: \newtheorem. (line 6)
* \newtie: Accents. (line 83)
@@ -18493,10 +19037,11 @@ Index
* \NG: Additional Latin letters.
(line 40)
* \ni: Math symbols. (line 420)
+* \nobreakspace: ~. (line 10)
* \nocite: \nocite. (line 6)
+* \nocite {*}, for all keys: Using BibTeX. (line 61)
* \nocite and internal \citation: BibTeX error messages.
(line 23)
-* \nocite {*}, for all keys: Using BibTeX. (line 61)
* \nocorr: Font styles. (line 22)
* \nocorrlist: Font styles. (line 22)
* \nofiles: \nofiles. (line 6)
@@ -18524,7 +19069,7 @@ Index
* \obeycr: \obeycr & \restorecr.
(line 6)
* \oddsidemargin: Document class options.
- (line 84)
+ (line 87)
* \oddsidemargin <1>: Page layout parameters.
(line 66)
* \oddsidemargin <2>: Page layout parameters.
@@ -18544,27 +19089,26 @@ Index
* \opening: \opening. (line 6)
* \openout: \openin & \openout. (line 6)
* \oplus: Math symbols. (line 458)
-* \OptionNotUsed: Class and package commands.
- (line 200)
+* \OptionNotUsed: \OptionNotUsed. (line 6)
* \oslash: Math symbols. (line 462)
* \otimes: Math symbols. (line 465)
* \oval: \oval. (line 6)
-* \overbrace{MATH}: Over- and Underlining.
- (line 39)
-* \overline{TEXT}: Over- and Underlining.
- (line 20)
+* \overbrace{MATH}: Over- or under math. (line 41)
+* \overleftarrow{MATH}: Over- or under math. (line 48)
+* \overline{MATH}: Over- or under math. (line 22)
+* \overrightarrow{MATH}: Over- or under math. (line 45)
* \owns: Math symbols. (line 469)
-* \P: Text symbols. (line 46)
-* \PackageError: Class and package commands.
- (line 41)
-* \PackageInfo: Class and package commands.
- (line 41)
-* \PackageInfoNoLine: Class and package commands.
- (line 41)
-* \PackageWarning: Class and package commands.
- (line 41)
-* \PackageWarningNoLine: Class and package commands.
- (line 41)
+* \P: Text symbols. (line 50)
+* \PackageError: \ClassError and \PackageError and others.
+ (line 20)
+* \PackageInfo: \ClassError and \PackageError and others.
+ (line 20)
+* \PackageInfoNoLine: \ClassError and \PackageError and others.
+ (line 20)
+* \PackageWarning: \ClassError and \PackageError and others.
+ (line 20)
+* \PackageWarningNoLine: \ClassError and \PackageError and others.
+ (line 20)
* \pagebreak: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak.
(line 6)
* \pagenumbering: \pagenumbering. (line 6)
@@ -18596,14 +19140,16 @@ Index
* \part <1>: \part. (line 6)
* \partial: Math symbols. (line 476)
* \partopsep: list. (line 157)
-* \PassOptionsToClass: Class and package commands.
- (line 206)
-* \PassOptionsToPackage: Class and package commands.
- (line 206)
+* \PassOptionsToClass: \PassOptionsToClass & \PassOptionsToPackage.
+ (line 6)
+* \PassOptionsToClass, ignoring: \LoadClass & \LoadClassWithOptions.
+ (line 27)
+* \PassOptionsToPackage: \PassOptionsToClass & \PassOptionsToPackage.
+ (line 6)
* \pdfpageheight: Document class options.
- (line 40)
+ (line 43)
* \pdfpagewidth: Document class options.
- (line 40)
+ (line 43)
* \perp: Math symbols. (line 479)
* \phantom: \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom.
(line 6)
@@ -18615,7 +19161,7 @@ Index
* \pmod: Math functions. (line 87)
* \poptabs: tabbing. (line 113)
* \poptabs <1>: tabbing. (line 114)
-* \pounds: Text symbols. (line 50)
+* \pounds: Text symbols. (line 54)
* \Pr: Math functions. (line 90)
* \prec: Math symbols. (line 500)
* \preceq: Math symbols. (line 503)
@@ -18625,21 +19171,21 @@ Index
* \printglossaries: Glossaries. (line 6)
* \printglossaries <1>: Glossaries. (line 43)
* \printindex: \printindex. (line 6)
-* \ProcessOptions: Class and package commands.
- (line 243)
-* \ProcessOptions*: Class and package commands.
- (line 243)
+* \ProcessOptions: \ProcessOptions. (line 6)
* \prod: Math symbols. (line 516)
* \propto: Math symbols. (line 519)
* \protect: \protect. (line 6)
+* \protect, and message text: \ClassError and \PackageError and others.
+ (line 31)
* \protected@write: \write. (line 70)
* \providecommand: \providecommand. (line 6)
-* \ProvidesClass: Class and package commands.
- (line 281)
-* \ProvidesFile: Class and package commands.
- (line 314)
-* \ProvidesPackage: Class and package commands.
- (line 281)
+* \providerobustcmd (etoolbox package): \DeclareRobustCommand.
+ (line 32)
+* \ProvidesClass: \ProvidesClass & \ProvidesPackage.
+ (line 6)
+* \ProvidesFile: \ProvidesFile. (line 6)
+* \ProvidesPackage: \ProvidesClass & \ProvidesPackage.
+ (line 6)
* \ProvideTextCommand: \DeclareTextCommand & \ProvideTextCommand.
(line 6)
* \ProvideTextCommandDefault: \DeclareTextCommandDefault & \ProvideTextCommandDefault.
@@ -18658,8 +19204,8 @@ Index
(line 69)
* \quad <1>: \enspace & \quad & \qquad.
(line 6)
-* \quotedblbase („): Text symbols. (line 54)
-* \quotesinglbase (‚): Text symbols. (line 55)
+* \quotedblbase („): Text symbols. (line 58)
+* \quotesinglbase (‚): Text symbols. (line 59)
* \r (ring accent): Accents. (line 77)
* \raggedbottom: \raggedbottom. (line 6)
* \raggedleft: \raggedleft. (line 6)
@@ -18679,11 +19225,13 @@ Index
(line 6)
* \renewenvironment: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment.
(line 6)
-* \RequirePackage: Class and package commands.
- (line 323)
+* \renewrobustcmd (etoolbox package): \DeclareRobustCommand.
+ (line 32)
+* \RequirePackage: \RequirePackage & \RequirePackageWithOptions.
+ (line 6)
* \RequirePackage, and texput jobname: Jobname. (line 32)
-* \RequirePackageWithOptions: Class and package commands.
- (line 323)
+* \RequirePackageWithOptions: \RequirePackage & \RequirePackageWithOptions.
+ (line 6)
* \resizebox: \resizebox. (line 6)
* \restorecr: \obeycr & \restorecr.
(line 6)
@@ -18707,9 +19255,9 @@ Index
* \Roman{COUNTER}: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol.
(line 32)
* \rotatebox: \rotatebox. (line 6)
-* \rq: Text symbols. (line 58)
+* \rq: Text symbols. (line 62)
* \rule: \rule. (line 6)
-* \S: Text symbols. (line 61)
+* \S: Text symbols. (line 65)
* \samepage: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak.
(line 44)
* \savebox: \sbox & \savebox. (line 6)
@@ -18747,6 +19295,7 @@ Index
* \sin: Math functions. (line 96)
* \sinh: Math functions. (line 99)
* \sl: Font styles. (line 93)
+* \slash: \slash. (line 6)
* \sloppy: \fussy & \sloppy. (line 6)
* \slshape: Font styles. (line 46)
* \small: Font sizes. (line 11)
@@ -18766,6 +19315,8 @@ Index
(line 88)
* \space <1>: \input. (line 32)
* \space <2>: \typeout. (line 22)
+* \space, and message text: \ClassError and \PackageError and others.
+ (line 31)
* \spacefactor: \spacefactor. (line 10)
* \spadesuit: Math symbols. (line 619)
* \sqcap: Math symbols. (line 622)
@@ -18824,77 +19375,78 @@ Index
* \tanh: Math functions. (line 108)
* \tau: Math symbols. (line 685)
* \telephone: \telephone. (line 6)
-* \TeX: Text symbols. (line 65)
-* \textascendercompwordmark: Text symbols. (line 110)
-* \textasciicircum: Text symbols. (line 68)
-* \textasciitilde: Text symbols. (line 71)
-* \textasteriskcentered: Text symbols. (line 74)
-* \textbackslash: Reserved characters. (line 18)
-* \textbackslash <1>: Text symbols. (line 77)
-* \textbar: Text symbols. (line 85)
-* \textbardbl: Text symbols. (line 88)
+* \TeX: Text symbols. (line 69)
+* \textascendercompwordmark: Text symbols. (line 114)
+* \textasciicircum: Text symbols. (line 72)
+* \textasciitilde: Text symbols. (line 75)
+* \textasteriskcentered: Text symbols. (line 78)
+* \textbackslash: Printing special characters.
+ (line 19)
+* \textbackslash <1>: Text symbols. (line 81)
+* \textbar: Text symbols. (line 89)
+* \textbardbl: Text symbols. (line 92)
* \textbf: Font styles. (line 40)
-* \textbigcircle: Text symbols. (line 91)
-* \textbraceleft: Text symbols. (line 94)
-* \textbraceright: Text symbols. (line 98)
-* \textbullet: Text symbols. (line 102)
-* \textcapitalcompwordmark: Text symbols. (line 109)
-* \textcircled{LETTER}: Text symbols. (line 105)
-* \textcompwordmark: Text symbols. (line 108)
+* \textbigcircle: Text symbols. (line 95)
+* \textbraceleft: Text symbols. (line 98)
+* \textbraceright: Text symbols. (line 102)
+* \textbullet: Text symbols. (line 106)
+* \textcapitalcompwordmark: Text symbols. (line 113)
+* \textcircled{LETTER}: Text symbols. (line 109)
+* \textcompwordmark: Text symbols. (line 112)
* \textcopyright: Text symbols. (line 14)
-* \textdagger: Text symbols. (line 117)
-* \textdaggerdbl: Text symbols. (line 120)
-* \textdollar (or \$): Text symbols. (line 123)
-* \textellipsis: Text symbols. (line 37)
-* \textemdash (or ---): Text symbols. (line 126)
-* \textendash (or --): Text symbols. (line 132)
-* \texteuro: Text symbols. (line 135)
-* \textexclamdown (or !`): Text symbols. (line 143)
-* \textfiguredash: Text symbols. (line 146)
+* \textdagger: Text symbols. (line 121)
+* \textdaggerdbl: Text symbols. (line 124)
+* \textdollar (or \$): Text symbols. (line 127)
+* \textellipsis: Text symbols. (line 41)
+* \textemdash (or ---): Text symbols. (line 130)
+* \textendash (or --): Text symbols. (line 136)
+* \texteuro: Text symbols. (line 139)
+* \textexclamdown (or !`): Text symbols. (line 147)
+* \textfiguredash: Text symbols. (line 150)
* \textfloatsep: Floats. (line 123)
* \textfloatsep <1>: Floats. (line 124)
* \textfraction: Floats. (line 102)
* \textfraction <1>: Floats. (line 103)
-* \textgreater: Text symbols. (line 153)
+* \textgreater: Text symbols. (line 157)
* \textheight: Page layout parameters.
(line 91)
* \textheight <1>: Page layout parameters.
(line 92)
-* \texthorizontalbar: Text symbols. (line 156)
+* \texthorizontalbar: Text symbols. (line 160)
* \textit: Font styles. (line 34)
-* \textleftarrow: Text symbols. (line 164)
-* \textless: Text symbols. (line 161)
+* \textleftarrow: Text symbols. (line 168)
+* \textless: Text symbols. (line 165)
* \textmd: Font styles. (line 37)
-* \textnonbreakinghyphen: Text symbols. (line 167)
+* \textnonbreakinghyphen: Text symbols. (line 171)
* \textnormal: Font styles. (line 58)
-* \textordfeminine: Text symbols. (line 173)
-* \textordmasculine: Text symbols. (line 174)
-* \textparagraph: Text symbols. (line 47)
-* \textperiodcentered: Text symbols. (line 177)
-* \textquestiondown (or ?`): Text symbols. (line 180)
-* \textquotedblleft (or ``): Text symbols. (line 183)
-* \textquotedblright (or ''): Text symbols. (line 186)
-* \textquoteleft (or `): Text symbols. (line 189)
-* \textquoteright (or '): Text symbols. (line 192)
-* \textquotesingle: Text symbols. (line 195)
-* \textquotestraightbase: Text symbols. (line 198)
-* \textquotestraightdblbase: Text symbols. (line 199)
-* \textregistered: Text symbols. (line 202)
-* \textrightarrow: Text symbols. (line 205)
+* \textordfeminine: Text symbols. (line 177)
+* \textordmasculine: Text symbols. (line 178)
+* \textparagraph: Text symbols. (line 51)
+* \textperiodcentered: Text symbols. (line 181)
+* \textquestiondown (or ?`): Text symbols. (line 184)
+* \textquotedblleft (or ``): Text symbols. (line 187)
+* \textquotedblright (or ''): Text symbols. (line 190)
+* \textquoteleft (or `): Text symbols. (line 193)
+* \textquoteright (or '): Text symbols. (line 196)
+* \textquotesingle: Text symbols. (line 199)
+* \textquotestraightbase: Text symbols. (line 202)
+* \textquotestraightdblbase: Text symbols. (line 203)
+* \textregistered: Text symbols. (line 206)
+* \textrightarrow: Text symbols. (line 209)
* \textrm: Font styles. (line 31)
* \textsc: Font styles. (line 52)
-* \textsection: Text symbols. (line 62)
+* \textsection: Text symbols. (line 66)
* \textsf: Font styles. (line 49)
* \textsl: Font styles. (line 46)
-* \textsterling: Text symbols. (line 51)
+* \textsterling: Text symbols. (line 55)
* \textstyle: Math styles. (line 29)
-* \textthreequartersemdash: Text symbols. (line 208)
-* \texttrademark: Text symbols. (line 211)
+* \textthreequartersemdash: Text symbols. (line 212)
+* \texttrademark: Text symbols. (line 215)
* \texttt: Font styles. (line 55)
-* \texttwelveudash: Text symbols. (line 214)
-* \textunderscore: Text symbols. (line 217)
+* \texttwelveudash: Text symbols. (line 218)
+* \textunderscore: Text symbols. (line 221)
* \textup: Font styles. (line 43)
-* \textvisiblespace: Text symbols. (line 220)
+* \textvisiblespace: Text symbols. (line 224)
* \textwidth: Page layout parameters.
(line 99)
* \textwidth <1>: Page layout parameters.
@@ -18904,6 +19456,7 @@ Index
* \TH (Þ): Additional Latin letters.
(line 56)
* \thanks{TEXT}: \maketitle. (line 56)
+* \thepage: \thepage. (line 6)
* \theta: Math symbols. (line 688)
* \thicklines: \thicklines. (line 6)
* \thickspace: Spacing in math mode.
@@ -18944,10 +19497,8 @@ Index
* \unboldmath <1>: \boldmath & \unboldmath.
(line 14)
* \underbar: Accents. (line 53)
-* \underbrace{MATH}: Over- and Underlining.
- (line 25)
-* \underline{TEXT}: Over- and Underlining.
- (line 9)
+* \underbrace{MATH}: Over- or under math. (line 26)
+* \underline{MATH}: Over- or under math. (line 9)
* \unitlength: picture. (line 28)
* \unlhd: Math symbols. (line 718)
* \unrhd: Math symbols. (line 724)
@@ -18964,7 +19515,7 @@ Index
* \usecounter: \usecounter. (line 6)
* \usefont: Low-level font commands.
(line 126)
-* \usepackage: Additional packages. (line 6)
+* \usepackage: \usepackage. (line 6)
* \UseTextAccent: \UseTextSymbol & \UseTextAccent.
(line 6)
* \UseTextSymbol: \UseTextSymbol & \UseTextAccent.
@@ -18985,6 +19536,7 @@ Index
* \vector: \vector. (line 6)
* \vee: Math symbols. (line 798)
* \verb: \verb. (line 6)
+* \verb, as fragile command: \protect. (line 39)
* \Vert: Math symbols. (line 802)
* \vert: Math symbols. (line 806)
* \vfill: \vfill. (line 6)
@@ -19005,48 +19557,37 @@ Index
* \write18: \write18. (line 6)
* \write18, enabling: Command line options.
(line 61)
+* \XeTeXdefaultencoding: inputenc package. (line 36)
+* \XeTeXinputencoding: inputenc package. (line 36)
* \Xi: Math symbols. (line 822)
* \xi: Math symbols. (line 825)
* \xspace: xspace package. (line 6)
* \year: \day & \month & \year.
(line 6)
* \zeta: Math symbols. (line 828)
-* \[...\] display math: displaymath. (line 26)
-* \\ (for center): center. (line 16)
-* \\ (for eqnarray): eqnarray. (line 29)
-* \\ (for flushleft): flushleft. (line 14)
-* \\ (for flushright): flushright. (line 12)
-* \\ (for letters): Letters. (line 48)
-* \\ (for tabular): tabular. (line 36)
-* \\ (for verse): verse. (line 21)
-* \\ (for \author): \maketitle. (line 43)
-* \\ (for \shortstack objects): \shortstack. (line 35)
-* \\ (for \title): \maketitle. (line 64)
-* \\ (force line break): \\. (line 6)
-* \\ (tabbing): tabbing. (line 66)
-* \\* (for eqnarray): eqnarray. (line 35)
-* \^: Reserved characters. (line 18)
-* \^ (circumflex accent): Accents. (line 40)
-* \_: Reserved characters. (line 13)
-* \` (grave accent): Accents. (line 44)
-* \` (tabbing): tabbing. (line 93)
-* \{: Reserved characters. (line 13)
-* \|: Math symbols. (line 18)
-* \}: Reserved characters. (line 13)
-* \~: Reserved characters. (line 18)
-* \~ (tilde accent): Accents. (line 48)
+* & (for table cells): tabular. (line 32)
+* & character, meaning of: Special characters. (line 26)
+* # character, meaning of: Special characters. (line 36)
+* % character, meaning of: Special characters. (line 19)
+* ^ character, meaning of: Special characters. (line 30)
* ^ superscript: Subscripts & superscripts.
(line 6)
* ^^J, in \write: \write. (line 94)
-* _ subscript: Subscripts & superscripts.
- (line 6)
-* {...} (for required arguments): LaTeX command syntax.
- (line 6)
* ~: ~. (line 6)
+* ~ character, meaning of: Special characters. (line 40)
+* $ character, meaning of: Special characters. (line 23)
+* $ inline math: math. (line 12)
+* $$...$$ plain TeX display math: displaymath. (line 32)
+* 10pt option: Document class options.
+ (line 17)
+* 11pt option: Document class options.
+ (line 17)
+* 12pt option: Document class options.
+ (line 17)
* a4paper option: Document class options.
- (line 19)
+ (line 22)
* a5paper option: Document class options.
- (line 19)
+ (line 22)
* abstract environment: abstract. (line 6)
* abstract package: abstract. (line 27)
* abstracts: abstract. (line 6)
@@ -19063,12 +19604,13 @@ Index
* accents, defining <5>: \DeclareTextSymbolDefault.
(line 6)
* accents, mathematical: Math accents. (line 6)
+* accessibility: \DocumentMetadata. (line 6)
* accessing any character of a font: Symbols by font position.
(line 6)
* acronyms, list of: Glossaries. (line 6)
* acute accent: Accents. (line 29)
* acute accent, math: Math accents. (line 11)
-* additional packages, loading: Additional packages. (line 6)
+* additional packages, loading: \usepackage. (line 6)
* adjustbox package: Boxes. (line 9)
* ae ligature: Additional Latin letters.
(line 16)
@@ -19076,6 +19618,8 @@ Index
* align environment, from amsmath: eqnarray. (line 6)
* aligning equations: eqnarray. (line 6)
* alignment via tabbing: tabbing. (line 6)
+* alphabetic presentation forms Unicode block: Ligatures. (line 62)
+* ampersand character, meaning of: Special characters. (line 26)
* amscd package: Arrows. (line 41)
* amsfonts package: Math formulas. (line 61)
* amsfonts package <1>: Arrows. (line 6)
@@ -19107,30 +19651,32 @@ Index
* appendix: \appendix. (line 6)
* appendix package: \appendix. (line 30)
* arguments, optional, defining and using: \newcommand & \renewcommand.
- (line 49)
+ (line 50)
* aring: Additional Latin letters.
(line 12)
* array environment: array. (line 6)
* array package: array. (line 74)
* arrays, math: array. (line 6)
-* arrow, left, in text: Text symbols. (line 165)
-* arrow, right, in text: Text symbols. (line 206)
+* arrow, left, in text: Text symbols. (line 169)
+* arrow, right, in text: Text symbols. (line 210)
* arrows: Arrows. (line 6)
* article class: Document classes. (line 11)
-* ascender height: Text symbols. (line 111)
-* ASCII circumflex, in text: Text symbols. (line 69)
-* ASCII tilde, in text: Text symbols. (line 72)
-* asterisk, centered, in text: Text symbols. (line 75)
+* ascender height: Text symbols. (line 115)
+* ASCII circumflex, in text: Text symbols. (line 73)
+* ASCII tilde, in text: Text symbols. (line 76)
+* asterisk, centered, in text: Text symbols. (line 79)
* Asymptote package: \line. (line 35)
* Asymptote package <1>: \strut. (line 62)
* Asymptote package <2>: \mbox & \makebox. (line 73)
* Asymptote package <3>: \write18. (line 13)
* at clause, in font definitions: \newfont. (line 19)
* at-sign: \@. (line 6)
+* atenddvi package: \AtBeginDvi & \AtEndDvi.
+ (line 16)
* author, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 43)
* auxiliary file: Output files. (line 33)
* b5paper option: Document class options.
- (line 19)
+ (line 22)
* babel package: \chapter. (line 71)
* babel package <1>: thebibliography. (line 53)
* babel package <2>: Accents. (line 6)
@@ -19141,13 +19687,14 @@ Index
* back matter of a book: \frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter.
(line 6)
* background, colored: Colored pages. (line 6)
-* backslash, in text: Text symbols. (line 78)
+* backslash, in text: Text symbols. (line 82)
+* backslash, meaning of: Special characters. (line 11)
* badness: Page breaking. (line 11)
-* bar, double vertical, in text: Text symbols. (line 89)
-* bar, vertical, in text: Text symbols. (line 86)
* bar-over accent: Accents. (line 36)
* bar-over accent, math: Math accents. (line 14)
* bar-under accent: Accents. (line 51)
+* bar, double vertical, in text: Text symbols. (line 93)
+* bar, vertical, in text: Text symbols. (line 90)
* basics of LaTeX: Overview. (line 6)
* batchmode: Command line options.
(line 27)
@@ -19155,21 +19702,21 @@ Index
* beamer template and class: beamer template. (line 6)
* beginning of document hook: \AtBeginDocument. (line 6)
* bibliography format, open: Document class options.
- (line 67)
+ (line 70)
* bibliography, creating (automatically): Using BibTeX. (line 6)
* bibliography, creating (manually): thebibliography. (line 6)
* BibTeX error messages: BibTeX error messages.
(line 6)
* bibTeX, using: Using BibTeX. (line 6)
-* big circle symbols, in text: Text symbols. (line 92)
+* big circle symbols, in text: Text symbols. (line 96)
* big point: Units of length. (line 20)
* bigfoot package: Footnotes of footnotes.
(line 6)
* black boxes, omitting: Document class options.
- (line 53)
+ (line 56)
* blackboard bold: Blackboard bold. (line 6)
* blanks, after control sequences: \newcommand & \renewcommand.
- (line 87)
+ (line 88)
* bm package: bm. (line 6)
* bold font: Font styles. (line 76)
* bold math: Font styles. (line 129)
@@ -19196,9 +19743,10 @@ Index
* box, use saved box: \usebox. (line 6)
* boxes: Boxes. (line 6)
* bp: Units of length. (line 19)
-* brace, left, in text: Text symbols. (line 95)
-* brace, right, in text: Text symbols. (line 99)
+* brace, left, in text: Text symbols. (line 99)
+* brace, right, in text: Text symbols. (line 103)
* braces: Delimiters. (line 6)
+* braces, meaning of: Special characters. (line 15)
* brackets: Delimiters. (line 6)
* breaking lines: Line breaking. (line 6)
* breaking pages: Page breaking. (line 6)
@@ -19208,13 +19756,14 @@ Index
* bug reporting: About this document. (line 24)
* bullet lists: itemize. (line 6)
* bullet symbol: Math symbols. (line 108)
-* bullet, in text: Text symbols. (line 103)
+* bullet, in text: Text symbols. (line 107)
* bulleted lists: itemize. (line 6)
* calligraphic fonts: Calligraphic. (line 6)
* calligraphic letters for math: Font styles. (line 79)
-* cap height: Text symbols. (line 111)
+* cap height: Text symbols. (line 115)
* caption package: \caption. (line 72)
* captions: \caption. (line 6)
+* caret character, meaning of: Special characters. (line 30)
* caron accent: Accents. (line 93)
* catcode: \makeatletter & \makeatother.
(line 18)
@@ -19224,10 +19773,10 @@ Index
* cc list, in letters: \cc. (line 6)
* cedilla accent: Accents. (line 61)
* center environment: center. (line 6)
-* centered asterisk, in text: Text symbols. (line 75)
+* centered asterisk, in text: Text symbols. (line 79)
* centered equations: Document class options.
- (line 57)
-* centered period, in text: Text symbols. (line 178)
+ (line 60)
+* centered period, in text: Text symbols. (line 182)
* centering text, declaration for: \centering. (line 6)
* centering text, environment for: center. (line 6)
* centimeter: Units of length. (line 27)
@@ -19238,7 +19787,7 @@ Index
* chapter counter: Counters. (line 15)
* character category code: \makeatletter & \makeatother.
(line 18)
-* character encoding: inputenc package. (line 15)
+* character encoding: Input encodings. (line 6)
* character, invisible: \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom.
(line 6)
* character, invisible <1>: \mathstrut. (line 6)
@@ -19247,43 +19796,46 @@ Index
(line 6)
* characters, non-English: Additional Latin letters.
(line 6)
-* characters, reserved: Reserved characters. (line 6)
-* characters, special: Reserved characters. (line 6)
* check accent: Accents. (line 93)
* check accent, math: Math accents. (line 20)
* cicero: Units of length. (line 33)
-* circle symbol, big, in text: Text symbols. (line 92)
-* circled letter, in text: Text symbols. (line 106)
+* circle symbol, big, in text: Text symbols. (line 96)
+* circled letter, in text: Text symbols. (line 110)
* circumflex accent: Accents. (line 40)
* circumflex accent, math: Math accents. (line 32)
-* circumflex, ASCII, in text: Text symbols. (line 69)
+* circumflex, ASCII, in text: Text symbols. (line 73)
* citation key: \bibitem. (line 15)
* class and package commands: Class and package commands.
(line 6)
-* class and package difference: Class and package construction.
- (line 15)
+* class and package difference: Class and package creation.
+ (line 11)
* class and package structure: Class and package structure.
(line 6)
* class file example: Class and package structure.
- (line 39)
+ (line 31)
* class file layout: Class and package structure.
(line 6)
+* Class Guide, document: Class and package structure.
+ (line 45)
* class options: Document class options.
(line 6)
* class options <1>: Class and package structure.
(line 6)
-* class options <2>: Class and package commands.
- (line 66)
+* class options <2>: \DeclareOption. (line 6)
+* class writing tutorial document: Class and package structure.
+ (line 45)
* classes of documents: Document classes. (line 6)
* cleveref package: Cross references. (line 38)
* cleveref package <1>: \ref. (line 29)
-* cleveref package <2>: \footnotemark. (line 48)
+* cleveref package <2>: \footnotemark. (line 38)
* CLI: Command line interface.
(line 6)
* clock option to slides class: Document class options.
- (line 99)
+ (line 102)
* closing letters: \closing. (line 6)
-* closing quote: Text symbols. (line 59)
+* closing quote: Text symbols. (line 63)
+* clsguide document: Class and package structure.
+ (line 45)
* cm: Units of length. (line 26)
* cm-super package: fontenc package. (line 36)
* cmd.exe, used by \write18: \write18. (line 60)
@@ -19312,7 +19864,7 @@ Index
* commands, defining new ones: \newcommand & \renewcommand.
(line 6)
* commands, defining new ones <1>: \providecommand. (line 6)
-* commands, document class: Class and package construction.
+* commands, document class: Class and package creation.
(line 6)
* commands, graphics package: Commands for graphics.
(line 6)
@@ -19323,16 +19875,19 @@ Index
(line 6)
* commands, run from LaTeX: \write18. (line 6)
* commands, star-variants: \@ifstar. (line 6)
-* composite word mark, in text: Text symbols. (line 111)
+* composite word mark, in text: Text symbols. (line 115)
* comprehensive package: Math symbols. (line 6)
* computer programs, typesetting: verbatim. (line 6)
* configuration, graphics package: Graphics package configuration.
(line 6)
+* conflict between package options: \PassOptionsToClass & \PassOptionsToPackage.
+ (line 15)
* contents file: Output files. (line 43)
* control sequences: Control sequences. (line 6)
* control symbol, defined: Control sequences. (line 17)
* control word, defined: Control sequences. (line 13)
* copyright symbol: Text symbols. (line 15)
+* Cork encoding: fontenc package. (line 57)
* counters, a list of: Counters. (line 6)
* counters, defining new: \newcounter. (line 6)
* counters, getting value of: \value. (line 6)
@@ -19340,7 +19895,8 @@ Index
(line 6)
* counters, setting: \setcounter. (line 6)
* cprotect package: verbatim. (line 25)
-* cprotect package <1>: \verb. (line 45)
+* cprotect package <1>: \verb. (line 42)
+* cprotect package <2>: \protect. (line 51)
* creating pictures: picture. (line 6)
* creating tables: table. (line 6)
* credit footnote: \maketitle. (line 57)
@@ -19349,17 +19905,20 @@ Index
* cross referencing with page number: \pageref. (line 6)
* cross referencing, across documents: xr package. (line 6)
* cross referencing, symbolic: \ref. (line 6)
+* cross-references, page numbers in: \thepage. (line 11)
* CTAN: CTAN. (line 6)
* curly braces: Delimiters. (line 6)
-* currency, dollar: Text symbols. (line 124)
-* currency, euro: Text symbols. (line 136)
-* dagger, double, in text: Text symbols. (line 121)
+* curly braces, meaning of: Special characters. (line 15)
+* currency, dollar: Text symbols. (line 128)
+* currency, euro: Text symbols. (line 140)
+* dagger, double, in text: Text symbols. (line 125)
* dagger, in text: Text symbols. (line 18)
-* dagger, in text <1>: Text symbols. (line 118)
+* dagger, in text <1>: Text symbols. (line 122)
* DANTE e.V.: CTAN. (line 20)
* datatool package: \read. (line 31)
+* date of format, requiring: \NeedsTeXFormat. (line 6)
* date, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 51)
-* date, today’s: \today. (line 6)
+* date, today's: \today. (line 6)
* datetime package: \today. (line 27)
* dbltopnumber: Floats. (line 134)
* dbltopnumber <1>: Floats. (line 135)
@@ -19367,6 +19926,7 @@ Index
* dd: Units of length. (line 29)
* declaration form of font size commands: Font sizes. (line 24)
* declaration form of font style commands: Font styles. (line 8)
+* default option processing: \DeclareOption. (line 18)
* define color: Define colors. (line 6)
* defining a new command: \newcommand & \renewcommand.
(line 6)
@@ -19377,21 +19937,21 @@ Index
* defining new theorems: \newtheorem. (line 6)
* definitions: Definitions. (line 6)
* delayed \write: \write. (line 65)
-* delimiters: Delimiters. (line 6)
-* delimiters, paired: \left & \right. (line 6)
* delim_0: makeindex. (line 109)
* delim_1: makeindex. (line 113)
* delim_2: makeindex. (line 117)
* delim_n: makeindex. (line 121)
* delim_r: makeindex. (line 125)
+* delimiters: Delimiters. (line 6)
+* delimiters, paired: \left & \right. (line 6)
* description: \newglossaryentry. (line 46)
* description environment: description. (line 6)
* description lists, creating: description. (line 6)
* design size, in font definitions: \newfont. (line 19)
* didot point: Units of length. (line 30)
* dieresis accent: Accents. (line 25)
-* difference between class and package: Class and package construction.
- (line 15)
+* difference between class and package: Class and package creation.
+ (line 11)
* dimen plain TeX: Lengths. (line 9)
* directory listings, from system: \write18. (line 65)
* discretionary breaks, multiplication: \*. (line 6)
@@ -19404,7 +19964,7 @@ Index
(line 6)
* displaymath environment: displaymath. (line 6)
* displaymath environment <1>: Math formulas. (line 6)
-* document class commands: Class and package construction.
+* document class commands: Class and package creation.
(line 6)
* document class options: Document class options.
(line 6)
@@ -19413,7 +19973,9 @@ Index
* document environment: document. (line 6)
* document root name: Jobname. (line 6)
* document templates: Document templates. (line 6)
-* dollar sign: Text symbols. (line 124)
+* documentmetadata-support-doc document: \DocumentMetadata. (line 16)
+* dollar sign: Text symbols. (line 128)
+* dollar sign character, meaning of: Special characters. (line 23)
* dot accent: Accents. (line 32)
* dot over accent, math: Math accents. (line 26)
* dot-over accent: Accents. (line 32)
@@ -19423,41 +19985,46 @@ Index
* dotless j: Accents. (line 19)
* dotless j, math: Math symbols. (line 275)
* dots: Dots. (line 6)
-* double angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 33)
+* double angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 35)
* double dagger, in text: Text symbols. (line 21)
-* double dagger, in text <1>: Text symbols. (line 121)
+* double dagger, in text <1>: Text symbols. (line 125)
* double dot accent, math: Math accents. (line 23)
-* double guillemets: Text symbols. (line 33)
-* double left quote: Text symbols. (line 184)
-* double low-9 quotation mark: Text symbols. (line 56)
-* double quote, straight base: Text symbols. (line 200)
-* double right quote: Text symbols. (line 187)
+* double guillemets: Text symbols. (line 35)
+* double left quote: Text symbols. (line 188)
+* double low-9 quotation mark: Text symbols. (line 60)
+* double quotation marks, as ligatures: Ligatures. (line 22)
+* double quote, straight base: Text symbols. (line 204)
+* double right quote: Text symbols. (line 191)
* double spacing: \baselineskip & \baselinestretch.
(line 6)
-* double vertical bar, in text: Text symbols. (line 89)
+* double vertical bar, in text: Text symbols. (line 93)
* doublestruck: Blackboard bold. (line 6)
* draft option: Document class options.
- (line 49)
-* dvilualatex-dev: TeX engines. (line 63)
+ (line 52)
+* dvilualatex-dev: TeX engines. (line 70)
* dvipdfmx command: Output files. (line 10)
* dvips command: Output files. (line 10)
* dvitype command: Output files. (line 10)
-* e-dash: Text symbols. (line 133)
+* e-dash: Text symbols. (line 137)
* e-TeX: TeX engines. (line 16)
+* e-TeX, and robust commands: \DeclareRobustCommand.
+ (line 32)
* ellipses: Dots. (line 6)
-* ellipsis: Text symbols. (line 39)
+* ellipsis: Text symbols. (line 43)
* ellipsis, in Unicode (U+2026): Dots. (line 66)
* ellipsis, traditional (three periods): Dots. (line 66)
-* em: Units of length. (line 46)
-* em <1>: Units of length. (line 45)
-* em-dash: Text symbols. (line 127)
-* em-dash, three-quarters: Text symbols. (line 209)
-* em-dash, two-thirds: Text symbols. (line 215)
+* em: Units of length. (line 45)
+* em <1>: Units of length. (line 46)
+* em-dash: Text symbols. (line 131)
+* em-dash, as ligature: Ligatures. (line 22)
+* em-dash, three-quarters: Text symbols. (line 213)
+* em-dash, two-thirds: Text symbols. (line 219)
* emphasis: Font styles. (line 60)
+* en-dash, as ligature: Ligatures. (line 22)
* enclosure list: \encl. (line 6)
* encoding, font: \DeclareFontEncoding.
(line 6)
-* encoding, of input files: inputenc package. (line 15)
+* encodings, input: Input encodings. (line 6)
* end matter of a book: \frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter.
(line 6)
* end of document hook: \AtEndDocument. (line 6)
@@ -19469,7 +20036,7 @@ Index
* enumii counter: Counters. (line 15)
* enumiii counter: Counters. (line 15)
* enumitem package: itemize. (line 66)
-* enumitem package <1>: list. (line 255)
+* enumitem package <1>: list. (line 273)
* enumiv counter: Counters. (line 15)
* environment: Starting and ending. (line 25)
* environment form of font size commands: Font sizes. (line 47)
@@ -19521,33 +20088,36 @@ Index
* equation environment <1>: Math formulas. (line 6)
* equation number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 6)
* equation numbers, left vs. right: Document class options.
- (line 63)
+ (line 66)
* equation numbers, omitting: eqnarray. (line 39)
* equations, aligning: eqnarray. (line 6)
* equations, environment for: equation. (line 6)
* equations, flush left vs. centered: Document class options.
- (line 57)
+ (line 60)
* error messages, from BibTeX: BibTeX error messages.
(line 6)
* errorstopmode: Command line options.
(line 27)
* es-zet German letter: Additional Latin letters.
(line 52)
+* escaping special characters: Printing special characters.
+ (line 6)
* etex command: TeX engines. (line 16)
* eth, Icelandic letter: Additional Latin letters.
(line 20)
-* etoolbox package: Class and package commands.
- (line 110)
-* euro symbol: Text symbols. (line 136)
-* eurosym package: Text symbols. (line 136)
-* eurosym package <1>: Text symbols. (line 137)
-* ex: Units of length. (line 42)
-* ex <1>: Units of length. (line 41)
-* exclamation point, upside-down: Text symbols. (line 144)
+* etoolbox package: \DeclareRobustCommand.
+ (line 32)
+* euro symbol: Text symbols. (line 140)
+* eurosym package: Text symbols. (line 140)
+* eurosym package <1>: Text symbols. (line 141)
+* ex: Units of length. (line 41)
+* ex <1>: Units of length. (line 42)
+* exclamation point, upside-down: Text symbols. (line 148)
+* exclamation points, ending a sentence: \@. (line 39)
* executivepaper option: Document class options.
- (line 19)
+ (line 22)
* expl3 package: LaTeX command syntax.
- (line 35)
+ (line 36)
* expl3 package <1>: Upper and lower case.
(line 48)
* exponent: Subscripts & superscripts.
@@ -19557,6 +20127,7 @@ Index
(line 6)
* external commands: \write18. (line 6)
* external files, writing: filecontents. (line 6)
+* f-ligatures: Ligatures. (line 22)
* fallback jobname: Jobname. (line 27)
* families, of fonts: Low-level font commands.
(line 21)
@@ -19564,9 +20135,9 @@ Index
* fancyhdr package <1>: \pagestyle. (line 13)
* fancyvrb package: tabbing. (line 146)
* fancyvrb package <1>: verbatim. (line 41)
-* feminine ordinal symbol: Text symbols. (line 175)
+* feminine ordinal symbol: Text symbols. (line 179)
* figure counter: Counters. (line 15)
-* figure dash character: Text symbols. (line 147)
+* figure dash character: Text symbols. (line 151)
* figure environment: figure. (line 6)
* figure number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 6)
* figures, footnotes in: minipage. (line 107)
@@ -19581,16 +20152,16 @@ Index
* filename for current job: Command line options.
(line 43)
* final option: Document class options.
- (line 49)
-* first-latex-doc document: About this document. (line 36)
+ (line 52)
+* first-latex-doc document: About this document. (line 37)
* fixed-width font: Font styles. (line 97)
* flafter package: Floats. (line 82)
* fleqn option: Document class options.
- (line 49)
+ (line 52)
* float package: Floats. (line 52)
* float page: Floats. (line 58)
* flush left equations: Document class options.
- (line 57)
+ (line 60)
* flushing floats and starting a page: \clearpage & \cleardoublepage.
(line 6)
* flushleft environment: flushleft. (line 6)
@@ -19621,7 +20192,7 @@ Index
(line 6)
* footnote counter: Counters. (line 15)
* footnote number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 6)
-* footnote parameters: \footnote. (line 34)
+* footnote parameters: \footnote. (line 35)
* footnote, in a table: Footnotes in a table.
(line 6)
* footnote, in section headings: Footnotes in section headings.
@@ -19630,10 +20201,11 @@ Index
(line 6)
* footnotes in figures: minipage. (line 107)
* footnotes, creating: Footnotes. (line 6)
-* footnotes, in a minipage: \footnote. (line 62)
-* footnotes, symbols instead of numbers: \footnote. (line 24)
+* footnotes, in a minipage: \footnote. (line 67)
+* footnotes, symbols instead of numbers: \footnote. (line 25)
* force option for filecontents: filecontents. (line 31)
* format files, TeX: TeX engines. (line 6)
+* format, requiring: \NeedsTeXFormat. (line 6)
* formulas, environment for: equation. (line 6)
* formulas, math: Math formulas. (line 6)
* forward reference: Cross references. (line 27)
@@ -19643,17 +20215,16 @@ Index
* frame rule width: \fbox & \framebox. (line 38)
* frame, line width: \fbox & \framebox. (line 38)
* frame, separation from contents: \fbox & \framebox. (line 43)
-* French quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 33)
+* French quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 35)
* front matter of a book: \frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter.
(line 6)
* functions, math: Math functions. (line 6)
* geometry package: Document class options.
- (line 40)
-* geometry package <1>: Document class options.
- (line 44)
+ (line 43)
* global options: Document class options.
(line 6)
-* global options <1>: Additional packages. (line 15)
+* global options <1>: \usepackage. (line 25)
+* global options <2>: \ProcessOptions. (line 15)
* glossaries: Glossaries. (line 6)
* glossary: Glossaries. (line 6)
* glossary, entries: \newglossaryentry. (line 6)
@@ -19680,25 +20251,32 @@ Index
* graphpap package: \graphpaper. (line 11)
* grave accent: Accents. (line 44)
* grave accent, math: Math accents. (line 29)
-* greater than symbol, in text: Text symbols. (line 154)
+* greater than symbol, in text: Text symbols. (line 158)
* greek letters: Math symbols. (line 6)
* Greek letters: Greek letters. (line 6)
* grfext package: \DeclareGraphicsExtensions.
(line 39)
-* group, and environments: Environments. (line 18)
* group_skip: makeindex. (line 58)
+* group, and environments: Environments. (line 18)
+* guillemots, birds: Text symbols. (line 35)
* hacek accent: Accents. (line 93)
+* háček accent, math: Math accents. (line 20)
* Halmos symbol: \rule. (line 13)
* hard space: ~. (line 6)
+* hash character (#), meaning of: Special characters. (line 36)
* hat accent: Accents. (line 40)
* hat accent, math: Math accents. (line 32)
+* hat character, meaning of: Special characters. (line 30)
* header style: \pagestyle. (line 6)
* header, parameters for: Page layout parameters.
(line 6)
* hello, world: Starting and ending. (line 6)
* here, putting floats: Floats. (line 52)
+* hilatex: TeX engines. (line 55)
+* HINT format: TeX engines. (line 56)
+* HiTeX: TeX engines. (line 56)
* home page for manual: About this document. (line 6)
-* horizontal bar character: Text symbols. (line 157)
+* horizontal bar character: Text symbols. (line 161)
* horizontal paragraph indentation: \parindent & \parskip.
(line 6)
* horizontal space: \hss. (line 6)
@@ -19706,17 +20284,16 @@ Index
* horizontal spacing: \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom.
(line 6)
* hungarian umlaut accent: Accents. (line 69)
-* hyperref package: \footnotemark. (line 48)
-* hyperref package <1>: \footnotemark. (line 57)
-* hyperref package <2>: \pagenumbering. (line 46)
+* hyperref package: \footnotemark. (line 38)
+* hyperref package <1>: \footnotemark. (line 47)
+* hyperref package <2>: \pagenumbering. (line 42)
* hyperref package <3>: \contentsline. (line 37)
* hyperref package <4>: Command line input. (line 14)
-* hyphen character, non-breaking: Text symbols. (line 168)
+* hyphen character, non-breaking: Text symbols. (line 172)
* hyphenation, defining: \hyphenation. (line 6)
* hyphenation, discretionary: \discretionary. (line 6)
* hyphenation, forcing: \- (hyphenation). (line 6)
* hyphenation, preventing: \mbox & \makebox. (line 6)
-* háček accent, math: Math accents. (line 20)
* Icelandic eth: Additional Latin letters.
(line 20)
* Icelandic thorn: Additional Latin letters.
@@ -19730,6 +20307,8 @@ Index
* in: Units of length. (line 16)
* inch: Units of length. (line 17)
* including graphics: \includegraphics. (line 6)
+* indent_length: makeindex. (line 137)
+* indent_space: makeindex. (line 133)
* indent, forcing: \indent & \noindent. (line 6)
* indentation of paragraphs, in minipage: minipage. (line 103)
* indentfirst package: \part. (line 50)
@@ -19739,10 +20318,8 @@ Index
* indentfirst package <4>: \subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph.
(line 59)
* indentfirst package <5>: \indent & \noindent. (line 48)
-* indent_length: makeindex. (line 137)
-* indent_space: makeindex. (line 133)
+* index entries, 'see' and 'see also': \index. (line 58)
* index entries, subentries: \index. (line 26)
-* index entries, ‘see’ and ‘see also’: \index. (line 58)
* index entry: \index. (line 6)
* index package: \index. (line 103)
* index, multiple: Indexes. (line 51)
@@ -19757,6 +20334,7 @@ Index
* infinite vertical stretch: \vfill. (line 6)
* inline formulas: math. (line 6)
* inner paragraph mode: Modes. (line 51)
+* input encodings: Input encodings. (line 6)
* input file: Splitting the input. (line 6)
* input, on command line: Command line input. (line 6)
* input/output: Input/output. (line 6)
@@ -19769,12 +20347,13 @@ Index
* interline space: \baselineskip & \baselinestretch.
(line 6)
* internal vertical mode: Modes. (line 41)
+* inverted exclamation mark, as ligature: Ligatures. (line 22)
+* inverted question mark, as ligature: Ligatures. (line 22)
* invisible character: \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom.
(line 6)
* invisible character <1>: \mathstrut. (line 6)
* italic correction: \/. (line 6)
* italic font: Font styles. (line 82)
-* itemize environment: itemize. (line 6)
* item_0: makeindex. (line 82)
* item_01: makeindex. (line 91)
* item_1: makeindex. (line 85)
@@ -19782,6 +20361,7 @@ Index
* item_2: makeindex. (line 88)
* item_x1: makeindex. (line 95)
* item_x2: makeindex. (line 104)
+* itemize environment: itemize. (line 6)
* jobname: Command line options.
(line 43)
* jobname <1>: Jobname. (line 6)
@@ -19795,9 +20375,9 @@ Index
* Lamport TeX: Overview. (line 27)
* Lamport, Leslie: Overview. (line 6)
* landscape option: Document class options.
- (line 49)
+ (line 52)
* landscape orientation: Document class options.
- (line 60)
+ (line 63)
* latex: TeX engines. (line 14)
* latex command: Output files. (line 10)
* LaTeX format (.fmt) files: TeX engines. (line 6)
@@ -19805,11 +20385,12 @@ Index
* LaTeX overview: Overview. (line 6)
* LaTeX Project team: About this document. (line 20)
* LaTeX vs. LaTeX2e: About this document. (line 16)
-* latex-dev: TeX engines. (line 64)
-* latex-doc-ptr document: About this document. (line 33)
+* latex-dev: TeX engines. (line 71)
+* latex-doc-ptr document: About this document. (line 34)
+* latex-lab package: \DocumentMetadata. (line 16)
* LaTeX2e logo: Text symbols. (line 27)
* LaTeX3 syntax: LaTeX command syntax.
- (line 35)
+ (line 36)
* <latexrefman@tug.org> email address: About this document. (line 20)
* latexsym package: Arrows. (line 6)
* Latin letters, additional: Additional Latin letters.
@@ -19820,39 +20401,41 @@ Index
* leaders, dots in table of contents: \@dottedtocline. (line 27)
* leading: \baselineskip & \baselinestretch.
(line 6)
-* left angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 33)
-* left arrow, in text: Text symbols. (line 165)
-* left brace, in text: Text symbols. (line 95)
-* left quote: Text symbols. (line 44)
-* left quote, double: Text symbols. (line 184)
-* left quote, single: Text symbols. (line 190)
+* left angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 35)
+* left arrow, in text: Text symbols. (line 169)
+* left brace, in text: Text symbols. (line 99)
+* left brace, meaning of: Special characters. (line 15)
+* left quote: Text symbols. (line 48)
+* left quote, double: Text symbols. (line 188)
+* left quote, single: Text symbols. (line 194)
* left-hand equation numbers: Document class options.
- (line 63)
+ (line 66)
* left-justifying text: \raggedright. (line 6)
* left-justifying text, environment for: flushleft. (line 6)
* left-to-right mode: Modes. (line 18)
* legalpaper option: Document class options.
- (line 19)
+ (line 22)
* lengths, adding to: \addtolength. (line 6)
* lengths, allocating new: \newlength. (line 6)
* lengths, defining and using: Lengths. (line 6)
* lengths, setting: \setlength. (line 6)
* leqno option: Document class options.
- (line 49)
-* less than symbol, in text: Text symbols. (line 162)
+ (line 52)
+* less than symbol, in text: Text symbols. (line 166)
* lethead_flag: makeindex. (line 65)
* lethead_prefix: makeindex. (line 74)
* lethead_suffix: makeindex. (line 78)
* letter class: Document classes. (line 11)
* letter environment: letter. (line 6)
* letterpaper option: Document class options.
- (line 19)
+ (line 22)
* letters, accented: Accents. (line 6)
* letters, additional Latin: Additional Latin letters.
(line 6)
* letters, ending: \closing. (line 6)
* letters, starting: \opening. (line 6)
* letters, writing: Letters. (line 6)
+* ligatures: Ligatures. (line 6)
* line break, forcing: \\. (line 6)
* line breaking: Line breaking. (line 6)
* line breaks, changing: \fussy & \sloppy. (line 6)
@@ -19861,8 +20444,8 @@ Index
* line breaks, multiplication discretionary: \*. (line 6)
* line breaks, preventing: \linebreak & \nolinebreak.
(line 6)
-* lines in tables: tabular. (line 6)
* line_max: makeindex. (line 129)
+* lines in tables: tabular. (line 6)
* lining numerals: Font styles. (line 133)
* lining text up in tables: tabular. (line 6)
* lining text up using tab stops: tabbing. (line 6)
@@ -19872,21 +20455,20 @@ Index
* list of tables file: Output files. (line 43)
* listings package: tabbing. (line 146)
* listings package <1>: verbatim. (line 35)
-* listings package <2>: \verb. (line 42)
* lists of items: itemize. (line 6)
* lists of items, generic: list. (line 6)
* lists of items, numbered: enumerate. (line 6)
* lmodern package: fontenc package. (line 36)
-* loading additional packages: Additional packages. (line 6)
+* loading additional packages: \usepackage. (line 6)
+* local options: \ProcessOptions. (line 15)
* locale information, from system: \write18. (line 65)
* log file: Output files. (line 28)
* log file, writing to: \write. (line 30)
* logo, LaTeX: Text symbols. (line 24)
* logo, LaTeX2e: Text symbols. (line 27)
-* logo, TeX: Text symbols. (line 66)
-* long command: Class and package commands.
- (line 23)
-* low-9 quotation marks, single and double: Text symbols. (line 56)
+* logo, TeX: Text symbols. (line 70)
+* long command: \CheckCommand. (line 6)
+* low-9 quotation marks, single and double: Text symbols. (line 60)
* low-level font commands: Low-level font commands.
(line 6)
* lowercase: Upper and lower case.
@@ -19894,10 +20476,11 @@ Index
* LR box: picture. (line 93)
* LR mode: Modes. (line 18)
* lrbox: lrbox. (line 6)
-* lshort document: About this document. (line 39)
-* lualatex: TeX engines. (line 32)
-* lualatex-dev: TeX engines. (line 65)
-* LuaTeX: TeX engines. (line 33)
+* lshort document: About this document. (line 40)
+* luainputenc package: inputenc package. (line 36)
+* lualatex: TeX engines. (line 33)
+* lualatex-dev: TeX engines. (line 72)
+* LuaTeX: TeX engines. (line 34)
* LuaTeX, 256 output streams in: \write. (line 42)
* m-width: Units of length. (line 46)
* macron accent: Accents. (line 36)
@@ -19916,7 +20499,7 @@ Index
* making a title page: titlepage. (line 6)
* making paragraphs: Making paragraphs. (line 6)
* marginal notes: Marginal notes. (line 6)
-* masculine ordinal symbol: Text symbols. (line 175)
+* masculine ordinal symbol: Text symbols. (line 179)
* matching brackets: \left & \right. (line 6)
* matching parentheses: \left & \right. (line 6)
* math accents: Math accents. (line 6)
@@ -19942,11 +20525,12 @@ Index
* mathtools package: Math formulas. (line 61)
* mathtools package <1>: Delimiters. (line 41)
* mathtools package <2>: \left & \right. (line 30)
-* mathtools package <3>: Over- and Underlining.
- (line 44)
+* mathtools package <3>: Over- or under math. (line 51)
* mathtools package <4>: \smash. (line 60)
* mathtools package <5>: \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom.
(line 48)
+* meaning of special characters: Special characters. (line 6)
+* metadata, adding: \DocumentMetadata. (line 6)
* MetaPost package: \line. (line 35)
* mfirstuc package: Upper and lower case.
(line 45)
@@ -19957,13 +20541,13 @@ Index
* minipage, creating a: minipage. (line 6)
* minted package: tabbing. (line 146)
* minted package <1>: verbatim. (line 35)
-* minted package <2>: \verb. (line 42)
* mirrors of CTAN: CTAN. (line 25)
* mm: Units of length. (line 23)
+* mobile output: TeX engines. (line 56)
* modes: Modes. (line 6)
* monospace font: Font styles. (line 97)
-* moving arguments: \protect. (line 19)
-* mpfootnote counter: \footnote. (line 62)
+* moving arguments: \protect. (line 16)
+* mpfootnote counter: \footnote. (line 67)
* mpfootnote counter <1>: Counters. (line 15)
* mu: Units of length. (line 52)
* mu, math unit: Units of length. (line 53)
@@ -19977,12 +20561,11 @@ Index
* NBSP: ~. (line 6)
* nested \include, not allowed: \include & \includeonly.
(line 106)
-* new class commands: Class and package construction.
+* new class commands: Class and package creation.
+ (line 6)
+* new command, checking definition of: \CheckCommand. (line 6)
+* new command, definition: \DeclareRobustCommand.
(line 6)
-* new command, checking: Class and package commands.
- (line 21)
-* new command, definition: Class and package commands.
- (line 96)
* new commands, defining: \newcommand & \renewcommand.
(line 6)
* new commands, defining <1>: \providecommand. (line 6)
@@ -19992,17 +20575,20 @@ Index
* new line, starting (paragraph mode): \newline. (line 6)
* new page, starting: \newpage. (line 6)
* newline, in \write: \write. (line 94)
+* no-break space, Unicode U+00A0: ~. (line 10)
* noheader option for filecontents: filecontents. (line 34)
-* non-breaking hyphen character: Text symbols. (line 168)
+* non-breaking hyphen character: Text symbols. (line 172)
* non-English characters: Additional Latin letters.
(line 6)
+* non-sentence-ending punctuation: \@. (line 6)
* nonstopmode: Command line options.
(line 27)
* nosearch option for filecontents: filecontents. (line 37)
* notes in the margin: Marginal notes. (line 6)
* notitlepage option: Document class options.
- (line 49)
+ (line 52)
* null delimiter: \left & \right. (line 6)
+* number sign character (#), meaning of: Special characters. (line 36)
* numbered items, specifying counter: \usecounter. (line 6)
* numerals, old-style: Font styles. (line 133)
* oblique font: Font styles. (line 94)
@@ -20012,23 +20598,26 @@ Index
* old-style numerals: Font styles. (line 133)
* one-column output: \onecolumn. (line 6)
* onecolumn option: Document class options.
- (line 78)
+ (line 81)
* oneside option: Document class options.
- (line 78)
+ (line 81)
* open a file: \openin & \openout. (line 6)
* openany option: Document class options.
- (line 78)
+ (line 81)
* openbib option: Document class options.
- (line 49)
-* opening quote: Text symbols. (line 44)
+ (line 52)
+* opening quote: Text symbols. (line 48)
* openright option: Document class options.
- (line 78)
+ (line 81)
* OpenType fonts: TeX engines. (line 6)
* operating system information: \write18. (line 65)
+* option clash: \PassOptionsToClass & \PassOptionsToPackage.
+ (line 15)
+* option processing by default: \DeclareOption. (line 18)
+* option, currently being processed: \CurrentOption. (line 6)
* optional arguments, defining and using: \newcommand & \renewcommand.
- (line 49)
-* options, class: Class and package commands.
- (line 66)
+ (line 50)
+* options, class: \DeclareOption. (line 6)
* options, color package: Color package options.
(line 6)
* options, command line: Command line options.
@@ -20037,32 +20626,35 @@ Index
(line 6)
* options, document class <1>: Class and package structure.
(line 6)
-* options, global: Additional packages. (line 15)
+* options, global: \usepackage. (line 25)
+* options, global and local: \ProcessOptions. (line 15)
* options, graphics package: Graphics package options.
(line 6)
+* options, list of unused: \OptionNotUsed. (line 6)
* options, package: Class and package structure.
(line 6)
-* options, package <1>: Class and package commands.
- (line 66)
-* ordinals, feminine and masculine: Text symbols. (line 175)
+* options, package <1>: \DeclareOption. (line 6)
+* options, processing: \ProcessOptions. (line 6)
+* ordinals, feminine and masculine: Text symbols. (line 179)
* oslash: Additional Latin letters.
(line 44)
* OT1: fontenc package. (line 6)
+* OT1 encoding: fontenc package. (line 50)
* outer paragraph mode: Modes. (line 51)
* output directory for all external files: Command line options.
(line 48)
* overbar accent: Accents. (line 36)
* overdot accent, math: Math accents. (line 26)
-* overlining: Over- and Underlining.
- (line 6)
+* overlining: Over- or under math. (line 6)
* overview of LaTeX: Overview. (line 6)
* overwrite option for filecontents: filecontents. (line 31)
+* package and class commands: Class and package commands.
+ (line 6)
* package file layout: Class and package structure.
(line 6)
* package options: Class and package structure.
(line 6)
-* package options <1>: Class and package commands.
- (line 66)
+* package options <1>: \DeclareOption. (line 6)
* package, abstract: abstract. (line 27)
* package, adjustbox: Boxes. (line 9)
* package, algorithm2e: tabbing. (line 146)
@@ -20098,6 +20690,8 @@ Index
* package, Asymptote <1>: \strut. (line 62)
* package, Asymptote <2>: \mbox & \makebox. (line 73)
* package, Asymptote <3>: \write18. (line 13)
+* package, atenddvi: \AtBeginDvi & \AtEndDvi.
+ (line 16)
* package, babel: \chapter. (line 71)
* package, babel <1>: thebibliography. (line 53)
* package, babel <2>: Accents. (line 6)
@@ -20112,23 +20706,24 @@ Index
* package, caption: \caption. (line 72)
* package, cleveref: Cross references. (line 38)
* package, cleveref <1>: \ref. (line 29)
-* package, cleveref <2>: \footnotemark. (line 48)
+* package, cleveref <2>: \footnotemark. (line 38)
* package, cm-super: fontenc package. (line 36)
* package, comprehensive: Math symbols. (line 6)
* package, cprotect: verbatim. (line 25)
-* package, cprotect <1>: \verb. (line 45)
+* package, cprotect <1>: \verb. (line 42)
+* package, cprotect <2>: \protect. (line 51)
* package, datatool: \read. (line 31)
* package, datetime: \today. (line 27)
* package, dcolumn: array. (line 74)
* package, enumitem: itemize. (line 66)
-* package, enumitem <1>: list. (line 255)
+* package, enumitem <1>: list. (line 273)
* package, envlab: \makelabels. (line 55)
-* package, etoolbox: Class and package commands.
- (line 110)
-* package, eurosym: Text symbols. (line 136)
-* package, eurosym <1>: Text symbols. (line 137)
+* package, etoolbox: \DeclareRobustCommand.
+ (line 32)
+* package, eurosym: Text symbols. (line 140)
+* package, eurosym <1>: Text symbols. (line 141)
* package, expl3: LaTeX command syntax.
- (line 35)
+ (line 36)
* package, expl3 <1>: Upper and lower case.
(line 48)
* package, fancyhdr: Page styles. (line 12)
@@ -20140,15 +20735,13 @@ Index
* package, fontspec: fontenc package. (line 17)
* package, fontspec <1>: OpenType bold math. (line 6)
* package, geometry: Document class options.
- (line 40)
-* package, geometry <1>: Document class options.
- (line 44)
+ (line 43)
* package, graphpap: \graphpaper. (line 11)
* package, grfext: \DeclareGraphicsExtensions.
(line 39)
-* package, hyperref: \footnotemark. (line 48)
-* package, hyperref <1>: \footnotemark. (line 57)
-* package, hyperref <2>: \pagenumbering. (line 46)
+* package, hyperref: \footnotemark. (line 38)
+* package, hyperref <1>: \footnotemark. (line 47)
+* package, hyperref <2>: \pagenumbering. (line 42)
* package, hyperref <3>: \contentsline. (line 37)
* package, hyperref <4>: Command line input. (line 14)
* package, indentfirst: \part. (line 50)
@@ -20159,19 +20752,19 @@ Index
(line 59)
* package, indentfirst <5>: \indent & \noindent. (line 48)
* package, index: \index. (line 103)
+* package, latex-lab: \DocumentMetadata. (line 16)
* package, latexsym: Arrows. (line 6)
* package, listings: tabbing. (line 146)
* package, listings <1>: verbatim. (line 35)
-* package, listings <2>: \verb. (line 42)
* package, lmodern: fontenc package. (line 36)
+* package, luainputenc: inputenc package. (line 36)
* package, macros2e: \makeatletter & \makeatother.
(line 38)
* package, makeidx: \printindex. (line 12)
* package, mathtools: Math formulas. (line 61)
* package, mathtools <1>: Delimiters. (line 41)
* package, mathtools <2>: \left & \right. (line 30)
-* package, mathtools <3>: Over- and Underlining.
- (line 44)
+* package, mathtools <3>: Over- or under math. (line 51)
* package, mathtools <4>: \smash. (line 60)
* package, mathtools <5>: \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom.
(line 48)
@@ -20182,7 +20775,6 @@ Index
(line 62)
* package, minted: tabbing. (line 146)
* package, minted <1>: verbatim. (line 35)
-* package, minted <2>: \verb. (line 42)
* package, multind: Indexes. (line 51)
* package, pict2e: \line. (line 35)
* package, polyglossia: Accents. (line 6)
@@ -20196,7 +20788,7 @@ Index
* package, shellesc: \write18. (line 71)
* package, showidx: Indexes. (line 51)
* package, siunitx: minipage. (line 137)
-* package, siunitx <1>: ~. (line 42)
+* package, siunitx <1>: ~. (line 44)
* package, suffix: \@ifstar. (line 64)
* package, tablefootnote: Footnotes in a table.
(line 53)
@@ -20220,21 +20812,20 @@ Index
* package, tocloft: Table of contents etc..
(line 110)
* package, tocloft <1>: \contentsline. (line 34)
-* package, ulem: Over- and Underlining.
- (line 15)
+* package, ulem: Over- or under math. (line 17)
* package, unicode-math: OpenType bold math. (line 20)
* package, unicode-math <1>: Dots. (line 59)
* package, unicode-math <2>: Greek letters. (line 37)
* package, url: \verb. (line 39)
* package, verbatimbox: verbatim. (line 41)
* package, xparse: LaTeX command syntax.
- (line 35)
+ (line 36)
* package, xparse <1>: \@ifstar. (line 64)
* package, xr: xr package. (line 6)
* package, xr-hyper: xr package. (line 6)
* package, xspace: xspace package. (line 6)
* package, xstring: Jobname. (line 53)
-* packages, loading additional: Additional packages. (line 6)
+* packages, loading additional: \usepackage. (line 6)
* page break, forcing: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak.
(line 6)
* page break, preventing: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak.
@@ -20243,12 +20834,13 @@ Index
* page counter: Counters. (line 15)
* page layout parameters: Page layout parameters.
(line 6)
+* page number representation: \thepage. (line 11)
* page number, cross referencing: \pageref. (line 6)
* page numbering style: \pagenumbering. (line 6)
* page style, this page: \thispagestyle. (line 6)
* page styles: Page styles. (line 6)
-* page, colored: Colored pages. (line 6)
* page_precedence: makeindex. (line 142)
+* page, colored: Colored pages. (line 6)
* paired delimiters: \left & \right. (line 6)
* paragraph: Sectioning. (line 6)
* paragraph <1>: \subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph.
@@ -20262,40 +20854,43 @@ Index
(line 6)
* paragraph mode: Modes. (line 12)
* paragraph mode <1>: \parbox. (line 6)
-* paragraph symbol: Text symbols. (line 48)
+* paragraph symbol: Text symbols. (line 52)
* paragraph, ending: \par. (line 6)
* paragraph, in a box: \parbox. (line 6)
* paragraphs: Making paragraphs. (line 6)
-* parameters, for footnotes: \footnote. (line 34)
+* parameters, for footnotes: \footnote. (line 35)
* parameters, page layout: Page layout parameters.
(line 6)
* parameters, substituting: \newcommand & \renewcommand.
- (line 81)
+ (line 82)
* parent directories, cannot write to: \write and security. (line 22)
* parentheses: Delimiters. (line 6)
+* parentheses and ends of sentences: \@. (line 24)
* part: Sectioning. (line 6)
* part <1>: \part. (line 6)
* part counter: Counters. (line 15)
* pattern, current tab stops, tabbing: tabbing. (line 51)
* pc: Units of length. (line 13)
* PDF graphic files: \includegraphics. (line 6)
+* PDF, tagged: \DocumentMetadata. (line 6)
* pdflatex: TeX engines. (line 15)
* pdflatex command: Output files. (line 20)
-* pdflatex-dev: TeX engines. (line 66)
+* pdflatex-dev: TeX engines. (line 73)
* pdfTeX: Output files. (line 20)
* pdfTeX engine: TeX engines. (line 16)
+* percent character, meaning of: Special characters. (line 19)
* period, abbreviation-ending: \@. (line 6)
-* period, centered, in text: Text symbols. (line 178)
+* period, centered, in text: Text symbols. (line 182)
* period, sentence-ending: \@. (line 6)
* period, spacing after: \@. (line 6)
* pica: Units of length. (line 14)
* pict2e package: \line. (line 35)
* picture environment: picture. (line 6)
* pictures, creating: picture. (line 6)
-* pilcrow: Text symbols. (line 48)
+* pilcrow: Text symbols. (line 52)
* placement of floats: Floats. (line 31)
-* platex: TeX engines. (line 54)
-* platex-dev: TeX engines. (line 67)
+* platex: TeX engines. (line 61)
+* platex-dev: TeX engines. (line 74)
* plural: \newglossaryentry. (line 51)
* PNG files: \includegraphics. (line 6)
* poetry, an environment for: verse. (line 6)
@@ -20308,32 +20903,39 @@ Index
(line 123)
* polyglossia package <3>: \index. (line 58)
* portrait orientation: Document class options.
- (line 60)
+ (line 63)
* position, in picture: picture. (line 64)
* postamble: makeindex. (line 54)
* PostScript point: Units of length. (line 20)
* postscript, in letters: \ps. (line 6)
-* pounds symbol: Text symbols. (line 52)
+* pounds symbol: Text symbols. (line 56)
* preamble: makeindex. (line 50)
* preamble, defined: Starting and ending. (line 22)
-* prerelease testing: TeX engines. (line 70)
+* prerelease testing: TeX engines. (line 77)
+* printing special characters: Printing special characters.
+ (line 6)
+* processing options: \ProcessOptions. (line 6)
* prompt, *: Recovering from errors.
(line 23)
* pronunciation: Overview. (line 27)
* PSTricks package: \line. (line 35)
* pt: Units of length. (line 9)
+* punctuation, sentence-ending: \@. (line 6)
* quad: Spacing in math mode.
(line 69)
-* question mark, upside-down: Text symbols. (line 181)
+* question mark, upside-down: Text symbols. (line 185)
+* question marks, ending a sentence: \@. (line 39)
* quotation environment: quotation & quote. (line 6)
-* quotation marks, French: Text symbols. (line 33)
+* quotation marks, as ligatures: Ligatures. (line 22)
+* quotation marks, French: Text symbols. (line 35)
* quote environment: quotation & quote. (line 6)
-* quote, single straight: Text symbols. (line 196)
-* quote, straight base: Text symbols. (line 200)
+* quote, single straight: Text symbols. (line 200)
+* quote, straight base: Text symbols. (line 204)
* quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying: quotation & quote.
(line 6)
* quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying: quotation & quote.
(line 6)
+* quotes and ends of sentences: \@. (line 24)
* radical: \sqrt. (line 6)
* ragged left text: \raggedleft. (line 6)
* ragged left text, environment for: flushright. (line 6)
@@ -20346,29 +20948,35 @@ Index
(line 6)
* reference, forward: Cross references. (line 27)
* references, resolving forward: Output files. (line 33)
-* registered symbol: Text symbols. (line 203)
+* registered symbol: Text symbols. (line 207)
* relation, text above: \stackrel. (line 6)
-* release candidates: TeX engines. (line 70)
+* release candidates: TeX engines. (line 77)
* remarks in the margin: Marginal notes. (line 6)
* report class: Document classes. (line 11)
* reporting bugs: About this document. (line 24)
-* reserved characters: Reserved characters. (line 6)
+* reserved characters, meaning of: Special characters. (line 6)
+* reserved characters, printing: Printing special characters.
+ (line 6)
* resizing: \scalebox. (line 6)
* resizing <1>: \resizebox. (line 6)
* restricted shell access: \write18. (line 53)
-* right angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 33)
-* right arrow, in text: Text symbols. (line 206)
-* right brace, in text: Text symbols. (line 99)
-* right quote: Text symbols. (line 59)
-* right quote, double: Text symbols. (line 187)
-* right quote, single: Text symbols. (line 193)
+* right angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 35)
+* right arrow, in text: Text symbols. (line 210)
+* right brace, in text: Text symbols. (line 103)
+* right brace, meaning of: Special characters. (line 15)
+* right parentheses/quotes, and spacing: \@. (line 24)
+* right quote: Text symbols. (line 63)
+* right quote, double: Text symbols. (line 191)
+* right quote, single: Text symbols. (line 197)
* right-hand equation numbers: Document class options.
- (line 63)
+ (line 66)
* right-justifying text: \raggedleft. (line 6)
* right-justifying text, environment for: flushright. (line 6)
* rigid lengths: Lengths. (line 9)
* ring accent: Accents. (line 77)
* ring accent, math: Math accents. (line 35)
+* robust command, defining: \DeclareRobustCommand.
+ (line 6)
* robust commands: \protect. (line 6)
* roman font: Font styles. (line 85)
* root file: Splitting the input. (line 10)
@@ -20402,13 +21010,14 @@ Index
* section counter: Counters. (line 15)
* section number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 6)
* section numbers, printing: Sectioning. (line 71)
-* section symbol: Text symbols. (line 63)
+* section symbol: Text symbols. (line 67)
* section, redefining: \@startsection. (line 6)
* sectioning commands: Sectioning. (line 6)
* sectioning, part: \part. (line 6)
* security and \write: \write and security. (line 6)
* see and see also index entries: \index. (line 58)
* self-contained sources: filecontents. (line 42)
+* sentence-ending punctuation: \@. (line 6)
* series, of fonts: Low-level font commands.
(line 48)
* setspace package: \baselineskip & \baselinestretch.
@@ -20417,6 +21026,7 @@ Index
* sh, used by \write18: \write18. (line 60)
* shapes, of fonts: Low-level font commands.
(line 88)
+* sharp character (#), meaning of: Special characters. (line 36)
* sharp S letters: Additional Latin letters.
(line 52)
* shell access: \write18. (line 6)
@@ -20426,18 +21036,19 @@ Index
* shellesc package: \write18. (line 71)
* showidx package: Indexes. (line 51)
* simulating typed text: verbatim. (line 6)
-* single angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 33)
-* single guillemets: Text symbols. (line 33)
-* single left quote: Text symbols. (line 190)
-* single low-9 quotation mark: Text symbols. (line 56)
-* single quote, straight: Text symbols. (line 196)
-* single right quote: Text symbols. (line 193)
+* single angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 35)
+* single guillemets: Text symbols. (line 35)
+* single left quote: Text symbols. (line 194)
+* single low-9 quotation mark: Text symbols. (line 60)
+* single quote, straight: Text symbols. (line 200)
+* single right quote: Text symbols. (line 197)
* siunitx package: minipage. (line 137)
-* siunitx package <1>: ~. (line 42)
+* siunitx package <1>: ~. (line 44)
* sizes of text: Font sizes. (line 6)
* skip plain TeX: Lengths. (line 9)
* skip register, plain TeX: \newlength. (line 6)
* slanted font: Font styles. (line 94)
+* slash character, breakable: \slash. (line 6)
* slides class: Document classes. (line 11)
* sloppypar environment: sloppypar. (line 6)
* sloppypar environment <1>: sloppypar. (line 6)
@@ -20448,6 +21059,7 @@ Index
* sp: Units of length. (line 35)
* space between lines: \baselineskip & \baselinestretch.
(line 6)
+* space factor: \spacefactor. (line 10)
* space, inserting horizontal: \hss. (line 6)
* space, inserting vertical: \addvspace. (line 6)
* space, negative thin: \thinspace & \negthinspace.
@@ -20468,9 +21080,13 @@ Index
* spacing, math mode: \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom.
(line 6)
* spacing, math mode <1>: \mathstrut. (line 6)
-* Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine: Text symbols. (line 175)
-* special characters: Reserved characters. (line 6)
-* special characters <1>: Additional Latin letters.
+* Spanish exclamation mark, as ligature: Ligatures. (line 22)
+* Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine: Text symbols. (line 179)
+* Spanish question mark, as ligature: Ligatures. (line 22)
+* special characters: Additional Latin letters.
+ (line 6)
+* special characters, meaning of: Special characters. (line 6)
+* special characters, printing: Printing special characters.
(line 6)
* special insertions: Special insertions. (line 6)
* specifier, float placement: Floats. (line 31)
@@ -20486,14 +21102,14 @@ Index
* starting and ending: Starting and ending. (line 6)
* starting on a right-hand page: \clearpage & \cleardoublepage.
(line 6)
-* sterling symbol: Text symbols. (line 52)
-* straight double quote, base: Text symbols. (line 200)
-* straight quote, base: Text symbols. (line 200)
-* straight single quote: Text symbols. (line 196)
+* sterling symbol: Text symbols. (line 56)
+* straight double quote, base: Text symbols. (line 204)
+* straight quote, base: Text symbols. (line 204)
+* straight single quote: Text symbols. (line 200)
* stretch, infinite horizontal: \hfill. (line 6)
* stretch, infinite vertical: \vfill. (line 6)
* stretch, omitting vertical: \raggedbottom. (line 6)
-* strut: \footnote. (line 47)
+* strut: \footnote. (line 52)
* strut <1>: \strut. (line 6)
* strut, math: \mathstrut. (line 6)
* styles of text: Font styles. (line 6)
@@ -20523,6 +21139,7 @@ Index
* system commands, run from LaTeX: \write18. (line 6)
* system information: \write18. (line 65)
* T1: fontenc package. (line 6)
+* T1 encoding: fontenc package. (line 57)
* tab stops, using: tabbing. (line 6)
* tabbing environment: tabbing. (line 6)
* table counter: Counters. (line 15)
@@ -20536,11 +21153,13 @@ Index
(line 6)
* table of contents, creating: Table of contents etc..
(line 6)
+* table of contents, page numbers in: \thepage. (line 11)
* table of contents, sectioning numbers printed: Sectioning. (line 82)
* tablefootnote package: Footnotes in a table.
(line 53)
* tables, creating: table. (line 6)
* tabular environment: tabular. (line 6)
+* tagged PDF: \DocumentMetadata. (line 6)
* template (simple), article: article template. (line 6)
* template, beamer: beamer template. (line 6)
* template, book: book template. (line 6)
@@ -20550,7 +21169,7 @@ Index
* terminal input/output: Input/output. (line 6)
* terminal, writing to: \write. (line 30)
* TeX format (.fmt) files: TeX engines. (line 6)
-* TeX logo: Text symbols. (line 66)
+* TeX logo: Text symbols. (line 70)
* texosquery package: \write18. (line 65)
* texput, jobname default: Jobname. (line 27)
* text style: Math styles. (line 21)
@@ -20582,7 +21201,7 @@ Index
(line 6)
* thorn, Icelandic letter: Additional Latin letters.
(line 56)
-* three-quarters em-dash: Text symbols. (line 209)
+* three-quarters em-dash: Text symbols. (line 213)
* tie: ~. (line 6)
* tie-after accent: Accents. (line 83)
* TikZ package: \line. (line 35)
@@ -20591,14 +21210,15 @@ Index
* tikz-cd package: Arrows. (line 41)
* tilde accent: Accents. (line 48)
* tilde accent, math: Math accents. (line 38)
-* tilde, ASCII, in text: Text symbols. (line 72)
+* tilde character, meaning of: Special characters. (line 40)
+* tilde, ASCII, in text: Text symbols. (line 76)
* title page, separate or run-in: Document class options.
- (line 71)
+ (line 74)
* title pages, creating: titlepage. (line 6)
* title, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 64)
* titlepage environment: titlepage. (line 6)
* titlepage option: Document class options.
- (line 49)
+ (line 52)
* titles, making: \maketitle. (line 6)
* titlesec package: Sectioning. (line 60)
* titlesec package <1>: \part. (line 54)
@@ -20614,7 +21234,7 @@ Index
* tocloft package: Table of contents etc..
(line 110)
* tocloft package <1>: \contentsline. (line 34)
-* today’s date: \today. (line 6)
+* today's date: \today. (line 6)
* tombstone: \rule. (line 13)
* topmargin: Page layout parameters.
(line 125)
@@ -20622,31 +21242,31 @@ Index
* topnumber <1>: Floats. (line 139)
* totalnumber: Floats. (line 142)
* totalnumber <1>: Floats. (line 143)
-* trademark symbol: Text symbols. (line 212)
+* trademark symbol: Text symbols. (line 216)
* transcript file: Output files. (line 28)
* TrueType fonts: TeX engines. (line 6)
+* TS1 (text companion) encoding: fontenc package. (line 63)
* TS1 encoding: Text symbols. (line 6)
* two-column output: \twocolumn. (line 6)
-* two-thirds em-dash: Text symbols. (line 215)
+* two-thirds em-dash: Text symbols. (line 219)
* twocolumn option: Document class options.
- (line 78)
+ (line 81)
* twoside option: Document class options.
- (line 78)
+ (line 81)
* type styles: Font styles. (line 6)
* typed text, simulating: verbatim. (line 6)
* typeface sizes: Font sizes. (line 6)
* typefaces: Fonts. (line 6)
* typewriter font: Font styles. (line 97)
* typewriter labels in lists: description. (line 36)
-* ulem package: Over- and Underlining.
- (line 15)
+* ulem package: Over- or under math. (line 17)
* umlaut accent: Accents. (line 25)
* unbreakable space: ~. (line 6)
* underbar: Accents. (line 53)
-* underlining: Over- and Underlining.
- (line 6)
-* underscore, in text: Text symbols. (line 218)
-* Unicode: inputenc package. (line 15)
+* underlining: Over- or under math. (line 6)
+* underscore character, meaning of: Special characters. (line 30)
+* underscore, in text: Text symbols. (line 222)
+* Unicode: Input encodings. (line 12)
* Unicode input, native: TeX engines. (line 6)
* unicode-math package: OpenType bold math. (line 20)
* unicode-math package <1>: Dots. (line 59)
@@ -20654,8 +21274,10 @@ Index
* units, of length: Units of length. (line 6)
* unofficial nature of this manual: About this document. (line 20)
* unordered lists: itemize. (line 6)
-* uplatex: TeX engines. (line 55)
-* uplatex-dev: TeX engines. (line 68)
+* Unused global option warning, handling: \DeclareOption. (line 18)
+* unused options, adding to list: \OptionNotUsed. (line 6)
+* uplatex: TeX engines. (line 62)
+* uplatex-dev: TeX engines. (line 75)
* uppercase: Upper and lower case.
(line 6)
* url package: \verb. (line 39)
@@ -20670,8 +21292,9 @@ Index
* verbatim text, inline: \verb. (line 6)
* verbatimbox package: verbatim. (line 41)
* verse environment: verse. (line 6)
-* vertical bar, double, in text: Text symbols. (line 89)
-* vertical bar, in text: Text symbols. (line 86)
+* version of format, requiring: \NeedsTeXFormat. (line 6)
+* vertical bar, double, in text: Text symbols. (line 93)
+* vertical bar, in text: Text symbols. (line 90)
* vertical mode: Modes. (line 36)
* vertical space: \vspace. (line 6)
* vertical space <1>: \addvspace. (line 6)
@@ -20682,7 +21305,7 @@ Index
* vertical spacing <1>: \mathstrut. (line 6)
* vertical spacing, math mode: \smash. (line 6)
* visible space: \verb. (line 31)
-* visible space symbol, in text: Text symbols. (line 221)
+* visible space symbol, in text: Text symbols. (line 225)
* weights, of fonts: Low-level font commands.
(line 58)
* whatsit item: \write. (line 65)
@@ -20697,14 +21320,14 @@ Index
* writing letters: Letters. (line 6)
* x-height: Units of length. (line 42)
* xdvi command: Output files. (line 10)
-* xdvipdfmx: TeX engines. (line 42)
-* xelatex: TeX engines. (line 41)
-* xelatex-dev: TeX engines. (line 69)
-* XeTeX: TeX engines. (line 42)
+* xdvipdfmx: TeX engines. (line 43)
+* xelatex: TeX engines. (line 42)
+* xelatex-dev: TeX engines. (line 76)
+* XeTeX: TeX engines. (line 43)
* xindex program: makeindex. (line 159)
* xindy program: makeindex. (line 152)
* xparse package: LaTeX command syntax.
- (line 35)
+ (line 36)
* xparse package <1>: \@ifstar. (line 64)
* xr package: xr package. (line 6)
* xr-hyper package: xr package. (line 6)
@@ -20714,635 +21337,688 @@ Index

Tag Table:
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-Node: About this document3690
-Node: Overview5438
-Node: Starting and ending7240
-Ref: Starting & ending7375
-Node: Output files8600
-Ref: output files dvi8893
-Ref: output files pdf9441
-Ref: output files log9774
-Ref: output files aux9975
-Node: TeX engines10966
-Ref: tex engines latex11518
-Ref: tex engines lualatex12395
-Ref: tex engines xelatex12878
-Node: LaTeX command syntax14934
-Node: Environment16919
-Node: CTAN18178
-Node: Document classes19646
-Ref: document classes article20092
-Ref: document classes book20184
-Ref: document classes letter20373
-Ref: document classes report20453
-Ref: document classes slides20617
-Node: Document class options21074
-Node: Additional packages24372
-Node: Class and package construction25019
-Node: Class and package structure26505
-Node: Class and package commands28866
-Node: Fonts47177
-Ref: Typefaces47280
-Node: fontenc package49250
-Node: \DeclareFontEncoding53640
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-Node: \DeclareTextCommand & \ProvideTextCommand57166
-Ref: \DeclareTextCommand57471
-Ref: \ProvideTextCommand57471
-Node: \DeclareTextCommandDefault & \ProvideTextCommandDefault59478
-Ref: \DeclareTextCommandDefault59809
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-Ref: \UseTextSymbol65623
-Ref: \UseTextAccent65623
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-Ref: \nocorr67592
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-Ref: enumerate enumii165592
-Ref: enumerate enumiii165592
-Ref: enumerate enumiv165592
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+Node: Footnotes in a table287844
+Node: Footnotes of footnotes290812
+Node: Definitions291514
+Node: \newcommand & \renewcommand292629
+Ref: \newcommand292812
+Ref: \renewcommand292812
+Node: Control sequences299249
+Node: \providecommand300715
+Node: \makeatletter & \makeatother301939
+Ref: \makeatletter302142
+Ref: \makeatother302142
+Node: \@ifstar304121
+Node: \newcounter307730
+Node: \newlength309502
+Node: \newsavebox310461
+Node: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment311452
+Ref: \newenvironment311675
+Ref: \renewenvironment311675
+Node: \newtheorem316904
+Node: \newfont320572
+Node: \protect321841
+Node: \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend324752
+Ref: \ignorespaces324975
+Ref: \ignorespacesafterend324975
+Node: xspace package327564
+Node: Class and package commands329970
+Node: \AtBeginDvi & \AtEndDvi330716
+Ref: \AtBeginDvi330924
+Ref: \AtEndDvi330924
+Node: \AtEndOfClass & \AtEndOfPackage331408
+Ref: \AtEndOfClass331654
+Ref: \AtEndOfPackage331654
+Node: \CheckCommand332014
+Node: \ClassError and \PackageError and others332967
+Ref: \ClassError333231
+Ref: \ClassWarning333231
+Ref: \ClassWarningNoLine333231
+Ref: \ClassInfo333231
+Ref: \ClassInfoNoLine333231
+Ref: \PackageError333231
+Ref: \PackageWarning333231
+Ref: \PackageWarningNoLine333231
+Ref: \PackageInfo333231
+Ref: \PackageInfoNoLine333231
+Node: \CurrentOption334625
+Node: \DeclareOption334997
+Node: \DeclareRobustCommand336675
+Node: \ExecuteOptions339042
+Node: \IfFileExists & \InputIfFileExists339700
+Ref: \IfFileExists339968
+Ref: \InputIfFileExists339968
+Node: \LoadClass & \LoadClassWithOptions341276
+Ref: \LoadClass341546
+Ref: \LoadClassWithOptions341546
+Node: \NeedsTeXFormat342643
+Node: \OptionNotUsed343739
+Node: \PassOptionsToClass & \PassOptionsToPackage344106
+Ref: \PassOptionsToClass344383
+Ref: \PassOptionsToPackage344383
+Node: \ProcessOptions346210
+Node: \ProvidesClass & \ProvidesPackage348354
+Ref: \ProvidesClass348600
+Ref: \ProvidesPackage348600
+Node: \ProvidesFile350562
+Node: \RequirePackage & \RequirePackageWithOptions351277
+Ref: \RequirePackage351532
+Ref: \RequirePackageWithOptions351532
+Node: Counters353239
+Node: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol354976
+Node: \usecounter357703
+Node: \value358582
+Node: \setcounter359671
+Node: \addtocounter360283
+Node: \refstepcounter360745
+Node: \stepcounter361434
+Node: \day & \month & \year362003
+Ref: \day362170
+Ref: \month362170
+Ref: \year362170
+Node: Lengths362944
+Node: Units of length367669
+Ref: units of length pt367876
+Ref: units of length pc367997
+Ref: units of length in368024
+Ref: units of length bp368054
+Ref: units of length mm368189
+Ref: units of length cm368224
+Ref: units of length dd368256
+Ref: units of length cc368292
+Ref: units of length sp368321
+Ref: Lengths/ex368467
+Ref: units of length ex368467
+Ref: Lengths/em368618
+Ref: units of length em368618
+Ref: units of length mu368967
+Node: \setlength369504
+Node: \addtolength370644
+Node: \settodepth372119
+Node: \settoheight373139
+Node: \settowidth374173
+Node: \stretch375210
+Node: Expressions376424
+Node: Making paragraphs381458
+Node: \par383797
+Node: \indent & \noindent385927
+Ref: \indent386111
+Ref: \noindent386111
+Node: \parindent & \parskip387506
+Ref: \parindent387704
+Ref: \parskip387704
+Node: Marginal notes388903
+Ref: marginal notes marginparpush390335
+Ref: marginal notes marginparsep390525
+Ref: marginal notes marginparwidth390673
+Node: Math formulas391054
+Node: Subscripts & superscripts394158
+Ref: superscript394318
+Ref: subscript394318
+Node: Math symbols396443
+Node: Arrows421911
+Node: \boldmath & \unboldmath423235
+Ref: \boldmath423426
+Ref: \unboldmath423426
+Node: bm424536
+Node: OpenType bold math425288
+Node: Blackboard bold426720
+Node: Calligraphic427549
+Node: Delimiters428084
+Node: \left & \right430395
+Ref: \left430549
+Ref: \right430549
+Node: \bigl & \bigr etc.434550
+Ref: \bigl434712
+Ref: \bigr434712
+Node: Dots437408
+Ref: ellipses cdots437839
+Ref: ellipses ddots437992
+Ref: ellipses ldots438077
+Ref: ellipses vdots438497
+Node: Greek letters440617
+Node: Math functions442464
+Node: Math accents444313
+Node: Over- or under math445270
+Ref: Over- and Underlining445441
+Node: Spacing in math mode447338
+Ref: spacing in math mode thickspace448299
+Ref: spacing in math mode medspace448782
+Ref: Spacing in math mode/\thinspace449266
+Ref: spacing in math mode thinspace449266
+Ref: spacing in math mode negthinspace449763
+Ref: spacing in math mode quad450160
+Ref: spacing in math mode qquad450424
+Node: \smash450762
+Node: \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom453063
+Ref: \phantom453292
+Ref: \vphantom453292
+Ref: \hphantom453292
+Node: \mathstrut455705
+Node: Math styles456707
+Node: Math miscellany459505
+Node: Colon character & \colon460002
+Ref: colon460175
+Node: \*460731
+Node: \frac461335
+Node: \sqrt461718
+Node: \stackrel462365
+Node: Modes462638
+Ref: modes paragraph mode463090
+Ref: modes lr mode463410
+Ref: modes math mode464025
+Ref: modes vertical mode464374
+Ref: modes internal vertical mode464596
+Ref: modes inner paragraph mode465139
+Ref: modes outer paragraph mode465139
+Node: \ensuremath465573
+Node: Page styles466286
+Node: \maketitle467118
+Node: \pagenumbering470262
+Node: \pagestyle472702
+Node: \thispagestyle476388
+Node: \thepage477383
+Node: Spaces478448
+Node: \enspace & \quad & \qquad479768
+Ref: \enspace479940
+Ref: \quad479940
+Ref: \qquad479940
+Node: \hspace480707
+Node: \hfill482612
+Node: \hss483704
+Node: \spacefactor484422
+Node: \@487929
+Ref: \AT488053
+Node: \frenchspacing & \nonfrenchspacing490134
+Ref: \frenchspacing490252
+Ref: \nonfrenchspacing490353
+Node: \normalsfcodes491242
+Node: \(SPACE)491514
+Ref: Leading blanks493499
+Node: ~493810
+Node: \thinspace & \negthinspace496956
+Ref: \thinspace497128
+Ref: \negthinspace497128
+Node: \/498202
+Node: \hrulefill & \dotfill500212
+Ref: \hrulefill500402
+Ref: \dotfill500402
+Node: \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip501584
+Ref: \bigskip501837
+Ref: \medskip501837
+Ref: \smallskip501837
+Ref: bigskip502414
+Ref: medskip502638
+Ref: smallskip502867
+Node: \bigbreak & \medbreak & \smallbreak503564
+Ref: \bigbreak503808
+Ref: \medbreak503808
+Ref: \smallbreak503808
+Node: \strut504593
+Node: \vspace507918
+Node: \vfill509511
+Node: \addvspace510463
+Node: Boxes512573
+Node: \mbox & \makebox513294
+Ref: \mbox513440
+Ref: \makebox513440
+Ref: mbox makebox depth514605
+Ref: mbox makebox height514605
+Ref: mbox makebox width514605
+Ref: mbox makebox totalheight514605
+Node: \fbox & \framebox516799
+Ref: \fbox516963
+Ref: \framebox516963
+Ref: fbox framebox fboxrule518146
+Ref: fbox framebox fboxsep518344
+Node: \parbox519482
+Node: \raisebox521844
+Ref: raisebox depth522821
+Ref: raisebox height522821
+Ref: raisebox width522821
+Ref: raisebox totalheight522821
+Node: \sbox & \savebox523550
+Ref: \sbox523702
+Ref: \savebox523702
+Node: lrbox526738
+Node: \usebox527652
+Node: Graphics528111
+Node: Graphics package options530244
+Node: Graphics package configuration533169
+Node: \graphicspath533979
+Node: \DeclareGraphicsExtensions537045
+Node: \DeclareGraphicsRule538899
+Node: Commands for graphics542177
+Node: \includegraphics542690
+Ref: includegraphics width547849
+Ref: includegraphics height548410
+Ref: includegraphics totalheight548832
+Ref: includegraphics keepaspectratio549100
+Ref: includegraphics viewport550890
+Ref: includegraphics trim551301
+Ref: includegraphics clip551769
+Ref: includegraphics page552041
+Ref: includegraphics pagebox552140
+Ref: includegraphics interpolate553029
+Ref: includegraphics quiet553242
+Ref: includegraphics draft553415
+Ref: includegraphics bb554240
+Ref: includegraphics bbllx554650
+Ref: includegraphics bblly554650
+Ref: includegraphics bburx554650
+Ref: includegraphics bbury554650
+Ref: includegraphics natwidth554796
+Ref: includegraphics natheight554796
+Ref: includegraphics hiresbb554994
+Ref: includegraphics type555800
+Ref: includegraphics ext555844
+Ref: includegraphics read555955
+Ref: includegraphics command556080
+Node: \rotatebox556338
+Node: \scalebox559296
+Node: \resizebox560404
+Node: Color561642
+Node: Color package options562470
+Node: Color models564240
+Ref: color models cmyk565053
+Ref: color models gray565420
+Ref: color models rgb565573
+Ref: color models RGB565914
+Ref: color models named566313
+Node: Commands for color566645
+Node: Define colors567064
+Node: Colored text567793
+Node: Colored boxes570228
+Node: Colored pages571657
+Node: Special insertions572354
+Node: Printing special characters573223
+Node: Upper and lower case574552
+Node: Symbols by font position577026
+Node: Text symbols577733
+Node: Accents583932
+Node: \accent586387
+Node: Additional Latin letters588245
+Ref: Non-English characters588427
+Node: inputenc package589546
+Ref: \inputencoding591588
+Node: \rule591807
+Node: \today593007
+Node: Splitting the input593995
+Node: \endinput595777
+Node: \include & \includeonly597132
+Ref: \include597320
+Ref: \includeonly597320
+Node: \input601613
+Node: Front/back matter602856
+Node: Table of contents etc.603189
+Node: \@dottedtocline609133
+Node: \addcontentsline610784
+Node: \addtocontents613971
+Node: \contentsline616264
+Node: \nofiles618154
+Node: \numberline618937
+Node: Indexes620165
+Node: Produce the index manually623055
+Node: \index624243
+Node: makeindex629682
+Ref: makeindex preamble631398
+Ref: makeindex postamble631552
+Ref: makeindex group skip631656
+Ref: makeindex letheadflag632016
+Ref: makeindex lethead prefix632493
+Ref: makeindex lethead suffix632653
+Ref: makeindex item 0632809
+Ref: makeindex item 1632897
+Ref: makeindex item 2632980
+Ref: makeindex item 01633066
+Ref: makeindex item x1633179
+Ref: makeindex item 12633396
+Ref: makeindex item x2633512
+Ref: makeindex delim 0633680
+Ref: makeindex delim 1633818
+Ref: makeindex delim 2633956
+Ref: makeindex delim n634090
+Ref: makeindex delim r634233
+Ref: makeindex line max634349
+Ref: makeindex indent space634492
+Ref: makeindex indent length634595
+Ref: makeindex page precedence634792
+Node: \printindex635873
+Node: Glossaries636362
+Node: \newglossaryentry638381
+Node: \gls639884
+Node: Letters640698
+Node: \address644400
+Node: \cc645227
+Node: \closing645681
+Node: \encl645999
+Node: \location646425
+Node: \makelabels646697
+Node: \name649074
+Node: \opening649319
+Node: \ps649608
+Node: \signature649905
+Node: \telephone651177
+Node: Input/output651550
+Node: \openin & \openout652280
+Ref: \openin652427
+Ref: \openout652427
+Ref: \closein652427
+Ref: \closeout652427
+Node: \read655144
+Node: \typein656371
+Node: \typeout657655
+Node: \write658743
+Node: \write and security663650
+Node: \message664606
+Node: \wlog666487
+Node: \write18666996
+Node: Command line interface670595
+Ref: Command line670759
+Node: Command line options672978
+Ref: interaction modes674025
+Ref: output directory675035
+Node: Command line input676810
+Node: Jobname678957
+Node: Recovering from errors682337
+Node: Document templates683813
+Node: beamer template684247
+Node: article template684897
+Node: book template685364
+Node: Larger book template685847
+Node: Index687429
+Ref: Command Index687515

End Tag Table
diff --git a/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.pdf b/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.pdf
index 6dfe50e62a..68e0e02f53 100644
--- a/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.pdf
+++ b/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.pdf
Binary files differ
diff --git a/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.texi b/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.texi
index 3b3a163097..d01ebfea57 100644
--- a/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.texi
+++ b/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.texi
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
\input texinfo
-@c $Id: latex2e.texi 1141 2023-01-10 23:19:31Z karl $
+@c $Id: latex2e.texi 1171 2024-05-12 22:50:08Z karl $
@comment %**start of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.)
@setfilename latex2e.info
-@set UPDATED January 2023
+@set UPDATED May 2024
@include common.texi
@settitle @LaTeX{}2e unofficial reference manual (@value{UPDATED})
@comment %**end of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.)
@@ -10,23 +10,21 @@
@c latex 2.09 commands should all be present now,
@c xx but latex2e stuff is missing.
@c xx random list of a few of the missing items is at the end of this file
-@c xx read through latex2e news for things to update.
+@c xx read through ltnews and l3news for (lots of) things to update.
@c
-@c xx ctan, distributions, components of TeX
+@c xx distributions, components of TeX
@c xx classes and packages: required, additional, useful; oberdiek; fonts
@c xx merge permuted-index
@c xx merge latex-manual from savannah
@c xx merge display style math
@c xx systematically check stated math atom type vs. fontdef.dtx etc.
-@c xx check recent ltnews for (lots of) changes
@c xx \write of non-ASCII chars (vincent mail of 14 Mar 2020 21:39:41)
@c xx \nonstopmode etc., if they are officially supported by LaTeX?
-@c xx LaTeX defines \do at \begin{document} even though it is not documented
@c xx JH explain nfss somewhere
@c xx JH expand BiBTeX
@c xx JH expand theorem, AMS math
-@c xx JH something on code listings
@c xx JH ligatures
+@c xx \verbatiminput
@c
@c xx \NewCommandCopy et al. (Brian Dunn, 21 Dec 2021 06:50:17).
@c
@@ -34,8 +32,6 @@
@c xx commands, though some are internal and shouldn't be included.
@c xx classes.dtx et al. define additional commands.
@c xx See also http://ctan.org/pkg/macros2e.
-@c
-@c xx All the special characters should be definitively described.
@copying
This document is an unofficial reference manual for @LaTeX{}, a
@@ -100,28 +96,29 @@ into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.
<div class='intro'> <p>This is an unofficial reference manual for
LaTeX. See below for the <a href='#SEC_Overview'>Table of Contents</a>.
If you want a tutorial then please instead visit <a
-href="https://www.learnlatex.org/"><code>learnlatex.org</code></a> or <a
-href='https://ctan.org/topic/tut-latex'>this list</a>.</p>
+href="https://www.learnlatex.org/"><code>learnlatex.org</code></a> or
+see <a href='https://ctan.org/topic/tut-latex'>this long list</a>.</p>
<p>This manual has two versions. One has <a
href="https://latexref.xyz/">separate web pages for each section or
subsection</a>. It's also available as a <a
href="https://latexref.xyz/dev/latex2e.html">single web page</a> and as
-a <a href="https://latexref.xyz/dev/latex2e.pdf">pdf</a>. Note that
-there is also a separately-maintained <a
-href="https://latexref.xyz/fr/">French edition</a>.</p>
+a <a href="https://latexref.xyz/dev/latex2e.pdf">pdf</a>.
+Translations to French and Spanish are available at
+@url{https://ctan.org/pkg/latex2e-help-texinfo}; they're maintained
+separately.
<p> This document is not official. It has not been reviewed by the
-LaTeX maintainers. Our goal is to cover all (non-private) LaTeX
-commands. Your comments and contributions, including bug reports, are
-very welcome. See <a href='https://latexref.xyz/dev/'>our project
-page</a> for more, including <a
-href='https://latexref.xyz/dev/#license'>license information</a> and
-information on how you can
-<a href='https://latexref.xyz/dev/writing.html'>contribute to this manual</a>
-as well as
-<a href='https://latexref.xyz/dev/mirroring.html'>mirror it</a>.</p>
-<!-- End of opening header -->
+LaTeX maintainers. Our ultimate goal is to cover all (non-private)
+LaTeX commands. Your comments and contributions, including bug
+reports, are very welcome. See <a
+href='https://latexref.xyz/dev/'>our project page</a> for more,
+including <a href='https://latexref.xyz/dev/#license'>license
+information</a> and information on how you can <a
+href='https://latexref.xyz/dev/writing.html'>contribute to this
+manual</a> as well as <a
+href='https://latexref.xyz/dev/mirroring.html'>mirror it</a>.</p> <!--
+End of opening header -->
@end html
@titlepage
@@ -205,8 +202,8 @@ This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of
* Page styles:: Various styles of page layout.
* Spaces:: Horizontal and vertical space.
* Boxes:: Making boxes.
-* Color:: Defining and using colors.
* Graphics:: Importing graphics from outside @LaTeX{}.
+* Color:: Defining and using colors.
* Special insertions:: Inserting reserved and special characters.
* Splitting the input:: Dealing with big files by splitting.
* Front/back matter:: Tables of contents, glossaries, indexes.
@@ -248,6 +245,8 @@ by the @LaTeX{} maintainers.
@cindex reporting bugs
Do not send bug reports or anything else about this document to them.
Instead, please send all comments to @email{@value{LTXREFMAN_BUGS}}.
+This is a public list; you can (un)subscribe, view the archives, etc.,
+at @url{https://lists.tug.org/latexrefman}.
This document is a reference, not a tutorial. There is a vast array
of other information available about @LaTeX{}, at all levels. Here
@@ -267,8 +266,7 @@ Writing your first document, with a bit of both text and math.
A longer introduction to @LaTeX{}, translated to many languages.
@item https://tug.org/begin.html
-Introduction to the @TeX{} system, including @LaTeX{}, with further
-references.
+Overview of getting started with @TeX{} and @LaTeX{}.
@end table
@@ -294,11 +292,12 @@ along with interspersed commands. The default encoding for the text is
UTF-8 (as of 2018). The commands specify, for example, how the text
should be formatted.
-@LaTeX{} is implemented as a set of related so-called ``macros'' which
-use Donald@tie{}E. Knuth's @TeX{} typesetting program or one of its
-derivatives, collectively known as ``engines''. Thus, the user
-produces output, typically PDF, by giving the input file to a @TeX{}
-engine. (The following sections describe all this in more detail.)
+@LaTeX{} is implemented as a set of so-called ``macros'' (a @TeX{}
+@dfn{format}) which use Donald@tie{}E. Knuth's @TeX{} typesetting
+program or one of its derivatives, collectively known as
+``engines''. Thus, the user produces output, typically PDF, by giving
+the input file to a @TeX{} engine. The following sections describe
+all this in more detail.
The term @LaTeX{} is also sometimes used to mean the language in which
the input document is marked up, that is, to mean the set of commands
@@ -315,9 +314,11 @@ sensible, such as in plain text, write it as @samp{LaTeX}.
* Starting and ending:: The standard beginning and end of a document.
* Output files:: Files produced.
* @TeX{} engines:: Programs that can compile @TeX{} and @LaTeX{}.
+* Input text:: Input encodings and special characters.
* @LaTeX{} command syntax:: General syntax of @LaTeX{} commands.
-* Environment:: An area of the source with distinct behavior.
-* CTAN:: Our repository.
+* Environment syntax:: \begin@{envname@} ... \end@{envname@}.
+* \DocumentMetadata:: Towards accessible PDF output.
+* CTAN:: The TeX world's general repository.
@end menu
@@ -330,7 +331,7 @@ sensible, such as in plain text, write it as @samp{LaTeX}.
@cindex hello, world
@LaTeX{} files have a simple global structure, with a standard beginning
-and ending. This is a small example.
+and ending. Here is a small example:
@example
\documentclass@{article@}
@@ -345,21 +346,22 @@ Every @LaTeX{} document has a @code{\begin@{document@}} line and an
@cindex document class, defined
@noindent
-Here, the @samp{article} is the @dfn{document class}. It is implemented
-in a file @file{article.cls}. You can use any document class on your
-system. A few document classes are defined by @LaTeX{} itself, and vast
-array of others are widely available. @xref{Document classes}.
+Here, the @samp{article} is the @dfn{document class}. It is
+implemented in a file @file{article.cls}. You can use any document
+class available on your system. A few document classes are defined by
+@LaTeX{} itself, and a vast array of others are available.
+@xref{Document classes}.
@cindex preamble, defined
You can include other @LaTeX{} commands between the
@code{\documentclass} and the @code{\begin@{document@}} commands.
This area is called the @dfn{preamble}.
-The @code{\begin@{document@}}, @code{\end@{document@}} pair defines an
@cindex environment
-@dfn{environment}; the @samp{document} environment (and no others) is
-required in all @LaTeX{} documents (@pxref{document}). @LaTeX{} make
-available to you many environments that are documented here
+The @code{\begin@{document@}} @dots{} @code{\end@{document@}} pair
+defines an @dfn{environment}; the @samp{document} environment (and no
+others) is required in all @LaTeX{} documents (@pxref{document}).
+@LaTeX{} provides many environments that are documented here
(@pxref{Environments}). Many more are available to you from external
packages, most importantly those available at CTAN (@pxref{CTAN}).
@@ -464,8 +466,8 @@ open-ended.
@cindex @LaTeX{} format (@code{.fmt}) files
@cindex format files, @TeX{}
@findex .fmt @r{file}
-@LaTeX{} is a large set of commands that is executed by a @TeX{}
-program (@pxref{Overview}). Such a set of commands is called a
+@LaTeX{} is a large set of commands (macros) that is executed by a
+@TeX{} program (@pxref{Overview}). Such a set of commands is called a
@dfn{format}, and is embodied in a binary @code{.fmt} file, which can
be read much more quickly than the corresponding @TeX{} source.
@@ -494,7 +496,8 @@ command @command{etex}, but this is plain @TeX{} (and produces
In other @TeX{} distributions, @command{latex} may invoke e-@TeX{}
rather than pdf@TeX{}. In any case, the e-@TeX{} extensions can be
-assumed to be available in @LaTeX{}.
+assumed to be available in @LaTeX{}, and a few extensions beyond
+e-@TeX{}, particularly for file manipulation.
@item lualatex
@cindex Lua@TeX{}
@@ -524,6 +527,15 @@ and translates that to PDF using the (@code{x})@code{dvipdfmx}
program, but this process is automatic. The @code{.xdv} file is only
useful for debugging.
+@item hilatex
+@cindex Hi@TeX{}
+@cindex HINT format
+@cindex mobile output
+If @LaTeX{} is invoked via the system command @command{hilatex}, the
+Hi@TeX{} engine is run (@url{https://ctan.org/pkg/hitex}). This
+program produces its own format, named HINT, designed especially for
+high-quality typesetting on mobile devices.
+
@item platex
@itemx uplatex
These commands provide significant additional support for Japanese and
@@ -532,7 +544,7 @@ other languages; the @code{u} variant supports Unicode. See
@end ftable
As of 2019, there is a companion @code{-dev} command and format for
-all of the above:
+all of the above, except @code{hitex}:
@ftable @code
@item dvilualatex-dev
@@ -565,6 +577,218 @@ For more information, see ``The @LaTeX{} release workflow and the
@end ftable
+
+@node Input text
+@section Input text
+
+To a first approximation, most input characters in @LaTeX{} print as
+themselves. But there are exceptions, as discussed in the following
+sections.
+
+@menu
+* Input encodings::
+* Ligatures:: Combined characters: ff fi fl ffi ffl `` '' -- --- `! `?
+* Special characters:: With special meaning: @code{\ @{ @} % $ & _ ^ # ~}
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Input encodings
+@subsection Input encodings
+
+@cindex character encoding
+@cindex input encodings
+@cindex encodings, input
+
+The input to @TeX{} (or any computer program) ultimately consists of a
+sequence of bytes. (Nowadays, a byte is almost universally an
+eight-bit number, i.e., an integer between 0 and 255, inclusive.) The
+input encoding defines how to interpret that sequence of bytes, and
+thus how @LaTeX{} behaves.
+
+@c UTF-8
+@cindex Unicode
+Today, by far the most common way to encode text is with @dfn{UTF-8}, a
+so-called ``Unicode Transformation Format'' which specifies how to
+transform a sequence of 8-bit bytes to Unicode code points, which are
+defined independent of any particular representation. The Unicode
+encoding defines code points for virtually all characters used
+today in written text.
+
+When @TeX{} was created, Unicode and UTF-8 did not exist and the 7-bit
+ASCII encoding was by far the most widely used. So @TeX{} does not
+require Unicode for text input. UTF-8 is a superset of ASCII, so a
+pure 7-bit ASCII document is also UTF-8.
+
+Since 2018, the default input encoding for @LaTeX{} is UTF-8.
+Some methods for handling documents written in some other encoding,
+such as ISO-8859-1 (Latin 1), are explained in @ref{inputenc package}.
+
+You can easily find more about all these topics in any introductory
+computer text or online. For example, you might start at:
+@url{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode}.
+
+@node Ligatures
+@subsection Ligatures
+
+@cindex ligatures
+
+A @dfn{ligature} combines two or more letters (more generally,
+characters) into a single glyph. For example, in Latin-based
+typography, the two letters @samp{f} and @samp{i} are often combined
+into the glyph `fi'.
+
+@TeX{} supports ligatures automatically. To continue the example, if
+the input has the word @samp{fine}, written as four separate ASCII
+characters, @TeX{} will output the word `fine' (with the default
+fonts), with three typeset glyphs.
+
+In traditional @TeX{}, the available ligatures, if any, are defined by
+the current font. @TeX{} also uses the ligature mechanism to produce
+a few typographical characters which were not available in any
+computer encoding when @TeX{} was invented. In all, in the original
+Computer Modern fonts, the following input character sequences are
+defined to lead to ligatures:
+
+@cindex f-ligatures
+@cindex double quotation marks, as ligatures
+@cindex quotation marks, as ligatures
+@cindex en-dash, as ligature
+@cindex em-dash, as ligature
+@cindex inverted exclamation mark, as ligature
+@cindex inverted question mark, as ligature
+@cindex Spanish exclamation mark, as ligature
+@cindex Spanish question mark, as ligature
+
+@table @samp
+@item ff
+ff (f@r{}f ligature, U+FB00)
+@item fi
+fi (f@r{}i ligature, U+FB01)
+@item fl
+fl (f@r{}l ligature, U+FB02)
+@item ffi
+ffi (f@r{}f@r{}i ligature, U+FB03)
+@item ffl
+ffl (f@r{}f@r{}l ligature, U+FB04)
+@item ``
+`` (left double quotation mark, U+201C)
+@item ''
+'' (right double quotation mark, U+201D)
+@item --
+-- (en-dash, U+2013)
+@item ---
+--- (em-dash, U+2014)
+@item !`
+!` (inverted exclamation mark, U+00A1)
+@item ?`
+?` (inverted question mark, U+00BF)
+@end table
+
+@noindent (For the f-ligatures above, the text in parentheses shows the
+individual characters, so in the typeset output you can easily see the
+difference between the ligature and the original character sequence.)
+
+Nowadays it's usually possible to directly input the punctuation
+characters as Unicode characters, and @LaTeX{} supports that (see
+previous section). But even today, it can still often be useful to
+use the ASCII ligature input form; for example, the difference between
+an en-dash and em-dash, as a single glyph, can be all but impossible
+to discern, but the difference between two and three ASCII hyphen
+characters is clear. Similarly with quotation marks, in some fonts.
+
+Thus, even the engines with native support for UTF-8, namely Lua@TeX{}
+and Xe@TeX{}, also support the ASCII ligature input sequences by
+default, independent of the font used. They also need to do so for
+compatibility.
+
+@cindex alphabetic presentation forms Unicode block
+By the way, the f-ligatures are also available in Unicode (the
+``Alphabetic Presentation Forms'' block starting at U+FB00), but it's
+almost never desirable to use them as input characters, since in
+principle it should be up to the typesetter and the current font
+whether to use ligatures. Also, in practice, using them will
+typically cause searches to fail, that is, a search for the two
+characters @samp{fi} will not be matched by the ligature `fi' at
+U+FB01.
+
+
+@node Special characters
+@subsection Special characters: @code{\ @{ @} % $ & _ ^ # ~}
+
+@anchor{Reserved characters}@c old node name
+@cindex reserved characters, meaning of
+@cindex special characters, meaning of
+@cindex meaning of special characters
+
+Besides ligatures (see previous section), a few individual characters
+have special meaning to @LaTeX{}. They are called @dfn{reserved
+characters} or @dfn{special characters}. Here they are:
+
+@table @samp
+@item \
+@findex \ @r{character}, meaning of
+@cindex backslash, meaning of
+Introduces a command name, as seen throughout this manual.
+
+@item @{
+@itemx @}
+@findex @{ @r{character}, meaning of
+@findex @} @r{character}, meaning of
+@cindex left brace, meaning of
+@cindex right brace, meaning of
+@cindex braces, meaning of
+@cindex curly braces, meaning of
+Delimits a required argument to a command or a level of grouping, as
+seen throughout this manual.
+
+@item %
+@findex % @r{character}, meaning of
+@cindex percent character, meaning of
+Starts a comment: the @samp{%} and all remaining characters on the
+current line are ignored.
+
+@item $
+@findex $ @r{character}, meaning of
+@cindex dollar sign character, meaning of
+Starts and ends math mode (@pxref{Math formulas}).
+
+@item &
+@findex & @r{character}, meaning of
+@cindex ampersand character, meaning of
+Separates cells in a table (@pxref{tabular}).
+
+@item _
+@itemx ^
+@findex _ @r{character}, meaning of
+@findex ^ @r{character}, meaning of
+@cindex underscore character, meaning of
+@cindex hat character, meaning of
+@cindex caret character, meaning of
+Introduce a subscript or superscript, respectively, in math
+(@pxref{Subscripts & superscripts}); they produce an error outside
+math mode. As a little-used special feature, two superscript
+characters in a row can introduce special notation for an arbitrary
+character.
+
+@item #
+@findex # @r{character}, meaning of
+@cindex number sign character (@code{#}), meaning of
+@cindex sharp character (@code{#}), meaning of
+@cindex hash character (@code{#}), meaning of
+Stands for arguments in a macro definition (@pxref{\newcommand &
+\renewcommand}).
+
+@item ~
+@findex ~ @r{character}, meaning of
+@cindex tilde character, meaning of
+Produces a nonbreakable interword space (@pxref{~}).
+
+@end table
+
+@xref{Printing special characters}, for how to typeset these
+characters when you need them literally.
+
+
@node @LaTeX{} command syntax
@section @LaTeX{} command syntax
@@ -576,17 +800,18 @@ In the @LaTeX{} input file, a command name starts with a backslash
character, @code{\}. The name itself then consists of either
(a)@tie{}a string of letters or (b)@tie{}a single non-letter.
-@LaTeX{} commands names are case sensitive so that @code{\pagebreak}
-differs from @code{\Pagebreak} (the latter is not a standard command).
-Most command names are lowercase, but in any event you must enter all
-commands in the same case as they are defined.
+@LaTeX{} commands names are case sensitive; for example,
+@code{\pagebreak} differs from @code{\Pagebreak} (the latter is not a
+standard command). Most command names are lowercase, but in any event
+you must enter all commands in the same case as they are defined.
A command may be followed by zero, one, or more arguments. These
arguments may be either required or optional. Required arguments are
contained in curly braces, @code{@{...@}}. Optional arguments are
contained in square brackets, @code{[...]}. Generally, but not
universally, if the command accepts an optional argument, it comes
-first, before any required arguments.
+first, before any required arguments; optional arguments could come
+after required arguments, or both before and after.
Inside of an optional argument, to use the character close square
bracket@tie{}(@code{]}) hide it inside curly braces, as
@@ -595,10 +820,10 @@ argument comes last, with no required argument after it, then to make
the first character of the following text be an open square bracket,
hide it inside curly braces.
-@LaTeX{} has the convention that some commands have a @code{*} form that
-is related to the form without a @code{*}, such as @code{\chapter} and
-@code{\chapter*}. The exact difference in behavior varies from command
-to command.
+@LaTeX{} has the convention that some commands have a @code{*} form
+that is closely related to the form without a @code{*}, such as
+@code{\chapter} and @code{\chapter*}. The difference in behavior
+varies from command to command.
This manual describes all accepted options and @code{*}-forms for the
commands it covers (barring unintentional omissions, a.k.a.@: bugs).
@@ -609,11 +834,12 @@ commands it covers (barring unintentional omissions, a.k.a.@: bugs).
As of the 2020-10-01 release of @LaTeX{}, the @package{expl3} and
@package{xparse} packages are part of the @LaTeX{}2e format. They
provide a completely different underlying programming language
-syntax. We won't try to cover them in this document; see the related
+syntax. We won't try to cover that in this document; see the related
package documentation and other @LaTeX{} manuals.
-@node Environment
-@section Environment
+
+@node Environment syntax
+@section Environment syntax
Synopsis:
@@ -650,11 +876,51 @@ required (it specifies the formatting of columns).
@example
\begin@{tabular@}[t]@{r|l@}
- ... rows of table ...
+ ... @var{rows-of-table} ...
\end@{tabular@}
@end example
+@node \DocumentMetadata
+@section @code{\DocumentMetadata}: Producing tagged PDF output
+
+@findex \DocumentMetadata
+@cindex tagged PDF
+@cindex PDF, tagged
+@cindex metadata, adding
+@cindex accessibility
+
+The @code{\DocumentMetadata} command was added to @LaTeX{} in 2022.
+It enables so-called ``tagging'' of the PDF output, aiding
+accessibility of the PDF. It is supported best with Lua@LaTeX{};
+pdf@LaTeX{} and Xe@LaTeX{} are supported as well as possible
+(@pxref{@TeX{} engines}).
+
+It is unlike nearly any other command in @LaTeX{} in that it must
+occur before the @code{\documentclass} command that starts a @LaTeX{}
+document proper (@pxref{\documentclass}). Therefore it must be
+called with @code{\RequirePackage} rather than @code{\usepackage}
+(@pxref{\RequirePackage}).
+
+@PkgIndex{latex-lab}
+@findex documentmetadata-support-doc @r{document}
+This support is still in development, so we will not try to list all
+the possible settings. Please see the
+@code{documentmetadata-support-doc} document, part of the
+@code{latex-lab} package (@url{https://ctan.org/pkg/latex-lab}). Here
+is a simple example which enables most tagging currently implemented:
+
+@example
+\DocumentMetadata@{testphase=@{phase-III,firstaid@}@}
+\documentclass@{article@}
+...
+@end example
+
+As you can see from the key name @code{testphase}, this is all still
+in an experimental phase. The @LaTeX{} developers strongly encourage
+users to give it a try and report problems, so it can be improved.
+
+
@node CTAN
@section CTAN: The Comprehensive @TeX{} Archive Network
@@ -671,7 +937,7 @@ person or a small number of people. For instance, many publishers have
a package that allows authors to format papers to that publisher's
specifications.
-In addition to the massive holdings, the @code{ctan.org} web site
+In addition to its massive holdings, the @code{ctan.org} web site
offers features such as search by name or by functionality.
@cindex DANTE e.V.
@@ -692,12 +958,14 @@ site. The list of mirrors is at @url{https://ctan.org/mirrors}.
@node Document classes
@chapter Document classes
+@anchor{\documentclass}
@cindex document classes
@cindex classes of documents
@findex \documentclass
-The document's overall class is defined with this command, which is
-normally the first command in a @LaTeX{} source file.
+The document's overall class is defined with the @code{\documentclass}
+command, which is normally the first command in a @LaTeX{} source
+file.
@example
\documentclass[@var{options}]@{@var{class}@}
@@ -709,8 +977,8 @@ normally the first command in a @LaTeX{} source file.
@findex letter @r{class}
@findex slides @r{class}
The following document @var{class} names are built into @LaTeX{}.
-(Many other document classes are available as separate packages;
-@pxref{Overview}.)
+Many other document classes are available as separate packages
+(@pxref{Overview}).
@table @code
@item article
@@ -736,7 +1004,7 @@ such as technical reports or theses, which may contain several chapters.
@item slides
@anchor{document classes slides}
For slide presentations---rarely used nowadays. The
-@package{beamer} package is perhaps the most prevalent
+@package{beamer} package is perhaps the most prevalent replacement
(@url{https://ctan.org/pkg/beamer}). @xref{beamer template}, for a
small template for a beamer document.
@@ -745,9 +1013,9 @@ small template for a beamer document.
Standard @var{options} are described in the next section.
@menu
-* Document class options:: Global options.
-* Additional packages:: Bring in packages.
-* Class and package construction:: Create new classes and packages.
+* Document class options:: Global options.
+* \usepackage:: Bring in additional packages.
+* Class and package creation:: Writing new classes and packages.
@end menu
@@ -767,13 +1035,17 @@ specify more than one @var{option}, separate them with a comma.
\documentclass[@var{option1},@var{option2},...]@{@var{class}@}
@end example
+@LaTeX{} automatically passes options specified for
+@code{\documentclass} on to any other loaded classes that can handle
+them.
+
Here is the list of the standard class options.
@findex 10pt @r{option}
@findex 11pt @r{option}
@findex 12pt @r{option}
All of the standard classes except @code{slides} accept the following
-options for selecting the typeface size (default is @code{10pt}):
+options for selecting the typeface size; the default is @code{10pt}:
@example
10pt 11pt 12pt
@@ -786,7 +1058,7 @@ options for selecting the typeface size (default is @code{10pt}):
@findex legalpaper @r{option}
@findex letterpaper @r{option}
All of the standard classes accept these options for selecting the paper
-size (these show height by width):
+size (dimensions are listed height by width):
@table @code
@item a4paper
@@ -813,12 +1085,12 @@ size (these show height by width):
@PkgIndex{geometry}
When using one of the engines pdf@LaTeX{}, Lua@LaTeX{}, or Xe@LaTeX{}
(@pxref{@TeX{} engines}), options other than @code{letterpaper} set
-the print area but you must also set the physical paper size. One way
-to do that is to put @code{\pdfpagewidth=\paperwidth} and
-@code{\pdfpageheight=\paperheight} in your document's preamble.
-@PkgIndex{geometry}
-The @package{geometry} package provides flexible ways of setting the print
-area and physical page size.
+the print area but you must also set the physical paper size. Usually,
+the @package{geometry} package is the best way to do that; it
+provides flexible ways of setting the print area and physical page size.
+Otherwise, setting the paper size is engine-dependent. For example,
+with pdf@LaTeX{}, you could include @code{\pdfpagewidth=\paperwidth} and
+@code{\pdfpageheight=\paperheight} in the preamble.
@findex draft @r{option}
@findex final @r{option}
@@ -906,33 +1178,45 @@ The @code{slides} class offers the option @code{clock} for printing
the time at the bottom of each note.
-@node Additional packages
-@section Additional packages
+@node \usepackage
+@section @code{\usepackage}: Additional packages
+@anchor{Additional packages}@c original node name
@cindex loading additional packages
@cindex packages, loading additional
@cindex additional packages, loading
@findex \usepackage
-Load a package @var{pkg}, with the package options given in the comma-separated
-list @var{options}, as here.
+To load a package @var{pkg}, with the package options given in the
+comma-separated list @var{options}:
@example
-\usepackage[@var{options}]@{@var{pkg}@}.
+\usepackage[@var{options}]@{@var{pkg}@}[@var{mindate}]
@end example
To specify more than one package you can separate them with a comma,
as in @code{\usepackage@{@var{pkg1},@var{pkg2},...@}}, or use multiple
@code{\usepackage} commands.
+If the @var{mindate} optional argument is given, @LaTeX{} gives a
+warning if the loaded package has an earlier date, i.e., is too old.
+The @var{mindate} argument must be in the form @code{YYYY/MM/DD}.
+More info on this: @url{https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/47743}.
+
+@code{\usepackage} must be used in the document preamble, between the
+@code{\documentclass} declaration and the @code{\begin@{document@}}.
+Occasionally it is necessary to load packages before the
+@code{\documentclass}; see @code{\RequirePackage} for that
+(@pxref{\RequirePackage}).
+
@cindex global options
@cindex options, global
-Any options given in the @code{\documentclass} command that are unknown
-to the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with
-@code{\usepackage}.
+Any options given in the global @code{\documentclass} command that are
+unknown to the selected document class are passed on to the packages
+loaded with @code{\usepackage}.
-@node Class and package construction
-@section Class and package construction
+@node Class and package creation
+@section Class and package creation
@cindex document class commands
@cindex commands, document class
@@ -944,28 +1228,29 @@ standard header for each page, then you could create a new class
@code{smcmemo.cls} and begin your documents with
@code{\documentclass@{smcmemo@}}.
-What separates a package from a document class is that the commands in a
-package are useful across classes while those in a document class are
-specific to that class. Thus, a command to set page headers is for a
-package while a command to make the page headers say @code{Memo from the
-SMC Math Department} is for a class.
@cindex class and package difference
@cindex difference between class and package
-
-Inside of a class or package file you can use the at-sign @code{@@} as a
-character in command names without having to surround the code
-containing that command with @code{\makeatletter} and
-@code{\makeatother}. @xref{\makeatletter & \makeatother}. This allow
-you to create commands that users will not accidentally redefine.
-Another technique is to preface class- or package-specific commands with
-some string to prevent your class or package from interfering with
-others. For instance, the class @code{smcmemo} might have commands
+What separates a package from a document class is that the commands in
+a package are useful across classes while those in a document class
+are specific to that class. Thus, a command to set page headers is
+for a package while a command to make the page headers be
+@code{Memo from the SMC Math Department} is for a class.
+
+Inside of a class or package definition you can use the at-sign
+@code{@@} as a character in command names without having to surround
+the code containing that command with @code{\makeatletter} and
+@code{\makeatother} (@pxref{\makeatletter & \makeatother}). This
+allows you to create commands that users will not accidentally
+redefine.
+
+It is also highly desirable to prefix class- or package-specific
+commands with your package name or similar string, to prevent your
+definitions from clashing with those from other packages. For
+instance, the class @code{smcmemo} might have commands
@code{\smc@@tolist}, @code{\smc@@fromlist}, etc.
-
@menu
* Class and package structure:: Layout of the file.
-* Class and package commands:: List of commands.
@end menu
@@ -981,6 +1266,7 @@ others. For instance, the class @code{smcmemo} might have commands
@cindex package options
A class file or package file typically has four parts.
+
@enumerate
@item
In the @dfn{identification part}, the file says that it is a @LaTeX{}
@@ -1011,6 +1297,7 @@ usually does most of its work: declaring new variables, commands and
fonts, and loading other files.
@end enumerate
+@cindex class file example
Here is a starting class file, which should be saved as @file{stub.cls}
where @LaTeX{} can find it, for example in the same directory as the
@file{.tex} file.
@@ -1022,443 +1309,22 @@ where @LaTeX{} can find it, for example in the same directory as the
\ProcessOptions\relax
\LoadClass@{article@}
@end example
-@cindex class file example
@noindent
It identifies itself, handles the class options via the default of
passing them all to the @code{article} class, and then loads the
@code{article} class to provide the basis for this class's code.
+@findex clsguide @r{document}
+@cindex Class Guide, document
+@cindex class writing tutorial document
For more, see the official guide for class and package writers, the
-Class Guide, at
-@url{https://www.latex-project.org/help/documentation/clsguide.pdf} (much
-of the descriptions here derive from this document), or the tutorial
-@url{https://www.tug.org/TUGboat/tb26-3/tb84heff.pdf}.
-
-
-@node Class and package commands
-@subsection Class and package commands
-@cindex class and package commands
-@cindex commands, class and package
-
-These are the commands designed to help writers of classes or packages.
-
-@table @code
-@item \AtBeginDvi@{specials@}
-@findex \AtBeginDvi
-Save in a box register things that are written to the @file{.dvi} file
-at the beginning of the shipout of the first page of the document.
-
-@item \AtEndOfClass@{@var{code}@}
-@itemx \AtEndOfPackage@{@var{code}@}
-@findex \AtEndOfClass
-@findex \AtEndOfPackage
-Hook to insert @var{code} to be executed when @LaTeX{} finishes
-processing the current class or package. You can use these hooks
-multiple times; the @code{code} will be executed in the order that you
-called it. See also @ref{\AtBeginDocument}.
-
-@item \CheckCommand@{@var{cmd}@}[@var{num}][@var{default}]@{@var{definition}@}
-@itemx \CheckCommand*@{@var{cmd}@}[@var{num}][@var{default}]@{@var{definition}@}
-@findex \CheckCommand
-@findex \CheckCommand*
-@cindex new command, checking
-Like @code{\newcommand} (@pxref{\newcommand & \renewcommand}) but does
-not define @var{cmd}; instead it checks that the current definition of
-@var{cmd} is exactly as given by @var{definition} and is or is not
-@cindex long command
-@dfn{long} as expected. A long command is a command that accepts
-@code{\par} within an argument. The @var{cmd} command is expected to be
-long with the unstarred version of @code{\CheckCommand}. Raises an
-error when the check fails. This allows you to check before you start
-redefining @code{cmd} yourself that no other package has already
-redefined this command.
-
-@item \ClassError@{@var{class name}@}@{@var{error text}@}@{@var{help text}@}
-@itemx \ClassWarning@{@var{class name}@}@{@var{warning text}@}
-@itemx \ClassWarningNoLine@{@var{class name}@}@{@var{warning text}@}
-@itemx \ClassInfo@{@var{class name}@}@{@var{info text}@}
-@itemx \ClassInfoNoLine@{@var{class name}@}@{@var{info text}@}
-@itemx \PackageError@{@var{package name}@}@{@var{error text}@}@{@var{help text}@}
-@itemx \PackageWarning@{@var{package name}@}@{@var{warning text}@}
-@itemx \PackageWarningNoLine@{@var{package name}@}@{@var{warning text}@}
-@itemx \PackageInfo@{@var{package name}@}@{@var{info text}@}
-@itemx \PackageInfoNoLine@{@var{package name}@}@{@var{info text}@}
-@findex \ClassError
-@findex \PackageError
-@findex \ClassWarning
-@findex \PackageWarning
-@findex \ClassWarningNoLine
-@findex \PackageWarningNoLine
-@findex \ClassInfo
-@findex \PackageInfo
-@findex \ClassInfoNoLine
-@findex \PackageInfoNoLine
-Produce an error message, or warning or informational messages.
-
-For @code{\ClassError} and @code{\PackageError} the message is
-@var{error text}, followed by @TeX{}'s @code{?} error prompt. If the
-user then asks for help by typing @code{h}, they see the @var{help
-text}.
-
-The four warning commands are similar except that they write
-@var{warning text} on the screen with no error prompt. The four info
-commands write @var{info text} only in the transcript file. The
-@code{NoLine} versions do not show the number of the line generating the
-message, while the other versions do show that number.
-
-To format the messages, including the @var{help text}: use
-@code{\protect} to stop a command from expanding, get a line break with
-@code{\MessageBreak}, and get a space with @code{\space} when a space
-character does not allow it, like after a command. Note that @LaTeX{}
-appends a period to the messages.
-
-@item \CurrentOption
-@findex \CurrentOption
-Expands to the name of the currently-being-processed option. Can only
-be used within the @var{code} argument of either @code{\DeclareOption}
-or @code{\DeclareOption*}.
-
-@item \DeclareOption@{@var{option}@}@{@var{code}@}
-@itemx \DeclareOption*@{@var{code}@}
-@findex \DeclareOption
-@findex \DeclareOption*
-@cindex class options
-@cindex package options
-@cindex options, class
-@cindex options, package
-Make an option available to a user to invoke in their
-@code{\documentclass} command. For example, the @code{smcmemo} class
-could have an option @code{\documentclass[logo]@{smcmemo@}} allowing
-users to put the institutional logo on the first page. The class file
-must contain @code{\DeclareOption@{logo@}@{@var{code}@}} (and later,
-@code{\ProcessOptions}).
+Class Guide, at @url{https://ctan.org/pkg/clsguide} (much of the
+description here derives from this document), or the tutorial at
+@url{https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb26-3/tb84heff.pdf}.
-If you request an option that has not been declared, by default this
-will produce a warning like @code{Unused global option(s):
-[badoption].} Change this behavior with the starred version
-@code{\DeclareOption*@{@var{code}@}}. For example, many classes
-extend an existing class, using a command such as
-@code{\LoadClass@{article@}}, and for passing extra options to the
-underlying class use code such as this.
-
-@example
-\DeclareOption*@{%
-\PassOptionsToClass@{\CurrentOption@}@{article@}%
-@}
-@end example
-
-Another example is that the class @code{smcmemo} may allow users to keep
-lists of memo recipients in external files. Then the user could invoke
-@code{\documentclass[math]@{smcmemo@}} and it will read the file
-@code{math.memo}. This code handles the file if it exists and otherwise
-passes the option to the @code{article} class.
-
-@example
-\DeclareOption*@{\InputIfFileExists@{\CurrentOption.memo@}@{@}@{%
- \PassOptionsToClass@{\CurrentOption@}@{article@}@}@}
-@end example
-
-@item \DeclareRobustCommand@{@var{cmd}@}[@var{num}][@var{default}]@{@var{definition}@}
-@item* \DeclareRobustCommand*@{@var{cmd}@}[@var{num}][@var{default}]@{@var{definition}@}
-@findex \DeclareRobustCommand
-@findex \DeclareRobustCommand*
-@cindex new command, definition
-Like @code{\newcommand} and @code{\newcommand*} (@pxref{\newcommand &
-\renewcommand}) but these declare a robust command, even if some code
-within the @var{definition} is fragile. (For a discussion of robust and
-fragile commands @pxref{\protect}.) Use this command to define new
-robust commands or to redefine existing commands and make them
-robust. Unlike @code{\newcommand} these do not give an error if macro
-@var{cmd} already exists; instead, a log message is put into the
-transcript file if a command is redefined.
-
-Commands defined this way are a bit less efficient than those defined
-using @code{\newcommand} so unless the command's data is fragile and the
-command is used within a moving argument, use @code{\newcommand}.
-
-@PkgIndex{etoolbox} The @package{etoolbox} package offers the commands
-@code{\newrobustcmd}, @code{\newrobustcmd*}, as well as the commands
-@code{\renewrobustcmd}, @code{\renewrobustcmd*}, and the commands
-@code{\providerobustcmd}, and @code{\providerobustcmd*}. These are
-similar to @code{\newcommand}, @code{\newcommand*},
-@code{\renewcommand}, @code{\renewcommand*}, @code{\providecommand}, and
-@code{\providecommand*}, but define a robust @var{cmd} with two
-advantages as compared to @code{\DeclareRobustCommand}:
-@enumerate
-@item
-They use the low-level e-@TeX{} protection mechanism rather than the
-higher level @LaTeX{} @code{\protect} mechanism, so they do not incur
-the slight loss of performance mentioned above, and
-@item
-They make the same distinction between @code{\new@dots{}},
-@code{\renew@dots{}}, and @code{\provide@dots{}}, as the standard
-commands, so they do not just make a log message when you redefine
-@var{cmd} that already exists, in that case you need to use either
-@code{\renew@dots{}} or @code{\provide@dots{}} or you get an error.
-@end enumerate
-
-@item \IfFileExists@{@var{filename}@}@{@var{true code}@}@{@var{false code}@}
-@itemx \InputIfFileExists@{@var{filename}@}@{@var{true code}@}@{@var{false code}@}
-@findex \IfFileExists
-@findex \InputIfFileExists
-Execute @var{true code} if @LaTeX{} finds the file @file{@var{file
-name}} or @var{false code} otherwise. In the first case it executing
-@var{true code} and then inputs the file. Thus the command
-
-@example
-\IfFileExists@{img.pdf@}@{%
- \includegraphics@{img.pdf@}@}@{\typeout@{!! img.pdf not found@}
-@end example
-
-@noindent
-will include the graphic @file{img.pdf} if it is found and otherwise
-give a warning.
-
-This command looks for the file in all search paths that @LaTeX{} uses,
-not only in the current directory. To look only in the current
-directory do something like @code{\IfFileExists@{./filename@}@{@var{true
-code}@}@{@var{false code}@}}. If you ask for a filename without a
-@code{.tex} extension then @LaTeX{} will first look for the file by
-appending the @code{.tex}; for more on how @LaTeX{} handles file
-extensions see @ref{\input}.
-
-@item \LoadClass[@var{options list}]@{@var{class name}@}[@var{release date}]
-@itemx \LoadClassWithOptions@{@var{class name}@}[@var{release date}]
-@findex \LoadClass
-@findex \LoadClassWithOptions
-Load a class, as with @code{\documentclass[@var{options
-list}]@{@var{class name}@}[@var{release info}]}. An example is
-@code{\LoadClass[twoside]@{article@}}.
-
-The @var{options list}, if present, is a comma-separated list. The
-@var{release date} is optional. If present it must have the form
-@var{YYYY/MM/DD}.
-@c BTW, there are at-macros documented in macros2e.pdf to check the version
-@c and do some actions conditionnally on version later or not to some
-@c date.
-
-If you request a @var{release date} and the date of the package
-installed on your system is earlier, then you get a warning on the
-screen and in the log like this.
-
-@example
-You have requested, on input line 4, version `2038/01/19' of
-document class article, but only version `2014/09/29 v1.4h
-Standard LaTeX document class' is available.
-@end example
-
-The command version @code{\LoadClassWithOptions} uses the list of
-options for the current class. This means it ignores any options passed
-to it via @code{\PassOptionsToClass}. This is a convenience command
-that lets you build classes on existing ones, such as the standard
-@code{article} class, without having to track which options were passed.
-
-@item \ExecuteOptions@{@var{options-list}@}
-@findex \ExecuteOptions
-For each option @var{option} in the @var{options-list}, in order, this command
-executes the command @code{\ds@@@var{option}}. If this command is not
-defined then that option is silently ignored.
-
-It can be used to provide a default option list before
-@code{\ProcessOptions}. For example, if in a class file you want the
-default to be 11pt fonts then you could specify
-@code{\ExecuteOptions@{11pt@}\ProcessOptions\relax}.
-
-@item \NeedsTeXFormat@{@var{format}@}[@var{format date}]
-@findex \NeedsTeXFormat
-Specifies the format that this class must be run under. Often issued
-as the first line of a class file, and most often used as:
-@code{\NeedsTeXFormat@{LaTeX2e@}}. When a document using that class is
-processed, the format name given here must match the format that is
-actually being run (including that the @var{format} string is case
-sensitive). If it does not match then execution stops with an error
-like @samp{This file needs format `LaTeX2e' but this is `xxx'.}
-
-To specify a version of the format that you know to have certain
-features, include the optional @var{format date} on which those features
-were implemented. If present it must be in the form @code{YYYY/MM/DD}.
-If the format version installed on your system is earlier than
-@var{format date} then you get a warning like this.
-
-@example
-You have requested release `2038/01/20' of LaTeX, but only
-release `2016/02/01' is available.
-@end example
-
-@item \OptionNotUsed
-@findex \OptionNotUsed
-Adds the current option to the list of unused options. Can only be used
-within the @var{code} argument of either @code{\DeclareOption} or
-@code{\DeclareOption*}.
-
-@c I cannot reproduce this behavior as it is documented in clsguide.
-@c In the absence of a @code{\DeclareOption*} declaration, @LaTeX{} issues
-@c on the console a warning like @code{LaTeX Warning: Unused global
-@c option(s): [unusedoption].} with the list of not-used options when it
-@c reaches @code{\begin@{document@}}.
-
-@item \PassOptionsToClass@{@var{option list}@}@{@var{class name}@}
-@itemx \PassOptionsToPackage@{@var{option list}@}@{@var{package name}@}
-@findex \PassOptionsToClass
-@findex \PassOptionsToPackage
-Adds the options in the comma-separated list @var{option list} to the
-options used by any future @code{\RequirePackage} or @code{\usepackage}
-command for package @var{package name} or the class @var{class name}.
-
-The reason for these commands is: you may load a package any number of
-times with no options but if you want options then you may only supply
-them when you first load the package. Loading a package with options
-more than once will get you an error like @code{Option clash for package
-foo.} (@LaTeX{} throws an error even if there is no conflict between the
-options.)
-
-If your own code is bringing in a package twice then you can collapse
-that to once, for example replacing the two
-@code{\RequirePackage[landscape]@{geometry@}} and
-@code{\RequirePackage[margins=1in]@{geometry@}} with the single command
-@code{\RequirePackage[landscape,margins=1in]@{geometry@}}.
-
-However, imagine that you are loading @file{firstpkg} and inside that
-package it loads @file{secondpkg}, and you need the second package to be
-loaded with option @code{draft}. Then before doing the first package
-you must queue up the options for the second package, like this.
-
-@example
-\PassOptionsToPackage@{draft@}@{secondpkg@}
-\RequirePackage@{firstpkg@}
-@end example
-
-@noindent
-(If @code{firstpkg.sty} loads an option in conflict with what you want
-then you may have to alter its source.)
-
-These commands are useful for general users as well as class and package
-writers. For instance, suppose a user wants to load the @code{graphicx}
-package with the option @code{draft} and also wants to use a class
-@code{foo} that loads the @code{graphicx} package, but without that
-option. The user could start their @LaTeX{} file with
-@code{\PassOptionsToPackage@{draft@}@{graphicx@}\documentclass@{foo@}}.
-
-@item \ProcessOptions
-@itemx \ProcessOptions*@var{\@@options}
-@findex \ProcessOptions
-@findex \ProcessOptions*
-Execute the code for each option that the user has invoked. Include it
-in the class file as @code{\ProcessOptions\relax} (because of the
-existence of the starred command).
-
-Options come in two types. @dfn{Local options} have been specified for this
-particular package in the @var{options} argument of
-@code{\PassOptionsToPackage@{@var{options}@}},
-@code{\usepackage[@var{options}]}, or
-@code{\RequirePackage[@var{options}]}. @dfn{Global options} are those given
-by the class user in @code{\documentclass[@var{options}]} (If an option
-is specified both locally and globally then it is local.)
-
-When @code{\ProcessOptions} is called for a package @file{pkg.sty}, the
-following happens:
-@enumerate
-@item
-For each option @var{option} so far declared
-with @code{\DeclareOption}, it looks to see if that option is either a
-global or a local option for @code{pkg}. If so then it executes the
-declared code. This is done in the order in which these options were
-given in @file{pkg.sty}.
-@item
-For each remaining local option, it executes the command
-@code{\ds@@}@var{option} if it has been defined somewhere (other than by
-a @code{\DeclareOption}); otherwise, it executes the default option code
-given in @code{\DeclareOption*}. If no default option code has been
-declared then it gives an error message. This is done in the order in
-which these options were specified.
-@end enumerate
-
-When @code{\ProcessOptions} is called for a class it works in the same
-way except that all options are local, and the default @var{code} for
-@code{\DeclareOption*} is @code{\OptionNotUsed} rather than an error.
-
-The starred version @code{\ProcessOptions*} executes the
-options in the order specified in the calling commands, rather than in
-the order of declaration in the class or package. For a package this
-means that the global options are processed first.
-
-@item \ProvidesClass@{@var{class name}@}[@var{release date} @var{brief additional information}]
-@itemx \ProvidesClass@{@var{class name}@}[@var{release date}]
-@itemx \ProvidesPackage@{@var{package name}@}[@var{release date} @var{brief additional information}]
-@itemx \ProvidesPackage@{@var{package name}@}[@var{release date}]
-@findex \ProvidesClass
-@findex \ProvidesPackage
-Identifies the class or package, printing a message to the screen and
-the log file.
-
-When you load a class or package, for example with
-@code{\documentclass@{smcmemo@}} or @code{\usepackage@{test@}}, @LaTeX{}
-inputs a file. If the name of the file does not match the class or
-package name declared in it then you get a warning. Thus, if you invoke
-@code{\documentclass@{smcmemo@}}, and the file @file{smcmemo.cls} has
-the statement @code{\ProvidesClass@{xxx@}} then you get a warning like
-@code{You have requested document class `smcmemo', but the document
-class provides 'xxx'.} This warning does not prevent @LaTeX{} from
-processing the rest of the class file normally.
-
-If you include the optional argument then you must include a date,
-before any spaces, of the form @code{YYYY/MM/DD}. The rest of the
-optional argument is free-form, although it traditionally identifies the
-class, and is written to the screen during compilation and to the log
-file. Thus, if your file @file{smcmemo.cls} contains the line
-@code{\ProvidesClass@{smcmemo@}[2008/06/01 v1.0 SMC memo class]} and
-your document's first line is @code{\documentclass@{smcmemo@}} then you
-will see @code{Document Class: smcmemo 2008/06/01 v1.0 SMC memo class}.
-
-The date in the optional argument allows class and package users to ask
-to be warned if the version of the class or package is earlier than
-@var{release date}. For instance, a user could enter
-@code{\documentclass@{smcmemo@}[2018/10/12]} or
-@code{\usepackage@{foo@}[[2017/07/07]]} to require a class or package
-with certain features by specifying that it must be released no earlier
-than the given date. (Although, in practice package users only rarely
-include a date, and class users almost never do.)
-
-@item \ProvidesFile@{@var{filename}@}[@var{additional information}]
-@findex \ProvidesFile
-Declare a file other than the main class and package files, such as
-configuration files or font definition files. Put this command in that
-file and you get in the log a string like @code{File: test.config
-2017/10/12 config file for test.cls} for @var{filename} equal to
-@samp{test.config} and @var{additional information} equal to
-@samp{2017/10/12 config file for test.cls}.
-
-@item \RequirePackage[@var{option list}]@{@var{package name}@}[@var{release date}]
-@itemx \RequirePackageWithOptions@{@var{package name}@}[@var{release date}]
-@findex \RequirePackage
-@findex \RequirePackageWithOptions
-Load a package, like the command @code{\usepackage} (@pxref{Additional
-packages}). The @LaTeX{} development team strongly recommends use of
-these commands over Plain@tie{}@TeX{}'s @code{\input}; see the Class
-Guide. An example is
-@code{\RequirePackage[landscape,margin=1in]@{geometry@}}.
-
-The @var{option list}, if present, is a comma-separated list. The
-@var{release date}, if present, must have the form @var{YYYY/MM/DD}. If
-the release date of the package as installed on your system is earlier
-than @var{release date} then you get a warning like @code{You have
-requested, on input line 9, version `2017/07/03' of package jhtest, but
-only version `2000/01/01' is available}.
-
-The @code{\RequirePackageWithOptions} version uses the list of options
-for the current class. This means it ignores any options passed to it
-via @code{\PassOptionsToClass}. This is a convenience command to allow
-easily building classes on existing ones without having to track which
-options were passed.
-
-The difference between @code{\usepackage} and @code{\RequirePackage} is
-small. The @code{\usepackage} command is intended for the document file
-while @code{\RequirePackage} is intended for package and class files.
-Thus, using @code{\usepackage} before the @code{\documentclass} command
-causes @LaTeX{} to give error like @code{\usepackage before
-\documentclass}, but you can use @code{\RequirePackage} there.
-@end table
+@xref{Class and package commands}, for some of the commands
+specifically intended for class and package writers.
@node Fonts
@@ -1560,7 +1426,8 @@ words with accented letters then @LaTeX{} will hyphenate them and your
output can be copied and pasted. (The optional second line allows you
to directly enter accented characters into your source file.)
-@PkgIndex{lmodern} @PkgIndex{cm-super}
+@PkgIndex{lmodern}
+@PkgIndex{cm-super}
If you are using an encoding such as @code{T1} and the characters appear
blurry or do not magnify well then your fonts may be bitmapped,
sometimes called raster or Type@tie{}3. You want vector fonts. Use a
@@ -1572,21 +1439,26 @@ declared, this package loads the encoding definition files, named
@file{@var{font_encoding}enc.def}. It also sets @code{\encodingdefault}
to be the last encoding in the option list.
-These are the common values for @var{font_encoding}.
+These are the common values for @var{font_encoding}:
@table @code
@item OT1
-The original encoding for @TeX{}. Limited to mostly English characters.
+@cindex OT1 encoding
+The original 7-bit encoding for @TeX{}. Limited to mostly English characters.
@item OMS, OML
Math symbols and math letters encoding.
@item T1
-@TeX{} text extended. Sometimes called the Cork encoding for the Users
-Group meeting where it was developed. Gives access to most European
-accented characters. The most common option for this package.
+@cindex T1 encoding
+@cindex Cork encoding
+@TeX{} text extended. Sometimes called the Cork encoding for the
+users group meeting where it was developed (1990). Gives access to
+most European accented characters. The most common option for this
+package.
@item TS1
+@cindex TS1 (text companion) encoding
Text Companion encoding.
@end table
@@ -1602,13 +1474,13 @@ Modern family then you may need to load the package that selects your
fonts before loading @file{fontenc}, to prevent the system from loading
any @code{T1}@tie{}encoded fonts from the default.
-The @LaTeX{} team reserve encoding names starting with: @samp{T} for the
-standard text encodings with 256 characters, @samp{TS} for symbols that
-extend the corresponding T encodings, @samp{X} for test encodings,
-@samp{M} for standard math encodings with 256 characters, @samp{A} for
-special applications, @samp{OT} for standard text encodings with 128
-characters, and @samp{OM} for standard math encodings with 128
-characters (@samp{O} stands for @samp{obsolete}).
+The @LaTeX{} team reserves encoding names starting with: @samp{T} for
+the standard text encodings with 256 characters, @samp{TS} for symbols
+that extend the corresponding T encodings, @samp{X} for test
+encodings, @samp{M} for standard math encodings with 256 characters,
+@samp{A} for special applications, @samp{OT} for standard text
+encodings with 128 characters, and @samp{OM} for standard math
+encodings with 128 characters (@samp{O} stands for @samp{obsolete}).
This package provides a number of commands, detailed below. Many of
them are encoding-specific, so if you have defined a command that works
@@ -1616,9 +1488,9 @@ for one encoding but the current encoding is different then the command
is not in effect.
@menu
-* \DeclareFontEncoding:: Define an encoding.
-* \DeclareTextAccent:: Define an accent in the encoding.
-* \DeclareTextAccentDefault:: Fallback for using an accent in the encoding.
+* \DeclareFontEncoding:: Define an encoding.
+* \DeclareTextAccent:: Define an accent in the encoding.
+* \DeclareTextAccentDefault:: Fallback for using an accent in the encoding.
* \DeclareTextCommand & \ProvideTextCommand:: New encoding-specific command.
* \DeclareTextCommandDefault & \ProvideTextCommandDefault:: Fallback for encoding-specific commands.
* \DeclareTextComposite:: Directly access an accented glyph, in the encoding.
@@ -1943,14 +1815,14 @@ Define a symbol in the encoding @var{encoding} at the location
mathematics.
For example, this line from @file{t1enc.def} declares the number of the
-glyph to use for @BES{00AB,\hbox{\guillemotleft}}, the left guillemet.
+glyph to use for @BES{00AB,\hbox{\guillemetleft}}, the left guillemet.
@example
-\DeclareTextSymbol@{\guillemotleft@}@{T1@}@{19@}
+\DeclareTextSymbol@{\guillemetleft@}@{T1@}@{19@}
@end example
@noindent
-The command @code{\DeclareTextCommand@{\guillemotleft@}@{T1@}@{\char
+The command @code{\DeclareTextCommand@{\guillemetleft@}@{T1@}@{\char
19@}} has the same effect but is slower (@pxref{\DeclareTextCommand &
\ProvideTextCommand}).
@@ -4122,7 +3994,7 @@ switches the chapters back to being not numbered.
@node \@@startsection
-@section @code{\@@startsection}, typesetting sectional unit headings
+@section @code{\@@startsection}: Typesetting sectional unit headings
@findex \@@startsection
@cindex section, redefining
@@ -4136,15 +4008,15 @@ Synopsis:
Used to help redefine the behavior of commands that start sectioning
divisions such as @code{\section} or @code{\subsection}.
-Note that the @package{titlesec} package makes manipulation of sectioning
+The @package{titlesec} package makes manipulation of sectioning
easier. Further, while most requirements for sectioning commands can be
satisfied with @code{\@@startsection}, some cannot. For instance, in
the standard @LaTeX{} @code{book} and @code{report} classes the commands
-@code{\chapter} and @code{\report} are not constructed in this way. To
+@code{\chapter} and @code{\report} are not constructed using this. To
make such a command you may want to use the @code{\secdef} command.
@c xx define, and make a cross reference to, secdef.
-Technically, @code{\@@startsection} has the form
+The @code{\@@startsection} macro is used like this:
@example
\@@startsection@{@var{name}@}
@@ -4169,7 +4041,7 @@ so that issuing
@noindent
redefines @code{\section} while keeping its standard calling form
-@code{\section*[@var{toctitle}]@{@var{title}@}} (in which, for reminder,
+@code{\section*[@var{toctitle}]@{@var{title}@}} (in which, as a reminder,
the star@tie{}@code{*} is optional). @xref{Sectioning}. This implies
that when you write a command like
@code{\renewcommand@{\section@}@{...@}}, the
@@ -4226,8 +4098,8 @@ The absolute value of this length is the amount of vertical space that
is inserted before this sectioning unit's title. This space will be
discarded if the sectioning unit happens to start at the beginning of a
page. If this number is negative then the first paragraph following the
-header is not indented, if it is non-negative then the first paragraph
-is indented. (Note that the negative of @code{1pt plus 2pt minus 3pt}
+header is not indented; if it is non-negative then the first paragraph
+is indented. (Example: the negative of @code{1pt plus 2pt minus 3pt}
is @code{-1pt plus -2pt minus -3pt}.)
For example, if @var{beforeskip} is @code{-3.5ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex}
@@ -4703,7 +4575,7 @@ Environments are executed within a group.
* tabbing:: Align text arbitrarily.
* table:: Floating tables.
* tabular:: Align text in columns.
-* thebibliography:: Bibliography or reference list.
+* thebibliography:: Bibliography or reference list.
* theorem:: Theorems, lemmas, etc.
* titlepage:: For hand crafted title pages.
* verbatim:: Simulating typed input.
@@ -5087,19 +4959,19 @@ displayed equation facilities. For example, there are a number of
ways in that package for having math text broken across lines.
@findex \[...\] @r{display math}
-The construct @code{\[@var{math}\]} is a synonym for the environment
+The construct @code{\[ @var{math} \]} is a synonym for the environment
@code{\begin@{displaymath@} @var{math} \end@{displaymath@}} but the
latter is easier to work with in the source; for instance,
searching for a square bracket may get false positives but the word
@code{displaymath} will likely be unique.
@findex $$...$$ @r{plain @TeX{} display math}
-(Aside: The construct @code{$$@var{math}$$} from Plain@tie{}@TeX{} is
-sometimes mistakenly used as a synonym for @code{displaymath}. It is
+The construct @code{$$@var{math}$$} from Plain@tie{}@TeX{} is
+sometimes used as a synonym for @LaTeX{}'s @code{displaymath}. It is
not a synonym, and is not officially supported in @LaTeX{} at all;
@code{$$} doesn't support the @code{fleqn} option (@pxref{Document
class options}), has different vertical spacing, and doesn't perform
-consistency checks.)
+consistency checks.
The output from this example is centered and alone on its line.
@@ -5367,7 +5239,7 @@ except that @LaTeX{} puts an equation number flush to the right margin.
The equation number is generated using the @code{equation} counter.
You should have no blank lines between @code{\begin@{equation@}} and
-@code{\begin@{equation@}}, or @LaTeX{} will tell you that there is a
+@code{\end@{equation@}}, or @LaTeX{} will tell you that there is a
missing dollar sign.
@PkgIndex{amsmath}
@@ -5690,13 +5562,12 @@ see@tie{}@ref{flushright}.
Unlike the @code{flushright} environment, the @code{\raggedleft}
command does not start a new paragraph; it only changes how @LaTeX{}
-formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the
+formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit's formatting, the
scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or @code{\end}
command that ends the paragraph unit.
-For an example related to this environment, see@tie{}@ref{\raggedright},
-where one just have mutatis mutandis to replace @code{\raggedright} by
-@code{\raggedleft}.
+@xref{\raggedright}, for an example related to this environment;
+just replace @code{\raggedright} there by @code{\raggedleft}.
@node itemize
@@ -5833,8 +5704,9 @@ within a single item (@code{\parskip} is not list-specific,
\newenvironment@{itemize*@}%
@{\begin@{itemize@}%
\setlength@{\itemsep@}@{0pt@}%
- \setlength@{\parsep@}@{0pt@}@}%
- \setlength@{\parskip@}@{0pt@}@}%
+ \setlength@{\parsep@}@{0pt@}%
+ \setlength@{\parskip@}@{0pt@}%
+ @}%
@{\end@{itemize@}@}
@end example
@@ -5936,7 +5808,7 @@ different than the values shown here.) See also the figure that follows
the list. Each is a length (@pxref{Lengths}). The vertical spaces are
normally rubber lengths, with @code{plus} and @code{minus} components,
to give @TeX{} flexibility in setting the page. Change each with a
-command such as @code{\setlength@{itemsep@}@{2pt plus1pt minus1pt@}}.
+command such as @code{\setlength@{\itemsep@}@{2pt plus1pt minus1pt@}}.
For some effects these lengths should be zero or negative.
@ftable @code
@@ -7437,8 +7309,10 @@ function fact(n : integer) : integer;
end;
@end example
-@PkgIndex{algorithm2e} @PkgIndex{listings} @PkgIndex{minted}
+@PkgIndex{algorithm2e}
@PkgIndex{fancyvrb}
+@PkgIndex{listings}
+@PkgIndex{minted}
@noindent
This example is just for illustration of the environment. To actually
typeset computer code in typewriter like this, a verbatim environment
@@ -8414,21 +8288,24 @@ help with this.
@PkgIndex{listings}
@PkgIndex{minted}
-One common use of verbatim input is to typeset computer code. There are
-packages that are an improvement the @code{verbatim} environment. For
-instance, one improvement is to allow the verbatim inclusion of external
-files, or parts of those files. Such packages include @package{listings},
-and @package{minted}.
+One common use of verbatim input is to typeset computer code. Some
+packages offer many features not provided by the @code{verbatim}
+environment; two of the most popular are @package{listings} and
+@package{minted}. For example, they are capable of pretty-printing,
+line numbering, and selecting parts of files for a continuing listing.
@PkgIndex{fancyvrb}
@PkgIndex{verbatimbox}
A package that provides many more options for verbatim environments is
@package{fancyvrb}. Another is @package{verbatimbox}.
-For a list of all the relevant packages, see CTAN (@pxref{CTAN}).
+For a list of all the relevant packages, see CTAN (@pxref{CTAN}),
+particularly the topics @code{listing}
+(@url{https://ctan.org/topic/listing}) and @code{verbatim}
+(@url{https://ctan.org/topic/verbatim}).
@menu
-* \verb:: The macro form of the @code{verbatim} environment.
+* \verb:: The macro form of the @code{verbatim} environment.
@end menu
@@ -8488,11 +8365,6 @@ For typesetting Internet addresses, urls, the package @package{url}
is a better option than the @code{\verb} command, since
it allows line breaks.
-@PkgIndex{listings}
-@PkgIndex{minted}
-For computer code there are many packages with advantages over
-@code{\verb}. One is @package{listings}, another is @package{minted}.
-
@PkgIndex{cprotect}
You cannot use @code{\verb} in the argument to a macro, for instance in
the argument to a @code{\section}. It is not a question of @code{\verb}
@@ -8594,7 +8466,8 @@ same time.
* \obeycr & \restorecr:: Make each input line start a new output line.
* \newline:: Break the line
* \- (hyphenation):: Insert explicit hyphenation.
-* \discretionary:: Explicit control of the hyphen character.
+* \slash:: Insert a breakable /.
+* \discretionary:: Explicit control of hyphenation character(s).
* \fussy & \sloppy:: Be more or less particular with line breaking.
* \hyphenation:: Tell @LaTeX{} how to hyphenate a word.
* \linebreak & \nolinebreak:: Forcing & avoiding line breaks.
@@ -8813,6 +8686,23 @@ text then this forced break may look out of place, so this approach
requires care.
+@node \slash
+@section @code{\slash}: breakable @samp{/}
+
+@findex \slash
+@cindex slash character, breakable
+
+The @code{\slash} command produces a @samp{/} character and then a
+penalty of the same value as an explicit @samp{-} character
+(@code{\exhyphenpenalty}). This allows @TeX{} to break a line at the
+@samp{/}, similar to a hyphen. Hyphenation is allowed in the word part
+preceding the @samp{/}, but not after. For example:
+
+@example
+The input\slash output of the program is complicated.
+@end example
+
+
@node \discretionary
@section @code{\discretionary} (generalized hyphenation point)
@cindex hyphenation, discretionary
@@ -8960,7 +8850,7 @@ Synopsis:
Declares allowed hyphenation points within the words in the list. The
words in that list are separated by spaces. Show permitted points for
-hyphenation with a dash character, @code{-}.
+hyphenation with an ASCII dash character, @code{-}.
Here is an example:
@@ -8969,7 +8859,7 @@ Here is an example:
@end example
Use lowercase letters. @TeX{} will only hyphenate if the word matches
-exactly, no inflections are tried. Multiple @code{\hyphenation}
+exactly; no inflections are tried. Multiple @code{\hyphenation}
commands accumulate.
@c xx Re-align on LaTeX-fr which also mentions fontenc, and that
@@ -9268,11 +9158,10 @@ does not have these effects.
@findex \samepage
@findex samepage @r{environment}
-(There is an obsolete declaration @code{\samepage}, which tries to only
-allow a break between two paragraphs. There is a related environment
-@code{samepage}, also obsolete. Neither of these work reliably. For
-more on keeping material on the same page, see the FAQ entry
-@url{https://texfaq.org/FAQ-nopagebrk}.)
+A declaration @code{\samepage} and corresponding @code{samepage}
+environment try to only allow breaks between paragraphs. They are not
+perfectly reliable. For more on keeping material on the same page,
+see the FAQ entry @url{https://texfaq.org/FAQ-nopagebrk}.)
@node Footnotes
@@ -9321,7 +9210,8 @@ Synopsis, one of:
\footnote[@var{number}]@{@var{text}@}
@end example
-Place a footnote @var{text} at the bottom of the current page.
+Place a footnote @var{text} at the bottom of the current page, with a
+footnote marker at the current position in the text.
@example
There are over a thousand footnotes in Gibbon's
@@ -9357,13 +9247,17 @@ you make the change local then you may want to reset the counter with
@anchor{footnote footnoterule}
Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the page's
footnotes. Default dimensions in the standard document classes (except
-@code{slides}, where it does not appear) is: vertical thickness of
+@code{slides}, where it does not appear) are: vertical thickness of
@code{0.4pt}, and horizontal size of @code{0.4\columnwidth} long.
Change the rule with something like this.
@c Credit egreg: https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/21917
@example
-\renewcommand@{\footnoterule@}@{% Kerns avoid vertical space
+% \footnoterule is expanded in vertical mode, thus \kern
+% commands ensure that no vertical space is created,
+% and the rule is separated vertically with 2pt
+% above the note text.
+\renewcommand*@{\footnoterule@}@{%
\kern -3pt % This -3 is negative
\hrule width \textwidth height 1pt % of the sum of this 1
\kern 2pt@} % and this 2
@@ -9430,8 +9324,8 @@ and the third theorem.\footnotemark[\value@{footnote@}]
If there are intervening footnotes then you must remember the value of
the number of the common mark. This example gives the same
institutional affiliation to both the first and third authors
-(@code{\thanks} is a version of @code{\footnote}), by-hand giving the
-number of the footnote.
+(@code{\thanks} is a version of @code{\footnote}), by explicitly
+specifying the number of the footnote (@samp{1}).
@example
\title@{A Treatise on the Binomial Theorem@}
@@ -9442,19 +9336,6 @@ number of the footnote.
\maketitle
@end example
-This uses a counter to remember the footnote number. The third sentence
-is followed by the same footnote marker as the first.
-
-@example
-\newcounter@{footnoteValueSaver@}
-All babies are illogical.\footnote@{%
- Lewis Carroll.@}\setcounter@{footnoteValueSaver@}@{\value@{footnote@}@}
-Nobody is despised who can manage a crocodile.\footnote@{%
- Captain Hook.@}
-Illogical persons are despised.\footnotemark[\value@{footnoteValueSaver@}]
-Therefore, anyone who can manage a crocodile is not a baby.
-@end example
-
@PkgIndex{cleveref}
@PkgIndex{hyperref}
This example accomplishes the same by using the package @package{cleveref}.
@@ -9472,6 +9353,19 @@ But the key lemma is from Tinker.\cref@{fn:TE@}
@PkgIndex{hyperref}
It will work with the package @package{hyperref}.
+This uses a counter to remember the footnote number. The third sentence
+is followed by the same footnote marker as the first.
+
+@example
+\newcounter@{footnoteValueSaver@}
+All babies are illogical.\footnote@{%
+ Lewis Carroll.@}\setcounter@{footnoteValueSaver@}@{\value@{footnote@}@}
+Nobody is despised who can manage a crocodile.\footnote@{%
+ Captain Hook.@}
+Illogical persons are despised.\footnotemark[\value@{footnoteValueSaver@}]
+Therefore, anyone who can manage a crocodile is not a baby.
+@end example
+
@node \footnotetext
@section @code{\footnotetext}
@@ -9512,7 +9406,9 @@ causes the footnote to appear at the bottom of the page where the
section starts, as usual, but also at the bottom of the table of
contents, where it is not likely to be desired. The simplest way
to have it not appear on the table of contents is to use the optional
-argument to @code{\section}
+argument to @code{\section}.
+@c xx Same issue with table/figure captions and
+@c \listoftable/\listoffigures, and same sort of fix can be used.
@example
\section[Please]@{Please\footnote@{%
@@ -9576,7 +9472,7 @@ part of the regular footnote sequence, use the @code{\footnotemark} and
Little is known other than her death.@}%
\stepcounter@{mpFootnoteValueSaver@}%
\footnotetext[\value@{mpFootnoteValueSaver@}]@{%
- Relationship is unresolved in XXI.@}
+ Relationship is unresolved.@}
\end@{center@}
@end example
@@ -9648,6 +9544,7 @@ second.\footnotefrom@{%
* \protect:: Using tricky commands.
* \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend:: Discard extra spaces.
* xspace package:: Space after a macro, conditionally.
+* Class and package commands:: Primarily for LaTeX programmers.
@end menu
@@ -9676,7 +9573,7 @@ Synopses, one of (three regular forms, three starred forms):
@end example
@noindent
-or all the same possibilities with @code{\renewcommand} instead of
+or the same six possibilities with @code{\renewcommand} instead of
@code{\newcommand}:
@example
@@ -9688,17 +9585,16 @@ or all the same possibilities with @code{\renewcommand} instead of
\renewcommand*@{\@var{cmd}@}[@var{nargs}][@var{optargdefault}]@{@var{defn}@}
@end example
-
Define or redefine a command (see also @code{\DeclareRobustCommand} in
@ref{Class and package commands}).
@cindex starred form, defining new commands
@cindex *-form, defining new commands
-@findex \long
+@findex \long@r{, not defining a command as}
The starred form of these two forbids the arguments from containing
-multiple paragraphs of text (in plain @TeX{} terms: the commands
-are not @code{\long}). With the default form, arguments can be
-multiple paragraphs.
+multiple paragraphs of text (i.e., a @code{\par} token; in plain
+@TeX{} terms: the commands are not @code{\long}). With the default
+form, arguments can be multiple paragraphs.
These are the parameters (examples follow):
@@ -10561,20 +10457,16 @@ This defines two equivalent fonts and typesets a few characters in each.
All @LaTeX{} commands are either @dfn{fragile} or @dfn{robust}. A
fragile command can break when it is used in the argument to certain
-other commands. Commands that contain data that @LaTeX{} writes to an
-auxiliary file and re-reads later are fragile. This includes material
-that goes into a table of contents, list of figures, list of tables,
-etc. Fragile commands also include line breaks, any command that has an
-optional argument, and many more. To prevent such commands from
-breaking, one solution is to preceded them with the command
-@code{\protect}.
+other commands, typically those that write material to the table of
+contents, the cross-reference file, etc. To prevent fragile
+commands from causing errors, one solution is to precede them with the
+command @code{\protect}.
For example, when @LaTeX{} runs the @code{\section@{@var{section
name}@}} command it writes the @var{section name} text to the
@file{.aux} auxiliary file, moving it there for use elsewhere in the
-document such as in the table of contents. Any argument that is
-internally expanded by @LaTeX{} without typesetting it directly is
-referred to as a
+document such as in the table of contents. Such an argument that is
+used in multiple places is referred to as a
@cindex moving arguments
@dfn{moving argument}. A command is fragile if it can
expand during this process into invalid @TeX{} code. Some examples of
@@ -10584,38 +10476,54 @@ command (@pxref{figure}), in the @code{\thanks@{...@}} command
@code{array} environments (@pxref{tabular}).
If you get strange errors from commands used in moving arguments, try
-preceding it with @code{\protect}. Every fragile commands must be
+preceding it with @code{\protect}. Each fragile command must be
protected with their own @code{\protect}.
Although usually a @code{\protect} command doesn't hurt, length
-commands are robust and should not be preceded by a @code{\protect}
-command. Nor can a @code{\protect} command be used in the argument to
-@code{\addtocounter} or @code{\setcounter} command.
+commands such as @code{\parindent} should not be preceded by a
+@code{\protect} command (@pxref{Lengths}. Nor can a @code{\protect}
+command be used in the argument to @code{\addtocounter} or
+@code{\setcounter} command (@pxref{\setcounter} and
+@ref{\addtocounter}. These commands are already robust.
-In this example the @code{\caption} command gives a mysterious error
-about an extra curly brace. Fix the problem by preceding each
-@code{\raisebox} command with @code{\protect}.
+As of the October 2019 release of @LaTeX{}
+(@url{https://www.latex-project.org/news/latex2e-news/ltnews30.pdf}),
+most commands that had been previously fragile were fixed to be
+robust. For example, any command taking an optional argument, such as
+@code{\root} or @code{\raisebox}, was fragile, but is now
+robust. Similarly, @code{\(...\)} math was fragile and is now robust
+(@code{$...$} has always been robust).
+
+@findex \verb@r{, as fragile command}
+Perhaps the most commonly used remaining fragile command is
+@code{\verb}; for example,
@example
\begin@{figure@}
...
- \caption@{Company headquarters of A\raisebox@{1pt@}@{B@}\raisebox@{-1pt@}@{C@}@}
+ \caption@{This \verb|\command| causes an error.@}
\end@{figure@}
@end example
-In the next example the @code{\tableofcontents} command gives an error
-because the @code{\(..\)} in the section title expands to illegal @TeX{}
-in the @file{.toc} file. You can solve this by changing @code{\(..\)}
-to @code{\protect\(..\protect\)}.
+Adding @code{\protect} does not help here. It's usually feasible to
+rewrite the caption (or section heading or whatever) to use
+@code{\texttt}, often the simplest solution.
+
+@PkgIndex{cprotect}
+@findex \cprotect
+Alternatively, to use @code{\verb}, you can apply the
+@code{\cprotect} command from @code{cprotect} package
+(@url{https://ctan.org/pkg/cprotect}) to the @code{\caption}:
@example
-\begin@{document@}
-\tableofcontents
-...
-\section@{Einstein's \( e=mc^2 \)@}
-...
+\cprotect\caption@{This \verb|\command| is ok with \verb|\cprotect|.@}
@end example
+@findex \cprotEnv
+@code{\cprotect} also allows use of @code{\begin...\end} environments
+in moving arguments, where they are normally not allowed, via a
+similar prefix command @code{\cprotEnv}.
+
@node \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend
@section @code{\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend}
@@ -10717,14 +10625,14 @@ inconvenient. The solution is to change to
@node xspace package
-@section xspace package
+@section @code{xspace} package
@findex \xspace
@PkgIndex{xspace}
@cindex spaces, ignore around commands
@cindex commands, ignore spaces
-Synopsis:
+This is an add-on package, not part of core @LaTeX{}. Synopsis:
@example
\usepackage@{xspace@}
@@ -10736,16 +10644,16 @@ The @code{\xspace} macro, when used at the end of a command definition,
adds a space unless the command is followed by certain punctuation
characters.
-After a command control sequence that is a control word (@pxref{Control
+After a control sequence that is a control word (@pxref{Control
sequences}, as opposed to control symbols such as @code{\$}), @TeX{}
-gobbles blank characters. Thus, in the first sentence below, the output
-has @samp{Vermont} placed snugly against the period, without any
-intervening space.
+gobbles blank characters. Thus, in the first sentence below, the
+output has @samp{Vermont} placed snugly against the period, without
+any intervening space, despite the space in the input.
@example
\newcommand@{\VT@}@{Vermont@}
Our college is in \VT .
-The \VT@{@} summers are nice.
+\VT@{@} summers are nice.
@end example
But because of the gobbling, the second sentence needs the empty curly
@@ -10767,10 +10675,10 @@ Our college is in \VT .
The default exception list contains the characters @code{,.'/?;:!~-)},
the open curly brace and the backslash-space command discussed above,
-and the commands @code{\footnote} or @code{\footnotemark}. Add to that
-list as with @code{\xspaceaddexceptions@{\myfni \myfnii@}} which adds
-@code{\myfni} and@tie{}@code{\myfnii} to the list, and remove from that
-list as with @code{\xspaceremoveexception@{!@}}.
+and the commands @code{\footnote} or @code{\footnotemark}. You can
+add to that list as with @code{\xspaceaddexceptions@{\myfni \myfnii@}}
+which adds @code{\myfni} and@tie{}@code{\myfnii} to the list; and you
+can remove from that list as with @code{\xspaceremoveexception@{!@}}.
@c David Carlisle https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/86620/339
A comment: many experts prefer not to use @code{\xspace}. Putting it in
@@ -10778,7 +10686,737 @@ a definition means that the command will usually get the spacing right.
But it isn't easy to predict when to enter empty braces because
@code{\xspace} will get it wrong, such as when it is followed by another
command, and so @code{\xspace} can make editing material harder and more
-error-prone than instead always inserting the empty braces.
+error-prone than instead of always inserting the empty braces.
+
+
+@node Class and package commands
+@section Class and package commands
+
+@cindex class and package commands
+@cindex package and class commands
+@cindex commands, class and package
+
+These are commands designed to help writers of classes or packages.
+
+@menu
+* \AtBeginDvi & \AtEndDvi::
+* \AtEndOfClass & \AtEndOfPackage::
+* \CheckCommand::
+* \ClassError and \PackageError and others::
+* \CurrentOption::
+* \DeclareOption::
+* \DeclareRobustCommand::
+* \ExecuteOptions::
+* \IfFileExists & \InputIfFileExists::
+* \LoadClass & \LoadClassWithOptions::
+* \NeedsTeXFormat::
+* \OptionNotUsed::
+* \PassOptionsToClass & \PassOptionsToPackage::
+* \ProcessOptions::
+* \ProvidesClass & \ProvidesPackage::
+* \ProvidesFile::
+* \RequirePackage & \RequirePackageWithOptions ::
+@end menu
+
+@node \AtBeginDvi & \AtEndDvi
+@subsection @code{\AtBeginDvi} & @code{\AtEndDvi}
+
+@anchor{\AtBeginDvi}
+@anchor{\AtEndDvi}
+@findex \AtBeginDvi
+@findex \AtEndDvi
+
+Synopsis:
+
+@example
+\AtBeginDvi@{@var{code}@}
+\AtEndDvi@{@var{code}@}
+@end example
+
+@code{\AtBeginDvi} saves, in a box register, @var{code} to be executed
+at the beginning of the shipout of the first page of the document.
+Despite the name, it applies to DVI, PDF, and XDV output. It fills
+the @code{shipout/firstpage} hook; new code should use that hook
+directly.
+
+@PkgIndex{atenddvi}
+Similarly, @code{\AtEndDvi} (previously available only with the
+@code{atenddvi} package) is code executed when finalizing the main
+output document.
+
+
+@node \AtEndOfClass & \AtEndOfPackage
+@subsection @code{\AtEndOfClass} & @code{\AtEndOfPackage}
+
+@anchor{\AtEndOfClass}
+@anchor{\AtEndOfPackage}
+@findex \AtEndOfClass
+@findex \AtEndOfPackage
+
+Synopses:
+
+@example
+\AtEndOfClass@{@var{code}@}
+\AtEndOfPackage@{@var{code}@}
+@end example
+
+Hooks to insert @var{code} to be executed when @LaTeX{} finishes
+processing the current class resp.@: package.
+
+These hooks can be used multiple times; each @code{code} segment will
+be executed in the order called. Many packages and classes use these
+commands.
+
+See also @ref{\AtBeginDocument}.
+
+
+@node \CheckCommand
+@subsection @code{\CheckCommand}
+
+@findex \CheckCommand
+@cindex new command, checking definition of
+@cindex long command
+@cindex @code{\long} command, checking for
+
+Synopsis:
+
+@example
+\CheckCommand@{@var{cmd}@}[@var{num}][@var{default}]@{@var{definition}@}
+\CheckCommand* @r{(same parameters)}
+@end example
+
+Like @code{\newcommand} (@pxref{\newcommand & \renewcommand}) but does
+not define @var{cmd}; instead it checks that the current definition of
+@var{cmd} is exactly as given by @var{definition} and is or is not
+@dfn{@code{\long}} as expected. A long command is a command that
+accepts @code{\par} within an argument.
+
+With the unstarred version of @code{\CheckCommand}, @var{cmd} is
+expected to be @code{\long}; with the starred version, @var{cmd} must
+not be @code{\long}
+
+@code{\CheckCommand} raises an error when the check fails. This
+allows you to check before you start redefining @code{cmd} yourself
+that no other package has already redefined this command.
+
+
+@node \ClassError and \PackageError and others
+@subsection @code{\ClassError} and @code{\PackageError} and others
+
+@anchor{\ClassError}
+@anchor{\ClassWarning}
+@anchor{\ClassWarningNoLine}
+@anchor{\ClassInfo}
+@anchor{\ClassInfoNoLine}
+@anchor{\PackageError}
+@anchor{\PackageWarning}
+@anchor{\PackageWarningNoLine}
+@anchor{\PackageInfo}
+@anchor{\PackageInfoNoLine}
+
+Produce error, warning, and informational messages for classes:
+
+@table @code
+@item \ClassError@{@var{class name}@}@{@var{error-text}@}@{@var{help-text}@}
+@itemx \ClassWarning@{@var{class name}@}@{@var{warning-text}@}
+@itemx \ClassWarningNoLine@{@var{class name}@}@{@var{warning-text}@}
+@itemx \ClassInfo@{@var{class name}@}@{@var{info-text}@}
+@itemx \ClassInfoNoLine@{@var{class name}@}@{@var{info-text}@}
+@findex \ClassError
+@findex \ClassWarning
+@findex \ClassWarningNoLine
+@findex \ClassInfo
+@findex \ClassInfoNoLine
+@end table
+
+@noindent and the same for packages:
+@table @code
+@item \PackageError@{@var{package name}@}@{@var{error-text}@}@{@var{help-text}@}
+@itemx \PackageWarning@{@var{package name}@}@{@var{warning-text}@}
+@itemx \PackageWarningNoLine@{@var{package name}@}@{@var{warning-text}@}
+@itemx \PackageInfo@{@var{package name}@}@{@var{info-text}@}
+@itemx \PackageInfoNoLine@{@var{package name}@}@{@var{info-text}@}
+@findex \PackageError
+@findex \PackageWarning
+@findex \PackageWarningNoLine
+@findex \PackageInfo
+@findex \PackageInfoNoLine
+@end table
+
+For @code{\ClassError} and @code{\PackageError} the message is
+@var{error-text}, followed by @TeX{}'s `@code{?}' error prompt. If the
+user then asks for help by typing @code{h}, they see the @var{help
+text}.
+
+The four @code{Warning} commands are similar except that they write
+@var{warning-text} on the screen with no error prompt. The four
+@code{Info} commands write @var{info-text} only in the transcript
+file. The @code{NoLine} versions omit the number of the line
+generating the message, while the other versions do show that number.
+
+@cindex @code{\protect}, and message text
+@cindex @code{\space}, and message text
+@cindex @code{\MessageBreak}, and message text
+To format the messages, including the @var{help-text}: use
+@code{\protect} to stop a command from expanding, get a line break
+with @code{\MessageBreak}, and get a space with @code{\space} when a
+space character is ignore, most commonly after a command.
+
+@LaTeX{} appends a period to the messages.
+
+
+@node \CurrentOption
+@subsection @code{\CurrentOption}
+
+@findex \CurrentOption
+@cindex option, currently being processed
+
+Expands to the name of the option currently being processed. This can
+only be used within the @var{code} argument of either
+@code{\DeclareOption} or @code{\DeclareOption*}.
+
+
+@node \DeclareOption
+@subsection @code{\DeclareOption}
+
+@findex \DeclareOption
+@cindex class options
+@cindex package options
+@cindex options, class
+@cindex options, package
+
+Synopsis:
+
+@example
+\DeclareOption@{@var{option}@}@{@var{code}@}
+\DeclareOption*@{@var{option}@}@{@var{code}@}
+@end example
+
+Define an option a user can include in their @code{\documentclass}
+command. For example, a class @code{smcmemo} could have an option
+@code{logo} allowing users to put the institutional logo on the first
+page. The document would start with
+@code{\documentclass[logo]@{smcmemo@}}. To enable this, the class file
+must contain @code{\DeclareOption@{logo@}@{@var{code}@}} (and later,
+@code{\ProcessOptions}).
+
+@cindex default option processing
+@cindex option processing by default
+@cindex @code{Unused global option} warning, handling
+If you request an option that has not been declared, by default this
+will produce a warning like @code{Unused global option(s):
+[badoption].} This can be changed by using
+@code{\DeclareOption*@{@var{code}@}}, which executes @var{code} for
+any unknown option.
+
+For example, many classes extend an existing class, using code such as
+@code{\LoadClass@{article@}} (@pxref{\LoadClass}). In this case, it
+makes sense to pass any otherwise-unknown options to the underlying
+class, like this:
+
+@example
+\DeclareOption*@{%
+ \PassOptionsToClass@{\CurrentOption@}@{article@}%
+@}
+@end example
+
+As another example, our class @code{smcmemo} might allow users to keep
+lists of memo recipients in external files, so the user could invoke
+@code{\documentclass[math]@{smcmemo@}} and it will read the file
+@code{math.memo}. This code inputs the file if it exists, while if it
+doesn't, the option is passed to the @code{article} class:
+
+@example
+\DeclareOption*@{\InputIfFileExists@{\CurrentOption.memo@}
+ @{@}@{%
+ \PassOptionsToClass@{\CurrentOption@}@{article@}@}@}
+@end example
+
+
+@node \DeclareRobustCommand
+@subsection @code{\DeclareRobustCommand}
+
+@findex \DeclareRobustCommand
+@cindex new command, definition
+@cindex robust command, defining
+
+Synopsis:
+
+@example
+\DeclareRobustCommand@{@var{cmd}@}[@var{num}][@var{default}]@/@{@var{definition}@}
+\DeclareRobustCommand* @r{(same parameters}
+@end example
+
+@code{\DeclareRobustCommand} and its starred form are generally like
+@code{\newcommand} and @code{\newcommand*} (@pxref{\newcommand &
+\renewcommand}), with the addition that they define a so-called
+@dfn{robust} command, even if some code within the @var{definition} is
+fragile. (For a discussion of robust and fragile commands,
+@pxref{\protect}.)
+
+Also unlike @code{\newcommand}, these do not give an error if macro
+@var{cmd} already exists; instead, a log message is put into the
+transcript file if a command is redefined. Thus,
+@code{\DeclareRobustCommand} can be used to define new robust commands
+or to redefine existing commands, making them robust.
+
+The starred form, @code{\DeclareRobustCommand*}, disallows the
+arguments from containing multiple paragraphs, just like the starred
+form of @code{\newcommand} and @code{\renewcommand}. The meaning of
+the arguments is the same.
+
+Commands defined this way are a bit less efficient than those defined
+using @code{\newcommand} so unless the command's data is fragile and the
+command is used within a moving argument, use @code{\newcommand}.
+
+@PkgIndex{etoolbox}
+@cindex e-@TeX{}, and robust commands
+@findex \newrobustcmd @r{(@t{etoolbox} package)}
+@findex \renewrobustcmd @r{(@t{etoolbox} package)}
+@findex \providerobustcmd @r{(@t{etoolbox} package)}
+
+Related to this, the @package{etoolbox} package offers three commands
+and their starred forms: @code{\newrobustcmd}(@code{*})
+@code{\renewrobustcmd}(@code{*}), and
+@code{\providerobustcmd}(@code{*}). They are similar to
+@code{\newcommand}, @code{\renewcommand}, and @code{\providecommand}
+and their own starred forms, but define a robust @var{cmd}. They have
+two possible advantages compared to @code{\DeclareRobustCommand}:
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+They use the low-level e-@TeX{} protection mechanism rather than the
+higher-level @LaTeX{} @code{\protect} mechanism, so they do not incur
+the slight loss of performance mentioned above, and
+
+@item
+They make the same distinction between @code{\new@dots{}},
+@code{\renew@dots{}}, and @code{\provide@dots{}}, as the standard
+commands. That is, they do not just write a log message when you
+redefine @var{cmd} that already exists; you need to use either
+@code{\renew@dots{}} or @code{\provide@dots{}}, or you get an error.
+This may or may not be a benefit.
+@end enumerate
+
+
+@node \ExecuteOptions
+@subsection @code{\ExecuteOptions}
+
+@findex \ExecuteOptions
+
+Synopsis:
+
+@example
+\ExecuteOptions@{@var{option-list}@}
+@end example
+
+@findex \ds@@@var{option}
+For each option @var{option} in @var{option-list}, in order, this
+command executes the command @code{\ds@@@var{option}}. If this
+command is not defined then that option is silently ignored.
+
+This can be used to provide a default option list before
+@code{\ProcessOptions}. For example, if in a class file you want the
+default to be 11pt fonts then you could specify
+@code{\ExecuteOptions@{11pt@}\ProcessOptions\relax}.
+
+
+@node \IfFileExists & \InputIfFileExists
+@subsection @code{\IfFileExists} & @code{\InputIfFileExists}
+
+@anchor{\IfFileExists}
+@anchor{\InputIfFileExists}
+@findex \IfFileExists
+@findex \InputIfFileExists
+
+Synopses:
+
+@example
+\IfFileExists@{@var{filename}@}@{@var{true-code}@}@{@var{false-code}@}
+\InputIfFileExists@{@var{filename}@}@{@var{true-code}@}@{@var{false-code}@}
+@end example
+
+@code{\IfFileExists} executes @var{true-code} if @LaTeX{} finds the
+file @file{@var{filename}} or @var{false-code} otherwise. In the
+first case it executing @var{true-code} and then inputs the file.
+Thus the command
+
+@example
+\IfFileExists@{img.pdf@}@{%
+ \includegraphics@{img.pdf@}@}
+ @{\typeout@{!! img.pdf not found@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+will include the graphic @file{img.pdf} if it is found and otherwise
+give a warning.
+
+This command looks for the file in all search paths that @LaTeX{}
+uses, not only in the current directory. To look only in the current
+directory do something like
+@code{\IfFileExists@{./@var{filename}@}@{@var{true-code}@}@{@var{false-code}@}}.
+If you ask for a filename without a @code{.tex} extension then
+@LaTeX{} will first look for the file by appending the @code{.tex};
+for more on how @LaTeX{} handles file extensions see @ref{\input}.
+
+@code{\InputIfFileExists} is similar, but, as the name states,
+automatically @code{\input}s @var{filename} if it exists. The
+@var{true-code} is executed just before the @code{\input}; if the file
+doesn't exist, the @var{false-code} is executed. An example:
+
+@example
+\InputIfFileExists@{mypkg.cfg@}
+ @{\PackageInfo@{Loading mypkg.cfg for configuration information@}@}
+ @{\PackageInfo@{No mypkg.cfg found@}@}
+@end example
+
+
+@node \LoadClass & \LoadClassWithOptions
+@subsection @code{\LoadClass} & @code{\LoadClassWithOptions}
+
+@anchor{\LoadClass}
+@anchor{\LoadClassWithOptions}
+@findex \LoadClass
+@findex \LoadClassWithOptions
+
+Synopses:
+
+@example
+\LoadClass[@var{options-list}]@{@var{class-name}@}[@var{release-date}]
+\LoadClassWithOptions@{@var{class-name}@}[@var{release-date}]
+@end example
+
+Load a class, as with
+@code{\documentclass[@var{options-list}]@{@var{class-name}@}[@var{release-date}]}.
+An example: @code{\LoadClass[twoside]@{article@}}.
+
+The @var{options-list}, if present, is a comma-separated list. The
+@var{release-date} is also optional. If present it must have the form
+@code{YYYY/MM/DD}.
+@c BTW, there are at-macros documented in macros2e.pdf to check the version
+@c and do some actions conditionnally on version later or not to some
+@c date.
+
+If you request @var{release-date} and the date of the package
+installed on your system is earlier, then you get a warning on the
+screen and in the log like this:
+
+@example
+You have requested, on input line 4, version `2038/01/19' of
+document class article, but only version `2014/09/29 v1.4h
+Standard LaTeX document class' is available.
+@end example
+
+@findex \PassOptionsToClass@r{, ignoring}
+The command version @code{\LoadClassWithOptions} uses the list of
+options for the current class. This means it ignores any options passed
+to it via @code{\PassOptionsToClass}. This is a convenience command
+that lets you build classes on existing ones, such as the standard
+@code{article} class, without having to track which options were passed.
+
+
+@node \NeedsTeXFormat
+@subsection @code{\NeedsTeXFormat}
+
+@findex \NeedsTeXFormat
+@cindex format, requiring
+@cindex version of format, requiring
+@cindex date of format, requiring
+
+Synopsis:
+
+@example
+\NeedsTeXFormat@{@var{format}@}[@var{format-date}]
+@end example
+
+Specifies the format that this class must be run under. Often issued
+as the first line of a class file, and most often used as:
+@code{\NeedsTeXFormat@{LaTeX2e@}}. When a document using that class
+is processed, the format being run must exactly match the @var{format}
+name given, including case. If it does not match then execution stops
+with an error like @samp{This file needs format `LaTeX2e' but this is
+`plain'.}.
+
+To require a version of the format that you know to have certain
+features, include the optional @var{format-date} on which those
+features were implemented. If present, it must be in the form
+@code{YYYY/MM/DD}. If the format version installed on your system is
+earlier than @var{format date} then you get a warning like this.
+
+@example
+You have requested release `2038/01/20' of LaTeX, but only
+release `2016/02/01' is available.
+@end example
+
+
+@node \OptionNotUsed
+@subsection @code{\OptionNotUsed}
+
+@findex \OptionNotUsed
+
+@cindex unused options, adding to list
+@cindex options, list of unused
+Adds the current option to the list of unused options. Can only be used
+within the @var{code} argument of either @code{\DeclareOption} or
+@code{\DeclareOption*}.
+
+@c xx I cannot reproduce this behavior as it is documented in clsguide.
+@c In the absence of a @code{\DeclareOption*} declaration, @LaTeX{} issues
+@c on the console a warning like @code{LaTeX Warning: Unused global
+@c option(s): [unusedoption].} with the list of not-used options when it
+@c reaches @code{\begin@{document@}}.
+
+
+@node \PassOptionsToClass & \PassOptionsToPackage
+@subsection @code{\PassOptionsToClass} & @code{\PassOptionsToPackage}
+
+@anchor{\PassOptionsToClass}
+@anchor{\PassOptionsToPackage}
+@findex \PassOptionsToClass
+@findex \PassOptionsToPackage
+
+Synopses:
+
+@example
+\PassOptionsToClass@{@var{options}@}@{@var{clsname}@}
+\PassOptionsToPackage@{@var{option}@}@{@var{pkgname}@}
+@end example
+
+Adds the options in the comma-separated list @var{options} to the
+options used by any future @code{\RequirePackage} or
+@code{\usepackage} command for the class @var{clsname} or the package
+@var{pkgname}, respectively.
+
+@cindex option clash
+@cindex conflict between package options
+The reason for these commands is that although you may load a package
+any number of times with no options, if you can specify options only
+the first time you load the package. Loading a package with options
+more than once will get you an error like @code{Option clash for
+package foo.}. @LaTeX{} throws an error even if there is no conflict
+between the options.
+
+If your own code is bringing in a package twice then you can combine
+the calls; for example, replacing the two
+
+@example
+\RequirePackage[landscape]@{geometry@}
+\RequirePackage[margins=1in]@{geometry@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent with the single command
+
+@example
+\RequirePackage[landscape,margins=1in]@{geometry@}
+@end example
+
+However, suppose you are loading @file{firstpkg} and inside that
+package it loads @file{secondpkg}, and you need @code{secondpkg} to be
+loaded with option @code{draft}. Then before load the first package
+you must tell @LaTeX{} about the desired options for the second
+package, like this:
+
+@example
+\PassOptionsToPackage@{draft@}@{secondpkg@}
+\RequirePackage@{firstpkg@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+If @code{firstpkg.sty} loads an option in conflict with what you want
+then you may have to alter its source, or yours.
+
+These commands are useful for general users as well as class and package
+writers. For instance, suppose a user wants to load the @code{graphicx}
+package with the option @code{draft} and also wants to use a class
+@code{foo} that loads the @code{graphicx} package, but without that
+option. The user could start their @LaTeX{} file with
+@code{\PassOptionsToPackage@{draft@}@{graphicx@} \documentclass@{foo@}}.
+
+
+@node \ProcessOptions
+@subsection @code{\ProcessOptions}
+
+@findex \ProcessOptions
+@cindex processing options
+@cindex options, processing
+
+Synopsis:
+
+@example
+\ProcessOptions@var{\@@options}
+\ProcessOptions*@var{\@@options}
+@end example
+
+Execute the code for each option that the user has invoked. Invoke it
+in the class file as @code{\ProcessOptions\relax} (because of the
+existence of the starred version, described below).
+
+@cindex options, global and local
+@cindex local options
+@cindex global options
+Options come in two types. @dfn{Local options} have been specified
+for this particular package in @code{\usepackage[@var{options}]},
+@code{\RequirePackage[@var{options}]}, or the @var{options} argument
+of @code{\PassOptionsToPackage@{@var{options}@}}. @dfn{Global options}
+are those given by the class user in
+@code{\documentclass[@var{options}]}. If an option is specified both
+locally and globally then it is local.
+
+When @code{\ProcessOptions} is called for a package @file{pkg.sty}, the
+following happens:
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+For each option @var{option} so far declared with
+@code{\DeclareOption}, @code{\ProcessOptions} looks to see if that
+option is either global or local for @code{pkg}. If so, then it
+executes the declared code. This is done in the order in which these
+options were given in @file{pkg.sty}.
+
+@item
+For each remaining local option, it executes the command
+@code{\ds@@}@var{option} if it has been defined somewhere (other than by
+a @code{\DeclareOption}); otherwise, it executes the default option code
+given in @code{\DeclareOption*}. If no default option code has been
+declared then it gives an error message. This is done in the order in
+which these options were specified.
+@end enumerate
+
+When @code{\ProcessOptions} is called for a class it works in the same
+way except that all options are local, and the default @var{code} for
+@code{\DeclareOption*} is @code{\OptionNotUsed} rather than an error.
+
+The starred version @code{\ProcessOptions*} executes the
+options in the order specified in the calling commands, rather than in
+the order of declaration in the class or package. For a package, this
+means that the global options are processed first.
+
+
+@node \ProvidesClass & \ProvidesPackage
+@subsection @code{\ProvidesClass} & @code{\ProvidesPackage}
+
+@anchor{\ProvidesClass}
+@anchor{\ProvidesPackage}
+@findex \ProvidesClass
+@findex \ProvidesPackage
+
+Synopses:
+
+@example
+\ProvidesClass@{@var{clsname}@}[@var{release-date} @r{[}@var{info-text}@r{]}]
+\ProvidesPackage@{@var{pkgname}@}[@var{release-date} @r{[}@var{info-text}@r{]}]
+@end example
+
+Identifies the class or package being defined, printing a message to
+the screen and the log file.
+
+When you load a class or package, for example with
+@code{\documentclass@{smcmemo@}} or @code{\usepackage@{test@}},
+@LaTeX{} inputs a file (@file{smcmemo.cls} and @file{test.sty},
+respectively). If the name of the file does not match the class or
+package name declared in it then you get a warning. Thus, if you
+invoke @code{\documentclass@{smcmemo@}}, and the file
+@file{smcmemo.cls} has the statement @code{\ProvidesClass@{foo@}} then
+you get a warning like @code{You have requested document class
+`smcmemo', but the document class provides 'foo'.} This warning does
+not prevent @LaTeX{} from processing the rest of the class file
+normally.
+
+If you include the optional argument then you must include a date,
+before any spaces, of the form @code{YYYY/MM/DD}. The rest of the
+optional argument is free-form, although it traditionally identifies
+the class. It is written to the screen during compilation and to the
+log file. Thus, if your file @file{smcmemo.cls} contains the line
+@code{\ProvidesClass@{smcmemo@}[2008/06/01 v1.0 SMC memo class]} and
+your document's first line is @code{\documentclass@{smcmemo@}} then
+you will see @code{Document Class: smcmemo 2008/06/01 v1.0 SMC memo
+class}.
+
+The date in the optional argument allows class and package users to
+ask to be warned if the version of the class or package is earlier
+than @var{release date}. For instance, a user could enter
+@code{\documentclass@{smcmemo@}[2018/10/12]} or
+@code{\usepackage@{foo@}[[2017/07/07]]} to require a class or package
+with certain features by specifying that it must be released no
+earlier than the given date. Perhaps more importantly, the date
+serves as documentation of the last release. (In practice, package
+users rarely include a date, and class users almost never do.)
+
+
+@node \ProvidesFile
+@subsection @code{\ProvidesFile}
+
+@findex \ProvidesFile
+
+Synopsis:
+
+@example
+\ProvidesFile@{@var{filename}@}[@var{info-text}]
+@end example
+
+Declare a file other than the main class and package files, such as a
+configuration or font definition file. It writes the given
+information to the log file, essentially like @code{\ProvidesClass}
+and @code{\ProvidesPackage} (see the previous section).
+
+For example:
+
+@example
+\ProvidesFile@{smcmemo.cfg@}[2017/10/12 config file for smcmemo.cls]
+@end example
+
+@noindent writes this into the log:
+
+@example
+File: smcmemo.cfg 2017/10/12 config file for smcmemo.cls
+@end example
+
+
+@node \RequirePackage & \RequirePackageWithOptions
+@subsection @code{\RequirePackage} & @code{\RequirePackageWithOptions}
+
+@anchor{\RequirePackage}
+@anchor{\RequirePackageWithOptions}
+@findex \RequirePackage
+@findex \RequirePackageWithOptions
+
+Synopsis:
+
+@example
+\RequirePackage[@var{option-list}]@{@var{pkgname}@}[@var{release-date}]
+\RequirePackageWithOptions@{@var{pkgname}@}[@var{release-date}]
+@end example
+
+Load a package, like the command @code{\usepackage} (@pxref{Additional
+packages}). An example:@*
+@code{\RequirePackage[landscape,margin=1in]@{geometry@}}
+
+The initial optional argument @var{option-list}, if present, must be a
+comma-separated list. The trailing optional argument
+@var{release-date}, if present, must have the form @code{YYYY/MM/DD}.
+If the release date of the package as installed on your system is
+earlier than @var{release-date} then you get a warning like @samp{You
+have requested, on input line 9, version `2017/07/03' of package
+jhtest, but only version `2000/01/01' is available}.
+
+The @code{\RequirePackageWithOptions} variant uses the list of options
+for the current class. This means it ignores any options passed to it
+via @code{\PassOptionsToClass}. This is a convenience command to
+allow easily building classes on existing ones without having to track
+which options were passed.
+
+The difference between @code{\usepackage} and @code{\RequirePackage}
+is small. The @code{\usepackage} command is intended to be used in
+documents, while @code{\RequirePackage} is intended for package and
+class files. The most significant difference in practice is that
+@code{\RequirePackage} can be used in a document before the
+@code{\documentclass} command, while @code{\usepackage} gives an error
+there. The most common need for this nowadays is for the
+@code{\DocumentMetadata} command (@pxref{\DocumentMetadata}).
+
+The @LaTeX{} development team strongly recommends use of these and
+related commands over Plain@tie{}@TeX{}'s @code{\input}; see the Class
+Guide (@url{https://ctan.org/pkg/clsguide}).
@node Counters
@@ -10831,7 +11469,6 @@ Counters can have any integer value but they are typically positive.
New counters are created with @code{\newcounter}. @xref{\newcounter}.
-
@menu
* \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol:: Print value of a counter.
* \usecounter:: Use a specified counter in a list environment.
@@ -11159,11 +11796,11 @@ The illustrations below use these two commands.
@end example
@noindent
-This example uses those commands to show a black bar 100@tie{}points
-long between @samp{XXX} and @samp{YYY}. This length is rigid.
+This next example uses those commands to show a black bar 100@tie{}points
+long between @samp{ABC} and @samp{XYZ}. This length is rigid.
@example
-XXX\showhbox@{100pt@}@{\blackbar@{100pt@}@}YYY
+ABC\showhbox@{100pt@}@{\blackbar@{100pt@}@}XYZ
@end example
As for rubber lengths, shrinking is simpler one: with @code{1cm minus
@@ -11173,10 +11810,10 @@ Thus, below the first one works fine, producing a space of
98@tie{}points between the two bars.
@example
-XXX\showhbox@{300pt@}@{%
+ABC\showhbox@{300pt@}@{%
\blackbar@{101pt@}\hspace@{100pt minus 2pt@}\blackbar@{101pt@}@}YYY
-XXX\showhbox@{300pt@}@{%
+ABC\showhbox@{300pt@}@{%
\blackbar@{105pt@}\hspace@{100pt minus 1pt@}\blackbar@{105pt@}@}YYY
@end example
@@ -11192,10 +11829,10 @@ beyond the given amount, it will do it. Here the first line is fine,
producing a space of 110@tie{}points between the bars.
@example
-XXX\showhbox@{300pt@}@{%
+ABC\showhbox@{300pt@}@{%
\blackbar@{95pt@}\hspace@{100pt plus 10pt@}\blackbar@{95pt@}@}YYY
-XXX\showhbox@{300pt@}@{%
+ABC\showhbox@{300pt@}@{%
\blackbar@{95pt@}\hspace@{100pt plus 1pt@}\blackbar@{95pt@}@}YYY
@end example
@@ -11212,7 +11849,7 @@ If @TeX{} is setting two or more rubber lengths then it allocates the
stretch or shrink in proportion.
@example
-XXX\showhbox@{300pt@}@{%
+ABC\showhbox@{300pt@}@{%
\blackbar@{100pt@}% left
\hspace@{0pt plus 50pt@}\blackbar@{80pt@}\hspace@{0pt plus 10pt@}% middle
\blackbar@{100pt@}@}YYY % right
@@ -11228,7 +11865,7 @@ from the first space and 1/6 from the second.
The @code{plus} or @code{minus} component of a rubber length can contain
a @dfn{fill} component, as in @code{1in plus2fill}. This gives the
length infinite stretchability or shrinkability so that @TeX{} could set
-it to any distance. Here the two figures will be equal-spaced across
+it to any distance. Here the two figures will be equally spaced across
the page.
@example
@@ -12126,7 +12763,7 @@ see their documentation on CTAN.
* Math symbols:: Various mathematical squiggles.
* Math functions:: Math function names like sin and exp.
* Math accents:: Accents in math.
-* Over- and Underlining:: Things over or under formulas.
+* Over- or under math:: Lines, braces, arrows over/under formulas.
* Spacing in math mode:: Thick, medium, thin, and negative spaces.
* Math styles:: Determine the size of things.
* Math miscellany:: Stuff that doesn't fit anywhere else.
@@ -14251,49 +14888,50 @@ When you are putting an accent on an i or a j, the tradition is to use
one without a dot, @code{\imath} or @code{jmath} (@pxref{Math symbols}).
-@node Over- and Underlining
-@section Over- and Underlining
+@node Over- or under math
+@section Over- or under math
+@anchor{Over- and Underlining}@c original node name
@cindex overlining
@cindex underlining
-@LaTeX{} provides commands for making overlines or underlines, or
-putting braces over or under some material.
+@LaTeX{} provides commands for putting lines, braces, and arrows over
+or under math material.
@ftable @code
-
-@item \underline@{@var{text}@}
-Underline @var{text}. Works inside math mode, and outside.
+@item \underline@{@var{math}@}
+Underline @var{math}. For example: @code{\underline@{x+y@}}.
@ifset HAS-MATH
-The result of @code{\underline@{xyz@}} is @math{\underline{xyz}}.
+The result looks like: @math{\underline{x+y}}.
@end ifset
The line is always completely below the text, taking account of
descenders, so in @code{\(\underline@{y@}\)} the line is lower than in
-@code{\(\underline@{x@}\)}. This command is fragile (@pxref{\protect}).
+@code{\(\underline@{x@}\)}. As of approximately 2019, this command
+and others in this section are robust; before that, they were fragile
+(@pxref{\protect}).
@PkgIndex{ulem}
-Note that the package @package{ulem} does text mode underlining and allows
-line breaking as well as a number of other features. See the
-documentation on CTAN. See also@tie{}@ref{\hrulefill & \dotfill} for
-producing a line, for such things as a signature.
+The package @package{ulem} (@url{https://ctan.org/pkg/uelem}) does
+text mode underlining and allows line breaking as well as a number of
+other features. See also@tie{}@ref{\hrulefill & \dotfill} for
+producing a line for such things as a signature or placeholder.
-@item \overline@{@var{text}@}
-Put a horizontal line over @var{text}. Works inside math mode, and
-outside. For example, @code{\overline@{x+y@}}.
+@item \overline@{@var{math}@}
+Put a horizontal line over @var{math}. For example: @code{\overline@{x+y@}}.
@ifset HAS-MATH
The result looks like: @math{\overline{x+y}}.
@end ifset
-Note that this differs from the command @code{\bar} (@pxref{Math
-accents}).
+This differs from the accent command @code{\bar} (@pxref{Math accents}).
@item \underbrace@{@var{math}@}
-Put a brace under @var{math}. For example, this
-@code{(1-\underbrace@{1/2)+(1/2@}-1/3)} emphasizes the telescoping part.
+Put a brace under @var{math}. For example:
+@code{(1-\underbrace@{1/2)+(1/2@}-1/3)}.
@ifset HAS-MATH
-The result looks like this: @math{(1-\underbrace{1/2)+(1/2}-1/3)}.
+The result looks like: @math{(1-\underbrace{1/2)+(1/2}-1/3)}.
@end ifset
-Attach text to the brace by using the subscript command, @code{_}, or
-superscript, @code{^}, as here.
+
+You can attach text to the brace as a subscript (@code{_}) or
+superscript (@code{^}) as here:
@example
\begin@{displaymath@}
@@ -14306,15 +14944,33 @@ The superscript appears on top of the expression, and so can look
unconnected to the underbrace.
@item \overbrace@{@var{math}@}
-Put a brace over @var{math}, as with
-@code{\overbrace@{x+x+\cdots+x@}^@{\mbox@{\(k\) times@}@}}. See also
-@code{\underbrace}.
+Put a brace over @var{math}. For example:@*
+@code{\overbrace@{x+x+\cdots+x@}^@{\mbox@{\(k\) times@}@}}.
+@ifset HAS-MATH
+The result looks like:
+@math{\overbrace{x+x+\cdots+x}^{\mbox{$k$ times}}}.
+@end ifset
+
+@item \overrightarrow@{@var{math}@}
+Put a right arrow over @var{math}. For example:
+@code{\overrightarrow@{x+y@}}.
+@ifset HAS-MATH
+The result looks like: @math{\overrightarrow{x+y}}.
+@end ifset
+
+@item \overleftarrow@{@var{math}@}
+Put a left arrow over @var{math}. For example:
+@code{\overleftarrow@{a+b@}}.
+@ifset HAS-MATH
+The result looks like: @math{\overleftarrow{a+b}}.
+@end ifset
@end ftable
@PkgIndex{mathtools}
-The package @package{mathtools} adds an over- and underbrace, as well as
-some improvements on the braces. See the documentation on CTAN.
+The package @package{mathtools} (@url{https://ctan.org/pkg/mathtools})
+adds an over- and underbracket, as well as some improvements on the
+braces.
@node Spacing in math mode
@@ -14497,11 +15153,11 @@ mode. So if it starts a paragraph then you should first put a
@code{\leavevmode}, as in the bottom line below.
@example
-xxx xxx xxx
+Text above.
-\smash@{yyy@} % no paragraph indent
+\smash@{smashed, no indent@} % no paragraph indent
-\leavevmode\smash@{zzz@} % usual paragraph indent
+\leavevmode\smash@{smashed, with indent@} % usual paragraph indent
@end example
@PkgIndex{mathtools}
@@ -15005,6 +15661,7 @@ styles. See its documentation.
* \pagenumbering:: Set the style used for page numbers.
* \pagestyle:: Change the headings/footings style.
* \thispagestyle:: Change the headings/footings style for this page.
+* \thepage:: Changing page number representation everywhere.
@end menu
@@ -15076,11 +15733,11 @@ To have no date, instead use @code{\date@{@}}.
@item \thanks@{@var{text}@}
@cindex thanks, for titlepage
@cindex credit footnote
-Optional. Produce a footnote. You can use it in the author information
-for acknowledgements as illustrated above, but you can also use it in
-the title, or any place a footnote mark makes sense. It can be any text
-at all so you can use it for any purpose, such as to print an email
-address.
+Optional. Produce a footnote. You can use it in the author
+information for acknowledgements as illustrated above, but you can
+also use it in the title, or anywhere that a footnote mark makes
+sense. It can be any text at all so you can use it for any purpose,
+such as to print an email address.
@item \title@{@var{text}@}
@cindex title, for titlepage
@@ -15092,11 +15749,11 @@ yields error @samp{LaTeX Error: No \title given}.
@end ftable
-To make your own title page, see@tie{}@ref{titlepage}. You can either
+To make your own title page, @pxref{titlepage}. You can either
create this as a one-off or you can include it as part of a renewed
-@code{\maketitle} command. (Many publishers will provide a class to use
+@code{\maketitle} command. Many publishers will provide a class to use
in place of @code{article} that formats the title according to their
-house requirements.)
+house requirements.
@node \pagenumbering
@@ -15117,20 +15774,11 @@ contents and other page references. This declaration has global scope
so its effect is not stopped by an end of group such as a closing brace
or an end of environment.
-In this example, before the @samp{Main} section the pages are numbered
-@samp{a}, etc. Starting on the page containing the
-@code{\pagenumbering} call in that section, the pages are numbered
-@samp{1}, etc.
-
-@example
-\begin@{document@}\pagenumbering@{alph@}
- ...
-\section@{Main@}\pagenumbering@{arabic@}
- ...
-@end example
+By default, @LaTeX{} numbers pages starting at 1, using Arabic
+numerals.
The argument @var{number-style} is one of the following (see
-also@tie{}@ref{\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol}).
+also @ref{\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol}).
@table @code
@item arabic
@@ -15151,23 +15799,41 @@ uppercase letters: A, B, @dots{} If you have more than 26 pages then you
get @samp{LaTeX Error: Counter too large}.
@item gobble
-@PkgIndex{hyperref} @LaTeX{} does not output a page number, although it
-does get reset. References to that page also are blank. (This does not
-work with the popular package @package{hyperref} so to have the page number
-not appear you may want to instead use @code{\pagestyle@{empty@}} or
-@code{\thispagestyle@{empty@}}.)
+no page number is output, though the number is still reset.
+References to that page also are blank.
+
+@PkgIndex{hyperref}
+This setting does not work with the popular package @package{hyperref},
+so to omit page numbers you may want to instead use
+@code{\pagestyle@{empty@}} or @code{\thispagestyle@{empty@}}.
@end table
+If you want to typeset the page number in some other way, or change
+where the page number appears on the page, see@tie{}@ref{\pagestyle}
+(in short: use the @code{fancyhdr} package). The list above of
+@LaTeX{}'s built-in numbering styles cannot be extended.
+
Traditionally, if a document has front matter---preface, table of
-contents, etc.---then it is numbered with lowercase Roman numerals. The
-main matter of a document uses arabic. @xref{\frontmatter & \mainmatter
-& \backmatter}.
+contents, etc.---then it is numbered with lowercase Roman
+numerals. The main matter of a document uses arabic. @LaTeX{}
+implements this, by providing explicit commands for the different parts
+(@pxref{\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter}).
+
+As an explicit example, before the @samp{Main} section the pages are
+numbered @samp{a}, etc. Starting on the page containing the
+@code{\pagenumbering} call in that section, the pages are numbered
+@samp{1}, etc.
-If you want to change where the page number appears on the page,
-see@tie{}@ref{\pagestyle}. If you want to change the value of the page
-number, then you manipulate the @code{page} counter (@pxref{Counters}).
+@example
+\begin@{document@}\pagenumbering@{alph@}
+ ...
+\section@{Main@}\pagenumbering@{arabic@}
+ ...
+@end example
+If you want to change the value of the page number, then you
+manipulate the @code{page} counter (@pxref{Counters}).
@node \pagestyle
@section @code{\pagestyle}
@@ -15187,11 +15853,11 @@ Declaration that specifies how the page headers and footers are typeset,
from the current page onwards.
@PkgIndex{fancyhdr}
-A discussion with an example is below. Note first that the package
+A discussion with an example is below. First, however: the package
@package{fancyhdr} is now the standard way to manipulate headers and
footers. New documents that need to do anything other than one of the
standard options below should use this package. See its documentation
-on CTAN.
+(@url{https://ctan.org/pkg/fancyhdr}).
Values for @var{style}:
@@ -15312,6 +15978,35 @@ To make the page entirely empty, the command
@code{\chapter}.
+@node \thepage
+@section @code{\thepage}
+
+@findex \thepage
+
+If you want to change the appearance of page numbers only in the page
+headers, for example by adding an ornament, typesetting in small caps,
+etc., then the @package{fancyhdr} package, as mentioned in a previous
+section, is the best approach.
+
+@cindex page number representation
+@cindex table of contents, page numbers in
+@cindex cross-references, page numbers in
+On the other hand, you may want to change how page numbers are denoted
+everywhere, including the table of contents and cross-references, as
+well as the page headers. In this case, you should redefine
+@code{\thepage}, which is the command @LaTeX{} uses for the
+representation of page numbers.
+
+However, @code{\thepage} should do any typesetting or other
+complicated maneuvers, but merely expand to the intended page number
+representation. The results of a complicated redefinition of
+@code{\thepage} are not predictable, but @LaTeX{}'s report of page
+numbers in diagnostic messages, at least, will become unusable.
+
+There is some discussion of this issue at
+@url{https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/687258}.
+
+
@node Spaces
@chapter Spaces
@@ -15536,13 +16231,14 @@ Synopsis:
@end example
@findex \spacefactor
-Influence @LaTeX{}'s glue stretch and shrink behavior. Most user-level
-documents do not use this command.
+@cindex space factor
+Influence @LaTeX{}'s stretching and shrinking of glue. Few user-level
+documents need to use this.
While @LaTeX{} is laying out the material, it may stretch or shrink the
gaps between words. (This space is not a character; it is called the
-@dfn{interword glue}; @pxref{\hspace}). The @code{\spacefactor} command
-(from Plain@tie{}@TeX{}) allows you to, for instance, have the space
+@dfn{interword glue}; @pxref{\hspace}). The @code{\spacefactor} parameter
+(a @TeX{} primitive) allows you to, for instance, have the space
after a period stretch more than the space after a word-ending letter.
After @LaTeX{} places each character, or rule or other box, it sets a
@@ -15552,45 +16248,46 @@ can happen. A space factor that is larger than the normal value means
that the glue can stretch more and shrink less. Normally, the space
factor is 1000. This value is in effect following most characters, and
any non-character box or math formula. But it is 3000 after a period,
-exclamation mark, or question mark, it is 2000 after a colon, 1500 after
+exclamation mark, or question mark, 2000 after a colon, 1500 after
a semicolon, 1250 after a comma, and 0 after a right parenthesis or
bracket, or closing double quote or single quote. Finally, it is 999
after a capital letter.
If the space factor@tie{}@var{f} is 1000 then the glue gap will be the
font's normal space value (for Computer Modern Roman 10 point this is
-3.3333@tie{}points). Otherwise, if the space factor @var{f} is greater
+3.3333@dmn{pt}). Otherwise, if the space factor @var{f} is greater
than 2000 then @TeX{} adds the font's extra space value (for Computer
-Modern Roman 10 point this is 1.11111@tie{}points), and then the font's
+Modern Roman 10 point this is 1.11111@dmn{pt}), and then the font's
normal stretch value is multiplied by @math{f /1000} and the normal
shrink value is multiplied by @math{1000/f} (for Computer Modern Roman
-10 point these are 1.66666 and 1.11111@tie{}points).
+10 point these are 1.66666 and 1.11111@dmn{pt}).
-For example, consider the period ending @code{A man's best friend is his
-dog.} After it, @TeX{} puts in a fixed extra space, and also allows the
-glue to stretch 3 times as much and shrink 1/3 as much, as the glue
-after @code{friend}, which does not end in a period.
+For example, consider the period ending @samp{A man's best friend is
+his dog.}. After it, @TeX{} puts in a fixed extra space, and also
+allows the glue to stretch 3 times as much and shrink 1/3 as much, as
+the glue after @code{friend} or any of the other words, since they are
+not followed by punctuation.
The rules for space factors are even more complex because they play
-additional roles. In practice, there are two consequences. First, if a
-period or other punctuation is followed by a right parenthesis or
-bracket, or right single or double quote then the spacing effect of that
-period carries through those characters (that is, the following glue
-will have increased stretch and shrink). Second, if
-punctuation comes after a capital letter then its effect is not in place
-so you get an ordinary space. This second case also affects abbreviations
-that do not end in a capital letter (@pxref{\@@}).
+additional roles. In practice, there are two consequences. First, if
+a period or other punctuation is followed by a right parenthesis or
+bracket, or right single or double quote then the spacing effect of
+that period carries through those characters (that is, the following
+glue will have increased stretch and shrink). Second, if punctuation
+comes after a capital letter then the normal effect of the period is
+does not happen, so you get an ordinary space. This second case also
+affects abbreviations that do not end in a capital letter
+(@pxref{\@@}).
You can only use @code{\spacefactor} in paragraph mode or LR mode
(@pxref{Modes}). You can see the current value with
@code{\the\spacefactor} or @code{\showthe\spacefactor}.
-(Comment, not really related to @code{\spacefactor}: if you get errors
-like @samp{You can't use `\spacefactor' in vertical mode}, or @samp{You
-can't use `\spacefactor' in math mode.}, or @samp{Improper \spacefactor}
-then you have probably tried to redefine an internal command.
-@xref{\makeatletter & \makeatother}.)
-
+Finally, not especially related to @code{\spacefactor} itself: if you
+get errors like @samp{You can't use `\spacefactor' in vertical mode},
+or @samp{You can't use `\spacefactor' in math mode.}, or
+@samp{Improper \spacefactor} then you have probably tried to redefine
+an internal command. @xref{\makeatletter & \makeatother}.
@menu
* \@@:: Distinguish sentence-ending periods from abbreviations.
@@ -15607,6 +16304,9 @@ then you have probably tried to redefine an internal command.
@cindex period, sentence-ending
@cindex period, abbreviation-ending
@cindex period, spacing after
+@cindex sentence-ending punctuation
+@cindex non-sentence-ending punctuation
+@cindex punctuation, sentence-ending
@anchor{\AT}@c old name
Synopsis:
@@ -15615,13 +16315,11 @@ Synopsis:
@var{capital-letter}\@@.
@end example
-Treat a period as sentence-ending, where @LaTeX{} would otherwise think
-it is part of an abbreviation. @LaTeX{} thinks that a period ends an
-abbreviation if the period comes after a capital letter, and otherwise
-thinks the period ends the sentence. By default, in justifying a line
-@LaTeX{} adjusts the space after a sentence-ending period (or a question
-mark, exclamation point, comma, or colon) more than it adjusts the space
-between words (@pxref{\spacefactor}).
+Treat a period (or other punctuation) as sentence-ending, where
+@LaTeX{} would otherwise think it is part of an abbreviation.
+@LaTeX{} thinks that a period ends an abbreviation if the period comes
+after a capital letter, and otherwise thinks the period ends the
+sentence.
This example shows the two cases to remember.
@@ -15630,12 +16328,15 @@ The songs \textit@{Red Guitar@}, etc.\ are by Loudon Wainwright~III\@@.
@end example
@noindent
-The second period ends the sentence, despite that it is preceded by a
-capital. We tell @LaTeX{} that it ends the sentence by putting
-@code{\@@} before it. The first period ends the abbreviation
-@samp{etc.} but not the sentence. The backslash-space, @code{\ },
-produces a mid-sentence space.
-
+The first period ends the abbreviation @samp{etc.} but not the
+sentence. The backslash-space, @code{\ }, produces a mid-sentence
+space. The second period ends the sentence, despite it being preceded
+by a capital letter. We tell @LaTeX{} that it ends the sentence by
+putting @code{\@@} before it.
+
+@cindex right parentheses/quotes, and spacing
+@cindex parentheses and ends of sentences
+@cindex quotes and ends of sentences
So: if you have a capital letter followed by a period that ends the
sentence, then put @code{\@@} before the period. This holds even if
there is an intervening right parenthesis or bracket, or right single or
@@ -15650,17 +16351,24 @@ Use the \textit@{Instructional Practices Guide@},
@noindent
will have correct inter-sentence spacing after the period.
-The @code{\@@} command is only for a text mode. If you use it outside of
-a text mode then you get @samp{You can't use `\spacefactor' in vertical
-mode} (@pxref{Modes}).
+The @code{\@@} command is only for text modes. If you use it outside
+of a text mode then you get the error @samp{You can't use
+`\spacefactor' in vertical mode} (@pxref{Modes}).
+
+@cindex question marks, ending a sentence
+@cindex exclamation points, ending a sentence
+All the above applies equally to question marks and exclamation points
+as periods, since all are sentence-ending punctuation, and @LaTeX{}
+increases the space after each in the same way, when they end a
+sentence. @LaTeX{} also increases spacing after colon, semicolon, and
+comma characters (@pxref{\spacefactor}).
-Comment: the converse case is a period ending an abbreviation whose last
-letter is not a capital letter, and that abbreviation is not the last
-word in the sentence. For that case follow the period with a
+In addition: the converse case is a period (or other punctuation) that
+does not end a sentence. For that case, follow the period with a
backslash-space, (@code{\ }), or a tie, (@code{~}), or @code{\@@}.
Examples are @code{Nat.\ Acad.\ Science}, and @code{Mr.~Bean}, and
@code{(manure, etc.\@@) for sale} (note in the last one that the
-@code{\@@} comes before the closing parenthesis).
+@code{\@@} comes after the period but before the closing parenthesis).
@node \frenchspacing & \nonfrenchspacing
@@ -15679,18 +16387,21 @@ Synopsis, one of:
\nonfrenchspacing
@end example
-The first declaration causes @LaTeX{} to handle spacing between
-sentences in the same way as spacing between words in the middle of a
-sentence. The second switches back to the default handling in which
-spacing between sentences stretches or shrinks more
-(@pxref{\spacefactor}).
+@code{\frenchspacing} causes @LaTeX{} to make spacing after all
+punctuation, including periods, be the same as the space between words
+in the middle of a sentence. @code{\nonfrenchspacing} switches back
+to the default handling in which spacing after most punctuation stretches
+or shrinks differently than a word space (@pxref{\spacefactor}).
+
+In American English, the typesetting tradition is to adjust, typically
+increasing, the space after punctuation more than the space between
+words that are in the middle of a sentence. Declaring
+@code{\frenchspacing} (the command is inherited from plain @TeX{})
+switches to the tradition that all spaces are treated equally.
-Some typographic traditions, including English, prefer to adjust the
-space between sentences (or spaces following a question mark,
-exclamation point, comma, or colon) more than the space between words
-that are in the middle of a sentence. Declaring @code{\frenchspacing}
-(the command is from plain @TeX{}) switches to the tradition that all
-spaces are treated equally.
+If your @LaTeX{} document specifies the language being used, for
+example with the @package{babel} package, the necessary settings
+should be taken care of for you.
@node \normalsfcodes
@@ -15719,7 +16430,7 @@ Reset the @LaTeX{} space factors to the default values
@findex \@key{SPACE}
This section refers to the command consisting of two characters, a
-backslash followed by a space.@*Synopsis:
+backslash followed by a space. Synopsis:
@example
\@w{ }
@@ -15728,8 +16439,9 @@ backslash followed by a space.@*Synopsis:
Produce a space. By default it produces white space of length
3.33333@dmn{pt} plus 1.66666@dmn{pt} minus 1.11111@dmn{pt}.
-When you type one or more blanks between words, @LaTeX{} produces white
-space. But that is different than an explicit space. This illustrates.
+When you type one or more blanks between words, @LaTeX{} produces
+whitespace that is different than an explicit space. This
+illustrates:
@example
\begin@{tabular@}@{rl@}
@@ -15765,9 +16477,9 @@ Under normal circumstances, @code{\}@key{TAB} and @code{\}@key{NEWLINE}
are equivalent to backslash-space, @code{\ }.
@anchor{Leading blanks}
-Please also note that in order to allow source code indentation, under
-normal circumstances, @TeX{} ignores leading blanks in a line. So the
-following prints @samp{one word}:
+In order to allow source code indentation, under normal circumstances,
+@TeX{} ignores leading blanks in a line. So the following prints
+@samp{one word}:
@example
one
@@ -15784,7 +16496,7 @@ the newline after @samp{one}, not by the space before @samp{word}.
@node ~
-@section @code{~}
+@section @code{~}, @code{\nobreakspace}
@findex ~
@cindex tie
@@ -15799,10 +16511,14 @@ Synopsis:
@var{before}~@var{after}
@end example
+@findex \nobreakspace
+@cindex no-break space, Unicode U+00A0
The @dfn{tie} character, @code{~}, produces a space between @var{before} and
@var{after} at which the line will not be broken. By default the white
space has length 3.33333@dmn{pt} plus 1.66666@dmn{pt} minus
-1.11111@dmn{pt} (@pxref{Lengths}).
+1.11111@dmn{pt} (@pxref{Lengths}). The command @code{\nobreakspace}
+and the Unicode input character U+00A0 (also in many 8-bit encodings)
+are synonyms.
@c This paragraph is not translated to French, as the French translation
@c uses a term that means ``unbreakable''.
@@ -15821,14 +16537,14 @@ Thanks to Prof.~Lerman.
In addition, despite the period, @LaTeX{} does not use the
end-of-sentence spacing (@pxref{\@@}).
-Ties prevent the end of line separation of things where that could
-cause confusion. They also still allow hyphenation (of either of the
-tied words), so they are generally preferable to putting consecutive
-words in an @code{\mbox} (@pxref{\mbox & \makebox}).
+Ties prevent a line break where that could cause confusion. They also
+still allow hyphenation (of either of the tied words), so they are
+generally preferable to putting consecutive words in an @code{\mbox}
+(@pxref{\mbox & \makebox}).
-They are also matters of taste, sometimes alarmingly dogmatic taste,
-among readers. Nevertheless, here are some usage models, many of them
-from @cite{The @TeX{}book}.
+Exactly where ties should be used is something of a matter of taste,
+sometimes alarmingly dogmatic taste, among readers. Nevertheless, here
+are some usage models, many of them from @cite{The @TeX{}book}.
@itemize @bullet
@item
@@ -16492,7 +17208,7 @@ enough to contain the @var{text}. (They are like plain @TeX{}'s
In the third version the optional argument @var{width} specifies the
width of the box. Note that the space occupied by the text need not
equal the width of the box. For one thing, @var{text} can be too small;
-this creates a full-line box
+this creates a full-line box:
@example
\makebox[\linewidth]@{Chapter Exam@}
@@ -16958,377 +17674,6 @@ environment. For more information and examples, @pxref{\sbox &
backslash, @code{\}.) This command is robust (@pxref{\protect}).
-@node Color
-@chapter Color
-
-@cindex color
-
-You can add color to text, rules, etc. You can also have color in a box
-or on an entire page and write text on top of it.
-
-Color support comes as an additional package. So put
-@code{\usepackage@{color@}} in your document preamble to use the
-commands described here.
-
-Many other packages also supplement @LaTeX{}'s color abilities.
-Particularly worth mentioning is @file{xcolor}, which is widely used and
-significantly extends the capabilities described here, including adding
-@samp{HTML} and @samp{Hsb} color models.
-
-@menu
-* Color package options:: Options when you load the standard package.
-* Color models:: How colors are represented.
-* Commands for color:: The available commands.
-@end menu
-
-
-@node Color package options
-@section @code{color} package options
-
-@cindex color package options
-@cindex options, color package
-
-Synopsis (must be in the document preamble):
-
-@example
-\usepackage[@var{comma-separated option list}]@{color@}
-@end example
-
-When you load the @file{color} package there are two kinds of available
-options.
-
-The first specifies the @dfn{printer driver}. @LaTeX{} doesn't contain
-information about different output systems but instead depends on
-information stored in a file. Normally you should not specify the
-driver option in the document, and instead rely on your system's
-default. One advantage of this is that it makes the document portable
-across systems. For completeness we include a list of the drivers. The
-currently relevant ones are: @file{dvipdfmx}, @file{dvips},
-@file{dvisvgm}, @file{luatex}, @file{pdftex}, @file{xetex}. The two
-@file{xdvi} and @file{oztex} are essentially aliases for @file{dvips}
-(and @file{xdvi} is monochrome). Ones that should not be used for new
-systems are: @file{dvipdf}, @file{dvipdfm}, @file{dviwin},
-@file{dvipsone}, @file{emtex}, @file{pctexps}, @file{pctexwin},
-@file{pctexhp}, @file{pctex32}, @file{truetex}, @file{tcidvi},
-@file{vtex} (and @file{dviwindo} is an alias for @file{dvipsone}).
-
-The second kind of options, beyond the drivers, are below.
-
-@table @code
-
-@item monochrome
-Disable the color commands, so that they do not generate errors but do
-not generate color either.
-
-@item dvipsnames
-Make available a list of 68 color names that are often used,
-particularly in legacy documents. These color names were originally
-provided by the @file{dvips} driver, giving the option name.
-
-@item nodvipsnames
-Do not load that list of color names, saving @LaTeX{} a tiny amount of
-memory space.
-
-@end table
-
-
-@node Color models
-@section Color models
-
-@cindex color models
-
-A @dfn{color model} is a way of representing colors. @LaTeX{}'s
-capabilities depend on the printer driver. However, the @file{pdftex},
-@file{xetex}, and @file{luatex} printer drivers are today by far the
-most commonly used. The models below work for those drivers. All but
-one of these is also supported by essentially all other printer drivers
-used today.
-
-Note that color combination can be additive or subtractive. Additive
-mixes colors of light, so that for instance combining full intensities
-of red, green, and blue produces white. Subtractive mixes pigments,
-such as with inks, so that combining full intensity of cyan, magenta,
-and yellow makes black.
-
-@table @code
-@anchor{color models cmyk}
-@item cmyk
-A comma-separated list with four real numbers between 0 and 1,
-inclusive. The first number is the intensity of cyan, the second is
-magenta, and the others are yellow and black. A number value of 0 means
-minimal intensity, while a 1 is for full intensity. This model is often
-used in color printing. It is a subtractive model.
-
-@anchor{color models gray}
-@item gray
-A single real number between 0 and 1, inclusive. The colors are shades
-of grey. The number 0 produces black while 1 gives white.
-
-@anchor{color models rgb}
-@item rgb
-A comma-separated list with three real numbers between 0 and 1,
-inclusive. The first number is the intensity of the red component, the
-second is green, and the third the blue. A number value of 0 means that
-none of that component is added in, while a 1 means full intensity.
-This is an additive model.
-
-@anchor{color models RGB}
-@item RGB
-(@file{pdftex}, @file{xetex}, @file{luatex} drivers) A comma-separated
-list with three integers between 0 and 255, inclusive. This model is a
-convenience for using @code{rgb} since outside of @LaTeX{} colors are
-often described in a red-green-blue model using numbers in this range.
-The values entered here are converted to the @code{rgb} model by
-dividing by 255.
-
-@anchor{color models named}
-@item named
-Colors are accessed by name, such as @samp{PrussianBlue}. The list of
-names depends on the driver, but all support the names @samp{black},
-@samp{blue}, @samp{cyan}, @samp{green}, @samp{magenta}, @samp{red},
-@samp{white}, and @samp{yellow} (See the @code{dvipsnames} option in
-@ref{Color package options}).
-
-@end table
-
-
-@node Commands for color
-@section Commands for color
-
-@cindex color package commands
-
-These are the commands available with the @file{color} package.
-
-@menu
-* Define colors:: Give a color a name.
-* Colored text:: Text or rules in color.
-* Colored boxes:: A box of color, to write over.
-* Colored pages:: A whole page colored.
-@end menu
-
-
-@node Define colors
-@subsection Define colors
-
-@cindex color
-@cindex define color
-@cindex color, define
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\definecolor@{@var{name}@}@{@var{model}@}@{@var{specification}@}
-@end example
-
-Give the name @var{name} to the color. For example, after this
-
-@example
-\definecolor@{silver@}@{rgb@}@{0.75,0.75,0.74@}
-@end example
-
-@noindent
-you can use that color name with @code{Hi ho,
-\textcolor@{silver@}@{Silver@}!}.
-
-This example gives the color a more abstract name, so it could change and
-not be misleading.
-
-@example
-\definecolor@{logocolor@}@{RGB@}@{145,92,131@} % RGB needs pdflatex
-\newcommand@{\logo@}@{\textcolor@{logocolor@}@{Bob's Big Bagels@}@}
-@end example
-
-Often a document's colors are defined in the preamble, or in the class
-or style, rather than in the document body.
-
-
-@node Colored text
-@subsection Colored text
-
-@cindex color
-@cindex colored text
-
-Synopses:
-
-@example
-\textcolor@{@var{name}@}@{...@}
-\textcolor[@var{color model}]@{@var{color specification}@}@{...@}
-@end example
-
-@noindent
-or
-
-@example
-\color@{@var{name}@}
-\color[@var{color model}]@{@var{color specification}@}
-@end example
-
-The affected text gets the color. This line
-
-@example
-\textcolor@{magenta@}@{My name is Ozymandias, King of Kings;@}
-Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair!
-@end example
-
-@noindent
-causes the first half to be in magenta while the rest is in black. You
-can use a color declared with @code{\definecolor} in exactly the same
-way that we just used the builtin color @samp{magenta}.
-
-@example
-\definecolor@{MidlifeCrisisRed@}@{rgb@}@{1.0,0.11,0.0@}
-I'm thinking about getting a \textcolor@{MidlifeCrisisRed@}@{sports car@}.
-@end example
-
-The two @code{\textcolor} and @code{\color} differ in that the first is
-a command form, enclosing the text to be colored as an argument. Often
-this form is more convenient, or at least more explicit. The second
-form is a declaration, as in @code{The moon is made of @{\color@{green@}
-green@} cheese}, so it is in effect until the end of the current group
-or environment. This is sometimes useful when writing macros or as
-below where it colors everything inside the @code{center} environment,
-including the vertical and horizontal lines.
-
-@example
-\begin@{center@} \color@{blue@}
- \begin@{tabular@}@{l|r@}
- UL &UR \\ \hline
- LL &LR
- \end@{tabular@}
-\end@{center@}
-@end example
-
-You can use color in equations. A document might have this definition
-in the preamble
-
-@example
-\definecolor@{highlightcolor@}@{RGB@}@{225,15,0@}
-@end example
-
-@noindent
-and then contain this equation.
-
-@example
-\begin@{equation@}
- \int_a^b \textcolor@{highlightcolor@}@{f'(x)@}\,dx=f(b)-f(a)
-\end@{equation@}
-@end example
-
-Typically the colors used in a document are declared in a class or style
-but sometimes you want a one-off. Those are the second forms in the
-synopses.
-
-@example
-Colors of \textcolor[rgb]@{0.33,0.14,0.47@}@{Purple@} and
-@{\color[rgb]@{0.72,0.60,0.37@}Gold@} for the team.
-@end example
-
-The format of @var{color specification} depends on the color model
-(@pxref{Color models}). For instance, while @code{rgb} takes three
-numbers, @code{gray} takes only one.
-
-@example
-The selection was \textcolor[gray]@{0.5@}@{grayed out@}.
-@end example
-
-Colors inside colors do not combine. Thus
-
-@example
-\textcolor@{green@}@{kind of \textcolor@{blue@}@{blue@}@}
-@end example
-
-@noindent
-has a final word that is blue, not a combination of blue and green.
-
-@c xx address coloring a line of a table?
-
-
-@node Colored boxes
-@subsection Colored boxes
-
-@cindex color
-@cindex colored boxes
-@cindex box, colored
-
-Synopses:
-
-@example
-\colorbox@{@var{name}@}@{...@}
-\colorbox[@var{model name}]@{@var{box background color}@}@{...@}
-@end example
-
-@noindent
-or
-
-@example
-\fcolorbox@{@var{frame color}@}@{@var{box background color}@}@{...@}
-\fcolorbox[@var{model name}]@{@var{frame color}@}@{@var{box background color}@}@{...@}
-@end example
-
-Make a box with the stated background color. The @code{\fcolorbox}
-command puts a frame around the box. For instance this
-
-@example
-Name:~\colorbox@{cyan@}@{\makebox[5cm][l]@{\strut@}@}
-@end example
-
-@noindent
-makes a cyan-colored box that is five centimeters long and gets its
-depth and height from the @code{\strut} (so the depth is
-@code{-.3\baselineskip} and the height is @code{\baselineskip}). This
-puts white text on a blue background.
-
-@example
-\colorbox@{blue@}@{\textcolor@{white@}@{Welcome to the machine.@}@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{\fcolorbox} commands use the same parameters as @code{\fbox}
-(@pxref{\fbox & \framebox}), @code{\fboxrule} and @code{\fboxsep}, to
-set the thickness of the rule and the boundary between the box interior
-and the surrounding rule. @LaTeX{}'s defaults are @code{0.4pt} and
-@code{3pt}, respectively.
-
-This example changes the thickness of the border to 0.8 points. Note
-that it is surrounded by curly braces so that the change ends at the end
-of the second line.
-
-@example
-@{\setlength@{\fboxrule@}@{0.8pt@}
-\fcolorbox@{black@}@{red@}@{Under no circumstances turn this knob.@}@}
-@end example
-
-
-@node Colored pages
-@subsection Colored pages
-
-@cindex color
-@cindex colored page
-@cindex page, colored
-@cindex background, colored
-
-Synopses:
-
-@example
-\pagecolor@{@var{name}@}
-\pagecolor[@var{color model}]@{@var{color specification}@}
-\nopagecolor
-@end example
-
-The first two set the background of the page, and all subsequent pages,
-to the color. For an explanation of the specification in the second
-form @pxref{Colored text}. The third returns the background to normal,
-which is a transparent background. (If that is not supported use
-@code{\pagecolor@{white@}}, although that will make a white background
-rather than the default transparent background.)
-
-@example
- ...
-\pagecolor@{cyan@}
- ...
-\nopagecolor
-@end example
-
-
@node Graphics
@chapter Graphics
@@ -18084,8 +18429,8 @@ override a prior setting of @code{true}, you can set it to @code{false}.
These following options allow a user to override @LaTeX{}'s method of
choosing the graphic type based on the filename extension. An example
-is that @code{\includegraphics[type=png,ext=.xxx,read=.xxx]@{lion@}}
-will read the file @file{lion.xxx} as though it were
+is that @code{\includegraphics[type=png,ext=.xyz,read=.xyz]@{lion@}}
+will read the file @file{lion.xyz} as though it were
@file{lion.png}. For more on these, @pxref{\DeclareGraphicsRule}.
@table @code
@@ -18294,6 +18639,376 @@ text two inches wide but keep the original height with
@code{\resizebox@{2in@}@{\height@}@{Two inches@}}.
+@node Color
+@chapter Color
+
+@cindex color
+
+You can add color to text, rules, etc. You can also have color in a box
+or on an entire page and write text on top of it.
+
+Color support comes as an additional package. So put
+@code{\usepackage@{color@}} in your document preamble to use the
+commands described here.
+
+Many other packages also supplement @LaTeX{}'s color abilities.
+Particularly worth mentioning is @file{xcolor}, which is widely used and
+significantly extends the capabilities described here, including adding
+@samp{HTML} and @samp{Hsb} color models.
+
+@menu
+* Color package options:: Options when you load the standard package.
+* Color models:: How colors are represented.
+* Commands for color:: The available commands.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Color package options
+@section @code{color} package options
+
+@cindex color package options
+@cindex options, color package
+
+Synopsis (must be in the document preamble):
+
+@example
+\usepackage[@var{comma-separated option list}]@{color@}
+@end example
+
+When you load the @file{color} package there are two kinds of available
+options.
+
+The first specifies the @dfn{printer driver}. @LaTeX{} doesn't contain
+information about different output systems but instead depends on
+information stored in a file. Normally you should not specify the
+driver option in the document, and instead rely on your system's
+default. One advantage of this is that it makes the document portable
+across systems. For completeness we include a list of the drivers. The
+currently relevant ones are: @file{dvipdfmx}, @file{dvips},
+@file{dvisvgm}, @file{luatex}, @file{pdftex}, @file{xetex}. The two
+@file{xdvi} and @file{oztex} are essentially aliases for @file{dvips}
+(and @file{xdvi} is monochrome). Ones that should not be used for new
+systems are: @file{dvipdf}, @file{dvipdfm}, @file{dviwin},
+@file{dvipsone}, @file{emtex}, @file{pctexps}, @file{pctexwin},
+@file{pctexhp}, @file{pctex32}, @file{truetex}, @file{tcidvi},
+@file{vtex} (and @file{dviwindo} is an alias for @file{dvipsone}).
+
+The second kind of options, beyond the drivers, are below.
+
+@table @code
+@item monochrome
+Disable the color commands, so that they do not generate errors but do
+not generate color either.
+
+@item dvipsnames
+Make available a list of 68 color names that are often used,
+particularly in legacy documents. These color names were originally
+provided by the @file{dvips} driver, giving the option name.
+
+@item nodvipsnames
+Do not load that list of color names, saving @LaTeX{} a tiny amount of
+memory space.
+
+@end table
+
+
+@node Color models
+@section Color models
+
+@cindex color models
+
+A @dfn{color model} is a way of representing colors. @LaTeX{}'s
+capabilities depend on the printer driver. However, the @file{pdftex},
+@file{xetex}, and @file{luatex} printer drivers are today by far the
+most commonly used. The models below work for those drivers. All but
+one of these is also supported by essentially all other printer drivers
+used today.
+
+Note that color combination can be additive or subtractive. Additive
+mixes colors of light, so that for instance combining full intensities
+of red, green, and blue produces white. Subtractive mixes pigments,
+such as with inks, so that combining full intensity of cyan, magenta,
+and yellow makes black.
+
+@table @code
+@anchor{color models cmyk}
+@item cmyk
+A comma-separated list with four real numbers between 0 and 1,
+inclusive. The first number is the intensity of cyan, the second is
+magenta, and the others are yellow and black. A number value of 0 means
+minimal intensity, while a 1 is for full intensity. This model is often
+used in color printing. It is a subtractive model.
+
+@anchor{color models gray}
+@item gray
+A single real number between 0 and 1, inclusive. The colors are shades
+of grey. The number 0 produces black while 1 gives white.
+
+@anchor{color models rgb}
+@item rgb
+A comma-separated list with three real numbers between 0 and 1,
+inclusive. The first number is the intensity of the red component, the
+second is green, and the third the blue. A number value of 0 means that
+none of that component is added in, while a 1 means full intensity.
+This is an additive model.
+
+@anchor{color models RGB}
+@item RGB
+(@file{pdftex}, @file{xetex}, @file{luatex} drivers) A comma-separated
+list with three integers between 0 and 255, inclusive. This model is a
+convenience for using @code{rgb} since outside of @LaTeX{} colors are
+often described in a red-green-blue model using numbers in this range.
+The values entered here are converted to the @code{rgb} model by
+dividing by 255.
+
+@anchor{color models named}
+@item named
+Colors are accessed by name, such as @samp{PrussianBlue}. The list of
+names depends on the driver, but all support the names @samp{black},
+@samp{blue}, @samp{cyan}, @samp{green}, @samp{magenta}, @samp{red},
+@samp{white}, and @samp{yellow} (See the @code{dvipsnames} option in
+@ref{Color package options}).
+
+@end table
+
+
+@node Commands for color
+@section Commands for color
+
+@cindex color package commands
+
+These are the commands available with the @file{color} package.
+
+@menu
+* Define colors:: Give a color a name.
+* Colored text:: Text or rules in color.
+* Colored boxes:: A box of color, to write over.
+* Colored pages:: A whole page colored.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Define colors
+@subsection Define colors
+
+@cindex color
+@cindex define color
+@cindex color, define
+
+Synopsis:
+
+@example
+\definecolor@{@var{name}@}@{@var{model}@}@{@var{specification}@}
+@end example
+
+Give the name @var{name} to the color. For example, after this
+
+@example
+\definecolor@{silver@}@{rgb@}@{0.75,0.75,0.74@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+you can use that color name with @code{Hi ho,
+\textcolor@{silver@}@{Silver@}!}.
+
+This example gives the color a more abstract name, so it could change and
+not be misleading.
+
+@example
+\definecolor@{logocolor@}@{RGB@}@{145,92,131@} % RGB needs pdflatex
+\newcommand@{\logo@}@{\textcolor@{logocolor@}@{Bob's Big Bagels@}@}
+@end example
+
+Often a document's colors are defined in the preamble, or in the class
+or style, rather than in the document body.
+
+
+@node Colored text
+@subsection Colored text
+
+@cindex color
+@cindex colored text
+
+Synopses:
+
+@example
+\textcolor@{@var{name}@}@{...@}
+\textcolor[@var{color model}]@{@var{color specification}@}@{...@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+or
+
+@example
+\color@{@var{name}@}
+\color[@var{color model}]@{@var{color specification}@}
+@end example
+
+The affected text gets the color. This line
+
+@example
+\textcolor@{magenta@}@{My name is Ozymandias, King of Kings;@}
+Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair!
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+causes the first half to be in magenta while the rest is in black. You
+can use a color declared with @code{\definecolor} in exactly the same
+way that we just used the builtin color @samp{magenta}.
+
+@example
+\definecolor@{MidlifeCrisisRed@}@{rgb@}@{1.0,0.11,0.0@}
+I'm thinking about getting a \textcolor@{MidlifeCrisisRed@}@{sports car@}.
+@end example
+
+The two @code{\textcolor} and @code{\color} differ in that the first is
+a command form, enclosing the text to be colored as an argument. Often
+this form is more convenient, or at least more explicit. The second
+form is a declaration, as in @code{The moon is made of @{\color@{green@}
+green@} cheese}, so it is in effect until the end of the current group
+or environment. This is sometimes useful when writing macros or as
+below where it colors everything inside the @code{center} environment,
+including the vertical and horizontal lines.
+
+@example
+\begin@{center@} \color@{blue@}
+ \begin@{tabular@}@{l|r@}
+ UL &UR \\ \hline
+ LL &LR
+ \end@{tabular@}
+\end@{center@}
+@end example
+
+You can use color in equations. A document might have this definition
+in the preamble
+
+@example
+\definecolor@{highlightcolor@}@{RGB@}@{225,15,0@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+and then contain this equation.
+
+@example
+\begin@{equation@}
+ \int_a^b \textcolor@{highlightcolor@}@{f'(x)@}\,dx=f(b)-f(a)
+\end@{equation@}
+@end example
+
+Typically the colors used in a document are declared in a class or style
+but sometimes you want a one-off. Those are the second forms in the
+synopses.
+
+@example
+Colors of \textcolor[rgb]@{0.33,0.14,0.47@}@{Purple@} and
+@{\color[rgb]@{0.72,0.60,0.37@}Gold@} for the team.
+@end example
+
+The format of @var{color specification} depends on the color model
+(@pxref{Color models}). For instance, while @code{rgb} takes three
+numbers, @code{gray} takes only one.
+
+@example
+The selection was \textcolor[gray]@{0.5@}@{grayed out@}.
+@end example
+
+Colors inside colors do not combine. Thus
+
+@example
+\textcolor@{green@}@{kind of \textcolor@{blue@}@{blue@}@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+has a final word that is blue, not a combination of blue and green.
+
+@c xx address coloring a line of a table?
+
+
+@node Colored boxes
+@subsection Colored boxes
+
+@cindex color
+@cindex colored boxes
+@cindex box, colored
+
+Synopses:
+
+@example
+\colorbox@{@var{name}@}@{...@}
+\colorbox[@var{model name}]@{@var{box background color}@}@{...@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+or
+
+@example
+\fcolorbox@{@var{frame color}@}@{@var{box background color}@}@{...@}
+\fcolorbox[@var{model name}]@{@var{frame color}@}@{@var{box background color}@}@{...@}
+@end example
+
+Make a box with the stated background color. The @code{\fcolorbox}
+command puts a frame around the box. For instance this
+
+@example
+Name:~\colorbox@{cyan@}@{\makebox[5cm][l]@{\strut@}@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+makes a cyan-colored box that is five centimeters long and gets its
+depth and height from the @code{\strut} (so the depth is
+@code{-.3\baselineskip} and the height is @code{\baselineskip}). This
+puts white text on a blue background.
+
+@example
+\colorbox@{blue@}@{\textcolor@{white@}@{Welcome to the machine.@}@}
+@end example
+
+The @code{\fcolorbox} commands use the same parameters as @code{\fbox}
+(@pxref{\fbox & \framebox}), @code{\fboxrule} and @code{\fboxsep}, to
+set the thickness of the rule and the boundary between the box interior
+and the surrounding rule. @LaTeX{}'s defaults are @code{0.4pt} and
+@code{3pt}, respectively.
+
+This example changes the thickness of the border to 0.8 points. Note
+that it is surrounded by curly braces so that the change ends at the end
+of the second line.
+
+@example
+@{\setlength@{\fboxrule@}@{0.8pt@}
+\fcolorbox@{black@}@{red@}@{Under no circumstances turn this knob.@}@}
+@end example
+
+
+@node Colored pages
+@subsection Colored pages
+
+@cindex color
+@cindex colored page
+@cindex page, colored
+@cindex background, colored
+
+Synopses:
+
+@example
+\pagecolor@{@var{name}@}
+\pagecolor[@var{color model}]@{@var{color specification}@}
+\nopagecolor
+@end example
+
+The first two set the background of the page, and all subsequent pages,
+to the color. For an explanation of the specification in the second
+form @pxref{Colored text}. The third returns the background to normal,
+which is a transparent background. (If that is not supported use
+@code{\pagecolor@{white@}}, although that will make a white background
+rather than the default transparent background.)
+
+@example
+ ...
+\pagecolor@{cyan@}
+ ...
+\nopagecolor
+@end example
+
+
@node Special insertions
@chapter Special insertions
@@ -18304,7 +19019,7 @@ text two inches wide but keep the original height with
special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type.
@menu
-* Reserved characters:: Inserting @samp{# $ % & @{ @} _ ~ ^ \}
+* Printing special characters:: Inserting @samp{# $ % & @{ @} _ ~ ^ \}
* Upper and lower case:: Make text upper or lower case.
* Symbols by font position:: Inserting font symbols by number.
* Text symbols:: Inserting other non-letter symbols in text.
@@ -18316,22 +19031,24 @@ special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type.
@end menu
-@node Reserved characters
-@section Reserved characters
+@node Printing special characters
+@section Printing special characters
-@cindex reserved characters
-@cindex characters, reserved
-@cindex special characters
-@cindex characters, special
-@LaTeX{} sets aside the following characters for special purposes. For
-example, the percent sign@tie{}@code{%} is for comments. They are
-called @dfn{reserved characters} or @dfn{special characters}. They are
-all discussed elsewhere in this manual.
+@cindex reserved characters, printing
+@cindex special characters, printing
+@cindex printing special characters
+@cindex escaping special characters
+
+@LaTeX{} sets aside a few characters for special purposes; they are
+called reserved characters or special characters. Here they are:
@example
# $ % & @{ @} _ ~ ^ \
@end example
+The meaning of all the special characters is given elsewhere
+in this manual (@pxref{Reserved characters}).
+
@findex \#
@findex \$
@findex \%
@@ -18341,8 +19058,8 @@ all discussed elsewhere in this manual.
@findex \@}
If you want a reserved character to be printed as itself, in the text
body font, for all but the final three characters in that list simply
-put a backslash@tie{}@code{\} in front of the character. Thus,
-typing @code{\$1.23} will produce@tie{}@code{$1.23} in your output.
+put a @code{\} in front of the character. Thus, typing @code{\$1.23}
+will produce @code{$1.23} in your output.
@findex \~
@findex \^
@@ -18353,13 +19070,13 @@ character receiving a tilde accent). Similarly, to get a text body
font circumflex use @code{\^@{@}}. To get a backslash in the font of
the text body, enter @code{\textbackslash@{@}}.
-To produce the reserved characters in a typewriter font use
-@code{\verb!!} as below (the double backslash@tie{}@code{\\} in the
-example is only there to split the lines in the output).
+To produce the reserved characters in a typewriter font, use
+@code{\verb!!} as below (the @code{\newline} in the example is there
+only to split the lines in the output).
@example
\begin@{center@}
- \# \$ \% \& \@{ \@} \_ \~@{@} \^@{@} \textbackslash \\
+ \# \$ \% \& \@{ \@} \_ \~@{@} \^@{@} \textbackslash \newline
\verb!# $ % & @{ @} _ ~ ^ \!
\end@{center@}
@end example
@@ -18493,7 +19210,9 @@ The @LaTeX{} logo.
@cindex logo, @LaTeX{}2e
The @LaTeX{}2e logo.
-@item \guillemotleft @r{(@guillemotleft{})}
+@item \guillemetleft @r{(@guillemetleft{})}
+@itemx \guillemetright @r{(@guillemetright{})}
+@itemx \guillemotleft @r{(@guillemotleft{})}
@itemx \guillemotright @r{(@guillemotright{})}
@itemx \guilsinglleft @r{(@guilsinglleft{})}
@itemx \guilsinglright @r{(@guilsinglright{})}
@@ -18505,8 +19224,12 @@ The @LaTeX{}2e logo.
@cindex single angle quotation marks
@cindex French quotation marks
@cindex quotation marks, French
-@guillemotleft{}, @guillemotright{}, @guilsinglleft{}, @guilsinglright{}
+@cindex guillemots, birds
+@guillemetleft{}, @guillemetright{}, @guilsinglleft{}, @guilsinglright{}
Double and single angle quotation marks, commonly used in French.
+The commands @code{@@guillemotleft} and @code{@@guillemotright} are
+synonyms for @code{@@guillemet...}; these are misspellings inherited
+from Adobe. (Guillemots are seabirds; guillemets are French quotes.)
@item \ldots
@itemx \textellipsis
@@ -19135,61 +19858,58 @@ Synopsis:
\usepackage[@var{encoding-name}]@{inputenc@}
@end example
-Declare the input file's text encoding to be @var{encoding-name}. The
-default, if this package is not loaded, is UTF-8. Technically,
-specifying the encoding name is optional, but in practice it is not
-useful to omit it.
+Declare the input file's text encoding to be @var{encoding-name}. (For
+basic background, @pxref{Input encodings}). The default, if this
+package is not loaded, is UTF-8. Technically, specifying the encoding
+name is optional, but in practice it is not useful to omit it.
-@cindex encoding, of input files
-@cindex character encoding
-@cindex Unicode
-In a computer file, the characters are stored according to a scheme
-called the @dfn{encoding}. There are many different encodings. The
-simplest is ASCII, which supports 95 printable characters, not enough
-for most of the world's languages. For instance, to typeset the
-a-umlaut character @samp{@"{a}} in an ASCII-encoded @LaTeX{} source file, the
-sequence @code{\"a} is used. This would make source files for anything
-but English hard to read; even for English, often a more extensive
-encoding is more convenient.
-
-The modern encoding standard, in some ways a union of the others, is
-UTF-8, one of the representations of Unicode. This is the default for
-@LaTeX{} since 2018.
-
-The @code{inputenc} package is how @LaTeX{} knows what encoding is
-used. For instance, the following command explicitly says that the
-input file is UTF-8 (note the lack of a dash).
+The @code{inputenc} package tells @LaTeX{} what encoding is used. For
+instance, the following command explicitly says that the input file is
+UTF-8 (note the lack of a dash).
@example
\usepackage[utf8]@{inputenc@}
@end example
+The most common values for @var{encoding-name} are: @code{ascii},
+@code{latin1}, @code{latin2}, @code{latin3}, @code{latin4},
+@code{latin5}, @code{latin9}, @code{latin10}, @code{utf8}.
+
Caution: use @code{inputenc} only with the pdf@TeX{} engine
-(@pxref{@TeX{} engines}). (The Xe@TeX{} and Lua@TeX{} engines assume
-that the input file is UTF-8 encoded.) If you invoke @LaTeX{} with
-either the @command{xelatex} command or the @command{lualatex}
-command, and try to declare a non-UTF-8 encoding with @code{inputenc},
-such as @code{latin1}, then you will get the error @code{inputenc is
-not designed for xetex or luatex}.
+(@pxref{@TeX{} engines}); with @command{xelatex} or
+@command{lualatex}, declaring a non-UTF-8 encoding with
+@code{inputenc}, such as @code{latin1}, will get the error
+@code{inputenc is not designed for xetex or luatex}.
An @code{inputenc} package error such as @code{Invalid UTF-8 byte "96}
means that some of the material in the input file does not follow the
encoding scheme. Often these errors come from copying material from a
-document that uses a different encoding than the input file; this one
-is a left single quote from a web page using @code{latin1} inside a
-@LaTeX{} input file that uses UTF-8. The simplest solution is to
-replace the non-UTF-8 character with its UTF-8 equivalent, or use a
-@LaTeX{} equivalent command or character.
+document that uses a different encoding than the input file. The
+simplest solution is often to replace the non-UTF-8 character with a
+UTF-8 or @LaTeX{} equivalent.
+
+@PkgIndex luainputenc
+@findex \XeTeXinputencoding
+@findex \XeTeXdefaultencoding
+If you need to process a non-UTF-8 document with Lua@TeX{}, you can
+use the @code{luainputenc} package
+(@url{https://ctan.org/pkg/luainputenc}). With Xe@TeX{}, the
+@code{\XeTeXinputencoding} and @code{\XeTeXdefaultencoding} primitives
+can be used (for an explanation and examples, see
+@url{https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/324948}).
+
+@pindex recode @r{to change character encoding}
+@pindex iconv @r{to change character encoding}
+It's also possible to re-encode a document from an 8-bit encoding to
+UTF-8 outside of @TeX{}, using system utilities. For example,
+@samp{recode latin1..utf8} or @samp{iconv -f latin1 -t utf8}.
@findex \inputencoding
@anchor{\inputencoding}
-In some documents, such as a collection of journal articles from a
+In a few documents, such as a collection of journal articles from a
variety of authors, changing the encoding in mid-document may be
-necessary. Use the command
-@code{\inputencoding@{@var{encoding-name}@}}. The most common values
-for @var{encoding-name} are: @code{ascii}, @code{latin1},
-@code{latin2}, @code{latin3}, @code{latin4}, @code{latin5},
-@code{latin9}, @code{latin10}, and@tie{}@code{utf8}.
+necessary. You can use the command
+@code{\inputencoding@{@var{encoding-name}@}} for this.
@node \rule
@@ -22103,7 +22823,7 @@ pdflatex -jobname=teachers "\def\teachers@{@}\input@{main@}"
@noindent
The @code{jobname} option is there because otherwise both files would be
called @file{main.pdf} and the second would overwrite the
-first. (@pxref{Jobname}.)
+first (@pxref{Jobname}).
In this example we use the command line to select which parts of a
document to include. For a book named @file{mybook.tex} and structured
@@ -22150,19 +22870,20 @@ Here the job name is @code{thesis}.
In general, @LaTeX{} is invoked as @code{@var{latex-engine}
@var{options} @var{argument}}, where @var{latex-engine} is
-@command{pdflatex}, @command{lualatex}, etc.@: (@pxref{@TeX{} engines}).
-If @var{argument} does not start with a backslash, as is the case above
-with @code{thesis}, then @TeX{} considers it to be the name of the file
-to input as the main document. This file is referred to as the @dfn{root
-file} (@pxref{Splitting the input}, and@tie{}@ref{\input}). The name of
-that root file, without the @file{.tex} extension if any, is the
-jobname. If @var{argument} does start with a backslash, or if @TeX{} is
-in interactive mode, then it waits for the first @code{\input} command,
-and the jobname is the argument to @code{\input}.
+@command{pdflatex}, @command{lualatex}, etc.@: (@pxref{@TeX{}
+engines}). If @var{argument} does not start with a backslash, as is
+the case above with @code{thesis}, then @TeX{} considers it to be the
+name of the file to input as the main document. This file is referred
+to as the @dfn{root file} (@pxref{Splitting the input}, and
+@ref{\input}). The name of that root file, without the @file{.tex}
+extension if any, is the jobname. If @var{argument} does start with a
+backslash, or if @TeX{} is in interactive mode, then it waits for the
+first @code{\input} command, and the jobname is the argument to
+@code{\input}.
There are two more possibilities for the jobname. It can be directly
specified with the @code{-jobname} option, as in @code{pdflatex
--jobname=myname} (@pxref{Command line input} for a real example).
+-jobname=myname} (@pxref{Command line input} for a practical example).
@findex texput@r{, jobname default}
@cindex fallback jobname
diff --git a/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.txt b/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.txt
index 9f3dd169cb..445df28c6e 100644
--- a/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.txt
+++ b/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.txt
@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual
18 Page styles
19 Spaces
20 Boxes
-21 Color
-22 Graphics
+21 Graphics
+22 Color
23 Special insertions
24 Splitting the input
25 Front/back matter
@@ -35,15 +35,19 @@ LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual
2.1 Starting and ending
2.2 Output files
2.3 TeX engines
- 2.4 LaTeX command syntax
- 2.5 Environment
- 2.6 CTAN: The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network
+ 2.4 Input text
+ 2.4.1 Input encodings
+ 2.4.2 Ligatures
+ 2.4.3 Special characters: ‘\ { } % $ & _ ^ # ~’
+ 2.5 LaTeX command syntax
+ 2.6 Environment syntax
+ 2.7 ‘\DocumentMetadata’: Producing tagged PDF output
+ 2.8 CTAN: The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network
3 Document classes
3.1 Document class options
- 3.2 Additional packages
- 3.3 Class and package construction
+ 3.2 ‘\usepackage’: Additional packages
+ 3.3 Class and package creation
3.3.1 Class and package structure
- 3.3.2 Class and package commands
4 Fonts
4.1 ‘fontenc’ package
4.1.1 ‘\DeclareFontEncoding’
@@ -77,7 +81,7 @@ LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual
6.5 ‘\subsubsection’, ‘\paragraph’, ‘\subparagraph’
6.6 ‘\appendix’
6.7 ‘\frontmatter’, ‘\mainmatter’, ‘\backmatter’
- 6.8 ‘\@startsection’, typesetting sectional unit headings
+ 6.8 ‘\@startsection’: Typesetting sectional unit headings
7 Cross references
7.1 ‘\label’
7.2 ‘\pageref’
@@ -150,11 +154,12 @@ LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual
9.2 ‘\obeycr’ & ‘\restorecr’
9.3 ‘\newline’
9.4 ‘\-’ (discretionary hyphen)
- 9.5 ‘\discretionary’ (generalized hyphenation point)
- 9.6 ‘\fussy’ & ‘\sloppy’
- 9.6.1 ‘sloppypar’
- 9.7 ‘\hyphenation’
- 9.8 ‘\linebreak’ & ‘\nolinebreak’
+ 9.5 ‘\slash’: breakable ‘/’
+ 9.6 ‘\discretionary’ (generalized hyphenation point)
+ 9.7 ‘\fussy’ & ‘\sloppy’
+ 9.7.1 ‘sloppypar’
+ 9.8 ‘\hyphenation’
+ 9.9 ‘\linebreak’ & ‘\nolinebreak’
10 Page breaking
10.1 ‘\clearpage’ & ‘\cleardoublepage’
10.2 ‘\newpage’
@@ -181,7 +186,25 @@ LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual
12.10 ‘\newfont’
12.11 ‘\protect’
12.12 ‘\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend’
- 12.13 xspace package
+ 12.13 ‘xspace’ package
+ 12.14 Class and package commands
+ 12.14.1 ‘\AtBeginDvi’ & ‘\AtEndDvi’
+ 12.14.2 ‘\AtEndOfClass’ & ‘\AtEndOfPackage’
+ 12.14.3 ‘\CheckCommand’
+ 12.14.4 ‘\ClassError’ and ‘\PackageError’ and others
+ 12.14.5 ‘\CurrentOption’
+ 12.14.6 ‘\DeclareOption’
+ 12.14.7 ‘\DeclareRobustCommand’
+ 12.14.8 ‘\ExecuteOptions’
+ 12.14.9 ‘\IfFileExists’ & ‘\InputIfFileExists’
+ 12.14.10 ‘\LoadClass’ & ‘\LoadClassWithOptions’
+ 12.14.11 ‘\NeedsTeXFormat’
+ 12.14.12 ‘\OptionNotUsed’
+ 12.14.13 ‘\PassOptionsToClass’ & ‘\PassOptionsToPackage’
+ 12.14.14 ‘\ProcessOptions’
+ 12.14.15 ‘\ProvidesClass’ & ‘\ProvidesPackage’
+ 12.14.16 ‘\ProvidesFile’
+ 12.14.17 ‘\RequirePackage’ & ‘\RequirePackageWithOptions’
13 Counters
13.1 ‘\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol’: Printing counters
13.2 ‘\usecounter’
@@ -221,7 +244,7 @@ LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual
16.2.7 Greek letters
16.3 Math functions
16.4 Math accents
- 16.5 Over- and Underlining
+ 16.5 Over- or under math
16.6 Spacing in math mode
16.6.1 ‘\smash’
16.6.2 ‘\phantom’ & ‘\vphantom’ & ‘\hphantom’
@@ -240,6 +263,7 @@ LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual
18.2 ‘\pagenumbering’
18.3 ‘\pagestyle’
18.4 ‘\thispagestyle’
+ 18.5 ‘\thepage’
19 Spaces
19.1 ‘\enspace’ & ‘\quad’ & ‘\qquad’
19.2 ‘\hspace’
@@ -250,7 +274,7 @@ LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual
19.5.2 ‘\frenchspacing’ & ‘\nonfrenchspacing’
19.5.3 ‘\normalsfcodes’
19.6 Backslash-space, ‘\ ’
- 19.7 ‘~’
+ 19.7 ‘~’, ‘\nobreakspace’
19.8 ‘\thinspace’ & ‘\negthinspace’
19.9 ‘\/’
19.10 ‘\hrulefill’ & ‘\dotfill’
@@ -268,27 +292,27 @@ LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual
20.5 ‘\sbox’ & ‘\savebox’
20.6 ‘lrbox’
20.7 ‘\usebox’
-21 Color
- 21.1 ‘color’ package options
- 21.2 Color models
- 21.3 Commands for color
- 21.3.1 Define colors
- 21.3.2 Colored text
- 21.3.3 Colored boxes
- 21.3.4 Colored pages
-22 Graphics
- 22.1 ‘graphics’ package options
- 22.2 ‘graphics’ package configuration
- 22.2.1 ‘\graphicspath’
- 22.2.2 ‘\DeclareGraphicsExtensions’
- 22.2.3 ‘\DeclareGraphicsRule’
- 22.3 Commands for graphics
- 22.3.1 ‘\includegraphics’
- 22.3.2 ‘\rotatebox’
- 22.3.3 ‘\scalebox’
- 22.3.4 ‘\resizebox’
+21 Graphics
+ 21.1 ‘graphics’ package options
+ 21.2 ‘graphics’ package configuration
+ 21.2.1 ‘\graphicspath’
+ 21.2.2 ‘\DeclareGraphicsExtensions’
+ 21.2.3 ‘\DeclareGraphicsRule’
+ 21.3 Commands for graphics
+ 21.3.1 ‘\includegraphics’
+ 21.3.2 ‘\rotatebox’
+ 21.3.3 ‘\scalebox’
+ 21.3.4 ‘\resizebox’
+22 Color
+ 22.1 ‘color’ package options
+ 22.2 Color models
+ 22.3 Commands for color
+ 22.3.1 Define colors
+ 22.3.2 Colored text
+ 22.3.3 Colored boxes
+ 22.3.4 Colored pages
23 Special insertions
- 23.1 Reserved characters
+ 23.1 Printing special characters
23.2 Upper and lower case
23.3 Symbols by font position
23.4 Text symbols
@@ -354,8 +378,8 @@ Index
LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual
***************************************
-This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of January
-2023) for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system.
+This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of May 2024)
+for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system.
1 About this document
*********************
@@ -364,14 +388,14 @@ This is an unofficial reference manual for the LaTeX2e document
preparation system, which is a macro package for the TeX typesetting
program (*note Overview::).
- This document’s home page is <https://latexref.xyz>; it has separate
+ This document's home page is <https://latexref.xyz>; it has separate
web pages for each topic. Alternatively.
<https://latexref.xyz/dev/latex2e.html> has the entire document on a
single page. For other output formats, the sources, and plenty more
information, see <https://latexref.xyz/dev/>.
- In this document, we will mostly just use ‘LaTeX’ rather than
-‘LaTeX2e’, since the previous version of LaTeX (2.09) was frozen decades
+ In this document, we will mostly just use 'LaTeX' rather than
+'LaTeX2e', since the previous version of LaTeX (2.09) was frozen decades
ago.
LaTeX is maintained by a group of volunteers
@@ -380,7 +404,8 @@ the LaTeX project is available from their web site. The present
document is completely unofficial and has not been written or reviewed
by the LaTeX maintainers. Do not send bug reports or anything else
about this document to them. Instead, please send all comments to
-<latexrefman@tug.org>.
+<latexrefman@tug.org>. This is a public list; you can (un)subscribe,
+view the archives, etc., at <https://lists.tug.org/latexrefman>.
This document is a reference, not a tutorial. There is a vast array
of other information available about LaTeX, at all levels. Here are a
@@ -396,8 +421,7 @@ few introductions.
A longer introduction to LaTeX, translated to many languages.
<https://tug.org/begin.html>
- Introduction to the TeX system, including LaTeX, with further
- references.
+ Overview of getting started with TeX and LaTeX.
2 Overview of LaTeX
*******************
@@ -413,17 +437,17 @@ with interspersed commands. The default encoding for the text is UTF-8
(as of 2018). The commands specify, for example, how the text should be
formatted.
- LaTeX is implemented as a set of related so-called “macros” which use
-Donald E. Knuth’s TeX typesetting program or one of its derivatives,
-collectively known as “engines”. Thus, the user produces output,
-typically PDF, by giving the input file to a TeX engine. (The following
-sections describe all this in more detail.)
+ LaTeX is implemented as a set of so-called "macros" (a TeX “format”)
+which use Donald E. Knuth's TeX typesetting program or one of its
+derivatives, collectively known as "engines". Thus, the user produces
+output, typically PDF, by giving the input file to a TeX engine. The
+following sections describe all this in more detail.
The term LaTeX is also sometimes used to mean the language in which
the input document is marked up, that is, to mean the set of commands
available to a LaTeX user.
- The name LaTeX is short for “Lamport TeX”. It is pronounced LAH-teck
+ The name LaTeX is short for "Lamport TeX". It is pronounced LAH-teck
or LAY-teck, or sometimes LAY-tecks. Inside a document, produce the
logo with ‘\LaTeX’. Where use of the logo is not sensible, such as in
plain text, write it as ‘LaTeX’.
@@ -432,7 +456,7 @@ plain text, write it as ‘LaTeX’.
=======================
LaTeX files have a simple global structure, with a standard beginning
-and ending. This is a small example.
+and ending. Here is a small example:
\documentclass{article}
\begin{document}
@@ -443,18 +467,18 @@ Every LaTeX document has a ‘\begin{document}’ line and an
‘\end{document}’ line.
Here, the ‘article’ is the “document class”. It is implemented in a
-file ‘article.cls’. You can use any document class on your system. A
-few document classes are defined by LaTeX itself, and vast array of
-others are widely available. *Note Document classes::.
+file ‘article.cls’. You can use any document class available on your
+system. A few document classes are defined by LaTeX itself, and a vast
+array of others are available. *Note Document classes::.
You can include other LaTeX commands between the ‘\documentclass’ and
the ‘\begin{document}’ commands. This area is called the “preamble”.
- The ‘\begin{document}’, ‘\end{document}’ pair defines an
+ The ‘\begin{document}’ ... ‘\end{document}’ pair defines an
“environment”; the ‘document’ environment (and no others) is required in
-all LaTeX documents (*note document::). LaTeX make available to you
-many environments that are documented here (*note Environments::). Many
-more are available to you from external packages, most importantly those
+all LaTeX documents (*note document::). LaTeX provides many
+environments that are documented here (*note Environments::). Many more
+are available to you from external packages, most importantly those
available at CTAN (*note CTAN::).
The following sections discuss how to produce PDF or other output
@@ -464,7 +488,7 @@ from a LaTeX input file.
================
LaTeX produces a main output file and at least two auxiliary files. The
-main output file’s name ends in either ‘.dvi’ or ‘.pdf’.
+main output file's name ends in either ‘.dvi’ or ‘.pdf’.
‘.dvi’
If LaTeX is invoked with the system command ‘latex’ then it
@@ -492,8 +516,8 @@ main output file’s name ends in either ‘.dvi’ or ‘.pdf’.
‘.aux’
Auxiliary information is used by LaTeX for things such as cross
references. For example, the first time that LaTeX finds a forward
- reference—a cross reference to something that has not yet appeared
- in the source—it will appear in the output as a doubled question
+ reference--a cross reference to something that has not yet appeared
+ in the source--it will appear in the output as a doubled question
mark ‘??’. When the referred-to spot does eventually appear in the
source then LaTeX writes its location information to this ‘.aux’
file. On the next invocation, LaTeX reads the location information
@@ -509,10 +533,10 @@ particular class may create others; the list is open-ended.
2.3 TeX engines
===============
-LaTeX is a large set of commands that is executed by a TeX program
-(*note Overview::). Such a set of commands is called a “format”, and is
-embodied in a binary ‘.fmt’ file, which can be read much more quickly
-than the corresponding TeX source.
+LaTeX is a large set of commands (macros) that is executed by a TeX
+program (*note Overview::). Such a set of commands is called a
+“format”, and is embodied in a binary ‘.fmt’ file, which can be read
+much more quickly than the corresponding TeX source.
This section gives a terse overview of the TeX programs that are
commonly available (see also *note Command line interface::).
@@ -525,7 +549,7 @@ commonly available (see also *note Command line interface::).
‘latex’, the main output is a ‘.dvi’ file; as ‘pdflatex’, the main
output is a ‘.pdf’ file.
- pdfTeX incorporates the e-TeX extensions to Knuth’s original
+ pdfTeX incorporates the e-TeX extensions to Knuth's original
program (<https://ctan.org/pkg/etex>), including additional
programming features and bi-directional typesetting, and has plenty
of extensions of its own. e-TeX is available on its own as the
@@ -533,13 +557,14 @@ commonly available (see also *note Command line interface::).
In other TeX distributions, ‘latex’ may invoke e-TeX rather than
pdfTeX. In any case, the e-TeX extensions can be assumed to be
- available in LaTeX.
+ available in LaTeX, and a few extensions beyond e-TeX, particularly
+ for file manipulation.
‘lualatex’
If LaTeX is invoked via the system command ‘lualatex’, the LuaTeX
engine is run (<https://ctan.org/pkg/luatex>). This program allows
code written in the scripting language Lua (<http://luatex.org>) to
- interact with TeX’s typesetting. LuaTeX handles UTF-8 Unicode
+ interact with TeX's typesetting. LuaTeX handles UTF-8 Unicode
input natively, can handle OpenType and TrueType fonts, and
produces a ‘.pdf’ file by default. There is also ‘dvilualatex’ to
produce a ‘.dvi’ file.
@@ -557,6 +582,12 @@ commonly available (see also *note Command line interface::).
process is automatic. The ‘.xdv’ file is only useful for
debugging.
+‘hilatex’
+ If LaTeX is invoked via the system command ‘hilatex’, the HiTeX
+ engine is run (<https://ctan.org/pkg/hitex>). This program
+ produces its own format, named HINT, designed especially for
+ high-quality typesetting on mobile devices.
+
‘platex’
‘uplatex’
These commands provide significant additional support for Japanese
@@ -564,7 +595,7 @@ commonly available (see also *note Command line interface::).
<https://ctan.org/pkg/ptex> and <https://ctan.org/pkg/uptex>.
As of 2019, there is a companion ‘-dev’ command and format for all of
-the above:
+the above, except ‘hitex’:
‘dvilualatex-dev’
‘latex-dev’
@@ -588,28 +619,174 @@ the above:
undergo the same extensive regression testing by the LaTeX team
before being released.
- For more information, see “The LaTeX release workflow and the LaTeX
- ‘dev’ formats” by Frank Mittelbach, ‘TUGboat’ 40:2,
+ For more information, see "The LaTeX release workflow and the LaTeX
+ ‘dev’ formats" by Frank Mittelbach, ‘TUGboat’ 40:2,
<https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb40-2/tb125mitt-dev.pdf>.
-2.4 LaTeX command syntax
+2.4 Input text
+==============
+
+To a first approximation, most input characters in LaTeX print as
+themselves. But there are exceptions, as discussed in the following
+sections.
+
+2.4.1 Input encodings
+---------------------
+
+The input to TeX (or any computer program) ultimately consists of a
+sequence of bytes. (Nowadays, a byte is almost universally an eight-bit
+number, i.e., an integer between 0 and 255, inclusive.) The input
+encoding defines how to interpret that sequence of bytes, and thus how
+LaTeX behaves.
+
+ Today, by far the most common way to encode text is with “UTF-8”, a
+so-called "Unicode Transformation Format" which specifies how to
+transform a sequence of 8-bit bytes to Unicode code points, which are
+defined independent of any particular representation. The Unicode
+encoding defines code points for virtually all characters used today in
+written text.
+
+ When TeX was created, Unicode and UTF-8 did not exist and the 7-bit
+ASCII encoding was by far the most widely used. So TeX does not require
+Unicode for text input. UTF-8 is a superset of ASCII, so a pure 7-bit
+ASCII document is also UTF-8.
+
+ Since 2018, the default input encoding for LaTeX is UTF-8. Some
+methods for handling documents written in some other encoding, such as
+ISO-8859-1 (Latin 1), are explained in *note inputenc package::.
+
+ You can easily find more about all these topics in any introductory
+computer text or online. For example, you might start at:
+<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode>.
+
+2.4.2 Ligatures
+---------------
+
+A “ligature” combines two or more letters (more generally, characters)
+into a single glyph. For example, in Latin-based typography, the two
+letters ‘f’ and ‘i’ are often combined into the glyph 'fi'.
+
+ TeX supports ligatures automatically. To continue the example, if
+the input has the word ‘fine’, written as four separate ASCII
+characters, TeX will output the word 'fine' (with the default fonts),
+with three typeset glyphs.
+
+ In traditional TeX, the available ligatures, if any, are defined by
+the current font. TeX also uses the ligature mechanism to produce a few
+typographical characters which were not available in any computer
+encoding when TeX was invented. In all, in the original Computer Modern
+fonts, the following input character sequences are defined to lead to
+ligatures:
+
+‘ff’
+ ff (ff ligature, U+FB00)
+‘fi’
+ fi (fi ligature, U+FB01)
+‘fl’
+ fl (fl ligature, U+FB02)
+‘ffi’
+ ffi (ffi ligature, U+FB03)
+‘ffl’
+ ffl (ffl ligature, U+FB04)
+‘``’
+ " (left double quotation mark, U+201C)
+‘''’
+ " (right double quotation mark, U+201D)
+‘--’
+ - (en-dash, U+2013)
+‘---’
+ -- (em-dash, U+2014)
+‘!`’
+ !' (inverted exclamation mark, U+00A1)
+‘?`’
+ ?' (inverted question mark, U+00BF)
+
+(For the f-ligatures above, the text in parentheses shows the individual
+characters, so in the typeset output you can easily see the difference
+between the ligature and the original character sequence.)
+
+ Nowadays it's usually possible to directly input the punctuation
+characters as Unicode characters, and LaTeX supports that (see previous
+section). But even today, it can still often be useful to use the ASCII
+ligature input form; for example, the difference between an en-dash and
+em-dash, as a single glyph, can be all but impossible to discern, but
+the difference between two and three ASCII hyphen characters is clear.
+Similarly with quotation marks, in some fonts.
+
+ Thus, even the engines with native support for UTF-8, namely LuaTeX
+and XeTeX, also support the ASCII ligature input sequences by default,
+independent of the font used. They also need to do so for
+compatibility.
+
+ By the way, the f-ligatures are also available in Unicode (the
+"Alphabetic Presentation Forms" block starting at U+FB00), but it's
+almost never desirable to use them as input characters, since in
+principle it should be up to the typesetter and the current font whether
+to use ligatures. Also, in practice, using them will typically cause
+searches to fail, that is, a search for the two characters ‘fi’ will not
+be matched by the ligature 'fi' at U+FB01.
+
+2.4.3 Special characters: ‘\ { } % $ & _ ^ # ~’
+-----------------------------------------------
+
+Besides ligatures (see previous section), a few individual characters
+have special meaning to LaTeX. They are called “reserved characters” or
+“special characters”. Here they are:
+
+‘\’
+ Introduces a command name, as seen throughout this manual.
+
+‘{’
+‘}’
+ Delimits a required argument to a command or a level of grouping,
+ as seen throughout this manual.
+
+‘%’
+ Starts a comment: the ‘%’ and all remaining characters on the
+ current line are ignored.
+
+‘$’
+ Starts and ends math mode (*note Math formulas::).
+
+‘&’
+ Separates cells in a table (*note tabular::).
+
+‘_’
+‘^’
+ Introduce a subscript or superscript, respectively, in math (*note
+ Subscripts & superscripts::); they produce an error outside math
+ mode. As a little-used special feature, two superscript characters
+ in a row can introduce special notation for an arbitrary character.
+
+‘#’
+ Stands for arguments in a macro definition (*note \newcommand &
+ \renewcommand::).
+
+‘~’
+ Produces a nonbreakable interword space (*note ~::).
+
+ *Note Printing special characters::, for how to typeset these
+characters when you need them literally.
+
+2.5 LaTeX command syntax
========================
In the LaTeX input file, a command name starts with a backslash
character, ‘\’. The name itself then consists of either (a) a string of
letters or (b) a single non-letter.
- LaTeX commands names are case sensitive so that ‘\pagebreak’ differs
-from ‘\Pagebreak’ (the latter is not a standard command). Most command
-names are lowercase, but in any event you must enter all commands in the
-same case as they are defined.
+ LaTeX commands names are case sensitive; for example, ‘\pagebreak’
+differs from ‘\Pagebreak’ (the latter is not a standard command). Most
+command names are lowercase, but in any event you must enter all
+commands in the same case as they are defined.
A command may be followed by zero, one, or more arguments. These
arguments may be either required or optional. Required arguments are
contained in curly braces, ‘{...}’. Optional arguments are contained in
square brackets, ‘[...]’. Generally, but not universally, if the
command accepts an optional argument, it comes first, before any
-required arguments.
+required arguments; optional arguments could come after required
+arguments, or both before and after.
Inside of an optional argument, to use the character close square
bracket (‘]’) hide it inside curly braces, as in ‘\item[closing bracket
@@ -618,20 +795,20 @@ argument after it, then to make the first character of the following
text be an open square bracket, hide it inside curly braces.
LaTeX has the convention that some commands have a ‘*’ form that is
-related to the form without a ‘*’, such as ‘\chapter’ and ‘\chapter*’.
-The exact difference in behavior varies from command to command.
+closely related to the form without a ‘*’, such as ‘\chapter’ and
+‘\chapter*’. The difference in behavior varies from command to command.
This manual describes all accepted options and ‘*’-forms for the
commands it covers (barring unintentional omissions, a.k.a. bugs).
As of the 2020-10-01 release of LaTeX, the ‘expl3’ and ‘xparse’
packages are part of the LaTeX2e format. They provide a completely
-different underlying programming language syntax. We won’t try to cover
-them in this document; see the related package documentation and other
+different underlying programming language syntax. We won't try to cover
+that in this document; see the related package documentation and other
LaTeX manuals.
-2.5 Environment
-===============
+2.6 Environment syntax
+======================
Synopsis:
@@ -662,28 +839,55 @@ the table to be aligned on its top row) while the second argument is
required (it specifies the formatting of columns).
\begin{tabular}[t]{r|l}
- ... rows of table ...
+ ... ROWS-OF-TABLE ...
\end{tabular}
-2.6 CTAN: The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network
+2.7 ‘\DocumentMetadata’: Producing tagged PDF output
+====================================================
+
+The ‘\DocumentMetadata’ command was added to LaTeX in 2022. It enables
+so-called "tagging" of the PDF output, aiding accessibility of the PDF.
+It is supported best with LuaLaTeX; pdfLaTeX and XeLaTeX are supported
+as well as possible (*note TeX engines::).
+
+ It is unlike nearly any other command in LaTeX in that it must occur
+before the ‘\documentclass’ command that starts a LaTeX document proper
+(*note \documentclass::). Therefore it must be called with
+‘\RequirePackage’ rather than ‘\usepackage’ (*note \RequirePackage::).
+
+ This support is still in development, so we will not try to list all
+the possible settings. Please see the ‘documentmetadata-support-doc’
+document, part of the ‘latex-lab’ package
+(<https://ctan.org/pkg/latex-lab>). Here is a simple example which
+enables most tagging currently implemented:
+
+ \DocumentMetadata{testphase={phase-III,firstaid}}
+ \documentclass{article}
+ ...
+
+ As you can see from the key name ‘testphase’, this is all still in an
+experimental phase. The LaTeX developers strongly encourage users to
+give it a try and report problems, so it can be improved.
+
+2.8 CTAN: The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network
===============================================
The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network, CTAN, is the TeX and LaTeX
-community’s repository of free material. It is a set of Internet sites
+community's repository of free material. It is a set of Internet sites
around the world that offer material related to LaTeX for download.
Visit CTAN on the web at <https://ctan.org>.
This material is organized into packages, discrete bundles that
typically offer some coherent functionality and are maintained by one
person or a small number of people. For instance, many publishers have
-a package that allows authors to format papers to that publisher’s
+a package that allows authors to format papers to that publisher's
specifications.
- In addition to the massive holdings, the ‘ctan.org’ web site offers
+ In addition to its massive holdings, the ‘ctan.org’ web site offers
features such as search by name or by functionality.
CTAN is not a single host, but instead is a set of hosts, one of
-which is the so-called “master”. The master host actively manages the
+which is the so-called "master". The master host actively manages the
material, for instance, by accepting uploads of new or updated packages.
For many years, it has been hosted by the German TeX group, DANTE e.V.
@@ -696,13 +900,13 @@ The list of mirrors is at <https://ctan.org/mirrors>.
3 Document classes
******************
-The document’s overall class is defined with this command, which is
-normally the first command in a LaTeX source file.
+The document's overall class is defined with the ‘\documentclass’
+command, which is normally the first command in a LaTeX source file.
\documentclass[OPTIONS]{CLASS}
- The following document CLASS names are built into LaTeX. (Many other
-document classes are available as separate packages; *note Overview::.)
+ The following document CLASS names are built into LaTeX. Many other
+document classes are available as separate packages (*note Overview::).
‘article’
For a journal article, a presentation, and miscellaneous general
@@ -721,10 +925,10 @@ document classes are available as separate packages; *note Overview::.)
technical reports or theses, which may contain several chapters.
‘slides’
- For slide presentations—rarely used nowadays. The ‘beamer’ package
- is perhaps the most prevalent (<https://ctan.org/pkg/beamer>).
- *Note beamer template::, for a small template for a beamer
- document.
+ For slide presentations--rarely used nowadays. The ‘beamer’
+ package is perhaps the most prevalent replacement
+ (<https://ctan.org/pkg/beamer>). *Note beamer template::, for a
+ small template for a beamer document.
Standard OPTIONS are described in the next section.
@@ -737,15 +941,18 @@ specify more than one OPTION, separate them with a comma.
\documentclass[OPTION1,OPTION2,...]{CLASS}
+ LaTeX automatically passes options specified for ‘\documentclass’ on
+to any other loaded classes that can handle them.
+
Here is the list of the standard class options.
All of the standard classes except ‘slides’ accept the following
-options for selecting the typeface size (default is ‘10pt’):
+options for selecting the typeface size; the default is ‘10pt’:
10pt 11pt 12pt
All of the standard classes accept these options for selecting the
-paper size (these show height by width):
+paper size (dimensions are listed height by width):
‘a4paper’
210 by 297mm (about 8.25 by 11.75 inches)
@@ -767,12 +974,12 @@ paper size (these show height by width):
When using one of the engines pdfLaTeX, LuaLaTeX, or XeLaTeX (*note
TeX engines::), options other than ‘letterpaper’ set the print area but
-you must also set the physical paper size. One way to do that is to put
-‘\pdfpagewidth=\paperwidth’ and ‘\pdfpageheight=\paperheight’ in your
-document’s preamble.
-
- The ‘geometry’ package provides flexible ways of setting the print
-area and physical page size.
+you must also set the physical paper size. Usually, the ‘geometry’
+package is the best way to do that; it provides flexible ways of setting
+the print area and physical page size. Otherwise, setting the paper
+size is engine-dependent. For example, with pdfLaTeX, you could include
+‘\pdfpagewidth=\paperwidth’ and ‘\pdfpageheight=\paperheight’ in the
+preamble.
Miscellaneous other options:
@@ -792,7 +999,7 @@ area and physical page size.
right side.
‘openbib’
- Use “open” bibliography format.
+ Use "open" bibliography format.
‘titlepage’
‘notitlepage’
@@ -815,7 +1022,7 @@ area and physical page size.
For one-sided printing, the text is centered on the page. For
two-sided printing, the ‘\evensidemargin’ (‘\oddsidemargin’)
parameter determines the distance on even (odd) numbered pages
- between the left side of the page and the text’s left margin, with
+ between the left side of the page and the text's left margin, with
‘\oddsidemargin’ being 40% of the difference between ‘\paperwidth’
and ‘\textwidth’, and ‘\evensidemargin’ is the remainder.
@@ -827,24 +1034,34 @@ area and physical page size.
The ‘slides’ class offers the option ‘clock’ for printing the time at
the bottom of each note.
-3.2 Additional packages
-=======================
+3.2 ‘\usepackage’: Additional packages
+======================================
-Load a package PKG, with the package options given in the
-comma-separated list OPTIONS, as here.
+To load a package PKG, with the package options given in the
+comma-separated list OPTIONS:
- \usepackage[OPTIONS]{PKG}.
+ \usepackage[OPTIONS]{PKG}[MINDATE]
To specify more than one package you can separate them with a comma,
as in ‘\usepackage{PKG1,PKG2,...}’, or use multiple ‘\usepackage’
commands.
- Any options given in the ‘\documentclass’ command that are unknown to
-the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with
-‘\usepackage’.
+ If the MINDATE optional argument is given, LaTeX gives a warning if
+the loaded package has an earlier date, i.e., is too old. The MINDATE
+argument must be in the form ‘YYYY/MM/DD’. More info on this:
+<https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/47743>.
-3.3 Class and package construction
-==================================
+ ‘\usepackage’ must be used in the document preamble, between the
+‘\documentclass’ declaration and the ‘\begin{document}’. Occasionally
+it is necessary to load packages before the ‘\documentclass’; see
+‘\RequirePackage’ for that (*note \RequirePackage::).
+
+ Any options given in the global ‘\documentclass’ command that are
+unknown to the selected document class are passed on to the packages
+loaded with ‘\usepackage’.
+
+3.3 Class and package creation
+==============================
You can create new document classes and new packages. For instance, if
your memos must satisfy some local requirements, such as a standard
@@ -854,22 +1071,26 @@ and begin your documents with ‘\documentclass{smcmemo}’.
What separates a package from a document class is that the commands
in a package are useful across classes while those in a document class
are specific to that class. Thus, a command to set page headers is for
-a package while a command to make the page headers say ‘Memo from the
-SMC Math Department’ is for a class.
-
- Inside of a class or package file you can use the at-sign ‘@’ as a
-character in command names without having to surround the code
-containing that command with ‘\makeatletter’ and ‘\makeatother’. *Note
-\makeatletter & \makeatother::. This allow you to create commands that
-users will not accidentally redefine. Another technique is to preface
-class- or package-specific commands with some string to prevent your
-class or package from interfering with others. For instance, the class
-‘smcmemo’ might have commands ‘\smc@tolist’, ‘\smc@fromlist’, etc.
+a package while a command to make the page headers be ‘Memo from the SMC
+Math Department’ is for a class.
+
+ Inside of a class or package definition you can use the at-sign ‘@’
+as a character in command names without having to surround the code
+containing that command with ‘\makeatletter’ and ‘\makeatother’ (*note
+\makeatletter & \makeatother::). This allows you to create commands
+that users will not accidentally redefine.
+
+ It is also highly desirable to prefix class- or package-specific
+commands with your package name or similar string, to prevent your
+definitions from clashing with those from other packages. For instance,
+the class ‘smcmemo’ might have commands ‘\smc@tolist’, ‘\smc@fromlist’,
+etc.
3.3.1 Class and package structure
---------------------------------
A class file or package file typically has four parts.
+
1. In the “identification part”, the file says that it is a LaTeX
package or class and describes itself, using the ‘\NeedsTeXFormat’
and ‘\ProvidesClass’ or ‘\ProvidesPackage’ commands.
@@ -905,358 +1126,15 @@ file.
It identifies itself, handles the class options via the default of
passing them all to the ‘article’ class, and then loads the ‘article’
-class to provide the basis for this class’s code.
+class to provide the basis for this class's code.
For more, see the official guide for class and package writers, the
-Class Guide, at
-<https://www.latex-project.org/help/documentation/clsguide.pdf> (much of
-the descriptions here derive from this document), or the tutorial
-<https://www.tug.org/TUGboat/tb26-3/tb84heff.pdf>.
-
-3.3.2 Class and package commands
---------------------------------
-
-These are the commands designed to help writers of classes or packages.
-
-‘\AtBeginDvi{specials}’
- Save in a box register things that are written to the ‘.dvi’ file
- at the beginning of the shipout of the first page of the document.
-
-‘\AtEndOfClass{CODE}’
-‘\AtEndOfPackage{CODE}’
- Hook to insert CODE to be executed when LaTeX finishes processing
- the current class or package. You can use these hooks multiple
- times; the ‘code’ will be executed in the order that you called it.
- See also *note \AtBeginDocument::.
-
-‘\CheckCommand{CMD}[NUM][DEFAULT]{DEFINITION}’
-‘\CheckCommand*{CMD}[NUM][DEFAULT]{DEFINITION}’
- Like ‘\newcommand’ (*note \newcommand & \renewcommand::) but does
- not define CMD; instead it checks that the current definition of
- CMD is exactly as given by DEFINITION and is or is not “long” as
- expected. A long command is a command that accepts ‘\par’ within
- an argument. The CMD command is expected to be long with the
- unstarred version of ‘\CheckCommand’. Raises an error when the
- check fails. This allows you to check before you start redefining
- ‘cmd’ yourself that no other package has already redefined this
- command.
-
-‘\ClassError{CLASS NAME}{ERROR TEXT}{HELP TEXT}’
-‘\ClassWarning{CLASS NAME}{WARNING TEXT}’
-‘\ClassWarningNoLine{CLASS NAME}{WARNING TEXT}’
-‘\ClassInfo{CLASS NAME}{INFO TEXT}’
-‘\ClassInfoNoLine{CLASS NAME}{INFO TEXT}’
-‘\PackageError{PACKAGE NAME}{ERROR TEXT}{HELP TEXT}’
-‘\PackageWarning{PACKAGE NAME}{WARNING TEXT}’
-‘\PackageWarningNoLine{PACKAGE NAME}{WARNING TEXT}’
-‘\PackageInfo{PACKAGE NAME}{INFO TEXT}’
-‘\PackageInfoNoLine{PACKAGE NAME}{INFO TEXT}’
- Produce an error message, or warning or informational messages.
-
- For ‘\ClassError’ and ‘\PackageError’ the message is ERROR TEXT,
- followed by TeX’s ‘?’ error prompt. If the user then asks for help
- by typing ‘h’, they see the HELP TEXT.
-
- The four warning commands are similar except that they write
- WARNING TEXT on the screen with no error prompt. The four info
- commands write INFO TEXT only in the transcript file. The ‘NoLine’
- versions do not show the number of the line generating the message,
- while the other versions do show that number.
-
- To format the messages, including the HELP TEXT: use ‘\protect’ to
- stop a command from expanding, get a line break with
- ‘\MessageBreak’, and get a space with ‘\space’ when a space
- character does not allow it, like after a command. Note that LaTeX
- appends a period to the messages.
-
-‘\CurrentOption’
- Expands to the name of the currently-being-processed option. Can
- only be used within the CODE argument of either ‘\DeclareOption’ or
- ‘\DeclareOption*’.
-
-‘\DeclareOption{OPTION}{CODE}’
-‘\DeclareOption*{CODE}’
- Make an option available to a user to invoke in their
- ‘\documentclass’ command. For example, the ‘smcmemo’ class could
- have an option ‘\documentclass[logo]{smcmemo}’ allowing users to
- put the institutional logo on the first page. The class file must
- contain ‘\DeclareOption{logo}{CODE}’ (and later,
- ‘\ProcessOptions’).
-
- If you request an option that has not been declared, by default
- this will produce a warning like ‘Unused global option(s):
- [badoption].’ Change this behavior with the starred version
- ‘\DeclareOption*{CODE}’. For example, many classes extend an
- existing class, using a command such as ‘\LoadClass{article}’, and
- for passing extra options to the underlying class use code such as
- this.
-
- \DeclareOption*{%
- \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}%
- }
-
- Another example is that the class ‘smcmemo’ may allow users to keep
- lists of memo recipients in external files. Then the user could
- invoke ‘\documentclass[math]{smcmemo}’ and it will read the file
- ‘math.memo’. This code handles the file if it exists and otherwise
- passes the option to the ‘article’ class.
-
- \DeclareOption*{\InputIfFileExists{\CurrentOption.memo}{}{%
- \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}}}
-
-‘\DeclareRobustCommand{CMD}[NUM][DEFAULT]{DEFINITION}’
-‘* \DeclareRobustCommand*{CMD}[NUM][DEFAULT]{DEFINITION}’
- Like ‘\newcommand’ and ‘\newcommand*’ (*note \newcommand &
- \renewcommand::) but these declare a robust command, even if some
- code within the DEFINITION is fragile. (For a discussion of robust
- and fragile commands *note \protect::.) Use this command to define
- new robust commands or to redefine existing commands and make them
- robust. Unlike ‘\newcommand’ these do not give an error if macro
- CMD already exists; instead, a log message is put into the
- transcript file if a command is redefined.
-
- Commands defined this way are a bit less efficient than those
- defined using ‘\newcommand’ so unless the command’s data is fragile
- and the command is used within a moving argument, use
- ‘\newcommand’.
-
- The ‘etoolbox’ package offers the commands ‘\newrobustcmd’,
- ‘\newrobustcmd*’, as well as the commands ‘\renewrobustcmd’,
- ‘\renewrobustcmd*’, and the commands ‘\providerobustcmd’, and
- ‘\providerobustcmd*’. These are similar to ‘\newcommand’,
- ‘\newcommand*’, ‘\renewcommand’, ‘\renewcommand*’,
- ‘\providecommand’, and ‘\providecommand*’, but define a robust CMD
- with two advantages as compared to ‘\DeclareRobustCommand’:
- 1. They use the low-level e-TeX protection mechanism rather than
- the higher level LaTeX ‘\protect’ mechanism, so they do not
- incur the slight loss of performance mentioned above, and
- 2. They make the same distinction between ‘\new...’, ‘\renew...’,
- and ‘\provide...’, as the standard commands, so they do not
- just make a log message when you redefine CMD that already
- exists, in that case you need to use either ‘\renew...’ or
- ‘\provide...’ or you get an error.
-
-‘\IfFileExists{FILENAME}{TRUE CODE}{FALSE CODE}’
-‘\InputIfFileExists{FILENAME}{TRUE CODE}{FALSE CODE}’
- Execute TRUE CODE if LaTeX finds the file ‘FILE NAME’ or FALSE CODE
- otherwise. In the first case it executing TRUE CODE and then
- inputs the file. Thus the command
-
- \IfFileExists{img.pdf}{%
- \includegraphics{img.pdf}}{\typeout{!! img.pdf not found}
-
- will include the graphic ‘img.pdf’ if it is found and otherwise
- give a warning.
-
- This command looks for the file in all search paths that LaTeX
- uses, not only in the current directory. To look only in the
- current directory do something like ‘\IfFileExists{./filename}{TRUE
- CODE}{FALSE CODE}’. If you ask for a filename without a ‘.tex’
- extension then LaTeX will first look for the file by appending the
- ‘.tex’; for more on how LaTeX handles file extensions see *note
- \input::.
-
-‘\LoadClass[OPTIONS LIST]{CLASS NAME}[RELEASE DATE]’
-‘\LoadClassWithOptions{CLASS NAME}[RELEASE DATE]’
- Load a class, as with ‘\documentclass[OPTIONS LIST]{CLASS
- NAME}[RELEASE INFO]’. An example is
- ‘\LoadClass[twoside]{article}’.
-
- The OPTIONS LIST, if present, is a comma-separated list. The
- RELEASE DATE is optional. If present it must have the form
- YYYY/MM/DD.
-
- If you request a RELEASE DATE and the date of the package installed
- on your system is earlier, then you get a warning on the screen and
- in the log like this.
-
- You have requested, on input line 4, version `2038/01/19' of
- document class article, but only version `2014/09/29 v1.4h
- Standard LaTeX document class' is available.
-
- The command version ‘\LoadClassWithOptions’ uses the list of
- options for the current class. This means it ignores any options
- passed to it via ‘\PassOptionsToClass’. This is a convenience
- command that lets you build classes on existing ones, such as the
- standard ‘article’ class, without having to track which options
- were passed.
-
-‘\ExecuteOptions{OPTIONS-LIST}’
- For each option OPTION in the OPTIONS-LIST, in order, this command
- executes the command ‘\ds@OPTION’. If this command is not defined
- then that option is silently ignored.
-
- It can be used to provide a default option list before
- ‘\ProcessOptions’. For example, if in a class file you want the
- default to be 11pt fonts then you could specify
- ‘\ExecuteOptions{11pt}\ProcessOptions\relax’.
-
-‘\NeedsTeXFormat{FORMAT}[FORMAT DATE]’
- Specifies the format that this class must be run under. Often
- issued as the first line of a class file, and most often used as:
- ‘\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}’. When a document using that class is
- processed, the format name given here must match the format that is
- actually being run (including that the FORMAT string is case
- sensitive). If it does not match then execution stops with an
- error like ‘This file needs format `LaTeX2e' but this is `xxx'.’
-
- To specify a version of the format that you know to have certain
- features, include the optional FORMAT DATE on which those features
- were implemented. If present it must be in the form ‘YYYY/MM/DD’.
- If the format version installed on your system is earlier than
- FORMAT DATE then you get a warning like this.
-
- You have requested release `2038/01/20' of LaTeX, but only
- release `2016/02/01' is available.
-
-‘\OptionNotUsed’
- Adds the current option to the list of unused options. Can only be
- used within the CODE argument of either ‘\DeclareOption’ or
- ‘\DeclareOption*’.
-
-‘\PassOptionsToClass{OPTION LIST}{CLASS NAME}’
-‘\PassOptionsToPackage{OPTION LIST}{PACKAGE NAME}’
- Adds the options in the comma-separated list OPTION LIST to the
- options used by any future ‘\RequirePackage’ or ‘\usepackage’
- command for package PACKAGE NAME or the class CLASS NAME.
-
- The reason for these commands is: you may load a package any number
- of times with no options but if you want options then you may only
- supply them when you first load the package. Loading a package
- with options more than once will get you an error like ‘Option
- clash for package foo.’ (LaTeX throws an error even if there is no
- conflict between the options.)
-
- If your own code is bringing in a package twice then you can
- collapse that to once, for example replacing the two
- ‘\RequirePackage[landscape]{geometry}’ and
- ‘\RequirePackage[margins=1in]{geometry}’ with the single command
- ‘\RequirePackage[landscape,margins=1in]{geometry}’.
-
- However, imagine that you are loading ‘firstpkg’ and inside that
- package it loads ‘secondpkg’, and you need the second package to be
- loaded with option ‘draft’. Then before doing the first package
- you must queue up the options for the second package, like this.
-
- \PassOptionsToPackage{draft}{secondpkg}
- \RequirePackage{firstpkg}
-
- (If ‘firstpkg.sty’ loads an option in conflict with what you want
- then you may have to alter its source.)
-
- These commands are useful for general users as well as class and
- package writers. For instance, suppose a user wants to load the
- ‘graphicx’ package with the option ‘draft’ and also wants to use a
- class ‘foo’ that loads the ‘graphicx’ package, but without that
- option. The user could start their LaTeX file with
- ‘\PassOptionsToPackage{draft}{graphicx}\documentclass{foo}’.
-
-‘\ProcessOptions’
-‘\ProcessOptions*\@OPTIONS’
- Execute the code for each option that the user has invoked.
- Include it in the class file as ‘\ProcessOptions\relax’ (because of
- the existence of the starred command).
-
- Options come in two types. “Local options” have been specified for
- this particular package in the OPTIONS argument of
- ‘\PassOptionsToPackage{OPTIONS}’, ‘\usepackage[OPTIONS]’, or
- ‘\RequirePackage[OPTIONS]’. “Global options” are those given by
- the class user in ‘\documentclass[OPTIONS]’ (If an option is
- specified both locally and globally then it is local.)
-
- When ‘\ProcessOptions’ is called for a package ‘pkg.sty’, the
- following happens:
- 1. For each option OPTION so far declared with ‘\DeclareOption’,
- it looks to see if that option is either a global or a local
- option for ‘pkg’. If so then it executes the declared code.
- This is done in the order in which these options were given in
- ‘pkg.sty’.
- 2. For each remaining local option, it executes the command
- ‘\ds@’OPTION if it has been defined somewhere (other than by a
- ‘\DeclareOption’); otherwise, it executes the default option
- code given in ‘\DeclareOption*’. If no default option code
- has been declared then it gives an error message. This is
- done in the order in which these options were specified.
-
- When ‘\ProcessOptions’ is called for a class it works in the same
- way except that all options are local, and the default CODE for
- ‘\DeclareOption*’ is ‘\OptionNotUsed’ rather than an error.
-
- The starred version ‘\ProcessOptions*’ executes the options in the
- order specified in the calling commands, rather than in the order
- of declaration in the class or package. For a package this means
- that the global options are processed first.
-
-‘\ProvidesClass{CLASS NAME}[RELEASE DATE BRIEF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION]’
-‘\ProvidesClass{CLASS NAME}[RELEASE DATE]’
-‘\ProvidesPackage{PACKAGE NAME}[RELEASE DATE BRIEF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION]’
-‘\ProvidesPackage{PACKAGE NAME}[RELEASE DATE]’
- Identifies the class or package, printing a message to the screen
- and the log file.
-
- When you load a class or package, for example with
- ‘\documentclass{smcmemo}’ or ‘\usepackage{test}’, LaTeX inputs a
- file. If the name of the file does not match the class or package
- name declared in it then you get a warning. Thus, if you invoke
- ‘\documentclass{smcmemo}’, and the file ‘smcmemo.cls’ has the
- statement ‘\ProvidesClass{xxx}’ then you get a warning like ‘You
- have requested document class `smcmemo', but the document class
- provides 'xxx'.’ This warning does not prevent LaTeX from
- processing the rest of the class file normally.
-
- If you include the optional argument then you must include a date,
- before any spaces, of the form ‘YYYY/MM/DD’. The rest of the
- optional argument is free-form, although it traditionally
- identifies the class, and is written to the screen during
- compilation and to the log file. Thus, if your file ‘smcmemo.cls’
- contains the line ‘\ProvidesClass{smcmemo}[2008/06/01 v1.0 SMC memo
- class]’ and your document’s first line is ‘\documentclass{smcmemo}’
- then you will see ‘Document Class: smcmemo 2008/06/01 v1.0 SMC memo
- class’.
-
- The date in the optional argument allows class and package users to
- ask to be warned if the version of the class or package is earlier
- than RELEASE DATE. For instance, a user could enter
- ‘\documentclass{smcmemo}[2018/10/12]’ or
- ‘\usepackage{foo}[[2017/07/07]]’ to require a class or package with
- certain features by specifying that it must be released no earlier
- than the given date. (Although, in practice package users only
- rarely include a date, and class users almost never do.)
-
-‘\ProvidesFile{FILENAME}[ADDITIONAL INFORMATION]’
- Declare a file other than the main class and package files, such as
- configuration files or font definition files. Put this command in
- that file and you get in the log a string like ‘File: test.config
- 2017/10/12 config file for test.cls’ for FILENAME equal to
- ‘test.config’ and ADDITIONAL INFORMATION equal to ‘2017/10/12
- config file for test.cls’.
-
-‘\RequirePackage[OPTION LIST]{PACKAGE NAME}[RELEASE DATE]’
-‘\RequirePackageWithOptions{PACKAGE NAME}[RELEASE DATE]’
- Load a package, like the command ‘\usepackage’ (*note Additional
- packages::). The LaTeX development team strongly recommends use of
- these commands over Plain TeX’s ‘\input’; see the Class Guide. An
- example is ‘\RequirePackage[landscape,margin=1in]{geometry}’.
-
- The OPTION LIST, if present, is a comma-separated list. The
- RELEASE DATE, if present, must have the form YYYY/MM/DD. If the
- release date of the package as installed on your system is earlier
- than RELEASE DATE then you get a warning like ‘You have requested,
- on input line 9, version `2017/07/03' of package jhtest, but only
- version `2000/01/01' is available’.
-
- The ‘\RequirePackageWithOptions’ version uses the list of options
- for the current class. This means it ignores any options passed to
- it via ‘\PassOptionsToClass’. This is a convenience command to
- allow easily building classes on existing ones without having to
- track which options were passed.
-
- The difference between ‘\usepackage’ and ‘\RequirePackage’ is
- small. The ‘\usepackage’ command is intended for the document file
- while ‘\RequirePackage’ is intended for package and class files.
- Thus, using ‘\usepackage’ before the ‘\documentclass’ command
- causes LaTeX to give error like ‘\usepackage before
- \documentclass’, but you can use ‘\RequirePackage’ there.
+Class Guide, at <https://ctan.org/pkg/clsguide> (much of the description
+here derives from this document), or the tutorial at
+<https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb26-3/tb84heff.pdf>.
+
+ *Note Class and package commands::, for some of the commands
+specifically intended for class and package writers.
4 Fonts
*******
@@ -1313,7 +1191,7 @@ character codes to the font glyphs that are used to typeset your output.
engines::). If you use the ‘xelatex’ or ‘lualatex’ engine then instead
use the ‘fontspec’ package.
- TeX’s original font family, Computer Modern, has a limited character
+ TeX's original font family, Computer Modern, has a limited character
set. For instance, to make common accented characters you must use
‘\accent’ (*note \accent::) but this disables hyphenation. TeX users
have agreed on a number of standards to access the larger sets of
@@ -1332,17 +1210,17 @@ to directly enter accented characters into your source file.)
blurry or do not magnify well then your fonts may be bitmapped,
sometimes called raster or Type 3. You want vector fonts. Use a
package such as ‘lmodern’ or ‘cm-super’ to get a font that extends
-LaTeX’s default using vector fonts.
+LaTeX's default using vector fonts.
For each FONT_ENCODING given as an option but not already declared,
this package loads the encoding definition files, named
‘FONT_ENCODINGenc.def’. It also sets ‘\encodingdefault’ to be the last
encoding in the option list.
- These are the common values for FONT_ENCODING.
+ These are the common values for FONT_ENCODING:
‘OT1’
- The original encoding for TeX. Limited to mostly English
+ The original 7-bit encoding for TeX. Limited to mostly English
characters.
‘OMS, OML’
@@ -1350,14 +1228,14 @@ encoding in the option list.
‘T1’
TeX text extended. Sometimes called the Cork encoding for the
- Users Group meeting where it was developed. Gives access to most
- European accented characters. The most common option for this
+ users group meeting where it was developed (1990). Gives access to
+ most European accented characters. The most common option for this
package.
‘TS1’
Text Companion encoding.
-LaTeX’s default is to load ‘OML’, ‘T1’, ‘OT1’, and then ‘OMS’, and set
+LaTeX's default is to load ‘OML’, ‘T1’, ‘OT1’, and then ‘OMS’, and set
the default to ‘OT1’.
Even if you do not use accented letters, you may need to specify a
@@ -1368,7 +1246,7 @@ family then you may need to load the package that selects your fonts
before loading ‘fontenc’, to prevent the system from loading any
‘T1’ encoded fonts from the default.
- The LaTeX team reserve encoding names starting with: ‘T’ for the
+ The LaTeX team reserves encoding names starting with: ‘T’ for the
standard text encodings with 256 characters, ‘TS’ for symbols that
extend the corresponding T encodings, ‘X’ for test encodings, ‘M’ for
standard math encodings with 256 characters, ‘A’ for special
@@ -1603,9 +1481,9 @@ Symbols defined in this way are for use in text, not mathematics.
For example, this line from ‘t1enc.def’ declares the number of the
glyph to use for «, the left guillemet.
- \DeclareTextSymbol{\guillemotleft}{T1}{19}
+ \DeclareTextSymbol{\guillemetleft}{T1}{19}
-The command ‘\DeclareTextCommand{\guillemotleft}{T1}{\char 19}’ has the
+The command ‘\DeclareTextCommand{\guillemetleft}{T1}{\char 19}’ has the
same effect but is slower (*note \DeclareTextCommand &
\ProvideTextCommand::).
@@ -1710,7 +1588,7 @@ form. But shown after it in parenthesis is the corresponding
arguments, as in ‘{\itshape TEXT}’. The scope of the declaration form
lasts until the next type style command or the end of the current group.
In addition, each has an environment form such as
-‘\begin{itshape}...\end{itshape}’, which we’ll describe further at the
+‘\begin{itshape}...\end{itshape}’, which we'll describe further at the
end of the section.
These commands, in any of the three forms, are cumulative; for
@@ -1829,9 +1707,9 @@ switching to bold letters and symbols in formulas.
‘\mathversion{normal}’ restores the default.
Finally, the command ‘\oldstylenums{NUMERALS}’ will typeset so-called
-“old-style” numerals, which have differing heights and depths (and
-sometimes widths) from the standard “lining” numerals, which all have
-the same height as uppercase letters. LaTeX’s default fonts support
+"old-style" numerals, which have differing heights and depths (and
+sometimes widths) from the standard "lining" numerals, which all have
+the same height as uppercase letters. LaTeX's default fonts support
this, and will respect ‘\textbf’ (but not other styles; there are no
italic old-style numerals in Computer Modern). Many other fonts have
old-style numerals also; sometimes package options are provided to make
@@ -1872,7 +1750,7 @@ end of the current group, so you could enclose it in curly braces
Trying to use these commands in math, as with ‘$\small mv^2/2$’,
results in ‘LaTeX Font Warning: Command \small invalid in math mode’,
-and the font size doesn’t change. To work with a too-large formula,
+and the font size doesn't change. To work with a too-large formula,
often the best option is to use the ‘displaymath’ environment (*note
Math formulas::), or one of the environments from the ‘amsmath’ package.
For inline mathematics, such as in a table of formulas, an alternative
@@ -1884,7 +1762,7 @@ also changes a number of other aspects of how mathematics is typeset.
An “environment form” of each of these commands is also defined; for
instance, ‘\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}’. However, in practice this form
can easily lead to unwanted spaces at the beginning and/or end of the
-environment without careful consideration, so it’s generally less
+environment without careful consideration, so it's generally less
error-prone to stick to the declaration form.
(Aside: Technically, due to the way LaTeX defines ‘\begin’ and
@@ -1904,7 +1782,7 @@ ones.
‘\fontencoding{ENCODING}’
Select the font encoding, the encoding of the output font. There
are a large number of valid encodings. The most common are ‘OT1’,
- Knuth’s original encoding for Computer Modern (the default), and
+ Knuth's original encoding for Computer Modern (the default), and
‘T1’, also known as the Cork encoding, which has support for the
accented characters used by the most widespread European languages
(German, French, Italian, Polish and others), which allows TeX to
@@ -2106,7 +1984,7 @@ following parameters control float behavior of two-column output.
‘\dblfloatpagefraction’
For a float page of two-column wide floats, this is the minimum
fraction that must be occupied by floats, limiting the amount of
- blank space. LaTeX’s default is ‘0.5’. Change it with
+ blank space. LaTeX's default is ‘0.5’. Change it with
‘\renewcommand’.
‘\dblfloatsep’
@@ -2126,7 +2004,7 @@ following parameters control float behavior of two-column output.
maximum number of floats allowed at the top of the page. The LaTeX
default is ‘2’.
- This example uses ‘\twocolumn’’s optional argument of to create a
+ This example uses ‘\twocolumn’'s optional argument of to create a
title that spans the two-column article:
\documentclass[twocolumn]{article}
@@ -2214,7 +2092,7 @@ option (*note Document class options::).
Width of the current line, decreased for each nested ‘list’ (*note
list::). That is, the nominal value for ‘\linewidth’ is to equal
‘\textwidth’ but for each nested list the ‘\linewidth’ is decreased
- by the sum of that list’s ‘\leftmargin’ and ‘\rightmargin’ (*note
+ by the sum of that list's ‘\leftmargin’ and ‘\rightmargin’ (*note
itemize::).
‘\marginparpush’
@@ -2246,13 +2124,13 @@ option (*note Document class options::).
‘\oddsidemargin’
‘\evensidemargin’
The ‘\oddsidemargin’ length is the extra distance between the left
- side of the page and the text’s left margin, on odd-numbered pages
+ side of the page and the text's left margin, on odd-numbered pages
when the document class option ‘twoside’ is chosen and on all pages
when ‘oneside’ is in effect. When ‘twoside’ is in effect, on
even-numbered pages the extra distance on the left is
‘\evensidemargin’.
- LaTeX’s default is that ‘\oddsidemargin’ is 40% of the difference
+ LaTeX's default is that ‘\oddsidemargin’ is 40% of the difference
between ‘\paperwidth’ and ‘\textwidth’, and ‘\evensidemargin’ is
the remainder.
@@ -2323,14 +2201,14 @@ baseline to baseline.
Ordinarily document authors do not directly change ‘\baselineskip’
while writing. Instead, it is set by the low level font selection
command ‘\fontsize’ (*note low level font commands fontsize::). The
-‘\baselineskip’’s value is reset every time a font change happens and so
+‘\baselineskip’'s value is reset every time a font change happens and so
any direct change to ‘\baselineskip’ would vanish the next time there
was a font switch. For how to influence line spacing, see the
discussion of ‘\baselinestretch’ below.
- Usually, a font’s size and baseline skip is assigned by the font
+ Usually, a font's size and baseline skip is assigned by the font
designer. These numbers are nominal in the sense that if, for instance,
-a font’s style file has the command ‘\fontsize{10pt}{12pt}’ then that
+a font's style file has the command ‘\fontsize{10pt}{12pt}’ then that
does not mean that the characters in the font are 10pt tall; for
instance, parentheses and accented capitals may be taller. Nor does it
mean that if the lines are spaced less than 12pt apart then they risk
@@ -2340,7 +2218,7 @@ touching. Rather these numbers are typographic judgements. (Often, the
The ‘\baselineskip’ is not a property of each line but of the entire
paragraph. As a result, large text in the middle of a paragraph, such
as a single ‘{\Huge Q}’, will be squashed into its line. TeX will make
-sure it doesn’t scrape up against the line above but won’t change the
+sure it doesn't scrape up against the line above but won't change the
‘\baselineskip’ for that one line to make extra room above. For the
fix, use a ‘\strut’ (*note \strut::).
@@ -2361,7 +2239,7 @@ less than ‘\baselineskip’ then TeX inserts vertical glue to make up the
difference. There are two fine points. The first is that if the lines
would be too close together, closer than ‘\lineskiplimit’, then TeX
instead uses ‘\lineskip’ as the interline glue. The second is that TeX
-doesn’t actually use the depth of the previous line. Instead it uses
+doesn't actually use the depth of the previous line. Instead it uses
‘\prevdepth’, which usually contains that depth. But at the beginning
of the paragraph (or any vertical list) or just after a rule,
‘\prevdepth’ has the value -1000pt and this special value tells TeX not
@@ -2386,9 +2264,9 @@ spacing, take FACTOR to be 1.6 and for one-and-a-half spacing use 1.3.
These numbers are rough: for instance, since the ‘\baselineskip’ is
about 1.2 times the font size, multiplying by 1.6 gives a baseline skip
to font size ratio of about 2. (The ‘\linespread’ command is defined as
-‘\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{FACTOR}’ so it also won’t take effect
+‘\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{FACTOR}’ so it also won't take effect
until a font setting happens. But that always takes place at the start
-of a document, so there you don’t need to follow it with ‘\selectfont’.)
+of a document, so there you don't need to follow it with ‘\selectfont’.)
A simpler approach is the ‘setspace’ package. The basic example:
@@ -2442,41 +2320,41 @@ below. The default for both ‘figure’ and ‘table’, in both ‘article’
‘book’ classes, is ‘tbp’.
‘t’
- (Top)—at the top of a text page.
+ (Top)--at the top of a text page.
‘b’
- (Bottom)—at the bottom of a text page. (However, ‘b’ is not
+ (Bottom)--at the bottom of a text page. (However, ‘b’ is not
allowed for full-width floats (‘figure*’) with double-column
output. To ameliorate this, use the ‘stfloats’ or ‘dblfloatfix’
package, but see the discussion at caveats in the FAQ:
<https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-2colfloat>.
‘h’
- (Here)—at the position in the text where the ‘figure’ environment
+ (Here)--at the position in the text where the ‘figure’ environment
appears. However, ‘h’ is not allowed by itself; ‘t’ is
automatically added.
- To absolutely force a float to appear “here”, you can
+ To absolutely force a float to appear "here", you can
‘\usepackage{float}’ and use the ‘H’ specifier which it defines.
For further discussion, see the FAQ entry at
<https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-figurehere>.
‘p’
- (Page of floats)—on a separate “float page”, which is a page
+ (Page of floats)--on a separate “float page”, which is a page
containing no text, only floats.
‘!’
Used in addition to one of the above; for this float only, LaTeX
ignores the restrictions on both the number of floats that can
appear and the relative amounts of float and non-float text on the
- page. The ‘!’ specifier does _not_ mean “put the float here”; see
+ page. The ‘!’ specifier does _not_ mean "put the float here"; see
above.
Note: the order in which letters appear in the PLACEMENT argument
does not change the order in which LaTeX tries to place the float; for
instance, ‘btp’ has the same effect as ‘tbp’. All that PLACEMENT does
is that if a letter is not present then the algorithm does not try that
-location. Thus, LaTeX’s default of ‘tbp’ is to try every location
+location. Thus, LaTeX's default of ‘tbp’ is to try every location
except placing the float where it occurs in the source.
To prevent LaTeX from moving floats to the end of the document or a
@@ -2551,10 +2429,10 @@ a command of the form ‘\setcounter{CTRNAME}{NATURAL NUMBER}’):
The principal TeX FAQ entry relating to floats
<https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-floats> contains suggestions for relaxing
-LaTeX’s default parameters to reduce the problem of floats being pushed
+LaTeX's default parameters to reduce the problem of floats being pushed
to the end. A full explanation of the float placement algorithm is in
-Frank Mittelbach’s article “How to influence the position of float
-environments like figure and table in LaTeX?”
+Frank Mittelbach's article "How to influence the position of float
+environments like figure and table in LaTeX?"
(<https://www.latex-project.org/publications/2014-FMi-TUB-tb111mitt-float-placement.pdf>).
5.7.1 ‘\caption’
@@ -2645,7 +2523,7 @@ For instance, declare the start of a subsection as with
‘\subsection{Motivation}’.
The table has each SECTIONING-COMMAND in LaTeX. All are available in
-all of LaTeX’s standard document classes ‘book’, ‘report’,
+all of LaTeX's standard document classes ‘book’, ‘report’,
and ‘article’, except that ‘\chapter’ is not available in ‘article’.
Sectioning unit Command Level
@@ -2676,7 +2554,7 @@ TOC-TITLE for these other places.
The level number in the table above determines which sectional units
are numbered, and which appear in the table of contents. If the
-sectioning command’s LEVEL is less than or equal to the value of the
+sectioning command's LEVEL is less than or equal to the value of the
counter ‘secnumdepth’ then the titles for this sectioning command will
be numbered (*note Sectioning/secnumdepth::). And, if LEVEL is less
than or equal to the value of the counter ‘tocdepth’ then the table of
@@ -2706,7 +2584,7 @@ commands.
‘secnumdepth’ is 1 in an ‘article’ then a ‘\section{Introduction}’
command will produce output like ‘1 Introduction’ while
‘\subsection{Discussion}’ will produce output like ‘Discussion’,
- without the number. LaTeX’s default ‘secnumdepth’ is 3 in
+ without the number. LaTeX's default ‘secnumdepth’ is 3 in
‘article’ class and 2 in the ‘book’ and ‘report’ classes.
‘tocdepth’
@@ -2715,7 +2593,7 @@ commands.
sectioning units at LEVEL be the smallest ones listed (*note
\setcounter::). See the above table for the level numbers. For
instance, if ‘tocdepth’ is 1 then the table of contents will list
- sections but not subsections. LaTeX’s default ‘tocdepth’ is 3 in
+ sections but not subsections. LaTeX's default ‘tocdepth’ is 3 in
‘article’ class and 2 in the ‘book’ and ‘report’ classes.
6.1 ‘\part’
@@ -2744,7 +2622,7 @@ LaTeX outputs TITLE, also alone on its line, in bold and in even larger
type. In class ‘book’, the LaTeX default puts each part alone on its
own page. If the book is two-sided then LaTeX will skip a page if
needed to have the new part on an odd-numbered page. In ‘report’ it is
-again alone on a page, but LaTeX won’t force it onto an odd-numbered
+again alone on a page, but LaTeX won't force it onto an odd-numbered
page. In an ‘article’ LaTeX does not put it on a fresh page, but
instead outputs the part number and part title onto the main document
page.
@@ -2818,7 +2696,7 @@ there. This shows the full name in the chapter title,
\chapter[Weyl]{Hermann Klaus Hugo (Peter) Weyl (1885--1955)}
but only ‘Weyl’ on the contents page. This puts a line break in the
-title but that doesn’t work well with running headers so it omits the
+title but that doesn't work well with running headers so it omits the
break in the contents
\chapter[Given it all; my story]{Given it all\\ my story}
@@ -3121,7 +2999,7 @@ Synopsis, one or more of:
Format a ‘book’ class document differently according to which part of
the document is being produced. All three commands are optional.
- Traditionally, a book’s front matter contains such things as the
+ Traditionally, a book's front matter contains such things as the
title page, an abstract, a table of contents, a preface, a list of
notations, a list of figures, and a list of tables. (Some of these
front matter pages, such as the title page, are traditionally not
@@ -3129,7 +3007,7 @@ numbered.) The back matter may contain such things as a glossary,
notes, a bibliography, and an index.
The ‘\frontmatter’ command makes the pages numbered in lowercase
-roman, and makes chapters not numbered, although each chapter’s title
+roman, and makes chapters not numbered, although each chapter's title
appears in the table of contents; if you use other sectioning commands
here, use the ‘*’-version (*note Sectioning::).
@@ -3142,7 +3020,7 @@ switches the chapters back to being not numbered.
*Note Larger book template::, for an example using these three
commands.
-6.8 ‘\@startsection’, typesetting sectional unit headings
+6.8 ‘\@startsection’: Typesetting sectional unit headings
=========================================================
Synopsis:
@@ -3152,14 +3030,14 @@ Synopsis:
Used to help redefine the behavior of commands that start sectioning
divisions such as ‘\section’ or ‘\subsection’.
- Note that the ‘titlesec’ package makes manipulation of sectioning
-easier. Further, while most requirements for sectioning commands can be
+ The ‘titlesec’ package makes manipulation of sectioning easier.
+Further, while most requirements for sectioning commands can be
satisfied with ‘\@startsection’, some cannot. For instance, in the
standard LaTeX ‘book’ and ‘report’ classes the commands ‘\chapter’ and
-‘\report’ are not constructed in this way. To make such a command you
+‘\report’ are not constructed using this. To make such a command you
may want to use the ‘\secdef’ command.
- Technically, ‘\@startsection’ has the form
+ The ‘\@startsection’ macro is used like this:
\@startsection{NAME}
{LEVEL}
@@ -3178,7 +3056,7 @@ so that issuing
{STYLE}}
redefines ‘\section’ while keeping its standard calling form
-‘\section*[TOCTITLE]{TITLE}’ (in which, for reminder, the star ‘*’ is
+‘\section*[TOCTITLE]{TITLE}’ (in which, as a reminder, the star ‘*’ is
optional). *Note Sectioning::. This implies that when you write a
command like ‘\renewcommand{\section}{...}’, the ‘\@startsection{...}’
must come last in the definition. See the examples below.
@@ -3188,7 +3066,7 @@ NAME
counter must be defined separately. Most commonly this is either
‘section’, ‘subsection’, or ‘paragraph’. Although in those cases
the counter name is the same as the sectioning command itself, you
- don’t have to use the same name.
+ don't have to use the same name.
Then ‘\the’NAME displays the title number and ‘\’NAME‘mark’ is for
the page headers. See the third example below.
@@ -3201,9 +3079,9 @@ LEVEL
‘secnumdepth’ then titles for this sectioning command will be
numbered (*note Sectioning/secnumdepth::). For instance, if
‘secnumdepth’ is 1 in an ‘article’ then the command
- ‘\section{Introduction}’ will produce output like “1 Introduction”
+ ‘\section{Introduction}’ will produce output like "1 Introduction"
while ‘\subsection{Discussion}’ will produce output like
- “Discussion”, without the number prefix.
+ "Discussion", without the number prefix.
If LEVEL is less than or equal to the value of the counter TOCDEPTH
then the table of contents will have an entry for this sectioning
@@ -3219,11 +3097,11 @@ INDENT
BEFORESKIP
The absolute value of this length is the amount of vertical space
- that is inserted before this sectioning unit’s title. This space
+ that is inserted before this sectioning unit's title. This space
will be discarded if the sectioning unit happens to start at the
beginning of a page. If this number is negative then the first
- paragraph following the header is not indented, if it is
- non-negative then the first paragraph is indented. (Note that the
+ paragraph following the header is not indented; if it is
+ non-negative then the first paragraph is indented. (Example: the
negative of ‘1pt plus 2pt minus 3pt’ is ‘-1pt plus -2pt minus
-3pt’.)
@@ -3235,7 +3113,7 @@ BEFORESKIP
flexibility in making up the page (*note Lengths::).
The full accounting of the vertical space between the baseline of
- the line prior to this sectioning unit’s header and the baseline of
+ the line prior to this sectioning unit's header and the baseline of
the header is that it is the sum of the ‘\parskip’ of the text
font, the ‘\baselineskip’ of the title font, and the absolute value
of the BEFORESKIP. This space is typically rubber so it may
@@ -3246,7 +3124,7 @@ BEFORESKIP
AFTERSKIP
This is a length. If AFTERSKIP is non-negative then this is the
- vertical space inserted after the sectioning unit’s title header.
+ vertical space inserted after the sectioning unit's title header.
If it is negative then the title header becomes a run-in header, so
that it becomes part of the next paragraph. In this case the
absolute value of the length gives the horizontal space between the
@@ -3259,13 +3137,13 @@ AFTERSKIP
flexibility in putting together the page.
If ‘afterskip’ is non-negative then the full accounting of the
- vertical space between the baseline of the sectioning unit’s header
+ vertical space between the baseline of the sectioning unit's header
and the baseline of the first line of the following paragraph is
that it is the sum of the ‘\parskip’ of the title font, the
‘\baselineskip’ of the text font, and the value of AFTER. That
space is typically rubber so it may stretch or shrink. (Note that
because the sign of ‘afterskip’ changes the sectioning unit
- header’s from standalone to run-in, you cannot use a negative
+ header's from standalone to run-in, you cannot use a negative
‘afterskip’ to cancel part of the ‘\parskip’.)
STYLE
@@ -3278,7 +3156,7 @@ STYLE
STYLE to ‘\bfseries\MakeUppercase’ would produce titles that are
bold and uppercase.
- These are LaTeX’s defaults for the first three sectioning units that
+ These are LaTeX's defaults for the first three sectioning units that
are defined with ‘\@startsection’, for the ‘article’, ‘book’, and
‘report’ classes.
@@ -3302,7 +3180,7 @@ mode.’ means that you forgot this.) *Note \makeatletter &
\makeatother::.
This will put section titles in large boldface type, centered. It
-says ‘\renewcommand’ because LaTeX’s standard classes have already
+says ‘\renewcommand’ because LaTeX's standard classes have already
defined a ‘\section’. For the same reason it does not define a
‘section’ counter, or the commands ‘\thesection’ and ‘\l@section’.
@@ -3380,10 +3258,10 @@ references changes; you get the same warning and the output contains the
old reference information. In both cases, resolve this by compiling the
document a second time.
- The ‘cleveref’ package enhances LaTeX’s cross referencing features.
+ The ‘cleveref’ package enhances LaTeX's cross referencing features.
You can arrange that if you enter
‘\begin{thm}\label{th:Nerode}...\end{thm}’ then ‘\cref{th:Nerode}’ will
-output ‘Theorem 3.21’, without you having to enter the “Theorem.”
+output ‘Theorem 3.21’, without you having to enter the "Theorem."
7.1 ‘\label’
============
@@ -3476,7 +3354,7 @@ Synopsis:
Produces the number of the sectional unit, equation, footnote,
figure, ..., of the corresponding ‘\label’ command (*note \label::). It
-does not produce any text, such as the word ‘Section’ or ‘Figure’, just
+does not produce any text, such as the word 'Section' or 'Figure', just
the bare number itself.
If there is no ‘\label{KEY}’ then you get something like ‘LaTeX
@@ -3660,7 +3538,7 @@ features of the two environments, including the optional POS argument.
is that ‘array’ entries are typeset in math mode, in textstyle (*note
Math styles::) except if the COLS definition specifies the column with
‘p{...}’, which causes the entry to be typeset in text mode. The second
-is that, instead of ‘tabular’’s parameter ‘\tabcolsep’, LaTeX’s
+is that, instead of ‘tabular’'s parameter ‘\tabcolsep’, LaTeX's
intercolumn space in an ‘array’ is governed by ‘\arraycolsep’, which
gives half the width between columns. The default for this is ‘5pt’ so
that between two columns comes 10pt of space.
@@ -3719,7 +3597,7 @@ space between the last two lines.
the School of Environmental Engineering
\end{center}
- In this example, depending on the page’s line width, LaTeX may choose
+ In this example, depending on the page's line width, LaTeX may choose
a line break for the part before the double backslash. If so, it will
center each of the two lines and if not it will center the single line.
Then LaTeX will break at the double backslash, and will center the
@@ -3732,7 +3610,7 @@ ending.
\end{center}
A double backslash after the final line is optional. If present it
-doesn’t add any vertical space.
+doesn't add any vertical space.
In a two-column document the text is centered in a column, not in the
entire page.
@@ -3753,7 +3631,7 @@ or
Center the material in its scope. It is most often used inside an
environment such as ‘figure’, or in a ‘parbox’.
- This example’s ‘\centering’ declaration causes the graphic to be
+ This example's ‘\centering’ declaration causes the graphic to be
horizontally centered.
\begin{figure}
@@ -3765,7 +3643,7 @@ horizontally centered.
The scope of this ‘\centering’ ends with the ‘\end{figure}’.
Unlike the ‘center’ environment, the ‘\centering’ command does not
-add vertical space above and below the text. That’s its advantage in
+add vertical space above and below the text. That's its advantage in
the above example; there is not an excess of space.
It also does not start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX
@@ -3790,7 +3668,7 @@ Synopsis:
...
\end{description}
- Environment to make a list of labeled items. Each item’s LABEL is
+ Environment to make a list of labeled items. Each item's LABEL is
typeset in bold and is flush left, so that long labels continue into the
first line of the item text. There must be at least one item; having
none causes the LaTeX error ‘Something's wrong--perhaps a missing
@@ -3858,17 +3736,17 @@ environment (*note equation::).
displayed equation facilities. For example, there are a number of ways
in that package for having math text broken across lines.
- The construct ‘\[MATH\]’ is a synonym for the environment
+ The construct ‘\[ MATH \]’ is a synonym for the environment
‘\begin{displaymath} MATH \end{displaymath}’ but the latter is easier to
work with in the source; for instance, searching for a square bracket
may get false positives but the word ‘displaymath’ will likely be
unique.
- (Aside: The construct ‘$$MATH$$’ from Plain TeX is sometimes
-mistakenly used as a synonym for ‘displaymath’. It is not a synonym,
-and is not officially supported in LaTeX at all; ‘$$’ doesn’t support
-the ‘fleqn’ option (*note Document class options::), has different
-vertical spacing, and doesn’t perform consistency checks.)
+ The construct ‘$$MATH$$’ from Plain TeX is sometimes used as a
+synonym for LaTeX's ‘displaymath’. It is not a synonym, and is not
+officially supported in LaTeX at all; ‘$$’ doesn't support the ‘fleqn’
+option (*note Document class options::), has different vertical spacing,
+and doesn't perform consistency checks.
The output from this example is centered and alone on its line.
@@ -3952,7 +3830,7 @@ optional text, which may contain multiple paragraphs.
Enumerations may be nested within other ‘enumerate’ environments, or
within any paragraph-making environment such as ‘itemize’ (*note
-itemize::), up to four levels deep. This gives LaTeX’s default for the
+itemize::), up to four levels deep. This gives LaTeX's default for the
format at each nesting level, where 1 is the top level, the outermost
level.
@@ -3989,7 +3867,7 @@ with uppercase letters, in boldface, and without a trailing period.
The ‘eqnarray’ environment is obsolete. It has infelicities, including
spacing that is inconsistent with other mathematics elements. (See
-“Avoid eqnarray!” by Lars Madsen
+"Avoid eqnarray!" by Lars Madsen
<https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb33-1/tb103madsen.pdf>). New documents should
include the ‘amsmath’ package and use the displayed mathematics
environments provided there, such as the ‘align’ environment. We
@@ -4052,8 +3930,8 @@ that LaTeX puts an equation number flush to the right margin. The
equation number is generated using the ‘equation’ counter.
You should have no blank lines between ‘\begin{equation}’ and
-‘\begin{equation}’, or LaTeX will tell you that there is a missing
-dollar sign.
+‘\end{equation}’, or LaTeX will tell you that there is a missing dollar
+sign.
The package ‘amsmath’ package has extensive displayed equation
facilities. New documents should include this package.
@@ -4080,7 +3958,7 @@ or:
Figures are for material that is not part of the normal text. An
example is material that you cannot have split between two pages, such
as a graphic. Because of this, LaTeX does not typeset figures in
-sequence with normal text but instead “floats” them to a convenient
+sequence with normal text but instead "floats" them to a convenient
place, such as the top of a following page (*note Floats::).
The FIGURE BODY can consist of imported graphics (*note Graphics::),
@@ -4229,7 +4107,7 @@ in a ‘parbox’. For the environment form see *note flushleft::.
Unlike the ‘flushleft’ environment, the ‘\raggedright’ command does
not start a new paragraph; it only changes how LaTeX formats paragraph
-units. To affect a paragraph unit’s format, the scope of the
+units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the
declaration must contain the blank line or ‘\end’ command that ends the
paragraph unit.
@@ -4282,13 +4160,12 @@ a ‘parbox’. For the environment form see *note flushright::.
Unlike the ‘flushright’ environment, the ‘\raggedleft’ command does
not start a new paragraph; it only changes how LaTeX formats paragraph
-units. To affect a paragraph unit’s format, the scope of the
+units. To affect a paragraph unit's formatting, the scope of the
declaration must contain the blank line or ‘\end’ command that ends the
paragraph unit.
- For an example related to this environment, see *note \raggedright::,
-where one just have mutatis mutandis to replace ‘\raggedright’ by
-‘\raggedleft’.
+ *Note \raggedright::, for an example related to this environment;
+just replace ‘\raggedright’ there by ‘\raggedleft’.
8.14 ‘itemize’
==============
@@ -4312,8 +4189,8 @@ the LaTeX error ‘Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item’.
\item Rice portrait
\end{itemize}
-With the default locale—without loading e.g. ‘babel’ package with
-another language than USenglish—as a top-level list each label would
+With the default locale--without loading e.g. ‘babel’ package with
+another language than USenglish--as a top-level list each label would
come out as a bullet, •. The format of the labeling depends on the
nesting level; see below.
@@ -4374,8 +4251,9 @@ within a single item (‘\parskip’ is not list-specific, *note \parindent
\newenvironment{itemize*}%
{\begin{itemize}%
\setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}%
- \setlength{\parsep}{0pt}}%
- \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}%
+ \setlength{\parsep}{0pt}%
+ \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}%
+ }%
{\end{itemize}}
8.15 ‘letter’ environment: writing letters
@@ -4461,7 +4339,7 @@ different than the values shown here.) See also the figure that follows
the list. Each is a length (*note Lengths::). The vertical spaces are
normally rubber lengths, with ‘plus’ and ‘minus’ components, to give TeX
flexibility in setting the page. Change each with a command such as
-‘\setlength{itemsep}{2pt plus1pt minus1pt}’. For some effects these
+‘\setlength{\itemsep}{2pt plus1pt minus1pt}’. For some effects these
lengths should be zero or negative.
‘\itemindent’
@@ -4470,7 +4348,7 @@ lengths should be zero or negative.
‘\itemsep’
Vertical space between items, beyond the ‘\parsep’. The defaults
- for the first three levels in LaTeX’s ‘article’, ‘book’, and
+ for the first three levels in LaTeX's ‘article’, ‘book’, and
‘report’ classes at 10 point size are: ‘4pt plus2pt minus1pt’,
‘\parsep’ (that is, ‘2pt plus1pt minus1pt’), and ‘\topsep’ (that
is, ‘2pt plus1pt minus1pt’). The defaults at 11 point are: ‘4.5pt
@@ -4482,7 +4360,7 @@ lengths should be zero or negative.
‘\labelsep’
Horizontal space between the label and text of an item. The
- default for LaTeX’s ‘article’, ‘book’, and ‘report’ classes is
+ default for LaTeX's ‘article’, ‘book’, and ‘report’ classes is
‘0.5em’.
‘\labelwidth’
@@ -4490,18 +4368,18 @@ lengths should be zero or negative.
wide. If ‘\makelabel’ returns text that is wider than this then
the first line of the item will be indented to make room for this
extra material. If ‘\makelabel’ returns text of width less than or
- equal to ‘\labelwidth’ then LaTeX’s default is that the label is
+ equal to ‘\labelwidth’ then LaTeX's default is that the label is
typeset flush right in a box of this width.
The left edge of the label box is
‘\leftmargin’+‘\itemindent’-‘\labelsep’-‘\labelwidth’ from the left
margin of the enclosing environment.
- The default for LaTeX’s ‘article’, ‘book’, and ‘report’ classes at
+ The default for LaTeX's ‘article’, ‘book’, and ‘report’ classes at
the top level is ‘\leftmargini’-‘\labelsep’, (which is ‘2em’ in one
column mode and ‘1.5em’ in two column mode). At the second level
it is ‘\leftmarginii’-‘\labelsep’, and at the third level it is
- ‘\leftmarginiii’-‘\labelsep’. These definitions make the label’s
+ ‘\leftmarginiii’-‘\labelsep’. These definitions make the label's
left edge coincide with the left margin of the enclosing
environment.
@@ -4517,7 +4395,7 @@ lengths should be zero or negative.
‘\leftmarginvi’. (Nesting greater than level five generates the
error message ‘Too deeply nested’.)
- The defaults for the first three levels in LaTeX’s ‘article’,
+ The defaults for the first three levels in LaTeX's ‘article’,
‘book’, and ‘report’ classes are: ‘\leftmargini’ is ‘2.5em’ (in two
column mode, ‘2em’), ‘\leftmarginii’ is ‘2.2em’, and
‘\leftmarginiii’ is ‘1.87em’.
@@ -4525,12 +4403,12 @@ lengths should be zero or negative.
‘\listparindent’
Horizontal space of additional line indentation, beyond
‘\leftmargin’, for second and subsequent paragraphs within a list
- item. A negative value makes this an “outdent”. Its default value
+ item. A negative value makes this an "outdent". Its default value
is ‘0pt’.
‘\parsep’
Vertical space between paragraphs within an item. The defaults for
- the first three levels in LaTeX’s ‘article’, ‘book’, and ‘report’
+ the first three levels in LaTeX's ‘article’, ‘book’, and ‘report’
classes at 10 point size are: ‘4pt plus2pt minus1pt’, ‘2pt plus1pt
minus1pt’, and ‘0pt’. The defaults at 11 point size are: ‘4.5pt
plus2pt minus1pt’, ‘2pt plus1pt minus1pt’, and ‘0pt’. The defaults
@@ -4544,7 +4422,7 @@ lengths should be zero or negative.
changes spacing at both the top and bottom of the list; whether the
line following the list is blank does not matter.)
- The defaults for the first three levels in LaTeX’s ‘article’,
+ The defaults for the first three levels in LaTeX's ‘article’,
‘book’, and ‘report’ classes at 10 point size are: ‘2pt plus1
minus1pt’, ‘2pt plus1pt minus1pt’, and ‘1pt plus0pt minus1pt’. The
defaults at 11 point are: ‘3pt plus1pt minus1pt’, ‘3pt plus1pt
@@ -4560,7 +4438,7 @@ lengths should be zero or negative.
‘\topsep’
Vertical space added to both the top and bottom of the list, in
addition to ‘\parskip’ (*note \parindent & \parskip::). The
- defaults for the first three levels in LaTeX’s ‘article’, ‘book’,
+ defaults for the first three levels in LaTeX's ‘article’, ‘book’,
and ‘report’ classes at 10 point size are: ‘8pt plus2pt minus4pt’,
‘4pt plus2pt minus1pt’, and ‘2pt plus1pt minus1pt’. The defaults
at 11 point are: ‘9pt plus3pt minus5pt’, ‘4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt’,
@@ -4626,11 +4504,11 @@ H4
H5
‘\rightmargin’
- The list’s left and right margins, shown above as H3 and H5, are with
+ The list's left and right margins, shown above as H3 and H5, are with
respect to the ones provided by the surrounding environment, or with
respect to the page margins for a top-level list. The line width used
for typesetting the list items is ‘\linewidth’ (*note Page layout
-parameters::). For instance, set the list’s left margin to be one
+parameters::). For instance, set the list's left margin to be one
quarter of the distance between the left and right margins of the
enclosing environment with ‘\setlength{\leftmargin}{0.25\linewidth}’.
@@ -4723,7 +4601,7 @@ Synopsis:
A restricted version of the list environment, in which margins are
not indented and an ‘\item’ without an optional argument produces no
text. It is most often used in macros, to define an environment where
-the ‘\item’ command is part of the environment’s definition. For
+the ‘\item’ command is part of the environment's definition. For
instance, the ‘center’ environment is defined essentially like this:
\newenvironment{center}
@@ -4812,11 +4690,11 @@ aligns with the surrounding material.
‘t’
Align the baseline of the top line in the ‘minipage’ with the
- baseline of the surrounding text (plain TeX’s ‘\vtop’).
+ baseline of the surrounding text (plain TeX's ‘\vtop’).
‘b’
Align the baseline of the bottom line in the ‘minipage’ with the
- baseline of the surrounding text (plain TeX’s ‘\vbox’).
+ baseline of the surrounding text (plain TeX's ‘\vbox’).
To see the effects of these, contrast running this
@@ -4828,7 +4706,7 @@ with the results of changing ‘c’ to ‘b’ or ‘t’.
The optional argument HEIGHT is a rigid length (*note Lengths::). It
sets the height of the ‘minipage’. You can enter any value larger than,
-or equal to, or smaller than the ‘minipage’’s natural height and LaTeX
+or equal to, or smaller than the ‘minipage’'s natural height and LaTeX
will not give an error or warning. You can also set it to a height of
zero or a negative value.
@@ -4850,7 +4728,7 @@ is the value of POSITION).
stretchable space.
The INNER-POS argument makes sense when the HEIGHT option is set to a
-value larger than the ‘minipage’’s natural height. To see the effect of
+value larger than the ‘minipage’'s natural height. To see the effect of
the options, run this example with the various choices in place of ‘b’.
Text before
@@ -4933,7 +4811,7 @@ or
PICTURE COMMAND
\end{picture}
-Where there may be any number of PICTURE COMMAND’s.
+Where there may be any number of PICTURE COMMAND's.
An environment to create simple pictures containing lines, arrows,
boxes, circles, and text. This environment is not obsolete, but new
@@ -4941,7 +4819,7 @@ documents typically use much more powerful graphics creation systems,
such as TikZ, PSTricks, MetaPost, or Asymptote. None of these are
covered in this document; see CTAN.
- To start, here’s an example showing the parallelogram law for adding
+ To start, here's an example showing the parallelogram law for adding
vectors.
\setlength{\unitlength}{1cm}
@@ -4959,7 +4837,7 @@ positive real numbers (WIDTH,HEIGHT). Multiply these by the value
‘\unitlength’ to get the nominal size of the output, i.e. the space that
LaTeX reserves on the output page. This nominal size need not be how
large the picture really is; LaTeX will draw things from the picture
-outside the picture’s box.
+outside the picture's box.
This environment also has an optional argument (XOFFSET,YOFFSET). It
is used to shift the origin. Unlike most optional arguments, this one
@@ -4973,7 +4851,7 @@ point at the lower-left corner of the picture.
\begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20)
produces a box of width 100 millimeters and height 200 millimeters. The
-picture’s origin is the point (10mm,20mm) and so the lower-left corner
+picture's origin is the point (10mm,20mm) and so the lower-left corner
is there, and the upper-right corner is at (110mm,220mm). When you
first draw a picture you typically omit the optional argument, leaving
the origin at the lower-left corner. If you then want to modify your
@@ -4988,7 +4866,7 @@ length in multiples of the unit length ‘\unitlength’, so if
‘\unitlength’ has been set to ‘1cm’, then the coordinate ‘2.54’
specifies a length of 2.54 centimeters.
- LaTeX’s default for ‘\unitlength’ is ‘1pt’. It is a rigid length
+ LaTeX's default for ‘\unitlength’ is ‘1pt’. It is a rigid length
(*note Lengths::). Change it with the ‘\setlength’ command (*note
\setlength::). Make this change only outside of a ‘picture’
environment.
@@ -5044,7 +4922,7 @@ exact location. For example:
The red X will be precisely a quarter of the ‘\textwidth’ from the left
margin, and ‘0.35\textwidth’ up from the bottom of the picture. Another
example of this usage is to put similar code in the page header to get
-repeat material on each of a document’s pages.
+repeat material on each of a document's pages.
8.19.1 ‘\put’
-------------
@@ -5105,8 +4983,8 @@ line at (X3,Y3).
\qbezier(1,1)(1.25,0.75)(1,0)
-The curve’s tangent line at (1,1) contains (1.25,0.75), as does the
-curve’s tangent line at (1,0).
+The curve's tangent line at (1,1) contains (1.25,0.75), as does the
+curve's tangent line at (1,0).
The optional argument NUM gives the number of calculated intermediate
points. The default is to draw a smooth curve whose maximum number of
@@ -5135,7 +5013,7 @@ Synopsis:
\graphpaper(X_INIT,Y_INIT)(X_DIMEN,Y_DIMEN)
\graphpaper[SPACING](X_INIT,Y_INIT)(X_DIMEN,Y_DIMEN)
- Draw a coordinate grid. Requires the ‘graphpap’ package. The grid’s
+ Draw a coordinate grid. Requires the ‘graphpap’ package. The grid's
origin is ‘(X_INIT,Y_INIT)’. Grid lines come every SPACING units (the
default is 10). The grid extends X_DIMEN units to the right and Y_DIMEN
units up. All arguments must be positive integers.
@@ -5159,8 +5037,8 @@ Synopsis:
\line(X_RUN,Y_RISE){TRAVEL}
Draw a line. It slopes such that it vertically rises Y_RISE for
-every horizontal X_RUN. The TRAVEL is the total horizontal change—it is
-not the length of the vector, it is the change in x. In the special
+every horizontal X_RUN. The TRAVEL is the total horizontal change--it
+is not the length of the vector, it is the change in x. In the special
case of vertical lines, where (X_RUN,Y_RISE)=(0,1), the TRAVEL gives the
change in y.
@@ -5176,8 +5054,8 @@ length of the line, it is the change in x.
The arguments X_RUN and Y_RISE are integers that can be positive,
negative, or zero. (If both are 0 then LaTeX treats the second as 1.)
With ‘\put(X_INIT,Y_INIT){\line(X_RUN,Y_RISE){TRAVEL}}’, if X_RUN is
-negative then the line’s ending point has a first coordinate that is
-less than X_INIT. If Y_RISE is negative then the line’s ending point
+negative then the line's ending point has a first coordinate that is
+less than X_INIT. If Y_RISE is negative then the line's ending point
has a second coordinate that is less than Y_INIT.
If TRAVEL is negative then you get ‘LaTeX Error: Bad \line or \vector
@@ -5321,7 +5199,7 @@ is smaller than that between the third and last row. You can adjust row
heights and depths either by putting in the usual interline spacing with
‘\shortstack{X\\ \strut o\\o\\X}’ (*note \strut::), or explicitly, via
an zero-width box ‘\shortstack{X \\ \rule{0pt}{12pt} o\\o\\X}’ or by
-using ‘\\’’s optional argument ‘\shortstack{X\\[2pt] o\\o\\X}’.
+using ‘\\’'s optional argument ‘\shortstack{X\\[2pt] o\\o\\X}’.
The ‘\shortstack’ command is also available outside the ‘picture’
environment.
@@ -5335,7 +5213,7 @@ Synopsis:
Draw a line ending in an arrow. The slope of that line is: it
vertically rises Y_RISE for every horizontal X_RUN. The TRAVEL is the
-total horizontal change—it is not the length of the vector, it is the
+total horizontal change--it is not the length of the vector, it is the
change in x. In the special case of vertical vectors, if
(X_RUN,Y_RISE)=(0,1), then TRAVEL gives the change in y.
@@ -5458,7 +5336,7 @@ and height RECT-HEIGHT units.
\put(0,0){\dashbox{0.1}(5,0.5){My hovercraft is full of eels.}}
-Each dash will be ‘0.1\unitlength’ long, the box’s width is
+Each dash will be ‘0.1\unitlength’ long, the box's width is
‘5\unitlength’ and its height is ‘0.5\unitlength’.
As in that example, a dashed box looks best when RECT-WIDTH and
@@ -5582,12 +5460,12 @@ They are all fragile (*note \protect::).
Moves everything that you have typed so far in the current column,
i.e., everything from the most recent ‘\>’, ‘\<’, ‘\'’, ‘\\’, or
‘\kill’ command, to the previous column and aligned to the right,
- flush against the current column’s tab stop.
+ flush against the current column's tab stop.
‘\` (tabbing)’
Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, including
- tab stop 0. However, it can’t move text to the right of the last
- column because there’s no tab stop there. The ‘\`’ command moves
+ tab stop 0. However, it can't move text to the right of the last
+ column because there's no tab stop there. The ‘\`’ command moves
all the text that follows it, up to the ‘\\’ or ‘\end{tabbing}’
command that ends the line, to the right margin of the ‘tabbing’
environment. There must be no ‘\>’ or ‘\'’ command between the
@@ -5730,7 +5608,7 @@ illustrates many of the features.
\end{tabular}
The output will have two left-aligned columns with a vertical bar
-between them. This is specified in ‘tabular’’s argument ‘{l|l}’. Put
+between them. This is specified in ‘tabular’'s argument ‘{l|l}’. Put
the entries into different columns by separating them with an ampersand,
‘&’. The end of each row is marked with a double backslash, ‘\\’. Put
a horizontal rule below a row, after a double backslash, with ‘\hline’.
@@ -5740,7 +5618,7 @@ follows to put a rule below the table.
The required and optional arguments to ‘tabular’ consist of:
POS
- Optional. Specifies the table’s vertical position. The default is
+ Optional. Specifies the table's vertical position. The default is
to align the table so its vertical center matches the baseline of
the surrounding text. There are two other possible alignments: ‘t’
aligns the table so its top row matches the baseline of the
@@ -5773,7 +5651,7 @@ COLS
(*note \protect::).
If between two column specifiers there is no @-expression then
- LaTeX’s ‘book’, ‘article’, and ‘report’ classes will put on
+ LaTeX's ‘book’, ‘article’, and ‘report’ classes will put on
either side of each column a space of width ‘\tabcolsep’,
which by default is 6pt. That is, by default adjacent columns
are separated by 12pt (so ‘\tabcolsep’ is misleadingly named
@@ -5907,7 +5785,7 @@ spanned by the single heading ‘Name’.
‘\begin{tabular}{|r|ccp{1.5in}|}’ the parts are ‘|r|’, ‘c’, ‘c’,
and ‘p{1.5in}|’.
- The COLS argument overrides the ‘array’ or ‘tabular’ environment’s
+ The COLS argument overrides the ‘array’ or ‘tabular’ environment's
intercolumn area default adjoining this multicolumn entry. To affect
that area, this argument can contain vertical bars ‘|’ indicating the
placement of vertical rules, and ‘@{...}’ expressions. Thus if COLS is
@@ -5928,7 +5806,7 @@ bar. Between entry one and entry two there will be a vertical rule;
although the first COLS does not have an ending vertical bar, the second
COLS does have a starting one. Between entry two and entry three there
is a single vertical rule; despite that the COLS in both of the
-surrounding ‘multicolumn’’s call for a vertical rule, you only get one
+surrounding ‘multicolumn’'s call for a vertical rule, you only get one
rule. Between entry three and entry four there is no vertical rule; the
default calls for one but the COLS in the entry three ‘\multicolumn’
leaves it out, and that takes precedence. Finally, following entry four
@@ -5936,7 +5814,7 @@ there is a vertical rule because of the default.
The number of spanned columns NUMCOLS can be 1. Besides giving the
ability to change the horizontal alignment, this also is useful to
-override for one row the ‘tabular’ definition’s default intercolumn area
+override for one row the ‘tabular’ definition's default intercolumn area
specification, including the placement of vertical rules.
In the example below, in the ‘tabular’ definition the first column is
@@ -5957,25 +5835,25 @@ center those two columns on the page range en-dash.
Although the ‘tabular’ specification by default puts a vertical rule
between the first and second columns, no such vertical rule appears in
-the first row here. That’s because there is no vertical bar in the COLS
-part of the first row’s first ‘\multicolumn’ command.
+the first row here. That's because there is no vertical bar in the COLS
+part of the first row's first ‘\multicolumn’ command.
8.23.2 ‘\vline’
---------------
Draw a vertical line in a ‘tabular’ or ‘array’ environment extending the
-full height and depth of an entry’s row. Can also be used in an
+full height and depth of an entry's row. Can also be used in an
@-expression, although its synonym vertical bar ‘|’ is more common.
-This command is rarely used in the body of a table; typically a table’s
-vertical lines are specified in ‘tabular’’s COLS argument and overridden
+This command is rarely used in the body of a table; typically a table's
+vertical lines are specified in ‘tabular’'s COLS argument and overridden
as needed with ‘\multicolumn’ (*note tabular::).
- The example below illustrates some pitfalls. In the first row’s
+ The example below illustrates some pitfalls. In the first row's
second entry the ‘\hfill’ moves the ‘\vline’ to the left edge of the
cell. But that is different than putting it halfway between the two
columns, so between the first and second columns there are two vertical
rules, with the one from the ‘{c|cc}’ specifier coming before the one
-produced by the ‘\vline\hfill’. In contrast, the first row’s third
+produced by the ‘\vline\hfill’. In contrast, the first row's third
entry shows the usual way to put a vertical bar between two columns. In
the second row, the ‘ghi’ is the widest entry in its column so in the
‘\vline\hfill’ the ‘\hfill’ has no effect and the vertical line in that
@@ -6012,13 +5890,13 @@ height.
---------------
Draw a horizontal line the width of the enclosing ‘tabular’ or ‘array’
-environment. It’s most commonly used to draw a line at the top, bottom,
+environment. It's most commonly used to draw a line at the top, bottom,
and between the rows of a table.
In this example the top of the table has two horizontal rules, one
above the other, that span both columns. The bottom of the table has a
single rule spanning both columns. Because of the ‘\hline’, the
-‘tabular’ second row’s line ending double backslash ‘\\’ is required.
+‘tabular’ second row's line ending double backslash ‘\\’ is required.
\begin{tabular}{ll} \hline\hline
Baseball &Red Sox \\
@@ -6070,7 +5948,7 @@ tradition is to use ‘9’ for bibliographies with less than 10 references,
To change it there are two cases. In the ‘book’ and ‘report’ classes,
where the top level sectioning is ‘\chapter’ and the default title is
‘Bibliography’, that title is in the macro ‘\bibname’. For ‘article’,
-where the class’s top level sectioning is ‘\section’ and the default is
+where the class's top level sectioning is ‘\section’ and the default is
‘References’, the title is in macro ‘\refname’. Change it by redefining
the command, as with ‘\renewcommand{\refname}{Cited references}’, after
‘\begin{document}’.
@@ -6211,14 +6089,14 @@ sophisticated approach to managing bibliographies is provided by the
BibTeX program. This is only an introduction; see the full
documentation on CTAN (*note CTAN::).
- With BibTeX, you don’t use the ‘thebibliography’ environment directly
+ With BibTeX, you don't use the ‘thebibliography’ environment directly
(*note thebibliography::). Instead, include these lines:
\bibliographystyle{BIBSTYLE}
\bibliography{BIBFILE1, BIBFILE2, ...}
The BIBSTYLE refers to a file ‘BIBSTYLE.bst’, which defines how your
-citations will look. The standard BIBSTYLE’s distributed with BibTeX
+citations will look. The standard BIBSTYLE's distributed with BibTeX
are:
‘alpha’
@@ -6257,7 +6135,7 @@ that format.
}
Only the bibliographic entries referred to via ‘\cite’ and ‘\nocite’
-will be listed in the document’s bibliography. Thus you can keep all
+will be listed in the document's bibliography. Thus you can keep all
your sources together in one file, or a small number of files, and rely
on BibTeX to include in this document only those that you used.
@@ -6393,16 +6271,18 @@ already be converted to a token list along the catcode regime in effect
when the macro was called. However, the ‘cprotect’ package can help
with this.
- One common use of verbatim input is to typeset computer code. There
-are packages that are an improvement the ‘verbatim’ environment. For
-instance, one improvement is to allow the verbatim inclusion of external
-files, or parts of those files. Such packages include ‘listings’, and
-‘minted’.
+ One common use of verbatim input is to typeset computer code. Some
+packages offer many features not provided by the ‘verbatim’ environment;
+two of the most popular are ‘listings’ and ‘minted’. For example, they
+are capable of pretty-printing, line numbering, and selecting parts of
+files for a continuing listing.
A package that provides many more options for verbatim environments
is ‘fancyvrb’. Another is ‘verbatimbox’.
- For a list of all the relevant packages, see CTAN (*note CTAN::).
+ For a list of all the relevant packages, see CTAN (*note CTAN::),
+particularly the topics ‘listing’ (<https://ctan.org/topic/listing>) and
+‘verbatim’ (<https://ctan.org/topic/verbatim>).
8.27.1 ‘\verb’
--------------
@@ -6424,9 +6304,9 @@ The first ‘\verb’ has its LITERAL-TEXT surrounded with exclamation
point, ‘!’. The second instead uses plus, ‘+’, because the exclamation
point is part of ‘literal-text’.
- The single-character delimiter CHAR surrounds LITERAL-TEXT—it must be
-the same character before and after. No spaces come between ‘\verb’ or
-‘\verb*’ and CHAR, or between CHAR and LITERAL-TEXT, or between
+ The single-character delimiter CHAR surrounds LITERAL-TEXT--it must
+be the same character before and after. No spaces come between ‘\verb’
+or ‘\verb*’ and CHAR, or between CHAR and LITERAL-TEXT, or between
LITERAL-TEXT and the second occurrence of CHAR (the synopsis shows a
space only to distinguish one component from the other). The delimiter
must not appear in LITERAL-TEXT. The LITERAL-TEXT cannot include a line
@@ -6443,9 +6323,6 @@ word ‘with’:
For typesetting Internet addresses, urls, the package ‘url’ is a
better option than the ‘\verb’ command, since it allows line breaks.
- For computer code there are many packages with advantages over
-‘\verb’. One is ‘listings’, another is ‘minted’.
-
You cannot use ‘\verb’ in the argument to a macro, for instance in
the argument to a ‘\section’. It is not a question of ‘\verb’ being
fragile (*note \protect::), instead it just cannot work, as the ‘\verb’
@@ -6468,7 +6345,7 @@ Synopsis:
An environment for poetry.
- Here are two lines from Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet.
+ Here are two lines from Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet.
Then plainly know my heart's dear love is set \\
On the fair daughter of rich Capulet.
@@ -6534,8 +6411,8 @@ The starred form, ‘\\*’, tells LaTeX not to start a new page between the
two lines, by issuing a ‘\nobreak’.
Explicit line breaks in the main text body are unusual in LaTeX. In
-particular, don’t start new paragraphs with ‘\\’. Instead leave a blank
-line between the two paragraphs. And don’t put in a sequence of ‘\\’’s
+particular, don't start new paragraphs with ‘\\’. Instead leave a blank
+line between the two paragraphs. And don't put in a sequence of ‘\\’'s
to make vertical space. Instead use ‘\vspace{LENGTH}’, or
‘\leavevmode\vspace{LENGTH}’, or ‘\vspace*{LENGTH}’ if you want the
space to not be thrown out at the top of a new page (*note \vspace::).
@@ -6581,7 +6458,7 @@ command restores normal line-breaking behavior.
This is not the way to show verbatim text or computer code. Use
‘verbatim’ (*note verbatim::) instead.
- With LaTeX’s usual defaults, this
+ With LaTeX's usual defaults, this
aaa
bbb
@@ -6668,7 +6545,18 @@ require that it break there. You can force a split with something like
‘Hef-\linebreak feron’. Of course, if you later change the text then
this forced break may look out of place, so this approach requires care.
-9.5 ‘\discretionary’ (generalized hyphenation point)
+9.5 ‘\slash’: breakable ‘/’
+===========================
+
+The ‘\slash’ command produces a ‘/’ character and then a penalty of the
+same value as an explicit ‘-’ character (‘\exhyphenpenalty’). This
+allows TeX to break a line at the ‘/’, similar to a hyphen. Hyphenation
+is allowed in the word part preceding the ‘/’, but not after. For
+example:
+
+ The input\slash output of the program is complicated.
+
+9.6 ‘\discretionary’ (generalized hyphenation point)
====================================================
Synopsis:
@@ -6684,14 +6572,14 @@ POST-BREAK at the start of the next line. If there is no line break
here then TeX puts NO-BREAK.
In ‘difficult’ the three letters ‘ffi’ form a ligature. But TeX can
-nonetheless break between the two ‘f’’s with this.
+nonetheless break between the two ‘f’'s with this.
di\discretionary{f-}{fi}{ffi}cult
Note that users do not have to do this. It is typically handled
-automatically by TeX’s hyphenation algorithm.
+automatically by TeX's hyphenation algorithm.
-9.6 ‘\fussy’ & ‘\sloppy’
+9.7 ‘\fussy’ & ‘\sloppy’
========================
Declarations to make TeX more picky or less picky about line breaking.
@@ -6705,7 +6593,7 @@ at the blank line or ‘\par’ or displayed equation ending that paragraph.
So to affect the line breaks, include that paragraph-ending material in
the scope of the command.
-9.6.1 ‘sloppypar’
+9.7.1 ‘sloppypar’
-----------------
Synopsis:
@@ -6733,7 +6621,7 @@ Synopsis:
there were anyone at leisure to answer her or not.
\end{sloppypar}
-9.7 ‘\hyphenation’
+9.8 ‘\hyphenation’
==================
Synopsis:
@@ -6742,17 +6630,17 @@ Synopsis:
Declares allowed hyphenation points within the words in the list.
The words in that list are separated by spaces. Show permitted points
-for hyphenation with a dash character, ‘-’.
+for hyphenation with an ASCII dash character, ‘-’.
Here is an example:
\hyphenation{hat-er il-lit-e-ra-ti tru-th-i-ness}
Use lowercase letters. TeX will only hyphenate if the word matches
-exactly, no inflections are tried. Multiple ‘\hyphenation’ commands
+exactly; no inflections are tried. Multiple ‘\hyphenation’ commands
accumulate.
-9.8 ‘\linebreak’ & ‘\nolinebreak’
+9.9 ‘\linebreak’ & ‘\nolinebreak’
=================================
Synopses, one of:
@@ -6792,7 +6680,7 @@ with its usual aplomb. But if you are writing commands, or tweaking the
final version of a document, then you may need to understand how to
influence its actions.
- LaTeX’s algorithm for splitting a document into pages is more complex
+ LaTeX's algorithm for splitting a document into pages is more complex
than just waiting until there is enough material to fill a page and
outputting the result. Instead, LaTeX typesets more material than would
fit on the page and then chooses a break that is optimal in some way (it
@@ -6807,9 +6695,9 @@ extra line falls on the second page). Another example is where LaTeX
uses available vertical shrinkage to fit on a page not just the header
for a new section but also the first two lines of that section.
- But LaTeX does not optimize over the entire document’s set of page
+ But LaTeX does not optimize over the entire document's set of page
breaks. So it can happen that the first page break is great but the
-second one is lousy; to break the current page LaTeX doesn’t look as far
+second one is lousy; to break the current page LaTeX doesn't look as far
ahead as the next page break. So occasionally you may want to influence
page breaks while preparing a final version of a document.
@@ -6834,7 +6722,7 @@ content a right-hand page, an odd-numbered page, if necessary inserting
a blank page. The ‘\clearpage’ command is robust while
‘\cleardoublepage’ is fragile (*note \protect::).
- LaTeX’s page breaks are optimized so ordinarily you only use this
+ LaTeX's page breaks are optimized so ordinarily you only use this
command in a document body to polish the final version, or inside
commands.
@@ -6848,7 +6736,7 @@ this command.
{\pagestyle{empty}\origdoublepage}%
}
-If you want LaTeX’s standard ‘\chapter’ command to do this then add the
+If you want LaTeX's standard ‘\chapter’ command to do this then add the
line ‘\let\cleardoublepage\clearemptydoublepage’. (Of course this
affects all uses of ‘\cleardoublepage’, not just the one in ‘\chapter’.)
@@ -6866,7 +6754,7 @@ Synopsis:
End the current page. This command is robust (*note \protect::).
- LaTeX’s page breaks are optimized so ordinarily you only use this
+ LaTeX's page breaks are optimized so ordinarily you only use this
command in a document body to polish the final version, or inside
commands.
@@ -6935,7 +6823,7 @@ prevent the break. But for instance ‘\nopagebreak[1]’ suggests to LaTeX
that another spot might be preferable. The higher the number, the more
insistent the request. Both commands are fragile (*note \protect::).
- LaTeX’s page endings are optimized so ordinarily you only use these
+ LaTeX's page endings are optimized so ordinarily you only use these
commands in a document body to polish the final version, or inside
commands.
@@ -6956,11 +6844,10 @@ strange, and if ‘\flushbottom’ is in effect this can cause you to get
‘Underfull \vbox (badness 10000) has occurred while \output is active’.
*Note \newpage::, for a command that does not have these effects.
- (There is an obsolete declaration ‘\samepage’, which tries to only
-allow a break between two paragraphs. There is a related environment
-‘samepage’, also obsolete. Neither of these work reliably. For more on
-keeping material on the same page, see the FAQ entry
-<https://texfaq.org/FAQ-nopagebrk>.)
+ A declaration ‘\samepage’ and corresponding ‘samepage’ environment
+try to only allow breaks between paragraphs. They are not perfectly
+reliable. For more on keeping material on the same page, see the FAQ
+entry <https://texfaq.org/FAQ-nopagebrk>.)
11 Footnotes
************
@@ -6989,7 +6876,8 @@ Synopsis, one of:
\footnote{TEXT}
\footnote[NUMBER]{TEXT}
- Place a footnote TEXT at the bottom of the current page.
+ Place a footnote TEXT at the bottom of the current page, with a
+footnote marker at the current position in the text.
There are over a thousand footnotes in Gibbon's
\textit{Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire}.\footnote{%
@@ -7014,12 +6902,16 @@ you make the change local then you may want to reset the counter with
‘\footnoterule’
Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the
- page’s footnotes. Default dimensions in the standard document
- classes (except ‘slides’, where it does not appear) is: vertical
+ page's footnotes. Default dimensions in the standard document
+ classes (except ‘slides’, where it does not appear) are: vertical
thickness of ‘0.4pt’, and horizontal size of ‘0.4\columnwidth’
long. Change the rule with something like this.
- \renewcommand{\footnoterule}{% Kerns avoid vertical space
+ % \footnoterule is expanded in vertical mode, thus \kern
+ % commands ensure that no vertical space is created,
+ % and the rule is separated vertically with 2pt
+ % above the note text.
+ \renewcommand*{\footnoterule}{%
\kern -3pt % This -3 is negative
\hrule width \textwidth height 1pt % of the sum of this 1
\kern 2pt} % and this 2
@@ -7034,7 +6926,7 @@ you make the change local then you may want to reset the counter with
The ‘\footnote’ command is fragile (*note \protect::).
- LaTeX’s default puts many restrictions on where you can use a
+ LaTeX's default puts many restrictions on where you can use a
‘\footnote’; for instance, you cannot use it in an argument to a
sectioning command such as ‘\chapter’ (it can only be used in outer
paragraph mode; *note Modes::). There are some workarounds; see
@@ -7072,7 +6964,8 @@ footnote markers referring to the same footnote.
If there are intervening footnotes then you must remember the value
of the number of the common mark. This example gives the same
institutional affiliation to both the first and third authors (‘\thanks’
-is a version of ‘\footnote’), by-hand giving the number of the footnote.
+is a version of ‘\footnote’), by explicitly specifying the number of the
+footnote (‘1’).
\title{A Treatise on the Binomial Theorem}
\author{J Moriarty\thanks{University of Leeds}
@@ -7081,17 +6974,6 @@ is a version of ‘\footnote’), by-hand giving the number of the footnote.
\begin{document}
\maketitle
- This uses a counter to remember the footnote number. The third
-sentence is followed by the same footnote marker as the first.
-
- \newcounter{footnoteValueSaver}
- All babies are illogical.\footnote{%
- Lewis Carroll.}\setcounter{footnoteValueSaver}{\value{footnote}}
- Nobody is despised who can manage a crocodile.\footnote{%
- Captain Hook.}
- Illogical persons are despised.\footnotemark[\value{footnoteValueSaver}]
- Therefore, anyone who can manage a crocodile is not a baby.
-
This example accomplishes the same by using the package ‘cleveref’.
\usepackage{cleveref}[2012/02/15] % in preamble
@@ -7103,6 +6985,17 @@ sentence is followed by the same footnote marker as the first.
It will work with the package ‘hyperref’.
+ This uses a counter to remember the footnote number. The third
+sentence is followed by the same footnote marker as the first.
+
+ \newcounter{footnoteValueSaver}
+ All babies are illogical.\footnote{%
+ Lewis Carroll.}\setcounter{footnoteValueSaver}{\value{footnote}}
+ Nobody is despised who can manage a crocodile.\footnote{%
+ Captain Hook.}
+ Illogical persons are despised.\footnotemark[\value{footnoteValueSaver}]
+ Therefore, anyone who can manage a crocodile is not a baby.
+
11.3 ‘\footnotetext’
====================
@@ -7130,7 +7023,7 @@ causes the footnote to appear at the bottom of the page where the
section starts, as usual, but also at the bottom of the table of
contents, where it is not likely to be desired. The simplest way to
have it not appear on the table of contents is to use the optional
-argument to ‘\section’
+argument to ‘\section’.
\section[Please]{Please\footnote{%
Don't footnote in chapter and section headers!}}
@@ -7185,7 +7078,7 @@ of the regular footnote sequence, use the ‘\footnotemark’ and
Little is known other than her death.}%
\stepcounter{mpFootnoteValueSaver}%
\footnotetext[\value{mpFootnoteValueSaver}]{%
- Relationship is unresolved in XXI.}
+ Relationship is unresolved.}
\end{center}
For a floating ‘table’ environment (*note table::), use the
@@ -7213,7 +7106,7 @@ other footnotes.
Particularly in the humanities, authors can have multiple classes of
footnotes, including having footnotes of footnotes. The package
-‘bigfoot’ extends LaTeX’s default footnote mechanism in many ways,
+‘bigfoot’ extends LaTeX's default footnote mechanism in many ways,
including allow these two, as in this example.
\usepackage{bigfoot} % in preamble
@@ -7241,7 +7134,7 @@ Synopses, one of (three regular forms, three starred forms):
\newcommand*{\CMD}[NARGS]{DEFN}
\newcommand*{\CMD}[NARGS][OPTARGDEFAULT]{DEFN}
-or all the same possibilities with ‘\renewcommand’ instead of
+or the same six possibilities with ‘\renewcommand’ instead of
‘\newcommand’:
\renewcommand{\CMD}{DEFN}
@@ -7255,8 +7148,9 @@ or all the same possibilities with ‘\renewcommand’ instead of
*note Class and package commands::).
The starred form of these two forbids the arguments from containing
-multiple paragraphs of text (in plain TeX terms: the commands are not
-‘\long’). With the default form, arguments can be multiple paragraphs.
+multiple paragraphs of text (i.e., a ‘\par’ token; in plain TeX terms:
+the commands are not ‘\long’). With the default form, arguments can be
+multiple paragraphs.
These are the parameters (examples follow):
@@ -7399,7 +7293,7 @@ whitespace in the output (*note \newcommand & \renewcommand:: and *note
simply print ‘Hello!’ (if you use the Emacs info viewer, turn on the
‘whitespace-mode’ minor mode to see the trailing spaces):
- Hel\relax
+ Hel\relax
lo!
This is because blanks after ‘\relax’, including the newline, are
@@ -7457,7 +7351,7 @@ backslash, followed by letters, category 11 characters (except that a
command name can also consist of a category 0 character followed by a
single non-letter symbol).
- LaTeX’s source code has the convention that some commands use ‘@’ in
+ LaTeX's source code has the convention that some commands use ‘@’ in
their name. These commands are mainly intended for package or class
writers. The convention prevents authors who are just using a package
or class from accidentally replacing such a command with one of their
@@ -7465,7 +7359,7 @@ own, because by default the at-sign has catcode 12.
Use the pair ‘\makeatletter’ and ‘\makeatother’ inside a ‘.tex’ file,
typically in the preamble, when you are defining or redefining commands
-named with ‘@’, by having them surround your definition. Don’t use
+named with ‘@’, by having them surround your definition. Don't use
these inside ‘.sty’ or ‘.cls’ files since the ‘\usepackage’ and
‘\documentclass’ commands already arrange that the at-sign has the
character code of a letter, catcode 11.
@@ -7524,7 +7418,7 @@ will return "not starry blue sky" while ‘\ciel*{night}’ will return
\makeatother
In the next example, the starred variant takes a different number of
-arguments than the unstarred one. With this definition, Agent 007’s
+arguments than the unstarred one. With this definition, Agent 007's
‘``My name is \agentsecret*{Bond}, \agentsecret{James}{Bond}.''’ is
equivalent to entering the commands ‘``My name is \textsc{Bond},
\textit{James} textsc{Bond}.''’
@@ -7734,7 +7628,7 @@ defined. Or name \end... illegal, see p.192 of the manual’. If you try
to redefine an environment and the name has not yet been used then you
get something like ‘LaTeX Error: Environment hank undefined.’.
- This example gives an environment like LaTeX’s ‘quotation’ except
+ This example gives an environment like LaTeX's ‘quotation’ except
that it will be set in smaller type.
\newenvironment{smallquote}{%
@@ -7761,7 +7655,7 @@ environment that cites the author.
\end{quotation}
}
-The author’s name is optional, and defaults to ‘Shakespeare’. In the
+The author's name is optional, and defaults to ‘Shakespeare’. In the
document, use the environment like this.
\begin{citequote}[Lincoln]
@@ -7827,7 +7721,7 @@ TITLE
NUMBERED_WITHIN
Optional; the name of an already defined counter, usually a
sectional unit such as ‘chapter’ or ‘section’. When the
- NUMBERED_WITHIN counter is reset then the NAME environment’s
+ NUMBERED_WITHIN counter is reset then the NAME environment's
counter will also be reset.
If this optional argument is not used then the command ‘\theNAME’
@@ -7855,7 +7749,7 @@ results in ‘Definition 1’ and ‘Definition 2’ in the output.
\end{defn}
This example has the same document body as the prior one. But here
-‘\newtheorem’’s optional argument NUMBERED_WITHIN is given as ‘section’,
+‘\newtheorem’'s optional argument NUMBERED_WITHIN is given as ‘section’,
so the output is like ‘Definition 1.1’ and ‘Definition 2.1’.
\newtheorem{defn}{Definition}[section]
@@ -7911,9 +7805,9 @@ backslash, ‘\’.
The FONT DESCRIPTION consists of a FONTNAME and an optional “at
clause”. LaTeX will look on your system for a file named
‘FONTNAME.tfm’. The at clause can have the form either ‘at DIMEN’ or
-‘scaled FACTOR’, where a FACTOR of ‘1000’ means no scaling. For LaTeX’s
+‘scaled FACTOR’, where a FACTOR of ‘1000’ means no scaling. For LaTeX's
purposes, all this does is scale all the character and other font
-dimensions relative to the font’s design size, which is a value defined
+dimensions relative to the font's design size, which is a value defined
in the ‘.tfm’ file.
This defines two equivalent fonts and typesets a few characters in
@@ -7928,53 +7822,59 @@ each.
================
All LaTeX commands are either “fragile” or “robust”. A fragile command
-can break when it is used in the argument to certain other commands.
-Commands that contain data that LaTeX writes to an auxiliary file and
-re-reads later are fragile. This includes material that goes into a
-table of contents, list of figures, list of tables, etc. Fragile
-commands also include line breaks, any command that has an optional
-argument, and many more. To prevent such commands from breaking, one
-solution is to preceded them with the command ‘\protect’.
+can break when it is used in the argument to certain other commands,
+typically those that write material to the table of contents, the
+cross-reference file, etc. To prevent fragile commands from causing
+errors, one solution is to precede them with the command ‘\protect’.
For example, when LaTeX runs the ‘\section{SECTION NAME}’ command it
writes the SECTION NAME text to the ‘.aux’ auxiliary file, moving it
there for use elsewhere in the document such as in the table of
-contents. Any argument that is internally expanded by LaTeX without
-typesetting it directly is referred to as a “moving argument”. A
-command is fragile if it can expand during this process into invalid TeX
-code. Some examples of moving arguments are those that appear in the
-‘\caption{...}’ command (*note figure::), in the ‘\thanks{...}’ command
-(*note \maketitle::), and in @-expressions in the ‘tabular’ and ‘array’
-environments (*note tabular::).
+contents. Such an argument that is used in multiple places is referred
+to as a “moving argument”. A command is fragile if it can expand during
+this process into invalid TeX code. Some examples of moving arguments
+are those that appear in the ‘\caption{...}’ command (*note figure::),
+in the ‘\thanks{...}’ command (*note \maketitle::), and in @-expressions
+in the ‘tabular’ and ‘array’ environments (*note tabular::).
If you get strange errors from commands used in moving arguments, try
-preceding it with ‘\protect’. Every fragile commands must be protected
+preceding it with ‘\protect’. Each fragile command must be protected
with their own ‘\protect’.
- Although usually a ‘\protect’ command doesn’t hurt, length commands
-are robust and should not be preceded by a ‘\protect’ command. Nor can
-a ‘\protect’ command be used in the argument to ‘\addtocounter’ or
-‘\setcounter’ command.
+ Although usually a ‘\protect’ command doesn't hurt, length commands
+such as ‘\parindent’ should not be preceded by a ‘\protect’ command
+(*note Lengths::. Nor can a ‘\protect’ command be used in the argument
+to ‘\addtocounter’ or ‘\setcounter’ command (*note \setcounter:: and
+*note \addtocounter::. These commands are already robust.
- In this example the ‘\caption’ command gives a mysterious error about
-an extra curly brace. Fix the problem by preceding each ‘\raisebox’
-command with ‘\protect’.
+ As of the October 2019 release of LaTeX
+(<https://www.latex-project.org/news/latex2e-news/ltnews30.pdf>), most
+commands that had been previously fragile were fixed to be robust. For
+example, any command taking an optional argument, such as ‘\root’ or
+‘\raisebox’, was fragile, but is now robust. Similarly, ‘\(...\)’ math
+was fragile and is now robust (‘$...$’ has always been robust).
+
+ Perhaps the most commonly used remaining fragile command is ‘\verb’;
+for example,
\begin{figure}
...
- \caption{Company headquarters of A\raisebox{1pt}{B}\raisebox{-1pt}{C}}
+ \caption{This \verb|\command| causes an error.}
\end{figure}
- In the next example the ‘\tableofcontents’ command gives an error
-because the ‘\(..\)’ in the section title expands to illegal TeX in the
-‘.toc’ file. You can solve this by changing ‘\(..\)’ to
-‘\protect\(..\protect\)’.
+ Adding ‘\protect’ does not help here. It's usually feasible to
+rewrite the caption (or section heading or whatever) to use ‘\texttt’,
+often the simplest solution.
- \begin{document}
- \tableofcontents
- ...
- \section{Einstein's \( e=mc^2 \)}
- ...
+ Alternatively, to use ‘\verb’, you can apply the ‘\cprotect’ command
+from ‘cprotect’ package (<https://ctan.org/pkg/cprotect>) to the
+‘\caption’:
+
+ \cprotect\caption{This \verb|\command| is ok with \verb|\cprotect|.}
+
+ ‘\cprotect’ also allows use of ‘\begin...\end’ environments in moving
+arguments, where they are normally not allowed, via a similar prefix
+command ‘\cprotEnv’.
12.12 ‘\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend’
=============================================
@@ -8051,10 +7951,10 @@ make the vertical space disappear, but that is inconvenient. The
solution is to change to
‘\newenvironment{eq}{\begin{equation}}{\end{equation}\ignorespacesafterend}’.
-12.13 xspace package
-====================
+12.13 ‘xspace’ package
+======================
-Synopsis:
+This is an add-on package, not part of core LaTeX. Synopsis:
\usepackage{xspace}
...
@@ -8064,15 +7964,15 @@ Synopsis:
adds a space unless the command is followed by certain punctuation
characters.
- After a command control sequence that is a control word (*note
-Control sequences::, as opposed to control symbols such as ‘\$’), TeX
-gobbles blank characters. Thus, in the first sentence below, the output
-has ‘Vermont’ placed snugly against the period, without any intervening
-space.
+ After a control sequence that is a control word (*note Control
+sequences::, as opposed to control symbols such as ‘\$’), TeX gobbles
+blank characters. Thus, in the first sentence below, the output has
+‘Vermont’ placed snugly against the period, without any intervening
+space, despite the space in the input.
\newcommand{\VT}{Vermont}
Our college is in \VT .
- The \VT{} summers are nice.
+ \VT{} summers are nice.
But because of the gobbling, the second sentence needs the empty
curly braces or else there would be no space separating ‘Vermont’ from
@@ -8091,28 +7991,513 @@ In this example, the empty braces are not needed.
The default exception list contains the characters ‘,.'/?;:!~-)’, the
open curly brace and the backslash-space command discussed above, and
-the commands ‘\footnote’ or ‘\footnotemark’. Add to that list as with
-‘\xspaceaddexceptions{\myfni \myfnii}’ which adds ‘\myfni’ and ‘\myfnii’
-to the list, and remove from that list as with
+the commands ‘\footnote’ or ‘\footnotemark’. You can add to that list
+as with ‘\xspaceaddexceptions{\myfni \myfnii}’ which adds ‘\myfni’
+and ‘\myfnii’ to the list; and you can remove from that list as with
‘\xspaceremoveexception{!}’.
A comment: many experts prefer not to use ‘\xspace’. Putting it in a
definition means that the command will usually get the spacing right.
-But it isn’t easy to predict when to enter empty braces because
+But it isn't easy to predict when to enter empty braces because
‘\xspace’ will get it wrong, such as when it is followed by another
command, and so ‘\xspace’ can make editing material harder and more
-error-prone than instead always inserting the empty braces.
+error-prone than instead of always inserting the empty braces.
+
+12.14 Class and package commands
+================================
+
+These are commands designed to help writers of classes or packages.
+
+12.14.1 ‘\AtBeginDvi’ & ‘\AtEndDvi’
+-----------------------------------
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \AtBeginDvi{CODE}
+ \AtEndDvi{CODE}
+
+ ‘\AtBeginDvi’ saves, in a box register, CODE to be executed at the
+beginning of the shipout of the first page of the document. Despite the
+name, it applies to DVI, PDF, and XDV output. It fills the
+‘shipout/firstpage’ hook; new code should use that hook directly.
+
+ Similarly, ‘\AtEndDvi’ (previously available only with the ‘atenddvi’
+package) is code executed when finalizing the main output document.
+
+12.14.2 ‘\AtEndOfClass’ & ‘\AtEndOfPackage’
+-------------------------------------------
+
+Synopses:
+
+ \AtEndOfClass{CODE}
+ \AtEndOfPackage{CODE}
+
+ Hooks to insert CODE to be executed when LaTeX finishes processing
+the current class resp. package.
+
+ These hooks can be used multiple times; each ‘code’ segment will be
+executed in the order called. Many packages and classes use these
+commands.
+
+ See also *note \AtBeginDocument::.
+
+12.14.3 ‘\CheckCommand’
+-----------------------
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \CheckCommand{CMD}[NUM][DEFAULT]{DEFINITION}
+ \CheckCommand* (same parameters)
+
+ Like ‘\newcommand’ (*note \newcommand & \renewcommand::) but does not
+define CMD; instead it checks that the current definition of CMD is
+exactly as given by DEFINITION and is or is not “‘\long’” as expected.
+A long command is a command that accepts ‘\par’ within an argument.
+
+ With the unstarred version of ‘\CheckCommand’, CMD is expected to be
+‘\long’; with the starred version, CMD must not be ‘\long’
+
+ ‘\CheckCommand’ raises an error when the check fails. This allows
+you to check before you start redefining ‘cmd’ yourself that no other
+package has already redefined this command.
+
+12.14.4 ‘\ClassError’ and ‘\PackageError’ and others
+----------------------------------------------------
+
+Produce error, warning, and informational messages for classes:
+
+‘\ClassError{CLASS NAME}{ERROR-TEXT}{HELP-TEXT}’
+‘\ClassWarning{CLASS NAME}{WARNING-TEXT}’
+‘\ClassWarningNoLine{CLASS NAME}{WARNING-TEXT}’
+‘\ClassInfo{CLASS NAME}{INFO-TEXT}’
+‘\ClassInfoNoLine{CLASS NAME}{INFO-TEXT}’
+
+and the same for packages:
+‘\PackageError{PACKAGE NAME}{ERROR-TEXT}{HELP-TEXT}’
+‘\PackageWarning{PACKAGE NAME}{WARNING-TEXT}’
+‘\PackageWarningNoLine{PACKAGE NAME}{WARNING-TEXT}’
+‘\PackageInfo{PACKAGE NAME}{INFO-TEXT}’
+‘\PackageInfoNoLine{PACKAGE NAME}{INFO-TEXT}’
+
+ For ‘\ClassError’ and ‘\PackageError’ the message is ERROR-TEXT,
+followed by TeX's '‘?’' error prompt. If the user then asks for help by
+typing ‘h’, they see the HELP TEXT.
+
+ The four ‘Warning’ commands are similar except that they write
+WARNING-TEXT on the screen with no error prompt. The four ‘Info’
+commands write INFO-TEXT only in the transcript file. The ‘NoLine’
+versions omit the number of the line generating the message, while the
+other versions do show that number.
+
+ To format the messages, including the HELP-TEXT: use ‘\protect’ to
+stop a command from expanding, get a line break with ‘\MessageBreak’,
+and get a space with ‘\space’ when a space character is ignore, most
+commonly after a command.
+
+ LaTeX appends a period to the messages.
+
+12.14.5 ‘\CurrentOption’
+------------------------
+
+Expands to the name of the option currently being processed. This can
+only be used within the CODE argument of either ‘\DeclareOption’ or
+‘\DeclareOption*’.
+
+12.14.6 ‘\DeclareOption’
+------------------------
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \DeclareOption{OPTION}{CODE}
+ \DeclareOption*{OPTION}{CODE}
+
+ Define an option a user can include in their ‘\documentclass’
+command. For example, a class ‘smcmemo’ could have an option ‘logo’
+allowing users to put the institutional logo on the first page. The
+document would start with ‘\documentclass[logo]{smcmemo}’. To enable
+this, the class file must contain ‘\DeclareOption{logo}{CODE}’ (and
+later, ‘\ProcessOptions’).
+
+ If you request an option that has not been declared, by default this
+will produce a warning like ‘Unused global option(s): [badoption].’ This
+can be changed by using ‘\DeclareOption*{CODE}’, which executes CODE for
+any unknown option.
+
+ For example, many classes extend an existing class, using code such
+as ‘\LoadClass{article}’ (*note \LoadClass::). In this case, it makes
+sense to pass any otherwise-unknown options to the underlying class,
+like this:
+
+ \DeclareOption*{%
+ \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}%
+ }
+
+ As another example, our class ‘smcmemo’ might allow users to keep
+lists of memo recipients in external files, so the user could invoke
+‘\documentclass[math]{smcmemo}’ and it will read the file ‘math.memo’.
+This code inputs the file if it exists, while if it doesn't, the option
+is passed to the ‘article’ class:
+
+ \DeclareOption*{\InputIfFileExists{\CurrentOption.memo}
+ {}{%
+ \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}}}
+
+12.14.7 ‘\DeclareRobustCommand’
+-------------------------------
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \DeclareRobustCommand{CMD}[NUM][DEFAULT]{DEFINITION}
+ \DeclareRobustCommand* (same parameters
+
+ ‘\DeclareRobustCommand’ and its starred form are generally like
+‘\newcommand’ and ‘\newcommand*’ (*note \newcommand & \renewcommand::),
+with the addition that they define a so-called “robust” command, even if
+some code within the DEFINITION is fragile. (For a discussion of robust
+and fragile commands, *note \protect::.)
+
+ Also unlike ‘\newcommand’, these do not give an error if macro CMD
+already exists; instead, a log message is put into the transcript file
+if a command is redefined. Thus, ‘\DeclareRobustCommand’ can be used to
+define new robust commands or to redefine existing commands, making them
+robust.
+
+ The starred form, ‘\DeclareRobustCommand*’, disallows the arguments
+from containing multiple paragraphs, just like the starred form of
+‘\newcommand’ and ‘\renewcommand’. The meaning of the arguments is the
+same.
+
+ Commands defined this way are a bit less efficient than those defined
+using ‘\newcommand’ so unless the command's data is fragile and the
+command is used within a moving argument, use ‘\newcommand’.
+
+ Related to this, the ‘etoolbox’ package offers three commands and
+their starred forms: ‘\newrobustcmd’(‘*’) ‘\renewrobustcmd’(‘*’), and
+‘\providerobustcmd’(‘*’). They are similar to ‘\newcommand’,
+‘\renewcommand’, and ‘\providecommand’ and their own starred forms, but
+define a robust CMD. They have two possible advantages compared to
+‘\DeclareRobustCommand’:
+
+ 1. They use the low-level e-TeX protection mechanism rather than the
+ higher-level LaTeX ‘\protect’ mechanism, so they do not incur the
+ slight loss of performance mentioned above, and
+
+ 2. They make the same distinction between ‘\new...’, ‘\renew...’, and
+ ‘\provide...’, as the standard commands. That is, they do not just
+ write a log message when you redefine CMD that already exists; you
+ need to use either ‘\renew...’ or ‘\provide...’, or you get an
+ error. This may or may not be a benefit.
+
+12.14.8 ‘\ExecuteOptions’
+-------------------------
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \ExecuteOptions{OPTION-LIST}
+
+ For each option OPTION in OPTION-LIST, in order, this command
+executes the command ‘\ds@OPTION’. If this command is not defined then
+that option is silently ignored.
+
+ This can be used to provide a default option list before
+‘\ProcessOptions’. For example, if in a class file you want the default
+to be 11pt fonts then you could specify
+‘\ExecuteOptions{11pt}\ProcessOptions\relax’.
+
+12.14.9 ‘\IfFileExists’ & ‘\InputIfFileExists’
+----------------------------------------------
+
+Synopses:
+
+ \IfFileExists{FILENAME}{TRUE-CODE}{FALSE-CODE}
+ \InputIfFileExists{FILENAME}{TRUE-CODE}{FALSE-CODE}
+
+ ‘\IfFileExists’ executes TRUE-CODE if LaTeX finds the file ‘FILENAME’
+or FALSE-CODE otherwise. In the first case it executing TRUE-CODE and
+then inputs the file. Thus the command
+
+ \IfFileExists{img.pdf}{%
+ \includegraphics{img.pdf}}
+ {\typeout{!! img.pdf not found}
+
+will include the graphic ‘img.pdf’ if it is found and otherwise give a
+warning.
+
+ This command looks for the file in all search paths that LaTeX uses,
+not only in the current directory. To look only in the current
+directory do something like
+‘\IfFileExists{./FILENAME}{TRUE-CODE}{FALSE-CODE}’. If you ask for a
+filename without a ‘.tex’ extension then LaTeX will first look for the
+file by appending the ‘.tex’; for more on how LaTeX handles file
+extensions see *note \input::.
+
+ ‘\InputIfFileExists’ is similar, but, as the name states,
+automatically ‘\input’s FILENAME if it exists. The TRUE-CODE is
+executed just before the ‘\input’; if the file doesn't exist, the
+FALSE-CODE is executed. An example:
+
+ \InputIfFileExists{mypkg.cfg}
+ {\PackageInfo{Loading mypkg.cfg for configuration information}}
+ {\PackageInfo{No mypkg.cfg found}}
+
+12.14.10 ‘\LoadClass’ & ‘\LoadClassWithOptions’
+-----------------------------------------------
+
+Synopses:
+
+ \LoadClass[OPTIONS-LIST]{CLASS-NAME}[RELEASE-DATE]
+ \LoadClassWithOptions{CLASS-NAME}[RELEASE-DATE]
+
+ Load a class, as with
+‘\documentclass[OPTIONS-LIST]{CLASS-NAME}[RELEASE-DATE]’. An example:
+‘\LoadClass[twoside]{article}’.
+
+ The OPTIONS-LIST, if present, is a comma-separated list. The
+RELEASE-DATE is also optional. If present it must have the form
+‘YYYY/MM/DD’.
+
+ If you request RELEASE-DATE and the date of the package installed on
+your system is earlier, then you get a warning on the screen and in the
+log like this:
+
+ You have requested, on input line 4, version `2038/01/19' of
+ document class article, but only version `2014/09/29 v1.4h
+ Standard LaTeX document class' is available.
+
+ The command version ‘\LoadClassWithOptions’ uses the list of options
+for the current class. This means it ignores any options passed to it
+via ‘\PassOptionsToClass’. This is a convenience command that lets you
+build classes on existing ones, such as the standard ‘article’ class,
+without having to track which options were passed.
+
+12.14.11 ‘\NeedsTeXFormat’
+--------------------------
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \NeedsTeXFormat{FORMAT}[FORMAT-DATE]
+
+ Specifies the format that this class must be run under. Often issued
+as the first line of a class file, and most often used as:
+‘\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}’. When a document using that class is
+processed, the format being run must exactly match the FORMAT name
+given, including case. If it does not match then execution stops with
+an error like ‘This file needs format `LaTeX2e' but this is `plain'.’.
+
+ To require a version of the format that you know to have certain
+features, include the optional FORMAT-DATE on which those features were
+implemented. If present, it must be in the form ‘YYYY/MM/DD’. If the
+format version installed on your system is earlier than FORMAT DATE then
+you get a warning like this.
+
+ You have requested release `2038/01/20' of LaTeX, but only
+ release `2016/02/01' is available.
+
+12.14.12 ‘\OptionNotUsed’
+-------------------------
+
+Adds the current option to the list of unused options. Can only be used
+within the CODE argument of either ‘\DeclareOption’ or
+‘\DeclareOption*’.
+
+12.14.13 ‘\PassOptionsToClass’ & ‘\PassOptionsToPackage’
+--------------------------------------------------------
+
+Synopses:
+
+ \PassOptionsToClass{OPTIONS}{CLSNAME}
+ \PassOptionsToPackage{OPTION}{PKGNAME}
+
+ Adds the options in the comma-separated list OPTIONS to the options
+used by any future ‘\RequirePackage’ or ‘\usepackage’ command for the
+class CLSNAME or the package PKGNAME, respectively.
+
+ The reason for these commands is that although you may load a package
+any number of times with no options, if you can specify options only the
+first time you load the package. Loading a package with options more
+than once will get you an error like ‘Option clash for package foo.’.
+LaTeX throws an error even if there is no conflict between the options.
+
+ If your own code is bringing in a package twice then you can combine
+the calls; for example, replacing the two
+
+ \RequirePackage[landscape]{geometry}
+ \RequirePackage[margins=1in]{geometry}
+
+with the single command
+
+ \RequirePackage[landscape,margins=1in]{geometry}
+
+ However, suppose you are loading ‘firstpkg’ and inside that package
+it loads ‘secondpkg’, and you need ‘secondpkg’ to be loaded with option
+‘draft’. Then before load the first package you must tell LaTeX about
+the desired options for the second package, like this:
+
+ \PassOptionsToPackage{draft}{secondpkg}
+ \RequirePackage{firstpkg}
+
+If ‘firstpkg.sty’ loads an option in conflict with what you want then
+you may have to alter its source, or yours.
+
+ These commands are useful for general users as well as class and
+package writers. For instance, suppose a user wants to load the
+‘graphicx’ package with the option ‘draft’ and also wants to use a class
+‘foo’ that loads the ‘graphicx’ package, but without that option. The
+user could start their LaTeX file with
+‘\PassOptionsToPackage{draft}{graphicx} \documentclass{foo}’.
+
+12.14.14 ‘\ProcessOptions’
+--------------------------
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \ProcessOptions\@OPTIONS
+ \ProcessOptions*\@OPTIONS
+
+ Execute the code for each option that the user has invoked. Invoke
+it in the class file as ‘\ProcessOptions\relax’ (because of the
+existence of the starred version, described below).
+
+ Options come in two types. “Local options” have been specified for
+this particular package in ‘\usepackage[OPTIONS]’,
+‘\RequirePackage[OPTIONS]’, or the OPTIONS argument of
+‘\PassOptionsToPackage{OPTIONS}’. “Global options” are those given by
+the class user in ‘\documentclass[OPTIONS]’. If an option is specified
+both locally and globally then it is local.
+
+ When ‘\ProcessOptions’ is called for a package ‘pkg.sty’, the
+following happens:
+
+ 1. For each option OPTION so far declared with ‘\DeclareOption’,
+ ‘\ProcessOptions’ looks to see if that option is either global or
+ local for ‘pkg’. If so, then it executes the declared code. This
+ is done in the order in which these options were given in
+ ‘pkg.sty’.
+
+ 2. For each remaining local option, it executes the command
+ ‘\ds@’OPTION if it has been defined somewhere (other than by a
+ ‘\DeclareOption’); otherwise, it executes the default option code
+ given in ‘\DeclareOption*’. If no default option code has been
+ declared then it gives an error message. This is done in the order
+ in which these options were specified.
+
+ When ‘\ProcessOptions’ is called for a class it works in the same way
+except that all options are local, and the default CODE for
+‘\DeclareOption*’ is ‘\OptionNotUsed’ rather than an error.
+
+ The starred version ‘\ProcessOptions*’ executes the options in the
+order specified in the calling commands, rather than in the order of
+declaration in the class or package. For a package, this means that the
+global options are processed first.
+
+12.14.15 ‘\ProvidesClass’ & ‘\ProvidesPackage’
+----------------------------------------------
+
+Synopses:
+
+ \ProvidesClass{CLSNAME}[RELEASE-DATE [INFO-TEXT]]
+ \ProvidesPackage{PKGNAME}[RELEASE-DATE [INFO-TEXT]]
+
+ Identifies the class or package being defined, printing a message to
+the screen and the log file.
+
+ When you load a class or package, for example with
+‘\documentclass{smcmemo}’ or ‘\usepackage{test}’, LaTeX inputs a file
+(‘smcmemo.cls’ and ‘test.sty’, respectively). If the name of the file
+does not match the class or package name declared in it then you get a
+warning. Thus, if you invoke ‘\documentclass{smcmemo}’, and the file
+‘smcmemo.cls’ has the statement ‘\ProvidesClass{foo}’ then you get a
+warning like ‘You have requested document class `smcmemo', but the
+document class provides 'foo'.’ This warning does not prevent LaTeX from
+processing the rest of the class file normally.
+
+ If you include the optional argument then you must include a date,
+before any spaces, of the form ‘YYYY/MM/DD’. The rest of the optional
+argument is free-form, although it traditionally identifies the class.
+It is written to the screen during compilation and to the log file.
+Thus, if your file ‘smcmemo.cls’ contains the line
+‘\ProvidesClass{smcmemo}[2008/06/01 v1.0 SMC memo class]’ and your
+document's first line is ‘\documentclass{smcmemo}’ then you will see
+‘Document Class: smcmemo 2008/06/01 v1.0 SMC memo class’.
+
+ The date in the optional argument allows class and package users to
+ask to be warned if the version of the class or package is earlier than
+RELEASE DATE. For instance, a user could enter
+‘\documentclass{smcmemo}[2018/10/12]’ or
+‘\usepackage{foo}[[2017/07/07]]’ to require a class or package with
+certain features by specifying that it must be released no earlier than
+the given date. Perhaps more importantly, the date serves as
+documentation of the last release. (In practice, package users rarely
+include a date, and class users almost never do.)
+
+12.14.16 ‘\ProvidesFile’
+------------------------
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \ProvidesFile{FILENAME}[INFO-TEXT]
+
+ Declare a file other than the main class and package files, such as a
+configuration or font definition file. It writes the given information
+to the log file, essentially like ‘\ProvidesClass’ and
+‘\ProvidesPackage’ (see the previous section).
+
+ For example:
+
+ \ProvidesFile{smcmemo.cfg}[2017/10/12 config file for smcmemo.cls]
+
+writes this into the log:
+
+ File: smcmemo.cfg 2017/10/12 config file for smcmemo.cls
+
+12.14.17 ‘\RequirePackage’ & ‘\RequirePackageWithOptions’
+---------------------------------------------------------
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \RequirePackage[OPTION-LIST]{PKGNAME}[RELEASE-DATE]
+ \RequirePackageWithOptions{PKGNAME}[RELEASE-DATE]
+
+ Load a package, like the command ‘\usepackage’ (*note Additional
+packages::). An example:
+‘\RequirePackage[landscape,margin=1in]{geometry}’
+
+ The initial optional argument OPTION-LIST, if present, must be a
+comma-separated list. The trailing optional argument RELEASE-DATE, if
+present, must have the form ‘YYYY/MM/DD’. If the release date of the
+package as installed on your system is earlier than RELEASE-DATE then
+you get a warning like ‘You have requested, on input line 9, version
+`2017/07/03' of package jhtest, but only version `2000/01/01' is
+available’.
+
+ The ‘\RequirePackageWithOptions’ variant uses the list of options for
+the current class. This means it ignores any options passed to it via
+‘\PassOptionsToClass’. This is a convenience command to allow easily
+building classes on existing ones without having to track which options
+were passed.
+
+ The difference between ‘\usepackage’ and ‘\RequirePackage’ is small.
+The ‘\usepackage’ command is intended to be used in documents, while
+‘\RequirePackage’ is intended for package and class files. The most
+significant difference in practice is that ‘\RequirePackage’ can be used
+in a document before the ‘\documentclass’ command, while ‘\usepackage’
+gives an error there. The most common need for this nowadays is for the
+‘\DocumentMetadata’ command (*note \DocumentMetadata::).
+
+ The LaTeX development team strongly recommends use of these and
+related commands over Plain TeX's ‘\input’; see the Class Guide
+(<https://ctan.org/pkg/clsguide>).
13 Counters
***********
Everything LaTeX numbers for you has a counter associated with it. The
name of the counter is often the same as the name of the environment or
-command associated with the number, except that the counter’s name has
+command associated with the number, except that the counter's name has
no backslash ‘\’. Thus, associated with the ‘\chapter’ command is the
‘chapter’ counter that keeps track of the chapter number.
- Below is a list of the counters used in LaTeX’s standard document
+ Below is a list of the counters used in LaTeX's standard document
classes to control numbering.
part paragraph figure enumi
@@ -8142,12 +8527,12 @@ instance, ‘\alph{enumi}’. Note that the counter name does not start
with a backslash.
‘\alph{COUNTER}’
- Print the value of COUNTER in lowercase letters: ‘a’, ‘b’, ... If
- the counter’s value is less than 1 or more than 26 then you get
+ Print the value of COUNTER in lowercase letters: 'a', 'b', ... If
+ the counter's value is less than 1 or more than 26 then you get
‘LaTeX Error: Counter too large.’
‘\Alph{COUNTER}’
- Print in uppercase letters: ‘A’, ‘B’, ... If the counter’s value
+ Print in uppercase letters: 'A', 'B', ... If the counter's value
is less than 1 or more than 26 then you get ‘LaTeX Error: Counter
too large.’
@@ -8155,19 +8540,19 @@ with a backslash.
Print in Arabic numbers such as ‘5’ or ‘-2’.
‘\roman{COUNTER}’
- Print in lowercase roman numerals: ‘i’, ‘ii’, ... If the counter’s
+ Print in lowercase roman numerals: 'i', 'ii', ... If the counter's
value is less than 1 then you get no warning or error but LaTeX
does not print anything in the output.
‘\Roman{COUNTER}’
- Print in uppercase roman numerals: ‘I’, ‘II’, ... If the counter’s
+ Print in uppercase roman numerals: 'I', 'II', ... If the counter's
value is less than 1 then you get no warning or error but LaTeX
does not print anything in the output.
‘\fnsymbol{COUNTER}’
Prints the value of COUNTER using a sequence of nine symbols that
are traditionally used for labeling footnotes. The value of
- COUNTER should be between 1 and 9, inclusive. If the counter’s
+ COUNTER should be between 1 and 9, inclusive. If the counter's
value is less than 0 or more than 9 then you get ‘LaTeX Error:
Counter too large’, while if it is 0 then you get no error or
warning but LaTeX does not output anything.
@@ -8253,7 +8638,7 @@ Synopsis:
\setcounter{COUNTER}{VALUE}
Globally set the counter COUNTER to have the value of the VALUE
-argument, which must be an integer. Thus, you can set a counter’s value
+argument, which must be an integer. Thus, you can set a counter's value
as ‘\setcounter{section}{5}’. Note that the counter name does not start
with a backslash.
@@ -8289,7 +8674,7 @@ Synopsis:
Globally increments the value of COUNTER by one, as does
‘\stepcounter’ (*note \stepcounter::). The difference is that this
command resets the value of any counter numbered within it. (For the
-definition of “counters numbered within”, *note \newcounter::.)
+definition of "counters numbered within", *note \newcounter::.)
In addition, this command also defines the current ‘\ref’ value to be
the result of ‘\thecounter’.
@@ -8305,7 +8690,7 @@ Synopsis:
\stepcounter{COUNTER}
Globally adds one to COUNTER and resets all counters numbered within
-it. (For the definition of “counters numbered within”, *note
+it. (For the definition of "counters numbered within", *note
\newcounter::.)
This command differs from ‘\refstepcounter’ in that this one does not
@@ -8357,10 +8742,10 @@ TeX to stretch or shrink the length to optimize placement.
\newcommand{\showhbox}[2]{%
\fboxsep=0pt\fbox{\hbox to #1{#2}}}
-This example uses those commands to show a black bar 100 points long
-between ‘XXX’ and ‘YYY’. This length is rigid.
+This next example uses those commands to show a black bar 100 points
+long between ‘ABC’ and ‘XYZ’. This length is rigid.
- XXX\showhbox{100pt}{\blackbar{100pt}}YYY
+ ABC\showhbox{100pt}{\blackbar{100pt}}XYZ
As for rubber lengths, shrinking is simpler one: with ‘1cm minus
0.05cm’, the natural length is 1cm but TeX can shrink it down as far as
@@ -8368,15 +8753,15 @@ between ‘XXX’ and ‘YYY’. This length is rigid.
first one works fine, producing a space of 98 points between the two
bars.
- XXX\showhbox{300pt}{%
+ ABC\showhbox{300pt}{%
\blackbar{101pt}\hspace{100pt minus 2pt}\blackbar{101pt}}YYY
- XXX\showhbox{300pt}{%
+ ABC\showhbox{300pt}{%
\blackbar{105pt}\hspace{100pt minus 1pt}\blackbar{105pt}}YYY
But the second one gets a warning like ‘Overfull \hbox (1.0pt too wide)
detected at line 17’. In the output the first ‘Y’ is overwritten by the
-end of the black bar, because the box’s material is wider than the 300pt
+end of the black bar, because the box's material is wider than the 300pt
allocated, as TeX has refused to shrink the total to less than
309 points.
@@ -8384,16 +8769,16 @@ allocated, as TeX has refused to shrink the total to less than
beyond the given amount, it will do it. Here the first line is fine,
producing a space of 110 points between the bars.
- XXX\showhbox{300pt}{%
+ ABC\showhbox{300pt}{%
\blackbar{95pt}\hspace{100pt plus 10pt}\blackbar{95pt}}YYY
- XXX\showhbox{300pt}{%
+ ABC\showhbox{300pt}{%
\blackbar{95pt}\hspace{100pt plus 1pt}\blackbar{95pt}}YYY
In the second line TeX needs a stretch of 10 points and only 1 point was
specified. TeX stretches the space to the required length but it gives
you a warning like ‘Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) detected at line
-22’. (We won’t discuss badness.)
+22’. (We won't discuss badness.)
You can put both stretch and shrink in the same length, as in ‘1ex
plus 0.05ex minus 0.02ex’.
@@ -8401,20 +8786,20 @@ plus 0.05ex minus 0.02ex’.
If TeX is setting two or more rubber lengths then it allocates the
stretch or shrink in proportion.
- XXX\showhbox{300pt}{%
+ ABC\showhbox{300pt}{%
\blackbar{100pt}% left
\hspace{0pt plus 50pt}\blackbar{80pt}\hspace{0pt plus 10pt}% middle
\blackbar{100pt}}YYY % right
The left and right bars take up 100 points, so the middle needs another
-100. The middle bar is 80 points so the two ‘\hspace’’s must stretch
+100. The middle bar is 80 points so the two ‘\hspace’'s must stretch
20 points. Because the two are ‘plus 50pt’ and ‘plus 10pt’, TeX gets
5/6 of the stretch from the first space and 1/6 from the second.
The ‘plus’ or ‘minus’ component of a rubber length can contain a
“fill” component, as in ‘1in plus2fill’. This gives the length infinite
stretchability or shrinkability so that TeX could set it to any
-distance. Here the two figures will be equal-spaced across the page.
+distance. Here the two figures will be equally spaced across the page.
\begin{minipage}{\linewidth}
\hspace{0pt plus 1fill}\includegraphics{godel.png}%
@@ -8506,7 +8891,7 @@ rubber length (*note Lengths::). It can be positive, negative or zero,
and can be in any units that LaTeX understands (*note Units of
length::).
- Below, with LaTeX’s defaults the first paragraph will be indented
+ Below, with LaTeX's defaults the first paragraph will be indented
while the second will not.
I told the doctor I broke my leg in two places.
@@ -8742,7 +9127,7 @@ So ‘\the\glueexpr 5pt plus 1pt * 2 \relax’ results in ‘10pt plus 2pt’.
TeX will coerce other numerical types in the same way as it does when
doing register assignment. Thus ‘\the\numexpr\dimexpr 1pt\relax\relax’
will result in ‘65536’, which is ‘1pt’ converted to scaled points (*note
-‘sp’: units of length sp, TeX’s internal unit) and then coerced into an
+‘sp’: units of length sp, TeX's internal unit) and then coerced into an
integer. With a ‘\glueexpr’ here, the stretch and shrink would be
dropped. Going the other way, a ‘\numexpr’ inside a ‘\dimexpr’ or
‘\glueexpr’ will need appropriate units, as in ‘\the\dimexpr\numexpr 1 +
@@ -8757,7 +9142,7 @@ a division) which is done as one combined operation with a 64-bit
product as intermediate value. The result of each operation is again
checked to be in the allowed range.
- Finally, division and scaling take place with rounding (unlike TeX’s
+ Finally, division and scaling take place with rounding (unlike TeX's
‘\divide’, which truncates). Thus ‘\the\dimexpr 5pt*(3/2)\relax’ puts
‘10.0pt’ in the document, because it rounds ‘3/2’ to ‘2’, while
‘\the\dimexpr 5pt*(4/3)\relax’ produces ‘5.0pt’.
@@ -8800,11 +9185,11 @@ identical:
Second paragraph.
\end{document}
- Once LaTeX has gathered all of a paragraph’s contents it divides that
+ Once LaTeX has gathered all of a paragraph's contents it divides that
content into lines in a way that is optimized over the entire paragraph
(*note Line breaking::).
- There are places where a new paragraph is not permitted. Don’t put a
+ There are places where a new paragraph is not permitted. Don't put a
blank line in math mode (*note Modes::); here the blank line before the
‘\end{equation}’
@@ -8898,7 +9283,7 @@ paragraph, use ‘\noindent’.
In the middle of a paragraph the ‘\noindent’ command has no effect,
because LaTeX is already in horizontal mode there. The ‘\indent’
-command’s only effect is to output a space.
+command's only effect is to output a space.
This example starts a fresh paragraph.
@@ -8954,7 +9339,7 @@ is ‘1em’. (These values are set before LaTeX calls ‘\normalfont’ so
different font then to set ‘\parindent’ to 1em matching that font, put
‘\AtBeginDocument{\setlength{\parindent}{1em}}’ in the preamble.)
- The default value for ‘\parskip’ in LaTeX’s standard document classes
+ The default value for ‘\parskip’ in LaTeX's standard document classes
is ‘0pt plus1pt’.
15.4 Marginal notes
@@ -8984,7 +9369,7 @@ paragraph. Revert that to the default position with ‘\normalmarginpar’.
note in the left margin, while the mandatory argument RIGHT is used for
a note in the right margin.
- Normally, a note’s first word will not be hyphenated. You can enable
+ Normally, a note's first word will not be hyphenated. You can enable
hyphenation there by beginning LEFT or RIGHT with ‘\hspace{0pt}’.
These parameters affect the formatting of the note:
@@ -9089,14 +9474,14 @@ or, one of:
Make EXP appear as a superscript of BASE (with the caret
character, ‘^’) or a subscript (with underscore, ‘_’).
- In this example the ‘0’’s and ‘1’’s are subscripts while the ‘2’’s
+ In this example the ‘0’'s and ‘1’'s are subscripts while the ‘2’'s
are superscripts.
\( (x_0+x_1)^2 \leq (x_0)^2+(x_1)^2 \)
To have the subscript or superscript contain more than one character,
surround the expression with curly braces, as in ‘e^{-2x}’. This
-example’s fourth line shows curly braces used to group an expression for
+example's fourth line shows curly braces used to group an expression for
the exponent.
\begin{displaymath}
@@ -9141,7 +9526,7 @@ to typeset chemical formulas. There are packages for that, such as
LaTeX provides almost any mathematical or technical symbol that anyone
uses. For example, if you include ‘$\pi$’ in your source, you will get
-the pi symbol π. See the “Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List” package at
+the pi symbol π. See the "Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List" package at
<https://ctan.org/pkg/comprehensive>.
Here is a list of commonly-used symbols. It is by no means
@@ -9535,7 +9920,7 @@ whatever the current mode, see *note \ensuremath::.
μ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
‘\nabla’
- ∇ Hamilton’s del, or differential, operator (ordinary).
+ ∇ Hamilton's del, or differential, operator (ordinary).
‘\natural’
♮ Musical natural notation (ordinary).
@@ -9561,7 +9946,7 @@ whatever the current mode, see *note \ensuremath::.
Long solidus, or slash, used to overstrike a following operator
(relation).
- Many negated operators are available that don’t require ‘\not’,
+ Many negated operators are available that don't require ‘\not’,
particularly with the ‘amssymb’ package. For example, ‘\notin’ is
typographically preferable to ‘\not\in’.
@@ -9940,7 +10325,7 @@ whatever the current mode, see *note \ensuremath::.
use the ‘mathtools’ package to create flexibly-sized norm symbols.
‘\vert’
- | Single line vertical bar (ordinary). For “such that”, as in the
+ | Single line vertical bar (ordinary). For "such that", as in the
definition of a set, use ‘\mid’ because it is a relation. *Note
Delimiters::, for how to use the ‘mathtools’ package to create
flexibly-sized absolute-value symbols.
@@ -10080,7 +10465,7 @@ the same.) If you do have a bold math font, though, then ‘\boldmath’
and ‘bm’ work fine.
If no such font is available, one alternative is to construct fake
-bold fonts with the ‘fontspec’ package’s ‘FakeBold=1’ parameter (see its
+bold fonts with the ‘fontspec’ package's ‘FakeBold=1’ parameter (see its
documentation, <https://ctan.org/pkg/fontspec>). This may be acceptable
for drafting or informal distribution, but the results are far from a
true bold font.
@@ -10088,7 +10473,7 @@ true bold font.
Another alternative to handling bold for OpenType math fonts is to
use the ‘\symbf’ (bold), ‘\symbfit’ (bold italic), and related commands
from the ‘unicode-math’ package. These do not change the current font,
-but rather change the (Unicode) “alphabet” used, which in practice is
+but rather change the (Unicode) "alphabet" used, which in practice is
more widely supported than a separate bold font. Many variations are
possible, and so there are subtleties to getting the desired output. As
usual, see the package documentation
@@ -10245,7 +10630,7 @@ But with ‘\left’ and ‘\right’
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet
\( \left(a+b+c+d+e+f+g+h+i+j+k+l+m+n+o+p+q+r+s+t+u+v+w+x+y+z\right) \)
-LaTeX won’t break the line, causing the formula to extend into the
+LaTeX won't break the line, causing the formula to extend into the
margin.
Because ‘\left ... \right’ make a group, all the usual grouping rules
@@ -10261,7 +10646,7 @@ forgotten, and the output is ‘1.2pt’.
The ‘\left ... \right’ pair affect the horizontal spacing of the
enclosed formula, in two ways. The first is that in ‘\( \sin(x) =
\sin\left(x\right) \)’ the one after the equals sign has more space
-around the ‘x’. That’s because ‘\left( ... \right)’ inserts an inner
+around the ‘x’. That's because ‘\left( ... \right)’ inserts an inner
node while ‘( ... )’ inserts an opening node. The second way that the
pair affect the horizontal spacing is that because they form a group,
the enclosed subformula will be typeset at its natural width, with no
@@ -10291,7 +10676,7 @@ TeX can choose delimiters that are too small, as in ‘\( \left| |x|+|y|
A third awkward case is when a long displayed formula is on more than
one line and you must match the sizes of the opening and closing
-delimiter; you can’t use ‘\left’ on the first line and ‘\right’ on the
+delimiter; you can't use ‘\left’ on the first line and ‘\right’ on the
last because they must be paired.
To size the delimiters manually, see *note \bigl & \bigr etc.::.
@@ -10438,16 +10823,16 @@ for a comma following, ‘\dotsb’ if you need the ellipses that fits when
the dots are followed by a binary operator or relation symbol, ‘\dotsi’
for dots with integrals, or ‘\dotso’ for others.
- The ‘\dots’ command from ‘amsmath’ differs from the LaTeX kernel’s
+ The ‘\dots’ command from ‘amsmath’ differs from the LaTeX kernel's
‘\dots’ command in another way: it outputs a thin space after the
ellipsis. Furthermore, the ‘unicode-math’ package automatically loads
-‘amsmath’, so ‘amsmath’’s ‘\dots’ may be active even when you did not
+‘amsmath’, so ‘amsmath’'s ‘\dots’ may be active even when you did not
explicitly load it, thus changing the output from ‘\dots’ in both text
and math mode.
Yet more about the ellipsis commands: when running under Unicode
engines (‘lualatex’, ‘xelatex’), LaTeX will use the Unicode ellipsis
-character (U+2026) in the font if it’s available; under traditional TeX
+character (U+2026) in the font if it's available; under traditional TeX
engines (‘pdflatex’, ‘latex’), it will typeset three spaced periods.
Generally, the Unicode single-character ellipsis has almost no space
between the three periods, while the spacing of the non-Unicode ellipsis
@@ -10487,7 +10872,7 @@ Symbol Command Name
ψ, Ψ ‘\psi’, ‘\Psi’ Psi
ω, Ω ‘\omega’, ‘\Omega’ Omega
- For omicron, if you are using LaTeX’s default Computer Modern font
+ For omicron, if you are using LaTeX's default Computer Modern font
then enter omicron just as ‘o’ or ‘O’. If you like having the name or
if your font shows a difference then you can use something like
‘\newcommand\omicron{o}’. The package ‘unicode-math’ has ‘\upomicron’
@@ -10661,33 +11046,35 @@ Accents::).
When you are putting an accent on an i or a j, the tradition is to
use one without a dot, ‘\imath’ or ‘jmath’ (*note Math symbols::).
-16.5 Over- and Underlining
-==========================
+16.5 Over- or under math
+========================
-LaTeX provides commands for making overlines or underlines, or putting
-braces over or under some material.
+LaTeX provides commands for putting lines, braces, and arrows over or
+under math material.
-‘\underline{TEXT}’
- Underline TEXT. Works inside math mode, and outside. The line is
+‘\underline{MATH}’
+ Underline MATH. For example: ‘\underline{x+y}’. The line is
always completely below the text, taking account of descenders, so
in ‘\(\underline{y}\)’ the line is lower than in
- ‘\(\underline{x}\)’. This command is fragile (*note \protect::).
+ ‘\(\underline{x}\)’. As of approximately 2019, this command and
+ others in this section are robust; before that, they were fragile
+ (*note \protect::).
- Note that the package ‘ulem’ does text mode underlining and allows
- line breaking as well as a number of other features. See the
- documentation on CTAN. See also *note \hrulefill & \dotfill:: for
- producing a line, for such things as a signature.
+ The package ‘ulem’ (<https://ctan.org/pkg/uelem>) does text mode
+ underlining and allows line breaking as well as a number of other
+ features. See also *note \hrulefill & \dotfill:: for producing a
+ line for such things as a signature or placeholder.
-‘\overline{TEXT}’
- Put a horizontal line over TEXT. Works inside math mode, and
- outside. For example, ‘\overline{x+y}’. Note that this differs
- from the command ‘\bar’ (*note Math accents::).
+‘\overline{MATH}’
+ Put a horizontal line over MATH. For example: ‘\overline{x+y}’.
+ This differs from the accent command ‘\bar’ (*note Math accents::).
‘\underbrace{MATH}’
- Put a brace under MATH. For example, this
- ‘(1-\underbrace{1/2)+(1/2}-1/3)’ emphasizes the telescoping part.
- Attach text to the brace by using the subscript command, ‘_’, or
- superscript, ‘^’, as here.
+ Put a brace under MATH. For example:
+ ‘(1-\underbrace{1/2)+(1/2}-1/3)’.
+
+ You can attach text to the brace as a subscript (‘_’) or
+ superscript (‘^’) as here:
\begin{displaymath}
1+1/2+\underbrace{1/3+1/4}_{>1/2}+
@@ -10698,12 +11085,17 @@ braces over or under some material.
unconnected to the underbrace.
‘\overbrace{MATH}’
- Put a brace over MATH, as with
- ‘\overbrace{x+x+\cdots+x}^{\mbox{\(k\) times}}’. See also
- ‘\underbrace’.
+ Put a brace over MATH. For example:
+ ‘\overbrace{x+x+\cdots+x}^{\mbox{\(k\) times}}’.
+
+‘\overrightarrow{MATH}’
+ Put a right arrow over MATH. For example: ‘\overrightarrow{x+y}’.
- The package ‘mathtools’ adds an over- and underbrace, as well as some
-improvements on the braces. See the documentation on CTAN.
+‘\overleftarrow{MATH}’
+ Put a left arrow over MATH. For example: ‘\overleftarrow{a+b}’.
+
+ The package ‘mathtools’ (<https://ctan.org/pkg/mathtools>) adds an
+over- and underbracket, as well as some improvements on the braces.
16.6 Spacing in math mode
=========================
@@ -10712,7 +11104,7 @@ When typesetting mathematics, LaTeX puts in spacing according to the
normal rules for mathematics texts. If you enter ‘y=m x’ then LaTeX
ignores the space and in the output the m is next to the x, as y=mx.
- But LaTeX’s rules occasionally need tweaking. For example, in an
+ But LaTeX's rules occasionally need tweaking. For example, in an
integral the tradition is to put a small extra space between the ‘f(x)’
and the ‘dx’, here done with the ‘\,’ command:
@@ -10827,15 +11219,15 @@ with the height of the ‘\sum’ (*note \phantom & \vphantom &
\hphantom::).
While most often used in mathematics, the ‘\smash’ command can appear
-in other contexts. However, it doesn’t change into horizontal mode. So
+in other contexts. However, it doesn't change into horizontal mode. So
if it starts a paragraph then you should first put a ‘\leavevmode’, as
in the bottom line below.
- xxx xxx xxx
+ Text above.
- \smash{yyy} % no paragraph indent
+ \smash{smashed, no indent} % no paragraph indent
- \leavevmode\smash{zzz} % usual paragraph indent
+ \leavevmode\smash{smashed, with indent} % usual paragraph indent
The package ‘mathtools’ has operators that provide even finer control
over smashing a subformula box.
@@ -10899,7 +11291,7 @@ should give it such a status, for example with the ‘\operatorname’
command from the package ‘amsmath’.
While most often used in mathematics, these three can appear in other
-contexts. However, they don’t cause LaTeX to change into horizontal
+contexts. However, they don't cause LaTeX to change into horizontal
mode. So if one of these starts a paragraph then you should prefix it
with ‘\leavevmode’.
@@ -10928,12 +11320,12 @@ amount of space, use ‘\rule’ with a width of zero. *Note \rule::.
16.7 Math styles
================
-TeX’s rules for typesetting a formula depend on the context. For
+TeX's rules for typesetting a formula depend on the context. For
example, inside a displayed equation, the input ‘\sum_{0\leq
i<n}k^m=\frac{n^{m+1}}{m+1}+\mbox{lower order terms}’ will give output
with the summation index centered below the summation symbol. But if
that input is inline then the summation index is off to the right rather
-than below, so it won’t push the lines apart. Similarly, in a displayed
+than below, so it won't push the lines apart. Similarly, in a displayed
context, the symbols in the numerator and denominator will be larger
than for an inline context, and in display math subscripts and
superscripts are further apart then they are in inline math.
@@ -10955,7 +11347,7 @@ superscripts are further apart then they are in inline math.
declaration of ‘\displaystyle’, or ‘\textstyle’, or ‘\scriptstyle’, or
‘\scriptscriptstyle’.
- In this example, the ‘Arithmetic’ line’s fraction will look
+ In this example, the ‘Arithmetic’ line's fraction will look
scrunched.
\begin{tabular}{r|cc}
@@ -10966,7 +11358,7 @@ scrunched.
&$\displaystyle a\cdot\frac{1-b^n}{1-b}$ \\
\end{tabular}
-But because of the ‘\displaystyle’ declaration, the ‘Geometric’ line’s
+But because of the ‘\displaystyle’ declaration, the ‘Geometric’ line's
fraction will be easy to read, with characters the same size as in the
rest of the line.
@@ -10997,7 +11389,7 @@ height of the denominators; *note \mathstrut::.)
====================
LaTeX contains a wide variety of mathematics facilities. Here are some
-that don’t fit into other categories.
+that don't fit into other categories.
16.8.1 Colon character ‘:’ & ‘\colon’
-------------------------------------
@@ -11091,13 +11483,13 @@ the math modes), and error messages will refer to these.
“LR mode” (for left-to-right mode; in plain TeX this is called
“restricted horizontal mode”) is in effect when LaTeX starts making
- a box with an ‘\mbox’ command. As in paragraph mode, LaTeX’s
+ a box with an ‘\mbox’ command. As in paragraph mode, LaTeX's
output is a string of words with spaces between them. Unlike in
paragraph mode, in LR mode LaTeX never starts a new line, it just
keeps going from left to right. (Although LaTeX will not complain
that the LR box is too long, when it is finished and next tries to
put that box into a line, it might well complain that the finished
- LR box won’t fit there.)
+ LR box won't fit there.)
• “Math mode” is when LaTeX is generating an inline mathematical
formula.
@@ -11206,23 +11598,23 @@ either in the preamble or in the document body.
‘\author{NAME1 \and NAME2 \and ...}’
Required. Declare the document author or authors. The argument is
a list of authors separated by ‘\and’ commands. To separate lines
- within a single author’s entry, for instance to give the author’s
+ within a single author's entry, for instance to give the author's
institution or address, use a double backslash, ‘\\’. If you omit
the ‘\author’ declaration then you get ‘LaTeX Warning: No \author
given’.
‘\date{TEXT}’
- Optional. Declare TEXT to be the document’s date. The TEXT
- doesn’t need to be in a date format; it can be any text at all. If
+ Optional. Declare TEXT to be the document's date. The TEXT
+ doesn't need to be in a date format; it can be any text at all. If
you omit ‘\date’ then LaTeX uses the current date (*note \today::).
To have no date, instead use ‘\date{}’.
‘\thanks{TEXT}’
Optional. Produce a footnote. You can use it in the author
information for acknowledgements as illustrated above, but you can
- also use it in the title, or any place a footnote mark makes sense.
- It can be any text at all so you can use it for any purpose, such
- as to print an email address.
+ also use it in the title, or anywhere that a footnote mark makes
+ sense. It can be any text at all so you can use it for any
+ purpose, such as to print an email address.
‘\title{TEXT}’
Required. Declare TEXT to be the title of the document. Get line
@@ -11230,11 +11622,11 @@ either in the preamble or in the document body.
‘\title’ declaration then the ‘\maketitle’ command yields error
‘LaTeX Error: No \title given’.
- To make your own title page, see *note titlepage::. You can either
+ To make your own title page, *note titlepage::. You can either
create this as a one-off or you can include it as part of a renewed
-‘\maketitle’ command. (Many publishers will provide a class to use in
+‘\maketitle’ command. Many publishers will provide a class to use in
place of ‘article’ that formats the title according to their house
-requirements.)
+requirements.
18.2 ‘\pagenumbering’
=====================
@@ -11249,14 +11641,7 @@ contents and other page references. This declaration has global scope
so its effect is not stopped by an end of group such as a closing brace
or an end of environment.
- In this example, before the ‘Main’ section the pages are numbered
-‘a’, etc. Starting on the page containing the ‘\pagenumbering’ call in
-that section, the pages are numbered ‘1’, etc.
-
- \begin{document}\pagenumbering{alph}
- ...
- \section{Main}\pagenumbering{arabic}
- ...
+ By default, LaTeX numbers pages starting at 1, using Arabic numerals.
The argument NUMBER-STYLE is one of the following (see also *note
\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol::).
@@ -11279,20 +11664,35 @@ that section, the pages are numbered ‘1’, etc.
you get ‘LaTeX Error: Counter too large’.
‘gobble’
- LaTeX does not output a page number, although it does get reset.
- References to that page also are blank. (This does not work with
- the popular package ‘hyperref’ so to have the page number not
- appear you may want to instead use ‘\pagestyle{empty}’ or
- ‘\thispagestyle{empty}’.)
+ no page number is output, though the number is still reset.
+ References to that page also are blank.
+
+ This setting does not work with the popular package ‘hyperref’, so
+ to omit page numbers you may want to instead use
+ ‘\pagestyle{empty}’ or ‘\thispagestyle{empty}’.
+
+ If you want to typeset the page number in some other way, or change
+where the page number appears on the page, see *note \pagestyle:: (in
+short: use the ‘fancyhdr’ package). The list above of LaTeX's built-in
+numbering styles cannot be extended.
+
+ Traditionally, if a document has front matter--preface, table of
+contents, etc.--then it is numbered with lowercase Roman numerals. The
+main matter of a document uses arabic. LaTeX implements this, by
+providing explicit commands for the different parts (*note \frontmatter
+& \mainmatter & \backmatter::).
- Traditionally, if a document has front matter—preface, table of
-contents, etc.—then it is numbered with lowercase Roman numerals. The
-main matter of a document uses arabic. *Note \frontmatter & \mainmatter
-& \backmatter::.
+ As an explicit example, before the ‘Main’ section the pages are
+numbered ‘a’, etc. Starting on the page containing the ‘\pagenumbering’
+call in that section, the pages are numbered ‘1’, etc.
- If you want to change where the page number appears on the page,
-see *note \pagestyle::. If you want to change the value of the page
-number, then you manipulate the ‘page’ counter (*note Counters::).
+ \begin{document}\pagenumbering{alph}
+ ...
+ \section{Main}\pagenumbering{arabic}
+ ...
+
+ If you want to change the value of the page number, then you
+manipulate the ‘page’ counter (*note Counters::).
18.3 ‘\pagestyle’
=================
@@ -11304,10 +11704,11 @@ Synopsis:
Declaration that specifies how the page headers and footers are
typeset, from the current page onwards.
- A discussion with an example is below. Note first that the package
+ A discussion with an example is below. First, however: the package
‘fancyhdr’ is now the standard way to manipulate headers and footers.
New documents that need to do anything other than one of the standard
-options below should use this package. See its documentation on CTAN.
+options below should use this package. See its documentation
+(<https://ctan.org/pkg/fancyhdr>).
Values for STYLE:
@@ -11326,10 +11727,10 @@ options below should use this package. See its documentation on CTAN.
Custom headers, specified via the ‘\markboth’ or the ‘\markright’
commands.
- Some discussion of the motivation for LaTeX’s mechanism will help you
+ Some discussion of the motivation for LaTeX's mechanism will help you
work with the options ‘headings’ or ‘myheadings’. The document source
below produces an article, two-sided, with the pagestyle ‘headings’. On
-this document’s left hand pages, LaTeX wants (in addition to the page
+this document's left hand pages, LaTeX wants (in addition to the page
number) the title of the current section. On its right hand pages LaTeX
wants the title of the current subsection. When it makes up a page,
LaTeX gets this information from the commands ‘\leftmark’ and
@@ -11407,6 +11808,29 @@ The ‘plain’ style has a page number on it, centered in the footer. To
make the page entirely empty, the command ‘\thispagestyle{empty}’
immediately follows the second ‘\chapter’.
+18.5 ‘\thepage’
+===============
+
+If you want to change the appearance of page numbers only in the page
+headers, for example by adding an ornament, typesetting in small caps,
+etc., then the ‘fancyhdr’ package, as mentioned in a previous section,
+is the best approach.
+
+ On the other hand, you may want to change how page numbers are
+denoted everywhere, including the table of contents and
+cross-references, as well as the page headers. In this case, you should
+redefine ‘\thepage’, which is the command LaTeX uses for the
+representation of page numbers.
+
+ However, ‘\thepage’ should do any typesetting or other complicated
+maneuvers, but merely expand to the intended page number representation.
+The results of a complicated redefinition of ‘\thepage’ are not
+predictable, but LaTeX's report of page numbers in diagnostic messages,
+at least, will become unusable.
+
+ There is some discussion of this issue at
+<https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/687258>.
+
19 Spaces
*********
@@ -11460,8 +11884,8 @@ stretchable and shrinkable, it is sometimes called “glue”.
\noindent\makebox[\linewidth][r]{Name:\hspace{1in}}
The ‘*’-form inserts horizontal space that is non-discardable. More
-precisely, when TeX breaks a paragraph into lines any white space—glues
-and kerns—that come at a line break are discarded. The ‘*’-form avoids
+precisely, when TeX breaks a paragraph into lines any white space--glues
+and kerns--that come at a line break are discarded. The ‘*’-form avoids
that (technically, it adds a non-discardable invisible item in front of
the space).
@@ -11485,7 +11909,7 @@ If you erase the ‘*’ then LaTeX discards the blank.
\end{center}
Because the argument to each ‘\hspace’ has ‘minus 0.25cm’, each can
-shrink a little if the three figures are too wide. But each space won’t
+shrink a little if the three figures are too wide. But each space won't
shrink more than 0.25cm (*note Lengths::).
19.3 ‘\hfill’
@@ -11519,7 +11943,7 @@ space can be discarded at line breaks. To avoid that instead use
\caption{Comparison of two graphs} \label{fig:twographs}
\end{figure}
-Note the ‘\hspace*’’s where the space could otherwise be dropped.
+Note the ‘\hspace*’'s where the space could otherwise be dropped.
19.4 ‘\hss’
===========
@@ -11533,7 +11957,7 @@ infinitely stretchable (this command is a TeX primitive). LaTeX authors
should reach first for the ‘\makebox’ command to get the effects of
‘\hss’ (*note \mbox & \makebox::).
- Here, the first line’s ‘\hss’ makes the Z stick out to the right,
+ Here, the first line's ‘\hss’ makes the Z stick out to the right,
overwriting the Y. In the second line the Z sticks out to the left,
overwriting the X.
@@ -11550,13 +11974,13 @@ Synopsis:
\spacefactor=INTEGER
- Influence LaTeX’s glue stretch and shrink behavior. Most user-level
-documents do not use this command.
+ Influence LaTeX's stretching and shrinking of glue. Few user-level
+documents need to use this.
While LaTeX is laying out the material, it may stretch or shrink the
gaps between words. (This space is not a character; it is called the
-“interword glue”; *note \hspace::). The ‘\spacefactor’ command (from
-Plain TeX) allows you to, for instance, have the space after a period
+“interword glue”; *note \hspace::). The ‘\spacefactor’ parameter (a TeX
+primitive) allows you to, for instance, have the space after a period
stretch more than the space after a word-ending letter.
After LaTeX places each character, or rule or other box, it sets a
@@ -11566,24 +11990,25 @@ happen. A space factor that is larger than the normal value means that
the glue can stretch more and shrink less. Normally, the space factor
is 1000. This value is in effect following most characters, and any
non-character box or math formula. But it is 3000 after a period,
-exclamation mark, or question mark, it is 2000 after a colon, 1500 after
-a semicolon, 1250 after a comma, and 0 after a right parenthesis or
+exclamation mark, or question mark, 2000 after a colon, 1500 after a
+semicolon, 1250 after a comma, and 0 after a right parenthesis or
bracket, or closing double quote or single quote. Finally, it is 999
after a capital letter.
- If the space factor F is 1000 then the glue gap will be the font’s
+ If the space factor F is 1000 then the glue gap will be the font's
normal space value (for Computer Modern Roman 10 point this is
-3.3333 points). Otherwise, if the space factor F is greater than 2000
-then TeX adds the font’s extra space value (for Computer Modern Roman 10
-point this is 1.11111 points), and then the font’s normal stretch value
-is multiplied by f /1000 and the normal shrink value is multiplied by
+3.3333pt). Otherwise, if the space factor F is greater than 2000 then
+TeX adds the font's extra space value (for Computer Modern Roman 10
+point this is 1.11111pt), and then the font's normal stretch value is
+multiplied by f /1000 and the normal shrink value is multiplied by
1000/f (for Computer Modern Roman 10 point these are 1.66666 and
-1.11111 points).
+1.11111pt).
For example, consider the period ending ‘A man's best friend is his
-dog.’ After it, TeX puts in a fixed extra space, and also allows the
+dog.’. After it, TeX puts in a fixed extra space, and also allows the
glue to stretch 3 times as much and shrink 1/3 as much, as the glue
-after ‘friend’, which does not end in a period.
+after ‘friend’ or any of the other words, since they are not followed by
+punctuation.
The rules for space factors are even more complex because they play
additional roles. In practice, there are two consequences. First, if a
@@ -11591,19 +12016,19 @@ period or other punctuation is followed by a right parenthesis or
bracket, or right single or double quote then the spacing effect of that
period carries through those characters (that is, the following glue
will have increased stretch and shrink). Second, if punctuation comes
-after a capital letter then its effect is not in place so you get an
-ordinary space. This second case also affects abbreviations that do not
-end in a capital letter (*note \@::).
+after a capital letter then the normal effect of the period is does not
+happen, so you get an ordinary space. This second case also affects
+abbreviations that do not end in a capital letter (*note \@::).
You can only use ‘\spacefactor’ in paragraph mode or LR mode (*note
Modes::). You can see the current value with ‘\the\spacefactor’ or
‘\showthe\spacefactor’.
- (Comment, not really related to ‘\spacefactor’: if you get errors
-like ‘You can't use `\spacefactor' in vertical mode’, or ‘You can't use
-`\spacefactor' in math mode.’, or ‘Improper \spacefactor’ then you have
-probably tried to redefine an internal command. *Note \makeatletter &
-\makeatother::.)
+ Finally, not especially related to ‘\spacefactor’ itself: if you get
+errors like ‘You can't use `\spacefactor' in vertical mode’, or ‘You
+can't use `\spacefactor' in math mode.’, or ‘Improper \spacefactor’ then
+you have probably tried to redefine an internal command. *Note
+\makeatletter & \makeatother::.
19.5.1 ‘\@’
-----------
@@ -11612,22 +12037,19 @@ Synopsis:
CAPITAL-LETTER\@.
- Treat a period as sentence-ending, where LaTeX would otherwise think
-it is part of an abbreviation. LaTeX thinks that a period ends an
-abbreviation if the period comes after a capital letter, and otherwise
-thinks the period ends the sentence. By default, in justifying a line
-LaTeX adjusts the space after a sentence-ending period (or a question
-mark, exclamation point, comma, or colon) more than it adjusts the space
-between words (*note \spacefactor::).
+ Treat a period (or other punctuation) as sentence-ending, where LaTeX
+would otherwise think it is part of an abbreviation. LaTeX thinks that
+a period ends an abbreviation if the period comes after a capital
+letter, and otherwise thinks the period ends the sentence.
This example shows the two cases to remember.
The songs \textit{Red Guitar}, etc.\ are by Loudon Wainwright~III\@.
-The second period ends the sentence, despite that it is preceded by a
-capital. We tell LaTeX that it ends the sentence by putting ‘\@’ before
-it. The first period ends the abbreviation ‘etc.’ but not the sentence.
-The backslash-space, ‘\ ’, produces a mid-sentence space.
+The first period ends the abbreviation ‘etc.’ but not the sentence. The
+backslash-space, ‘\ ’, produces a mid-sentence space. The second period
+ends the sentence, despite it being preceded by a capital letter. We
+tell LaTeX that it ends the sentence by putting ‘\@’ before it.
So: if you have a capital letter followed by a period that ends the
sentence, then put ‘\@’ before the period. This holds even if there is
@@ -11640,16 +12062,22 @@ characters. For example, this
will have correct inter-sentence spacing after the period.
- The ‘\@’ command is only for a text mode. If you use it outside of a
-text mode then you get ‘You can't use `\spacefactor' in vertical mode’
-(*note Modes::).
+ The ‘\@’ command is only for text modes. If you use it outside of a
+text mode then you get the error ‘You can't use `\spacefactor' in
+vertical mode’ (*note Modes::).
+
+ All the above applies equally to question marks and exclamation
+points as periods, since all are sentence-ending punctuation, and LaTeX
+increases the space after each in the same way, when they end a
+sentence. LaTeX also increases spacing after colon, semicolon, and
+comma characters (*note \spacefactor::).
- Comment: the converse case is a period ending an abbreviation whose
-last letter is not a capital letter, and that abbreviation is not the
-last word in the sentence. For that case follow the period with a
+ In addition: the converse case is a period (or other punctuation)
+that does not end a sentence. For that case, follow the period with a
backslash-space, (‘\ ’), or a tie, (‘~’), or ‘\@’. Examples are ‘Nat.\
Acad.\ Science’, and ‘Mr.~Bean’, and ‘(manure, etc.\@) for sale’ (note
-in the last one that the ‘\@’ comes before the closing parenthesis).
+in the last one that the ‘\@’ comes after the period but before the
+closing parenthesis).
19.5.2 ‘\frenchspacing’ & ‘\nonfrenchspacing’
---------------------------------------------
@@ -11659,18 +12087,21 @@ Synopsis, one of:
\frenchspacing
\nonfrenchspacing
- The first declaration causes LaTeX to handle spacing between
-sentences in the same way as spacing between words in the middle of a
-sentence. The second switches back to the default handling in which
-spacing between sentences stretches or shrinks more (*note
-\spacefactor::).
+ ‘\frenchspacing’ causes LaTeX to make spacing after all punctuation,
+including periods, be the same as the space between words in the middle
+of a sentence. ‘\nonfrenchspacing’ switches back to the default
+handling in which spacing after most punctuation stretches or shrinks
+differently than a word space (*note \spacefactor::).
+
+ In American English, the typesetting tradition is to adjust,
+typically increasing, the space after punctuation more than the space
+between words that are in the middle of a sentence. Declaring
+‘\frenchspacing’ (the command is inherited from plain TeX) switches to
+the tradition that all spaces are treated equally.
- Some typographic traditions, including English, prefer to adjust the
-space between sentences (or spaces following a question mark,
-exclamation point, comma, or colon) more than the space between words
-that are in the middle of a sentence. Declaring ‘\frenchspacing’ (the
-command is from plain TeX) switches to the tradition that all spaces are
-treated equally.
+ If your LaTeX document specifies the language being used, for example
+with the ‘babel’ package, the necessary settings should be taken care of
+for you.
19.5.3 ‘\normalsfcodes’
-----------------------
@@ -11686,16 +12117,15 @@ Synopsis:
==========================
This section refers to the command consisting of two characters, a
-backslash followed by a space.
-Synopsis:
+backslash followed by a space. Synopsis:
- \
+ \
Produce a space. By default it produces white space of length
3.33333pt plus 1.66666pt minus 1.11111pt.
- When you type one or more blanks between words, LaTeX produces white
-space. But that is different than an explicit space. This illustrates.
+ When you type one or more blanks between words, LaTeX produces
+whitespace that is different than an explicit space. This illustrates:
\begin{tabular}{rl}
One blank:& makes some space \\
@@ -11726,9 +12156,9 @@ of ending a sentence, as in ‘Prof.\ Smith’ or ‘Jones et al.\ (1993)’
Under normal circumstances, ‘\’<TAB> and ‘\’<NEWLINE> are equivalent
to backslash-space, ‘\ ’.
- Please also note that in order to allow source code indentation,
-under normal circumstances, TeX ignores leading blanks in a line. So
-the following prints ‘one word’:
+ In order to allow source code indentation, under normal
+circumstances, TeX ignores leading blanks in a line. So the following
+prints ‘one word’:
one
word
@@ -11736,8 +12166,8 @@ the following prints ‘one word’:
where the white space between ‘one’ and ‘word’ is produced by the
newline after ‘one’, not by the space before ‘word’.
-19.7 ‘~’
-========
+19.7 ‘~’, ‘\nobreakspace’
+=========================
Synopsis:
@@ -11745,11 +12175,13 @@ Synopsis:
The “tie” character, ‘~’, produces a space between BEFORE and AFTER
at which the line will not be broken. By default the white space has
-length 3.33333pt plus 1.66666pt minus 1.11111pt (*note Lengths::).
+length 3.33333pt plus 1.66666pt minus 1.11111pt (*note Lengths::). The
+command ‘\nobreakspace’ and the Unicode input character U+00A0 (also in
+many 8-bit encodings) are synonyms.
Note that the word ‘tie’ has this meaning in the TeX/Texinfo
-community; this differs from the typographic term “tie”, which is a
-diacritic in the shape of an arc, called a “tie-after” accent in ‘The
+community; this differs from the typographic term "tie", which is a
+diacritic in the shape of an arc, called a "tie-after" accent in ‘The
TeXbook’.
Here LaTeX will not break the line between the final two words:
@@ -11759,14 +12191,14 @@ TeXbook’.
In addition, despite the period, LaTeX does not use the end-of-sentence
spacing (*note \@::).
- Ties prevent the end of line separation of things where that could
-cause confusion. They also still allow hyphenation (of either of the
-tied words), so they are generally preferable to putting consecutive
-words in an ‘\mbox’ (*note \mbox & \makebox::).
+ Ties prevent a line break where that could cause confusion. They
+also still allow hyphenation (of either of the tied words), so they are
+generally preferable to putting consecutive words in an ‘\mbox’ (*note
+\mbox & \makebox::).
- They are also matters of taste, sometimes alarmingly dogmatic taste,
-among readers. Nevertheless, here are some usage models, many of them
-from ‘The TeXbook’.
+ Exactly where ties should be used is something of a matter of taste,
+sometimes alarmingly dogmatic taste, among readers. Nevertheless, here
+are some usage models, many of them from ‘The TeXbook’.
• Between an enumerator label and number, such as in references:
‘Chapter~12’, or ‘Theorem~\ref{th:Wilsons}’, or
@@ -11796,8 +12228,8 @@ from ‘The TeXbook’.
• Between symbols in series: ‘$1$,~$2$, or~$3$’ or ‘$1$,~$2$,
\ldots,~$n$’.
- • Between a person’s given names and between multiple surnames:
- ‘Donald~E. Knuth’, or ‘Luis~I. Trabb~Pardo’, or ‘Charles~XII’—but
+ • Between a person's given names and between multiple surnames:
+ ‘Donald~E. Knuth’, or ‘Luis~I. Trabb~Pardo’, or ‘Charles~XII’--but
you must give TeX places to break the line so you might do ‘Charles
Louis Xavier~Joseph de~la Vall\'ee~Poussin’.
@@ -11850,7 +12282,7 @@ hit the AFTER-CHARACTER roman H
because the italic letter f leans far to the right.
- If AFTER-CHARACTER is a period or comma then don’t insert an italic
+ If AFTER-CHARACTER is a period or comma then don't insert an italic
correction since those punctuation symbols are so low to the baseline
already. However, with semicolons or colons, as well as with normal
letters, the italic correction can help. It is typically used between a
@@ -11897,10 +12329,10 @@ spaced dots.
\noindent John Aubrey, RN \dotfill{} Melbury Lodge
- To make the rule or dots go to the line’s end use ‘\null’ at the
+ To make the rule or dots go to the line's end use ‘\null’ at the
start or end.
- To change the rule’s thickness, copy the definition and adjust it, as
+ To change the rule's thickness, copy the definition and adjust it, as
here
\renewcommand{\hrulefill}{%
@@ -11937,7 +12369,7 @@ Synopsis, one of:
These commands are fragile (*note \protect::).
Here the skip suggests the passage of time (from The Golden Ocean by
-O’Brian).
+O'Brian).
Mr Saumarez would have something rude to say to him, no doubt: he
was at home again, and it was delightful.
@@ -12020,7 +12452,7 @@ having zero height.
This example has four lists. In the first there is a much bigger gap
between items 2 and 3 than there is between items 1 and 2. The second
-list fixes that with a ‘\strut’ at the end of its first item’s second
+list fixes that with a ‘\strut’ at the end of its first item's second
line.
\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}
@@ -12053,7 +12485,7 @@ line.
\end{enumerate}
\end{minipage}%
-The final two lists use ‘\fbox’ to show what’s happening. The first
+The final two lists use ‘\fbox’ to show what's happening. The first
item ‘\parbox’ of the third list goes only to the bottom of its second
‘test’, which happens not have any characters that descend below the
baseline. The fourth list adds the strut that gives the needed extra
@@ -12062,7 +12494,7 @@ below-baseline space.
The ‘\strut’ command is often useful in graphics, such as in ‘TikZ’
or ‘Asymptote’. For instance, you may have a command such as
‘\graphnode{NODE-NAME}’ that fits a circle around NODE-NAME. However,
-unless you are careful the NODE-NAME’s ‘x’ and ‘y’ will produce
+unless you are careful the NODE-NAME's ‘x’ and ‘y’ will produce
different-diameter circles because the characters are different sizes.
A careful ‘\graphnode’ might insert a ‘\strut’, then NODE-NAME, and then
draw the circle.
@@ -12080,7 +12512,7 @@ keeps the second integral from hitting the first.
\end{tabular}
(Although the line-ending double backslash command has an available
-optional argument to change the corresponding baseline skip, that won’t
+optional argument to change the corresponding baseline skip, that won't
solve this issue. Changing the first double backslash to something like
‘\\[2.5ex]’ will put more room between the header line and the ‘\hline’
rule, and the integral would still hit the rule.)
@@ -12094,7 +12526,7 @@ Synopsis, one of:
\vspace*{LENGTH}
Add the vertical space LENGTH. The LENGTH can be positive, negative,
-or zero. It is a rubber length—it may contain a ‘plus’ or ‘minus’
+or zero. It is a rubber length--it may contain a ‘plus’ or ‘minus’
component (*note Lengths::).
This puts space between the two paragraphs.
@@ -12173,9 +12605,9 @@ Synopsis:
\addvspace{VERT-LENGTH}
Add a vertical space of VERT-LENGTH. However, if there are two or
-more ‘\addvspace’’s in a sequence then together they only add the space
+more ‘\addvspace’'s in a sequence then together they only add the space
needed to make the natural length equal to the maximum of the
-VERT-LENGTH’s in that sequence. This command is fragile (*note
+VERT-LENGTH's in that sequence. This command is fragile (*note
\protect::). The VERT-LENGTH is a rubber length (*note Lengths::).
This example illustrates. The ‘picture’ draws a scale over which to
@@ -12199,14 +12631,14 @@ apart: the sum of the ‘\baselineskip’ and the 10pt from the first
Now uncomment the second ‘\addvspace’. It does not make the gap 20pt
longer; instead the gap is the sum of ‘\baselineskip’ and 20pt. So
-‘\addvspace’ in a sense does the opposite of its name—it makes sure that
-multiple vertical spaces do not accumulate, but instead that only the
-largest one is used.
+‘\addvspace’ in a sense does the opposite of its name--it makes sure
+that multiple vertical spaces do not accumulate, but instead that only
+the largest one is used.
LaTeX uses this command to adjust the vertical space above or below
an environment that starts a new paragraph. For instance, a ‘theorem’
environment begins and ends with ‘\addvspace’ so that two consecutive
-‘theorem’’s are separated by one vertical space, not two.
+‘theorem’'s are separated by one vertical space, not two.
A error ‘Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item’ pointing to an
‘\addvspace’ means that you were not in vertical mode when you hit this
@@ -12244,12 +12676,12 @@ name, ‘T-34’.
The first two command invocations shown, ‘\mbox’ and ‘\makebox’, are
roughly the same. They create a box just wide enough to contain the
-TEXT. (They are like plain TeX’s ‘\hbox’.)
+TEXT. (They are like plain TeX's ‘\hbox’.)
In the third version the optional argument WIDTH specifies the width
of the box. Note that the space occupied by the text need not equal the
width of the box. For one thing, TEXT can be too small; this creates a
-full-line box
+full-line box:
\makebox[\linewidth]{Chapter Exam}
@@ -12258,7 +12690,7 @@ See the example below of zero-width boxes.
In the WIDTH argument you can use the following lengths that refer to
the dimension of the box that LaTeX gets on typesetting TEXT: ‘\depth’,
-‘\height’, ‘\width’, ‘\totalheight’ (this is the box’s height plus its
+‘\height’, ‘\width’, ‘\totalheight’ (this is the box's height plus its
depth). For example, to make a box with the text stretched to double
the natural size you can say this.
@@ -12375,7 +12807,7 @@ frame the result.
*Note Colored boxes::, for colors other than black and white.
The ‘picture’ environment has a version of the ‘\framebox’ command
-where the units depend on ‘picture’’s ‘\unitlength’ (*note \framebox
+where the units depend on ‘picture’'s ‘\unitlength’ (*note \framebox
(picture)::).
20.3 ‘\parbox’
@@ -12400,7 +12832,7 @@ fragile (*note \protect::).
\end{picture}
The CONTENTS are processed in a text mode (*note Modes::) so LaTeX
-will break lines to make a paragraph. But it won’t make multiple
+will break lines to make a paragraph. But it won't make multiple
paragraphs; for that, use a ‘minipage’ environment (*note minipage::).
The options for ‘\parbox’ (except for CONTENTS) are the same as those
@@ -12458,7 +12890,7 @@ gets by typesetting TEXT.
In the arguments DISTANCE, HEIGHT, and DEPTH you can use the
following lengths that refer to the dimension of the box that LaTeX gets
on typesetting TEXT: ‘\depth’, ‘\height’, ‘\width’, ‘\totalheight’ (this
-is the box’s height plus its depth).
+is the box's height plus its depth).
This will align two graphics on their top (*note Graphics::).
@@ -12514,7 +12946,7 @@ WIDTH, and the position of the text inside that box as POSITION. *Note
In the ‘\sbox’ and ‘\savebox’ commands the TEXT is typeset in LR mode
so it does not have line breaks (*note Modes::). If you use these then
-LaTeX doesn’t give you an error but it ignores what you want: if you
+LaTeX doesn't give you an error but it ignores what you want: if you
enter ‘\sbox{\newreg}{test \\ test}’ and ‘\usebox{\newreg}’ then you get
‘testtest’, while if you enter ‘\sbox{\newreg}{test \par test}’ and
‘\usebox{\newreg}’ then you get ‘test test’, but no error or warning.
@@ -12531,7 +12963,7 @@ To fix this use a ‘\parbox’ or ‘minipage’ as here.
...
\usebox{\areg}
- As an example of the efficiency of reusing a register’s contents,
+ As an example of the efficiency of reusing a register's contents,
this puts the same picture on each page of the document by putting it in
the header. LaTeX only typesets it once.
@@ -12597,263 +13029,7 @@ more information and examples, *note \sbox & \savebox::. (Note that the
variable name BOX-CMD starts with a backslash, ‘\’.) This command is
robust (*note \protect::).
-21 Color
-********
-
-You can add color to text, rules, etc. You can also have color in a box
-or on an entire page and write text on top of it.
-
- Color support comes as an additional package. So put
-‘\usepackage{color}’ in your document preamble to use the commands
-described here.
-
- Many other packages also supplement LaTeX’s color abilities.
-Particularly worth mentioning is ‘xcolor’, which is widely used and
-significantly extends the capabilities described here, including adding
-‘HTML’ and ‘Hsb’ color models.
-
-21.1 ‘color’ package options
-============================
-
-Synopsis (must be in the document preamble):
-
- \usepackage[COMMA-SEPARATED OPTION LIST]{color}
-
- When you load the ‘color’ package there are two kinds of available
-options.
-
- The first specifies the “printer driver”. LaTeX doesn’t contain
-information about different output systems but instead depends on
-information stored in a file. Normally you should not specify the
-driver option in the document, and instead rely on your system’s
-default. One advantage of this is that it makes the document portable
-across systems. For completeness we include a list of the drivers. The
-currently relevant ones are: ‘dvipdfmx’, ‘dvips’, ‘dvisvgm’, ‘luatex’,
-‘pdftex’, ‘xetex’. The two ‘xdvi’ and ‘oztex’ are essentially aliases
-for ‘dvips’ (and ‘xdvi’ is monochrome). Ones that should not be used
-for new systems are: ‘dvipdf’, ‘dvipdfm’, ‘dviwin’, ‘dvipsone’, ‘emtex’,
-‘pctexps’, ‘pctexwin’, ‘pctexhp’, ‘pctex32’, ‘truetex’, ‘tcidvi’, ‘vtex’
-(and ‘dviwindo’ is an alias for ‘dvipsone’).
-
- The second kind of options, beyond the drivers, are below.
-
-‘monochrome’
- Disable the color commands, so that they do not generate errors but
- do not generate color either.
-
-‘dvipsnames’
- Make available a list of 68 color names that are often used,
- particularly in legacy documents. These color names were
- originally provided by the ‘dvips’ driver, giving the option name.
-
-‘nodvipsnames’
- Do not load that list of color names, saving LaTeX a tiny amount of
- memory space.
-
-21.2 Color models
-=================
-
-A “color model” is a way of representing colors. LaTeX’s capabilities
-depend on the printer driver. However, the ‘pdftex’, ‘xetex’, and
-‘luatex’ printer drivers are today by far the most commonly used. The
-models below work for those drivers. All but one of these is also
-supported by essentially all other printer drivers used today.
-
- Note that color combination can be additive or subtractive. Additive
-mixes colors of light, so that for instance combining full intensities
-of red, green, and blue produces white. Subtractive mixes pigments,
-such as with inks, so that combining full intensity of cyan, magenta,
-and yellow makes black.
-
-‘cmyk’
- A comma-separated list with four real numbers between 0 and 1,
- inclusive. The first number is the intensity of cyan, the second
- is magenta, and the others are yellow and black. A number value of
- 0 means minimal intensity, while a 1 is for full intensity. This
- model is often used in color printing. It is a subtractive model.
-
-‘gray’
- A single real number between 0 and 1, inclusive. The colors are
- shades of grey. The number 0 produces black while 1 gives white.
-
-‘rgb’
- A comma-separated list with three real numbers between 0 and 1,
- inclusive. The first number is the intensity of the red component,
- the second is green, and the third the blue. A number value of 0
- means that none of that component is added in, while a 1 means full
- intensity. This is an additive model.
-
-‘RGB’
- (‘pdftex’, ‘xetex’, ‘luatex’ drivers) A comma-separated list with
- three integers between 0 and 255, inclusive. This model is a
- convenience for using ‘rgb’ since outside of LaTeX colors are often
- described in a red-green-blue model using numbers in this range.
- The values entered here are converted to the ‘rgb’ model by
- dividing by 255.
-
-‘named’
- Colors are accessed by name, such as ‘PrussianBlue’. The list of
- names depends on the driver, but all support the names ‘black’,
- ‘blue’, ‘cyan’, ‘green’, ‘magenta’, ‘red’, ‘white’, and ‘yellow’
- (See the ‘dvipsnames’ option in *note Color package options::).
-
-21.3 Commands for color
-=======================
-
-These are the commands available with the ‘color’ package.
-
-21.3.1 Define colors
---------------------
-
-Synopsis:
-
- \definecolor{NAME}{MODEL}{SPECIFICATION}
-
- Give the name NAME to the color. For example, after this
-
- \definecolor{silver}{rgb}{0.75,0.75,0.74}
-
-you can use that color name with ‘Hi ho, \textcolor{silver}{Silver}!’.
-
- This example gives the color a more abstract name, so it could change
-and not be misleading.
-
- \definecolor{logocolor}{RGB}{145,92,131} % RGB needs pdflatex
- \newcommand{\logo}{\textcolor{logocolor}{Bob's Big Bagels}}
-
- Often a document’s colors are defined in the preamble, or in the
-class or style, rather than in the document body.
-
-21.3.2 Colored text
--------------------
-
-Synopses:
-
- \textcolor{NAME}{...}
- \textcolor[COLOR MODEL]{COLOR SPECIFICATION}{...}
-
-or
-
- \color{NAME}
- \color[COLOR MODEL]{COLOR SPECIFICATION}
-
- The affected text gets the color. This line
-
- \textcolor{magenta}{My name is Ozymandias, King of Kings;}
- Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair!
-
-causes the first half to be in magenta while the rest is in black. You
-can use a color declared with ‘\definecolor’ in exactly the same way
-that we just used the builtin color ‘magenta’.
-
- \definecolor{MidlifeCrisisRed}{rgb}{1.0,0.11,0.0}
- I'm thinking about getting a \textcolor{MidlifeCrisisRed}{sports car}.
-
- The two ‘\textcolor’ and ‘\color’ differ in that the first is a
-command form, enclosing the text to be colored as an argument. Often
-this form is more convenient, or at least more explicit. The second
-form is a declaration, as in ‘The moon is made of {\color{green} green}
-cheese’, so it is in effect until the end of the current group or
-environment. This is sometimes useful when writing macros or as below
-where it colors everything inside the ‘center’ environment, including
-the vertical and horizontal lines.
-
- \begin{center} \color{blue}
- \begin{tabular}{l|r}
- UL &UR \\ \hline
- LL &LR
- \end{tabular}
- \end{center}
-
- You can use color in equations. A document might have this
-definition in the preamble
-
- \definecolor{highlightcolor}{RGB}{225,15,0}
-
-and then contain this equation.
-
- \begin{equation}
- \int_a^b \textcolor{highlightcolor}{f'(x)}\,dx=f(b)-f(a)
- \end{equation}
-
- Typically the colors used in a document are declared in a class or
-style but sometimes you want a one-off. Those are the second forms in
-the synopses.
-
- Colors of \textcolor[rgb]{0.33,0.14,0.47}{Purple} and
- {\color[rgb]{0.72,0.60,0.37}Gold} for the team.
-
- The format of COLOR SPECIFICATION depends on the color model (*note
-Color models::). For instance, while ‘rgb’ takes three numbers, ‘gray’
-takes only one.
-
- The selection was \textcolor[gray]{0.5}{grayed out}.
-
- Colors inside colors do not combine. Thus
-
- \textcolor{green}{kind of \textcolor{blue}{blue}}
-
-has a final word that is blue, not a combination of blue and green.
-
-21.3.3 Colored boxes
---------------------
-
-Synopses:
-
- \colorbox{NAME}{...}
- \colorbox[MODEL NAME]{BOX BACKGROUND COLOR}{...}
-
-or
-
- \fcolorbox{FRAME COLOR}{BOX BACKGROUND COLOR}{...}
- \fcolorbox[MODEL NAME]{FRAME COLOR}{BOX BACKGROUND COLOR}{...}
-
- Make a box with the stated background color. The ‘\fcolorbox’
-command puts a frame around the box. For instance this
-
- Name:~\colorbox{cyan}{\makebox[5cm][l]{\strut}}
-
-makes a cyan-colored box that is five centimeters long and gets its
-depth and height from the ‘\strut’ (so the depth is ‘-.3\baselineskip’
-and the height is ‘\baselineskip’). This puts white text on a blue
-background.
-
- \colorbox{blue}{\textcolor{white}{Welcome to the machine.}}
-
- The ‘\fcolorbox’ commands use the same parameters as ‘\fbox’ (*note
-\fbox & \framebox::), ‘\fboxrule’ and ‘\fboxsep’, to set the thickness
-of the rule and the boundary between the box interior and the
-surrounding rule. LaTeX’s defaults are ‘0.4pt’ and ‘3pt’, respectively.
-
- This example changes the thickness of the border to 0.8 points. Note
-that it is surrounded by curly braces so that the change ends at the end
-of the second line.
-
- {\setlength{\fboxrule}{0.8pt}
- \fcolorbox{black}{red}{Under no circumstances turn this knob.}}
-
-21.3.4 Colored pages
---------------------
-
-Synopses:
-
- \pagecolor{NAME}
- \pagecolor[COLOR MODEL]{COLOR SPECIFICATION}
- \nopagecolor
-
- The first two set the background of the page, and all subsequent
-pages, to the color. For an explanation of the specification in the
-second form *note Colored text::. The third returns the background to
-normal, which is a transparent background. (If that is not supported
-use ‘\pagecolor{white}’, although that will make a white background
-rather than the default transparent background.)
-
- ...
- \pagecolor{cyan}
- ...
- \nopagecolor
-
-22 Graphics
+21 Graphics
***********
You can use graphics such as PNG or PDF files in your LaTeX document.
@@ -12890,7 +13066,7 @@ Asymptote and MetaPost. One that uses a graphical interface is Xfig.
Full description of these systems is outside the scope of this document;
see their documentation on CTAN.
-22.1 ‘graphics’ package options
+21.1 ‘graphics’ package options
===============================
Synopsis (must be in the document preamble):
@@ -12910,7 +13086,7 @@ kinds of available options.
The first is that LaTeX does not contain information about different
output systems but instead depends on information stored in a “printer
driver” file. Normally you should not specify the driver option in the
-document, and instead rely on your system’s default. One advantage of
+document, and instead rely on your system's default. One advantage of
this is that it makes the document portable across systems.
For completeness here is a list of the drivers. The currently
@@ -12954,7 +13130,7 @@ with a ‘.def’ extension, such as ‘pdftex.def’.
multiples, such as 1.23, in ‘%%HiResBoundingBox’ lines. This
option has LaTeX to read the size from the latter.
-22.2 ‘graphics’ package configuration
+21.2 ‘graphics’ package configuration
=====================================
These commands configure the way LaTeX searches the file system for the
@@ -12964,9 +13140,9 @@ graphic.
dependent. In this document we cover GNU/Linux, Macintosh, and Windows,
as those systems are typically configured. For other situations consult
the documentation in ‘grfguide.pdf’, or the LaTeX source, or your TeX
-distribution’s documentation.
+distribution's documentation.
-22.2.1 ‘\graphicspath’
+21.2.1 ‘\graphicspath’
----------------------
Synopsis:
@@ -12986,9 +13162,9 @@ declaration below tells the system to then look in the subdirectory
...
\graphicspath{ {pix/} {../pix/} }
- The ‘\graphicspath’ declaration is optional. If you don’t include it
-then LaTeX’s default is to search all of the places that it usually
-looks for a file (it uses LaTeX’s ‘\input@path’). In particular, in
+ The ‘\graphicspath’ declaration is optional. If you don't include it
+then LaTeX's default is to search all of the places that it usually
+looks for a file (it uses LaTeX's ‘\input@path’). In particular, in
this case one of the places it looks is the current directory.
Enclose each directory name in curly braces; for example, above it
@@ -13029,7 +13205,7 @@ it contains ‘\include{chapters/chap1}’. If in ‘chap1.tex’ you put
‘\graphicspath{{plots/}}’ then LaTeX will not search for graphics in
‘book/chapters/plots’, but instead in ‘book/plots’.
-22.2.2 ‘\DeclareGraphicsExtensions’
+21.2.2 ‘\DeclareGraphicsExtensions’
-----------------------------------
Synopses:
@@ -13071,7 +13247,7 @@ most recent ‘pdftex.def’ has this extension list.
more than once. Show its value with
‘\makeatletter\typeout{\Gin@extensions}\makeatother’.
-22.2.3 ‘\DeclareGraphicsRule’
+21.2.3 ‘\DeclareGraphicsRule’
-----------------------------
Synopsis:
@@ -13144,13 +13320,13 @@ COMMAND
explicitly allow it. See the documentation for your TeX
distribution.
-22.3 Commands for graphics
+21.3 Commands for graphics
==========================
These are the commands available with the ‘graphics’ and ‘graphicx’
packages.
-22.3.1 ‘\includegraphics’
+21.3.1 ‘\includegraphics’
-------------------------
Synopses for ‘graphics’ package:
@@ -13247,7 +13423,7 @@ gives the coordinates of the top right corner of the image, as a pair of
TeX dimensions (*note Units of length::). If the units are omitted they
default to ‘bp’. In this case, the lower left corner of the image is
assumed to be at (0,0). If two optional arguments are present then the
-leading one is ‘[LLX,LLY]’, specifying the coordinates of the image’s
+leading one is ‘[LLX,LLY]’, specifying the coordinates of the image's
lower left. Thus, ‘\includegraphics[1in,0.618in]{...}’ calls for the
graphic to be placed so it is 1 inch wide and 0.618 inches tall and so
its origin is at (0,0).
@@ -13270,7 +13446,7 @@ two will end with different widths and heights.
Note that a graphic is placed by LaTeX into a box, which is
traditionally referred to as its “bounding box” (distinct from the
-PostScript BoundingBox described below). The graphic’s printed area may
+PostScript BoundingBox described below). The graphic's printed area may
go beyond this box, or sit inside this box, but when LaTeX makes up a
page it puts together boxes and this is the box allocated for the
graphic.
@@ -13328,7 +13504,7 @@ graphic.
left, ‘r’ for right, ‘b’ for bottom, ‘c’ for center, ‘t’ for top,
and ‘B’ for baseline. Thus, entering the command
‘\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=c]{moon}’ will turn the picture
- upside down about that picture’s center, while the command
+ upside down about that picture's center, while the command
‘\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=lB]{LeBateau}’ will turn its
picture upside down about its left baseline. (The character ‘c’
gives the horizontal center in ‘bc’ or ‘tc’, but gives the vertical
@@ -13377,7 +13553,7 @@ graphic.
to which the contents of the page are to be clipped when displayed.
The BleedBox is the region to which the contents of the page should
be clipped in production. The TrimBox is the intended dimensions
- of the finished page. The ArtBox is the extent of the page’s
+ of the finished page. The ArtBox is the extent of the page's
meaningful content. The driver will set the image size based on
CropBox if present, otherwise it will not use one of the others,
with a driver-defined order of preference. MediaBox is always
@@ -13407,7 +13583,7 @@ graphic.
graphic files, which have a size specified with a line ‘%%BoundingBox’
that appears in the file. It has four values, giving the lower x
coordinate, lower y coordinate, upper x coordinate, and upper y
-coordinate. The units are PostScript points, equivalent to TeX’s big
+coordinate. The units are PostScript points, equivalent to TeX's big
points, 1/72 inch. For example, if an ‘.eps’ file has the line
‘%%BoundingBox 10 20 40 80’ then its natural size is 30/72 inch wide by
60/72 inch tall.
@@ -13439,13 +13615,13 @@ points, 1/72 inch. For example, if an ‘.eps’ file has the line
then LaTeX will look for ‘%%HiResBoundingBox’ lines instead of
‘%%BoundingBox’ lines. (The ‘BoundingBox’ lines use only natural
numbers while the ‘HiResBoundingBox’ lines use decimals; both use
- units equivalent to TeX’s big points, 1/72 inch.) To override a
+ units equivalent to TeX's big points, 1/72 inch.) To override a
prior setting of ‘true’, you can set it to ‘false’.
- These following options allow a user to override LaTeX’s method of
+ These following options allow a user to override LaTeX's method of
choosing the graphic type based on the filename extension. An example
-is that ‘\includegraphics[type=png,ext=.xxx,read=.xxx]{lion}’ will read
-the file ‘lion.xxx’ as though it were ‘lion.png’. For more on these,
+is that ‘\includegraphics[type=png,ext=.xyz,read=.xyz]{lion}’ will read
+the file ‘lion.xyz’ as though it were ‘lion.png’. For more on these,
*note \DeclareGraphicsRule::.
‘type’
@@ -13465,7 +13641,7 @@ the file ‘lion.xxx’ as though it were ‘lion.png’. For more on these,
for a discussion of enabling the ‘\write18’ functionality to run
external commands.
-22.3.2 ‘\rotatebox’
+21.3.2 ‘\rotatebox’
-------------------
Synopsis if you use the ‘graphics’ package:
@@ -13508,7 +13684,7 @@ you can get the same effect without needing this package, except for the
‘x’ and ‘y’ options (*note \includegraphics::).
‘origin’
- The point of the MATERIAL’s box about which the rotation happens.
+ The point of the MATERIAL's box about which the rotation happens.
Possible value is any string containing one or two of: ‘l’ for
left, ‘r’ for right, ‘b’ for bottom, ‘c’ for center, ‘t’ for top,
and ‘B’ for baseline. Thus, the first line here
@@ -13525,7 +13701,7 @@ you can get the same effect without needing this package, except for the
‘x, y’
Specify an arbitrary point of rotation with ‘\rotatebox[x=TeX
DIMENSION,y=TeX DIMENSION]{...}’ (*note Units of length::). These
- give the offset from the box’s reference point.
+ give the offset from the box's reference point.
‘units’
This key allows you to change the default of degrees
@@ -13533,7 +13709,7 @@ you can get the same effect without needing this package, except for the
degrees clockwise and setting ‘units=6.283185’ changes to radians
counterclockwise.
-22.3.3 ‘\scalebox’
+21.3.3 ‘\scalebox’
------------------
Synopses:
@@ -13565,7 +13741,7 @@ Thus, ‘Able was I\reflectbox{Able was I}’ will show the phrase ‘Able was
I’ immediately followed by its mirror reflection against a vertical
axis.
-22.3.4 ‘\resizebox’
+21.3.4 ‘\resizebox’
-------------------
Synopses:
@@ -13583,7 +13759,7 @@ vertically by the same factor to keep it from being distorted.
\resizebox{0.5in}{!}{\includegraphics{lion}}
- The unstarred form ‘\resizebox’ takes VERTICAL LENGTH to be the box’s
+ The unstarred form ‘\resizebox’ takes VERTICAL LENGTH to be the box's
height while the starred form ‘\resizebox*’ takes it to be height+depth.
For instance, make the text have a height+depth of a quarter-inch with
‘\resizebox*{!}{0.25in}{\parbox{3.5in}{This box has both height and
@@ -13594,26 +13770,283 @@ refer to the original size of the box. Thus, make the text two inches
wide but keep the original height with ‘\resizebox{2in}{\height}{Two
inches}’.
+22 Color
+********
+
+You can add color to text, rules, etc. You can also have color in a box
+or on an entire page and write text on top of it.
+
+ Color support comes as an additional package. So put
+‘\usepackage{color}’ in your document preamble to use the commands
+described here.
+
+ Many other packages also supplement LaTeX's color abilities.
+Particularly worth mentioning is ‘xcolor’, which is widely used and
+significantly extends the capabilities described here, including adding
+‘HTML’ and ‘Hsb’ color models.
+
+22.1 ‘color’ package options
+============================
+
+Synopsis (must be in the document preamble):
+
+ \usepackage[COMMA-SEPARATED OPTION LIST]{color}
+
+ When you load the ‘color’ package there are two kinds of available
+options.
+
+ The first specifies the “printer driver”. LaTeX doesn't contain
+information about different output systems but instead depends on
+information stored in a file. Normally you should not specify the
+driver option in the document, and instead rely on your system's
+default. One advantage of this is that it makes the document portable
+across systems. For completeness we include a list of the drivers. The
+currently relevant ones are: ‘dvipdfmx’, ‘dvips’, ‘dvisvgm’, ‘luatex’,
+‘pdftex’, ‘xetex’. The two ‘xdvi’ and ‘oztex’ are essentially aliases
+for ‘dvips’ (and ‘xdvi’ is monochrome). Ones that should not be used
+for new systems are: ‘dvipdf’, ‘dvipdfm’, ‘dviwin’, ‘dvipsone’, ‘emtex’,
+‘pctexps’, ‘pctexwin’, ‘pctexhp’, ‘pctex32’, ‘truetex’, ‘tcidvi’, ‘vtex’
+(and ‘dviwindo’ is an alias for ‘dvipsone’).
+
+ The second kind of options, beyond the drivers, are below.
+
+‘monochrome’
+ Disable the color commands, so that they do not generate errors but
+ do not generate color either.
+
+‘dvipsnames’
+ Make available a list of 68 color names that are often used,
+ particularly in legacy documents. These color names were
+ originally provided by the ‘dvips’ driver, giving the option name.
+
+‘nodvipsnames’
+ Do not load that list of color names, saving LaTeX a tiny amount of
+ memory space.
+
+22.2 Color models
+=================
+
+A “color model” is a way of representing colors. LaTeX's capabilities
+depend on the printer driver. However, the ‘pdftex’, ‘xetex’, and
+‘luatex’ printer drivers are today by far the most commonly used. The
+models below work for those drivers. All but one of these is also
+supported by essentially all other printer drivers used today.
+
+ Note that color combination can be additive or subtractive. Additive
+mixes colors of light, so that for instance combining full intensities
+of red, green, and blue produces white. Subtractive mixes pigments,
+such as with inks, so that combining full intensity of cyan, magenta,
+and yellow makes black.
+
+‘cmyk’
+ A comma-separated list with four real numbers between 0 and 1,
+ inclusive. The first number is the intensity of cyan, the second
+ is magenta, and the others are yellow and black. A number value of
+ 0 means minimal intensity, while a 1 is for full intensity. This
+ model is often used in color printing. It is a subtractive model.
+
+‘gray’
+ A single real number between 0 and 1, inclusive. The colors are
+ shades of grey. The number 0 produces black while 1 gives white.
+
+‘rgb’
+ A comma-separated list with three real numbers between 0 and 1,
+ inclusive. The first number is the intensity of the red component,
+ the second is green, and the third the blue. A number value of 0
+ means that none of that component is added in, while a 1 means full
+ intensity. This is an additive model.
+
+‘RGB’
+ (‘pdftex’, ‘xetex’, ‘luatex’ drivers) A comma-separated list with
+ three integers between 0 and 255, inclusive. This model is a
+ convenience for using ‘rgb’ since outside of LaTeX colors are often
+ described in a red-green-blue model using numbers in this range.
+ The values entered here are converted to the ‘rgb’ model by
+ dividing by 255.
+
+‘named’
+ Colors are accessed by name, such as ‘PrussianBlue’. The list of
+ names depends on the driver, but all support the names ‘black’,
+ ‘blue’, ‘cyan’, ‘green’, ‘magenta’, ‘red’, ‘white’, and ‘yellow’
+ (See the ‘dvipsnames’ option in *note Color package options::).
+
+22.3 Commands for color
+=======================
+
+These are the commands available with the ‘color’ package.
+
+22.3.1 Define colors
+--------------------
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \definecolor{NAME}{MODEL}{SPECIFICATION}
+
+ Give the name NAME to the color. For example, after this
+
+ \definecolor{silver}{rgb}{0.75,0.75,0.74}
+
+you can use that color name with ‘Hi ho, \textcolor{silver}{Silver}!’.
+
+ This example gives the color a more abstract name, so it could change
+and not be misleading.
+
+ \definecolor{logocolor}{RGB}{145,92,131} % RGB needs pdflatex
+ \newcommand{\logo}{\textcolor{logocolor}{Bob's Big Bagels}}
+
+ Often a document's colors are defined in the preamble, or in the
+class or style, rather than in the document body.
+
+22.3.2 Colored text
+-------------------
+
+Synopses:
+
+ \textcolor{NAME}{...}
+ \textcolor[COLOR MODEL]{COLOR SPECIFICATION}{...}
+
+or
+
+ \color{NAME}
+ \color[COLOR MODEL]{COLOR SPECIFICATION}
+
+ The affected text gets the color. This line
+
+ \textcolor{magenta}{My name is Ozymandias, King of Kings;}
+ Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair!
+
+causes the first half to be in magenta while the rest is in black. You
+can use a color declared with ‘\definecolor’ in exactly the same way
+that we just used the builtin color ‘magenta’.
+
+ \definecolor{MidlifeCrisisRed}{rgb}{1.0,0.11,0.0}
+ I'm thinking about getting a \textcolor{MidlifeCrisisRed}{sports car}.
+
+ The two ‘\textcolor’ and ‘\color’ differ in that the first is a
+command form, enclosing the text to be colored as an argument. Often
+this form is more convenient, or at least more explicit. The second
+form is a declaration, as in ‘The moon is made of {\color{green} green}
+cheese’, so it is in effect until the end of the current group or
+environment. This is sometimes useful when writing macros or as below
+where it colors everything inside the ‘center’ environment, including
+the vertical and horizontal lines.
+
+ \begin{center} \color{blue}
+ \begin{tabular}{l|r}
+ UL &UR \\ \hline
+ LL &LR
+ \end{tabular}
+ \end{center}
+
+ You can use color in equations. A document might have this
+definition in the preamble
+
+ \definecolor{highlightcolor}{RGB}{225,15,0}
+
+and then contain this equation.
+
+ \begin{equation}
+ \int_a^b \textcolor{highlightcolor}{f'(x)}\,dx=f(b)-f(a)
+ \end{equation}
+
+ Typically the colors used in a document are declared in a class or
+style but sometimes you want a one-off. Those are the second forms in
+the synopses.
+
+ Colors of \textcolor[rgb]{0.33,0.14,0.47}{Purple} and
+ {\color[rgb]{0.72,0.60,0.37}Gold} for the team.
+
+ The format of COLOR SPECIFICATION depends on the color model (*note
+Color models::). For instance, while ‘rgb’ takes three numbers, ‘gray’
+takes only one.
+
+ The selection was \textcolor[gray]{0.5}{grayed out}.
+
+ Colors inside colors do not combine. Thus
+
+ \textcolor{green}{kind of \textcolor{blue}{blue}}
+
+has a final word that is blue, not a combination of blue and green.
+
+22.3.3 Colored boxes
+--------------------
+
+Synopses:
+
+ \colorbox{NAME}{...}
+ \colorbox[MODEL NAME]{BOX BACKGROUND COLOR}{...}
+
+or
+
+ \fcolorbox{FRAME COLOR}{BOX BACKGROUND COLOR}{...}
+ \fcolorbox[MODEL NAME]{FRAME COLOR}{BOX BACKGROUND COLOR}{...}
+
+ Make a box with the stated background color. The ‘\fcolorbox’
+command puts a frame around the box. For instance this
+
+ Name:~\colorbox{cyan}{\makebox[5cm][l]{\strut}}
+
+makes a cyan-colored box that is five centimeters long and gets its
+depth and height from the ‘\strut’ (so the depth is ‘-.3\baselineskip’
+and the height is ‘\baselineskip’). This puts white text on a blue
+background.
+
+ \colorbox{blue}{\textcolor{white}{Welcome to the machine.}}
+
+ The ‘\fcolorbox’ commands use the same parameters as ‘\fbox’ (*note
+\fbox & \framebox::), ‘\fboxrule’ and ‘\fboxsep’, to set the thickness
+of the rule and the boundary between the box interior and the
+surrounding rule. LaTeX's defaults are ‘0.4pt’ and ‘3pt’, respectively.
+
+ This example changes the thickness of the border to 0.8 points. Note
+that it is surrounded by curly braces so that the change ends at the end
+of the second line.
+
+ {\setlength{\fboxrule}{0.8pt}
+ \fcolorbox{black}{red}{Under no circumstances turn this knob.}}
+
+22.3.4 Colored pages
+--------------------
+
+Synopses:
+
+ \pagecolor{NAME}
+ \pagecolor[COLOR MODEL]{COLOR SPECIFICATION}
+ \nopagecolor
+
+ The first two set the background of the page, and all subsequent
+pages, to the color. For an explanation of the specification in the
+second form *note Colored text::. The third returns the background to
+normal, which is a transparent background. (If that is not supported
+use ‘\pagecolor{white}’, although that will make a white background
+rather than the default transparent background.)
+
+ ...
+ \pagecolor{cyan}
+ ...
+ \nopagecolor
+
23 Special insertions
*********************
LaTeX provides commands for inserting characters that have a special
meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type.
-23.1 Reserved characters
-========================
+23.1 Printing special characters
+================================
-LaTeX sets aside the following characters for special purposes. For
-example, the percent sign ‘%’ is for comments. They are called
-“reserved characters” or “special characters”. They are all discussed
-elsewhere in this manual.
+LaTeX sets aside a few characters for special purposes; they are called
+reserved characters or special characters. Here they are:
# $ % & { } _ ~ ^ \
+ The meaning of all the special characters is given elsewhere in this
+manual (*note Reserved characters::).
+
If you want a reserved character to be printed as itself, in the text
body font, for all but the final three characters in that list simply
-put a backslash ‘\’ in front of the character. Thus, typing ‘\$1.23’
-will produce ‘$1.23’ in your output.
+put a ‘\’ in front of the character. Thus, typing ‘\$1.23’ will produce
+‘$1.23’ in your output.
As to the last three characters, to get a tilde in the text body font
use ‘\~{}’ (omitting the curly braces would result in the next character
@@ -13621,12 +14054,12 @@ receiving a tilde accent). Similarly, to get a text body font
circumflex use ‘\^{}’. To get a backslash in the font of the text body,
enter ‘\textbackslash{}’.
- To produce the reserved characters in a typewriter font use ‘\verb!!’
-as below (the double backslash ‘\\’ in the example is only there to
-split the lines in the output).
+ To produce the reserved characters in a typewriter font, use
+‘\verb!!’ as below (the ‘\newline’ in the example is there only to split
+the lines in the output).
\begin{center}
- \# \$ \% \& \{ \} \_ \~{} \^{} \textbackslash \\
+ \# \$ \% \& \{ \} \_ \~{} \^{} \textbackslash \newline
\verb!# $ % & { } _ ~ ^ \!
\end{center}
@@ -13642,7 +14075,7 @@ Synopsis:
Change the case of characters. The TeX primitive commands
‘\uppercase’ and ‘\lowercase’ are set up by default to work only with
-the 26 letters a–z and A–Z. The LaTeX commands ‘\MakeUppercase’ and
+the 26 letters a-z and A-Z. The LaTeX commands ‘\MakeUppercase’ and
‘\MakeLowercase’ commands also change characters accessed by commands
such as ‘\ae’ or ‘\aa’. The commands ‘\MakeUppercase’ and
‘\MakeLowercase’ are robust but they have moving arguments (*note
@@ -13678,8 +14111,8 @@ standard LaTeX commands ‘\MakeUppercase’ and ‘\MakeLowerCase’.
Handling all the casing rules specified by Unicode, e.g., for
non-Latin scripts, is a much bigger job than anything envisioned in the
original TeX and LaTeX. It has been implemented in the ‘expl3’ package
-as of 2020. The article “Case changing: From TeX primitives to the
-Unicode algorithm”, (Joseph Wright, ‘TUGboat’ 41:1,
+as of 2020. The article "Case changing: From TeX primitives to the
+Unicode algorithm", (Joseph Wright, ‘TUGboat’ 41:1,
<https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb41-1/tb127wright-case.pdf>), gives a good
overview of the topic, past and present.
@@ -13721,12 +14154,16 @@ encoding).
‘\LaTeXe’
The LaTeX2e logo.
+‘\guillemetleft («)’
+‘\guillemetright (»)’
‘\guillemotleft («)’
‘\guillemotright (»)’
‘\guilsinglleft (‹)’
‘\guilsinglright (›)’
«, », ‹, › Double and single angle quotation marks, commonly used
- in French.
+ in French. The commands ‘@guillemotleft’ and ‘@guillemotright’ are
+ synonyms for ‘@guillemet...’; these are misspellings inherited from
+ Adobe. (Guillemots are seabirds; guillemets are French quotes.)
‘\ldots’
‘\textellipsis’
@@ -13736,7 +14173,7 @@ encoding).
description for additional general information.
‘\lq’
- ‘ Left (opening) quote.
+ ' Left (opening) quote.
‘\P’
‘\textparagraph’
@@ -13751,7 +14188,7 @@ encoding).
„ and ‚ Double and single quotation marks on the baseline.
‘\rq’
- ’ Right (closing) quote.
+ ' Right (closing) quote.
‘\S’
‘\textsection’
@@ -13819,13 +14256,13 @@ encoding).
$ Dollar sign.
‘\textemdash (or ‘---’)’
- — Em-dash. Used for punctuation, usually similar to commas or
- parentheses, as in ‘‘The playoffs---if you're lucky enough to make
- the playoffs---are more like a sprint.’’ Conventions for spacing
+ -- Em-dash. Used for punctuation, usually similar to commas or
+ parentheses, as in '‘The playoffs---if you're lucky enough to make
+ the playoffs---are more like a sprint.’' Conventions for spacing
around em-dashes vary widely.
‘\textendash (or ‘--’)’
- – En-dash. Used for ranges, as in ‘‘see pages 12--14’’.
+ - En-dash. Used for ranges, as in '‘see pages 12--14’'.
‘\texteuro’
@@ -13842,8 +14279,8 @@ encoding).
Dash used between numerals, Unicode U+2012. Defined in the June
2021 release of LaTeX. When used in pdfTeX, approximated by an
en-dash; with a Unicode engine, either typesets the glyph if
- available in the current font, or writes the usual “Missing
- character” warning to the log file.
+ available in the current font, or writes the usual "Missing
+ character" warning to the log file.
‘\textgreater’
> Greater than symbol.
@@ -13876,16 +14313,16 @@ encoding).
¿ Upside down question mark.
‘\textquotedblleft (or ‘``’)’
- “ Double left quote.
+ " Double left quote.
‘\textquotedblright (or ‘''’)’
- ” Double right quote.
+ " Double right quote.
‘\textquoteleft (or ‘`’)’
- ‘ Single left quote.
+ ' Single left quote.
‘\textquoteright (or ‘'’)’
- ’ Single right quote.
+ ' Single right quote.
‘\textquotesingle’
', Straight single quote. (From TS1 encoding.)
@@ -13901,13 +14338,13 @@ encoding).
→, Right arrow.
‘\textthreequartersemdash’
- ﹘, “Three-quarters” em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
+ ﹘, "Three-quarters" em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
‘\texttrademark’
™ Trademark symbol.
‘\texttwelveudash’
- ﹘, “Two-thirds” em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
+ ﹘, "Two-thirds" em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
‘\textunderscore’
_ Underscore.
@@ -13918,7 +14355,7 @@ encoding).
23.5 Accents
============
-LaTeX has wide support for many of the world’s scripts and languages,
+LaTeX has wide support for many of the world's scripts and languages,
provided through the core ‘babel’ package, which supports pdfLaTeX,
XeLaTeX and LuaLaTeX. The ‘polyglossia’ package provides similar
support with the latter two engines.
@@ -14055,7 +14492,7 @@ as it cannot analyze upper/lower case.
23.6 Additional Latin letters
=============================
-Here are the basic LaTeX commands for inserting letters beyond A–Z that
+Here are the basic LaTeX commands for inserting letters beyond A-Z that
extend the Latin alphabet, used primarily in languages other than
English.
@@ -14116,51 +14553,46 @@ Synopsis:
\usepackage[ENCODING-NAME]{inputenc}
- Declare the input file’s text encoding to be ENCODING-NAME. The
-default, if this package is not loaded, is UTF-8. Technically,
-specifying the encoding name is optional, but in practice it is not
-useful to omit it.
-
- In a computer file, the characters are stored according to a scheme
-called the “encoding”. There are many different encodings. The
-simplest is ASCII, which supports 95 printable characters, not enough
-for most of the world’s languages. For instance, to typeset the
-a-umlaut character ‘ä’ in an ASCII-encoded LaTeX source file, the
-sequence ‘\"a’ is used. This would make source files for anything but
-English hard to read; even for English, often a more extensive encoding
-is more convenient.
-
- The modern encoding standard, in some ways a union of the others, is
-UTF-8, one of the representations of Unicode. This is the default for
-LaTeX since 2018.
-
- The ‘inputenc’ package is how LaTeX knows what encoding is used. For
+ Declare the input file's text encoding to be ENCODING-NAME. (For
+basic background, *note Input encodings::). The default, if this
+package is not loaded, is UTF-8. Technically, specifying the encoding
+name is optional, but in practice it is not useful to omit it.
+
+ The ‘inputenc’ package tells LaTeX what encoding is used. For
instance, the following command explicitly says that the input file is
UTF-8 (note the lack of a dash).
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
+ The most common values for ENCODING-NAME are: ‘ascii’, ‘latin1’,
+‘latin2’, ‘latin3’, ‘latin4’, ‘latin5’, ‘latin9’, ‘latin10’, ‘utf8’.
+
Caution: use ‘inputenc’ only with the pdfTeX engine (*note TeX
-engines::). (The XeTeX and LuaTeX engines assume that the input file is
-UTF-8 encoded.) If you invoke LaTeX with either the ‘xelatex’ command
-or the ‘lualatex’ command, and try to declare a non-UTF-8 encoding with
-‘inputenc’, such as ‘latin1’, then you will get the error ‘inputenc is
-not designed for xetex or luatex’.
+engines::); with ‘xelatex’ or ‘lualatex’, declaring a non-UTF-8 encoding
+with ‘inputenc’, such as ‘latin1’, will get the error ‘inputenc is not
+designed for xetex or luatex’.
An ‘inputenc’ package error such as ‘Invalid UTF-8 byte "96’ means
that some of the material in the input file does not follow the encoding
scheme. Often these errors come from copying material from a document
-that uses a different encoding than the input file; this one is a left
-single quote from a web page using ‘latin1’ inside a LaTeX input file
-that uses UTF-8. The simplest solution is to replace the non-UTF-8
-character with its UTF-8 equivalent, or use a LaTeX equivalent command
-or character.
+that uses a different encoding than the input file. The simplest
+solution is often to replace the non-UTF-8 character with a UTF-8 or
+LaTeX equivalent.
- In some documents, such as a collection of journal articles from a
+ If you need to process a non-UTF-8 document with LuaTeX, you can use
+the ‘luainputenc’ package (<https://ctan.org/pkg/luainputenc>). With
+XeTeX, the ‘\XeTeXinputencoding’ and ‘\XeTeXdefaultencoding’ primitives
+can be used (for an explanation and examples, see
+<https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/324948>).
+
+ It's also possible to re-encode a document from an 8-bit encoding to
+UTF-8 outside of TeX, using system utilities. For example, ‘recode
+latin1..utf8’ or ‘iconv -f latin1 -t utf8’.
+
+ In a few documents, such as a collection of journal articles from a
variety of authors, changing the encoding in mid-document may be
-necessary. Use the command ‘\inputencoding{ENCODING-NAME}’. The most
-common values for ENCODING-NAME are: ‘ascii’, ‘latin1’, ‘latin2’,
-‘latin3’, ‘latin4’, ‘latin5’, ‘latin9’, ‘latin10’, and ‘utf8’.
+necessary. You can use the command ‘\inputencoding{ENCODING-NAME}’ for
+this.
23.8 ‘\rule’
============
@@ -14173,7 +14605,7 @@ Synopsis, one of:
Produce a “rule”, a filled-in rectangle.
This example produces a rectangular blob, sometimes called a Halmos
-symbol, or just “qed”, often used to mark the end of a proof:
+symbol, or just "qed", often used to mark the end of a proof:
\newcommand{\qedsymbol}{\rule{0.4em}{2ex}}
@@ -14204,7 +14636,7 @@ Synopsis:
\today
- Produce today’s date in the format ‘MONTH DD, YYYY’. An example of a
+ Produce today's date in the format ‘MONTH DD, YYYY’. An example of a
date in that format is ‘July 4, 1976’.
Multilingual packages such as ‘babel’ or ‘polyglossia’, or classes
@@ -14282,7 +14714,7 @@ Synopsis:
after ‘\endinput’ will not be included. This command is optional; if
‘filename.tex’ has no ‘\endinput’ then LaTeX will read all of the file.
- For example, suppose that a document’s root file has ‘\input{chap1}’
+ For example, suppose that a document's root file has ‘\input{chap1}’
and this is ‘chap1.tex’.
\chapter{One}
@@ -14327,7 +14759,7 @@ from ‘FILENAME.tex’ into the document, and then it does another
The ‘\includeonly’ command controls which files will be read by LaTeX
under subsequent ‘\include’ commands. Its list of filenames is
comma-separated. It must appear in the preamble or even earlier, e.g.,
-the command line; it can’t appear in the document body.
+the command line; it can't appear in the document body.
This example root document, ‘constitution.tex’, brings in three
files, ‘preamble.tex’, ‘articles.tex’, and ‘amendments.tex’.
@@ -14356,7 +14788,7 @@ Running LaTeX on ‘constitution.tex’ makes the material from the three
files appear in the document but also generates the auxiliary files
‘preamble.aux’, ‘articles.aux’, and ‘amendments.aux’. These contain
information such as page numbers and cross-references (*note Cross
-references::). If you now comment out ‘\includeonly’’s lines with
+references::). If you now comment out ‘\includeonly’'s lines with
‘preamble’ and ‘amendments’ and run LaTeX again then the resulting
document shows only the material from ‘articles.tex’, not the material
from ‘preamble.tex’ or ‘amendments.tex’. Nonetheless, all of the
@@ -14476,7 +14908,7 @@ contents entries are automatically generated from the sectioning
commands ‘\chapter’, etc.
This example illustrates the first command, ‘\tableofcontents’.
-LaTeX will produce a table of contents on the book’s first page.
+LaTeX will produce a table of contents on the book's first page.
\documentclass{book}
% \setcounter{tocdepth}{1}
@@ -14533,7 +14965,7 @@ commands such as ‘\l@section{TEXT}{PAGENUMBER}’ and
‘\l@subsection{TEXT}{PAGENUMBER}’. These commands often use the
‘\@dottedtocline’ command (*note \@dottedtocline::).
- A consequence of LaTeX’s strategy of using auxiliary files is that to
+ A consequence of LaTeX's strategy of using auxiliary files is that to
get the correct information in the document you must run LaTeX twice,
once to store the information and the second time to retrieve it. In
the ordinary course of writing a document authors run LaTeX a number of
@@ -14694,7 +15126,7 @@ here
\addcontentsline{toc}{setcion}{\protect\textbf{Appendices}}
-then you don’t get an error but the formatting in the table of contents
+then you don't get an error but the formatting in the table of contents
will not make sense.
25.1.3 ‘\addtocontents’
@@ -14945,7 +15377,7 @@ Synopsis:
\protect::).
For example, as described in *note Indexes::, one way to get an index
-from what’s below is to compile the document with ‘pdflatex test’, then
+from what's below is to compile the document with ‘pdflatex test’, then
process the index entries with ‘makeindex test’, and then compile again
with ‘pdflatex test’.
@@ -15145,7 +15577,7 @@ then it is a comment.
‘item_x1’
What is put between a level 0 item and a level 1 item in the case
- that the level 0 item doesn’t have any page numbers (as in
+ that the level 0 item doesn't have any page numbers (as in
‘\index{aaa|see{bbb}}’). Default: ‘"\n \\subitem "’.
‘item_12’
@@ -15154,7 +15586,7 @@ then it is a comment.
‘item_x2’
What is put between a level 1 item and a level 2 item, if the
- level 1 item doesn’t have page numbers. Default: ‘"\n \\subsubitem
+ level 1 item doesn't have page numbers. Default: ‘"\n \\subsubitem
"’.
‘delim_0’
@@ -15178,7 +15610,7 @@ then it is a comment.
range. Default: ‘"--"’.
‘line_max’
- An integer. Maximum length of an index entry’s line in the output,
+ An integer. Maximum length of an index entry's line in the output,
beyond which the line wraps. Default: ‘72’.
‘indent_space’
@@ -15409,10 +15841,10 @@ typically ends with a ‘\closing’ command such as ‘\closing{Yours,}’.
Additional material may come after the ‘\closing’. You can say who
is receiving a copy of the letter with a command like ‘\cc{the Boss \\
-the Boss's Boss}’. There’s a similar ‘\encl’ command for a list of
+the Boss's Boss}’. There's a similar ‘\encl’ command for a list of
enclosures. And, you can add a postscript with ‘\ps’.
- LaTeX’s default is to indent the sender name and the closing above it
+ LaTeX's default is to indent the sender name and the closing above it
by a length of ‘\longindentation’. By default this is ‘0.5\textwidth’.
To make them flush left, put ‘\setlength{\longindentation}{0em}’ in your
preamble.
@@ -15488,7 +15920,7 @@ Synopsis:
\closing{TEXT}
- Produce the letter’s closing. This is optional, but usual. It
+ Produce the letter's closing. This is optional, but usual. It
appears at the end of a letter, above a handwritten signature. For
example:
@@ -15583,7 +16015,7 @@ Synopsis:
\name{NAME}
- Optional. Sender’s name, used for printing on the envelope together
+ Optional. Sender's name, used for printing on the envelope together
with the return address.
26.8 ‘\opening’
@@ -15618,7 +16050,7 @@ Synopsis:
\signature{FIRST LINE \\
... }
- The sender’s name. This command is optional, although its inclusion
+ The sender's name. This command is optional, although its inclusion
is usual.
The argument text appears at the end of the letter, after the
@@ -15628,7 +16060,7 @@ Separate multiple lines with a double backslash, ‘\\’. For example:
\signature{J Fred Muggs \\
White House}
- LaTeX’s default for the vertical space from the ‘\closing’ text down
+ LaTeX's default for the vertical space from the ‘\closing’ text down
to the ‘\signature’ text is ‘6\medskipamount’, which is six times
‘\medskipamount’ (where ‘\medskipamount’ is equal to a ‘\parskip’, which
in turn is defined by default here to 0.7em).
@@ -15652,7 +16084,7 @@ Synopsis:
\telephone{NUMBER}
- The sender’s telephone number. This is typically in the preamble,
+ The sender's telephone number. This is typically in the preamble,
where it applies to all letters. This only appears if the ‘firstpage’
pagestyle is selected. If so, it appears on the lower right of the
page.
@@ -15716,7 +16148,7 @@ writes one line to it, and closes it.
But filenames with a period can cause trouble: if TeX finds a FILENAME
of ‘presidents.dat’ it could look first for ‘presidents.dat.tex’ and
later for ‘presidents.dat’, or it could do the opposite. Your
-distribution’s documentation should say more, and if you find something
+distribution's documentation should say more, and if you find something
that works for you then you are good, but to ensure complete portability
the best thing is to use file names containing only the twenty six ASCII
letters (not case-sensitive) and the ten digits, along with underscore
@@ -15726,7 +16158,7 @@ and dash, and in particular with no dot or space.
error. It just considers that the stream is not open (test for this
with ‘\ifeof’; one recourse is the command ‘\InputIfFileExists’, *note
Class and package commands::). If you try to use the same number twice,
-LaTeX won’t give you an error. If you try to use a bad number then you
+LaTeX won't give you an error. If you try to use a bad number then you
get an error message like ‘! Bad number (16). <to be read again> = l.30
\openin16=test.jh’.
@@ -15825,7 +16257,7 @@ outputs ‘Recommendation for John Dee’. Like what happens here with
‘\renewcommand’ (among others) are replaced by their definitions before
being printed.
- LaTeX’s usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space
+ LaTeX's usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space
and ignoring spaces after a command name apply to ‘msg’. Use the
command ‘\space’ to get a single space, independent of surrounding
spaces. Use ‘^^J’ to get a newline. Get a percent character with
@@ -15902,7 +16334,7 @@ So, you use ‘\write’ in one of three contexts:
that you should use ‘#’ instead of ‘##’).
2. With the second, STRING is stored on the current list of things (as
- a TeX “whatsit” item) and kept until the page is shipped out and
+ a TeX "whatsit" item) and kept until the page is shipped out and
likewise the macros are unexpanded until ‘\shipout’. At
‘\shipout’, STRING is fully expanded.
@@ -15912,7 +16344,7 @@ So, you use ‘\write’ in one of three contexts:
protected or to have some other special definition for the write.
As a simple example of expansion with ‘\write’, STRING here contains
-a control sequence ‘\triplex’ which we’ve defined to be the text ‘XYZ’:
+a control sequence ‘\triplex’ which we've defined to be the text ‘XYZ’:
\newwrite\jhfile
\openout\jhfile=test.jh
@@ -15923,7 +16355,7 @@ This results in the file ‘test.jh’ containing the text ‘test XYZtest’
followed by a newline.
The cases where NUMBER is 16, 17, or 18 are special. Because of
-‘\write’’s behavior when NUMBER is outside the range from 0 to 15
+‘\write’'s behavior when NUMBER is outside the range from 0 to 15
described above, in Plain TeX ‘\write16’ and ‘\write17’ were sometimes
used to write to the log file and the terminal; however, in LaTeX, the
natural way to do that is with ‘\typeout’ (*note \typeout::). The
@@ -16036,7 +16468,7 @@ Synopsis:
\write18{SHELL_COMMAND}
Issue a command to the operating system shell. The operating system
-runs the command and LaTeX’s execution is blocked until that finishes.
+runs the command and LaTeX's execution is blocked until that finishes.
This sequence (on Unix)
@@ -16189,7 +16621,7 @@ generally use the ‘=’ syntax.
eliminates most terminal output.
‘-jobname=STRING’
- Set the value of TeX’s “jobname” to the string. The log file and
+ Set the value of TeX's “jobname” to the string. The log file and
output file will then be named ‘STRING.log’ and ‘STRING.pdf’.
*note Jobname::.
@@ -16274,8 +16706,8 @@ different versions.
pdflatex -jobname=teachers "\def\teachers{}\input{main}"
The ‘jobname’ option is there because otherwise both files would be
-called ‘main.pdf’ and the second would overwrite the first. (*note
-Jobname::.)
+called ‘main.pdf’ and the second would overwrite the first (*note
+Jobname::).
In this example we use the command line to select which parts of a
document to include. For a book named ‘mybook.tex’ and structured like
@@ -16318,7 +16750,7 @@ argument to ‘\input’.
There are two more possibilities for the jobname. It can be directly
specified with the ‘-jobname’ option, as in ‘pdflatex -jobname=myname’
-(*note Command line input:: for a real example).
+(*note Command line input:: for a practical example).
The final possibility is ‘texput’, which is the final fallback
default if no other name is available to TeX. That is, if no ‘-jobname’
@@ -16349,8 +16781,8 @@ catcode 11.
Because of this catcode situation, using the jobname in a conditional
can become complicated. One solution is to use the macro ‘\IfBeginWith’
from the ‘xstring’ package in its star variant, which is insensitive to
-catcode. For example, in the following text the footnote “Including
-Respublica Bananensis Francorum.” is only present if the task name
+catcode. For example, in the following text the footnote "Including
+Respublica Bananensis Francorum." is only present if the task name
starts with ‘my-doc’.
If a democracy is just a regime where citizens vote then
@@ -16500,7 +16932,7 @@ comment out all the other chapter entries from the argument to
‘\includeonly’. That will speed up compilation without losing any
information such as cross-references. (Material that does not need to
come on a new page is brought in with ‘\input’ instead of ‘\include’.
-You don’t get the cross-reference benefit with ‘\input’.)
+You don't get the cross-reference benefit with ‘\input’.)
\documentclass[titlepage]{book}
\usepackage{makeidx}\makeindex
@@ -16545,3102 +16977,3235 @@ Index
* Menu:
-* $ inline math: math. (line 4760)
-* $$...$$ plain TeX display math: displaymath. (line 3866)
-* & (for table cells): tabular. (line 5732)
-* * prompt: Recovering from errors.
- (line 16383)
-* *, to \nocite all keys: Using BibTeX. (line 6263)
-* *-form of environment commands: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment.
- (line 7672)
-* *-form of sectioning commands: Sectioning. (line 2661)
-* *-form, defining new commands: \newcommand & \renewcommand.
- (line 7256)
+* _ character, meaning of: Special characters.
+ (line 755)
+* _ subscript: Subscripts & superscripts.
+ (line 9463)
* --disable-write18 command-line option: Command line options.
- (line 16208)
+ (line 16640)
* --enable-write18 command-line option: Command line options.
- (line 16208)
+ (line 16640)
* --file-line-error command-line option: Command line options.
- (line 16229)
+ (line 16661)
* --halt-on-error command-line option: Command line options.
- (line 16226)
+ (line 16658)
* --help command-line option: Command line options.
- (line 16170)
+ (line 16602)
* --interaction command-line option: Command line options.
- (line 16173)
+ (line 16605)
* --jobname command-line option: Command line options.
- (line 16190)
+ (line 16622)
* --no-file-line-error command-line option: Command line options.
- (line 16229)
+ (line 16661)
* --no-shell-escape command-line option: Command line options.
- (line 16208)
+ (line 16640)
* --output-directory command-line option: Command line options.
- (line 16195)
+ (line 16627)
* --shell-escape command-line option: Command line options.
- (line 16208)
+ (line 16640)
* --version command-line option: Command line options.
- (line 16165)
-* -1, write stream number: \write. (line 15868)
-* .aux file: Output files. (line 492)
+ (line 16597)
+* -1, write stream number: \write. (line 16300)
+* : (for math): Colon character & \colon.
+ (line 11396)
+* .aux file: Output files. (line 516)
* .aux file and BibTeX commands: BibTeX error messages.
- (line 6270)
-* .dvi file: Output files. (line 469)
-* .fmt file: TeX engines. (line 511)
-* .glo file: Glossaries. (line 15267)
-* .idx file: Indexes. (line 14857)
-* .idx file <1>: makeindex. (line 15056)
-* .ind file: makeindex. (line 15056)
-* .isty file: makeindex. (line 15068)
-* .lof file: Output files. (line 502)
+ (line 6148)
+* .dvi file: Output files. (line 493)
+* .fmt file: TeX engines. (line 535)
+* .glo file: Glossaries. (line 15699)
+* .idx file: Indexes. (line 15289)
+* .idx file <1>: makeindex. (line 15488)
+* .ind file: makeindex. (line 15488)
+* .isty file: makeindex. (line 15500)
+* .lof file: Output files. (line 526)
* .lof file <1>: Table of contents etc..
- (line 14465)
-* .lof file <2>: \contentsline. (line 14760)
-* .log file: Output files. (line 487)
-* .lot file: Output files. (line 502)
+ (line 14897)
+* .lof file <2>: \contentsline. (line 15192)
+* .log file: Output files. (line 511)
+* .lot file: Output files. (line 526)
* .lot file <1>: Table of contents etc..
- (line 14465)
-* .lot file <2>: \contentsline. (line 14760)
-* .pdf file: Output files. (line 479)
+ (line 14897)
+* .lot file <2>: \contentsline. (line 15192)
+* .pdf file: Output files. (line 503)
* .tex, default extension: Command line interface.
- (line 16122)
-* .toc file: Output files. (line 502)
+ (line 16554)
+* .toc file: Output files. (line 526)
* .toc file <1>: Table of contents etc..
- (line 14465)
-* .toc file <2>: \contentsline. (line 14760)
-* .xdv file: TeX engines. (line 547)
-* /bin/sh, used by \write18: \write18. (line 16087)
-* 10pt option: Document class options.
- (line 741)
-* 11pt option: Document class options.
- (line 741)
-* 12pt option: Document class options.
- (line 741)
-* : (for math): Colon character & \colon.
- (line 11004)
+ (line 14897)
+* .toc file <2>: \contentsline. (line 15192)
+* .xdv file: TeX engines. (line 572)
* [...] (for optional arguments): LaTeX command syntax.
- (line 597)
-* \ (backslash-space): \(SPACE). (line 11687)
+ (line 773)
+* { character, meaning of: Special characters.
+ (line 740)
+* {...} (for required arguments): LaTeX command syntax.
+ (line 773)
+* } character, meaning of: Special characters.
+ (line 740)
+* * prompt: Recovering from errors.
+ (line 16815)
+* *-form of environment commands: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment.
+ (line 7566)
+* *-form of sectioning commands: Sectioning. (line 2539)
+* *-form, defining new commands: \newcommand & \renewcommand.
+ (line 7149)
+* *, to \nocite all keys: Using BibTeX. (line 6141)
+* /bin/sh, used by \write18: \write18. (line 16519)
+* \ (backslash-space): \(SPACE). (line 12118)
* \ character starting commands: LaTeX command syntax.
- (line 597)
-* \!: Spacing in math mode.
- (line 10765)
-* \" (umlaut accent): Accents. (line 13939)
-* \#: Reserved characters.
- (line 13612)
-* \$: Reserved characters.
- (line 13612)
-* \%: Reserved characters.
- (line 13612)
-* \&: Reserved characters.
- (line 13612)
-* \' (acute accent): Accents. (line 13943)
-* \' (tabbing): tabbing. (line 5580)
-* \(...\) inline math: math. (line 4760)
-* \*: \*. (line 11024)
-* \+: tabbing. (line 5572)
+ (line 773)
+* \ character, meaning of: Special characters.
+ (line 736)
+* \_: Printing special characters.
+ (line 14045)
+* \-: tabbing. (line 5454)
+* \- (hyphenation): \- (hyphenation). (line 6516)
* \,: Spacing in math mode.
- (line 10751)
-* \-: tabbing. (line 5576)
-* \- (hyphenation): \- (hyphenation). (line 6639)
-* \. (dot-over accent): Accents. (line 13946)
-* \/: \/. (line 11835)
-* \:: Spacing in math mode.
- (line 10740)
+ (line 11143)
* \;: Spacing in math mode.
- (line 10727)
-* \<: tabbing. (line 5568)
-* \= (macron accent): Accents. (line 13950)
-* \= (tabbing): tabbing. (line 5562)
-* \>: tabbing. (line 5566)
+ (line 11119)
+* \:: Spacing in math mode.
+ (line 11132)
+* \!: Spacing in math mode.
+ (line 11157)
+* \. (dot-over accent): Accents. (line 14383)
+* \' (acute accent): Accents. (line 14380)
+* \' (tabbing): tabbing. (line 5458)
+* \" (umlaut accent): Accents. (line 14376)
+* \(...\) inline math: math. (line 4638)
+* \[...\] display math: displaymath. (line 3738)
+* \{: Printing special characters.
+ (line 14045)
+* \}: Printing special characters.
+ (line 14045)
+* \@: \@. (line 12035)
+* \@auxout: \write. (line 16315)
+* \@beginparpenalty: list. (line 4520)
+* \@dottedtocline: \@dottedtocline. (line 15020)
+* \@endparpenalty: list. (line 4528)
+* \@fnsymbol: \footnote. (line 6892)
+* \@ifstar: \@ifstar. (line 7380)
+* \@itempenalty: list. (line 4524)
+* \@mainaux: \write. (line 16315)
+* \@startsection: \@startsection. (line 3025)
+* \*: \*. (line 11416)
+* \/: \/. (line 12267)
+* \\ (for \author): \maketitle. (line 11598)
+* \\ (for \shortstack objects): \shortstack. (line 5192)
+* \\ (for \title): \maketitle. (line 11619)
+* \\ (for center): center. (line 3582)
+* \\ (for eqnarray): eqnarray. (line 3890)
+* \\ (for flushleft): flushleft. (line 4072)
+* \\ (for flushright): flushright. (line 4132)
+* \\ (for letters): Letters. (line 15841)
+* \\ (for tabular): tabular. (line 5614)
+* \\ (for verse): verse. (line 6352)
+* \\ (force line break): \\. (line 6390)
+* \\ (tabbing): tabbing. (line 5437)
+* \\* (for eqnarray): eqnarray. (line 3896)
+* \&: Printing special characters.
+ (line 14045)
+* \#: Printing special characters.
+ (line 14045)
+* \%: Printing special characters.
+ (line 14045)
+* \` (grave accent): Accents. (line 14395)
+* \` (tabbing): tabbing. (line 5464)
+* \^: Printing special characters.
+ (line 14050)
+* \^ (circumflex accent): Accents. (line 14391)
+* \+: tabbing. (line 5450)
+* \<: tabbing. (line 5446)
+* \= (macron accent): Accents. (line 14387)
+* \= (tabbing): tabbing. (line 5440)
+* \>: tabbing. (line 5444)
* \> <1>: Spacing in math mode.
- (line 10740)
-* \> (tabbing): tabbing. (line 5565)
-* \@: \@. (line 11610)
-* \@auxout: \write. (line 15883)
-* \@beginparpenalty: list. (line 4642)
-* \@dottedtocline: \@dottedtocline. (line 14588)
-* \@endparpenalty: list. (line 4650)
-* \@fnsymbol: \footnote. (line 7004)
-* \@ifstar: \@ifstar. (line 7486)
-* \@itempenalty: list. (line 4646)
-* \@mainaux: \write. (line 15883)
-* \@startsection: \@startsection. (line 3147)
-* \a (tabbing): tabbing. (line 5595)
-* \a' (acute accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 5596)
-* \a= (macron accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 5596)
+ (line 11132)
+* \> (tabbing): tabbing. (line 5443)
+* \|: Math symbols. (line 9538)
+* \~: Printing special characters.
+ (line 14050)
+* \~ (tilde accent): Accents. (line 14399)
+* \$: Printing special characters.
+ (line 14045)
+* \a (tabbing): tabbing. (line 5473)
+* \a' (acute accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 5474)
+* \a` (grave accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 5474)
+* \a= (macron accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 5474)
* \aa (å): Additional Latin letters.
- (line 14063)
+ (line 14500)
* \AA (Å): Additional Latin letters.
- (line 14063)
-* \accent: \accent. (line 14012)
-* \acute: Math accents. (line 10621)
-* \addcontentsline: \addcontentsline. (line 14623)
-* \address: \address. (line 15445)
-* \addtocontents{EXT}{TEXT}: \addtocontents. (line 14702)
-* \addtocounter: \addtocounter. (line 8268)
-* \addtolength: \addtolength. (line 8526)
-* \addvspace: \addvspace. (line 12170)
+ (line 14500)
+* \accent: \accent. (line 14449)
+* \acute: Math accents. (line 11006)
+* \addcontentsline: \addcontentsline. (line 15055)
+* \address: \address. (line 15877)
+* \addtocontents{EXT}{TEXT}: \addtocontents. (line 15134)
+* \addtocounter: \addtocounter. (line 8653)
+* \addtolength: \addtolength. (line 8911)
+* \addvspace: \addvspace. (line 12602)
* \ae (æ): Additional Latin letters.
- (line 14067)
+ (line 14504)
* \AE (Æ): Additional Latin letters.
- (line 14067)
-* \aleph: Math symbols. (line 9156)
-* \Alph example: enumerate. (line 3977)
-* \alpha: Math symbols. (line 9159)
+ (line 14504)
+* \aleph: Math symbols. (line 9541)
+* \Alph example: enumerate. (line 3855)
* \alph{COUNTER}: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol.
- (line 8143)
+ (line 8528)
* \Alph{COUNTER}: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol.
- (line 8148)
-* \alsoname: \index. (line 14991)
-* \amalg: Math symbols. (line 9162)
-* \and (for \author): \maketitle. (line 11206)
-* \angle: Math symbols. (line 9165)
-* \appendix: \appendix. (line 3077)
-* \approx: Math symbols. (line 9169)
+ (line 8533)
+* \alpha: Math symbols. (line 9544)
+* \alsoname: \index. (line 15423)
+* \amalg: Math symbols. (line 9547)
+* \and (for \author): \maketitle. (line 11598)
+* \angle: Math symbols. (line 9550)
+* \appendix: \appendix. (line 2955)
+* \approx: Math symbols. (line 9554)
* \arabic{COUNTER}: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol.
- (line 8153)
-* \arccos: Math functions. (line 10504)
-* \arcsin: Math functions. (line 10507)
-* \arctan: Math functions. (line 10510)
-* \arg: Math functions. (line 10513)
-* \arraycolsep: array. (line 3663)
-* \arrayrulewidth: tabular. (line 5857)
-* \arraystretch: tabular. (line 5863)
-* \ast: Math symbols. (line 9172)
-* \asymp: Math symbols. (line 9179)
-* \AtBeginDocument: \AtBeginDocument. (line 3890)
-* \AtBeginDvi: Class and package commands.
- (line 921)
-* \AtEndDocument: \AtEndDocument. (line 3906)
-* \AtEndOfClass: Class and package commands.
- (line 926)
-* \AtEndOfPackage: Class and package commands.
- (line 926)
-* \author{NAME1 \and NAME2 \and ...}: \maketitle. (line 11205)
-* \a` (grave accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 5596)
-* \b (bar-under accent): Accents. (line 13965)
+ (line 8538)
+* \arccos: Math functions. (line 10889)
+* \arcsin: Math functions. (line 10892)
+* \arctan: Math functions. (line 10895)
+* \arg: Math functions. (line 10898)
+* \arraycolsep: array. (line 3541)
+* \arrayrulewidth: tabular. (line 5735)
+* \arraystretch: tabular. (line 5741)
+* \ast: Math symbols. (line 9557)
+* \asymp: Math symbols. (line 9564)
+* \AtBeginDocument: \AtBeginDocument. (line 3768)
+* \AtBeginDvi: \AtBeginDvi & \AtEndDvi.
+ (line 8013)
+* \AtEndDocument: \AtEndDocument. (line 3784)
+* \AtEndDvi: \AtBeginDvi & \AtEndDvi.
+ (line 8013)
+* \AtEndOfClass: \AtEndOfClass & \AtEndOfPackage.
+ (line 8029)
+* \AtEndOfPackage: \AtEndOfClass & \AtEndOfPackage.
+ (line 8029)
+* \author{NAME1 \and NAME2 \and ...}: \maketitle. (line 11597)
+* \b (bar-under accent): Accents. (line 14402)
* \backmatter: \frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter.
- (line 3111)
-* \backslash: Math symbols. (line 9182)
-* \bar: Math accents. (line 10624)
+ (line 2989)
+* \backslash: Math symbols. (line 9567)
+* \bar: Math accents. (line 11009)
* \baselineskip: Low-level font commands.
- (line 1994)
+ (line 1872)
* \baselineskip <1>: \baselineskip & \baselinestretch.
- (line 2318)
+ (line 2196)
* \baselinestretch: \baselineskip & \baselinestretch.
- (line 2318)
-* \begin: Environments. (line 3555)
-* \beta: Math symbols. (line 9186)
-* \bf: Font styles. (line 1772)
-* \bfseries: Font styles. (line 1737)
+ (line 2196)
+* \begin: Environments. (line 3433)
+* \beta: Math symbols. (line 9571)
+* \bf: Font styles. (line 1650)
+* \bfseries: Font styles. (line 1615)
* \bibdata: BibTeX error messages.
- (line 6280)
-* \bibitem: \bibitem. (line 6085)
-* \bibliography: Using BibTeX. (line 6208)
+ (line 6158)
+* \bibitem: \bibitem. (line 5963)
+* \bibliography: Using BibTeX. (line 6086)
* \bibliography and internal \bibdata: BibTeX error messages.
- (line 6281)
-* \bibliographystyle: Using BibTeX. (line 6208)
+ (line 6159)
+* \bibliographystyle: Using BibTeX. (line 6086)
* \bibliographystyle and internal \bibstyle: BibTeX error messages.
- (line 6284)
-* \bibname: thebibliography. (line 6068)
+ (line 6162)
+* \bibname: thebibliography. (line 5946)
* \bibstyle: BibTeX error messages.
- (line 6283)
+ (line 6161)
* \bigbreak: \bigbreak & \medbreak & \smallbreak.
- (line 11978)
-* \bigcap: Math symbols. (line 9189)
-* \bigcirc: Math symbols. (line 9193)
-* \bigcup: Math symbols. (line 9196)
+ (line 12410)
+* \bigcap: Math symbols. (line 9574)
+* \bigcirc: Math symbols. (line 9578)
+* \bigcup: Math symbols. (line 9581)
* \bigl: \bigl & \bigr etc..
- (line 10301)
-* \bigodot: Math symbols. (line 9200)
-* \bigoplus: Math symbols. (line 9203)
-* \bigotimes: Math symbols. (line 9206)
+ (line 10686)
+* \bigodot: Math symbols. (line 9585)
+* \bigoplus: Math symbols. (line 9588)
+* \bigotimes: Math symbols. (line 9591)
* \bigr: \bigl & \bigr etc..
- (line 10301)
+ (line 10686)
* \bigskip: \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip.
- (line 11929)
+ (line 12361)
* \bigskip <1>: \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip.
- (line 11951)
+ (line 12383)
* \bigskipamount: \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip.
- (line 11952)
-* \bigsqcup: Math symbols. (line 9217)
-* \bigtriangledown: Math symbols. (line 9209)
-* \bigtriangleup: Math symbols. (line 9213)
-* \biguplus: Math symbols. (line 9220)
-* \bigvee: Math symbols. (line 9224)
-* \bigwedge: Math symbols. (line 9227)
-* \bmod: Math functions. (line 10516)
+ (line 12384)
+* \bigsqcup: Math symbols. (line 9602)
+* \bigtriangledown: Math symbols. (line 9594)
+* \bigtriangleup: Math symbols. (line 9598)
+* \biguplus: Math symbols. (line 9605)
+* \bigvee: Math symbols. (line 9609)
+* \bigwedge: Math symbols. (line 9612)
+* \bmod: Math functions. (line 10901)
* \boldmath: \boldmath & \unboldmath.
- (line 10028)
+ (line 10413)
* \boldmath <1>: \boldmath & \unboldmath.
- (line 10036)
-* \bot: Math symbols. (line 9230)
-* \bottomfraction: Floats. (line 2500)
-* \bottomfraction <1>: Floats. (line 2501)
-* \bowtie: Math symbols. (line 9234)
-* \Box: Math symbols. (line 9237)
-* \breve: Math accents. (line 10627)
-* \bullet: Math symbols. (line 9242)
-* \c (cedilla accent): Accents. (line 13975)
-* \cal: Font styles. (line 1775)
-* \cap: Math symbols. (line 9245)
-* \capitalacute: Accents. (line 13943)
-* \capitalbreve: Accents. (line 14003)
-* \capitalcaron: Accents. (line 14007)
-* \capitalcedilla: Accents. (line 13975)
-* \capitalcircumflex: Accents. (line 13954)
-* \capitaldieresis: Accents. (line 13939)
-* \capitaldotaccent: Accents. (line 13979)
-* \capitalgrave: Accents. (line 13958)
-* \capitalhungarumlaut: Accents. (line 13983)
-* \capitalmacron: Accents. (line 13950)
-* \capitalnewtie: Accents. (line 13997)
-* \capitalogonek: Accents. (line 13987)
-* \capitalring: Accents. (line 13991)
-* \capitaltie: Accents. (line 13997)
-* \capitaltilde: Accents. (line 13962)
-* \caption: \caption. (line 2562)
-* \caption <1>: figure. (line 4100)
-* \caption <2>: table. (line 5684)
-* \cc: \cc. (line 15470)
-* \cdot: Math symbols. (line 9249)
-* \cdots: Dots. (line 10398)
-* \centering: \centering. (line 3742)
-* \chapter: Sectioning. (line 2636)
-* \chapter <1>: \chapter. (line 2777)
-* \check: Math accents. (line 10630)
-* \CheckCommand: Class and package commands.
- (line 933)
-* \CheckCommand*: Class and package commands.
- (line 933)
-* \chi: Math symbols. (line 9252)
-* \circ: Math symbols. (line 9255)
-* \circle: \circle. (line 5229)
+ (line 10421)
+* \bot: Math symbols. (line 9615)
+* \bottomfraction: Floats. (line 2378)
+* \bottomfraction <1>: Floats. (line 2379)
+* \bowtie: Math symbols. (line 9619)
+* \Box: Math symbols. (line 9622)
+* \breve: Math accents. (line 11012)
+* \bullet: Math symbols. (line 9627)
+* \c (cedilla accent): Accents. (line 14412)
+* \cal: Font styles. (line 1653)
+* \cap: Math symbols. (line 9630)
+* \capitalacute: Accents. (line 14380)
+* \capitalbreve: Accents. (line 14440)
+* \capitalcaron: Accents. (line 14444)
+* \capitalcedilla: Accents. (line 14412)
+* \capitalcircumflex: Accents. (line 14391)
+* \capitaldieresis: Accents. (line 14376)
+* \capitaldotaccent: Accents. (line 14416)
+* \capitalgrave: Accents. (line 14395)
+* \capitalhungarumlaut: Accents. (line 14420)
+* \capitalmacron: Accents. (line 14387)
+* \capitalnewtie: Accents. (line 14434)
+* \capitalogonek: Accents. (line 14424)
+* \capitalring: Accents. (line 14428)
+* \capitaltie: Accents. (line 14434)
+* \capitaltilde: Accents. (line 14399)
+* \caption: \caption. (line 2440)
+* \caption <1>: figure. (line 3978)
+* \caption <2>: table. (line 5562)
+* \cc: \cc. (line 15902)
+* \cdot: Math symbols. (line 9634)
+* \cdots: Dots. (line 10783)
+* \centering: \centering. (line 3620)
+* \chapter: Sectioning. (line 2514)
+* \chapter <1>: \chapter. (line 2655)
+* \check: Math accents. (line 11015)
+* \CheckCommand: \CheckCommand. (line 8046)
+* \chi: Math symbols. (line 9637)
+* \circ: Math symbols. (line 9640)
+* \circle: \circle. (line 5107)
* \citation: BibTeX error messages.
- (line 6286)
-* \cite: \cite. (line 6143)
+ (line 6164)
+* \cite: \cite. (line 6021)
* \cite and internal \citation: BibTeX error messages.
- (line 6287)
-* \ClassError: Class and package commands.
- (line 953)
-* \ClassInfo: Class and package commands.
- (line 953)
-* \ClassInfoNoLine: Class and package commands.
- (line 953)
-* \ClassWarning: Class and package commands.
- (line 953)
-* \ClassWarningNoLine: Class and package commands.
- (line 953)
+ (line 6165)
+* \ClassError: \ClassError and \PackageError and others.
+ (line 8073)
+* \ClassInfo: \ClassError and \PackageError and others.
+ (line 8073)
+* \ClassInfoNoLine: \ClassError and \PackageError and others.
+ (line 8073)
+* \ClassWarning: \ClassError and \PackageError and others.
+ (line 8073)
+* \ClassWarningNoLine: \ClassError and \PackageError and others.
+ (line 8073)
* \cleardoublepage: \clearpage & \cleardoublepage.
- (line 6820)
+ (line 6708)
* \clearpage: \clearpage & \cleardoublepage.
- (line 6820)
-* \cline: \cline. (line 5991)
+ (line 6708)
+* \cline: \cline. (line 5869)
* \closein: \openin & \openout.
- (line 15671)
+ (line 16103)
* \closeout: \openin & \openout.
- (line 15671)
-* \closing: \closing. (line 15486)
-* \clubsuit: Math symbols. (line 9259)
+ (line 16103)
+* \closing: \closing. (line 15918)
+* \clubsuit: Math symbols. (line 9644)
* \colon: Colon character & \colon.
- (line 11004)
-* \columnsep: \twocolumn. (line 2059)
+ (line 11396)
+* \columnsep: \twocolumn. (line 1937)
* \columnsep <1>: Page layout parameters.
- (line 2185)
+ (line 2063)
* \columnsep <2>: Page layout parameters.
- (line 2188)
-* \columnseprule: \twocolumn. (line 2065)
+ (line 2066)
+* \columnseprule: \twocolumn. (line 1943)
* \columnseprule <1>: Page layout parameters.
- (line 2186)
+ (line 2064)
* \columnseprule <2>: Page layout parameters.
- (line 2188)
-* \columnwidth: \twocolumn. (line 2072)
+ (line 2066)
+* \columnwidth: \twocolumn. (line 1950)
* \columnwidth <1>: Page layout parameters.
- (line 2187)
+ (line 2065)
* \columnwidth <2>: Page layout parameters.
- (line 2188)
-* \complement: Math symbols. (line 9262)
-* \cong: Math symbols. (line 9268)
+ (line 2066)
+* \complement: Math symbols. (line 9647)
+* \cong: Math symbols. (line 9653)
* \contentsline: Table of contents etc..
- (line 14521)
-* \contentsline <1>: \addcontentsline. (line 14627)
-* \contentsline <2>: \contentsline. (line 14760)
-* \coprod: Math symbols. (line 9271)
-* \copyright: Text symbols. (line 13707)
-* \cos: Math functions. (line 10519)
-* \cosh: Math functions. (line 10522)
-* \cot: Math functions. (line 10525)
-* \coth: Math functions. (line 10528)
-* \csc: Math functions. (line 10531)
-* \cup: Math symbols. (line 9274)
-* \CurrentOption: Class and package commands.
- (line 972)
-* \d (dot-under accent): Accents. (line 13979)
-* \dag: Text symbols. (line 13711)
-* \dagger: Math symbols. (line 9278)
-* \dashbox: \dashbox. (line 5439)
-* \dashv: Math symbols. (line 9281)
-* \date{TEXT}: \maketitle. (line 11213)
+ (line 14953)
+* \contentsline <1>: \addcontentsline. (line 15059)
+* \contentsline <2>: \contentsline. (line 15192)
+* \coprod: Math symbols. (line 9656)
+* \copyright: Text symbols. (line 14140)
+* \cos: Math functions. (line 10904)
+* \cosh: Math functions. (line 10907)
+* \cot: Math functions. (line 10910)
+* \coth: Math functions. (line 10913)
+* \cprotect: \protect. (line 7868)
+* \cprotEnv: \protect. (line 7874)
+* \csc: Math functions. (line 10916)
+* \cup: Math symbols. (line 9659)
+* \CurrentOption: \CurrentOption. (line 8101)
+* \d (dot-under accent): Accents. (line 14416)
+* \dag: Text symbols. (line 14144)
+* \dagger: Math symbols. (line 9663)
+* \dashbox: \dashbox. (line 5317)
+* \dashv: Math symbols. (line 9666)
+* \date{TEXT}: \maketitle. (line 11605)
* \day: \day & \month & \year.
- (line 8317)
-* \dblfloatpagefraction: \twocolumn. (line 2105)
-* \dblfloatsep: \twocolumn. (line 2111)
-* \dbltextfloatsep: \twocolumn. (line 2118)
-* \dbltopfraction: \twocolumn. (line 2084)
-* \dbltopnumber: \twocolumn. (line 2123)
-* \ddag: Text symbols. (line 13714)
-* \ddagger: Math symbols. (line 9285)
-* \ddot: Math accents. (line 10633)
-* \ddots: Dots. (line 10402)
+ (line 8702)
+* \dblfloatpagefraction: \twocolumn. (line 1983)
+* \dblfloatsep: \twocolumn. (line 1989)
+* \dbltextfloatsep: \twocolumn. (line 1996)
+* \dbltopfraction: \twocolumn. (line 1962)
+* \dbltopnumber: \twocolumn. (line 2001)
+* \ddag: Text symbols. (line 14147)
+* \ddagger: Math symbols. (line 9670)
+* \ddot: Math accents. (line 11018)
+* \ddots: Dots. (line 10787)
* \DeclareFontEncoding: \DeclareFontEncoding.
- (line 1386)
+ (line 1264)
* \DeclareGraphicsExtensions: \DeclareGraphicsExtensions.
- (line 13034)
+ (line 13210)
* \DeclareGraphicsRule: \DeclareGraphicsRule.
- (line 13076)
-* \DeclareOption: Class and package commands.
- (line 978)
-* \DeclareOption*: Class and package commands.
- (line 978)
-* \DeclareRobustCommand: Class and package commands.
- (line 1008)
-* \DeclareRobustCommand*: Class and package commands.
- (line 1008)
+ (line 13252)
+* \DeclareOption: \DeclareOption. (line 8108)
+* \DeclareRobustCommand: \DeclareRobustCommand.
+ (line 8147)
* \DeclareTextAccent: \DeclareTextAccent.
- (line 1420)
+ (line 1298)
* \DeclareTextAccent <1>: \DeclareTextAccentDefault.
- (line 1444)
+ (line 1322)
* \DeclareTextAccentDefault: \DeclareTextAccentDefault.
- (line 1444)
+ (line 1322)
* \DeclareTextCommand: \DeclareTextCommand & \ProvideTextCommand.
- (line 1472)
+ (line 1350)
* \DeclareTextCommandDefault: \DeclareTextCommandDefault & \ProvideTextCommandDefault.
- (line 1521)
+ (line 1399)
* \DeclareTextComposite: \DeclareTextComposite.
- (line 1553)
+ (line 1431)
* \DeclareTextCompositeCommand: \DeclareTextCompositeCommand.
- (line 1577)
+ (line 1455)
* \DeclareTextSymbol: \DeclareTextCommand & \ProvideTextCommand.
- (line 1503)
+ (line 1381)
* \DeclareTextSymbol <1>: \DeclareTextSymbol.
- (line 1595)
+ (line 1473)
* \DeclareTextSymbol <2>: \DeclareTextSymbolDefault.
- (line 1622)
+ (line 1500)
* \DeclareTextSymbolDefault: \DeclareTextSymbolDefault.
- (line 1622)
-* \deg: Math functions. (line 10534)
-* \DelayedShellEscape: \write18. (line 16098)
-* \Delta: Math symbols. (line 9288)
-* \delta: Math symbols. (line 9291)
-* \det: Math functions. (line 10537)
+ (line 1500)
+* \deg: Math functions. (line 10919)
+* \DelayedShellEscape: \write18. (line 16530)
+* \Delta: Math symbols. (line 9673)
+* \delta: Math symbols. (line 9676)
+* \det: Math functions. (line 10922)
* \dh (ð): Additional Latin letters.
- (line 14071)
+ (line 14508)
* \DH (Ð): Additional Latin letters.
- (line 14071)
-* \Diamond: Math symbols. (line 9294)
-* \diamond: Math symbols. (line 9298)
-* \diamondsuit: Math symbols. (line 9302)
-* \dim: Math functions. (line 10540)
-* \displaystyle: Math styles. (line 10953)
-* \div: Math symbols. (line 9305)
+ (line 14508)
+* \Diamond: Math symbols. (line 9679)
+* \diamond: Math symbols. (line 9683)
+* \diamondsuit: Math symbols. (line 9687)
+* \dim: Math functions. (line 10925)
+* \displaystyle: Math styles. (line 11345)
+* \div: Math symbols. (line 9690)
* \dj: Additional Latin letters.
- (line 14077)
+ (line 14514)
* \DJ: Additional Latin letters.
- (line 14077)
-* \documentclass: Document classes. (line 698)
-* \documentclass, and texput jobname: Jobname. (line 16327)
-* \dot: Math accents. (line 10636)
-* \doteq: Math symbols. (line 9308)
+ (line 14514)
+* \documentclass: Document classes. (line 902)
+* \documentclass, and texput jobname: Jobname. (line 16759)
+* \DocumentMetadata: \DocumentMetadata. (line 847)
+* \dot: Math accents. (line 11021)
+* \doteq: Math symbols. (line 9693)
* \dotfill: \hrulefill & \dotfill.
- (line 11880)
-* \dots: Dots. (line 10407)
-* \dots <1>: Dots. (line 10430)
-* \dots <2>: Text symbols. (line 13732)
-* \dotsb: Dots. (line 10430)
-* \dotsc: Dots. (line 10430)
-* \dotsi: Dots. (line 10430)
-* \doublerulesep: tabular. (line 5868)
-* \downarrow: Math symbols. (line 9312)
-* \Downarrow: Math symbols. (line 9316)
-* \ell: Math symbols. (line 9320)
-* \emph: Font styles. (line 1757)
-* \emptyset: Math symbols. (line 9323)
-* \encl: \encl. (line 15499)
-* \end: Environments. (line 3555)
-* \endinput: \endinput. (line 14276)
-* \enlargethispage: \enlargethispage. (line 6895)
+ (line 12312)
+* \dots: Dots. (line 10792)
+* \dots <1>: Dots. (line 10815)
+* \dots <2>: Text symbols. (line 14169)
+* \dotsb: Dots. (line 10815)
+* \dotsc: Dots. (line 10815)
+* \dotsi: Dots. (line 10815)
+* \doublerulesep: tabular. (line 5746)
+* \downarrow: Math symbols. (line 9697)
+* \Downarrow: Math symbols. (line 9701)
+* \ds@OPTION: \ExecuteOptions. (line 8197)
+* \ell: Math symbols. (line 9705)
+* \emph: Font styles. (line 1635)
+* \emptyset: Math symbols. (line 9708)
+* \encl: \encl. (line 15931)
+* \end: Environments. (line 3433)
+* \endinput: \endinput. (line 14708)
+* \enlargethispage: \enlargethispage. (line 6783)
* \enspace: \enspace & \quad & \qquad.
- (line 11419)
-* \enumi: enumerate. (line 3963)
-* \enumii: enumerate. (line 3963)
-* \enumiii: enumerate. (line 3963)
-* \enumiv: enumerate. (line 3963)
-* \epsilon: Math symbols. (line 9326)
-* \equiv: Math symbols. (line 9332)
-* \eta: Math symbols. (line 9335)
+ (line 11843)
+* \enumi: enumerate. (line 3841)
+* \enumii: enumerate. (line 3841)
+* \enumiii: enumerate. (line 3841)
+* \enumiv: enumerate. (line 3841)
+* \epsilon: Math symbols. (line 9711)
+* \equiv: Math symbols. (line 9717)
+* \eta: Math symbols. (line 9720)
* \evensidemargin: Document class options.
- (line 811)
+ (line 1018)
* \evensidemargin <1>: Page layout parameters.
- (line 2246)
+ (line 2124)
* \evensidemargin <2>: Page layout parameters.
- (line 2247)
-* \ExecuteOptions: Class and package commands.
- (line 1084)
-* \exists: Math symbols. (line 9338)
-* \exp: Math functions. (line 10543)
-* \externaldocument: xr package. (line 3501)
-* \extracolsep: tabular. (line 5808)
-* \fbox: \fbox & \framebox. (line 12316)
+ (line 2125)
+* \ExecuteOptions: \ExecuteOptions. (line 8193)
+* \exists: Math symbols. (line 9723)
+* \exp: Math functions. (line 10928)
+* \externaldocument: xr package. (line 3379)
+* \extracolsep: tabular. (line 5686)
+* \fbox: \fbox & \framebox. (line 12748)
* \fboxrule: \framebox (picture).
- (line 5416)
-* \fboxrule <1>: \fbox & \framebox. (line 12348)
-* \fboxrule <2>: \fbox & \framebox. (line 12347)
+ (line 5294)
+* \fboxrule <1>: \fbox & \framebox. (line 12780)
+* \fboxrule <2>: \fbox & \framebox. (line 12779)
* \fboxsep: \framebox (picture).
- (line 5416)
-* \fboxsep <1>: \fbox & \framebox. (line 12353)
-* \fboxsep <2>: \fbox & \framebox. (line 12352)
-* \fill: \hfill. (line 11505)
-* \flat: Math symbols. (line 9341)
-* \floatpagefraction: Floats. (line 2504)
-* \floatpagefraction <1>: Floats. (line 2505)
-* \floatsep: Floats. (line 2520)
-* \floatsep <1>: Floats. (line 2521)
-* \flushbottom: \flushbottom. (line 2152)
-* \fnsymbol, and footnotes: \footnote. (line 7004)
+ (line 5294)
+* \fboxsep <1>: \fbox & \framebox. (line 12785)
+* \fboxsep <2>: \fbox & \framebox. (line 12784)
+* \fill: \hfill. (line 11929)
+* \flat: Math symbols. (line 9726)
+* \floatpagefraction: Floats. (line 2382)
+* \floatpagefraction <1>: Floats. (line 2383)
+* \floatsep: Floats. (line 2398)
+* \floatsep <1>: Floats. (line 2399)
+* \flushbottom: \flushbottom. (line 2030)
+* \fnsymbol, and footnotes: \footnote. (line 6892)
* \fnsymbol{COUNTER}: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol.
- (line 8166)
-* \fontdimen1: \/. (line 11869)
+ (line 8551)
+* \fontdimen1: \/. (line 12301)
* \fontencoding: Low-level font commands.
- (line 1904)
+ (line 1782)
* \fontfamily: Low-level font commands.
- (line 1914)
+ (line 1792)
* \fontseries: Low-level font commands.
- (line 1941)
+ (line 1819)
* \fontshape: Low-level font commands.
- (line 1981)
+ (line 1859)
* \fontsize: Low-level font commands.
- (line 1994)
-* \footnote: \footnote. (line 6986)
-* \footnotemark: \footnotemark. (line 7052)
-* \footnoterule: \footnote. (line 7014)
-* \footnotesep: \footnote. (line 7026)
-* \footnotesize: Font sizes. (line 1847)
-* \footnotetext: \footnotetext. (line 7108)
+ (line 1872)
+* \footnote: \footnote. (line 6873)
+* \footnotemark: \footnotemark. (line 6944)
+* \footnoterule: \footnote. (line 6902)
+* \footnotesep: \footnote. (line 6918)
+* \footnotesize: Font sizes. (line 1725)
+* \footnotetext: \footnotetext. (line 7001)
* \footskip: Page layout parameters.
- (line 2205)
+ (line 2083)
* \footskip <1>: Page layout parameters.
- (line 2206)
-* \forall: Math symbols. (line 9344)
-* \frac: \frac. (line 11040)
-* \frame: \frame. (line 5427)
+ (line 2084)
+* \forall: Math symbols. (line 9729)
+* \frac: \frac. (line 11432)
+* \frame: \frame. (line 5305)
* \framebox: \framebox (picture).
- (line 5391)
-* \framebox <1>: \fbox & \framebox. (line 12316)
+ (line 5269)
+* \framebox <1>: \fbox & \framebox. (line 12748)
* \frenchspacing: \frenchspacing & \nonfrenchspacing.
- (line 11656)
+ (line 12084)
* \frontmatter: \frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter.
- (line 3111)
-* \frown: Math symbols. (line 9347)
-* \fussy: \fussy & \sloppy. (line 6696)
-* \Gamma: Math symbols. (line 9350)
-* \gamma: Math symbols. (line 9353)
-* \gcd: Math functions. (line 10546)
-* \ge: Math symbols. (line 9356)
-* \geq: Math symbols. (line 9360)
-* \gets: Math symbols. (line 9364)
-* \gg: Math symbols. (line 9367)
-* \gls: \gls. (line 15337)
-* \graphicspath: \graphicspath. (line 12971)
-* \graphpaper: \graphpaper. (line 5132)
-* \grave: Math accents. (line 10639)
-* \guillemotleft («): Text symbols. (line 13723)
-* \guillemotright (»): Text symbols. (line 13724)
-* \guilsinglleft (‹): Text symbols. (line 13725)
-* \guilsinglright (›): Text symbols. (line 13726)
-* \H (Hungarian umlaut accent): Accents. (line 13983)
-* \hat: Math accents. (line 10642)
-* \hbar: Math symbols. (line 9370)
+ (line 2989)
+* \frown: Math symbols. (line 9732)
+* \fussy: \fussy & \sloppy. (line 6584)
+* \Gamma: Math symbols. (line 9735)
+* \gamma: Math symbols. (line 9738)
+* \gcd: Math functions. (line 10931)
+* \ge: Math symbols. (line 9741)
+* \geq: Math symbols. (line 9745)
+* \gets: Math symbols. (line 9749)
+* \gg: Math symbols. (line 9752)
+* \gls: \gls. (line 15769)
+* \graphicspath: \graphicspath. (line 13147)
+* \graphpaper: \graphpaper. (line 5010)
+* \grave: Math accents. (line 11024)
+* \guillemetleft («): Text symbols. (line 14156)
+* \guillemetright (»): Text symbols. (line 14157)
+* \guillemotleft («): Text symbols. (line 14158)
+* \guillemotright (»): Text symbols. (line 14159)
+* \guilsinglleft (‹): Text symbols. (line 14160)
+* \guilsinglright (›): Text symbols. (line 14161)
+* \H (Hungarian umlaut accent): Accents. (line 14420)
+* \hat: Math accents. (line 11027)
+* \hbar: Math symbols. (line 9755)
* \headheight: Page layout parameters.
- (line 2193)
+ (line 2071)
* \headheight <1>: Page layout parameters.
- (line 2194)
+ (line 2072)
* \headsep: Page layout parameters.
- (line 2198)
+ (line 2076)
* \headsep <1>: Page layout parameters.
- (line 2199)
-* \heartsuit: Math symbols. (line 9373)
-* \hfill: \hfill. (line 11493)
-* \hline: \hline. (line 6013)
-* \hom: Math functions. (line 10549)
-* \hookleftarrow: Math symbols. (line 9376)
-* \hookrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 9379)
+ (line 2077)
+* \heartsuit: Math symbols. (line 9758)
+* \hfill: \hfill. (line 11917)
+* \hline: \hline. (line 5891)
+* \hom: Math functions. (line 10934)
+* \hookleftarrow: Math symbols. (line 9761)
+* \hookrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 9764)
* \hphantom: \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom.
- (line 10845)
+ (line 11237)
* \hrulefill: \hrulefill & \dotfill.
- (line 11880)
+ (line 12312)
* \hsize: Page layout parameters.
- (line 2298)
+ (line 2176)
* \hsize <1>: Page layout parameters.
- (line 2299)
-* \hspace: \hspace. (line 11446)
-* \hss: \hss. (line 11526)
-* \huge: Font sizes. (line 1847)
-* \Huge: Font sizes. (line 1847)
-* \hyphenation: \hyphenation. (line 6738)
-* \i (dotless i): Accents. (line 13933)
-* \IfBeginWith* macro from xstring: Jobname. (line 16348)
-* \iff: Math symbols. (line 9382)
-* \IfFileExists: Class and package commands.
- (line 1040)
+ (line 2177)
+* \hspace: \hspace. (line 11870)
+* \hss: \hss. (line 11950)
+* \huge: Font sizes. (line 1725)
+* \Huge: Font sizes. (line 1725)
+* \hyphenation: \hyphenation. (line 6626)
+* \i (dotless i): Accents. (line 14370)
+* \IfBeginWith* macro from xstring: Jobname. (line 16780)
+* \iff: Math symbols. (line 9767)
+* \IfFileExists: \IfFileExists & \InputIfFileExists.
+ (line 8209)
* \ignorespaces: \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend.
- (line 7981)
+ (line 7881)
* \ignorespacesafterend: \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend.
- (line 7981)
+ (line 7881)
* \ij (ij): Additional Latin letters.
- (line 14083)
+ (line 14520)
* \IJ (IJ): Additional Latin letters.
- (line 14083)
-* \Im: Math symbols. (line 9386)
-* \imath: Math symbols. (line 9389)
-* \immediate\write: \write. (line 15898)
-* \in: Math symbols. (line 9393)
+ (line 14520)
+* \Im: Math symbols. (line 9771)
+* \imath: Math symbols. (line 9774)
+* \immediate\write: \write. (line 16330)
+* \in: Math symbols. (line 9778)
* \include: \include & \includeonly.
- (line 14308)
-* \includegraphics: \includegraphics. (line 13155)
+ (line 14740)
+* \includegraphics: \includegraphics. (line 13331)
* \includeonly: \include & \includeonly.
- (line 14308)
+ (line 14740)
* \indent: \indent & \noindent.
- (line 8881)
-* \index: Indexes. (line 14857)
-* \index <1>: \index. (line 14939)
-* \indexentry: \index. (line 15041)
+ (line 9266)
+* \index: Indexes. (line 15289)
+* \index <1>: \index. (line 15371)
+* \indexentry: \index. (line 15473)
* \indexspace: Produce the index manually.
- (line 14928)
-* \indexspace <1>: makeindex. (line 15109)
-* \inf: Math functions. (line 10552)
-* \infty: Math symbols. (line 9397)
-* \input: \input. (line 14427)
-* \inputencoding: inputenc package. (line 14158)
-* \InputIfFileExists: Class and package commands.
- (line 1040)
-* \int: Math symbols. (line 9400)
-* \intextsep: Floats. (line 2524)
-* \intextsep <1>: Floats. (line 2525)
-* \iota: Math symbols. (line 9403)
-* \it: Font styles. (line 1778)
-* \item: description. (line 3809)
-* \item <1>: enumerate. (line 3945)
-* \item <2>: itemize. (line 4295)
-* \item <3>: itemize. (line 4319)
+ (line 15360)
+* \indexspace <1>: makeindex. (line 15541)
+* \inf: Math functions. (line 10937)
+* \infty: Math symbols. (line 9782)
+* \input: \input. (line 14859)
+* \inputencoding: inputenc package. (line 14591)
+* \InputIfFileExists: \IfFileExists & \InputIfFileExists.
+ (line 8209)
+* \int: Math symbols. (line 9785)
+* \intextsep: Floats. (line 2402)
+* \intextsep <1>: Floats. (line 2403)
+* \iota: Math symbols. (line 9788)
+* \it: Font styles. (line 1656)
+* \item: description. (line 3687)
+* \item <1>: enumerate. (line 3823)
+* \item <2>: itemize. (line 4172)
+* \item <3>: itemize. (line 4196)
* \item <4>: Produce the index manually.
- (line 14928)
-* \itemindent: list. (line 4466)
-* \itemsep: list. (line 4470)
-* \itshape: Font styles. (line 1731)
-* \j (dotless j): Accents. (line 13933)
-* \jmath: Math symbols. (line 9409)
-* \jobname: Jobname. (line 16301)
-* \jobname <1>: Jobname. (line 16341)
-* \Join: Math symbols. (line 9406)
-* \k (ogonek): Accents. (line 13987)
-* \kappa: Math symbols. (line 9413)
-* \ker: Math functions. (line 10555)
-* \kill: tabbing. (line 5600)
+ (line 15360)
+* \itemindent: list. (line 4344)
+* \itemsep: list. (line 4348)
+* \itshape: Font styles. (line 1609)
+* \j (dotless j): Accents. (line 14370)
+* \jmath: Math symbols. (line 9794)
+* \jobname: Jobname. (line 16733)
+* \jobname <1>: Jobname. (line 16773)
+* \Join: Math symbols. (line 9791)
+* \k (ogonek): Accents. (line 14424)
+* \kappa: Math symbols. (line 9798)
+* \ker: Math functions. (line 10940)
+* \kill: tabbing. (line 5478)
* \l (ł): Additional Latin letters.
- (line 14087)
+ (line 14524)
* \L (Ł): Additional Latin letters.
- (line 14087)
-* \l@chapter: \contentsline. (line 14760)
-* \l@section: \contentsline. (line 14760)
-* \l@subsection: \contentsline. (line 14760)
-* \label: \label. (line 3390)
-* \labelenumi: enumerate. (line 3972)
-* \labelenumii: enumerate. (line 3972)
-* \labelenumiii: enumerate. (line 3972)
-* \labelenumiv: enumerate. (line 3972)
-* \labelitemi: itemize. (line 4331)
-* \labelitemii: itemize. (line 4331)
-* \labelitemiii: itemize. (line 4331)
-* \labelitemiv: itemize. (line 4331)
-* \labelsep: list. (line 4482)
-* \labelwidth: list. (line 4487)
-* \Lambda: Math symbols. (line 9416)
-* \lambda: Math symbols. (line 9419)
-* \land: Math symbols. (line 9422)
-* \langle: Math symbols. (line 9426)
-* \large: Font sizes. (line 1847)
-* \Large: Font sizes. (line 1847)
-* \LARGE: Font sizes. (line 1847)
+ (line 14524)
+* \l@chapter: \contentsline. (line 15192)
+* \l@section: \contentsline. (line 15192)
+* \l@subsection: \contentsline. (line 15192)
+* \label: \label. (line 3268)
+* \labelenumi: enumerate. (line 3850)
+* \labelenumii: enumerate. (line 3850)
+* \labelenumiii: enumerate. (line 3850)
+* \labelenumiv: enumerate. (line 3850)
+* \labelitemi: itemize. (line 4208)
+* \labelitemii: itemize. (line 4208)
+* \labelitemiii: itemize. (line 4208)
+* \labelitemiv: itemize. (line 4208)
+* \labelsep: list. (line 4360)
+* \labelwidth: list. (line 4365)
+* \Lambda: Math symbols. (line 9801)
+* \lambda: Math symbols. (line 9804)
+* \land: Math symbols. (line 9807)
+* \langle: Math symbols. (line 9811)
+* \large: Font sizes. (line 1725)
+* \Large: Font sizes. (line 1725)
+* \LARGE: Font sizes. (line 1725)
* \LastDeclaredEncoding: \LastDeclaredEncoding.
- (line 1648)
-* \LaTeX: Text symbols. (line 13717)
-* \LaTeXe: Text symbols. (line 13720)
-* \lbrace: Math symbols. (line 9430)
-* \lbrack: Math symbols. (line 9433)
-* \lceil: Math symbols. (line 9436)
-* \ldots: Dots. (line 10405)
-* \ldots <1>: Text symbols. (line 13730)
-* \le: Math symbols. (line 9440)
-* \leadsto: Math symbols. (line 9443)
-* \left: \left & \right. (line 10193)
-* \Leftarrow: Math symbols. (line 9449)
-* \leftarrow: Math symbols. (line 9453)
-* \lefteqn: eqnarray. (line 4027)
-* \leftharpoondown: Math symbols. (line 9457)
-* \leftharpoonup: Math symbols. (line 9460)
-* \leftmargin: itemize. (line 4347)
-* \leftmargin <1>: list. (line 4507)
-* \leftmargini: itemize. (line 4347)
-* \leftmarginii: itemize. (line 4347)
-* \leftmarginiii: itemize. (line 4347)
-* \leftmarginiv: itemize. (line 4347)
-* \leftmarginv: itemize. (line 4347)
-* \leftmarginvi: itemize. (line 4347)
-* \Leftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 9463)
-* \leftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 9467)
-* \leq: Math symbols. (line 9471)
-* \lfloor: Math symbols. (line 9474)
-* \lg: Math functions. (line 10558)
-* \lhd: Math symbols. (line 9477)
-* \lim: Math functions. (line 10561)
-* \liminf: Math functions. (line 10564)
-* \limsup: Math functions. (line 10567)
-* \line: \line. (line 5156)
+ (line 1526)
+* \LaTeX: Text symbols. (line 14150)
+* \LaTeXe: Text symbols. (line 14153)
+* \lbrace: Math symbols. (line 9815)
+* \lbrack: Math symbols. (line 9818)
+* \lceil: Math symbols. (line 9821)
+* \ldots: Dots. (line 10790)
+* \ldots <1>: Text symbols. (line 14167)
+* \le: Math symbols. (line 9825)
+* \leadsto: Math symbols. (line 9828)
+* \left: \left & \right. (line 10578)
+* \Leftarrow: Math symbols. (line 9834)
+* \leftarrow: Math symbols. (line 9838)
+* \lefteqn: eqnarray. (line 3905)
+* \leftharpoondown: Math symbols. (line 9842)
+* \leftharpoonup: Math symbols. (line 9845)
+* \leftmargin: itemize. (line 4224)
+* \leftmargin <1>: list. (line 4385)
+* \leftmargini: itemize. (line 4224)
+* \leftmarginii: itemize. (line 4224)
+* \leftmarginiii: itemize. (line 4224)
+* \leftmarginiv: itemize. (line 4224)
+* \leftmarginv: itemize. (line 4224)
+* \leftmarginvi: itemize. (line 4224)
+* \Leftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 9848)
+* \leftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 9852)
+* \leq: Math symbols. (line 9856)
+* \lfloor: Math symbols. (line 9859)
+* \lg: Math functions. (line 10943)
+* \lhd: Math symbols. (line 9862)
+* \lim: Math functions. (line 10946)
+* \liminf: Math functions. (line 10949)
+* \limsup: Math functions. (line 10952)
+* \line: \line. (line 5034)
* \linebreak: \linebreak & \nolinebreak.
- (line 6757)
+ (line 6645)
* \lineskip: \baselineskip & \baselinestretch.
- (line 2357)
+ (line 2235)
* \lineskiplimit: \baselineskip & \baselinestretch.
- (line 2357)
+ (line 2235)
* \linespread: Low-level font commands.
- (line 2005)
+ (line 1883)
* \linespread <1>: \baselineskip & \baselinestretch.
- (line 2318)
-* \linethickness: \linethickness. (line 5200)
+ (line 2196)
+* \linethickness: \linethickness. (line 5078)
* \linewidth: Page layout parameters.
- (line 2212)
+ (line 2090)
* \linewidth <1>: Page layout parameters.
- (line 2213)
+ (line 2091)
* \listoffigures: Table of contents etc..
- (line 14465)
-* \listoffigures <1>: \contentsline. (line 14760)
+ (line 14897)
+* \listoffigures <1>: \contentsline. (line 15192)
* \listoftables: Table of contents etc..
- (line 14465)
-* \listoftables <1>: \contentsline. (line 14760)
-* \listparindent: list. (line 4524)
-* \ll: Math symbols. (line 9483)
-* \ln: Math functions. (line 10570)
-* \lnot: Math symbols. (line 9486)
-* \LoadClass: Class and package commands.
- (line 1060)
-* \LoadClassWithOptions: Class and package commands.
- (line 1060)
-* \location: \location. (line 15514)
-* \log: Math functions. (line 10573)
-* \long: \newcommand & \renewcommand.
- (line 7256)
-* \longleftarrow: Math symbols. (line 9489)
-* \longleftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 9493)
-* \longmapsto: Math symbols. (line 9497)
-* \longrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 9501)
-* \lor: Math symbols. (line 9505)
-* \lq: Text symbols. (line 13737)
+ (line 14897)
+* \listoftables <1>: \contentsline. (line 15192)
+* \listparindent: list. (line 4402)
+* \ll: Math symbols. (line 9868)
+* \ln: Math functions. (line 10955)
+* \lnot: Math symbols. (line 9871)
+* \LoadClass: \LoadClass & \LoadClassWithOptions.
+ (line 8245)
+* \LoadClassWithOptions: \LoadClass & \LoadClassWithOptions.
+ (line 8245)
+* \location: \location. (line 15946)
+* \log: Math functions. (line 10958)
+* \long command, checking for: \CheckCommand. (line 8046)
+* \long, not defining a command as: \newcommand & \renewcommand.
+ (line 7149)
+* \longleftarrow: Math symbols. (line 9874)
+* \longleftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 9878)
+* \longmapsto: Math symbols. (line 9882)
+* \longrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 9886)
+* \lor: Math symbols. (line 9890)
+* \lq: Text symbols. (line 14174)
* \mainmatter: \frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter.
- (line 3111)
+ (line 2989)
* \makeatother: \makeatletter & \makeatother.
- (line 7440)
+ (line 7334)
* \makeatother <1>: \makeatletter & \makeatother.
- (line 7440)
-* \makebox: \mbox & \makebox. (line 12227)
+ (line 7334)
+* \makebox: \mbox & \makebox. (line 12659)
* \makebox (for picture): \makebox (picture).
- (line 5353)
-* \makeglossary: Glossaries. (line 15230)
-* \makeglossary <1>: Glossaries. (line 15267)
-* \makeindex: Indexes. (line 14857)
-* \makelabel: list. (line 4443)
-* \makelabels: \makelabels. (line 15524)
-* \maketitle: \maketitle. (line 11169)
-* \mapsto: Math symbols. (line 9509)
-* \marginpar: Marginal notes. (line 8962)
+ (line 5231)
+* \makeglossary: Glossaries. (line 15662)
+* \makeglossary <1>: Glossaries. (line 15699)
+* \makeindex: Indexes. (line 15289)
+* \makelabel: list. (line 4321)
+* \makelabels: \makelabels. (line 15956)
+* \maketitle: \maketitle. (line 11561)
+* \mapsto: Math symbols. (line 9894)
+* \marginpar: Marginal notes. (line 9347)
* \marginparpush: Page layout parameters.
- (line 2219)
+ (line 2097)
* \marginparpush <1>: Page layout parameters.
- (line 2222)
-* \marginparpush <2>: Marginal notes. (line 8991)
-* \marginparsep: Marginal notes. (line 8996)
+ (line 2100)
+* \marginparpush <2>: Marginal notes. (line 9376)
+* \marginparsep: Marginal notes. (line 9381)
* \marginparwidth: Page layout parameters.
- (line 2221)
+ (line 2099)
* \marginparwidth <1>: Page layout parameters.
- (line 2222)
-* \marginparwidth <2>: Marginal notes. (line 9000)
+ (line 2100)
+* \marginparwidth <2>: Marginal notes. (line 9385)
* \marginsep: Page layout parameters.
- (line 2220)
+ (line 2098)
* \marginsep <1>: Page layout parameters.
- (line 2222)
-* \markboth{LEFT-HEAD}{RIGHT-HEAD}: \pagestyle. (line 11369)
-* \markright{RIGHT-HEAD}: \pagestyle. (line 11378)
-* \mathbf: Font styles. (line 1808)
-* \mathcal: Font styles. (line 1824)
-* \mathdollar: Math symbols. (line 9969)
-* \mathellipsis: Dots. (line 10406)
-* \mathnormal: Font styles. (line 1821)
-* \mathparagraph: Math symbols. (line 9972)
-* \mathring: Math accents. (line 10645)
-* \mathrm: Font styles. (line 1805)
-* \mathsection: Math symbols. (line 9975)
-* \mathsf: Font styles. (line 1811)
-* \mathsterling: Math symbols. (line 9978)
-* \mathstrut: \mathstrut. (line 10908)
-* \mathtt: Font styles. (line 1814)
-* \mathunderscore: Math symbols. (line 9981)
-* \mathversion: Font styles. (line 1826)
-* \max: Math functions. (line 10576)
-* \mbox: \mbox & \makebox. (line 12227)
-* \mdseries: Font styles. (line 1734)
+ (line 2100)
+* \markboth{LEFT-HEAD}{RIGHT-HEAD}: \pagestyle. (line 11770)
+* \markright{RIGHT-HEAD}: \pagestyle. (line 11779)
+* \mathbf: Font styles. (line 1686)
+* \mathcal: Font styles. (line 1702)
+* \mathdollar: Math symbols. (line 10354)
+* \mathellipsis: Dots. (line 10791)
+* \mathnormal: Font styles. (line 1699)
+* \mathparagraph: Math symbols. (line 10357)
+* \mathring: Math accents. (line 11030)
+* \mathrm: Font styles. (line 1683)
+* \mathsection: Math symbols. (line 10360)
+* \mathsf: Font styles. (line 1689)
+* \mathsterling: Math symbols. (line 10363)
+* \mathstrut: \mathstrut. (line 11300)
+* \mathtt: Font styles. (line 1692)
+* \mathunderscore: Math symbols. (line 10366)
+* \mathversion: Font styles. (line 1704)
+* \max: Math functions. (line 10961)
+* \mbox: \mbox & \makebox. (line 12659)
+* \mdseries: Font styles. (line 1612)
* \medbreak: \bigbreak & \medbreak & \smallbreak.
- (line 11978)
+ (line 12410)
* \medskip: \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip.
- (line 11929)
+ (line 12361)
* \medskip <1>: \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip.
- (line 11956)
+ (line 12388)
* \medskipamount: \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip.
- (line 11957)
+ (line 12389)
* \medspace: Spacing in math mode.
- (line 10740)
-* \message: \message. (line 15969)
-* \mho: Math symbols. (line 9513)
-* \mid: Math symbols. (line 9516)
-* \min: Math functions. (line 10579)
-* \models: Math symbols. (line 9526)
+ (line 11132)
+* \message: \message. (line 16401)
+* \MessageBreak, and message text: \ClassError and \PackageError and others.
+ (line 8091)
+* \mho: Math symbols. (line 9898)
+* \mid: Math symbols. (line 9901)
+* \min: Math functions. (line 10964)
+* \models: Math symbols. (line 9911)
* \month: \day & \month & \year.
- (line 8317)
-* \mp: Math symbols. (line 9530)
-* \mu: Math symbols. (line 9533)
-* \multicolumn: \multicolumn. (line 5883)
-* \multiput: \multiput. (line 5069)
-* \nabla: Math symbols. (line 9536)
-* \name: \name. (line 15581)
-* \natural: Math symbols. (line 9539)
-* \ne: Math symbols. (line 9542)
-* \nearrow: Math symbols. (line 9545)
-* \NeedsTeXFormat: Class and package commands.
- (line 1094)
-* \neg: Math symbols. (line 9548)
+ (line 8702)
+* \mp: Math symbols. (line 9915)
+* \mu: Math symbols. (line 9918)
+* \multicolumn: \multicolumn. (line 5761)
+* \multiput: \multiput. (line 4947)
+* \nabla: Math symbols. (line 9921)
+* \name: \name. (line 16013)
+* \natural: Math symbols. (line 9924)
+* \ne: Math symbols. (line 9927)
+* \nearrow: Math symbols. (line 9930)
+* \NeedsTeXFormat: \NeedsTeXFormat. (line 8275)
+* \neg: Math symbols. (line 9933)
* \negmedspace: Spacing in math mode.
- (line 10746)
+ (line 11138)
* \negthickspace: Spacing in math mode.
- (line 10734)
+ (line 11126)
* \negthinspace: Spacing in math mode.
- (line 10765)
+ (line 11157)
* \negthinspace <1>: \thinspace & \negthinspace.
- (line 11806)
-* \neq: Math symbols. (line 9552)
+ (line 12238)
+* \neq: Math symbols. (line 9937)
* \newcommand: \newcommand & \renewcommand.
- (line 7234)
-* \newcounter: \newcounter. (line 7558)
+ (line 7127)
+* \newcounter: \newcounter. (line 7452)
* \newenvironment: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment.
- (line 7651)
-* \newfont: \newfont. (line 7897)
-* \newglossaryentry: \newglossaryentry. (line 15278)
-* \newlength: \newlength. (line 7599)
-* \newline: \newline. (line 6615)
-* \<NEWLINE>: \(SPACE). (line 11687)
-* \newpage: \newpage. (line 6862)
-* \newsavebox: \newsavebox. (line 7623)
-* \newtheorem: \newtheorem. (line 7785)
-* \newtie: Accents. (line 13997)
-* \newwrite: \write. (line 15862)
+ (line 7545)
+* \newfont: \newfont. (line 7791)
+* \newglossaryentry: \newglossaryentry. (line 15710)
+* \newlength: \newlength. (line 7493)
+* \newline: \newline. (line 6492)
+* \<NEWLINE>: \(SPACE). (line 12118)
+* \newpage: \newpage. (line 6750)
+* \newrobustcmd (etoolbox package): \DeclareRobustCommand.
+ (line 8173)
+* \newsavebox: \newsavebox. (line 7517)
+* \newtheorem: \newtheorem. (line 7679)
+* \newtie: Accents. (line 14434)
+* \newwrite: \write. (line 16294)
* \ng: Additional Latin letters.
- (line 14091)
+ (line 14528)
* \NG: Additional Latin letters.
- (line 14091)
-* \ni: Math symbols. (line 9555)
-* \nocite: \nocite. (line 6193)
+ (line 14528)
+* \ni: Math symbols. (line 9940)
+* \nobreakspace: ~. (line 12175)
+* \nocite: \nocite. (line 6071)
+* \nocite {*}, for all keys: Using BibTeX. (line 6141)
* \nocite and internal \citation: BibTeX error messages.
- (line 6287)
-* \nocite {*}, for all keys: Using BibTeX. (line 6263)
-* \nocorr: Font styles. (line 1719)
-* \nocorrlist: Font styles. (line 1719)
-* \nofiles: \nofiles. (line 14801)
+ (line 6165)
+* \nocorr: Font styles. (line 1597)
+* \nocorrlist: Font styles. (line 1597)
+* \nofiles: \nofiles. (line 15233)
* \noindent: \indent & \noindent.
- (line 8881)
+ (line 9266)
* \nolinebreak: \linebreak & \nolinebreak.
- (line 6757)
+ (line 6645)
* \nonfrenchspacing: \frenchspacing & \nonfrenchspacing.
- (line 11656)
-* \nonumber: eqnarray. (line 4022)
+ (line 12084)
+* \nonumber: eqnarray. (line 3900)
* \nopagebreak: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak.
- (line 6920)
-* \normalfont: Font styles. (line 1755)
-* \normalmarginpar: Marginal notes. (line 8978)
-* \normalsfcodes: \normalsfcodes. (line 11677)
-* \normalsize: Font sizes. (line 1847)
-* \not: Math symbols. (line 9559)
-* \notin: Math symbols. (line 9567)
-* \nu: Math symbols. (line 9571)
-* \numberline: \numberline. (line 14826)
-* \nwarrow: Math symbols. (line 9574)
+ (line 6808)
+* \normalfont: Font styles. (line 1633)
+* \normalmarginpar: Marginal notes. (line 9363)
+* \normalsfcodes: \normalsfcodes. (line 12108)
+* \normalsize: Font sizes. (line 1725)
+* \not: Math symbols. (line 9944)
+* \notin: Math symbols. (line 9952)
+* \nu: Math symbols. (line 9956)
+* \numberline: \numberline. (line 15258)
+* \nwarrow: Math symbols. (line 9959)
* \o (ø): Additional Latin letters.
- (line 14095)
+ (line 14532)
* \O (Ø): Additional Latin letters.
- (line 14095)
+ (line 14532)
* \obeycr: \obeycr & \restorecr.
- (line 6575)
+ (line 6452)
* \oddsidemargin: Document class options.
- (line 811)
+ (line 1018)
* \oddsidemargin <1>: Page layout parameters.
- (line 2245)
+ (line 2123)
* \oddsidemargin <2>: Page layout parameters.
- (line 2247)
-* \odot: Math symbols. (line 9577)
+ (line 2125)
+* \odot: Math symbols. (line 9962)
* \oe (œ): Additional Latin letters.
- (line 14099)
+ (line 14536)
* \OE (Œ): Additional Latin letters.
- (line 14099)
-* \oint: Math symbols. (line 9581)
-* \oldstylenums: Font styles. (line 1830)
-* \Omega: Math symbols. (line 9584)
-* \omega: Math symbols. (line 9587)
-* \ominus: Math symbols. (line 9590)
-* \onecolumn: \onecolumn. (line 2033)
+ (line 14536)
+* \oint: Math symbols. (line 9966)
+* \oldstylenums: Font styles. (line 1708)
+* \Omega: Math symbols. (line 9969)
+* \omega: Math symbols. (line 9972)
+* \ominus: Math symbols. (line 9975)
+* \onecolumn: \onecolumn. (line 1911)
* \openin: \openin & \openout.
- (line 15671)
-* \opening: \opening. (line 15591)
+ (line 16103)
+* \opening: \opening. (line 16023)
* \openout: \openin & \openout.
- (line 15671)
-* \oplus: Math symbols. (line 9593)
-* \OptionNotUsed: Class and package commands.
- (line 1112)
-* \oslash: Math symbols. (line 9597)
-* \otimes: Math symbols. (line 9600)
-* \oval: \oval. (line 5248)
-* \overbrace{MATH}: Over- and Underlining.
- (line 10699)
-* \overline{TEXT}: Over- and Underlining.
- (line 10680)
-* \owns: Math symbols. (line 9604)
-* \P: Text symbols. (line 13740)
-* \PackageError: Class and package commands.
- (line 953)
-* \PackageInfo: Class and package commands.
- (line 953)
-* \PackageInfoNoLine: Class and package commands.
- (line 953)
-* \PackageWarning: Class and package commands.
- (line 953)
-* \PackageWarningNoLine: Class and package commands.
- (line 953)
+ (line 16103)
+* \oplus: Math symbols. (line 9978)
+* \OptionNotUsed: \OptionNotUsed. (line 8298)
+* \oslash: Math symbols. (line 9982)
+* \otimes: Math symbols. (line 9985)
+* \oval: \oval. (line 5126)
+* \overbrace{MATH}: Over- or under math.
+ (line 11086)
+* \overleftarrow{MATH}: Over- or under math.
+ (line 11093)
+* \overline{MATH}: Over- or under math.
+ (line 11067)
+* \overrightarrow{MATH}: Over- or under math.
+ (line 11090)
+* \owns: Math symbols. (line 9989)
+* \P: Text symbols. (line 14177)
+* \PackageError: \ClassError and \PackageError and others.
+ (line 8080)
+* \PackageInfo: \ClassError and \PackageError and others.
+ (line 8080)
+* \PackageInfoNoLine: \ClassError and \PackageError and others.
+ (line 8080)
+* \PackageWarning: \ClassError and \PackageError and others.
+ (line 8080)
+* \PackageWarningNoLine: \ClassError and \PackageError and others.
+ (line 8080)
* \pagebreak: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak.
- (line 6920)
-* \pagenumbering: \pagenumbering. (line 11241)
-* \pageref: \pageref. (line 3448)
-* \pagestyle: \pagestyle. (line 11299)
+ (line 6808)
+* \pagenumbering: \pagenumbering. (line 11633)
+* \pageref: \pageref. (line 3326)
+* \pagestyle: \pagestyle. (line 11699)
* \paperheight: Page layout parameters.
- (line 2258)
+ (line 2136)
* \paperheight <1>: Page layout parameters.
- (line 2259)
+ (line 2137)
* \paperwidth: Page layout parameters.
- (line 2264)
+ (line 2142)
* \paperwidth <1>: Page layout parameters.
- (line 2265)
-* \par: \par. (line 8828)
-* \paragraph: Sectioning. (line 2636)
+ (line 2143)
+* \par: \par. (line 9213)
+* \paragraph: Sectioning. (line 2514)
* \paragraph <1>: \subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph.
- (line 3012)
-* \parallel: Math symbols. (line 9608)
-* \parbox: \parbox. (line 12383)
-* \parindent: minipage. (line 4863)
+ (line 2890)
+* \parallel: Math symbols. (line 9993)
+* \parbox: \parbox. (line 12815)
+* \parindent: minipage. (line 4741)
* \parindent <1>: \indent & \noindent.
- (line 8918)
+ (line 9303)
* \parindent <2>: \parindent & \parskip.
- (line 8930)
-* \parsep: list. (line 4530)
+ (line 9315)
+* \parsep: list. (line 4408)
* \parskip: \parindent & \parskip.
- (line 8930)
-* \parskip example: itemize. (line 4367)
-* \part: Sectioning. (line 2636)
-* \part <1>: \part. (line 2723)
-* \partial: Math symbols. (line 9611)
-* \partopsep: list. (line 4539)
-* \PassOptionsToClass: Class and package commands.
- (line 1118)
-* \PassOptionsToPackage: Class and package commands.
- (line 1118)
+ (line 9315)
+* \parskip example: itemize. (line 4244)
+* \part: Sectioning. (line 2514)
+* \part <1>: \part. (line 2601)
+* \partial: Math symbols. (line 9996)
+* \partopsep: list. (line 4417)
+* \PassOptionsToClass: \PassOptionsToClass & \PassOptionsToPackage.
+ (line 8305)
+* \PassOptionsToClass, ignoring: \LoadClass & \LoadClassWithOptions.
+ (line 8266)
+* \PassOptionsToPackage: \PassOptionsToClass & \PassOptionsToPackage.
+ (line 8305)
* \pdfpageheight: Document class options.
- (line 767)
+ (line 974)
* \pdfpagewidth: Document class options.
- (line 767)
-* \perp: Math symbols. (line 9614)
+ (line 974)
+* \perp: Math symbols. (line 9999)
* \phantom: \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom.
- (line 10845)
-* \Phi: Math symbols. (line 9618)
-* \phi: Math symbols. (line 9621)
-* \Pi: Math symbols. (line 9625)
-* \pi: Math symbols. (line 9628)
-* \pm: Math symbols. (line 9632)
-* \pmod: Math functions. (line 10582)
-* \poptabs: tabbing. (line 5606)
-* \poptabs <1>: tabbing. (line 5607)
-* \pounds: Text symbols. (line 13744)
-* \Pr: Math functions. (line 10585)
-* \prec: Math symbols. (line 9635)
-* \preceq: Math symbols. (line 9638)
+ (line 11237)
+* \Phi: Math symbols. (line 10003)
+* \phi: Math symbols. (line 10006)
+* \Pi: Math symbols. (line 10010)
+* \pi: Math symbols. (line 10013)
+* \pm: Math symbols. (line 10017)
+* \pmod: Math functions. (line 10967)
+* \poptabs: tabbing. (line 5484)
+* \poptabs <1>: tabbing. (line 5485)
+* \pounds: Text symbols. (line 14181)
+* \Pr: Math functions. (line 10970)
+* \prec: Math symbols. (line 10020)
+* \preceq: Math symbols. (line 10023)
* \prevdepth: \baselineskip & \baselinestretch.
- (line 2357)
-* \prime: Math symbols. (line 9642)
-* \printglossaries: Glossaries. (line 15230)
-* \printglossaries <1>: Glossaries. (line 15267)
-* \printindex: \printindex. (line 15215)
-* \ProcessOptions: Class and package commands.
- (line 1155)
-* \ProcessOptions*: Class and package commands.
- (line 1155)
-* \prod: Math symbols. (line 9651)
-* \propto: Math symbols. (line 9654)
-* \protect: \protect. (line 7929)
-* \protected@write: \write. (line 15908)
-* \providecommand: \providecommand. (line 7411)
-* \ProvidesClass: Class and package commands.
- (line 1193)
-* \ProvidesFile: Class and package commands.
- (line 1226)
-* \ProvidesPackage: Class and package commands.
- (line 1193)
+ (line 2235)
+* \prime: Math symbols. (line 10027)
+* \printglossaries: Glossaries. (line 15662)
+* \printglossaries <1>: Glossaries. (line 15699)
+* \printindex: \printindex. (line 15647)
+* \ProcessOptions: \ProcessOptions. (line 8351)
+* \prod: Math symbols. (line 10036)
+* \propto: Math symbols. (line 10039)
+* \protect: \protect. (line 7823)
+* \protect, and message text: \ClassError and \PackageError and others.
+ (line 8091)
+* \protected@write: \write. (line 16340)
+* \providecommand: \providecommand. (line 7305)
+* \providerobustcmd (etoolbox package): \DeclareRobustCommand.
+ (line 8173)
+* \ProvidesClass: \ProvidesClass & \ProvidesPackage.
+ (line 8395)
+* \ProvidesFile: \ProvidesFile. (line 8435)
+* \ProvidesPackage: \ProvidesClass & \ProvidesPackage.
+ (line 8395)
* \ProvideTextCommand: \DeclareTextCommand & \ProvideTextCommand.
- (line 1472)
+ (line 1350)
* \ProvideTextCommandDefault: \DeclareTextCommandDefault & \ProvideTextCommandDefault.
- (line 1521)
-* \ps: \ps. (line 15603)
-* \Psi: Math symbols. (line 9657)
-* \psi: Math symbols. (line 9660)
-* \pushtabs: tabbing. (line 5609)
-* \put: \put. (line 5051)
-* \qbezier: \qbezier. (line 5092)
+ (line 1399)
+* \ps: \ps. (line 16035)
+* \Psi: Math symbols. (line 10042)
+* \psi: Math symbols. (line 10045)
+* \pushtabs: tabbing. (line 5487)
+* \put: \put. (line 4929)
+* \qbezier: \qbezier. (line 4970)
* \qquad: Spacing in math mode.
- (line 10779)
+ (line 11171)
* \qquad <1>: \enspace & \quad & \qquad.
- (line 11419)
+ (line 11843)
* \quad: Spacing in math mode.
- (line 10773)
+ (line 11165)
* \quad <1>: \enspace & \quad & \qquad.
- (line 11419)
-* \quotedblbase („): Text symbols. (line 13748)
-* \quotesinglbase (‚): Text symbols. (line 13749)
-* \r (ring accent): Accents. (line 13991)
-* \raggedbottom: \raggedbottom. (line 2174)
-* \raggedleft: \raggedleft. (line 4268)
-* \raggedright: \raggedright. (line 4215)
-* \raisebox: \raisebox. (line 12434)
-* \rangle: Math symbols. (line 9663)
-* \rbrace: Math symbols. (line 9667)
-* \rbrack: Math symbols. (line 9670)
-* \rceil: Math symbols. (line 9674)
-* \Re: Math symbols. (line 9677)
-* \read: \read. (line 15735)
-* \ref: \ref. (line 3472)
-* \reflectbox: \scalebox. (line 13538)
-* \refname: thebibliography. (line 6068)
-* \refstepcounter: \refstepcounter. (line 8284)
+ (line 11843)
+* \quotedblbase („): Text symbols. (line 14185)
+* \quotesinglbase (‚): Text symbols. (line 14186)
+* \r (ring accent): Accents. (line 14428)
+* \raggedbottom: \raggedbottom. (line 2052)
+* \raggedleft: \raggedleft. (line 4146)
+* \raggedright: \raggedright. (line 4093)
+* \raisebox: \raisebox. (line 12866)
+* \rangle: Math symbols. (line 10048)
+* \rbrace: Math symbols. (line 10052)
+* \rbrack: Math symbols. (line 10055)
+* \rceil: Math symbols. (line 10059)
+* \Re: Math symbols. (line 10062)
+* \read: \read. (line 16167)
+* \ref: \ref. (line 3350)
+* \reflectbox: \scalebox. (line 13714)
+* \refname: thebibliography. (line 5946)
+* \refstepcounter: \refstepcounter. (line 8669)
* \renewcommand: \newcommand & \renewcommand.
- (line 7234)
+ (line 7127)
* \renewenvironment: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment.
- (line 7651)
-* \RequirePackage: Class and package commands.
- (line 1235)
-* \RequirePackage, and texput jobname: Jobname. (line 16327)
-* \RequirePackageWithOptions: Class and package commands.
- (line 1235)
-* \resizebox: \resizebox. (line 13570)
+ (line 7545)
+* \renewrobustcmd (etoolbox package): \DeclareRobustCommand.
+ (line 8173)
+* \RequirePackage: \RequirePackage & \RequirePackageWithOptions.
+ (line 8455)
+* \RequirePackage, and texput jobname: Jobname. (line 16759)
+* \RequirePackageWithOptions: \RequirePackage & \RequirePackageWithOptions.
+ (line 8455)
+* \resizebox: \resizebox. (line 13746)
* \restorecr: \obeycr & \restorecr.
- (line 6575)
-* \restriction: Math symbols. (line 9682)
-* \revemptyset: Math symbols. (line 9687)
-* \reversemarginpar: Marginal notes. (line 8978)
-* \rfloor: Math symbols. (line 9692)
-* \rhd: Math symbols. (line 9696)
-* \rho: Math symbols. (line 9702)
-* \right: \left & \right. (line 10193)
-* \Rightarrow: Math symbols. (line 9706)
-* \rightarrow: Math symbols. (line 9710)
-* \rightharpoondown: Math symbols. (line 9714)
-* \rightharpoonup: Math symbols. (line 9717)
-* \rightleftharpoons: Math symbols. (line 9720)
-* \rightmargin: list. (line 4554)
-* \rm: Font styles. (line 1781)
-* \rmfamily: Font styles. (line 1728)
+ (line 6452)
+* \restriction: Math symbols. (line 10067)
+* \revemptyset: Math symbols. (line 10072)
+* \reversemarginpar: Marginal notes. (line 9363)
+* \rfloor: Math symbols. (line 10077)
+* \rhd: Math symbols. (line 10081)
+* \rho: Math symbols. (line 10087)
+* \right: \left & \right. (line 10578)
+* \Rightarrow: Math symbols. (line 10091)
+* \rightarrow: Math symbols. (line 10095)
+* \rightharpoondown: Math symbols. (line 10099)
+* \rightharpoonup: Math symbols. (line 10102)
+* \rightleftharpoons: Math symbols. (line 10105)
+* \rightmargin: list. (line 4432)
+* \rm: Font styles. (line 1659)
+* \rmfamily: Font styles. (line 1606)
* \roman{COUNTER}: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol.
- (line 8156)
+ (line 8541)
* \Roman{COUNTER}: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol.
- (line 8161)
-* \rotatebox: \rotatebox. (line 13470)
-* \rq: Text symbols. (line 13752)
-* \rule: \rule. (line 14167)
-* \S: Text symbols. (line 13755)
+ (line 8546)
+* \rotatebox: \rotatebox. (line 13646)
+* \rq: Text symbols. (line 14189)
+* \rule: \rule. (line 14599)
+* \S: Text symbols. (line 14192)
* \samepage: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak.
- (line 6958)
-* \savebox: \sbox & \savebox. (line 12480)
-* \sbox: \sbox & \savebox. (line 12480)
-* \sc: Font styles. (line 1784)
-* \scalebox: \scalebox. (line 13538)
-* \scriptscriptstyle: Math styles. (line 10953)
-* \scriptsize: Font sizes. (line 1847)
-* \scriptstyle: Math styles. (line 10953)
-* \scshape: Font styles. (line 1749)
-* \searrow: Math symbols. (line 9723)
-* \sec: Math functions. (line 10588)
-* \section: Sectioning. (line 2636)
-* \section <1>: \section. (line 2870)
-* \seename: \index. (line 14991)
+ (line 6846)
+* \savebox: \sbox & \savebox. (line 12912)
+* \sbox: \sbox & \savebox. (line 12912)
+* \sc: Font styles. (line 1662)
+* \scalebox: \scalebox. (line 13714)
+* \scriptscriptstyle: Math styles. (line 11345)
+* \scriptsize: Font sizes. (line 1725)
+* \scriptstyle: Math styles. (line 11345)
+* \scshape: Font styles. (line 1627)
+* \searrow: Math symbols. (line 10108)
+* \sec: Math functions. (line 10973)
+* \section: Sectioning. (line 2514)
+* \section <1>: \section. (line 2748)
+* \seename: \index. (line 15423)
* \selectfont: Low-level font commands.
- (line 2011)
-* \setcounter: \setcounter. (line 8250)
-* \setlength: \setlength. (line 8497)
-* \setminus: Math symbols. (line 9726)
-* \settodepth: \settodepth. (line 8561)
-* \settoheight: \settoheight. (line 8586)
-* \settowidth: \settowidth. (line 8611)
-* \sf: Font styles. (line 1787)
-* \sffamily: Font styles. (line 1746)
-* \sharp: Math symbols. (line 9731)
-* \ShellEscape: \write18. (line 16098)
-* \shipout and expansion: \write. (line 15903)
-* \shortstack: \shortstack. (line 5285)
-* \Sigma: Math symbols. (line 9734)
-* \sigma: Math symbols. (line 9737)
-* \signature: \signature. (line 15620)
-* \sim: Math symbols. (line 9741)
-* \simeq: Math symbols. (line 9744)
-* \sin: Math functions. (line 10591)
-* \sinh: Math functions. (line 10594)
-* \sl: Font styles. (line 1790)
-* \sloppy: \fussy & \sloppy. (line 6696)
-* \slshape: Font styles. (line 1743)
-* \small: Font sizes. (line 1847)
+ (line 1889)
+* \setcounter: \setcounter. (line 8635)
+* \setlength: \setlength. (line 8882)
+* \setminus: Math symbols. (line 10111)
+* \settodepth: \settodepth. (line 8946)
+* \settoheight: \settoheight. (line 8971)
+* \settowidth: \settowidth. (line 8996)
+* \sf: Font styles. (line 1665)
+* \sffamily: Font styles. (line 1624)
+* \sharp: Math symbols. (line 10116)
+* \ShellEscape: \write18. (line 16530)
+* \shipout and expansion: \write. (line 16335)
+* \shortstack: \shortstack. (line 5163)
+* \Sigma: Math symbols. (line 10119)
+* \sigma: Math symbols. (line 10122)
+* \signature: \signature. (line 16052)
+* \sim: Math symbols. (line 10126)
+* \simeq: Math symbols. (line 10129)
+* \sin: Math functions. (line 10976)
+* \sinh: Math functions. (line 10979)
+* \sl: Font styles. (line 1668)
+* \slash: \slash. (line 6550)
+* \sloppy: \fussy & \sloppy. (line 6584)
+* \slshape: Font styles. (line 1621)
+* \small: Font sizes. (line 1725)
* \smallbreak: \bigbreak & \medbreak & \smallbreak.
- (line 11978)
-* \smallint: Math symbols. (line 9747)
+ (line 12410)
+* \smallint: Math symbols. (line 10132)
* \smallskip: \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip.
- (line 11929)
+ (line 12361)
* \smallskip <1>: \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip.
- (line 11961)
+ (line 12393)
* \smallskipamount: \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip.
- (line 11962)
-* \smile: Math symbols. (line 9751)
-* \<SPACE>: \(SPACE). (line 11687)
-* \<SPACE> <1>: \(SPACE). (line 11687)
+ (line 12394)
+* \smile: Math symbols. (line 10136)
+* \<SPACE>: \(SPACE). (line 12118)
+* \<SPACE> <1>: \(SPACE). (line 12118)
* \space: \include & \includeonly.
- (line 14390)
-* \space <1>: \input. (line 14453)
-* \space <2>: \typeout. (line 15827)
-* \spacefactor: \spacefactor. (line 11552)
-* \spadesuit: Math symbols. (line 9754)
-* \sqcap: Math symbols. (line 9757)
-* \sqcup: Math symbols. (line 9761)
-* \sqrt: \sqrt. (line 11052)
-* \sqsubset: Math symbols. (line 9765)
-* \sqsubseteq: Math symbols. (line 9770)
-* \sqsupset: Math symbols. (line 9774)
-* \sqsupseteq: Math symbols. (line 9779)
+ (line 14822)
+* \space <1>: \input. (line 14885)
+* \space <2>: \typeout. (line 16259)
+* \space, and message text: \ClassError and \PackageError and others.
+ (line 8091)
+* \spacefactor: \spacefactor. (line 11976)
+* \spadesuit: Math symbols. (line 10139)
+* \sqcap: Math symbols. (line 10142)
+* \sqcup: Math symbols. (line 10146)
+* \sqrt: \sqrt. (line 11444)
+* \sqsubset: Math symbols. (line 10150)
+* \sqsubseteq: Math symbols. (line 10155)
+* \sqsupset: Math symbols. (line 10159)
+* \sqsupseteq: Math symbols. (line 10164)
* \ss (ß): Additional Latin letters.
- (line 14103)
+ (line 14540)
* \SS (SS): Additional Latin letters.
- (line 14103)
-* \stackrel: \stackrel. (line 11069)
-* \star: Math symbols. (line 9783)
-* \stepcounter: \stepcounter. (line 8302)
+ (line 14540)
+* \stackrel: \stackrel. (line 11461)
+* \star: Math symbols. (line 10168)
+* \stepcounter: \stepcounter. (line 8687)
* \stop: Recovering from errors.
- (line 16383)
-* \stretch: \stretch. (line 8636)
-* \strut: \strut. (line 12005)
+ (line 16815)
+* \stretch: \stretch. (line 9021)
+* \strut: \strut. (line 12437)
* \subitem: Produce the index manually.
- (line 14928)
-* \subparagraph: Sectioning. (line 2636)
+ (line 15360)
+* \subparagraph: Sectioning. (line 2514)
* \subparagraph <1>: \subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph.
- (line 3012)
-* \subsection: Sectioning. (line 2636)
-* \subsection <1>: \subsection. (line 2948)
-* \subset: Math symbols. (line 9790)
-* \subseteq: Math symbols. (line 9793)
+ (line 2890)
+* \subsection: Sectioning. (line 2514)
+* \subsection <1>: \subsection. (line 2826)
+* \subset: Math symbols. (line 10175)
+* \subseteq: Math symbols. (line 10178)
* \subsubitem: Produce the index manually.
- (line 14928)
-* \subsubsection: Sectioning. (line 2636)
+ (line 15360)
+* \subsubsection: Sectioning. (line 2514)
* \subsubsection <1>: \subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph.
- (line 3012)
-* \succ: Math symbols. (line 9796)
-* \succeq: Math symbols. (line 9799)
-* \sum: Math symbols. (line 9803)
-* \sup: Math functions. (line 10597)
-* \suppressfloats: Floats. (line 2493)
-* \supset: Math symbols. (line 9806)
-* \supseteq: Math symbols. (line 9809)
-* \surd: Math symbols. (line 9812)
-* \swarrow: Math symbols. (line 9817)
+ (line 2890)
+* \succ: Math symbols. (line 10181)
+* \succeq: Math symbols. (line 10184)
+* \sum: Math symbols. (line 10188)
+* \sup: Math functions. (line 10982)
+* \suppressfloats: Floats. (line 2371)
+* \supset: Math symbols. (line 10191)
+* \supseteq: Math symbols. (line 10194)
+* \surd: Math symbols. (line 10197)
+* \swarrow: Math symbols. (line 10202)
* \symbf: OpenType bold math.
- (line 10087)
+ (line 10472)
* \symbfit: OpenType bold math.
- (line 10087)
+ (line 10472)
* \symbol: Symbols by font position.
- (line 13688)
-* \t (tie-after accent): Accents. (line 13997)
-* \<TAB>: \(SPACE). (line 11687)
-* \tabbingsep: tabbing. (line 5614)
-* \tabcolsep: tabular. (line 5872)
+ (line 14121)
+* \t (tie-after accent): Accents. (line 14434)
+* \<TAB>: \(SPACE). (line 12118)
+* \tabbingsep: tabbing. (line 5492)
+* \tabcolsep: tabular. (line 5750)
* \tableofcontents: Table of contents etc..
- (line 14465)
-* \tableofcontents <1>: \contentsline. (line 14760)
-* \tan: Math functions. (line 10600)
-* \tanh: Math functions. (line 10603)
-* \tau: Math symbols. (line 9820)
-* \telephone: \telephone. (line 15650)
-* \TeX: Text symbols. (line 13759)
-* \textascendercompwordmark: Text symbols. (line 13804)
-* \textasciicircum: Text symbols. (line 13762)
-* \textasciitilde: Text symbols. (line 13765)
-* \textasteriskcentered: Text symbols. (line 13768)
-* \textbackslash: Reserved characters.
- (line 13617)
-* \textbackslash <1>: Text symbols. (line 13771)
-* \textbar: Text symbols. (line 13779)
-* \textbardbl: Text symbols. (line 13782)
-* \textbf: Font styles. (line 1737)
-* \textbigcircle: Text symbols. (line 13785)
-* \textbraceleft: Text symbols. (line 13788)
-* \textbraceright: Text symbols. (line 13792)
-* \textbullet: Text symbols. (line 13796)
-* \textcapitalcompwordmark: Text symbols. (line 13803)
-* \textcircled{LETTER}: Text symbols. (line 13799)
-* \textcompwordmark: Text symbols. (line 13802)
-* \textcopyright: Text symbols. (line 13708)
-* \textdagger: Text symbols. (line 13811)
-* \textdaggerdbl: Text symbols. (line 13814)
-* \textdollar (or \$): Text symbols. (line 13817)
-* \textellipsis: Text symbols. (line 13731)
-* \textemdash (or ---): Text symbols. (line 13820)
-* \textendash (or --): Text symbols. (line 13826)
-* \texteuro: Text symbols. (line 13829)
-* \textexclamdown (or !`): Text symbols. (line 13837)
-* \textfiguredash: Text symbols. (line 13840)
-* \textfloatsep: Floats. (line 2529)
-* \textfloatsep <1>: Floats. (line 2530)
-* \textfraction: Floats. (line 2508)
-* \textfraction <1>: Floats. (line 2509)
-* \textgreater: Text symbols. (line 13847)
+ (line 14897)
+* \tableofcontents <1>: \contentsline. (line 15192)
+* \tan: Math functions. (line 10985)
+* \tanh: Math functions. (line 10988)
+* \tau: Math symbols. (line 10205)
+* \telephone: \telephone. (line 16082)
+* \TeX: Text symbols. (line 14196)
+* \textascendercompwordmark: Text symbols. (line 14241)
+* \textasciicircum: Text symbols. (line 14199)
+* \textasciitilde: Text symbols. (line 14202)
+* \textasteriskcentered: Text symbols. (line 14205)
+* \textbackslash: Printing special characters.
+ (line 14050)
+* \textbackslash <1>: Text symbols. (line 14208)
+* \textbar: Text symbols. (line 14216)
+* \textbardbl: Text symbols. (line 14219)
+* \textbf: Font styles. (line 1615)
+* \textbigcircle: Text symbols. (line 14222)
+* \textbraceleft: Text symbols. (line 14225)
+* \textbraceright: Text symbols. (line 14229)
+* \textbullet: Text symbols. (line 14233)
+* \textcapitalcompwordmark: Text symbols. (line 14240)
+* \textcircled{LETTER}: Text symbols. (line 14236)
+* \textcompwordmark: Text symbols. (line 14239)
+* \textcopyright: Text symbols. (line 14141)
+* \textdagger: Text symbols. (line 14248)
+* \textdaggerdbl: Text symbols. (line 14251)
+* \textdollar (or \$): Text symbols. (line 14254)
+* \textellipsis: Text symbols. (line 14168)
+* \textemdash (or ---): Text symbols. (line 14257)
+* \textendash (or --): Text symbols. (line 14263)
+* \texteuro: Text symbols. (line 14266)
+* \textexclamdown (or !`): Text symbols. (line 14274)
+* \textfiguredash: Text symbols. (line 14277)
+* \textfloatsep: Floats. (line 2407)
+* \textfloatsep <1>: Floats. (line 2408)
+* \textfraction: Floats. (line 2386)
+* \textfraction <1>: Floats. (line 2387)
+* \textgreater: Text symbols. (line 14284)
* \textheight: Page layout parameters.
- (line 2270)
+ (line 2148)
* \textheight <1>: Page layout parameters.
- (line 2271)
-* \texthorizontalbar: Text symbols. (line 13850)
-* \textit: Font styles. (line 1731)
-* \textleftarrow: Text symbols. (line 13858)
-* \textless: Text symbols. (line 13855)
-* \textmd: Font styles. (line 1734)
-* \textnonbreakinghyphen: Text symbols. (line 13861)
-* \textnormal: Font styles. (line 1755)
-* \textordfeminine: Text symbols. (line 13867)
-* \textordmasculine: Text symbols. (line 13868)
-* \textparagraph: Text symbols. (line 13741)
-* \textperiodcentered: Text symbols. (line 13871)
-* \textquestiondown (or ?`): Text symbols. (line 13874)
-* \textquotedblleft (or ``): Text symbols. (line 13877)
-* \textquotedblright (or ''): Text symbols. (line 13880)
-* \textquoteleft (or `): Text symbols. (line 13883)
-* \textquoteright (or '): Text symbols. (line 13886)
-* \textquotesingle: Text symbols. (line 13889)
-* \textquotestraightbase: Text symbols. (line 13892)
-* \textquotestraightdblbase: Text symbols. (line 13893)
-* \textregistered: Text symbols. (line 13896)
-* \textrightarrow: Text symbols. (line 13899)
-* \textrm: Font styles. (line 1728)
-* \textsc: Font styles. (line 1749)
-* \textsection: Text symbols. (line 13756)
-* \textsf: Font styles. (line 1746)
-* \textsl: Font styles. (line 1743)
-* \textsterling: Text symbols. (line 13745)
-* \textstyle: Math styles. (line 10953)
-* \textthreequartersemdash: Text symbols. (line 13902)
-* \texttrademark: Text symbols. (line 13905)
-* \texttt: Font styles. (line 1752)
-* \texttwelveudash: Text symbols. (line 13908)
-* \textunderscore: Text symbols. (line 13911)
-* \textup: Font styles. (line 1740)
-* \textvisiblespace: Text symbols. (line 13914)
+ (line 2149)
+* \texthorizontalbar: Text symbols. (line 14287)
+* \textit: Font styles. (line 1609)
+* \textleftarrow: Text symbols. (line 14295)
+* \textless: Text symbols. (line 14292)
+* \textmd: Font styles. (line 1612)
+* \textnonbreakinghyphen: Text symbols. (line 14298)
+* \textnormal: Font styles. (line 1633)
+* \textordfeminine: Text symbols. (line 14304)
+* \textordmasculine: Text symbols. (line 14305)
+* \textparagraph: Text symbols. (line 14178)
+* \textperiodcentered: Text symbols. (line 14308)
+* \textquestiondown (or ?`): Text symbols. (line 14311)
+* \textquotedblleft (or ``): Text symbols. (line 14314)
+* \textquotedblright (or ''): Text symbols. (line 14317)
+* \textquoteleft (or `): Text symbols. (line 14320)
+* \textquoteright (or '): Text symbols. (line 14323)
+* \textquotesingle: Text symbols. (line 14326)
+* \textquotestraightbase: Text symbols. (line 14329)
+* \textquotestraightdblbase: Text symbols. (line 14330)
+* \textregistered: Text symbols. (line 14333)
+* \textrightarrow: Text symbols. (line 14336)
+* \textrm: Font styles. (line 1606)
+* \textsc: Font styles. (line 1627)
+* \textsection: Text symbols. (line 14193)
+* \textsf: Font styles. (line 1624)
+* \textsl: Font styles. (line 1621)
+* \textsterling: Text symbols. (line 14182)
+* \textstyle: Math styles. (line 11345)
+* \textthreequartersemdash: Text symbols. (line 14339)
+* \texttrademark: Text symbols. (line 14342)
+* \texttt: Font styles. (line 1630)
+* \texttwelveudash: Text symbols. (line 14345)
+* \textunderscore: Text symbols. (line 14348)
+* \textup: Font styles. (line 1618)
+* \textvisiblespace: Text symbols. (line 14351)
* \textwidth: Page layout parameters.
- (line 2278)
+ (line 2156)
* \textwidth <1>: Page layout parameters.
- (line 2279)
+ (line 2157)
* \th (þ): Additional Latin letters.
- (line 14107)
+ (line 14544)
* \TH (Þ): Additional Latin letters.
- (line 14107)
-* \thanks{TEXT}: \maketitle. (line 11219)
-* \theta: Math symbols. (line 9823)
-* \thicklines: \thicklines. (line 5221)
+ (line 14544)
+* \thanks{TEXT}: \maketitle. (line 11611)
+* \thepage: \thepage. (line 11813)
+* \theta: Math symbols. (line 10208)
+* \thicklines: \thicklines. (line 5099)
* \thickspace: Spacing in math mode.
- (line 10727)
-* \thinlines: \thinlines. (line 5213)
+ (line 11119)
+* \thinlines: \thinlines. (line 5091)
* \thinspace: Spacing in math mode.
- (line 10751)
+ (line 11143)
* \thinspace <1>: \thinspace & \negthinspace.
- (line 11806)
-* \thispagestyle: \thispagestyle. (line 11384)
-* \tilde: Math accents. (line 10648)
-* \times: Math symbols. (line 9827)
-* \tiny: Font sizes. (line 1847)
-* \title{TEXT}: \maketitle. (line 11226)
-* \to: Math symbols. (line 9830)
-* \today: \today. (line 14202)
-* \top: Math symbols. (line 9834)
-* \topfraction: Floats. (line 2513)
-* \topfraction <1>: Floats. (line 2514)
+ (line 12238)
+* \thispagestyle: \thispagestyle. (line 11785)
+* \tilde: Math accents. (line 11033)
+* \times: Math symbols. (line 10212)
+* \tiny: Font sizes. (line 1725)
+* \title{TEXT}: \maketitle. (line 11618)
+* \to: Math symbols. (line 10215)
+* \today: \today. (line 14634)
+* \top: Math symbols. (line 10219)
+* \topfraction: Floats. (line 2391)
+* \topfraction <1>: Floats. (line 2392)
* \topmargin: Page layout parameters.
- (line 2303)
-* \topsep: list. (line 4559)
+ (line 2181)
+* \topsep: list. (line 4437)
* \topskip: Page layout parameters.
- (line 2310)
+ (line 2188)
* \topskip <1>: Page layout parameters.
- (line 2311)
-* \triangle: Math symbols. (line 9838)
-* \triangleleft: Math symbols. (line 9841)
-* \triangleright: Math symbols. (line 9847)
-* \tt: Font styles. (line 1793)
-* \ttfamily: Font styles. (line 1752)
-* \twocolumn: \twocolumn. (line 2045)
-* \typein: \typein. (line 15766)
-* \typeout: \typeout. (line 15811)
-* \u (breve accent): Accents. (line 14003)
+ (line 2189)
+* \triangle: Math symbols. (line 10223)
+* \triangleleft: Math symbols. (line 10226)
+* \triangleright: Math symbols. (line 10232)
+* \tt: Font styles. (line 1671)
+* \ttfamily: Font styles. (line 1630)
+* \twocolumn: \twocolumn. (line 1923)
+* \typein: \typein. (line 16198)
+* \typeout: \typeout. (line 16243)
+* \u (breve accent): Accents. (line 14440)
* \unboldmath: \boldmath & \unboldmath.
- (line 10028)
+ (line 10413)
* \unboldmath <1>: \boldmath & \unboldmath.
- (line 10036)
-* \underbar: Accents. (line 13967)
-* \underbrace{MATH}: Over- and Underlining.
- (line 10685)
-* \underline{TEXT}: Over- and Underlining.
- (line 10669)
-* \unitlength: picture. (line 4946)
-* \unlhd: Math symbols. (line 9853)
-* \unrhd: Math symbols. (line 9859)
-* \Uparrow: Math symbols. (line 9865)
-* \uparrow: Math symbols. (line 9869)
-* \Updownarrow: Math symbols. (line 9873)
-* \updownarrow: Math symbols. (line 9878)
-* \upharpoonright: Math symbols. (line 9883)
-* \uplus: Math symbols. (line 9888)
-* \upshape: Font styles. (line 1740)
-* \Upsilon: Math symbols. (line 9893)
-* \upsilon: Math symbols. (line 9896)
-* \usebox: \usebox. (line 12589)
-* \usecounter: \usecounter. (line 8191)
+ (line 10421)
+* \underbar: Accents. (line 14404)
+* \underbrace{MATH}: Over- or under math.
+ (line 11071)
+* \underline{MATH}: Over- or under math.
+ (line 11054)
+* \unitlength: picture. (line 4824)
+* \unlhd: Math symbols. (line 10238)
+* \unrhd: Math symbols. (line 10244)
+* \Uparrow: Math symbols. (line 10250)
+* \uparrow: Math symbols. (line 10254)
+* \Updownarrow: Math symbols. (line 10258)
+* \updownarrow: Math symbols. (line 10263)
+* \upharpoonright: Math symbols. (line 10268)
+* \uplus: Math symbols. (line 10273)
+* \upshape: Font styles. (line 1618)
+* \Upsilon: Math symbols. (line 10278)
+* \upsilon: Math symbols. (line 10281)
+* \usebox: \usebox. (line 13021)
+* \usecounter: \usecounter. (line 8576)
* \usefont: Low-level font commands.
- (line 2019)
-* \usepackage: Additional packages.
- (line 832)
+ (line 1897)
+* \usepackage: \usepackage. (line 1039)
* \UseTextAccent: \UseTextSymbol & \UseTextAccent.
- (line 1665)
+ (line 1543)
* \UseTextSymbol: \UseTextSymbol & \UseTextAccent.
- (line 1665)
-* \v (breve accent): Accents. (line 14007)
-* \value: \value. (line 8217)
-* \vanothing: Math symbols. (line 9904)
-* \varepsilon: Math symbols. (line 9899)
-* \varphi: Math symbols. (line 9909)
-* \varpi: Math symbols. (line 9913)
-* \varrho: Math symbols. (line 9917)
-* \varsigma: Math symbols. (line 9921)
-* \vartheta: Math symbols. (line 9925)
-* \vbox (plain TeX): minipage. (line 4817)
-* \vdash: Math symbols. (line 9929)
-* \vdots: Dots. (line 10416)
-* \vec: Math accents. (line 10651)
-* \vector: \vector. (line 5331)
-* \vee: Math symbols. (line 9933)
-* \verb: \verb. (line 6409)
-* \Vert: Math symbols. (line 9937)
-* \vert: Math symbols. (line 9941)
-* \vfill: \vfill. (line 12141)
-* \vline: \vline. (line 5965)
+ (line 1543)
+* \v (breve accent): Accents. (line 14444)
+* \value: \value. (line 8602)
+* \vanothing: Math symbols. (line 10289)
+* \varepsilon: Math symbols. (line 10284)
+* \varphi: Math symbols. (line 10294)
+* \varpi: Math symbols. (line 10298)
+* \varrho: Math symbols. (line 10302)
+* \varsigma: Math symbols. (line 10306)
+* \vartheta: Math symbols. (line 10310)
+* \vbox (plain TeX): minipage. (line 4695)
+* \vdash: Math symbols. (line 10314)
+* \vdots: Dots. (line 10801)
+* \vec: Math accents. (line 11036)
+* \vector: \vector. (line 5209)
+* \vee: Math symbols. (line 10318)
+* \verb: \verb. (line 6289)
+* \verb, as fragile command: \protect. (line 7856)
+* \Vert: Math symbols. (line 10322)
+* \vert: Math symbols. (line 10326)
+* \vfill: \vfill. (line 12573)
+* \vline: \vline. (line 5843)
* \vphantom: \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom.
- (line 10845)
-* \vspace: \vspace. (line 12090)
-* \vtop plain TeX: minipage. (line 4813)
-* \wedge: Math symbols. (line 9947)
-* \widehat: Math accents. (line 10654)
-* \widetilde: Math accents. (line 10657)
-* \wlog: \wlog. (line 16015)
-* \wp: Math symbols. (line 9951)
-* \wr: Math symbols. (line 9954)
-* \write: \write. (line 15844)
+ (line 11237)
+* \vspace: \vspace. (line 12522)
+* \vtop plain TeX: minipage. (line 4691)
+* \wedge: Math symbols. (line 10332)
+* \widehat: Math accents. (line 11039)
+* \widetilde: Math accents. (line 11042)
+* \wlog: \wlog. (line 16447)
+* \wp: Math symbols. (line 10336)
+* \wr: Math symbols. (line 10339)
+* \write: \write. (line 16276)
* \write and security: \write and security.
- (line 15945)
-* \write streams 16, 17, 18: \write. (line 15924)
-* \write18: \write18. (line 16033)
+ (line 16377)
+* \write streams 16, 17, 18: \write. (line 16356)
+* \write18: \write18. (line 16465)
* \write18, enabling: Command line options.
- (line 16208)
-* \Xi: Math symbols. (line 9957)
-* \xi: Math symbols. (line 9960)
-* \xspace: xspace package. (line 8056)
+ (line 16640)
+* \XeTeXdefaultencoding: inputenc package. (line 14581)
+* \XeTeXinputencoding: inputenc package. (line 14581)
+* \Xi: Math symbols. (line 10342)
+* \xi: Math symbols. (line 10345)
+* \xspace: xspace package. (line 7956)
* \year: \day & \month & \year.
- (line 8317)
-* \zeta: Math symbols. (line 9963)
-* \[...\] display math: displaymath. (line 3860)
-* \\ (for center): center. (line 3704)
-* \\ (for eqnarray): eqnarray. (line 4012)
-* \\ (for flushleft): flushleft. (line 4194)
-* \\ (for flushright): flushright. (line 4254)
-* \\ (for letters): Letters. (line 15409)
-* \\ (for tabular): tabular. (line 5736)
-* \\ (for verse): verse. (line 6475)
-* \\ (for \author): \maketitle. (line 11206)
-* \\ (for \shortstack objects): \shortstack. (line 5314)
-* \\ (for \title): \maketitle. (line 11227)
-* \\ (force line break): \\. (line 6513)
-* \\ (tabbing): tabbing. (line 5559)
-* \\* (for eqnarray): eqnarray. (line 4018)
-* \^: Reserved characters.
- (line 13617)
-* \^ (circumflex accent): Accents. (line 13954)
-* \_: Reserved characters.
- (line 13612)
-* \` (grave accent): Accents. (line 13958)
-* \` (tabbing): tabbing. (line 5586)
-* \{: Reserved characters.
- (line 13612)
-* \|: Math symbols. (line 9153)
-* \}: Reserved characters.
- (line 13612)
-* \~: Reserved characters.
- (line 13617)
-* \~ (tilde accent): Accents. (line 13962)
+ (line 8702)
+* \zeta: Math symbols. (line 10348)
+* & (for table cells): tabular. (line 5610)
+* & character, meaning of: Special characters.
+ (line 751)
+* # character, meaning of: Special characters.
+ (line 761)
+* % character, meaning of: Special characters.
+ (line 744)
+* ^ character, meaning of: Special characters.
+ (line 755)
* ^ superscript: Subscripts & superscripts.
- (line 9078)
-* ^^J, in \write: \write. (line 15932)
-* _ subscript: Subscripts & superscripts.
- (line 9078)
-* {...} (for required arguments): LaTeX command syntax.
- (line 597)
-* ~: ~. (line 11741)
+ (line 9463)
+* ^^J, in \write: \write. (line 16364)
+* ~: ~. (line 12171)
+* ~ character, meaning of: Special characters.
+ (line 765)
+* $ character, meaning of: Special characters.
+ (line 748)
+* $ inline math: math. (line 4638)
+* $$...$$ plain TeX display math: displaymath. (line 3744)
+* 10pt option: Document class options.
+ (line 948)
+* 11pt option: Document class options.
+ (line 948)
+* 12pt option: Document class options.
+ (line 948)
* a4paper option: Document class options.
- (line 746)
+ (line 953)
* a5paper option: Document class options.
- (line 746)
-* abstract environment: abstract. (line 3572)
-* abstract package: abstract. (line 3593)
-* abstracts: abstract. (line 3572)
-* accents: Accents. (line 13920)
+ (line 953)
+* abstract environment: abstract. (line 3450)
+* abstract package: abstract. (line 3471)
+* abstracts: abstract. (line 3450)
+* accents: Accents. (line 14357)
* accents, defining: \DeclareFontEncoding.
- (line 1386)
+ (line 1264)
* accents, defining <1>: \DeclareTextAccent.
- (line 1420)
+ (line 1298)
* accents, defining <2>: \DeclareTextAccentDefault.
- (line 1444)
+ (line 1322)
* accents, defining <3>: \DeclareTextComposite.
- (line 1553)
+ (line 1431)
* accents, defining <4>: \DeclareTextCompositeCommand.
- (line 1577)
+ (line 1455)
* accents, defining <5>: \DeclareTextSymbolDefault.
- (line 1622)
-* accents, mathematical: Math accents. (line 10617)
+ (line 1500)
+* accents, mathematical: Math accents. (line 11002)
+* accessibility: \DocumentMetadata. (line 847)
* accessing any character of a font: Symbols by font position.
- (line 13688)
-* acronyms, list of: Glossaries. (line 15230)
-* acute accent: Accents. (line 13943)
-* acute accent, math: Math accents. (line 10622)
-* additional packages, loading: Additional packages.
- (line 832)
-* adjustbox package: Boxes. (line 12221)
+ (line 14121)
+* acronyms, list of: Glossaries. (line 15662)
+* acute accent: Accents. (line 14380)
+* acute accent, math: Math accents. (line 11007)
+* additional packages, loading: \usepackage. (line 1039)
+* adjustbox package: Boxes. (line 12653)
* ae ligature: Additional Latin letters.
- (line 14067)
-* algorithm2e package: tabbing. (line 5639)
-* align environment, from amsmath: eqnarray. (line 3989)
-* aligning equations: eqnarray. (line 3989)
-* alignment via tabbing: tabbing. (line 5499)
-* amscd package: Arrows. (line 10022)
-* amsfonts package: Math formulas. (line 9067)
-* amsfonts package <1>: Arrows. (line 9987)
-* amsmath package: array. (line 3667)
-* amsmath package <1>: array. (line 3675)
-* amsmath package <2>: displaymath. (line 3856)
-* amsmath package <3>: equation. (line 4057)
-* amsmath package <4>: theorem. (line 6319)
-* amsmath package <5>: Math formulas. (line 9067)
-* amsmath package <6>: \left & \right. (line 10217)
+ (line 14504)
+* algorithm2e package: tabbing. (line 5517)
+* align environment, from amsmath: eqnarray. (line 3867)
+* aligning equations: eqnarray. (line 3867)
+* alignment via tabbing: tabbing. (line 5377)
+* alphabetic presentation forms Unicode block: Ligatures. (line 720)
+* ampersand character, meaning of: Special characters.
+ (line 751)
+* amscd package: Arrows. (line 10407)
+* amsfonts package: Math formulas. (line 9452)
+* amsfonts package <1>: Arrows. (line 10372)
+* amsmath package: array. (line 3545)
+* amsmath package <1>: array. (line 3553)
+* amsmath package <2>: displaymath. (line 3734)
+* amsmath package <3>: equation. (line 3935)
+* amsmath package <4>: theorem. (line 6197)
+* amsmath package <5>: Math formulas. (line 9452)
+* amsmath package <6>: \left & \right. (line 10602)
* amsmath package <7>: \bigl & \bigr etc..
- (line 10362)
-* amsmath package <8>: Dots. (line 10419)
-* amsmath package <9>: Math functions. (line 10606)
+ (line 10747)
+* amsmath package <8>: Dots. (line 10804)
+* amsmath package <9>: Math functions. (line 10991)
* amsmath package <10>: Spacing in math mode.
- (line 10727)
+ (line 11119)
* amsmath package <11>: \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom.
- (line 10895)
+ (line 11287)
* amsmath package <12>: Colon character & \colon.
- (line 11013)
+ (line 11405)
* amsmath package <13>: Colon character & \colon.
- (line 11017)
+ (line 11409)
* amsmath package <14>: \thinspace & \negthinspace.
- (line 11826)
-* amsmath package, replacing eqnarray: eqnarray. (line 3989)
-* amsthm package: theorem. (line 6319)
-* amsthm package <1>: \rule. (line 14179)
-* answers package: \write. (line 15937)
-* appendices: \appendix. (line 3077)
-* appendix: \appendix. (line 3077)
-* appendix package: \appendix. (line 3101)
+ (line 12258)
+* amsmath package, replacing eqnarray: eqnarray. (line 3867)
+* amsthm package: theorem. (line 6197)
+* amsthm package <1>: \rule. (line 14611)
+* answers package: \write. (line 16369)
+* appendices: \appendix. (line 2955)
+* appendix: \appendix. (line 2955)
+* appendix package: \appendix. (line 2979)
* arguments, optional, defining and using: \newcommand & \renewcommand.
- (line 7277)
+ (line 7171)
* aring: Additional Latin letters.
- (line 14063)
-* array environment: array. (line 3618)
-* array package: array. (line 3686)
-* arrays, math: array. (line 3618)
-* arrow, left, in text: Text symbols. (line 13859)
-* arrow, right, in text: Text symbols. (line 13900)
-* arrows: Arrows. (line 9987)
-* article class: Document classes. (line 703)
-* ascender height: Text symbols. (line 13805)
-* ASCII circumflex, in text: Text symbols. (line 13763)
-* ASCII tilde, in text: Text symbols. (line 13766)
-* asterisk, centered, in text: Text symbols. (line 13769)
-* Asymptote package: \line. (line 5185)
-* Asymptote package <1>: \strut. (line 12061)
-* Asymptote package <2>: \mbox & \makebox. (line 12294)
-* Asymptote package <3>: \write18. (line 16040)
-* at clause, in font definitions: \newfont. (line 7910)
-* at-sign: \@. (line 11610)
-* author, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 11206)
-* auxiliary file: Output files. (line 492)
+ (line 14500)
+* array environment: array. (line 3496)
+* array package: array. (line 3564)
+* arrays, math: array. (line 3496)
+* arrow, left, in text: Text symbols. (line 14296)
+* arrow, right, in text: Text symbols. (line 14337)
+* arrows: Arrows. (line 10372)
+* article class: Document classes. (line 907)
+* ascender height: Text symbols. (line 14242)
+* ASCII circumflex, in text: Text symbols. (line 14200)
+* ASCII tilde, in text: Text symbols. (line 14203)
+* asterisk, centered, in text: Text symbols. (line 14206)
+* Asymptote package: \line. (line 5063)
+* Asymptote package <1>: \strut. (line 12493)
+* Asymptote package <2>: \mbox & \makebox. (line 12726)
+* Asymptote package <3>: \write18. (line 16472)
+* at clause, in font definitions: \newfont. (line 7804)
+* at-sign: \@. (line 12035)
+* atenddvi package: \AtBeginDvi & \AtEndDvi.
+ (line 8023)
+* author, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 11598)
+* auxiliary file: Output files. (line 516)
* b5paper option: Document class options.
- (line 746)
-* babel package: \chapter. (line 2842)
-* babel package <1>: thebibliography. (line 6077)
-* babel package <2>: Accents. (line 13920)
-* babel package <3>: \today. (line 14209)
+ (line 953)
+* babel package: \chapter. (line 2720)
+* babel package <1>: thebibliography. (line 5955)
+* babel package <2>: Accents. (line 14357)
+* babel package <3>: \today. (line 14641)
* babel package <4>: Table of contents etc..
- (line 14582)
-* babel package <5>: \index. (line 14991)
+ (line 15014)
+* babel package <5>: \index. (line 15423)
* back matter of a book: \frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter.
- (line 3111)
-* background, colored: Colored pages. (line 12837)
-* backslash, in text: Text symbols. (line 13772)
-* badness: Page breaking. (line 6794)
-* bar, double vertical, in text: Text symbols. (line 13783)
-* bar, vertical, in text: Text symbols. (line 13780)
-* bar-over accent: Accents. (line 13950)
-* bar-over accent, math: Math accents. (line 10625)
-* bar-under accent: Accents. (line 13965)
-* basics of LaTeX: Overview. (line 404)
+ (line 2989)
+* background, colored: Colored pages. (line 14010)
+* backslash, in text: Text symbols. (line 14209)
+* backslash, meaning of: Special characters.
+ (line 736)
+* badness: Page breaking. (line 6682)
+* bar-over accent: Accents. (line 14387)
+* bar-over accent, math: Math accents. (line 11010)
+* bar-under accent: Accents. (line 14402)
+* bar, double vertical, in text: Text symbols. (line 14220)
+* bar, vertical, in text: Text symbols. (line 14217)
+* basics of LaTeX: Overview. (line 428)
* batchmode: Command line options.
- (line 16174)
-* beamer package: beamer template. (line 16411)
-* beamer template and class: beamer template. (line 16411)
-* beginning of document hook: \AtBeginDocument. (line 3890)
+ (line 16606)
+* beamer package: beamer template. (line 16843)
+* beamer template and class: beamer template. (line 16843)
+* beginning of document hook: \AtBeginDocument. (line 3768)
* bibliography format, open: Document class options.
- (line 794)
-* bibliography, creating (automatically): Using BibTeX. (line 6208)
-* bibliography, creating (manually): thebibliography. (line 6030)
+ (line 1001)
+* bibliography, creating (automatically): Using BibTeX. (line 6086)
+* bibliography, creating (manually): thebibliography. (line 5908)
* BibTeX error messages: BibTeX error messages.
- (line 6270)
-* bibTeX, using: Using BibTeX. (line 6208)
-* big circle symbols, in text: Text symbols. (line 13786)
-* big point: Units of length. (line 8450)
+ (line 6148)
+* bibTeX, using: Using BibTeX. (line 6086)
+* big circle symbols, in text: Text symbols. (line 14223)
+* big point: Units of length. (line 8835)
* bigfoot package: Footnotes of footnotes.
- (line 7213)
+ (line 7106)
* black boxes, omitting: Document class options.
- (line 780)
-* blackboard bold: Blackboard bold. (line 10099)
+ (line 987)
+* blackboard bold: Blackboard bold. (line 10484)
* blanks, after control sequences: \newcommand & \renewcommand.
- (line 7315)
-* bm package: bm. (line 10058)
-* bold font: Font styles. (line 1773)
-* bold math: Font styles. (line 1826)
-* bold typewriter, avoiding: description. (line 3814)
+ (line 7209)
+* bm package: bm. (line 10443)
+* bold font: Font styles. (line 1651)
+* bold math: Font styles. (line 1704)
+* bold typewriter, avoiding: description. (line 3692)
* boldface mathematics: \boldmath & \unboldmath.
- (line 10028)
-* book class: Document classes. (line 703)
+ (line 10413)
+* book class: Document classes. (line 907)
* book, back matter: \frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter.
- (line 3111)
+ (line 2989)
* book, end matter: \frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter.
- (line 3111)
+ (line 2989)
* book, front matter: \frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter.
- (line 3111)
+ (line 2989)
* book, main matter: \frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter.
- (line 3111)
-* bottomnumber: Floats. (line 2536)
-* bottomnumber <1>: Floats. (line 2537)
-* bounding box: \includegraphics. (line 13270)
-* box: \mbox & \makebox. (line 12227)
-* box, allocating new: \newsavebox. (line 7623)
-* box, bounding: \includegraphics. (line 13270)
-* box, colored: Colored boxes. (line 12800)
-* box, save: \sbox & \savebox. (line 12480)
-* box, use saved box: \usebox. (line 12589)
-* boxes: Boxes. (line 12218)
-* bp: Units of length. (line 8449)
-* brace, left, in text: Text symbols. (line 13789)
-* brace, right, in text: Text symbols. (line 13793)
-* braces: Delimiters. (line 10143)
-* brackets: Delimiters. (line 10143)
-* breaking lines: Line breaking. (line 6496)
-* breaking pages: Page breaking. (line 6789)
-* breaks, multiplication discretionary: \*. (line 11024)
-* breve accent: Accents. (line 14003)
-* breve accent, math: Math accents. (line 10628)
+ (line 2989)
+* bottomnumber: Floats. (line 2414)
+* bottomnumber <1>: Floats. (line 2415)
+* bounding box: \includegraphics. (line 13446)
+* box: \mbox & \makebox. (line 12659)
+* box, allocating new: \newsavebox. (line 7517)
+* box, bounding: \includegraphics. (line 13446)
+* box, colored: Colored boxes. (line 13973)
+* box, save: \sbox & \savebox. (line 12912)
+* box, use saved box: \usebox. (line 13021)
+* boxes: Boxes. (line 12650)
+* bp: Units of length. (line 8834)
+* brace, left, in text: Text symbols. (line 14226)
+* brace, right, in text: Text symbols. (line 14230)
+* braces: Delimiters. (line 10528)
+* braces, meaning of: Special characters.
+ (line 740)
+* brackets: Delimiters. (line 10528)
+* breaking lines: Line breaking. (line 6373)
+* breaking pages: Page breaking. (line 6677)
+* breaks, multiplication discretionary: \*. (line 11416)
+* breve accent: Accents. (line 14440)
+* breve accent, math: Math accents. (line 11013)
* bug reporting: About this document.
- (line 380)
-* bullet lists: itemize. (line 4295)
-* bullet symbol: Math symbols. (line 9243)
-* bullet, in text: Text symbols. (line 13797)
-* bulleted lists: itemize. (line 4295)
-* calligraphic fonts: Calligraphic. (line 10126)
-* calligraphic letters for math: Font styles. (line 1776)
-* cap height: Text symbols. (line 13805)
-* caption package: \caption. (line 2628)
-* captions: \caption. (line 2562)
-* caron accent: Accents. (line 14007)
+ (line 404)
+* bullet lists: itemize. (line 4172)
+* bullet symbol: Math symbols. (line 9628)
+* bullet, in text: Text symbols. (line 14234)
+* bulleted lists: itemize. (line 4172)
+* calligraphic fonts: Calligraphic. (line 10511)
+* calligraphic letters for math: Font styles. (line 1654)
+* cap height: Text symbols. (line 14242)
+* caption package: \caption. (line 2506)
+* captions: \caption. (line 2440)
+* caret character, meaning of: Special characters.
+ (line 755)
+* caron accent: Accents. (line 14444)
* catcode: \makeatletter & \makeatother.
- (line 7452)
+ (line 7346)
* category code, character: \makeatletter & \makeatother.
- (line 7452)
-* cc: Units of length. (line 8462)
-* cc list, in letters: \cc. (line 15470)
-* cedilla accent: Accents. (line 13975)
-* center environment: center. (line 3694)
-* centered asterisk, in text: Text symbols. (line 13769)
+ (line 7346)
+* cc: Units of length. (line 8847)
+* cc list, in letters: \cc. (line 15902)
+* cedilla accent: Accents. (line 14412)
+* center environment: center. (line 3572)
+* centered asterisk, in text: Text symbols. (line 14206)
* centered equations: Document class options.
- (line 784)
-* centered period, in text: Text symbols. (line 13872)
-* centering text, declaration for: \centering. (line 3742)
-* centering text, environment for: center. (line 3694)
-* centimeter: Units of length. (line 8457)
+ (line 991)
+* centered period, in text: Text symbols. (line 14309)
+* centering text, declaration for: \centering. (line 3620)
+* centering text, environment for: center. (line 3572)
+* centimeter: Units of length. (line 8842)
* changing case of characters: Upper and lower case.
- (line 13635)
-* chapter: Sectioning. (line 2636)
-* chapter <1>: \chapter. (line 2777)
-* chapter counter: Counters. (line 8117)
+ (line 14068)
+* chapter: Sectioning. (line 2514)
+* chapter <1>: \chapter. (line 2655)
+* chapter counter: Counters. (line 8502)
* character category code: \makeatletter & \makeatother.
- (line 7452)
-* character encoding: inputenc package. (line 14123)
+ (line 7346)
+* character encoding: Input encodings. (line 635)
* character, invisible: \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom.
- (line 10845)
-* character, invisible <1>: \mathstrut. (line 10908)
-* characters, accented: Accents. (line 13920)
+ (line 11237)
+* character, invisible <1>: \mathstrut. (line 11300)
+* characters, accented: Accents. (line 14357)
* characters, case of: Upper and lower case.
- (line 13635)
+ (line 14068)
* characters, non-English: Additional Latin letters.
- (line 14057)
-* characters, reserved: Reserved characters.
- (line 13605)
-* characters, special: Reserved characters.
- (line 13605)
-* check accent: Accents. (line 14007)
-* check accent, math: Math accents. (line 10631)
-* cicero: Units of length. (line 8463)
-* circle symbol, big, in text: Text symbols. (line 13786)
-* circled letter, in text: Text symbols. (line 13800)
-* circumflex accent: Accents. (line 13954)
-* circumflex accent, math: Math accents. (line 10643)
-* circumflex, ASCII, in text: Text symbols. (line 13763)
-* citation key: \bibitem. (line 6094)
+ (line 14494)
+* check accent: Accents. (line 14444)
+* check accent, math: Math accents. (line 11016)
+* cicero: Units of length. (line 8848)
+* circle symbol, big, in text: Text symbols. (line 14223)
+* circled letter, in text: Text symbols. (line 14237)
+* circumflex accent: Accents. (line 14391)
+* circumflex accent, math: Math accents. (line 11028)
+* circumflex, ASCII, in text: Text symbols. (line 14200)
+* citation key: \bibitem. (line 5972)
* class and package commands: Class and package commands.
- (line 918)
-* class and package difference: Class and package construction.
- (line 857)
+ (line 8008)
+* class and package difference: Class and package creation.
+ (line 1070)
* class and package structure: Class and package structure.
- (line 871)
+ (line 1091)
* class file example: Class and package structure.
- (line 904)
+ (line 1116)
* class file layout: Class and package structure.
- (line 871)
+ (line 1091)
+* Class Guide, document: Class and package structure.
+ (line 1130)
* class options: Document class options.
- (line 733)
+ (line 937)
* class options <1>: Class and package structure.
- (line 871)
-* class options <2>: Class and package commands.
- (line 978)
-* classes of documents: Document classes. (line 698)
-* cleveref package: Cross references. (line 3382)
-* cleveref package <1>: \ref. (line 3495)
-* cleveref package <2>: \footnotemark. (line 7094)
+ (line 1091)
+* class options <2>: \DeclareOption. (line 8108)
+* class writing tutorial document: Class and package structure.
+ (line 1130)
+* classes of documents: Document classes. (line 902)
+* cleveref package: Cross references. (line 3260)
+* cleveref package <1>: \ref. (line 3373)
+* cleveref package <2>: \footnotemark. (line 6976)
* CLI: Command line interface.
- (line 16109)
+ (line 16541)
* clock option to slides class: Document class options.
- (line 826)
-* closing letters: \closing. (line 15486)
-* closing quote: Text symbols. (line 13753)
-* cm: Units of length. (line 8456)
-* cm-super package: fontenc package. (line 1330)
-* cmd.exe, used by \write18: \write18. (line 16087)
-* code, typesetting: verbatim. (line 6366)
+ (line 1033)
+* closing letters: \closing. (line 15918)
+* closing quote: Text symbols. (line 14190)
+* clsguide document: Class and package structure.
+ (line 1130)
+* cm: Units of length. (line 8841)
+* cm-super package: fontenc package. (line 1208)
+* cmd.exe, used by \write18: \write18. (line 16519)
+* code, typesetting: verbatim. (line 6244)
* colon character: Colon character & \colon.
- (line 11004)
-* color: Color. (line 12602)
-* color <1>: Define colors. (line 12707)
-* color <2>: Colored text. (line 12729)
-* color <3>: Colored boxes. (line 12800)
-* color <4>: Colored pages. (line 12837)
-* color models: Color models. (line 12655)
+ (line 11396)
+* color: Color. (line 13775)
+* color <1>: Define colors. (line 13880)
+* color <2>: Colored text. (line 13902)
+* color <3>: Colored boxes. (line 13973)
+* color <4>: Colored pages. (line 14010)
+* color models: Color models. (line 13828)
* color package commands: Commands for color.
- (line 12702)
+ (line 13875)
* color package options: Color package options.
- (line 12617)
-* color, define: Define colors. (line 12707)
-* colored boxes: Colored boxes. (line 12800)
-* colored page: Colored pages. (line 12837)
-* colored text: Colored text. (line 12729)
+ (line 13790)
+* color, define: Define colors. (line 13880)
+* colored boxes: Colored boxes. (line 13973)
+* colored page: Colored pages. (line 14010)
+* colored text: Colored text. (line 13902)
* command line interface: Command line interface.
- (line 16109)
+ (line 16541)
* command syntax: LaTeX command syntax.
- (line 597)
+ (line 773)
* commands, class and package: Class and package commands.
- (line 918)
+ (line 8008)
* commands, defining new ones: \newcommand & \renewcommand.
- (line 7234)
-* commands, defining new ones <1>: \providecommand. (line 7411)
-* commands, document class: Class and package construction.
- (line 848)
+ (line 7127)
+* commands, defining new ones <1>: \providecommand. (line 7305)
+* commands, document class: Class and package creation.
+ (line 1065)
* commands, graphics package: Commands for graphics.
- (line 13149)
+ (line 13325)
* commands, ignore spaces: \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend.
- (line 7981)
-* commands, ignore spaces <1>: xspace package. (line 8056)
+ (line 7881)
+* commands, ignore spaces <1>: xspace package. (line 7956)
* commands, redefining: \newcommand & \renewcommand.
- (line 7234)
-* commands, run from LaTeX: \write18. (line 16033)
-* commands, star-variants: \@ifstar. (line 7486)
-* composite word mark, in text: Text symbols. (line 13805)
-* comprehensive package: Math symbols. (line 9141)
-* computer programs, typesetting: verbatim. (line 6366)
+ (line 7127)
+* commands, run from LaTeX: \write18. (line 16465)
+* commands, star-variants: \@ifstar. (line 7380)
+* composite word mark, in text: Text symbols. (line 14242)
+* comprehensive package: Math symbols. (line 9526)
+* computer programs, typesetting: verbatim. (line 6244)
* configuration, graphics package: Graphics package configuration.
- (line 12959)
-* contents file: Output files. (line 502)
-* control sequences: Control sequences. (line 7376)
-* control symbol, defined: Control sequences. (line 7387)
-* control word, defined: Control sequences. (line 7383)
-* copyright symbol: Text symbols. (line 13709)
-* counters, a list of: Counters. (line 8108)
-* counters, defining new: \newcounter. (line 7558)
-* counters, getting value of: \value. (line 8217)
+ (line 13135)
+* conflict between package options: \PassOptionsToClass & \PassOptionsToPackage.
+ (line 8314)
+* contents file: Output files. (line 526)
+* control sequences: Control sequences. (line 7270)
+* control symbol, defined: Control sequences. (line 7281)
+* control word, defined: Control sequences. (line 7277)
+* copyright symbol: Text symbols. (line 14142)
+* Cork encoding: fontenc package. (line 1229)
+* counters, a list of: Counters. (line 8493)
+* counters, defining new: \newcounter. (line 7452)
+* counters, getting value of: \value. (line 8602)
* counters, printing: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol.
- (line 8135)
-* counters, setting: \setcounter. (line 8250)
-* cprotect package: verbatim. (line 6385)
-* cprotect package <1>: \verb. (line 6448)
-* creating pictures: picture. (line 4924)
-* creating tables: table. (line 5648)
-* credit footnote: \maketitle. (line 11220)
-* cross references: Cross references. (line 3350)
-* cross references, resolving: Output files. (line 492)
-* cross referencing with page number: \pageref. (line 3448)
-* cross referencing, across documents: xr package. (line 3501)
-* cross referencing, symbolic: \ref. (line 3472)
-* CTAN: CTAN. (line 670)
-* curly braces: Delimiters. (line 10143)
-* currency, dollar: Text symbols. (line 13818)
-* currency, euro: Text symbols. (line 13830)
-* dagger, double, in text: Text symbols. (line 13815)
-* dagger, in text: Text symbols. (line 13712)
-* dagger, in text <1>: Text symbols. (line 13812)
-* DANTE e.V.: CTAN. (line 684)
-* datatool package: \read. (line 15760)
-* date, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 11214)
-* date, today’s: \today. (line 14202)
-* datetime package: \today. (line 14223)
-* dbltopnumber: Floats. (line 2540)
-* dbltopnumber <1>: Floats. (line 2541)
-* dcolumn package: array. (line 3686)
-* dd: Units of length. (line 8459)
-* declaration form of font size commands: Font sizes. (line 1860)
-* declaration form of font style commands: Font styles. (line 1705)
-* define color: Define colors. (line 12707)
+ (line 8520)
+* counters, setting: \setcounter. (line 8635)
+* cprotect package: verbatim. (line 6263)
+* cprotect package <1>: \verb. (line 6325)
+* cprotect package <2>: \protect. (line 7868)
+* creating pictures: picture. (line 4802)
+* creating tables: table. (line 5526)
+* credit footnote: \maketitle. (line 11612)
+* cross references: Cross references. (line 3228)
+* cross references, resolving: Output files. (line 516)
+* cross referencing with page number: \pageref. (line 3326)
+* cross referencing, across documents: xr package. (line 3379)
+* cross referencing, symbolic: \ref. (line 3350)
+* cross-references, page numbers in: \thepage. (line 11818)
+* CTAN: CTAN. (line 874)
+* curly braces: Delimiters. (line 10528)
+* curly braces, meaning of: Special characters.
+ (line 740)
+* currency, dollar: Text symbols. (line 14255)
+* currency, euro: Text symbols. (line 14267)
+* dagger, double, in text: Text symbols. (line 14252)
+* dagger, in text: Text symbols. (line 14145)
+* dagger, in text <1>: Text symbols. (line 14249)
+* DANTE e.V.: CTAN. (line 888)
+* datatool package: \read. (line 16192)
+* date of format, requiring: \NeedsTeXFormat. (line 8275)
+* date, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 11606)
+* date, today's: \today. (line 14634)
+* datetime package: \today. (line 14655)
+* dbltopnumber: Floats. (line 2418)
+* dbltopnumber <1>: Floats. (line 2419)
+* dcolumn package: array. (line 3564)
+* dd: Units of length. (line 8844)
+* declaration form of font size commands: Font sizes. (line 1738)
+* declaration form of font style commands: Font styles. (line 1583)
+* default option processing: \DeclareOption. (line 8120)
+* define color: Define colors. (line 13880)
* defining a new command: \newcommand & \renewcommand.
- (line 7234)
-* defining a new command <1>: \providecommand. (line 7411)
+ (line 7127)
+* defining a new command <1>: \providecommand. (line 7305)
* defining new environments: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment.
- (line 7651)
-* defining new fonts: \newfont. (line 7897)
-* defining new theorems: \newtheorem. (line 7785)
-* definitions: Definitions. (line 7229)
-* delayed \write: \write. (line 15903)
-* delimiters: Delimiters. (line 10143)
-* delimiters, paired: \left & \right. (line 10193)
-* delim_0: makeindex. (line 15159)
-* delim_1: makeindex. (line 15163)
-* delim_2: makeindex. (line 15167)
-* delim_n: makeindex. (line 15171)
-* delim_r: makeindex. (line 15175)
-* description: \newglossaryentry. (line 15318)
-* description environment: description. (line 3784)
-* description lists, creating: description. (line 3784)
-* design size, in font definitions: \newfont. (line 7910)
-* didot point: Units of length. (line 8460)
-* dieresis accent: Accents. (line 13939)
-* difference between class and package: Class and package construction.
- (line 857)
-* dimen plain TeX: Lengths. (line 8342)
-* directory listings, from system: \write18. (line 16092)
-* discretionary breaks, multiplication: \*. (line 11024)
-* discretionary hyphenation: \discretionary. (line 6673)
-* display math mode: Modes. (line 11104)
-* display style: Math styles. (line 10942)
+ (line 7545)
+* defining new fonts: \newfont. (line 7791)
+* defining new theorems: \newtheorem. (line 7679)
+* definitions: Definitions. (line 7122)
+* delayed \write: \write. (line 16335)
+* delim_0: makeindex. (line 15591)
+* delim_1: makeindex. (line 15595)
+* delim_2: makeindex. (line 15599)
+* delim_n: makeindex. (line 15603)
+* delim_r: makeindex. (line 15607)
+* delimiters: Delimiters. (line 10528)
+* delimiters, paired: \left & \right. (line 10578)
+* description: \newglossaryentry. (line 15750)
+* description environment: description. (line 3662)
+* description lists, creating: description. (line 3662)
+* design size, in font definitions: \newfont. (line 7804)
+* didot point: Units of length. (line 8845)
+* dieresis accent: Accents. (line 14376)
+* difference between class and package: Class and package creation.
+ (line 1070)
+* dimen plain TeX: Lengths. (line 8727)
+* directory listings, from system: \write18. (line 16524)
+* discretionary breaks, multiplication: \*. (line 11416)
+* discretionary hyphenation: \discretionary. (line 6561)
+* display math mode: Modes. (line 11496)
+* display style: Math styles. (line 11334)
* displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation: quotation & quote.
- (line 5469)
+ (line 5347)
* displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation: quotation & quote.
- (line 5469)
-* displaymath environment: displaymath. (line 3840)
-* displaymath environment <1>: Math formulas. (line 9012)
-* document class commands: Class and package construction.
- (line 848)
+ (line 5347)
+* displaymath environment: displaymath. (line 3718)
+* displaymath environment <1>: Math formulas. (line 9397)
+* document class commands: Class and package creation.
+ (line 1065)
* document class options: Document class options.
- (line 733)
+ (line 937)
* document class, defined: Starting and ending.
- (line 444)
-* document classes: Document classes. (line 698)
-* document environment: document. (line 3884)
-* document root name: Jobname. (line 16301)
+ (line 468)
+* document classes: Document classes. (line 902)
+* document environment: document. (line 3762)
+* document root name: Jobname. (line 16733)
* document templates: Document templates.
- (line 16404)
-* dollar sign: Text symbols. (line 13818)
-* dot accent: Accents. (line 13946)
-* dot over accent, math: Math accents. (line 10637)
-* dot-over accent: Accents. (line 13946)
-* dot-under accent: Accents. (line 13979)
-* dotless i: Accents. (line 13933)
-* dotless i, math: Math symbols. (line 9390)
-* dotless j: Accents. (line 13933)
-* dotless j, math: Math symbols. (line 9410)
-* dots: Dots. (line 10387)
-* double angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 13727)
-* double dagger, in text: Text symbols. (line 13715)
-* double dagger, in text <1>: Text symbols. (line 13815)
-* double dot accent, math: Math accents. (line 10634)
-* double guillemets: Text symbols. (line 13727)
-* double left quote: Text symbols. (line 13878)
-* double low-9 quotation mark: Text symbols. (line 13750)
-* double quote, straight base: Text symbols. (line 13894)
-* double right quote: Text symbols. (line 13881)
+ (line 16836)
+* documentmetadata-support-doc document: \DocumentMetadata. (line 857)
+* dollar sign: Text symbols. (line 14255)
+* dollar sign character, meaning of: Special characters.
+ (line 748)
+* dot accent: Accents. (line 14383)
+* dot over accent, math: Math accents. (line 11022)
+* dot-over accent: Accents. (line 14383)
+* dot-under accent: Accents. (line 14416)
+* dotless i: Accents. (line 14370)
+* dotless i, math: Math symbols. (line 9775)
+* dotless j: Accents. (line 14370)
+* dotless j, math: Math symbols. (line 9795)
+* dots: Dots. (line 10772)
+* double angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 14162)
+* double dagger, in text: Text symbols. (line 14148)
+* double dagger, in text <1>: Text symbols. (line 14252)
+* double dot accent, math: Math accents. (line 11019)
+* double guillemets: Text symbols. (line 14162)
+* double left quote: Text symbols. (line 14315)
+* double low-9 quotation mark: Text symbols. (line 14187)
+* double quotation marks, as ligatures: Ligatures. (line 680)
+* double quote, straight base: Text symbols. (line 14331)
+* double right quote: Text symbols. (line 14318)
* double spacing: \baselineskip & \baselinestretch.
- (line 2318)
-* double vertical bar, in text: Text symbols. (line 13783)
-* doublestruck: Blackboard bold. (line 10099)
+ (line 2196)
+* double vertical bar, in text: Text symbols. (line 14220)
+* doublestruck: Blackboard bold. (line 10484)
* draft option: Document class options.
- (line 776)
-* dvilualatex-dev: TeX engines. (line 568)
-* dvipdfmx command: Output files. (line 469)
-* dvips command: Output files. (line 469)
-* dvitype command: Output files. (line 469)
-* e-dash: Text symbols. (line 13827)
-* e-TeX: TeX engines. (line 521)
-* ellipses: Dots. (line 10387)
-* ellipsis: Text symbols. (line 13733)
-* ellipsis, in Unicode (U+2026): Dots. (line 10447)
-* ellipsis, traditional (three periods): Dots. (line 10447)
-* em: Units of length. (line 8476)
-* em <1>: Units of length. (line 8475)
-* em-dash: Text symbols. (line 13821)
-* em-dash, three-quarters: Text symbols. (line 13903)
-* em-dash, two-thirds: Text symbols. (line 13909)
-* emphasis: Font styles. (line 1757)
-* enclosure list: \encl. (line 15499)
+ (line 983)
+* dvilualatex-dev: TeX engines. (line 599)
+* dvipdfmx command: Output files. (line 493)
+* dvips command: Output files. (line 493)
+* dvitype command: Output files. (line 493)
+* e-dash: Text symbols. (line 14264)
+* e-TeX: TeX engines. (line 545)
+* e-TeX, and robust commands: \DeclareRobustCommand.
+ (line 8173)
+* ellipses: Dots. (line 10772)
+* ellipsis: Text symbols. (line 14170)
+* ellipsis, in Unicode (U+2026): Dots. (line 10832)
+* ellipsis, traditional (three periods): Dots. (line 10832)
+* em: Units of length. (line 8860)
+* em <1>: Units of length. (line 8861)
+* em-dash: Text symbols. (line 14258)
+* em-dash, as ligature: Ligatures. (line 680)
+* em-dash, three-quarters: Text symbols. (line 14340)
+* em-dash, two-thirds: Text symbols. (line 14346)
+* emphasis: Font styles. (line 1635)
+* en-dash, as ligature: Ligatures. (line 680)
+* enclosure list: \encl. (line 15931)
* encoding, font: \DeclareFontEncoding.
- (line 1386)
-* encoding, of input files: inputenc package. (line 14123)
+ (line 1264)
+* encodings, input: Input encodings. (line 635)
* end matter of a book: \frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter.
- (line 3111)
-* end of document hook: \AtEndDocument. (line 3906)
+ (line 2989)
+* end of document hook: \AtEndDocument. (line 3784)
* ending and starting: Starting and ending.
- (line 433)
-* engines, TeX: TeX engines. (line 511)
-* enlarge current page: \enlargethispage. (line 6895)
-* enumerate environment: enumerate. (line 3922)
-* enumi counter: Counters. (line 8117)
-* enumii counter: Counters. (line 8117)
-* enumiii counter: Counters. (line 8117)
-* enumitem package: itemize. (line 4355)
-* enumitem package <1>: list. (line 4654)
-* enumiv counter: Counters. (line 8117)
+ (line 457)
+* engines, TeX: TeX engines. (line 535)
+* enlarge current page: \enlargethispage. (line 6783)
+* enumerate environment: enumerate. (line 3800)
+* enumi counter: Counters. (line 8502)
+* enumii counter: Counters. (line 8502)
+* enumiii counter: Counters. (line 8502)
+* enumitem package: itemize. (line 4232)
+* enumitem package <1>: list. (line 4532)
+* enumiv counter: Counters. (line 8502)
* environment: Starting and ending.
- (line 452)
-* environment form of font size commands: Font sizes. (line 1883)
-* environment, abstract: abstract. (line 3572)
-* environment, array: array. (line 3618)
-* environment, center: center. (line 3694)
-* environment, description: description. (line 3784)
-* environment, displaymath: displaymath. (line 3840)
-* environment, displaymath <1>: Math formulas. (line 9012)
-* environment, document: document. (line 3884)
-* environment, enumerate: enumerate. (line 3922)
-* environment, eqnarray: eqnarray. (line 3989)
-* environment, equation: equation. (line 4043)
-* environment, equation <1>: Math formulas. (line 9012)
-* environment, figure: figure. (line 4063)
-* environment, filecontents: filecontents. (line 4121)
-* environment, filecontents*: filecontents. (line 4121)
-* environment, flushleft: flushleft. (line 4186)
-* environment, flushright: flushright. (line 4248)
-* environment, itemize: itemize. (line 4295)
-* environment, letter: letter. (line 4383)
-* environment, list: list. (line 4388)
-* environment, math: math. (line 4754)
-* environment, math <1>: Math formulas. (line 9012)
-* environment, minipage: minipage. (line 4766)
-* environment, picture: picture. (line 4924)
-* environment, quotation: quotation & quote. (line 5469)
-* environment, quote: quotation & quote. (line 5469)
-* environment, sloppypar: sloppypar. (line 6710)
-* environment, tabbing: tabbing. (line 5499)
-* environment, table: table. (line 5648)
-* environment, tabular: tabular. (line 5706)
-* environment, thebibliography: thebibliography. (line 6030)
+ (line 476)
+* environment form of font size commands: Font sizes. (line 1761)
+* environment, abstract: abstract. (line 3450)
+* environment, array: array. (line 3496)
+* environment, center: center. (line 3572)
+* environment, description: description. (line 3662)
+* environment, displaymath: displaymath. (line 3718)
+* environment, displaymath <1>: Math formulas. (line 9397)
+* environment, document: document. (line 3762)
+* environment, enumerate: enumerate. (line 3800)
+* environment, eqnarray: eqnarray. (line 3867)
+* environment, equation: equation. (line 3921)
+* environment, equation <1>: Math formulas. (line 9397)
+* environment, figure: figure. (line 3941)
+* environment, filecontents: filecontents. (line 3999)
+* environment, filecontents*: filecontents. (line 3999)
+* environment, flushleft: flushleft. (line 4064)
+* environment, flushright: flushright. (line 4126)
+* environment, itemize: itemize. (line 4172)
+* environment, letter: letter. (line 4261)
+* environment, list: list. (line 4266)
+* environment, math: math. (line 4632)
+* environment, math <1>: Math formulas. (line 9397)
+* environment, minipage: minipage. (line 4644)
+* environment, picture: picture. (line 4802)
+* environment, quotation: quotation & quote. (line 5347)
+* environment, quote: quotation & quote. (line 5347)
+* environment, sloppypar: sloppypar. (line 6598)
+* environment, tabbing: tabbing. (line 5377)
+* environment, table: table. (line 5526)
+* environment, tabular: tabular. (line 5584)
+* environment, thebibliography: thebibliography. (line 5908)
* environment, theindex: Produce the index manually.
- (line 14915)
-* environment, theorem: theorem. (line 6297)
-* environment, theorem-like: \newtheorem. (line 7785)
-* environment, titlepage: titlepage. (line 6327)
-* environment, verbatim: verbatim. (line 6366)
-* environment, verse: verse. (line 6460)
-* environments: Environments. (line 3555)
+ (line 15347)
+* environment, theorem: theorem. (line 6175)
+* environment, theorem-like: \newtheorem. (line 7679)
+* environment, titlepage: titlepage. (line 6205)
+* environment, verbatim: verbatim. (line 6244)
+* environment, verse: verse. (line 6337)
+* environments: Environments. (line 3433)
* environments, defining: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment.
- (line 7651)
-* envlab package: \makelabels. (line 15573)
-* EPS files: \includegraphics. (line 13155)
-* eqnarray environment: eqnarray. (line 3989)
-* equation counter: Counters. (line 8117)
-* equation environment: equation. (line 4043)
-* equation environment <1>: Math formulas. (line 9012)
-* equation number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 3472)
+ (line 7545)
+* envlab package: \makelabels. (line 16005)
+* EPS files: \includegraphics. (line 13331)
+* eqnarray environment: eqnarray. (line 3867)
+* equation counter: Counters. (line 8502)
+* equation environment: equation. (line 3921)
+* equation environment <1>: Math formulas. (line 9397)
+* equation number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 3350)
* equation numbers, left vs. right: Document class options.
- (line 790)
-* equation numbers, omitting: eqnarray. (line 4022)
-* equations, aligning: eqnarray. (line 3989)
-* equations, environment for: equation. (line 4043)
+ (line 997)
+* equation numbers, omitting: eqnarray. (line 3900)
+* equations, aligning: eqnarray. (line 3867)
+* equations, environment for: equation. (line 3921)
* equations, flush left vs. centered: Document class options.
- (line 784)
+ (line 991)
* error messages, from BibTeX: BibTeX error messages.
- (line 6270)
+ (line 6148)
* errorstopmode: Command line options.
- (line 16174)
+ (line 16606)
* es-zet German letter: Additional Latin letters.
- (line 14103)
-* etex command: TeX engines. (line 521)
+ (line 14540)
+* escaping special characters: Printing special characters.
+ (line 14037)
+* etex command: TeX engines. (line 545)
* eth, Icelandic letter: Additional Latin letters.
- (line 14071)
-* etoolbox package: Class and package commands.
- (line 1022)
-* euro symbol: Text symbols. (line 13830)
-* eurosym package: Text symbols. (line 13830)
-* eurosym package <1>: Text symbols. (line 13831)
-* ex: Units of length. (line 8472)
-* ex <1>: Units of length. (line 8471)
-* exclamation point, upside-down: Text symbols. (line 13838)
+ (line 14508)
+* etoolbox package: \DeclareRobustCommand.
+ (line 8173)
+* euro symbol: Text symbols. (line 14267)
+* eurosym package: Text symbols. (line 14267)
+* eurosym package <1>: Text symbols. (line 14268)
+* ex: Units of length. (line 8856)
+* ex <1>: Units of length. (line 8857)
+* exclamation point, upside-down: Text symbols. (line 14275)
+* exclamation points, ending a sentence: \@. (line 12068)
* executivepaper option: Document class options.
- (line 746)
+ (line 953)
* expl3 package: LaTeX command syntax.
- (line 626)
+ (line 803)
* expl3 package <1>: Upper and lower case.
- (line 13677)
+ (line 14110)
* exponent: Subscripts & superscripts.
- (line 9078)
-* expressions: Expressions. (line 8672)
+ (line 9463)
+* expressions: Expressions. (line 9057)
* extended Latin: Additional Latin letters.
- (line 14057)
-* external commands: \write18. (line 16033)
-* external files, writing: filecontents. (line 4121)
-* fallback jobname: Jobname. (line 16322)
+ (line 14494)
+* external commands: \write18. (line 16465)
+* external files, writing: filecontents. (line 3999)
+* f-ligatures: Ligatures. (line 680)
+* fallback jobname: Jobname. (line 16754)
* families, of fonts: Low-level font commands.
- (line 1914)
-* fancyhdr package: Page styles. (line 11163)
-* fancyhdr package <1>: \pagestyle. (line 11306)
-* fancyvrb package: tabbing. (line 5639)
-* fancyvrb package <1>: verbatim. (line 6401)
-* feminine ordinal symbol: Text symbols. (line 13869)
-* figure counter: Counters. (line 8117)
-* figure dash character: Text symbols. (line 13841)
-* figure environment: figure. (line 4063)
-* figure number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 3472)
-* figures, footnotes in: minipage. (line 4867)
-* figures, inserting: figure. (line 4063)
+ (line 1792)
+* fancyhdr package: Page styles. (line 11555)
+* fancyhdr package <1>: \pagestyle. (line 11706)
+* fancyvrb package: tabbing. (line 5517)
+* fancyvrb package <1>: verbatim. (line 6279)
+* feminine ordinal symbol: Text symbols. (line 14306)
+* figure counter: Counters. (line 8502)
+* figure dash character: Text symbols. (line 14278)
+* figure environment: figure. (line 3941)
+* figure number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 3350)
+* figures, footnotes in: minipage. (line 4745)
+* figures, inserting: figure. (line 3941)
* file, closing: \openin & \openout.
- (line 15671)
+ (line 16103)
* file, opening: \openin & \openout.
- (line 15671)
-* file, reading: \read. (line 15735)
+ (line 16103)
+* file, reading: \read. (line 16167)
* file, root: Splitting the input.
- (line 14237)
-* file, root <1>: Jobname. (line 16301)
-* filecontents environment: filecontents. (line 4121)
-* filecontents* environment: filecontents. (line 4121)
+ (line 14669)
+* file, root <1>: Jobname. (line 16733)
+* filecontents environment: filecontents. (line 3999)
+* filecontents* environment: filecontents. (line 3999)
* filename for current job: Command line options.
- (line 16190)
+ (line 16622)
* final option: Document class options.
- (line 776)
+ (line 983)
* first-latex-doc document: About this document.
- (line 392)
-* fixed-width font: Font styles. (line 1794)
-* flafter package: Floats. (line 2488)
+ (line 417)
+* fixed-width font: Font styles. (line 1672)
+* flafter package: Floats. (line 2366)
* fleqn option: Document class options.
- (line 776)
-* float package: Floats. (line 2458)
-* float page: Floats. (line 2464)
+ (line 983)
+* float package: Floats. (line 2336)
+* float page: Floats. (line 2342)
* flush left equations: Document class options.
- (line 784)
+ (line 991)
* flushing floats and starting a page: \clearpage & \cleardoublepage.
- (line 6820)
-* flushleft environment: flushleft. (line 4186)
-* flushright environment: flushright. (line 4248)
+ (line 6708)
+* flushleft environment: flushleft. (line 4064)
+* flushright environment: flushright. (line 4126)
* font catalogue: Low-level font commands.
- (line 1914)
+ (line 1792)
* font commands, low-level: Low-level font commands.
- (line 1899)
-* font dimension, slant: \/. (line 11869)
-* font encoding: fontenc package. (line 1300)
+ (line 1777)
+* font dimension, slant: \/. (line 12301)
+* font encoding: fontenc package. (line 1178)
* font encoding <1>: \DeclareTextAccent.
- (line 1420)
+ (line 1298)
* font encoding, declaring: \DeclareFontEncoding.
- (line 1386)
+ (line 1264)
* font size: Low-level font commands.
- (line 1994)
-* font sizes: Font sizes. (line 1842)
-* font styles: Font styles. (line 1703)
+ (line 1872)
+* font sizes: Font sizes. (line 1720)
+* font styles: Font styles. (line 1581)
* font symbols, by number: Symbols by font position.
- (line 13688)
-* fontenc: fontenc package. (line 1300)
-* fonts: Fonts. (line 1263)
-* fonts, new commands for: \newfont. (line 7897)
-* fonts, script: Calligraphic. (line 10126)
-* fontspec package: fontenc package. (line 1311)
+ (line 14121)
+* fontenc: fontenc package. (line 1178)
+* fonts: Fonts. (line 1141)
+* fonts, new commands for: \newfont. (line 7791)
+* fonts, script: Calligraphic. (line 10511)
+* fontspec package: fontenc package. (line 1189)
* fontspec package <1>: OpenType bold math.
- (line 10073)
-* footer style: \pagestyle. (line 11299)
+ (line 10458)
+* footer style: \pagestyle. (line 11699)
* footer, parameters for: Page layout parameters.
- (line 2185)
-* footnote counter: Counters. (line 8117)
-* footnote number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 3472)
-* footnote parameters: \footnote. (line 7014)
+ (line 2063)
+* footnote counter: Counters. (line 8502)
+* footnote number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 3350)
+* footnote parameters: \footnote. (line 6902)
* footnote, in a table: Footnotes in a table.
- (line 7143)
+ (line 7036)
* footnote, in section headings: Footnotes in section headings.
- (line 7124)
+ (line 7017)
* footnote, of a footnote: Footnotes of footnotes.
- (line 7213)
-* footnotes in figures: minipage. (line 4867)
-* footnotes, creating: Footnotes. (line 6967)
-* footnotes, in a minipage: \footnote. (line 7042)
-* footnotes, symbols instead of numbers: \footnote. (line 7004)
-* force option for filecontents: filecontents. (line 4146)
-* format files, TeX: TeX engines. (line 511)
-* formulas, environment for: equation. (line 4043)
-* formulas, math: Math formulas. (line 9012)
-* forward reference: Cross references. (line 3371)
-* forward references, resolving: Output files. (line 492)
-* fraction: \frac. (line 11040)
-* fragile commands: \protect. (line 7929)
-* frame rule width: \fbox & \framebox. (line 12348)
-* frame, line width: \fbox & \framebox. (line 12348)
-* frame, separation from contents: \fbox & \framebox. (line 12353)
-* French quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 13727)
+ (line 7106)
+* footnotes in figures: minipage. (line 4745)
+* footnotes, creating: Footnotes. (line 6854)
+* footnotes, in a minipage: \footnote. (line 6934)
+* footnotes, symbols instead of numbers: \footnote. (line 6892)
+* force option for filecontents: filecontents. (line 4024)
+* format files, TeX: TeX engines. (line 535)
+* format, requiring: \NeedsTeXFormat. (line 8275)
+* formulas, environment for: equation. (line 3921)
+* formulas, math: Math formulas. (line 9397)
+* forward reference: Cross references. (line 3249)
+* forward references, resolving: Output files. (line 516)
+* fraction: \frac. (line 11432)
+* fragile commands: \protect. (line 7823)
+* frame rule width: \fbox & \framebox. (line 12780)
+* frame, line width: \fbox & \framebox. (line 12780)
+* frame, separation from contents: \fbox & \framebox. (line 12785)
+* French quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 14162)
* front matter of a book: \frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter.
- (line 3111)
-* functions, math: Math functions. (line 10501)
+ (line 2989)
+* functions, math: Math functions. (line 10886)
* geometry package: Document class options.
- (line 767)
-* geometry package <1>: Document class options.
- (line 771)
+ (line 974)
* global options: Document class options.
- (line 733)
-* global options <1>: Additional packages.
- (line 841)
-* glossaries: Glossaries. (line 15230)
-* glossary: Glossaries. (line 15230)
-* glossary, entries: \newglossaryentry. (line 15278)
-* glossary, entry reference: \gls. (line 15337)
-* glue plain TeX: Lengths. (line 8342)
-* glue register, plain TeX: \newlength. (line 7599)
-* graphics: Graphics. (line 12858)
+ (line 937)
+* global options <1>: \usepackage. (line 1058)
+* global options <2>: \ProcessOptions. (line 8360)
+* glossaries: Glossaries. (line 15662)
+* glossary: Glossaries. (line 15662)
+* glossary, entries: \newglossaryentry. (line 15710)
+* glossary, entry reference: \gls. (line 15769)
+* glue plain TeX: Lengths. (line 8727)
+* glue register, plain TeX: \newlength. (line 7493)
+* graphics: Graphics. (line 13034)
* graphics <1>: Graphics package configuration.
- (line 12959)
-* graphics <2>: \includegraphics. (line 13155)
-* graphics package: Graphics. (line 12858)
+ (line 13135)
+* graphics <2>: \includegraphics. (line 13331)
+* graphics package: Graphics. (line 13034)
* graphics package <1>: Graphics package configuration.
- (line 12959)
-* graphics package <2>: \includegraphics. (line 13155)
+ (line 13135)
+* graphics package <2>: \includegraphics. (line 13331)
* graphics package commands: Commands for graphics.
- (line 13149)
+ (line 13325)
* graphics package options: Graphics package options.
- (line 12895)
-* graphics packages: \line. (line 5185)
-* graphics, resizing: \scalebox. (line 13538)
-* graphics, resizing <1>: \resizebox. (line 13570)
-* graphics, scaling: \scalebox. (line 13538)
-* graphics, scaling <1>: \resizebox. (line 13570)
-* graphpap package: \graphpaper. (line 5137)
-* grave accent: Accents. (line 13958)
-* grave accent, math: Math accents. (line 10640)
-* greater than symbol, in text: Text symbols. (line 13848)
-* greek letters: Math symbols. (line 9141)
-* Greek letters: Greek letters. (line 10458)
+ (line 13071)
+* graphics packages: \line. (line 5063)
+* graphics, resizing: \scalebox. (line 13714)
+* graphics, resizing <1>: \resizebox. (line 13746)
+* graphics, scaling: \scalebox. (line 13714)
+* graphics, scaling <1>: \resizebox. (line 13746)
+* graphpap package: \graphpaper. (line 5015)
+* grave accent: Accents. (line 14395)
+* grave accent, math: Math accents. (line 11025)
+* greater than symbol, in text: Text symbols. (line 14285)
+* greek letters: Math symbols. (line 9526)
+* Greek letters: Greek letters. (line 10843)
* grfext package: \DeclareGraphicsExtensions.
- (line 13067)
-* group, and environments: Environments. (line 3567)
-* group_skip: makeindex. (line 15108)
-* hacek accent: Accents. (line 14007)
-* Halmos symbol: \rule. (line 14174)
-* hard space: ~. (line 11741)
-* hat accent: Accents. (line 13954)
-* hat accent, math: Math accents. (line 10643)
-* header style: \pagestyle. (line 11299)
+ (line 13243)
+* group_skip: makeindex. (line 15540)
+* group, and environments: Environments. (line 3445)
+* guillemots, birds: Text symbols. (line 14162)
+* hacek accent: Accents. (line 14444)
+* háček accent, math: Math accents. (line 11016)
+* Halmos symbol: \rule. (line 14606)
+* hard space: ~. (line 12171)
+* hash character (#), meaning of: Special characters.
+ (line 761)
+* hat accent: Accents. (line 14391)
+* hat accent, math: Math accents. (line 11028)
+* hat character, meaning of: Special characters.
+ (line 755)
+* header style: \pagestyle. (line 11699)
* header, parameters for: Page layout parameters.
- (line 2185)
+ (line 2063)
* hello, world: Starting and ending.
- (line 433)
-* here, putting floats: Floats. (line 2458)
+ (line 457)
+* here, putting floats: Floats. (line 2336)
+* hilatex: TeX engines. (line 584)
+* HINT format: TeX engines. (line 585)
+* HiTeX: TeX engines. (line 585)
* home page for manual: About this document.
- (line 362)
-* horizontal bar character: Text symbols. (line 13851)
+ (line 386)
+* horizontal bar character: Text symbols. (line 14288)
* horizontal paragraph indentation: \parindent & \parskip.
- (line 8930)
-* horizontal space: \hss. (line 11526)
-* horizontal space, stretchable: \hss. (line 11526)
+ (line 9315)
+* horizontal space: \hss. (line 11950)
+* horizontal space, stretchable: \hss. (line 11950)
* horizontal spacing: \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom.
- (line 10845)
-* hungarian umlaut accent: Accents. (line 13983)
-* hyperref package: \footnotemark. (line 7094)
-* hyperref package <1>: \footnotemark. (line 7103)
-* hyperref package <2>: \pagenumbering. (line 11281)
-* hyperref package <3>: \contentsline. (line 14791)
+ (line 11237)
+* hungarian umlaut accent: Accents. (line 14420)
+* hyperref package: \footnotemark. (line 6976)
+* hyperref package <1>: \footnotemark. (line 6985)
+* hyperref package <2>: \pagenumbering. (line 11669)
+* hyperref package <3>: \contentsline. (line 15223)
* hyperref package <4>: Command line input.
- (line 16245)
-* hyphen character, non-breaking: Text symbols. (line 13862)
-* hyphenation, defining: \hyphenation. (line 6738)
-* hyphenation, discretionary: \discretionary. (line 6673)
-* hyphenation, forcing: \- (hyphenation). (line 6639)
-* hyphenation, preventing: \mbox & \makebox. (line 12227)
-* háček accent, math: Math accents. (line 10631)
+ (line 16677)
+* hyphen character, non-breaking: Text symbols. (line 14299)
+* hyphenation, defining: \hyphenation. (line 6626)
+* hyphenation, discretionary: \discretionary. (line 6561)
+* hyphenation, forcing: \- (hyphenation). (line 6516)
+* hyphenation, preventing: \mbox & \makebox. (line 12659)
* Icelandic eth: Additional Latin letters.
- (line 14071)
+ (line 14508)
* Icelandic thorn: Additional Latin letters.
- (line 14107)
-* idx file: \index. (line 15041)
+ (line 14544)
+* idx file: \index. (line 15473)
* ij letter, Dutch: Additional Latin letters.
- (line 14083)
-* immediate \write: \write. (line 15898)
-* implementations of TeX: TeX engines. (line 511)
-* importing graphics: \includegraphics. (line 13155)
-* in: Units of length. (line 8446)
-* inch: Units of length. (line 8447)
-* including graphics: \includegraphics. (line 13155)
+ (line 14520)
+* immediate \write: \write. (line 16330)
+* implementations of TeX: TeX engines. (line 535)
+* importing graphics: \includegraphics. (line 13331)
+* in: Units of length. (line 8831)
+* inch: Units of length. (line 8832)
+* including graphics: \includegraphics. (line 13331)
+* indent_length: makeindex. (line 15619)
+* indent_space: makeindex. (line 15615)
* indent, forcing: \indent & \noindent.
- (line 8881)
-* indentation of paragraphs, in minipage: minipage. (line 4863)
-* indentfirst package: \part. (line 2767)
-* indentfirst package <1>: \chapter. (line 2829)
-* indentfirst package <2>: \section. (line 2924)
-* indentfirst package <3>: \subsection. (line 2990)
+ (line 9266)
+* indentation of paragraphs, in minipage: minipage. (line 4741)
+* indentfirst package: \part. (line 2645)
+* indentfirst package <1>: \chapter. (line 2707)
+* indentfirst package <2>: \section. (line 2802)
+* indentfirst package <3>: \subsection. (line 2868)
* indentfirst package <4>: \subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph.
- (line 3065)
+ (line 2943)
* indentfirst package <5>: \indent & \noindent.
- (line 8923)
-* indent_length: makeindex. (line 15187)
-* indent_space: makeindex. (line 15183)
-* index entries, subentries: \index. (line 14959)
-* index entries, ‘see’ and ‘see also’: \index. (line 14991)
-* index entry: \index. (line 14939)
-* index package: \index. (line 15036)
-* index, multiple: Indexes. (line 14902)
-* index, page range: \index. (line 14975)
-* index, printing: \printindex. (line 15215)
-* index, processing: makeindex. (line 15056)
+ (line 9308)
+* index entries, 'see' and 'see also': \index. (line 15423)
+* index entries, subentries: \index. (line 15391)
+* index entry: \index. (line 15371)
+* index package: \index. (line 15468)
+* index, multiple: Indexes. (line 15334)
+* index, page range: \index. (line 15407)
+* index, printing: \printindex. (line 15647)
+* index, processing: makeindex. (line 15488)
* index, producing manually: Produce the index manually.
- (line 14912)
-* index, style file: makeindex. (line 15068)
-* indexes: Indexes. (line 14857)
-* infinite horizontal stretch: \hfill. (line 11493)
-* infinite vertical stretch: \vfill. (line 12141)
-* inline formulas: math. (line 4754)
-* inner paragraph mode: Modes. (line 11124)
+ (line 15344)
+* index, style file: makeindex. (line 15500)
+* indexes: Indexes. (line 15289)
+* infinite horizontal stretch: \hfill. (line 11917)
+* infinite vertical stretch: \vfill. (line 12573)
+* inline formulas: math. (line 4632)
+* inner paragraph mode: Modes. (line 11516)
+* input encodings: Input encodings. (line 635)
* input file: Splitting the input.
- (line 14233)
+ (line 14665)
* input, on command line: Command line input.
- (line 16237)
-* input/output: Input/output. (line 15662)
-* input/output, to terminal: Input/output. (line 15662)
-* inputenc: inputenc package. (line 14114)
-* inserting figures: figure. (line 4063)
+ (line 16669)
+* input/output: Input/output. (line 16094)
+* input/output, to terminal: Input/output. (line 16094)
+* inputenc: inputenc package. (line 14551)
+* inserting figures: figure. (line 3941)
* insertions of special characters: Special insertions.
- (line 13599)
+ (line 14031)
* interface, command line: Command line interface.
- (line 16109)
+ (line 16541)
* interline space: \baselineskip & \baselinestretch.
- (line 2318)
-* internal vertical mode: Modes. (line 11114)
+ (line 2196)
+* internal vertical mode: Modes. (line 11506)
+* inverted exclamation mark, as ligature: Ligatures. (line 680)
+* inverted question mark, as ligature: Ligatures. (line 680)
* invisible character: \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom.
- (line 10845)
-* invisible character <1>: \mathstrut. (line 10908)
-* italic correction: \/. (line 11835)
-* italic font: Font styles. (line 1779)
-* itemize environment: itemize. (line 4295)
-* item_0: makeindex. (line 15132)
-* item_01: makeindex. (line 15141)
-* item_1: makeindex. (line 15135)
-* item_12: makeindex. (line 15150)
-* item_2: makeindex. (line 15138)
-* item_x1: makeindex. (line 15145)
-* item_x2: makeindex. (line 15154)
+ (line 11237)
+* invisible character <1>: \mathstrut. (line 11300)
+* italic correction: \/. (line 12267)
+* italic font: Font styles. (line 1657)
+* item_0: makeindex. (line 15564)
+* item_01: makeindex. (line 15573)
+* item_1: makeindex. (line 15567)
+* item_12: makeindex. (line 15582)
+* item_2: makeindex. (line 15570)
+* item_x1: makeindex. (line 15577)
+* item_x2: makeindex. (line 15586)
+* itemize environment: itemize. (line 4172)
* jobname: Command line options.
- (line 16190)
-* jobname <1>: Jobname. (line 16301)
-* JPEG files: \includegraphics. (line 13155)
-* JPG files: \includegraphics. (line 13155)
-* justification, ragged left: \raggedleft. (line 4268)
-* justification, ragged right: \raggedright. (line 4215)
-* Knuth, Donald E.: Overview. (line 404)
-* label: Cross references. (line 3350)
-* labelled lists, creating: description. (line 3784)
-* Lamport TeX: Overview. (line 425)
-* Lamport, Leslie: Overview. (line 404)
+ (line 16622)
+* jobname <1>: Jobname. (line 16733)
+* JPEG files: \includegraphics. (line 13331)
+* JPG files: \includegraphics. (line 13331)
+* justification, ragged left: \raggedleft. (line 4146)
+* justification, ragged right: \raggedright. (line 4093)
+* Knuth, Donald E.: Overview. (line 428)
+* label: Cross references. (line 3228)
+* labelled lists, creating: description. (line 3662)
+* Lamport TeX: Overview. (line 449)
+* Lamport, Leslie: Overview. (line 428)
* landscape option: Document class options.
- (line 776)
+ (line 983)
* landscape orientation: Document class options.
- (line 787)
-* latex: TeX engines. (line 519)
-* latex command: Output files. (line 469)
-* LaTeX format (.fmt) files: TeX engines. (line 511)
-* LaTeX logo: Text symbols. (line 13718)
-* LaTeX overview: Overview. (line 404)
+ (line 994)
+* latex: TeX engines. (line 543)
+* latex command: Output files. (line 493)
+* LaTeX format (.fmt) files: TeX engines. (line 535)
+* LaTeX logo: Text symbols. (line 14151)
+* LaTeX overview: Overview. (line 428)
* LaTeX Project team: About this document.
- (line 376)
+ (line 400)
* LaTeX vs. LaTeX2e: About this document.
- (line 372)
-* latex-dev: TeX engines. (line 569)
+ (line 396)
+* latex-dev: TeX engines. (line 600)
* latex-doc-ptr document: About this document.
- (line 389)
-* LaTeX2e logo: Text symbols. (line 13721)
+ (line 414)
+* latex-lab package: \DocumentMetadata. (line 857)
+* LaTeX2e logo: Text symbols. (line 14154)
* LaTeX3 syntax: LaTeX command syntax.
- (line 626)
+ (line 803)
* <latexrefman@tug.org> email address: About this document.
- (line 376)
-* latexsym package: Arrows. (line 9987)
+ (line 400)
+* latexsym package: Arrows. (line 10372)
* Latin letters, additional: Additional Latin letters.
- (line 14057)
-* layout commands: Layout. (line 2028)
+ (line 14494)
+* layout commands: Layout. (line 1906)
* layout, page parameters for: Page layout parameters.
- (line 2185)
-* leaders, dots in table of contents: \@dottedtocline. (line 14609)
+ (line 2063)
+* leaders, dots in table of contents: \@dottedtocline. (line 15041)
* leading: \baselineskip & \baselinestretch.
- (line 2318)
-* left angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 13727)
-* left arrow, in text: Text symbols. (line 13859)
-* left brace, in text: Text symbols. (line 13789)
-* left quote: Text symbols. (line 13738)
-* left quote, double: Text symbols. (line 13878)
-* left quote, single: Text symbols. (line 13884)
+ (line 2196)
+* left angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 14162)
+* left arrow, in text: Text symbols. (line 14296)
+* left brace, in text: Text symbols. (line 14226)
+* left brace, meaning of: Special characters.
+ (line 740)
+* left quote: Text symbols. (line 14175)
+* left quote, double: Text symbols. (line 14315)
+* left quote, single: Text symbols. (line 14321)
* left-hand equation numbers: Document class options.
- (line 790)
-* left-justifying text: \raggedright. (line 4215)
-* left-justifying text, environment for: flushleft. (line 4186)
-* left-to-right mode: Modes. (line 11091)
+ (line 997)
+* left-justifying text: \raggedright. (line 4093)
+* left-justifying text, environment for: flushleft. (line 4064)
+* left-to-right mode: Modes. (line 11483)
* legalpaper option: Document class options.
- (line 746)
-* lengths, adding to: \addtolength. (line 8526)
-* lengths, allocating new: \newlength. (line 7599)
-* lengths, defining and using: Lengths. (line 8339)
-* lengths, setting: \setlength. (line 8497)
+ (line 953)
+* lengths, adding to: \addtolength. (line 8911)
+* lengths, allocating new: \newlength. (line 7493)
+* lengths, defining and using: Lengths. (line 8724)
+* lengths, setting: \setlength. (line 8882)
* leqno option: Document class options.
- (line 776)
-* less than symbol, in text: Text symbols. (line 13856)
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-* lethead_prefix: makeindex. (line 15124)
-* lethead_suffix: makeindex. (line 15128)
-* letter class: Document classes. (line 703)
-* letter environment: letter. (line 4383)
+ (line 983)
+* less than symbol, in text: Text symbols. (line 14293)
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+* lethead_prefix: makeindex. (line 15556)
+* lethead_suffix: makeindex. (line 15560)
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+* letter environment: letter. (line 4261)
* letterpaper option: Document class options.
- (line 746)
-* letters, accented: Accents. (line 13920)
+ (line 953)
+* letters, accented: Accents. (line 14357)
* letters, additional Latin: Additional Latin letters.
- (line 14057)
-* letters, ending: \closing. (line 15486)
-* letters, starting: \opening. (line 15591)
-* letters, writing: Letters. (line 15367)
-* line break, forcing: \\. (line 6513)
-* line breaking: Line breaking. (line 6496)
-* line breaks, changing: \fussy & \sloppy. (line 6696)
+ (line 14494)
+* letters, ending: \closing. (line 15918)
+* letters, starting: \opening. (line 16023)
+* letters, writing: Letters. (line 15799)
+* ligatures: Ligatures. (line 664)
+* line break, forcing: \\. (line 6390)
+* line breaking: Line breaking. (line 6373)
+* line breaks, changing: \fussy & \sloppy. (line 6584)
* line breaks, forcing: \linebreak & \nolinebreak.
- (line 6757)
-* line breaks, multiplication discretionary: \*. (line 11024)
+ (line 6645)
+* line breaks, multiplication discretionary: \*. (line 11416)
* line breaks, preventing: \linebreak & \nolinebreak.
- (line 6757)
-* lines in tables: tabular. (line 5706)
-* line_max: makeindex. (line 15179)
-* lining numerals: Font styles. (line 1830)
-* lining text up in tables: tabular. (line 5706)
-* lining text up using tab stops: tabbing. (line 5499)
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-* listings package <1>: verbatim. (line 6395)
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-* lmodern package: fontenc package. (line 1330)
-* loading additional packages: Additional packages.
- (line 832)
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-* logo, LaTeX: Text symbols. (line 13718)
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-* logo, TeX: Text symbols. (line 13760)
-* long command: Class and package commands.
- (line 935)
-* low-9 quotation marks, single and double: Text symbols. (line 13750)
+ (line 6645)
+* line_max: makeindex. (line 15611)
+* lines in tables: tabular. (line 5584)
+* lining numerals: Font styles. (line 1708)
+* lining text up in tables: tabular. (line 5584)
+* lining text up using tab stops: tabbing. (line 5377)
+* list environment: list. (line 4266)
+* list items, specifying counter: \usecounter. (line 8576)
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+* list of tables file: Output files. (line 526)
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+* listings package <1>: verbatim. (line 6273)
+* lists of items: itemize. (line 4172)
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+* loading additional packages: \usepackage. (line 1039)
+* local options: \ProcessOptions. (line 8360)
+* locale information, from system: \write18. (line 16524)
+* log file: Output files. (line 511)
+* log file, writing to: \write. (line 16300)
+* logo, LaTeX: Text symbols. (line 14151)
+* logo, LaTeX2e: Text symbols. (line 14154)
+* logo, TeX: Text symbols. (line 14197)
+* long command: \CheckCommand. (line 8046)
+* low-9 quotation marks, single and double: Text symbols. (line 14187)
* low-level font commands: Low-level font commands.
- (line 1899)
+ (line 1777)
* lowercase: Upper and lower case.
- (line 13635)
-* LR box: picture. (line 5011)
-* LR mode: Modes. (line 11091)
-* lrbox: lrbox. (line 12560)
+ (line 14068)
+* LR box: picture. (line 4889)
+* LR mode: Modes. (line 11483)
+* lrbox: lrbox. (line 12992)
* lshort document: About this document.
- (line 395)
-* lualatex: TeX engines. (line 537)
-* lualatex-dev: TeX engines. (line 570)
-* LuaTeX: TeX engines. (line 538)
-* LuaTeX, 256 output streams in: \write. (line 15880)
-* m-width: Units of length. (line 8476)
-* macron accent: Accents. (line 13950)
-* macron accent, math: Math accents. (line 10625)
+ (line 420)
+* luainputenc package: inputenc package. (line 14581)
+* lualatex: TeX engines. (line 562)
+* lualatex-dev: TeX engines. (line 601)
+* LuaTeX: TeX engines. (line 563)
+* LuaTeX, 256 output streams in: \write. (line 16312)
+* m-width: Units of length. (line 8861)
+* macron accent: Accents. (line 14387)
+* macron accent, math: Math accents. (line 11010)
* macros2e package: \makeatletter & \makeatother.
- (line 7472)
-* Madsen, Lars: eqnarray. (line 3989)
-* mail merges: \read. (line 15760)
+ (line 7366)
+* Madsen, Lars: eqnarray. (line 3867)
+* mail merges: \read. (line 16192)
* main matter of a book: \frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter.
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-* math environment <1>: Math formulas. (line 9012)
-* math formulas: Math formulas. (line 9012)
-* math functions: Math functions. (line 10501)
-* math miscellany: Math miscellany. (line 10998)
-* math mode: Modes. (line 11101)
-* math mode, entering: Math formulas. (line 9012)
+ (line 2989)
+* make a box: \mbox & \makebox. (line 12659)
+* makeidx package: \printindex. (line 15653)
+* makeindex program: makeindex. (line 15488)
+* makeindex, program: makeindex. (line 15488)
+* makeindex, style file: makeindex. (line 15500)
+* making a title page: titlepage. (line 6205)
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+* marginal notes: Marginal notes. (line 9347)
+* masculine ordinal symbol: Text symbols. (line 14306)
+* matching brackets: \left & \right. (line 10578)
+* matching parentheses: \left & \right. (line 10578)
+* math accents: Math accents. (line 11002)
+* math environment: math. (line 4632)
+* math environment <1>: Math formulas. (line 9397)
+* math formulas: Math formulas. (line 9397)
+* math functions: Math functions. (line 10886)
+* math miscellany: Math miscellany. (line 11390)
+* math mode: Modes. (line 11493)
+* math mode, entering: Math formulas. (line 9397)
* math mode, spacing: Spacing in math mode.
- (line 10710)
+ (line 11102)
* math mode, spacing <1>: \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom.
- (line 10845)
-* math mode, spacing <2>: \mathstrut. (line 10908)
-* math mode, vertical space: \smash. (line 10785)
-* math styles: Math styles. (line 10930)
-* math symbols: Math symbols. (line 9141)
-* math, arrows: Arrows. (line 9987)
-* math, bold: Font styles. (line 1826)
+ (line 11237)
+* math mode, spacing <2>: \mathstrut. (line 11300)
+* math mode, vertical space: \smash. (line 11177)
+* math styles: Math styles. (line 11322)
+* math symbols: Math symbols. (line 9526)
+* math, arrows: Arrows. (line 10372)
+* math, bold: Font styles. (line 1704)
* mathematics, boldface: \boldmath & \unboldmath.
- (line 10028)
-* mathtools package: Math formulas. (line 9067)
-* mathtools package <1>: Delimiters. (line 10178)
-* mathtools package <2>: \left & \right. (line 10217)
-* mathtools package <3>: Over- and Underlining.
- (line 10704)
-* mathtools package <4>: \smash. (line 10839)
+ (line 10413)
+* mathtools package: Math formulas. (line 9452)
+* mathtools package <1>: Delimiters. (line 10563)
+* mathtools package <2>: \left & \right. (line 10602)
+* mathtools package <3>: Over- or under math.
+ (line 11096)
+* mathtools package <4>: \smash. (line 11231)
* mathtools package <5>: \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom.
- (line 10887)
-* MetaPost package: \line. (line 5185)
+ (line 11279)
+* meaning of special characters: Special characters.
+ (line 731)
+* metadata, adding: \DocumentMetadata. (line 847)
+* MetaPost package: \line. (line 5063)
* mfirstuc package: Upper and lower case.
- (line 13674)
+ (line 14107)
* mhchem package: Subscripts & superscripts.
- (line 9134)
-* millimeter: Units of length. (line 8454)
-* minipage environment: minipage. (line 4766)
-* minipage, creating a: minipage. (line 4766)
-* minted package: tabbing. (line 5639)
-* minted package <1>: verbatim. (line 6395)
-* minted package <2>: \verb. (line 6445)
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-* mm: Units of length. (line 8453)
-* modes: Modes. (line 11079)
-* monospace font: Font styles. (line 1794)
-* moving arguments: \protect. (line 7942)
-* mpfootnote counter: \footnote. (line 7042)
-* mpfootnote counter <1>: Counters. (line 8117)
-* mu: Units of length. (line 8482)
-* mu, math unit: Units of length. (line 8483)
-* multicolumn text: \twocolumn. (line 2045)
-* multilingual support: Accents. (line 13920)
-* multind package: Indexes. (line 14902)
-* multiple indexes: Indexes. (line 14902)
-* multiplication, discretionary: \*. (line 11024)
-* name: \newglossaryentry. (line 15315)
-* name of document root: Jobname. (line 16301)
-* NBSP: ~. (line 11741)
+ (line 9519)
+* millimeter: Units of length. (line 8839)
+* minipage environment: minipage. (line 4644)
+* minipage, creating a: minipage. (line 4644)
+* minted package: tabbing. (line 5517)
+* minted package <1>: verbatim. (line 6273)
+* mirrors of CTAN: CTAN. (line 893)
+* mm: Units of length. (line 8838)
+* mobile output: TeX engines. (line 585)
+* modes: Modes. (line 11471)
+* monospace font: Font styles. (line 1672)
+* moving arguments: \protect. (line 7833)
+* mpfootnote counter: \footnote. (line 6934)
+* mpfootnote counter <1>: Counters. (line 8502)
+* mu: Units of length. (line 8867)
+* mu, math unit: Units of length. (line 8868)
+* multicolumn text: \twocolumn. (line 1923)
+* multilingual support: Accents. (line 14357)
+* multind package: Indexes. (line 15334)
+* multiple indexes: Indexes. (line 15334)
+* multiplication, discretionary: \*. (line 11416)
+* name: \newglossaryentry. (line 15747)
+* name of document root: Jobname. (line 16733)
+* NBSP: ~. (line 12171)
* nested \include, not allowed: \include & \includeonly.
- (line 14408)
-* new class commands: Class and package construction.
- (line 848)
-* new command, checking: Class and package commands.
- (line 933)
-* new command, definition: Class and package commands.
- (line 1008)
+ (line 14840)
+* new class commands: Class and package creation.
+ (line 1065)
+* new command, checking definition of: \CheckCommand. (line 8046)
+* new command, definition: \DeclareRobustCommand.
+ (line 8147)
* new commands, defining: \newcommand & \renewcommand.
- (line 7234)
-* new commands, defining <1>: \providecommand. (line 7411)
+ (line 7127)
+* new commands, defining <1>: \providecommand. (line 7305)
* new line, output as input: \obeycr & \restorecr.
- (line 6575)
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-* new line, starting (paragraph mode): \newline. (line 6615)
-* new page, starting: \newpage. (line 6862)
-* newline, in \write: \write. (line 15932)
-* noheader option for filecontents: filecontents. (line 4149)
-* non-breaking hyphen character: Text symbols. (line 13862)
+ (line 6452)
+* new line, starting: \\. (line 6390)
+* new line, starting (paragraph mode): \newline. (line 6492)
+* new page, starting: \newpage. (line 6750)
+* newline, in \write: \write. (line 16364)
+* no-break space, Unicode U+00A0: ~. (line 12175)
+* noheader option for filecontents: filecontents. (line 4027)
+* non-breaking hyphen character: Text symbols. (line 14299)
* non-English characters: Additional Latin letters.
- (line 14057)
+ (line 14494)
+* non-sentence-ending punctuation: \@. (line 12035)
* nonstopmode: Command line options.
- (line 16174)
-* nosearch option for filecontents: filecontents. (line 4152)
-* notes in the margin: Marginal notes. (line 8962)
+ (line 16606)
+* nosearch option for filecontents: filecontents. (line 4030)
+* notes in the margin: Marginal notes. (line 9347)
* notitlepage option: Document class options.
- (line 776)
-* null delimiter: \left & \right. (line 10193)
-* numbered items, specifying counter: \usecounter. (line 8191)
-* numerals, old-style: Font styles. (line 1830)
-* oblique font: Font styles. (line 1791)
+ (line 983)
+* null delimiter: \left & \right. (line 10578)
+* number sign character (#), meaning of: Special characters.
+ (line 761)
+* numbered items, specifying counter: \usecounter. (line 8576)
+* numerals, old-style: Font styles. (line 1708)
+* oblique font: Font styles. (line 1669)
* oe ligature: Additional Latin letters.
- (line 14099)
-* ogonek: Accents. (line 13987)
-* old-style numerals: Font styles. (line 1830)
-* one-column output: \onecolumn. (line 2033)
+ (line 14536)
+* ogonek: Accents. (line 14424)
+* old-style numerals: Font styles. (line 1708)
+* one-column output: \onecolumn. (line 1911)
* onecolumn option: Document class options.
- (line 805)
+ (line 1012)
* oneside option: Document class options.
- (line 805)
+ (line 1012)
* open a file: \openin & \openout.
- (line 15671)
+ (line 16103)
* openany option: Document class options.
- (line 805)
+ (line 1012)
* openbib option: Document class options.
- (line 776)
-* opening quote: Text symbols. (line 13738)
+ (line 983)
+* opening quote: Text symbols. (line 14175)
* openright option: Document class options.
- (line 805)
-* OpenType fonts: TeX engines. (line 511)
-* operating system information: \write18. (line 16092)
+ (line 1012)
+* OpenType fonts: TeX engines. (line 535)
+* operating system information: \write18. (line 16524)
+* option clash: \PassOptionsToClass & \PassOptionsToPackage.
+ (line 8314)
+* option processing by default: \DeclareOption. (line 8120)
+* option, currently being processed: \CurrentOption. (line 8101)
* optional arguments, defining and using: \newcommand & \renewcommand.
- (line 7277)
-* options, class: Class and package commands.
- (line 978)
+ (line 7171)
+* options, class: \DeclareOption. (line 8108)
* options, color package: Color package options.
- (line 12617)
+ (line 13790)
* options, command line: Command line options.
- (line 16153)
+ (line 16585)
* options, document class: Document class options.
- (line 733)
+ (line 937)
* options, document class <1>: Class and package structure.
- (line 871)
-* options, global: Additional packages.
- (line 841)
+ (line 1091)
+* options, global: \usepackage. (line 1058)
+* options, global and local: \ProcessOptions. (line 8360)
* options, graphics package: Graphics package options.
- (line 12895)
+ (line 13071)
+* options, list of unused: \OptionNotUsed. (line 8298)
* options, package: Class and package structure.
- (line 871)
-* options, package <1>: Class and package commands.
- (line 978)
-* ordinals, feminine and masculine: Text symbols. (line 13869)
+ (line 1091)
+* options, package <1>: \DeclareOption. (line 8108)
+* options, processing: \ProcessOptions. (line 8351)
+* ordinals, feminine and masculine: Text symbols. (line 14306)
* oslash: Additional Latin letters.
- (line 14095)
-* OT1: fontenc package. (line 1300)
-* outer paragraph mode: Modes. (line 11124)
+ (line 14532)
+* OT1: fontenc package. (line 1178)
+* OT1 encoding: fontenc package. (line 1222)
+* outer paragraph mode: Modes. (line 11516)
* output directory for all external files: Command line options.
- (line 16195)
-* overbar accent: Accents. (line 13950)
-* overdot accent, math: Math accents. (line 10637)
-* overlining: Over- and Underlining.
- (line 10666)
-* overview of LaTeX: Overview. (line 404)
-* overwrite option for filecontents: filecontents. (line 4146)
+ (line 16627)
+* overbar accent: Accents. (line 14387)
+* overdot accent, math: Math accents. (line 11022)
+* overlining: Over- or under math.
+ (line 11051)
+* overview of LaTeX: Overview. (line 428)
+* overwrite option for filecontents: filecontents. (line 4024)
+* package and class commands: Class and package commands.
+ (line 8008)
* package file layout: Class and package structure.
- (line 871)
+ (line 1091)
* package options: Class and package structure.
- (line 871)
-* package options <1>: Class and package commands.
- (line 978)
-* package, abstract: abstract. (line 3593)
-* package, adjustbox: Boxes. (line 12221)
-* package, algorithm2e: tabbing. (line 5639)
-* package, amscd: Arrows. (line 10022)
-* package, amsfonts: Math formulas. (line 9067)
-* package, amsfonts <1>: Arrows. (line 9987)
-* package, amsmath: array. (line 3667)
-* package, amsmath <1>: array. (line 3675)
-* package, amsmath <2>: displaymath. (line 3856)
-* package, amsmath <3>: equation. (line 4057)
-* package, amsmath <4>: theorem. (line 6319)
-* package, amsmath <5>: Math formulas. (line 9067)
-* package, amsmath <6>: \left & \right. (line 10217)
+ (line 1091)
+* package options <1>: \DeclareOption. (line 8108)
+* package, abstract: abstract. (line 3471)
+* package, adjustbox: Boxes. (line 12653)
+* package, algorithm2e: tabbing. (line 5517)
+* package, amscd: Arrows. (line 10407)
+* package, amsfonts: Math formulas. (line 9452)
+* package, amsfonts <1>: Arrows. (line 10372)
+* package, amsmath: array. (line 3545)
+* package, amsmath <1>: array. (line 3553)
+* package, amsmath <2>: displaymath. (line 3734)
+* package, amsmath <3>: equation. (line 3935)
+* package, amsmath <4>: theorem. (line 6197)
+* package, amsmath <5>: Math formulas. (line 9452)
+* package, amsmath <6>: \left & \right. (line 10602)
* package, amsmath <7>: \bigl & \bigr etc..
- (line 10362)
-* package, amsmath <8>: Dots. (line 10419)
-* package, amsmath <9>: Math functions. (line 10606)
+ (line 10747)
+* package, amsmath <8>: Dots. (line 10804)
+* package, amsmath <9>: Math functions. (line 10991)
* package, amsmath <10>: Spacing in math mode.
- (line 10727)
+ (line 11119)
* package, amsmath <11>: \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom.
- (line 10895)
+ (line 11287)
* package, amsmath <12>: Colon character & \colon.
- (line 11013)
+ (line 11405)
* package, amsmath <13>: Colon character & \colon.
- (line 11017)
+ (line 11409)
* package, amsmath <14>: \thinspace & \negthinspace.
- (line 11826)
-* package, amsthm: theorem. (line 6319)
-* package, amsthm <1>: \rule. (line 14179)
-* package, answers: \write. (line 15937)
-* package, appendix: \appendix. (line 3101)
-* package, array: array. (line 3686)
-* package, Asymptote: \line. (line 5185)
-* package, Asymptote <1>: \strut. (line 12061)
-* package, Asymptote <2>: \mbox & \makebox. (line 12294)
-* package, Asymptote <3>: \write18. (line 16040)
-* package, babel: \chapter. (line 2842)
-* package, babel <1>: thebibliography. (line 6077)
-* package, babel <2>: Accents. (line 13920)
-* package, babel <3>: \today. (line 14209)
+ (line 12258)
+* package, amsthm: theorem. (line 6197)
+* package, amsthm <1>: \rule. (line 14611)
+* package, answers: \write. (line 16369)
+* package, appendix: \appendix. (line 2979)
+* package, array: array. (line 3564)
+* package, Asymptote: \line. (line 5063)
+* package, Asymptote <1>: \strut. (line 12493)
+* package, Asymptote <2>: \mbox & \makebox. (line 12726)
+* package, Asymptote <3>: \write18. (line 16472)
+* package, atenddvi: \AtBeginDvi & \AtEndDvi.
+ (line 8023)
+* package, babel: \chapter. (line 2720)
+* package, babel <1>: thebibliography. (line 5955)
+* package, babel <2>: Accents. (line 14357)
+* package, babel <3>: \today. (line 14641)
* package, babel <4>: Table of contents etc..
- (line 14582)
-* package, babel <5>: \index. (line 14991)
-* package, beamer: beamer template. (line 16411)
+ (line 15014)
+* package, babel <5>: \index. (line 15423)
+* package, beamer: beamer template. (line 16843)
* package, bigfoot: Footnotes of footnotes.
- (line 7213)
-* package, bm: bm. (line 10058)
-* package, caption: \caption. (line 2628)
-* package, cleveref: Cross references. (line 3382)
-* package, cleveref <1>: \ref. (line 3495)
-* package, cleveref <2>: \footnotemark. (line 7094)
-* package, cm-super: fontenc package. (line 1330)
-* package, comprehensive: Math symbols. (line 9141)
-* package, cprotect: verbatim. (line 6385)
-* package, cprotect <1>: \verb. (line 6448)
-* package, datatool: \read. (line 15760)
-* package, datetime: \today. (line 14223)
-* package, dcolumn: array. (line 3686)
-* package, enumitem: itemize. (line 4355)
-* package, enumitem <1>: list. (line 4654)
-* package, envlab: \makelabels. (line 15573)
-* package, etoolbox: Class and package commands.
- (line 1022)
-* package, eurosym: Text symbols. (line 13830)
-* package, eurosym <1>: Text symbols. (line 13831)
+ (line 7106)
+* package, bm: bm. (line 10443)
+* package, caption: \caption. (line 2506)
+* package, cleveref: Cross references. (line 3260)
+* package, cleveref <1>: \ref. (line 3373)
+* package, cleveref <2>: \footnotemark. (line 6976)
+* package, cm-super: fontenc package. (line 1208)
+* package, comprehensive: Math symbols. (line 9526)
+* package, cprotect: verbatim. (line 6263)
+* package, cprotect <1>: \verb. (line 6325)
+* package, cprotect <2>: \protect. (line 7868)
+* package, datatool: \read. (line 16192)
+* package, datetime: \today. (line 14655)
+* package, dcolumn: array. (line 3564)
+* package, enumitem: itemize. (line 4232)
+* package, enumitem <1>: list. (line 4532)
+* package, envlab: \makelabels. (line 16005)
+* package, etoolbox: \DeclareRobustCommand.
+ (line 8173)
+* package, eurosym: Text symbols. (line 14267)
+* package, eurosym <1>: Text symbols. (line 14268)
* package, expl3: LaTeX command syntax.
- (line 626)
+ (line 803)
* package, expl3 <1>: Upper and lower case.
- (line 13677)
-* package, fancyhdr: Page styles. (line 11163)
-* package, fancyhdr <1>: \pagestyle. (line 11306)
-* package, fancyvrb: tabbing. (line 5639)
-* package, fancyvrb <1>: verbatim. (line 6401)
-* package, flafter: Floats. (line 2488)
-* package, float: Floats. (line 2458)
-* package, fontspec: fontenc package. (line 1311)
+ (line 14110)
+* package, fancyhdr: Page styles. (line 11555)
+* package, fancyhdr <1>: \pagestyle. (line 11706)
+* package, fancyvrb: tabbing. (line 5517)
+* package, fancyvrb <1>: verbatim. (line 6279)
+* package, flafter: Floats. (line 2366)
+* package, float: Floats. (line 2336)
+* package, fontspec: fontenc package. (line 1189)
* package, fontspec <1>: OpenType bold math.
- (line 10073)
+ (line 10458)
* package, geometry: Document class options.
- (line 767)
-* package, geometry <1>: Document class options.
- (line 771)
-* package, graphpap: \graphpaper. (line 5137)
+ (line 974)
+* package, graphpap: \graphpaper. (line 5015)
* package, grfext: \DeclareGraphicsExtensions.
- (line 13067)
-* package, hyperref: \footnotemark. (line 7094)
-* package, hyperref <1>: \footnotemark. (line 7103)
-* package, hyperref <2>: \pagenumbering. (line 11281)
-* package, hyperref <3>: \contentsline. (line 14791)
+ (line 13243)
+* package, hyperref: \footnotemark. (line 6976)
+* package, hyperref <1>: \footnotemark. (line 6985)
+* package, hyperref <2>: \pagenumbering. (line 11669)
+* package, hyperref <3>: \contentsline. (line 15223)
* package, hyperref <4>: Command line input.
- (line 16245)
-* package, indentfirst: \part. (line 2767)
-* package, indentfirst <1>: \chapter. (line 2829)
-* package, indentfirst <2>: \section. (line 2924)
-* package, indentfirst <3>: \subsection. (line 2990)
+ (line 16677)
+* package, indentfirst: \part. (line 2645)
+* package, indentfirst <1>: \chapter. (line 2707)
+* package, indentfirst <2>: \section. (line 2802)
+* package, indentfirst <3>: \subsection. (line 2868)
* package, indentfirst <4>: \subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph.
- (line 3065)
+ (line 2943)
* package, indentfirst <5>: \indent & \noindent.
- (line 8923)
-* package, index: \index. (line 15036)
-* package, latexsym: Arrows. (line 9987)
-* package, listings: tabbing. (line 5639)
-* package, listings <1>: verbatim. (line 6395)
-* package, listings <2>: \verb. (line 6445)
-* package, lmodern: fontenc package. (line 1330)
+ (line 9308)
+* package, index: \index. (line 15468)
+* package, latex-lab: \DocumentMetadata. (line 857)
+* package, latexsym: Arrows. (line 10372)
+* package, listings: tabbing. (line 5517)
+* package, listings <1>: verbatim. (line 6273)
+* package, lmodern: fontenc package. (line 1208)
+* package, luainputenc: inputenc package. (line 14581)
* package, macros2e: \makeatletter & \makeatother.
- (line 7472)
-* package, makeidx: \printindex. (line 15221)
-* package, mathtools: Math formulas. (line 9067)
-* package, mathtools <1>: Delimiters. (line 10178)
-* package, mathtools <2>: \left & \right. (line 10217)
-* package, mathtools <3>: Over- and Underlining.
- (line 10704)
-* package, mathtools <4>: \smash. (line 10839)
+ (line 7366)
+* package, makeidx: \printindex. (line 15653)
+* package, mathtools: Math formulas. (line 9452)
+* package, mathtools <1>: Delimiters. (line 10563)
+* package, mathtools <2>: \left & \right. (line 10602)
+* package, mathtools <3>: Over- or under math.
+ (line 11096)
+* package, mathtools <4>: \smash. (line 11231)
* package, mathtools <5>: \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom.
- (line 10887)
-* package, MetaPost: \line. (line 5185)
+ (line 11279)
+* package, MetaPost: \line. (line 5063)
* package, mfirstuc: Upper and lower case.
- (line 13674)
+ (line 14107)
* package, mhchem: Subscripts & superscripts.
- (line 9134)
-* package, minted: tabbing. (line 5639)
-* package, minted <1>: verbatim. (line 6395)
-* package, minted <2>: \verb. (line 6445)
-* package, multind: Indexes. (line 14902)
-* package, pict2e: \line. (line 5185)
-* package, polyglossia: Accents. (line 13920)
-* package, polyglossia <1>: \today. (line 14209)
+ (line 9519)
+* package, minted: tabbing. (line 5517)
+* package, minted <1>: verbatim. (line 6273)
+* package, multind: Indexes. (line 15334)
+* package, pict2e: \line. (line 5063)
+* package, polyglossia: Accents. (line 14357)
+* package, polyglossia <1>: \today. (line 14641)
* package, polyglossia <2>: Table of contents etc..
- (line 14582)
-* package, polyglossia <3>: \index. (line 14991)
-* package, PSTricks: \line. (line 5185)
+ (line 15014)
+* package, polyglossia <3>: \index. (line 15423)
+* package, PSTricks: \line. (line 5063)
* package, setspace: \baselineskip & \baselinestretch.
- (line 2392)
-* package, shellesc: \write18. (line 16098)
-* package, showidx: Indexes. (line 14902)
-* package, siunitx: minipage. (line 4897)
-* package, siunitx <1>: ~. (line 11777)
-* package, suffix: \@ifstar. (line 7544)
+ (line 2270)
+* package, shellesc: \write18. (line 16530)
+* package, showidx: Indexes. (line 15334)
+* package, siunitx: minipage. (line 4775)
+* package, siunitx <1>: ~. (line 12209)
+* package, suffix: \@ifstar. (line 7438)
* package, tablefootnote: Footnotes in a table.
- (line 7190)
-* package, texosquery: \write18. (line 16092)
+ (line 7083)
+* package, texosquery: \write18. (line 16524)
* package, textcase: Upper and lower case.
- (line 13671)
-* package, textcomp: Text symbols. (line 13700)
-* package, TikZ: \line. (line 5185)
-* package, TikZ <1>: \strut. (line 12061)
-* package, TikZ <2>: \mbox & \makebox. (line 12294)
-* package, tikz-cd: Arrows. (line 10022)
-* package, titlesec: Sectioning. (line 2690)
-* package, titlesec <1>: \part. (line 2771)
-* package, titlesec <2>: \chapter. (line 2850)
-* package, titlesec <3>: \section. (line 2928)
-* package, titlesec <4>: \subsection. (line 2994)
+ (line 14104)
+* package, textcomp: Text symbols. (line 14133)
+* package, TikZ: \line. (line 5063)
+* package, TikZ <1>: \strut. (line 12493)
+* package, TikZ <2>: \mbox & \makebox. (line 12726)
+* package, tikz-cd: Arrows. (line 10407)
+* package, titlesec: Sectioning. (line 2568)
+* package, titlesec <1>: \part. (line 2649)
+* package, titlesec <2>: \chapter. (line 2728)
+* package, titlesec <3>: \section. (line 2806)
+* package, titlesec <4>: \subsection. (line 2872)
* package, titlesec <5>: \subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph.
- (line 3069)
+ (line 2947)
* package, tocbibbind: Table of contents etc..
- (line 14569)
+ (line 15001)
* package, tocloft: Table of contents etc..
- (line 14569)
-* package, tocloft <1>: \contentsline. (line 14788)
-* package, ulem: Over- and Underlining.
- (line 10675)
+ (line 15001)
+* package, tocloft <1>: \contentsline. (line 15220)
+* package, ulem: Over- or under math.
+ (line 11062)
* package, unicode-math: OpenType bold math.
- (line 10087)
-* package, unicode-math <1>: Dots. (line 10440)
-* package, unicode-math <2>: Greek letters. (line 10489)
-* package, url: \verb. (line 6442)
-* package, verbatimbox: verbatim. (line 6401)
+ (line 10472)
+* package, unicode-math <1>: Dots. (line 10825)
+* package, unicode-math <2>: Greek letters. (line 10874)
+* package, url: \verb. (line 6322)
+* package, verbatimbox: verbatim. (line 6279)
* package, xparse: LaTeX command syntax.
- (line 626)
-* package, xparse <1>: \@ifstar. (line 7544)
-* package, xr: xr package. (line 3501)
-* package, xr-hyper: xr package. (line 3501)
-* package, xspace: xspace package. (line 8056)
-* package, xstring: Jobname. (line 16348)
-* packages, loading additional: Additional packages.
- (line 832)
+ (line 803)
+* package, xparse <1>: \@ifstar. (line 7438)
+* package, xr: xr package. (line 3379)
+* package, xr-hyper: xr package. (line 3379)
+* package, xspace: xspace package. (line 7956)
+* package, xstring: Jobname. (line 16780)
+* packages, loading additional: \usepackage. (line 1039)
* page break, forcing: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak.
- (line 6920)
+ (line 6808)
* page break, preventing: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak.
- (line 6920)
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-* page counter: Counters. (line 8117)
+ (line 6808)
+* page breaking: Page breaking. (line 6677)
+* page counter: Counters. (line 8502)
* page layout parameters: Page layout parameters.
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-* page_precedence: makeindex. (line 15192)
-* paired delimiters: \left & \right. (line 10193)
-* paragraph: Sectioning. (line 2636)
+ (line 2063)
+* page number representation: \thepage. (line 11818)
+* page number, cross referencing: \pageref. (line 3326)
+* page numbering style: \pagenumbering. (line 11633)
+* page style, this page: \thispagestyle. (line 11785)
+* page styles: Page styles. (line 11549)
+* page_precedence: makeindex. (line 15624)
+* page, colored: Colored pages. (line 14010)
+* paired delimiters: \left & \right. (line 10578)
+* paragraph: Sectioning. (line 2514)
* paragraph <1>: \subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph.
- (line 3012)
-* paragraph counter: Counters. (line 8117)
+ (line 2890)
+* paragraph counter: Counters. (line 8502)
* paragraph indentation: \parindent & \parskip.
- (line 8930)
-* paragraph indentation, in minipage: minipage. (line 4863)
-* paragraph indentations in quoted text: quotation & quote. (line 5469)
+ (line 9315)
+* paragraph indentation, in minipage: minipage. (line 4741)
+* paragraph indentations in quoted text: quotation & quote. (line 5347)
* paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting: quotation & quote.
- (line 5469)
-* paragraph mode: Modes. (line 11085)
-* paragraph mode <1>: \parbox. (line 12383)
-* paragraph symbol: Text symbols. (line 13742)
-* paragraph, ending: \par. (line 8828)
-* paragraph, in a box: \parbox. (line 12383)
-* paragraphs: Making paragraphs. (line 8767)
-* parameters, for footnotes: \footnote. (line 7014)
+ (line 5347)
+* paragraph mode: Modes. (line 11477)
+* paragraph mode <1>: \parbox. (line 12815)
+* paragraph symbol: Text symbols. (line 14179)
+* paragraph, ending: \par. (line 9213)
+* paragraph, in a box: \parbox. (line 12815)
+* paragraphs: Making paragraphs. (line 9152)
+* parameters, for footnotes: \footnote. (line 6902)
* parameters, page layout: Page layout parameters.
- (line 2185)
+ (line 2063)
* parameters, substituting: \newcommand & \renewcommand.
- (line 7309)
+ (line 7203)
* parent directories, cannot write to: \write and security.
- (line 15961)
-* parentheses: Delimiters. (line 10143)
-* part: Sectioning. (line 2636)
-* part <1>: \part. (line 2723)
-* part counter: Counters. (line 8117)
-* pattern, current tab stops, tabbing: tabbing. (line 5544)
-* pc: Units of length. (line 8443)
-* PDF graphic files: \includegraphics. (line 13155)
-* pdflatex: TeX engines. (line 520)
-* pdflatex command: Output files. (line 479)
-* pdflatex-dev: TeX engines. (line 571)
-* pdfTeX: Output files. (line 479)
-* pdfTeX engine: TeX engines. (line 521)
-* period, abbreviation-ending: \@. (line 11610)
-* period, centered, in text: Text symbols. (line 13872)
-* period, sentence-ending: \@. (line 11610)
-* period, spacing after: \@. (line 11610)
-* pica: Units of length. (line 8444)
-* pict2e package: \line. (line 5185)
-* picture environment: picture. (line 4924)
-* pictures, creating: picture. (line 4924)
-* pilcrow: Text symbols. (line 13742)
-* placement of floats: Floats. (line 2437)
-* platex: TeX engines. (line 559)
-* platex-dev: TeX engines. (line 572)
-* plural: \newglossaryentry. (line 15323)
-* PNG files: \includegraphics. (line 13155)
-* poetry, an environment for: verse. (line 6460)
-* point: Units of length. (line 8440)
+ (line 16393)
+* parentheses: Delimiters. (line 10528)
+* parentheses and ends of sentences: \@. (line 12053)
+* part: Sectioning. (line 2514)
+* part <1>: \part. (line 2601)
+* part counter: Counters. (line 8502)
+* pattern, current tab stops, tabbing: tabbing. (line 5422)
+* pc: Units of length. (line 8828)
+* PDF graphic files: \includegraphics. (line 13331)
+* PDF, tagged: \DocumentMetadata. (line 847)
+* pdflatex: TeX engines. (line 544)
+* pdflatex command: Output files. (line 503)
+* pdflatex-dev: TeX engines. (line 602)
+* pdfTeX: Output files. (line 503)
+* pdfTeX engine: TeX engines. (line 545)
+* percent character, meaning of: Special characters.
+ (line 744)
+* period, abbreviation-ending: \@. (line 12035)
+* period, centered, in text: Text symbols. (line 14309)
+* period, sentence-ending: \@. (line 12035)
+* period, spacing after: \@. (line 12035)
+* pica: Units of length. (line 8829)
+* pict2e package: \line. (line 5063)
+* picture environment: picture. (line 4802)
+* pictures, creating: picture. (line 4802)
+* pilcrow: Text symbols. (line 14179)
+* placement of floats: Floats. (line 2315)
+* platex: TeX engines. (line 590)
+* platex-dev: TeX engines. (line 603)
+* plural: \newglossaryentry. (line 15755)
+* PNG files: \includegraphics. (line 13331)
+* poetry, an environment for: verse. (line 6337)
+* point: Units of length. (line 8825)
* polish l: Additional Latin letters.
- (line 14087)
-* polyglossia package: Accents. (line 13920)
-* polyglossia package <1>: \today. (line 14209)
+ (line 14524)
+* polyglossia package: Accents. (line 14357)
+* polyglossia package <1>: \today. (line 14641)
* polyglossia package <2>: Table of contents etc..
- (line 14582)
-* polyglossia package <3>: \index. (line 14991)
+ (line 15014)
+* polyglossia package <3>: \index. (line 15423)
* portrait orientation: Document class options.
- (line 787)
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-* postamble: makeindex. (line 15104)
-* PostScript point: Units of length. (line 8450)
-* postscript, in letters: \ps. (line 15603)
-* pounds symbol: Text symbols. (line 13746)
-* preamble: makeindex. (line 15100)
+ (line 994)
+* position, in picture: picture. (line 4860)
+* postamble: makeindex. (line 15536)
+* PostScript point: Units of length. (line 8835)
+* postscript, in letters: \ps. (line 16035)
+* pounds symbol: Text symbols. (line 14183)
+* preamble: makeindex. (line 15532)
* preamble, defined: Starting and ending.
- (line 449)
-* prerelease testing: TeX engines. (line 575)
+ (line 473)
+* prerelease testing: TeX engines. (line 606)
+* printing special characters: Printing special characters.
+ (line 14037)
+* processing options: \ProcessOptions. (line 8351)
* prompt, *: Recovering from errors.
- (line 16383)
-* pronunciation: Overview. (line 425)
-* PSTricks package: \line. (line 5185)
-* pt: Units of length. (line 8439)
+ (line 16815)
+* pronunciation: Overview. (line 449)
+* PSTricks package: \line. (line 5063)
+* pt: Units of length. (line 8824)
+* punctuation, sentence-ending: \@. (line 12035)
* quad: Spacing in math mode.
- (line 10773)
-* question mark, upside-down: Text symbols. (line 13875)
-* quotation environment: quotation & quote. (line 5469)
-* quotation marks, French: Text symbols. (line 13727)
-* quote environment: quotation & quote. (line 5469)
-* quote, single straight: Text symbols. (line 13890)
-* quote, straight base: Text symbols. (line 13894)
+ (line 11165)
+* question mark, upside-down: Text symbols. (line 14312)
+* question marks, ending a sentence: \@. (line 12068)
+* quotation environment: quotation & quote. (line 5347)
+* quotation marks, as ligatures: Ligatures. (line 680)
+* quotation marks, French: Text symbols. (line 14162)
+* quote environment: quotation & quote. (line 5347)
+* quote, single straight: Text symbols. (line 14327)
+* quote, straight base: Text symbols. (line 14331)
* quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying: quotation & quote.
- (line 5469)
+ (line 5347)
* quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying: quotation & quote.
- (line 5469)
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-* ragged right text: \raggedright. (line 4215)
-* ragged right text, environment for: flushleft. (line 4186)
-* read a file: \read. (line 15735)
+ (line 5347)
+* quotes and ends of sentences: \@. (line 12053)
+* radical: \sqrt. (line 11444)
+* ragged left text: \raggedleft. (line 4146)
+* ragged left text, environment for: flushright. (line 4126)
+* ragged right text: \raggedright. (line 4093)
+* ragged right text, environment for: flushleft. (line 4064)
+* read a file: \read. (line 16167)
* redefining a command: \newcommand & \renewcommand.
- (line 7234)
+ (line 7127)
* redefining environments: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment.
- (line 7651)
-* reference, forward: Cross references. (line 3371)
-* references, resolving forward: Output files. (line 492)
-* registered symbol: Text symbols. (line 13897)
-* relation, text above: \stackrel. (line 11069)
-* release candidates: TeX engines. (line 575)
-* remarks in the margin: Marginal notes. (line 8962)
-* report class: Document classes. (line 703)
+ (line 7545)
+* reference, forward: Cross references. (line 3249)
+* references, resolving forward: Output files. (line 516)
+* registered symbol: Text symbols. (line 14334)
+* relation, text above: \stackrel. (line 11461)
+* release candidates: TeX engines. (line 606)
+* remarks in the margin: Marginal notes. (line 9347)
+* report class: Document classes. (line 907)
* reporting bugs: About this document.
- (line 380)
-* reserved characters: Reserved characters.
- (line 13605)
-* resizing: \scalebox. (line 13538)
-* resizing <1>: \resizebox. (line 13570)
-* restricted shell access: \write18. (line 16080)
-* right angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 13727)
-* right arrow, in text: Text symbols. (line 13900)
-* right brace, in text: Text symbols. (line 13793)
-* right quote: Text symbols. (line 13753)
-* right quote, double: Text symbols. (line 13881)
-* right quote, single: Text symbols. (line 13887)
+ (line 404)
+* reserved characters, meaning of: Special characters.
+ (line 731)
+* reserved characters, printing: Printing special characters.
+ (line 14037)
+* resizing: \scalebox. (line 13714)
+* resizing <1>: \resizebox. (line 13746)
+* restricted shell access: \write18. (line 16512)
+* right angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 14162)
+* right arrow, in text: Text symbols. (line 14337)
+* right brace, in text: Text symbols. (line 14230)
+* right brace, meaning of: Special characters.
+ (line 740)
+* right parentheses/quotes, and spacing: \@. (line 12053)
+* right quote: Text symbols. (line 14190)
+* right quote, double: Text symbols. (line 14318)
+* right quote, single: Text symbols. (line 14324)
* right-hand equation numbers: Document class options.
- (line 790)
-* right-justifying text: \raggedleft. (line 4268)
-* right-justifying text, environment for: flushright. (line 4248)
-* rigid lengths: Lengths. (line 8342)
-* ring accent: Accents. (line 13991)
-* ring accent, math: Math accents. (line 10646)
-* robust commands: \protect. (line 7929)
-* roman font: Font styles. (line 1782)
+ (line 997)
+* right-justifying text: \raggedleft. (line 4146)
+* right-justifying text, environment for: flushright. (line 4126)
+* rigid lengths: Lengths. (line 8727)
+* ring accent: Accents. (line 14428)
+* ring accent, math: Math accents. (line 11031)
+* robust command, defining: \DeclareRobustCommand.
+ (line 8147)
+* robust commands: \protect. (line 7823)
+* roman font: Font styles. (line 1660)
* root file: Splitting the input.
- (line 14237)
-* root file <1>: Jobname. (line 16301)
-* roots: \sqrt. (line 11052)
-* rotating graphics: \rotatebox. (line 13470)
-* rotating text: \rotatebox. (line 13470)
-* rotation: \rotatebox. (line 13470)
-* row, tabbing: tabbing. (line 5539)
-* rubber lengths: Lengths. (line 8342)
-* rubber lengths, defining new: \newlength. (line 7599)
+ (line 14669)
+* root file <1>: Jobname. (line 16733)
+* roots: \sqrt. (line 11444)
+* rotating graphics: \rotatebox. (line 13646)
+* rotating text: \rotatebox. (line 13646)
+* rotation: \rotatebox. (line 13646)
+* row, tabbing: tabbing. (line 5417)
+* rubber lengths: Lengths. (line 8727)
+* rubber lengths, defining new: \newlength. (line 7493)
* running header and footer: Page layout parameters.
- (line 2185)
-* running header and footer style: \pagestyle. (line 11299)
+ (line 2063)
+* running header and footer style: \pagestyle. (line 11699)
* samepage environment: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak.
- (line 6958)
-* sans serif font: Font styles. (line 1788)
-* scaled point: Units of length. (line 8466)
-* scaling: \scalebox. (line 13538)
-* scaling <1>: \resizebox. (line 13570)
-* script fonts: Calligraphic. (line 10126)
-* script letters for math: Font styles. (line 1776)
-* script style: Math styles. (line 10947)
-* scriptscript style: Math styles. (line 10950)
+ (line 6846)
+* sans serif font: Font styles. (line 1666)
+* scaled point: Units of length. (line 8851)
+* scaling: \scalebox. (line 13714)
+* scaling <1>: \resizebox. (line 13746)
+* script fonts: Calligraphic. (line 10511)
+* script letters for math: Font styles. (line 1654)
+* script style: Math styles. (line 11339)
+* scriptscript style: Math styles. (line 11342)
* scrollmode: Command line options.
- (line 16174)
-* secnumdepth: Sectioning. (line 2700)
-* secnumdepth counter: Sectioning. (line 2701)
-* section: Sectioning. (line 2636)
-* section <1>: \section. (line 2870)
-* section counter: Counters. (line 8117)
-* section number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 3472)
-* section numbers, printing: Sectioning. (line 2701)
-* section symbol: Text symbols. (line 13757)
-* section, redefining: \@startsection. (line 3147)
-* sectioning commands: Sectioning. (line 2636)
-* sectioning, part: \part. (line 2723)
+ (line 16606)
+* secnumdepth: Sectioning. (line 2578)
+* secnumdepth counter: Sectioning. (line 2579)
+* section: Sectioning. (line 2514)
+* section <1>: \section. (line 2748)
+* section counter: Counters. (line 8502)
+* section number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 3350)
+* section numbers, printing: Sectioning. (line 2579)
+* section symbol: Text symbols. (line 14194)
+* section, redefining: \@startsection. (line 3025)
+* sectioning commands: Sectioning. (line 2514)
+* sectioning, part: \part. (line 2601)
* security and \write: \write and security.
- (line 15945)
-* see and see also index entries: \index. (line 14991)
-* self-contained sources: filecontents. (line 4157)
+ (line 16377)
+* see and see also index entries: \index. (line 15423)
+* self-contained sources: filecontents. (line 4035)
+* sentence-ending punctuation: \@. (line 12035)
* series, of fonts: Low-level font commands.
- (line 1941)
+ (line 1819)
* setspace package: \baselineskip & \baselinestretch.
- (line 2392)
-* setting counters: \setcounter. (line 8250)
-* sh, used by \write18: \write18. (line 16087)
+ (line 2270)
+* setting counters: \setcounter. (line 8635)
+* sh, used by \write18: \write18. (line 16519)
* shapes, of fonts: Low-level font commands.
- (line 1981)
+ (line 1859)
+* sharp character (#), meaning of: Special characters.
+ (line 761)
* sharp S letters: Additional Latin letters.
- (line 14103)
-* shell access: \write18. (line 16033)
+ (line 14540)
+* shell access: \write18. (line 16465)
* shell escape: Command line options.
- (line 16208)
-* SHELL, environment variables: \write18. (line 16087)
-* shellesc package: \write18. (line 16098)
-* showidx package: Indexes. (line 14902)
-* simulating typed text: verbatim. (line 6366)
-* single angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 13727)
-* single guillemets: Text symbols. (line 13727)
-* single left quote: Text symbols. (line 13884)
-* single low-9 quotation mark: Text symbols. (line 13750)
-* single quote, straight: Text symbols. (line 13890)
-* single right quote: Text symbols. (line 13887)
-* siunitx package: minipage. (line 4897)
-* siunitx package <1>: ~. (line 11777)
-* sizes of text: Font sizes. (line 1842)
-* skip plain TeX: Lengths. (line 8342)
-* skip register, plain TeX: \newlength. (line 7599)
-* slanted font: Font styles. (line 1791)
-* slides class: Document classes. (line 703)
-* sloppypar environment: sloppypar. (line 6710)
-* sloppypar environment <1>: sloppypar. (line 6710)
+ (line 16640)
+* SHELL, environment variables: \write18. (line 16519)
+* shellesc package: \write18. (line 16530)
+* showidx package: Indexes. (line 15334)
+* simulating typed text: verbatim. (line 6244)
+* single angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 14162)
+* single guillemets: Text symbols. (line 14162)
+* single left quote: Text symbols. (line 14321)
+* single low-9 quotation mark: Text symbols. (line 14187)
+* single quote, straight: Text symbols. (line 14327)
+* single right quote: Text symbols. (line 14324)
+* siunitx package: minipage. (line 4775)
+* siunitx package <1>: ~. (line 12209)
+* sizes of text: Font sizes. (line 1720)
+* skip plain TeX: Lengths. (line 8727)
+* skip register, plain TeX: \newlength. (line 7493)
+* slanted font: Font styles. (line 1669)
+* slash character, breakable: \slash. (line 6550)
+* slides class: Document classes. (line 907)
+* sloppypar environment: sloppypar. (line 6598)
+* sloppypar environment <1>: sloppypar. (line 6598)
* slot, font: \DeclareTextAccent.
- (line 1427)
-* small caps font: Font styles. (line 1785)
-* sort: \newglossaryentry. (line 15327)
-* source files, making self-contained: filecontents. (line 4157)
-* sp: Units of length. (line 8465)
+ (line 1305)
+* small caps font: Font styles. (line 1663)
+* sort: \newglossaryentry. (line 15759)
+* source files, making self-contained: filecontents. (line 4035)
+* sp: Units of length. (line 8850)
* space between lines: \baselineskip & \baselinestretch.
- (line 2318)
-* space, inserting horizontal: \hss. (line 11526)
-* space, inserting vertical: \addvspace. (line 12170)
+ (line 2196)
+* space factor: \spacefactor. (line 11976)
+* space, inserting horizontal: \hss. (line 11950)
+* space, inserting vertical: \addvspace. (line 12602)
* space, negative thin: \thinspace & \negthinspace.
- (line 11806)
+ (line 12238)
* space, thin: \thinspace & \negthinspace.
- (line 11806)
-* space, unbreakable: ~. (line 11741)
-* space, vertical: \vspace. (line 12090)
-* spaces: Spaces. (line 11412)
+ (line 12238)
+* space, unbreakable: ~. (line 12171)
+* space, vertical: \vspace. (line 12522)
+* spaces: Spaces. (line 11836)
* spaces, ignore around commands: \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend.
- (line 7981)
-* spaces, ignore around commands <1>: xspace package. (line 8056)
+ (line 7881)
+* spaces, ignore around commands <1>: xspace package. (line 7956)
* spacing within math mode: Spacing in math mode.
- (line 10710)
+ (line 11102)
* spacing, inter-sentence: \frenchspacing & \nonfrenchspacing.
- (line 11656)
-* spacing, inter-sentence <1>: \normalsfcodes. (line 11677)
+ (line 12084)
+* spacing, inter-sentence <1>: \normalsfcodes. (line 12108)
* spacing, math mode: \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom.
- (line 10845)
-* spacing, math mode <1>: \mathstrut. (line 10908)
-* Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine: Text symbols. (line 13869)
-* special characters: Reserved characters.
- (line 13605)
-* special characters <1>: Additional Latin letters.
- (line 14057)
+ (line 11237)
+* spacing, math mode <1>: \mathstrut. (line 11300)
+* Spanish exclamation mark, as ligature: Ligatures. (line 680)
+* Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine: Text symbols. (line 14306)
+* Spanish question mark, as ligature: Ligatures. (line 680)
+* special characters: Additional Latin letters.
+ (line 14494)
+* special characters, meaning of: Special characters.
+ (line 731)
+* special characters, printing: Printing special characters.
+ (line 14037)
* special insertions: Special insertions.
- (line 13599)
-* specifier, float placement: Floats. (line 2437)
+ (line 14031)
+* specifier, float placement: Floats. (line 2315)
* splitting the input file: Splitting the input.
- (line 14233)
-* square root: \sqrt. (line 11052)
-* stack math: \stackrel. (line 11069)
-* star-variants, commands: \@ifstar. (line 7486)
+ (line 14665)
+* square root: \sqrt. (line 11444)
+* stack math: \stackrel. (line 11461)
+* star-variants, commands: \@ifstar. (line 7380)
* starred form, defining new commands: \newcommand & \renewcommand.
- (line 7256)
-* starting a new page: \newpage. (line 6862)
+ (line 7149)
+* starting a new page: \newpage. (line 6750)
* starting a new page and clearing floats: \clearpage & \cleardoublepage.
- (line 6820)
+ (line 6708)
* starting and ending: Starting and ending.
- (line 433)
+ (line 457)
* starting on a right-hand page: \clearpage & \cleardoublepage.
- (line 6820)
-* sterling symbol: Text symbols. (line 13746)
-* straight double quote, base: Text symbols. (line 13894)
-* straight quote, base: Text symbols. (line 13894)
-* straight single quote: Text symbols. (line 13890)
-* stretch, infinite horizontal: \hfill. (line 11493)
-* stretch, infinite vertical: \vfill. (line 12141)
-* stretch, omitting vertical: \raggedbottom. (line 2174)
-* strut: \footnote. (line 7027)
-* strut <1>: \strut. (line 12005)
-* strut, math: \mathstrut. (line 10908)
-* styles of text: Font styles. (line 1703)
-* styles, page: Page styles. (line 11157)
-* subparagraph: Sectioning. (line 2636)
+ (line 6708)
+* sterling symbol: Text symbols. (line 14183)
+* straight double quote, base: Text symbols. (line 14331)
+* straight quote, base: Text symbols. (line 14331)
+* straight single quote: Text symbols. (line 14327)
+* stretch, infinite horizontal: \hfill. (line 11917)
+* stretch, infinite vertical: \vfill. (line 12573)
+* stretch, omitting vertical: \raggedbottom. (line 2052)
+* strut: \footnote. (line 6919)
+* strut <1>: \strut. (line 12437)
+* strut, math: \mathstrut. (line 11300)
+* styles of text: Font styles. (line 1581)
+* styles, page: Page styles. (line 11549)
+* subparagraph: Sectioning. (line 2514)
* subparagraph <1>: \subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph.
- (line 3012)
-* subparagraph counter: Counters. (line 8117)
+ (line 2890)
+* subparagraph counter: Counters. (line 8502)
* subscript: Subscripts & superscripts.
- (line 9078)
-* subsection: Sectioning. (line 2636)
-* subsection <1>: \subsection. (line 2948)
-* subsection counter: Counters. (line 8117)
-* subsubsection: Sectioning. (line 2636)
+ (line 9463)
+* subsection: Sectioning. (line 2514)
+* subsection <1>: \subsection. (line 2826)
+* subsection counter: Counters. (line 8502)
+* subsubsection: Sectioning. (line 2514)
* subsubsection <1>: \subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph.
- (line 3012)
-* subsubsection counter: Counters. (line 8117)
-* suffix package: \@ifstar. (line 7544)
+ (line 2890)
+* subsubsection counter: Counters. (line 8502)
+* suffix package: \@ifstar. (line 7438)
* superscript: Subscripts & superscripts.
- (line 9078)
-* symbol: \newglossaryentry. (line 15331)
+ (line 9463)
+* symbol: \newglossaryentry. (line 15763)
* symbol, defining: \DeclareTextSymbol.
- (line 1595)
-* symbols, arrows: Arrows. (line 9987)
-* symbols, boldface: bm. (line 10058)
-* symbols, math: Math symbols. (line 9141)
-* symbols, text: Text symbols. (line 13700)
-* system commands, run from LaTeX: \write18. (line 16033)
-* system information: \write18. (line 16092)
-* T1: fontenc package. (line 1300)
-* tab stops, using: tabbing. (line 5499)
-* tabbing environment: tabbing. (line 5499)
-* table counter: Counters. (line 8117)
-* table environment: table. (line 5648)
-* table of contents: \contentsline. (line 14760)
+ (line 1473)
+* symbols, arrows: Arrows. (line 10372)
+* symbols, boldface: bm. (line 10443)
+* symbols, math: Math symbols. (line 9526)
+* symbols, text: Text symbols. (line 14133)
+* system commands, run from LaTeX: \write18. (line 16465)
+* system information: \write18. (line 16524)
+* T1: fontenc package. (line 1178)
+* T1 encoding: fontenc package. (line 1229)
+* tab stops, using: tabbing. (line 5377)
+* tabbing environment: tabbing. (line 5377)
+* table counter: Counters. (line 8502)
+* table environment: table. (line 5526)
+* table of contents: \contentsline. (line 15192)
* table of contents entry, create dotted line: \@dottedtocline.
- (line 14588)
+ (line 15020)
* table of contents entry, manually adding: \addcontentsline.
- (line 14623)
-* table of contents file: Output files. (line 502)
+ (line 15055)
+* table of contents file: Output files. (line 526)
* table of contents, avoiding footnotes: Footnotes in section headings.
- (line 7124)
+ (line 7017)
* table of contents, creating: Table of contents etc..
- (line 14465)
+ (line 14897)
+* table of contents, page numbers in: \thepage. (line 11818)
* table of contents, sectioning numbers printed: Sectioning.
- (line 2712)
+ (line 2590)
* tablefootnote package: Footnotes in a table.
- (line 7190)
-* tables, creating: table. (line 5648)
-* tabular environment: tabular. (line 5706)
-* template (simple), article: article template. (line 16441)
-* template, beamer: beamer template. (line 16411)
-* template, book: book template. (line 16464)
+ (line 7083)
+* tables, creating: table. (line 5526)
+* tabular environment: tabular. (line 5584)
+* tagged PDF: \DocumentMetadata. (line 847)
+* template (simple), article: article template. (line 16873)
+* template, beamer: beamer template. (line 16843)
+* template, book: book template. (line 16896)
* template, book <1>: Larger book template.
- (line 16488)
+ (line 16920)
* templates, document: Document templates.
- (line 16404)
-* terminal input/output: Input/output. (line 15662)
-* terminal, writing to: \write. (line 15868)
-* TeX format (.fmt) files: TeX engines. (line 511)
-* TeX logo: Text symbols. (line 13760)
-* texosquery package: \write18. (line 16092)
-* texput, jobname default: Jobname. (line 16322)
-* text style: Math styles. (line 10945)
-* text symbols: Text symbols. (line 13700)
-* text, resizing: \scalebox. (line 13538)
-* text, resizing <1>: \resizebox. (line 13570)
-* text, scaling: \scalebox. (line 13538)
-* text, scaling <1>: \resizebox. (line 13570)
+ (line 16836)
+* terminal input/output: Input/output. (line 16094)
+* terminal, writing to: \write. (line 16300)
+* TeX format (.fmt) files: TeX engines. (line 535)
+* TeX logo: Text symbols. (line 14197)
+* texosquery package: \write18. (line 16524)
+* texput, jobname default: Jobname. (line 16754)
+* text style: Math styles. (line 11337)
+* text symbols: Text symbols. (line 14133)
+* text, resizing: \scalebox. (line 13714)
+* text, resizing <1>: \resizebox. (line 13746)
+* text, scaling: \scalebox. (line 13714)
+* text, scaling <1>: \resizebox. (line 13746)
* textcase package: Upper and lower case.
- (line 13671)
-* textcomp package: Text symbols. (line 13700)
-* thanks, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 11220)
-* thebibliography environment: thebibliography. (line 6030)
+ (line 14104)
+* textcomp package: Text symbols. (line 14133)
+* thanks, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 11612)
+* thebibliography environment: thebibliography. (line 5908)
* theindex: Produce the index manually.
- (line 14912)
+ (line 15344)
* theindex environment: Produce the index manually.
- (line 14915)
-* theorem environment: theorem. (line 6297)
-* theorem-like environment: \newtheorem. (line 7785)
-* theorems, defining: \newtheorem. (line 7785)
-* theorems, typesetting: theorem. (line 6297)
+ (line 15347)
+* theorem environment: theorem. (line 6175)
+* theorem-like environment: \newtheorem. (line 7679)
+* theorems, defining: \newtheorem. (line 7679)
+* theorems, typesetting: theorem. (line 6175)
* thin space: Spacing in math mode.
- (line 10751)
+ (line 11143)
* thin space <1>: \thinspace & \negthinspace.
- (line 11806)
+ (line 12238)
* thin space, negative: Spacing in math mode.
- (line 10765)
+ (line 11157)
* thin space, negative <1>: \thinspace & \negthinspace.
- (line 11806)
+ (line 12238)
* thorn, Icelandic letter: Additional Latin letters.
- (line 14107)
-* three-quarters em-dash: Text symbols. (line 13903)
-* tie: ~. (line 11741)
-* tie-after accent: Accents. (line 13997)
-* TikZ package: \line. (line 5185)
-* TikZ package <1>: \strut. (line 12061)
-* TikZ package <2>: \mbox & \makebox. (line 12294)
-* tikz-cd package: Arrows. (line 10022)
-* tilde accent: Accents. (line 13962)
-* tilde accent, math: Math accents. (line 10649)
-* tilde, ASCII, in text: Text symbols. (line 13766)
+ (line 14544)
+* three-quarters em-dash: Text symbols. (line 14340)
+* tie: ~. (line 12171)
+* tie-after accent: Accents. (line 14434)
+* TikZ package: \line. (line 5063)
+* TikZ package <1>: \strut. (line 12493)
+* TikZ package <2>: \mbox & \makebox. (line 12726)
+* tikz-cd package: Arrows. (line 10407)
+* tilde accent: Accents. (line 14399)
+* tilde accent, math: Math accents. (line 11034)
+* tilde character, meaning of: Special characters.
+ (line 765)
+* tilde, ASCII, in text: Text symbols. (line 14203)
* title page, separate or run-in: Document class options.
- (line 798)
-* title pages, creating: titlepage. (line 6327)
-* title, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 11227)
-* titlepage environment: titlepage. (line 6327)
+ (line 1005)
+* title pages, creating: titlepage. (line 6205)
+* title, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 11619)
+* titlepage environment: titlepage. (line 6205)
* titlepage option: Document class options.
- (line 776)
-* titles, making: \maketitle. (line 11169)
-* titlesec package: Sectioning. (line 2690)
-* titlesec package <1>: \part. (line 2771)
-* titlesec package <2>: \chapter. (line 2850)
-* titlesec package <3>: \section. (line 2928)
-* titlesec package <4>: \subsection. (line 2994)
+ (line 983)
+* titles, making: \maketitle. (line 11561)
+* titlesec package: Sectioning. (line 2568)
+* titlesec package <1>: \part. (line 2649)
+* titlesec package <2>: \chapter. (line 2728)
+* titlesec package <3>: \section. (line 2806)
+* titlesec package <4>: \subsection. (line 2872)
* titlesec package <5>: \subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph.
- (line 3069)
+ (line 2947)
* tocbibbind package: Table of contents etc..
- (line 14569)
-* tocdepth: Sectioning. (line 2711)
-* tocdepth counter: Sectioning. (line 2712)
+ (line 15001)
+* tocdepth: Sectioning. (line 2589)
+* tocdepth counter: Sectioning. (line 2590)
* tocloft package: Table of contents etc..
- (line 14569)
-* tocloft package <1>: \contentsline. (line 14788)
-* today’s date: \today. (line 14202)
-* tombstone: \rule. (line 14174)
+ (line 15001)
+* tocloft package <1>: \contentsline. (line 15220)
+* today's date: \today. (line 14634)
+* tombstone: \rule. (line 14606)
* topmargin: Page layout parameters.
- (line 2304)
-* topnumber: Floats. (line 2544)
-* topnumber <1>: Floats. (line 2545)
-* totalnumber: Floats. (line 2548)
-* totalnumber <1>: Floats. (line 2549)
-* trademark symbol: Text symbols. (line 13906)
-* transcript file: Output files. (line 487)
-* TrueType fonts: TeX engines. (line 511)
-* TS1 encoding: Text symbols. (line 13700)
-* two-column output: \twocolumn. (line 2045)
-* two-thirds em-dash: Text symbols. (line 13909)
+ (line 2182)
+* topnumber: Floats. (line 2422)
+* topnumber <1>: Floats. (line 2423)
+* totalnumber: Floats. (line 2426)
+* totalnumber <1>: Floats. (line 2427)
+* trademark symbol: Text symbols. (line 14343)
+* transcript file: Output files. (line 511)
+* TrueType fonts: TeX engines. (line 535)
+* TS1 (text companion) encoding: fontenc package. (line 1235)
+* TS1 encoding: Text symbols. (line 14133)
+* two-column output: \twocolumn. (line 1923)
+* two-thirds em-dash: Text symbols. (line 14346)
* twocolumn option: Document class options.
- (line 805)
+ (line 1012)
* twoside option: Document class options.
- (line 805)
-* type styles: Font styles. (line 1703)
-* typed text, simulating: verbatim. (line 6366)
-* typeface sizes: Font sizes. (line 1842)
-* typefaces: Fonts. (line 1263)
-* typewriter font: Font styles. (line 1794)
-* typewriter labels in lists: description. (line 3814)
-* ulem package: Over- and Underlining.
- (line 10675)
-* umlaut accent: Accents. (line 13939)
-* unbreakable space: ~. (line 11741)
-* underbar: Accents. (line 13967)
-* underlining: Over- and Underlining.
- (line 10666)
-* underscore, in text: Text symbols. (line 13912)
-* Unicode: inputenc package. (line 14123)
-* Unicode input, native: TeX engines. (line 511)
+ (line 1012)
+* type styles: Font styles. (line 1581)
+* typed text, simulating: verbatim. (line 6244)
+* typeface sizes: Font sizes. (line 1720)
+* typefaces: Fonts. (line 1141)
+* typewriter font: Font styles. (line 1672)
+* typewriter labels in lists: description. (line 3692)
+* ulem package: Over- or under math.
+ (line 11062)
+* umlaut accent: Accents. (line 14376)
+* unbreakable space: ~. (line 12171)
+* underbar: Accents. (line 14404)
+* underlining: Over- or under math.
+ (line 11051)
+* underscore character, meaning of: Special characters.
+ (line 755)
+* underscore, in text: Text symbols. (line 14349)
+* Unicode: Input encodings. (line 641)
+* Unicode input, native: TeX engines. (line 535)
* unicode-math package: OpenType bold math.
- (line 10087)
-* unicode-math package <1>: Dots. (line 10440)
-* unicode-math package <2>: Greek letters. (line 10489)
-* units, of length: Units of length. (line 8436)
+ (line 10472)
+* unicode-math package <1>: Dots. (line 10825)
+* unicode-math package <2>: Greek letters. (line 10874)
+* units, of length: Units of length. (line 8821)
* unofficial nature of this manual: About this document.
- (line 376)
-* unordered lists: itemize. (line 4295)
-* uplatex: TeX engines. (line 560)
-* uplatex-dev: TeX engines. (line 573)
+ (line 400)
+* unordered lists: itemize. (line 4172)
+* Unused global option warning, handling: \DeclareOption. (line 8120)
+* unused options, adding to list: \OptionNotUsed. (line 8298)
+* uplatex: TeX engines. (line 591)
+* uplatex-dev: TeX engines. (line 604)
* uppercase: Upper and lower case.
- (line 13635)
-* url package: \verb. (line 6442)
-* using BibTeX: Using BibTeX. (line 6208)
-* UTF-8, default LaTeX input encoding: Overview. (line 410)
-* UTF-8, engine support for: TeX engines. (line 511)
-* UTF-8, font support for: fontenc package. (line 1300)
-* variables, a list of: Counters. (line 8108)
-* vector symbol, math: Math accents. (line 10652)
-* verbatim environment: verbatim. (line 6366)
-* verbatim text: verbatim. (line 6366)
-* verbatim text, inline: \verb. (line 6409)
-* verbatimbox package: verbatim. (line 6401)
-* verse environment: verse. (line 6460)
-* vertical bar, double, in text: Text symbols. (line 13783)
-* vertical bar, in text: Text symbols. (line 13780)
-* vertical mode: Modes. (line 11109)
-* vertical space: \vspace. (line 12090)
-* vertical space <1>: \addvspace. (line 12170)
+ (line 14068)
+* url package: \verb. (line 6322)
+* using BibTeX: Using BibTeX. (line 6086)
+* UTF-8, default LaTeX input encoding: Overview. (line 434)
+* UTF-8, engine support for: TeX engines. (line 535)
+* UTF-8, font support for: fontenc package. (line 1178)
+* variables, a list of: Counters. (line 8493)
+* vector symbol, math: Math accents. (line 11037)
+* verbatim environment: verbatim. (line 6244)
+* verbatim text: verbatim. (line 6244)
+* verbatim text, inline: \verb. (line 6289)
+* verbatimbox package: verbatim. (line 6279)
+* verse environment: verse. (line 6337)
+* version of format, requiring: \NeedsTeXFormat. (line 8275)
+* vertical bar, double, in text: Text symbols. (line 14220)
+* vertical bar, in text: Text symbols. (line 14217)
+* vertical mode: Modes. (line 11501)
+* vertical space: \vspace. (line 12522)
+* vertical space <1>: \addvspace. (line 12602)
* vertical space before paragraphs: \parindent & \parskip.
- (line 8930)
+ (line 9315)
* vertical spacing: \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom.
- (line 10845)
-* vertical spacing <1>: \mathstrut. (line 10908)
-* vertical spacing, math mode: \smash. (line 10785)
-* visible space: \verb. (line 6434)
-* visible space symbol, in text: Text symbols. (line 13915)
+ (line 11237)
+* vertical spacing <1>: \mathstrut. (line 11300)
+* vertical spacing, math mode: \smash. (line 11177)
+* visible space: \verb. (line 6314)
+* visible space symbol, in text: Text symbols. (line 14352)
* weights, of fonts: Low-level font commands.
- (line 1951)
-* whatsit item: \write. (line 15903)
-* white space: Spaces. (line 11412)
-* wide hat accent, math: Math accents. (line 10655)
-* wide tilde accent, math: Math accents. (line 10658)
+ (line 1829)
+* whatsit item: \write. (line 16335)
+* white space: Spaces. (line 11836)
+* wide hat accent, math: Math accents. (line 11040)
+* wide tilde accent, math: Math accents. (line 11043)
* widths, of fonts: Low-level font commands.
- (line 1963)
+ (line 1841)
* Wright, Joseph: Upper and lower case.
- (line 13677)
-* writing external files: filecontents. (line 4121)
-* writing letters: Letters. (line 15367)
-* x-height: Units of length. (line 8472)
-* xdvi command: Output files. (line 469)
-* xdvipdfmx: TeX engines. (line 547)
-* xelatex: TeX engines. (line 546)
-* xelatex-dev: TeX engines. (line 574)
-* XeTeX: TeX engines. (line 547)
-* xindex program: makeindex. (line 15209)
-* xindy program: makeindex. (line 15202)
+ (line 14110)
+* writing external files: filecontents. (line 3999)
+* writing letters: Letters. (line 15799)
+* x-height: Units of length. (line 8857)
+* xdvi command: Output files. (line 493)
+* xdvipdfmx: TeX engines. (line 572)
+* xelatex: TeX engines. (line 571)
+* xelatex-dev: TeX engines. (line 605)
+* XeTeX: TeX engines. (line 572)
+* xindex program: makeindex. (line 15641)
+* xindy program: makeindex. (line 15634)
* xparse package: LaTeX command syntax.
- (line 626)
-* xparse package <1>: \@ifstar. (line 7544)
-* xr package: xr package. (line 3501)
-* xr-hyper package: xr package. (line 3501)
-* xspace package: xspace package. (line 8056)
-* xstring package: Jobname. (line 16348)
+ (line 803)
+* xparse package <1>: \@ifstar. (line 7438)
+* xr package: xr package. (line 3379)
+* xr-hyper package: xr package. (line 3379)
+* xspace package: xspace package. (line 7956)
+* xstring package: Jobname. (line 16780)
diff --git a/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml b/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml
index 4745352989..1e6d259865 100644
--- a/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml
+++ b/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml
@@ -1,50 +1,101 @@
<?xml version="1.0"?>
-<!DOCTYPE texinfo PUBLIC "-//GNU//DTD TexinfoML V7.0//EN" "http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/dtd/7.0/texinfo.dtd">
+<!DOCTYPE texinfo PUBLIC "-//GNU//DTD TexinfoML V7.1//EN" "http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/dtd/7.1/texinfo.dtd">
<texinfo>
<filename file="latex2e.xml"></filename>
<preamblebeforebeginning>\input texinfo
-</preamblebeforebeginning><!-- c $Id: latex2e.texi 1141 2023-01-10 23:19:31Z karl $ -->
+</preamblebeforebeginning><!-- c $Id: latex2e.texi 1171 2024-05-12 22:50:08Z karl $ -->
<!-- comment %**start of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.) -->
<setfilename file="latex2e.info" spaces=" ">latex2e.info</setfilename>
-<set name="UPDATED" line=" UPDATED January 2023">January 2023</set>
-<!-- c $Id: common.texi 1089 2022-08-12 20:30:20Z vincentb1 $ -->
+<set name="UPDATED" line=" UPDATED May 2024">May 2024</set>
+<!-- c $Id: common.texi 1168 2024-05-06 17:11:09Z karl $ -->
<!-- c Public domain. -->
<set name="LTXREFMAN_HOME_PAGE" line=" LTXREFMAN_HOME_PAGE https://latexref.xyz">https://latexref.xyz</set>
<set name="LTXREFMAN_BUGS" line=" LTXREFMAN_BUGS latexrefman@@tug.org">latexrefman@@tug.org</set>
+
<clear name="HAS-MATH" line=" HAS-MATH "></clear>
-<macro name="iftexthenelse" line=" iftexthenelse {then,else}" endspaces=" "><formalarg>then</formalarg><formalarg>else</formalarg>\else\@c
+<!-- c -->
+<macro name="iftexthenelse" line=" iftexthenelse {then,else}" endspaces=" "><formalarg>then</formalarg><formalarg>else</formalarg>
+\else\@c
</macro>
-<macro name="package" line=" package {packagename}" endspaces=" "><formalarg>packagename</formalarg>@code{\packagename\}
+
+<!-- c package reference. -->
+<macro name="package" line=" package {packagename}" endspaces=" "><formalarg>packagename</formalarg>
+@code{\packagename\}
</macro>
-<!-- c used to remove something form the spell checker -->
-<macro name="identity" line=" identity {x}" endspaces=" "><formalarg>x</formalarg>\x\
+
+<!-- c used to remove something from the spell checker. -->
+<macro name="identity" line=" identity {x}" endspaces=" "><formalarg>x</formalarg>
+\x\
</macro>
+<!-- c so we can use \mbox in @math/@tex blocks. Should never be used outside. -->
+
<tex endspaces=" ">
+\globaldefs=1
+% lasyfont characters for Texinfo (latexsym package in LaTeX).
+% JH 2018-Nov-12, ideas from wasyfont.tex. Public domain.
+% not going to try to make fonts
+\font\tenlasy = lasy10
+% \font\ninelasy = lasy9
+% \font\eightlasy = lasy8
+\font\sevenlasy = lasy7
+\font\fivelasy = lasy5
+\newfam\lasyfam
+\newcount\lasyfamcount
+% family number is third-least-significant hex digit of mathchar
+\lasyfamcount=\lasyfam \multiply\lasyfamcount by 256
+%
+\textfont\lasyfam=\tenlasy
+ \scriptfont\lasyfam=\sevenlasy
+ \scriptscriptfont\lasyfam=\fivelasy
+%
+\def\lasymathchardef#1#2{%
+ \count255=\lasyfamcount
+ \advance\count255 by&quot;#1
+ \mathchardef#2\count255 }
+% char 1 (math class): 0=ord, 2=bin, 3=rel (taken from latexsym.dtx).
+% char 2: family number, added in by \lasymathchardef.
+% chars 3-4: character code in font. All in hex.
+\lasymathchardef{0030}{\mho}
+\lasymathchardef{3031}{\Join}
+\lasymathchardef{0032}{\Box}
+\lasymathchardef{0033}{\Diamond}
+\lasymathchardef{303B}{\leadsto}
+\lasymathchardef{303C}{\sqsubset}
+\lasymathchardef{303D}{\sqsupset}
+\lasymathchardef{2001}{\lhd}
+\lasymathchardef{2003}{\rhd}
+\lasymathchardef{2002}{\unlhd}
+\lasymathchardef{2004}{\unrhd}
+\font\tenmathbb = msbm10
+% use \hbox to force horizontal mode, as \mathbbN is to be called from Math mode.
+\def\mathbbN{{\hbox{\tenmathbb N}}}
+%
+% must explicitly reset before the (at)end tex, not let the (at)end group
+% reset it; else internal Texinfo variables get messed up.
+\globaldefs=0
</tex>
-<settitle spaces=" ">&latex;2e unofficial reference manual (January 2023)</settitle>
+<settitle spaces=" ">&latex;2e unofficial reference manual (May 2024)</settitle>
<!-- comment %**end of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.) -->
<!-- c latex 2.09 commands should all be present now, -->
<!-- c xx but latex2e stuff is missing. -->
<!-- c xx random list of a few of the missing items is at the end of this file -->
-<!-- c xx read through latex2e news for things to update. -->
+<!-- c xx read through ltnews and l3news for (lots of) things to update. -->
<!-- c -->
-<!-- c xx ctan, distributions, components of TeX -->
+<!-- c xx distributions, components of TeX -->
<!-- c xx classes and packages: required, additional, useful; oberdiek; fonts -->
<!-- c xx merge permuted-index -->
<!-- c xx merge latex-manual from savannah -->
<!-- c xx merge display style math -->
<!-- c xx systematically check stated math atom type vs. fontdef.dtx etc. -->
-<!-- c xx check recent ltnews for (lots of) changes -->
<!-- c xx \write of non-ASCII chars (vincent mail of 14 Mar 2020 21:39:41) -->
<!-- c xx \nonstopmode etc., if they are officially supported by LaTeX? -->
-<!-- c xx LaTeX defines \do at \begin{document} even though it is not documented -->
<!-- c xx JH explain nfss somewhere -->
<!-- c xx JH expand BiBTeX -->
<!-- c xx JH expand theorem, AMS math -->
-<!-- c xx JH something on code listings -->
<!-- c xx JH ligatures -->
+<!-- c xx \verbatiminput -->
<!-- c -->
<!-- c xx \NewCommandCopy et al. (Brian Dunn, 21 Dec 2021 06:50:17). -->
<!-- c -->
@@ -52,12 +103,10 @@
<!-- c xx commands, though some are internal and shouldn't be included. -->
<!-- c xx classes.dtx et al. define additional commands. -->
<!-- c xx See also http://ctan.org/pkg/macros2e. -->
-<!-- c -->
-<!-- c xx All the special characters should be definitively described. -->
<copying endspaces=" ">
<para>This document is an unofficial reference manual for &latex;, a
-document preparation system, version of January 2023.
+document preparation system, version of May 2024.
</para>
<para>This manual was originally translated from <file>LATEX.HLP</file> v1.0a in the
VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by
@@ -105,20 +154,47 @@ into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.
<dircategory spaces=" ">TeX</dircategory>
<direntry endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menutitle separator=": ">LaTeX2e</menutitle><menunode separator=". ">(latex2e)</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Unofficial LaTeX reference manual.
+<menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menutitle>LaTeX2e</menutitle><menuseparator>: </menuseparator><menunode>(latex2e)</menunode><menuseparator>. </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Unofficial LaTeX reference manual.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></direntry>
<tex endspaces=" ">
+\global\hbadness=4444 % don't complain much
</tex>
<microtype spaces=" " value="on" line="on"></microtype>
<html endspaces=" ">
+&lt;div class='intro'&gt; &lt;p&gt;This is an unofficial reference manual for
+LaTeX. See below for the &lt;a href='#SEC_Overview'&gt;Table of Contents&lt;/a&gt;.
+If you want a tutorial then please instead visit &lt;a
+href=&quot;https://www.learnlatex.org/&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;learnlatex.org&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; or
+see &lt;a href='https://ctan.org/topic/tut-latex'&gt;this long list&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;This manual has two versions. One has &lt;a
+href=&quot;https://latexref.xyz/&quot;&gt;separate web pages for each section or
+subsection&lt;/a&gt;. It's also available as a &lt;a
+href=&quot;https://latexref.xyz/dev/latex2e.html&quot;&gt;single web page&lt;/a&gt; and as
+a &lt;a href=&quot;https://latexref.xyz/dev/latex2e.pdf&quot;&gt;pdf&lt;/a&gt;.
+Translations to French and Spanish are available at
+@url{https://ctan.org/pkg/latex2e-help-texinfo}; they're maintained
+separately.
+
+&lt;p&gt; This document is not official. It has not been reviewed by the
+LaTeX maintainers. Our ultimate goal is to cover all (non-private)
+LaTeX commands. Your comments and contributions, including bug
+reports, are very welcome. See &lt;a
+href='https://latexref.xyz/dev/'&gt;our project page&lt;/a&gt; for more,
+including &lt;a href='https://latexref.xyz/dev/#license'&gt;license
+information&lt;/a&gt; and information on how you can &lt;a
+href='https://latexref.xyz/dev/writing.html'&gt;contribute to this
+manual&lt;/a&gt; as well as &lt;a
+href='https://latexref.xyz/dev/mirroring.html'&gt;mirror it&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;!--
+End of opening header --&gt;
</html>
<titlepage endspaces=" ">
<title spaces=" ">&latex;2e: An unofficial reference manual</title>
-<subtitle spaces=" ">January 2023</subtitle>
+<subtitle spaces=" ">May 2024</subtitle>
<author spaces=" "><url><urefurl>https://latexref.xyz</urefurl></url></author>
<page></page>
<vskip> 0pt plus 1filll</vskip>
@@ -129,17 +205,22 @@ into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.
<contents></contents>
<!-- c Best Effort Symbol -->
-<macro name="visiblespace" line=" visiblespace" endspaces=" ">@w{ }
+<macro name="visiblespace" line=" visiblespace" endspaces=" ">
+@w{ }
</macro>
-<macro name="BES" line=" BES {utf8,math}" endspaces=" "><formalarg>utf8</formalarg><formalarg>math</formalarg>@U{\utf8\}
+<macro name="BES" line=" BES {utf8,math}" endspaces=" "><formalarg>utf8</formalarg><formalarg>math</formalarg>
+@U{\utf8\}
</macro>
-<macro name="BESU" line=" BESU {utf8,math}" endspaces=" "><formalarg>utf8</formalarg><formalarg>math</formalarg>@U{\utf8\}
+<macro name="BESU" line=" BESU {utf8,math}" endspaces=" "><formalarg>utf8</formalarg><formalarg>math</formalarg>
+@U{\utf8\}
</macro>
-<macro name="EnvIndex" line=" EnvIndex {env}" endspaces=" "><formalarg>env</formalarg>@findex @r{environment}, @code{\env\}
+<macro name="EnvIndex" line=" EnvIndex {env}" endspaces=" "><formalarg>env</formalarg>
+@findex @r{environment}, @code{\env\}
@findex @code{\env\} @r{environment}
</macro>
-<macro name="PkgIndex" line=" PkgIndex {pkg}" endspaces=" "><formalarg>pkg</formalarg>@cindex @r{package}, @code{\pkg\}
+<macro name="PkgIndex" line=" PkgIndex {pkg}" endspaces=" "><formalarg>pkg</formalarg>
+@cindex @r{package}, @code{\pkg\}
@cindex @code{\pkg\} @r{package}
</macro>
@@ -152,39 +233,39 @@ into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.
<top spaces=" "><sectiontitle>&latex;2e: An unofficial reference manual</sectiontitle>
<para>This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of
-January 2023) for &latex;2e, a document preparation system.
+May 2024) for &latex;2e, a document preparation system.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">About this document</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Bug reporting, etc.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Overview</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">What is &latex;?
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Document classes</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Some of the various classes available.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Fonts</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Italic, bold, typewriter, etc.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Layout</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Controlling the page layout.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Sectioning</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Parts, Chapters, Sections, etc.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Cross references</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Automatic referencing.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Environments</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Such as enumerate &amp; itemize.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Line breaking</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Influencing line breaks.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Page breaking</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Influencing page breaks.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Footnotes</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">How to produce footnotes.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Definitions</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define your own commands, etc.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Counters</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Internal counters used by &latex;.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Lengths</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">The length commands.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Making paragraphs</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Paragraph commands.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Math formulas</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">How to create mathematical formulas.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Modes</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Paragraph, Math or LR modes.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Page styles</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Various styles of page layout.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Spaces</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Horizontal and vertical space.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Boxes</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Making boxes.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Color</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Defining and using colors.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Graphics</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Importing graphics from outside &latex;.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Special insertions</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Inserting reserved and special characters.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Splitting the input</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Dealing with big files by splitting.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Front/back matter</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Tables of contents, glossaries, indexes.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Letters</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">The <code>letter</code> class.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Input/output</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">User interaction.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Command line interface</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Common command-line options.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Document templates</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Starter templates for various document classes.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Index</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">General index.
+<menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>About this document</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Bug reporting, etc.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Overview</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">What is &latex;?
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Document classes</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Some of the various classes available.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Fonts</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Italic, bold, typewriter, etc.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Layout</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Controlling the page layout.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Sectioning</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Parts, Chapters, Sections, etc.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Cross references</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Automatic referencing.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Environments</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Such as enumerate &amp; itemize.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Line breaking</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Influencing line breaks.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Page breaking</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Influencing page breaks.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Footnotes</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">How to produce footnotes.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Definitions</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define your own commands, etc.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Counters</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Internal counters used by &latex;.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Lengths</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">The length commands.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Making paragraphs</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Paragraph commands.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Math formulas</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">How to create mathematical formulas.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Modes</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Paragraph, Math or LR modes.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Page styles</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Various styles of page layout.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Spaces</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Horizontal and vertical space.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Boxes</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Making boxes.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Graphics</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Importing graphics from outside &latex;.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Color</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Defining and using colors.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Special insertions</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Inserting reserved and special characters.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Splitting the input</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Dealing with big files by splitting.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Front/back matter</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Tables of contents, glossaries, indexes.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Letters</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">The <code>letter</code> class.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Input/output</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">User interaction.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Command line interface</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Common command-line options.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Document templates</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Starter templates for various document classes.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Index</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">General index.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
</top>
@@ -219,6 +300,8 @@ by the &latex; maintainers.
<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="6">reporting bugs</indexterm></cindex>
Do not send bug reports or anything else about this document to them.
Instead, please send all comments to <email><emailaddress>latexrefman&arobase;tug.org</emailaddress></email>.
+This is a public list; you can (un)subscribe, view the archives, etc.,
+at <url><urefurl>https://lists.tug.org/latexrefman</urefurl></url>.
</para>
<para>This document is a reference, not a tutorial. There is a vast array
of other information available about &latex;, at all levels. Here
@@ -238,8 +321,7 @@ are a few introductions.
<para>A longer introduction to &latex;, translated to many languages.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="url">https://tug.org/begin.html</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Introduction to the &tex; system, including &latex;, with further
-references.
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Overview of getting started with &tex; and &latex;.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></table>
@@ -266,11 +348,12 @@ along with interspersed commands. The default encoding for the text is
UTF-8 (as of 2018). The commands specify, for example, how the text
should be formatted.
</para>
-<para>&latex; is implemented as a set of related so-called &textldquo;macros&textrdquo; which
-use Donald&nbsp;E. Knuth&textrsquo;s &tex; typesetting program or one of its
-derivatives, collectively known as &textldquo;engines&textrdquo;. Thus, the user
-produces output, typically PDF, by giving the input file to a &tex;
-engine. (The following sections describe all this in more detail.)
+<para>&latex; is implemented as a set of so-called &textldquo;macros&textrdquo; (a &tex;
+<dfn>format</dfn>) which use Donald&nbsp;E. Knuth&textrsquo;s &tex; typesetting
+program or one of its derivatives, collectively known as
+&textldquo;engines&textrdquo;. Thus, the user produces output, typically PDF, by giving
+the input file to a &tex; engine. The following sections describe
+all this in more detail.
</para>
<para>The term &latex; is also sometimes used to mean the language in which
the input document is marked up, that is, to mean the set of commands
@@ -284,12 +367,14 @@ produce the logo with <code>\LaTeX</code>. Where use of the logo is not
sensible, such as in plain text, write it as <samp>LaTeX</samp>.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Starting and ending</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">The standard beginning and end of a document.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Output files</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Files produced.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">&tex; engines</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Programs that can compile &tex; and &latex;.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">&latex; command syntax</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">General syntax of &latex; commands.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Environment</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">An area of the source with distinct behavior.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">CTAN</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Our repository.
+<menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Starting and ending</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">The standard beginning and end of a document.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Output files</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Files produced.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>&tex; engines</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Programs that can compile &tex; and &latex;.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Input text</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Input encodings and special characters.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>&latex; command syntax</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">General syntax of &latex; commands.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Environment syntax</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;envname&rbrace; ... \end&lbrace;envname&rbrace;.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\DocumentMetadata</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Towards accessible PDF output.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>CTAN</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">The TeX world&textrsquo;s general repository.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
@@ -302,7 +387,7 @@ sensible, such as in plain text, write it as <samp>LaTeX</samp>.
<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="17">hello, world</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; files have a simple global structure, with a standard beginning
-and ending. This is a small example.
+and ending. Here is a small example:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\documentclass&lbrace;article&rbrace;
@@ -317,21 +402,22 @@ Hello, \LaTeX\ world.
</para>
<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="18">document class, defined</indexterm></cindex>
<noindent></noindent>
-<para>Here, the <samp>article</samp> is the <dfn>document class</dfn>. It is implemented
-in a file <file>article.cls</file>. You can use any document class on your
-system. A few document classes are defined by &latex; itself, and vast
-array of others are widely available. <xref label="Document-classes"><xrefnodename>Document classes</xrefnodename></xref>.
+<para>Here, the <samp>article</samp> is the <dfn>document class</dfn>. It is
+implemented in a file <file>article.cls</file>. You can use any document
+class available on your system. A few document classes are defined by
+&latex; itself, and a vast array of others are available.
+<xref label="Document-classes"><xrefnodename>Document classes</xrefnodename></xref>.
</para>
<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="19">preamble, defined</indexterm></cindex>
<para>You can include other &latex; commands between the
<code>\documentclass</code> and the <code>\begin&lbrace;document&rbrace;</code> commands.
This area is called the <dfn>preamble</dfn>.
</para>
-<para>The <code>\begin&lbrace;document&rbrace;</code>, <code>\end&lbrace;document&rbrace;</code> pair defines an
<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="20">environment</indexterm></cindex>
-<dfn>environment</dfn>; the <samp>document</samp> environment (and no others) is
-required in all &latex; documents (<pxref label="document"><xrefnodename>document</xrefnodename></pxref>). &latex; make
-available to you many environments that are documented here
+<para>The <code>\begin&lbrace;document&rbrace;</code> &dots; <code>\end&lbrace;document&rbrace;</code> pair
+defines an <dfn>environment</dfn>; the <samp>document</samp> environment (and no
+others) is required in all &latex; documents (<pxref label="document"><xrefnodename>document</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+&latex; provides many environments that are documented here
(<pxref label="Environments"><xrefnodename>Environments</xrefnodename></pxref>). Many more are available to you from external
packages, most importantly those available at CTAN (<pxref label="CTAN"><xrefnodename>CTAN</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
@@ -424,7 +510,7 @@ open-ended.
</para>
</section>
-<node name="TeX-engines" spaces=" "><nodename>&tex; engines</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">&latex; command syntax</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Output files</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Overview</nodeup></node>
+<node name="TeX-engines" spaces=" "><nodename>&tex; engines</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Input text</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Output files</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Overview</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>&tex; engines</sectiontitle>
<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="32">engines, &tex;</indexterm></cindex>
@@ -438,8 +524,8 @@ open-ended.
<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="39">&latex; format (<code>.fmt</code>) files</indexterm></cindex>
<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="40">format files, &tex;</indexterm></cindex>
<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="18" mergedindex="cp">.fmt <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
-<para>&latex; is a large set of commands that is executed by a &tex;
-program (<pxref label="Overview"><xrefnodename>Overview</xrefnodename></pxref>). Such a set of commands is called a
+<para>&latex; is a large set of commands (macros) that is executed by a
+&tex; program (<pxref label="Overview"><xrefnodename>Overview</xrefnodename></pxref>). Such a set of commands is called a
<dfn>format</dfn>, and is embodied in a binary <code>.fmt</code> file, which can
be read much more quickly than the corresponding &tex; source.
</para>
@@ -468,7 +554,8 @@ command <command>etex</command>, but this is plain &tex; (and produces
</para>
<para>In other &tex; distributions, <command>latex</command> may invoke e-&tex;
rather than pdf&tex;. In any case, the e-&tex; extensions can be
-assumed to be available in &latex;.
+assumed to be available in &latex;, and a few extensions beyond
+e-&tex;, particularly for file manipulation.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="22" mergedindex="cp">lualatex</indexterm>lualatex</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="43">Lua&tex;</indexterm></cindex>
@@ -498,26 +585,35 @@ and translates that to PDF using the (<code>x</code>)<code>dvipdfmx</code>
program, but this process is automatic. The <code>.xdv</code> file is only
useful for debugging.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="26" mergedindex="cp">platex</indexterm>platex</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="27" mergedindex="cp">uplatex</indexterm>uplatex</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="26" mergedindex="cp">hilatex</indexterm>hilatex</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="45">Hi&tex;</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="46">HINT format</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="47">mobile output</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>If &latex; is invoked via the system command <command>hilatex</command>, the
+Hi&tex; engine is run (<url><urefurl>https://ctan.org/pkg/hitex</urefurl></url>). This
+program produces its own format, named HINT, designed especially for
+high-quality typesetting on mobile devices.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="27" mergedindex="cp">platex</indexterm>platex</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="28" mergedindex="cp">uplatex</indexterm>uplatex</itemformat></itemx>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>These commands provide significant additional support for Japanese and
other languages; the <code>u</code> variant supports Unicode. See
<url><urefurl>https://ctan.org/pkg/ptex</urefurl></url> and <url><urefurl>https://ctan.org/pkg/uptex</urefurl></url>.
</para></tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
<para>As of 2019, there is a companion <code>-dev</code> command and format for
-all of the above:
+all of the above, except <code>hitex</code>:
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="28" mergedindex="cp">dvilualatex-dev</indexterm>dvilualatex-dev</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="29" mergedindex="cp">latex-dev</indexterm>latex-dev</itemformat></itemx>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="30" mergedindex="cp">lualatex-dev</indexterm>lualatex-dev</itemformat></itemx>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="31" mergedindex="cp">pdflatex-dev</indexterm>pdflatex-dev</itemformat></itemx>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="32" mergedindex="cp">platex-dev</indexterm>platex-dev</itemformat></itemx>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="33" mergedindex="cp">uplatex-dev</indexterm>uplatex-dev</itemformat></itemx>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="34" mergedindex="cp">xelatex-dev</indexterm>xelatex-dev</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="45">release candidates</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="46">prerelease testing</indexterm></cindex>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="29" mergedindex="cp">dvilualatex-dev</indexterm>dvilualatex-dev</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="30" mergedindex="cp">latex-dev</indexterm>latex-dev</itemformat></itemx>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="31" mergedindex="cp">lualatex-dev</indexterm>lualatex-dev</itemformat></itemx>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="32" mergedindex="cp">pdflatex-dev</indexterm>pdflatex-dev</itemformat></itemx>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="33" mergedindex="cp">platex-dev</indexterm>platex-dev</itemformat></itemx>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="34" mergedindex="cp">uplatex-dev</indexterm>uplatex-dev</itemformat></itemx>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="35" mergedindex="cp">xelatex-dev</indexterm>xelatex-dev</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="48">release candidates</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="49">prerelease testing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>These are candidates for an upcoming &latex; release. The main
purpose is to find and address compatibility problems before an
official release.
@@ -539,29 +635,246 @@ before being released.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
+
+</section>
+<node name="Input-text" spaces=" "><nodename>Input text</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">&latex; command syntax</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">&tex; engines</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Overview</nodeup></node>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Input text</sectiontitle>
+
+<para>To a first approximation, most input characters in &latex; print as
+themselves. But there are exceptions, as discussed in the following
+sections.
+</para>
+<menu endspaces=" ">
+<menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Input encodings</menunode><menuseparator>::</menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Ligatures</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Combined characters: ff fi fl ffi ffl &textldquo; &textrdquo; &textndash; &textmdash; &textlsquo;! &textlsquo;?
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Special characters</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">With special meaning: <code>\ &lbrace; &rbrace; % $ &amp; _ ^ # ~</code>
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
+
+
+<node name="Input-encodings" spaces=" "><nodename>Input encodings</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Ligatures</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Input text</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Input encodings</sectiontitle>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="50">character encoding</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="51">input encodings</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="52">encodings, input</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>The input to &tex; (or any computer program) ultimately consists of a
+sequence of bytes. (Nowadays, a byte is almost universally an
+eight-bit number, i.e., an integer between 0 and 255, inclusive.) The
+input encoding defines how to interpret that sequence of bytes, and
+thus how &latex; behaves.
+</para>
+<!-- c UTF-8 -->
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="53">Unicode</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Today, by far the most common way to encode text is with <dfn>UTF-8</dfn>, a
+so-called &textldquo;Unicode Transformation Format&textrdquo; which specifies how to
+transform a sequence of 8-bit bytes to Unicode code points, which are
+defined independent of any particular representation. The Unicode
+encoding defines code points for virtually all characters used
+today in written text.
+</para>
+<para>When &tex; was created, Unicode and UTF-8 did not exist and the 7-bit
+ASCII encoding was by far the most widely used. So &tex; does not
+require Unicode for text input. UTF-8 is a superset of ASCII, so a
+pure 7-bit ASCII document is also UTF-8.
+</para>
+<para>Since 2018, the default input encoding for &latex; is UTF-8.
+Some methods for handling documents written in some other encoding,
+such as ISO-8859-1 (Latin 1), are explained in <ref label="inputenc-package"><xrefnodename>inputenc package</xrefnodename></ref>.
+</para>
+<para>You can easily find more about all these topics in any introductory
+computer text or online. For example, you might start at:
+<url><urefurl>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode</urefurl></url>.
+</para>
+</subsection>
+<node name="Ligatures" spaces=" "><nodename>Ligatures</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Special characters</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Input encodings</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Input text</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Ligatures</sectiontitle>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="54">ligatures</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>A <dfn>ligature</dfn> combines two or more letters (more generally,
+characters) into a single glyph. For example, in Latin-based
+typography, the two letters <samp>f</samp> and <samp>i</samp> are often combined
+into the glyph &textlsquo;fi&textrsquo;.
+</para>
+<para>&tex; supports ligatures automatically. To continue the example, if
+the input has the word <samp>fine</samp>, written as four separate ASCII
+characters, &tex; will output the word &textlsquo;fine&textrsquo; (with the default
+fonts), with three typeset glyphs.
+</para>
+<para>In traditional &tex;, the available ligatures, if any, are defined by
+the current font. &tex; also uses the ligature mechanism to produce
+a few typographical characters which were not available in any
+computer encoding when &tex; was invented. In all, in the original
+Computer Modern fonts, the following input character sequences are
+defined to lead to ligatures:
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="55">f-ligatures</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="56">double quotation marks, as ligatures</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="57">quotation marks, as ligatures</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="58">en-dash, as ligature</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="59">em-dash, as ligature</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="60">inverted exclamation mark, as ligature</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="61">inverted question mark, as ligature</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="62">Spanish exclamation mark, as ligature</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="63">Spanish question mark, as ligature</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<table commandarg="samp" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="samp">ff</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>ff (f<r></r>f ligature, U+FB00)
+</para></tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="samp">fi</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>fi (f<r></r>i ligature, U+FB01)
+</para></tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="samp">fl</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>fl (f<r></r>l ligature, U+FB02)
+</para></tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="samp">ffi</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>ffi (f<r></r>f<r></r>i ligature, U+FB03)
+</para></tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="samp">ffl</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>ffl (f<r></r>f<r></r>l ligature, U+FB04)
+</para></tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="samp">``</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>&textldquo; (left double quotation mark, U+201C)
+</para></tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="samp">''</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>&textrdquo; (right double quotation mark, U+201D)
+</para></tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="samp">--</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>&textndash; (en-dash, U+2013)
+</para></tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="samp">---</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>&textmdash; (em-dash, U+2014)
+</para></tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="samp">!`</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>!&textlsquo; (inverted exclamation mark, U+00A1)
+</para></tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="samp">?`</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>?&textlsquo; (inverted question mark, U+00BF)
+</para></tableitem></tableentry></table>
+
+<noindent></noindent> <para>(For the f-ligatures above, the text in parentheses shows the
+individual characters, so in the typeset output you can easily see the
+difference between the ligature and the original character sequence.)
+</para>
+<para>Nowadays it&textrsquo;s usually possible to directly input the punctuation
+characters as Unicode characters, and &latex; supports that (see
+previous section). But even today, it can still often be useful to
+use the ASCII ligature input form; for example, the difference between
+an en-dash and em-dash, as a single glyph, can be all but impossible
+to discern, but the difference between two and three ASCII hyphen
+characters is clear. Similarly with quotation marks, in some fonts.
+</para>
+<para>Thus, even the engines with native support for UTF-8, namely Lua&tex;
+and Xe&tex;, also support the ASCII ligature input sequences by
+default, independent of the font used. They also need to do so for
+compatibility.
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="64">alphabetic presentation forms Unicode block</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>By the way, the f-ligatures are also available in Unicode (the
+&textldquo;Alphabetic Presentation Forms&textrdquo; block starting at U+FB00), but it&textrsquo;s
+almost never desirable to use them as input characters, since in
+principle it should be up to the typesetter and the current font
+whether to use ligatures. Also, in practice, using them will
+typically cause searches to fail, that is, a search for the two
+characters <samp>fi</samp> will not be matched by the ligature &textlsquo;fi&textrsquo; at
+U+FB01.
+</para>
+
+</subsection>
+<node name="Special-characters" spaces=" "><nodename>Special characters</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Ligatures</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Input text</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Special characters: <code>\ &lbrace; &rbrace; % $ &amp; _ ^ # ~</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<anchor name="Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</anchor><!-- c old node name -->
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="65">reserved characters, meaning of</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="66">special characters, meaning of</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="67">meaning of special characters</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>Besides ligatures (see previous section), a few individual characters
+have special meaning to &latex;. They are called <dfn>reserved
+characters</dfn> or <dfn>special characters</dfn>. Here they are:
+</para>
+<table commandarg="samp" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="samp">\</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="36" mergedindex="cp">\ <r>character</r>, meaning of</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="68">backslash, meaning of</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Introduces a command name, as seen throughout this manual.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="samp">&lbrace;</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="samp">&rbrace;</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="37" mergedindex="cp">&lbrace; <r>character</r>, meaning of</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="38" mergedindex="cp">&rbrace; <r>character</r>, meaning of</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="69">left brace, meaning of</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="70">right brace, meaning of</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="71">braces, meaning of</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="72">curly braces, meaning of</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Delimits a required argument to a command or a level of grouping, as
+seen throughout this manual.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="samp">% </itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="39" mergedindex="cp">% <r>character</r>, meaning of</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="73">percent character, meaning of</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Starts a comment: the <samp>%</samp> and all remaining characters on the
+current line are ignored.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="samp">$</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="40" mergedindex="cp">$ <r>character</r>, meaning of</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="74">dollar sign character, meaning of</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Starts and ends math mode (<pxref label="Math-formulas"><xrefnodename>Math formulas</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="samp">&amp;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="41" mergedindex="cp">&amp; <r>character</r>, meaning of</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="75">ampersand character, meaning of</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Separates cells in a table (<pxref label="tabular"><xrefnodename>tabular</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="samp">_ </itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="samp">^</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="42" mergedindex="cp">_ <r>character</r>, meaning of</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="43" mergedindex="cp">^ <r>character</r>, meaning of</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="76">underscore character, meaning of</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="77">hat character, meaning of</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="78">caret character, meaning of</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Introduce a subscript or superscript, respectively, in math
+(<pxref label="Subscripts-_0026-superscripts"><xrefnodename>Subscripts &amp; superscripts</xrefnodename></pxref>); they produce an error outside
+math mode. As a little-used special feature, two superscript
+characters in a row can introduce special notation for an arbitrary
+character.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="samp"># </itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="44" mergedindex="cp"># <r>character</r>, meaning of</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="79">number sign character (<code>#</code>), meaning of</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="80">sharp character (<code>#</code>), meaning of</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="81">hash character (<code>#</code>), meaning of</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Stands for arguments in a macro definition (<pxref label="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><xrefnodename>\newcommand &amp;
+\renewcommand</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="samp">~ </itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="45" mergedindex="cp">~ <r>character</r>, meaning of</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="82">tilde character, meaning of</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Produces a nonbreakable interword space (<pxref label="_007e"><xrefnodename>~</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry></table>
+
+<para><xref label="Printing-special-characters"><xrefnodename>Printing special characters</xrefnodename></xref>, for how to typeset these
+characters when you need them literally.
+</para>
+
+</subsection>
</section>
-<node name="LaTeX-command-syntax" spaces=" "><nodename>&latex; command syntax</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Environment</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">&tex; engines</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Overview</nodeup></node>
+<node name="LaTeX-command-syntax" spaces=" "><nodename>&latex; command syntax</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Environment syntax</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Input text</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Overview</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>&latex; command syntax</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="47">command syntax</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="35" mergedindex="cp">\ <r>character starting commands</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="36" mergedindex="cp">[...] <r>(for optional arguments)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="37" mergedindex="cp">&lbrace;...&rbrace; <r>(for required arguments)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="83">command syntax</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="46" mergedindex="cp">\ <r>character starting commands</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="47" mergedindex="cp">[...] <r>(for optional arguments)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="48" mergedindex="cp">&lbrace;...&rbrace; <r>(for required arguments)</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>In the &latex; input file, a command name starts with a backslash
character, <code>\</code>. The name itself then consists of either
(a)&nbsp;a string of letters or (b)&nbsp;a single non-letter.
</para>
-<para>&latex; commands names are case sensitive so that <code>\pagebreak</code>
-differs from <code>\Pagebreak</code> (the latter is not a standard command).
-Most command names are lowercase, but in any event you must enter all
-commands in the same case as they are defined.
+<para>&latex; commands names are case sensitive; for example,
+<code>\pagebreak</code> differs from <code>\Pagebreak</code> (the latter is not a
+standard command). Most command names are lowercase, but in any event
+you must enter all commands in the same case as they are defined.
</para>
<para>A command may be followed by zero, one, or more arguments. These
arguments may be either required or optional. Required arguments are
contained in curly braces, <code>&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code>. Optional arguments are
contained in square brackets, <code>[...]</code>. Generally, but not
universally, if the command accepts an optional argument, it comes
-first, before any required arguments.
+first, before any required arguments; optional arguments could come
+after required arguments, or both before and after.
</para>
<para>Inside of an optional argument, to use the character close square
bracket&nbsp;(<code>]</code>) hide it inside curly braces, as
@@ -570,30 +883,31 @@ argument comes last, with no required argument after it, then to make
the first character of the following text be an open square bracket,
hide it inside curly braces.
</para>
-<para>&latex; has the convention that some commands have a <code>*</code> form that
-is related to the form without a <code>*</code>, such as <code>\chapter</code> and
-<code>\chapter*</code>. The exact difference in behavior varies from command
-to command.
+<para>&latex; has the convention that some commands have a <code>*</code> form
+that is closely related to the form without a <code>*</code>, such as
+<code>\chapter</code> and <code>\chapter*</code>. The difference in behavior
+varies from command to command.
</para>
<para>This manual describes all accepted options and <code>*</code>-forms for the
commands it covers (barring unintentional omissions, a.k.a.&noeos; bugs).
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="48"><r>package</r>, <code>expl3</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="49"><code>expl3</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="84"><r>package</r>, <code>expl3</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="85"><code>expl3</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="50"><r>package</r>, <code>xparse</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="51"><code>xparse</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="86"><r>package</r>, <code>xparse</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="87"><code>xparse</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="52">&latex;3 syntax</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="88">&latex;3 syntax</indexterm></cindex>
<para>As of the 2020-10-01 release of &latex;, the <code>expl3</code> and
<code>xparse</code> packages are part of the &latex;2e format. They
provide a completely different underlying programming language
-syntax. We won&textrsquo;t try to cover them in this document; see the related
+syntax. We won&textrsquo;t try to cover that in this document; see the related
package documentation and other &latex; manuals.
</para>
+
</section>
-<node name="Environment" spaces=" "><nodename>Environment</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">CTAN</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">&latex; command syntax</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Overview</nodeup></node>
-<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Environment</sectiontitle>
+<node name="Environment-syntax" spaces=" "><nodename>Environment syntax</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\DocumentMetadata</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">&latex; command syntax</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Overview</nodeup></node>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Environment syntax</sectiontitle>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -630,16 +944,59 @@ required (it specifies the formatting of columns).
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;[t]&lbrace;r|l&rbrace;
- ... rows of table ...
+ ... <var>rows-of-table</var> ...
\end&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;
</pre></example>
</section>
-<node name="CTAN" spaces=" "><nodename>CTAN</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Environment</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Overview</nodeup></node>
+<node name="_005cDocumentMetadata" spaces=" "><nodename>\DocumentMetadata</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">CTAN</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Environment syntax</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Overview</nodeup></node>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\DocumentMetadata</code>: Producing tagged PDF output</sectiontitle>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="49" mergedindex="cp">\DocumentMetadata</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="89">tagged PDF</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="90">PDF, tagged</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="91">metadata, adding</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="92">accessibility</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>The <code>\DocumentMetadata</code> command was added to &latex; in 2022.
+It enables so-called &textldquo;tagging&textrdquo; of the PDF output, aiding
+accessibility of the PDF. It is supported best with Lua&latex;;
+pdf&latex; and Xe&latex; are supported as well as possible
+(<pxref label="TeX-engines"><xrefnodename>&tex; engines</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+<para>It is unlike nearly any other command in &latex; in that it must
+occur before the <code>\documentclass</code> command that starts a &latex;
+document proper (<pxref label="_005cdocumentclass"><xrefnodename>\documentclass</xrefnodename></pxref>). Therefore it must be
+called with <code>\RequirePackage</code> rather than <code>\usepackage</code>
+(<pxref label="_005cRequirePackage"><xrefnodename>\RequirePackage</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="93"><r>package</r>, <code>latex-lab</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="94"><code>latex-lab</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="50" mergedindex="cp">documentmetadata-support-doc <r>document</r></indexterm></findex>
+<para>This support is still in development, so we will not try to list all
+the possible settings. Please see the
+<code>documentmetadata-support-doc</code> document, part of the
+<code>latex-lab</code> package (<url><urefurl>https://ctan.org/pkg/latex-lab</urefurl></url>). Here
+is a simple example which enables most tagging currently implemented:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\DocumentMetadata&lbrace;testphase=&lbrace;phase-III,firstaid&rbrace;&rbrace;
+\documentclass&lbrace;article&rbrace;
+...
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>As you can see from the key name <code>testphase</code>, this is all still
+in an experimental phase. The &latex; developers strongly encourage
+users to give it a try and report problems, so it can be improved.
+</para>
+
+</section>
+<node name="CTAN" spaces=" "><nodename>CTAN</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\DocumentMetadata</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Overview</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>CTAN: The Comprehensive &tex; Archive Network</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="53">CTAN</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="95">CTAN</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The Comprehensive &tex; Archive Network, CTAN, is the &tex; and
&latex; community&textrsquo;s repository of free material. It is a set of
@@ -652,17 +1009,17 @@ person or a small number of people. For instance, many publishers have
a package that allows authors to format papers to that publisher&textrsquo;s
specifications.
</para>
-<para>In addition to the massive holdings, the <code>ctan.org</code> web site
+<para>In addition to its massive holdings, the <code>ctan.org</code> web site
offers features such as search by name or by functionality.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="54">DANTE e.V.</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="96">DANTE e.V.</indexterm></cindex>
<para>CTAN is not a single host, but instead is a set of hosts, one of which
is the so-called &textldquo;master&textrdquo;. The master host actively manages the
material, for instance, by accepting uploads of new or updated
packages. For many years, it has been hosted by the German &tex;
group, DANTE e.V.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="55">mirrors of CTAN</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="97">mirrors of CTAN</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Other sites around the world help out by mirroring, that is,
automatically syncing their collections with the master site and then
in turn making their copies publicly available. This gives users close
@@ -675,25 +1032,27 @@ site. The list of mirrors is at <url><urefurl>https://ctan.org/mirrors</urefurl>
<node name="Document-classes" spaces=" "><nodename>Document classes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Fonts</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Overview</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Document classes</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="56">document classes</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="57">classes of documents</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="38" mergedindex="cp">\documentclass</indexterm></findex>
+<anchor name="_005cdocumentclass">\documentclass</anchor>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="98">document classes</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="99">classes of documents</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="51" mergedindex="cp">\documentclass</indexterm></findex>
-<para>The document&textrsquo;s overall class is defined with this command, which is
-normally the first command in a &latex; source file.
+<para>The document&textrsquo;s overall class is defined with the <code>\documentclass</code>
+command, which is normally the first command in a &latex; source
+file.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\documentclass[<var>options</var>]&lbrace;<var>class</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="39" mergedindex="cp">article <r>class</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="40" mergedindex="cp">report <r>class</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="41" mergedindex="cp">book <r>class</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="42" mergedindex="cp">letter <r>class</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="43" mergedindex="cp">slides <r>class</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="52" mergedindex="cp">article <r>class</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="53" mergedindex="cp">report <r>class</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="54" mergedindex="cp">book <r>class</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="55" mergedindex="cp">letter <r>class</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="56" mergedindex="cp">slides <r>class</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>The following document <var>class</var> names are built into &latex;.
-(Many other document classes are available as separate packages;
-<pxref label="Overview"><xrefnodename>Overview</xrefnodename></pxref>.)
+Many other document classes are available as separate packages
+(<pxref label="Overview"><xrefnodename>Overview</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">article</itemformat></item>
@@ -719,7 +1078,7 @@ such as technical reports or theses, which may contain several chapters.
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">slides</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="document-classes-slides">document classes slides</anchor>
<para>For slide presentations&textmdash;rarely used nowadays. The
-<code>beamer</code> package is perhaps the most prevalent
+<code>beamer</code> package is perhaps the most prevalent replacement
(<url><urefurl>https://ctan.org/pkg/beamer</urefurl></url>). <xref label="beamer-template"><xrefnodename>beamer template</xrefnodename></xref>, for a
small template for a beamer document.
</para>
@@ -728,19 +1087,19 @@ small template for a beamer document.
<para>Standard <var>options</var> are described in the next section.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Document class options</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Global options.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Additional packages</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Bring in packages.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Class and package construction</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Create new classes and packages.
+<menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Document class options</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Global options.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\usepackage</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Bring in additional packages.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Class and package creation</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Writing new classes and packages.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
-<node name="Document-class-options" spaces=" "><nodename>Document class options</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Additional packages</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Document classes</nodeup></node>
+<node name="Document-class-options" spaces=" "><nodename>Document class options</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\usepackage</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Document classes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Document class options</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="58">document class options</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="59">options, document class</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="60">class options</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="61">global options</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="100">document class options</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="101">options, document class</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="102">class options</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="103">global options</indexterm></cindex>
<para>You can specify <dfn>global options</dfn> or <dfn>class options</dfn> to the
<code>\documentclass</code> command by enclosing them in square brackets. To
@@ -750,26 +1109,30 @@ specify more than one <var>option</var>, separate them with a comma.
<pre xml:space="preserve">\documentclass[<var>option1</var>,<var>option2</var>,...]&lbrace;<var>class</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
+<para>&latex; automatically passes options specified for
+<code>\documentclass</code> on to any other loaded classes that can handle
+them.
+</para>
<para>Here is the list of the standard class options.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="44" mergedindex="cp">10pt <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="45" mergedindex="cp">11pt <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="46" mergedindex="cp">12pt <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="57" mergedindex="cp">10pt <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="58" mergedindex="cp">11pt <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="59" mergedindex="cp">12pt <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>All of the standard classes except <code>slides</code> accept the following
-options for selecting the typeface size (default is <code>10pt</code>):
+options for selecting the typeface size; the default is <code>10pt</code>:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">10pt 11pt 12pt
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="47" mergedindex="cp">a4paper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="48" mergedindex="cp">a5paper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="49" mergedindex="cp">b5paper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="50" mergedindex="cp">executivepaper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="51" mergedindex="cp">legalpaper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="52" mergedindex="cp">letterpaper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="60" mergedindex="cp">a4paper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="61" mergedindex="cp">a5paper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="62" mergedindex="cp">b5paper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="63" mergedindex="cp">executivepaper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="64" mergedindex="cp">legalpaper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="65" mergedindex="cp">letterpaper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>All of the standard classes accept these options for selecting the paper
-size (these show height by width):
+size (dimensions are listed height by width):
</para>
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">a4paper </itemformat></item>
@@ -791,63 +1154,61 @@ size (these show height by width):
</tableterm><tableitem><para>8.5 by 11&nbsp;inches (the default)
</para></tableitem></tableentry></table>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="53" mergedindex="cp">\pdfpagewidth</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="54" mergedindex="cp">\pdfpageheight</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="62"><r>package</r>, <code>geometry</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="63"><code>geometry</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="66" mergedindex="cp">\pdfpagewidth</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="67" mergedindex="cp">\pdfpageheight</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="104"><r>package</r>, <code>geometry</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="105"><code>geometry</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>When using one of the engines pdf&latex;, Lua&latex;, or Xe&latex;
(<pxref label="TeX-engines"><xrefnodename>&tex; engines</xrefnodename></pxref>), options other than <code>letterpaper</code> set
-the print area but you must also set the physical paper size. One way
-to do that is to put <code>\pdfpagewidth=\paperwidth</code> and
-<code>\pdfpageheight=\paperheight</code> in your document&textrsquo;s preamble.
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="64"><r>package</r>, <code>geometry</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="65"><code>geometry</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-</para>
-<para>The <code>geometry</code> package provides flexible ways of setting the print
-area and physical page size.
-</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="55" mergedindex="cp">draft <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="56" mergedindex="cp">final <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="57" mergedindex="cp">fleqn <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="58" mergedindex="cp">landscape <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="59" mergedindex="cp">leqno <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="60" mergedindex="cp">openbib <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="61" mergedindex="cp">titlepage <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="62" mergedindex="cp">notitlepage <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+the print area but you must also set the physical paper size. Usually,
+the <code>geometry</code> package is the best way to do that; it
+provides flexible ways of setting the print area and physical page size.
+Otherwise, setting the paper size is engine-dependent. For example,
+with pdf&latex;, you could include <code>\pdfpagewidth=\paperwidth</code> and
+<code>\pdfpageheight=\paperheight</code> in the preamble.
+</para>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="68" mergedindex="cp">draft <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="69" mergedindex="cp">final <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="70" mergedindex="cp">fleqn <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="71" mergedindex="cp">landscape <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="72" mergedindex="cp">leqno <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="73" mergedindex="cp">openbib <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="74" mergedindex="cp">titlepage <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="75" mergedindex="cp">notitlepage <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>Miscellaneous other options:
</para>
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">draft</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">final</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="66">black boxes, omitting</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="106">black boxes, omitting</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Mark (<code>draft</code>) or do not mark (<code>final</code>) overfull boxes with a
black box in the margin; default is <code>final</code>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">fleqn</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="67">flush left equations</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="68">centered equations</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="69">equations, flush left vs.&noeos; centered</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="107">flush left equations</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="108">centered equations</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="109">equations, flush left vs.&noeos; centered</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Put displayed formulas flush left; default is centered.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">landscape</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="70">landscape orientation</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="71">portrait orientation</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="110">landscape orientation</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="111">portrait orientation</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Selects landscape format; default is portrait.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">leqno</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="72">left-hand equation numbers</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="73">right-hand equation numbers</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="74">equation numbers, left vs.&noeos; right</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="112">left-hand equation numbers</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="113">right-hand equation numbers</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="114">equation numbers, left vs.&noeos; right</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Put equation numbers on the left side of equations; default is the right side.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">openbib</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="75">bibliography format, open</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="115">bibliography format, open</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Use &textldquo;open&textrdquo; bibliography format.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">titlepage</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">notitlepage</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="76">title page, separate or run-in</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="116">title page, separate or run-in</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Specifies whether there is a separate page for the title information and
for the abstract also, if there is one. The default for the
<code>report</code> class is <code>titlepage</code>, for the other classes it is
@@ -856,12 +1217,12 @@ for the abstract also, if there is one. The default for the
<para>The following options are not available with the <code>slides</code> class.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="63" mergedindex="cp">onecolumn <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="64" mergedindex="cp">twocolumn <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="65" mergedindex="cp">oneside <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="66" mergedindex="cp">twoside <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="67" mergedindex="cp">openright <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="68" mergedindex="cp">openany <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="76" mergedindex="cp">onecolumn <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="77" mergedindex="cp">twocolumn <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="78" mergedindex="cp">oneside <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="79" mergedindex="cp">twoside <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="80" mergedindex="cp">openright <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="81" mergedindex="cp">openany <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">onecolumn</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">twocolumn</itemformat></itemx>
@@ -869,8 +1230,8 @@ for the abstract also, if there is one. The default for the
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">oneside</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">twoside</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="69" mergedindex="cp">\evensidemargin</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="70" mergedindex="cp">\oddsidemargin</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="82" mergedindex="cp">\evensidemargin</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="83" mergedindex="cp">\oddsidemargin</indexterm></findex>
<!-- c xx TODO re-align on the French version which is more accurate. -->
<para>Selects one- or two-sided layout; default is <code>oneside</code>, except
that in the <code>book</code> class the default is <code>twoside</code>.
@@ -888,44 +1249,56 @@ being 40% of the difference between <code>\paperwidth</code> and
<code>openright</code> for <code>book</code>, and <code>openany</code> for <code>report</code>.
</para></tableitem></tableentry></table>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="71" mergedindex="cp">clock <r>option to <code>slides</code> class</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="84" mergedindex="cp">clock <r>option to <code>slides</code> class</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>slides</code> class offers the option <code>clock</code> for printing
the time at the bottom of each note.
</para>
</section>
-<node name="Additional-packages" spaces=" "><nodename>Additional packages</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Class and package construction</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Document class options</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Document classes</nodeup></node>
-<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Additional packages</sectiontitle>
+<node name="_005cusepackage" spaces=" "><nodename>\usepackage</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Class and package creation</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Document class options</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Document classes</nodeup></node>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\usepackage</code>: Additional packages</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="77">loading additional packages</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="78">packages, loading additional</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="79">additional packages, loading</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="72" mergedindex="cp">\usepackage</indexterm></findex>
-<para>Load a package <var>pkg</var>, with the package options given in the comma-separated
-list <var>options</var>, as here.
+<anchor name="Additional-packages">Additional packages</anchor><!-- c original node name -->
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="117">loading additional packages</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="118">packages, loading additional</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="119">additional packages, loading</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="85" mergedindex="cp">\usepackage</indexterm></findex>
+<para>To load a package <var>pkg</var>, with the package options given in the
+comma-separated list <var>options</var>:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\usepackage[<var>options</var>]&lbrace;<var>pkg</var>&rbrace;.
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\usepackage[<var>options</var>]&lbrace;<var>pkg</var>&rbrace;[<var>mindate</var>]
</pre></example>
<para>To specify more than one package you can separate them with a comma,
as in <code>\usepackage&lbrace;<var>pkg1</var>,<var>pkg2</var>,...&rbrace;</code>, or use multiple
<code>\usepackage</code> commands.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="80">global options</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="81">options, global</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>Any options given in the <code>\documentclass</code> command that are unknown
-to the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with
-<code>\usepackage</code>.
+<para>If the <var>mindate</var> optional argument is given, &latex; gives a
+warning if the loaded package has an earlier date, i.e., is too old.
+The <var>mindate</var> argument must be in the form <code>YYYY/MM/DD</code>.
+More info on this: <url><urefurl>https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/47743</urefurl></url>.
+</para>
+<para><code>\usepackage</code> must be used in the document preamble, between the
+<code>\documentclass</code> declaration and the <code>\begin&lbrace;document&rbrace;</code>.
+Occasionally it is necessary to load packages before the
+<code>\documentclass</code>; see <code>\RequirePackage</code> for that
+(<pxref label="_005cRequirePackage"><xrefnodename>\RequirePackage</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="120">global options</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="121">options, global</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Any options given in the global <code>\documentclass</code> command that are
+unknown to the selected document class are passed on to the packages
+loaded with <code>\usepackage</code>.
</para>
</section>
-<node name="Class-and-package-construction" spaces=" "><nodename>Class and package construction</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Additional packages</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Document classes</nodeup></node>
-<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Class and package construction</sectiontitle>
+<node name="Class-and-package-creation" spaces=" "><nodename>Class and package creation</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\usepackage</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Document classes</nodeup></node>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Class and package creation</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="82">document class commands</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="83">commands, document class</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="84">new class commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="122">document class commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="123">commands, document class</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="124">new class commands</indexterm></cindex>
<para>You can create new document classes and new packages. For instance, if
your memos must satisfy some local requirements, such as a
@@ -933,44 +1306,46 @@ standard header for each page, then you could create a new class
<code>smcmemo.cls</code> and begin your documents with
<code>\documentclass&lbrace;smcmemo&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-<para>What separates a package from a document class is that the commands in a
-package are useful across classes while those in a document class are
-specific to that class. Thus, a command to set page headers is for a
-package while a command to make the page headers say <code>Memo from the
-SMC Math Department</code> is for a class.
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="85">class and package difference</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="86">difference between class and package</indexterm></cindex>
-</para>
-<para>Inside of a class or package file you can use the at-sign <code>&arobase;</code> as a
-character in command names without having to surround the code
-containing that command with <code>\makeatletter</code> and
-<code>\makeatother</code>. <xref label="_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother"><xrefnodename>\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</xrefnodename></xref>. This allow
-you to create commands that users will not accidentally redefine.
-Another technique is to preface class- or package-specific commands with
-some string to prevent your class or package from interfering with
-others. For instance, the class <code>smcmemo</code> might have commands
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="125">class and package difference</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="126">difference between class and package</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>What separates a package from a document class is that the commands in
+a package are useful across classes while those in a document class
+are specific to that class. Thus, a command to set page headers is
+for a package while a command to make the page headers be
+<code>Memo from the SMC Math Department</code> is for a class.
+</para>
+<para>Inside of a class or package definition you can use the at-sign
+<code>&arobase;</code> as a character in command names without having to surround
+the code containing that command with <code>\makeatletter</code> and
+<code>\makeatother</code> (<pxref label="_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother"><xrefnodename>\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</xrefnodename></pxref>). This
+allows you to create commands that users will not accidentally
+redefine.
+</para>
+<para>It is also highly desirable to prefix class- or package-specific
+commands with your package name or similar string, to prevent your
+definitions from clashing with those from other packages. For
+instance, the class <code>smcmemo</code> might have commands
<code>\smc&arobase;tolist</code>, <code>\smc&arobase;fromlist</code>, etc.
</para>
-
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Class and package structure</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Layout of the file.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Class and package commands</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">List of commands.
+<menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Class and package structure</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Layout of the file.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
-<node name="Class-and-package-structure" spaces=" "><nodename>Class and package structure</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Class and package commands</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Class and package construction</nodeup></node>
+<node name="Class-and-package-structure" spaces=" "><nodename>Class and package structure</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">Class and package creation</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Class and package structure</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="87">class and package structure</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="88">class file layout</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="89">package file layout</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="90">options, document class</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="91">options, package</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="92">class options</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="93">package options</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="127">class and package structure</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="128">class file layout</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="129">package file layout</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="130">options, document class</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="131">options, package</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="132">class options</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="133">package options</indexterm></cindex>
<para>A class file or package file typically has four parts.
-</para><enumerate first="1" endspaces=" ">
+</para>
+<enumerate first="1" endspaces=" ">
<listitem>
<para>In the <dfn>identification part</dfn>, the file says that it is a &latex;
package or class and describes itself, using the <code>\NeedsTeXFormat</code>
@@ -1000,6 +1375,7 @@ usually does most of its work: declaring new variables, commands and
fonts, and loading other files.
</para></listitem></enumerate>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="134">class file example</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Here is a starting class file, which should be saved as <file>stub.cls</file>
where &latex; can find it, for example in the same directory as the
<file>.tex</file> file.
@@ -1011,447 +1387,23 @@ where &latex; can find it, for example in the same directory as the
\ProcessOptions\relax
\LoadClass&lbrace;article&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="94">class file example</indexterm></cindex>
<noindent></noindent>
<para>It identifies itself, handles the class options via the default of
passing them all to the <code>article</code> class, and then loads the
<code>article</code> class to provide the basis for this class&textrsquo;s code.
</para>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="86" mergedindex="cp">clsguide <r>document</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="135">Class Guide, document</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="136">class writing tutorial document</indexterm></cindex>
<para>For more, see the official guide for class and package writers, the
-Class Guide, at
-<url><urefurl>https://www.latex-project.org/help/documentation/clsguide.pdf</urefurl></url> (much
-of the descriptions here derive from this document), or the tutorial
-<url><urefurl>https://www.tug.org/TUGboat/tb26-3/tb84heff.pdf</urefurl></url>.
-</para>
-
-</subsection>
-<node name="Class-and-package-commands" spaces=" "><nodename>Class and package commands</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Class and package structure</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Class and package construction</nodeup></node>
-<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Class and package commands</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="95">class and package commands</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="96">commands, class and package</indexterm></cindex>
-
-<para>These are the commands designed to help writers of classes or packages.
-</para>
-<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\AtBeginDvi&lbrace;specials&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="73" mergedindex="cp">\AtBeginDvi</indexterm></findex>
-<para>Save in a box register things that are written to the <file>.dvi</file> file
-at the beginning of the shipout of the first page of the document.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\AtEndOfClass&lbrace;<var>code</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\AtEndOfPackage&lbrace;<var>code</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="74" mergedindex="cp">\AtEndOfClass</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="75" mergedindex="cp">\AtEndOfPackage</indexterm></findex>
-<para>Hook to insert <var>code</var> to be executed when &latex; finishes
-processing the current class or package. You can use these hooks
-multiple times; the <code>code</code> will be executed in the order that you
-called it. See also <ref label="_005cAtBeginDocument"><xrefnodename>\AtBeginDocument</xrefnodename></ref>.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\CheckCommand&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;[<var>num</var>][<var>default</var>]&lbrace;<var>definition</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\CheckCommand*&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;[<var>num</var>][<var>default</var>]&lbrace;<var>definition</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="76" mergedindex="cp">\CheckCommand</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="77" mergedindex="cp">\CheckCommand*</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="97">new command, checking</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>Like <code>\newcommand</code> (<pxref label="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><xrefnodename>\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</xrefnodename></pxref>) but does
-not define <var>cmd</var>; instead it checks that the current definition of
-<var>cmd</var> is exactly as given by <var>definition</var> and is or is not
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="98">long command</indexterm></cindex>
-<dfn>long</dfn> as expected. A long command is a command that accepts
-<code>\par</code> within an argument. The <var>cmd</var> command is expected to be
-long with the unstarred version of <code>\CheckCommand</code>. Raises an
-error when the check fails. This allows you to check before you start
-redefining <code>cmd</code> yourself that no other package has already
-redefined this command.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ClassError&lbrace;<var>class name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>error text</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>help text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ClassWarning&lbrace;<var>class name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>warning text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></itemx>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ClassWarningNoLine&lbrace;<var>class name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>warning text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></itemx>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ClassInfo&lbrace;<var>class name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>info text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></itemx>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ClassInfoNoLine&lbrace;<var>class name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>info text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></itemx>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\PackageError&lbrace;<var>package name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>error text</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>help text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></itemx>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\PackageWarning&lbrace;<var>package name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>warning text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></itemx>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\PackageWarningNoLine&lbrace;<var>package name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>warning text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></itemx>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\PackageInfo&lbrace;<var>package name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>info text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></itemx>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\PackageInfoNoLine&lbrace;<var>package name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>info text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="78" mergedindex="cp">\ClassError</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="79" mergedindex="cp">\PackageError</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="80" mergedindex="cp">\ClassWarning</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="81" mergedindex="cp">\PackageWarning</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="82" mergedindex="cp">\ClassWarningNoLine</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="83" mergedindex="cp">\PackageWarningNoLine</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="84" mergedindex="cp">\ClassInfo</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="85" mergedindex="cp">\PackageInfo</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="86" mergedindex="cp">\ClassInfoNoLine</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="87" mergedindex="cp">\PackageInfoNoLine</indexterm></findex>
-<para>Produce an error message, or warning or informational messages.
-</para>
-<para>For <code>\ClassError</code> and <code>\PackageError</code> the message is
-<var>error text</var>, followed by &tex;&textrsquo;s <code>?</code> error prompt. If the
-user then asks for help by typing <code>h</code>, they see the <var>help
-text</var>.
-</para>
-<para>The four warning commands are similar except that they write
-<var>warning text</var> on the screen with no error prompt. The four info
-commands write <var>info text</var> only in the transcript file. The
-<code>NoLine</code> versions do not show the number of the line generating the
-message, while the other versions do show that number.
-</para>
-<para>To format the messages, including the <var>help text</var>: use
-<code>\protect</code> to stop a command from expanding, get a line break with
-<code>\MessageBreak</code>, and get a space with <code>\space</code> when a space
-character does not allow it, like after a command. Note that &latex;
-appends a period to the messages.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\CurrentOption</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="88" mergedindex="cp">\CurrentOption</indexterm></findex>
-<para>Expands to the name of the currently-being-processed option. Can only
-be used within the <var>code</var> argument of either <code>\DeclareOption</code>
-or <code>\DeclareOption*</code>.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\DeclareOption&lbrace;<var>option</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>code</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\DeclareOption*&lbrace;<var>code</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="89" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareOption</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="90" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareOption*</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="99">class options</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="100">package options</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="101">options, class</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="102">options, package</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>Make an option available to a user to invoke in their
-<code>\documentclass</code> command. For example, the <code>smcmemo</code> class
-could have an option <code>\documentclass[logo]&lbrace;smcmemo&rbrace;</code> allowing
-users to put the institutional logo on the first page. The class file
-must contain <code>\DeclareOption&lbrace;logo&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>code</var>&rbrace;</code> (and later,
-<code>\ProcessOptions</code>).
-</para>
-<para>If you request an option that has not been declared, by default this
-will produce a warning like <code>Unused global option(s):
-[badoption].</code> Change this behavior with the starred version
-<code>\DeclareOption*&lbrace;<var>code</var>&rbrace;</code>. For example, many classes
-extend an existing class, using a command such as
-<code>\LoadClass&lbrace;article&rbrace;</code>, and for passing extra options to the
-underlying class use code such as this.
-</para>
-<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\DeclareOption*&lbrace;%
-\PassOptionsToClass&lbrace;\CurrentOption&rbrace;&lbrace;article&rbrace;%
-&rbrace;
-</pre></example>
-
-<para>Another example is that the class <code>smcmemo</code> may allow users to keep
-lists of memo recipients in external files. Then the user could invoke
-<code>\documentclass[math]&lbrace;smcmemo&rbrace;</code> and it will read the file
-<code>math.memo</code>. This code handles the file if it exists and otherwise
-passes the option to the <code>article</code> class.
-</para>
-<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\DeclareOption*&lbrace;\InputIfFileExists&lbrace;\CurrentOption.memo&rbrace;&lbrace;&rbrace;&lbrace;%
- \PassOptionsToClass&lbrace;\CurrentOption&rbrace;&lbrace;article&rbrace;&rbrace;&rbrace;
-</pre></example>
-
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\DeclareRobustCommand&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;[<var>num</var>][<var>default</var>]&lbrace;<var>definition</var>&rbrace; </itemformat></item>
-</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item><itemformat command="code">* \DeclareRobustCommand*&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;[<var>num</var>][<var>default</var>]&lbrace;<var>definition</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="91" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareRobustCommand</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="92" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareRobustCommand*</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="103">new command, definition</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>Like <code>\newcommand</code> and <code>\newcommand*</code> (<pxref label="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><xrefnodename>\newcommand &amp;
-\renewcommand</xrefnodename></pxref>) but these declare a robust command, even if some code
-within the <var>definition</var> is fragile. (For a discussion of robust and
-fragile commands <pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>.) Use this command to define new
-robust commands or to redefine existing commands and make them
-robust. Unlike <code>\newcommand</code> these do not give an error if macro
-<var>cmd</var> already exists; instead, a log message is put into the
-transcript file if a command is redefined.
+Class Guide, at <url><urefurl>https://ctan.org/pkg/clsguide</urefurl></url> (much of the
+description here derives from this document), or the tutorial at
+<url><urefurl>https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb26-3/tb84heff.pdf</urefurl></url>.
</para>
-<para>Commands defined this way are a bit less efficient than those defined
-using <code>\newcommand</code> so unless the command&textrsquo;s data is fragile and the
-command is used within a moving argument, use <code>\newcommand</code>.
-</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="104"><r>package</r>, <code>etoolbox</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="105"><code>etoolbox</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
- <para>The <code>etoolbox</code> package offers the commands
-<code>\newrobustcmd</code>, <code>\newrobustcmd*</code>, as well as the commands
-<code>\renewrobustcmd</code>, <code>\renewrobustcmd*</code>, and the commands
-<code>\providerobustcmd</code>, and <code>\providerobustcmd*</code>. These are
-similar to <code>\newcommand</code>, <code>\newcommand*</code>,
-<code>\renewcommand</code>, <code>\renewcommand*</code>, <code>\providecommand</code>, and
-<code>\providecommand*</code>, but define a robust <var>cmd</var> with two
-advantages as compared to <code>\DeclareRobustCommand</code>:
-</para><enumerate first="1" endspaces=" ">
-<listitem>
-<para>They use the low-level e-&tex; protection mechanism rather than the
-higher level &latex; <code>\protect</code> mechanism, so they do not incur
-the slight loss of performance mentioned above, and
-</para></listitem><listitem>
-<para>They make the same distinction between <code>\new&dots;</code>,
-<code>\renew&dots;</code>, and <code>\provide&dots;</code>, as the standard
-commands, so they do not just make a log message when you redefine
-<var>cmd</var> that already exists, in that case you need to use either
-<code>\renew&dots;</code> or <code>\provide&dots;</code> or you get an error.
-</para></listitem></enumerate>
-
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\IfFileExists&lbrace;<var>filename</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>true code</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>false code</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\InputIfFileExists&lbrace;<var>filename</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>true code</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>false code</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="93" mergedindex="cp">\IfFileExists</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="94" mergedindex="cp">\InputIfFileExists</indexterm></findex>
-<para>Execute <var>true code</var> if &latex; finds the file <file><var>file
-name</var></file> or <var>false code</var> otherwise. In the first case it executing
-<var>true code</var> and then inputs the file. Thus the command
-</para>
-<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\IfFileExists&lbrace;img.pdf&rbrace;&lbrace;%
- \includegraphics&lbrace;img.pdf&rbrace;&rbrace;&lbrace;\typeout&lbrace;!! img.pdf not found&rbrace;
-</pre></example>
-
-<noindent></noindent>
-<para>will include the graphic <file>img.pdf</file> if it is found and otherwise
-give a warning.
-</para>
-<para>This command looks for the file in all search paths that &latex; uses,
-not only in the current directory. To look only in the current
-directory do something like <code>\IfFileExists&lbrace;./filename&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>true
-code</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>false code</var>&rbrace;</code>. If you ask for a filename without a
-<code>.tex</code> extension then &latex; will first look for the file by
-appending the <code>.tex</code>; for more on how &latex; handles file
-extensions see <ref label="_005cinput"><xrefnodename>\input</xrefnodename></ref>.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\LoadClass[<var>options list</var>]&lbrace;<var>class name</var>&rbrace;[<var>release date</var>]</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\LoadClassWithOptions&lbrace;<var>class name</var>&rbrace;[<var>release date</var>]</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="95" mergedindex="cp">\LoadClass</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="96" mergedindex="cp">\LoadClassWithOptions</indexterm></findex>
-<para>Load a class, as with <code>\documentclass[<var>options
-list</var>]&lbrace;<var>class name</var>&rbrace;[<var>release info</var>]</code>. An example is
-<code>\LoadClass[twoside]&lbrace;article&rbrace;</code>.
-</para>
-<para>The <var>options list</var>, if present, is a comma-separated list. The
-<var>release date</var> is optional. If present it must have the form
-<var>YYYY/MM/DD</var>.
-<!-- c BTW, there are at-macros documented in macros2e.pdf to check the version -->
-<!-- c and do some actions conditionnally on version later or not to some -->
-<!-- c date. -->
-</para>
-<para>If you request a <var>release date</var> and the date of the package
-installed on your system is earlier, then you get a warning on the
-screen and in the log like this.
-</para>
-<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">You have requested, on input line 4, version `2038/01/19' of
-document class article, but only version `2014/09/29 v1.4h
-Standard LaTeX document class' is available.
-</pre></example>
-
-<para>The command version <code>\LoadClassWithOptions</code> uses the list of
-options for the current class. This means it ignores any options passed
-to it via <code>\PassOptionsToClass</code>. This is a convenience command
-that lets you build classes on existing ones, such as the standard
-<code>article</code> class, without having to track which options were passed.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ExecuteOptions&lbrace;<var>options-list</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="97" mergedindex="cp">\ExecuteOptions</indexterm></findex>
-<para>For each option <var>option</var> in the <var>options-list</var>, in order, this command
-executes the command <code>\ds&arobase;<var>option</var></code>. If this command is not
-defined then that option is silently ignored.
-</para>
-<para>It can be used to provide a default option list before
-<code>\ProcessOptions</code>. For example, if in a class file you want the
-default to be 11pt fonts then you could specify
-<code>\ExecuteOptions&lbrace;11pt&rbrace;\ProcessOptions\relax</code>.
+<para><xref label="Class-and-package-commands"><xrefnodename>Class and package commands</xrefnodename></xref>, for some of the commands
+specifically intended for class and package writers.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\NeedsTeXFormat&lbrace;<var>format</var>&rbrace;[<var>format date</var>]</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="98" mergedindex="cp">\NeedsTeXFormat</indexterm></findex>
-<para>Specifies the format that this class must be run under. Often issued
-as the first line of a class file, and most often used as:
-<code>\NeedsTeXFormat&lbrace;LaTeX2e&rbrace;</code>. When a document using that class is
-processed, the format name given here must match the format that is
-actually being run (including that the <var>format</var> string is case
-sensitive). If it does not match then execution stops with an error
-like <samp>This file needs format `LaTeX2e' but this is `xxx'.</samp>
-</para>
-<para>To specify a version of the format that you know to have certain
-features, include the optional <var>format date</var> on which those features
-were implemented. If present it must be in the form <code>YYYY/MM/DD</code>.
-If the format version installed on your system is earlier than
-<var>format date</var> then you get a warning like this.
-</para>
-<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">You have requested release `2038/01/20' of LaTeX, but only
-release `2016/02/01' is available.
-</pre></example>
-
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\OptionNotUsed</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="99" mergedindex="cp">\OptionNotUsed</indexterm></findex>
-<para>Adds the current option to the list of unused options. Can only be used
-within the <var>code</var> argument of either <code>\DeclareOption</code> or
-<code>\DeclareOption*</code>.
-</para>
-<!-- c I cannot reproduce this behavior as it is documented in clsguide. -->
-<!-- c In the absence of a @code{\DeclareOption*} declaration, @LaTeX{} issues -->
-<!-- c on the console a warning like @code{LaTeX Warning: Unused global -->
-<!-- c option(s): [unusedoption].} with the list of not-used options when it -->
-<!-- c reaches @code{\begin@{document@}}. -->
-
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\PassOptionsToClass&lbrace;<var>option list</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>class name</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\PassOptionsToPackage&lbrace;<var>option list</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>package name</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="100" mergedindex="cp">\PassOptionsToClass</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="101" mergedindex="cp">\PassOptionsToPackage</indexterm></findex>
-<para>Adds the options in the comma-separated list <var>option list</var> to the
-options used by any future <code>\RequirePackage</code> or <code>\usepackage</code>
-command for package <var>package name</var> or the class <var>class name</var>.
-</para>
-<para>The reason for these commands is: you may load a package any number of
-times with no options but if you want options then you may only supply
-them when you first load the package. Loading a package with options
-more than once will get you an error like <code>Option clash for package
-foo.</code> (&latex; throws an error even if there is no conflict between the
-options.)
-</para>
-<para>If your own code is bringing in a package twice then you can collapse
-that to once, for example replacing the two
-<code>\RequirePackage[landscape]&lbrace;geometry&rbrace;</code> and
-<code>\RequirePackage[margins=1in]&lbrace;geometry&rbrace;</code> with the single command
-<code>\RequirePackage[landscape,margins=1in]&lbrace;geometry&rbrace;</code>.
-</para>
-<para>However, imagine that you are loading <file>firstpkg</file> and inside that
-package it loads <file>secondpkg</file>, and you need the second package to be
-loaded with option <code>draft</code>. Then before doing the first package
-you must queue up the options for the second package, like this.
-</para>
-<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\PassOptionsToPackage&lbrace;draft&rbrace;&lbrace;secondpkg&rbrace;
-\RequirePackage&lbrace;firstpkg&rbrace;
-</pre></example>
-
-<noindent></noindent>
-<para>(If <code>firstpkg.sty</code> loads an option in conflict with what you want
-then you may have to alter its source.)
-</para>
-<para>These commands are useful for general users as well as class and package
-writers. For instance, suppose a user wants to load the <code>graphicx</code>
-package with the option <code>draft</code> and also wants to use a class
-<code>foo</code> that loads the <code>graphicx</code> package, but without that
-option. The user could start their &latex; file with
-<code>\PassOptionsToPackage&lbrace;draft&rbrace;&lbrace;graphicx&rbrace;\documentclass&lbrace;foo&rbrace;</code>.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ProcessOptions</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ProcessOptions*<var>\&arobase;options</var></itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="102" mergedindex="cp">\ProcessOptions</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="103" mergedindex="cp">\ProcessOptions*</indexterm></findex>
-<para>Execute the code for each option that the user has invoked. Include it
-in the class file as <code>\ProcessOptions\relax</code> (because of the
-existence of the starred command).
-</para>
-<para>Options come in two types. <dfn>Local options</dfn> have been specified for this
-particular package in the <var>options</var> argument of
-<code>\PassOptionsToPackage&lbrace;<var>options</var>&rbrace;</code>,
-<code>\usepackage[<var>options</var>]</code>, or
-<code>\RequirePackage[<var>options</var>]</code>. <dfn>Global options</dfn> are those given
-by the class user in <code>\documentclass[<var>options</var>]</code> (If an option
-is specified both locally and globally then it is local.)
-</para>
-<para>When <code>\ProcessOptions</code> is called for a package <file>pkg.sty</file>, the
-following happens:
-</para><enumerate first="1" endspaces=" ">
-<listitem>
-<para>For each option <var>option</var> so far declared
-with <code>\DeclareOption</code>, it looks to see if that option is either a
-global or a local option for <code>pkg</code>. If so then it executes the
-declared code. This is done in the order in which these options were
-given in <file>pkg.sty</file>.
-</para></listitem><listitem>
-<para>For each remaining local option, it executes the command
-<code>\ds&arobase;</code><var>option</var> if it has been defined somewhere (other than by
-a <code>\DeclareOption</code>); otherwise, it executes the default option code
-given in <code>\DeclareOption*</code>. If no default option code has been
-declared then it gives an error message. This is done in the order in
-which these options were specified.
-</para></listitem></enumerate>
-
-<para>When <code>\ProcessOptions</code> is called for a class it works in the same
-way except that all options are local, and the default <var>code</var> for
-<code>\DeclareOption*</code> is <code>\OptionNotUsed</code> rather than an error.
-</para>
-<para>The starred version <code>\ProcessOptions*</code> executes the
-options in the order specified in the calling commands, rather than in
-the order of declaration in the class or package. For a package this
-means that the global options are processed first.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ProvidesClass&lbrace;<var>class name</var>&rbrace;[<var>release date</var> <var>brief additional information</var>]</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ProvidesClass&lbrace;<var>class name</var>&rbrace;[<var>release date</var>]</itemformat></itemx>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ProvidesPackage&lbrace;<var>package name</var>&rbrace;[<var>release date</var> <var>brief additional information</var>]</itemformat></itemx>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ProvidesPackage&lbrace;<var>package name</var>&rbrace;[<var>release date</var>]</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="104" mergedindex="cp">\ProvidesClass</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="105" mergedindex="cp">\ProvidesPackage</indexterm></findex>
-<para>Identifies the class or package, printing a message to the screen and
-the log file.
-</para>
-<para>When you load a class or package, for example with
-<code>\documentclass&lbrace;smcmemo&rbrace;</code> or <code>\usepackage&lbrace;test&rbrace;</code>, &latex;
-inputs a file. If the name of the file does not match the class or
-package name declared in it then you get a warning. Thus, if you invoke
-<code>\documentclass&lbrace;smcmemo&rbrace;</code>, and the file <file>smcmemo.cls</file> has
-the statement <code>\ProvidesClass&lbrace;xxx&rbrace;</code> then you get a warning like
-<code>You have requested document class `smcmemo', but the document
-class provides 'xxx'.</code> This warning does not prevent &latex; from
-processing the rest of the class file normally.
-</para>
-<para>If you include the optional argument then you must include a date,
-before any spaces, of the form <code>YYYY/MM/DD</code>. The rest of the
-optional argument is free-form, although it traditionally identifies the
-class, and is written to the screen during compilation and to the log
-file. Thus, if your file <file>smcmemo.cls</file> contains the line
-<code>\ProvidesClass&lbrace;smcmemo&rbrace;[2008/06/01 v1.0 SMC memo class]</code> and
-your document&textrsquo;s first line is <code>\documentclass&lbrace;smcmemo&rbrace;</code> then you
-will see <code>Document Class: smcmemo 2008/06/01 v1.0 SMC memo class</code>.
-</para>
-<para>The date in the optional argument allows class and package users to ask
-to be warned if the version of the class or package is earlier than
-<var>release date</var>. For instance, a user could enter
-<code>\documentclass&lbrace;smcmemo&rbrace;[2018/10/12]</code> or
-<code>\usepackage&lbrace;foo&rbrace;[[2017/07/07]]</code> to require a class or package
-with certain features by specifying that it must be released no earlier
-than the given date. (Although, in practice package users only rarely
-include a date, and class users almost never do.)
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ProvidesFile&lbrace;<var>filename</var>&rbrace;[<var>additional information</var>]</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="106" mergedindex="cp">\ProvidesFile</indexterm></findex>
-<para>Declare a file other than the main class and package files, such as
-configuration files or font definition files. Put this command in that
-file and you get in the log a string like <code>File: test.config
-2017/10/12 config file for test.cls</code> for <var>filename</var> equal to
-<samp>test.config</samp> and <var>additional information</var> equal to
-<samp>2017/10/12 config file for test.cls</samp>.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\RequirePackage[<var>option list</var>]&lbrace;<var>package name</var>&rbrace;[<var>release date</var>]</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\RequirePackageWithOptions&lbrace;<var>package name</var>&rbrace;[<var>release date</var>]</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="107" mergedindex="cp">\RequirePackage</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="108" mergedindex="cp">\RequirePackageWithOptions</indexterm></findex>
-<para>Load a package, like the command <code>\usepackage</code> (<pxref label="Additional-packages"><xrefnodename>Additional
-packages</xrefnodename></pxref>). The &latex; development team strongly recommends use of
-these commands over Plain&nbsp;&tex;&textrsquo;s <code>\input</code>; see the Class
-Guide. An example is
-<code>\RequirePackage[landscape,margin=1in]&lbrace;geometry&rbrace;</code>.
-</para>
-<para>The <var>option list</var>, if present, is a comma-separated list. The
-<var>release date</var>, if present, must have the form <var>YYYY/MM/DD</var>. If
-the release date of the package as installed on your system is earlier
-than <var>release date</var> then you get a warning like <code>You have
-requested, on input line 9, version `2017/07/03' of package jhtest, but
-only version `2000/01/01' is available</code>.
-</para>
-<para>The <code>\RequirePackageWithOptions</code> version uses the list of options
-for the current class. This means it ignores any options passed to it
-via <code>\PassOptionsToClass</code>. This is a convenience command to allow
-easily building classes on existing ones without having to track which
-options were passed.
-</para>
-<para>The difference between <code>\usepackage</code> and <code>\RequirePackage</code> is
-small. The <code>\usepackage</code> command is intended for the document file
-while <code>\RequirePackage</code> is intended for package and class files.
-Thus, using <code>\usepackage</code> before the <code>\documentclass</code> command
-causes &latex; to give error like <code>\usepackage before
-\documentclass</code>, but you can use <code>\RequirePackage</code> there.
-</para></tableitem></tableentry></table>
-
</subsection>
</section>
@@ -1460,8 +1412,8 @@ causes &latex; to give error like <code>\usepackage before
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Fonts</sectiontitle>
<anchor name="Typefaces">Typefaces</anchor><!-- c old name -->
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="106">typefaces</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="107">fonts</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="137">typefaces</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="138">fonts</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; comes with powerful font capacities. For one thing, its New
Font Selection Scheme allows you to work easily with the font families
@@ -1501,21 +1453,21 @@ alphabet free fonts available for easy use with &latex;.
<url><urefurl>https://www.tug.org/fonts/</urefurl></url>.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">fontenc package</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Encoding of the font.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Font styles</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Select roman, italics, etc.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Font sizes</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Select point size.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Low-level font commands</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Select encoding, family, series, shape.
+<menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>fontenc package</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Encoding of the font.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Font styles</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Select roman, italics, etc.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Font sizes</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Select point size.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Low-level font commands</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Select encoding, family, series, shape.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
<node name="fontenc-package" spaces=" "><nodename>fontenc package</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Font styles</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Fonts</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>fontenc</code> package</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="108">font encoding</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="109">UTF-8, font support for</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="110">T1</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="111">OT1</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="109" mergedindex="cp">fontenc</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="139">font encoding</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="140">UTF-8, font support for</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="141">T1</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="142">OT1</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="87" mergedindex="cp">fontenc</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -1532,8 +1484,8 @@ alphabet free fonts available for easy use with &latex;.
<para>Specify the font encodings. A font encoding is a mapping of the
character codes to the font glyphs that are used to typeset your output.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="112"><r>package</r>, <code>fontspec</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="113"><code>fontspec</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="143"><r>package</r>, <code>fontspec</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="144"><code>fontspec</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>This package only applies if you use the <code>pdflatex</code> engine
(<pxref label="TeX-engines"><xrefnodename>&tex; engines</xrefnodename></pxref>). If you use the <command>xelatex</command> or
@@ -1557,10 +1509,11 @@ words with accented letters then &latex; will hyphenate them and your
output can be copied and pasted. (The optional second line allows you
to directly enter accented characters into your source file.)
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="114"><r>package</r>, <code>lmodern</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="115"><code>lmodern</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
- <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="116"><r>package</r>, <code>cm-super</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="117"><code>cm-super</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="145"><r>package</r>, <code>lmodern</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="146"><code>lmodern</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="147"><r>package</r>, <code>cm-super</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="148"><code>cm-super</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>If you are using an encoding such as <code>T1</code> and the characters appear
blurry or do not magnify well then your fonts may be bitmapped,
@@ -1573,22 +1526,27 @@ declared, this package loads the encoding definition files, named
<file><var>font_encoding</var>enc.def</file>. It also sets <code>\encodingdefault</code>
to be the last encoding in the option list.
</para>
-<para>These are the common values for <var>font_encoding</var>.
+<para>These are the common values for <var>font_encoding</var>:
</para>
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">OT1</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>The original encoding for &tex;. Limited to mostly English characters.
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="149">OT1 encoding</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>The original 7-bit encoding for &tex;. Limited to mostly English characters.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">OMS, OML</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Math symbols and math letters encoding.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">T1</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>&tex; text extended. Sometimes called the Cork encoding for the Users
-Group meeting where it was developed. Gives access to most European
-accented characters. The most common option for this package.
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="150">T1 encoding</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="151">Cork encoding</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>&tex; text extended. Sometimes called the Cork encoding for the
+users group meeting where it was developed (1990). Gives access to
+most European accented characters. The most common option for this
+package.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">TS1</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Text Companion encoding.
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="152">TS1 (text companion) encoding</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Text Companion encoding.
</para></tableitem></tableentry></table>
<noindent></noindent>
@@ -1603,13 +1561,13 @@ Modern family then you may need to load the package that selects your
fonts before loading <file>fontenc</file>, to prevent the system from loading
any <code>T1</code>&nbsp;encoded fonts from the default.
</para>
-<para>The &latex; team reserve encoding names starting with: <samp>T</samp> for the
-standard text encodings with 256 characters, <samp>TS</samp> for symbols that
-extend the corresponding T encodings, <samp>X</samp> for test encodings,
-<samp>M</samp> for standard math encodings with 256 characters, <samp>A</samp> for
-special applications, <samp>OT</samp> for standard text encodings with 128
-characters, and <samp>OM</samp> for standard math encodings with 128
-characters (<samp>O</samp> stands for <samp>obsolete</samp>).
+<para>The &latex; team reserves encoding names starting with: <samp>T</samp> for
+the standard text encodings with 256 characters, <samp>TS</samp> for symbols
+that extend the corresponding T encodings, <samp>X</samp> for test
+encodings, <samp>M</samp> for standard math encodings with 256 characters,
+<samp>A</samp> for special applications, <samp>OT</samp> for standard text
+encodings with 128 characters, and <samp>OM</samp> for standard math
+encodings with 128 characters (<samp>O</samp> stands for <samp>obsolete</samp>).
</para>
<para>This package provides a number of commands, detailed below. Many of
them are encoding-specific, so if you have defined a command that works
@@ -1617,27 +1575,27 @@ for one encoding but the current encoding is different then the command
is not in effect.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\DeclareFontEncoding</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define an encoding.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\DeclareTextAccent</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define an accent in the encoding.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\DeclareTextAccentDefault</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Fallback for using an accent in the encoding.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\DeclareTextCommand &amp; \ProvideTextCommand</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">New encoding-specific command.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\DeclareTextCommandDefault &amp; \ProvideTextCommandDefault</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Fallback for encoding-specific commands.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\DeclareTextComposite</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Directly access an accented glyph, in the encoding.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Run code in slot, in the encoding.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\DeclareTextSymbol</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define a symbol in the encoding.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Fallback for a symbol in the encoding.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\LastDeclaredEncoding</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Save most recently declared encoding.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\UseTextSymbol &amp; \UseTextAccent</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Temporarily switch to another encoding.
+<menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\DeclareFontEncoding</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define an encoding.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\DeclareTextAccent</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define an accent in the encoding.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\DeclareTextAccentDefault</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Fallback for using an accent in the encoding.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\DeclareTextCommand &amp; \ProvideTextCommand</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">New encoding-specific command.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\DeclareTextCommandDefault &amp; \ProvideTextCommandDefault</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Fallback for encoding-specific commands.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\DeclareTextComposite</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Directly access an accented glyph, in the encoding.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Run code in slot, in the encoding.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\DeclareTextSymbol</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define a symbol in the encoding.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Fallback for a symbol in the encoding.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\LastDeclaredEncoding</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Save most recently declared encoding.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\UseTextSymbol &amp; \UseTextAccent</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Temporarily switch to another encoding.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
<node name="_005cDeclareFontEncoding" spaces=" "><nodename>\DeclareFontEncoding</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\DeclareTextAccent</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">fontenc package</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\DeclareFontEncoding</code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="118">font encoding, declaring</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="119">encoding, font</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="120">accents, defining</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="110" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareFontEncoding</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="153">font encoding, declaring</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="154">encoding, font</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="155">accents, defining</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="88" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareFontEncoding</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -1682,9 +1640,9 @@ should only contain declarations specific to that encoding.
<node name="_005cDeclareTextAccent" spaces=" "><nodename>\DeclareTextAccent</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\DeclareTextAccentDefault</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\DeclareFontEncoding</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">fontenc package</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\DeclareTextAccent</code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="121">font encoding</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="122">accents, defining</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="111" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareTextAccent</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="156">font encoding</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="157">accents, defining</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="89" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareTextAccent</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -1695,7 +1653,7 @@ should only contain declarations specific to that encoding.
<para>Define an accent, to be put on top of other glyphs, in the encoding
<var>encoding</var> at the location <var>slot</var>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="123">slot, font</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="158">slot, font</indexterm></cindex>
<para>A <dfn>slot</dfn> is the number identifying a glyph within a font.
</para>
<para>This line from <file>t1enc.def</file> declares that to make a circumflex
@@ -1718,9 +1676,9 @@ transcript file.
<node name="_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault" spaces=" "><nodename>\DeclareTextAccentDefault</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\DeclareTextCommand &amp; \ProvideTextCommand</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\DeclareTextAccent</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">fontenc package</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\DeclareTextAccentDefault</code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="124">accents, defining</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="112" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareTextAccent</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="113" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareTextAccentDefault</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="159">accents, defining</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="90" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareTextAccent</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="91" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareTextAccentDefault</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -1763,8 +1721,8 @@ definition for that accent then &latex; will use the definition from
<anchor name="_005cDeclareTextCommand">\DeclareTextCommand</anchor>
<anchor name="_005cProvideTextCommand">\ProvideTextCommand</anchor>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="114" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareTextCommand</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="115" mergedindex="cp">\ProvideTextCommand</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="92" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareTextCommand</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="93" mergedindex="cp">\ProvideTextCommand</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
@@ -1806,7 +1764,7 @@ Legal limit is \( 0.8 \)\textperthousand.
<samp>LaTeX Error: Command \textperthousand unavailable in encoding
OT1</samp>.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="116" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareTextSymbol</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="94" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareTextSymbol</indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>\ProvideTextCommand</code> variant does the same, except that it
does nothing if <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is already defined. The
<code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code> command is faster than this one for simple
@@ -1831,8 +1789,8 @@ take an optional argument.
<anchor name="_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault">\DeclareTextCommandDefault</anchor>
<anchor name="_005cProvideTextCommandDefault">\ProvideTextCommandDefault</anchor>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="117" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareTextCommandDefault</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="118" mergedindex="cp">\ProvideTextCommandDefault</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="95" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareTextCommandDefault</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="96" mergedindex="cp">\ProvideTextCommandDefault</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -1875,8 +1833,8 @@ that other packages can improve upon.
<node name="_005cDeclareTextComposite" spaces=" "><nodename>\DeclareTextComposite</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\DeclareTextCommandDefault &amp; \ProvideTextCommandDefault</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">fontenc package</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\DeclareTextComposite</code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="125">accents, defining</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="119" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareTextComposite</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="160">accents, defining</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="97" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareTextComposite</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -1909,8 +1867,8 @@ the <code>\DeclareTextAccent&lbrace;\^&rbrace;&lbrace;T1&rbrace;&lbrace;2&rbrace
<node name="_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand" spaces=" "><nodename>\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\DeclareTextSymbol</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\DeclareTextComposite</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">fontenc package</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="126">accents, defining</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="120" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="161">accents, defining</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="98" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -1937,8 +1895,8 @@ or as a one argument <code>\DeclareTextCommand</code>.
<node name="_005cDeclareTextSymbol" spaces=" "><nodename>\DeclareTextSymbol</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">fontenc package</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="127">symbol, defining</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="121" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareTextSymbol</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="162">symbol, defining</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="99" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareTextSymbol</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -1954,11 +1912,11 @@ mathematics.
glyph to use for <U>00AB</U>, the left guillemet.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\DeclareTextSymbol&lbrace;\guillemotleft&rbrace;&lbrace;T1&rbrace;&lbrace;19&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\DeclareTextSymbol&lbrace;\guillemetleft&rbrace;&lbrace;T1&rbrace;&lbrace;19&rbrace;
</pre></example>
<noindent></noindent>
-<para>The command <code>\DeclareTextCommand&lbrace;\guillemotleft&rbrace;&lbrace;T1&rbrace;&lbrace;\char
+<para>The command <code>\DeclareTextCommand&lbrace;\guillemetleft&rbrace;&lbrace;T1&rbrace;&lbrace;\char
19&rbrace;</code> has the same effect but is slower (<pxref label="_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand"><xrefnodename>\DeclareTextCommand &amp;
\ProvideTextCommand</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
@@ -1976,9 +1934,9 @@ redefinition in the transcript file.
<node name="_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault" spaces=" "><nodename>\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\LastDeclaredEncoding</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\DeclareTextSymbol</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">fontenc package</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="128">accents, defining</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="122" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareTextSymbol</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="123" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="163">accents, defining</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="100" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareTextSymbol</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="101" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -2014,7 +1972,7 @@ default for any zero-argument <file>fontenc</file> command.
<node name="_005cLastDeclaredEncoding" spaces=" "><nodename>\LastDeclaredEncoding</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\UseTextSymbol &amp; \UseTextAccent</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">fontenc package</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\LastDeclaredEncoding</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="124" mergedindex="cp">\LastDeclaredEncoding</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="102" mergedindex="cp">\LastDeclaredEncoding</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -2041,8 +1999,8 @@ name of the encoding explicitly.
<anchor name="_005cUseTextSymbol">\UseTextSymbol</anchor>
<anchor name="_005cUseTextAccent">\UseTextAccent</anchor>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="125" mergedindex="cp">\UseTextSymbol</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="126" mergedindex="cp">\UseTextAccent</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="103" mergedindex="cp">\UseTextSymbol</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="104" mergedindex="cp">\UseTextAccent</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -2099,13 +2057,13 @@ and only the accent is taken from <code>OT1</code>.
<node name="Font-styles" spaces=" "><nodename>Font styles</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Font sizes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">fontenc package</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Fonts</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Font styles</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="129">font styles</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="130">type styles</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="131">styles of text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="164">font styles</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="165">type styles</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="166">styles of text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The following type style commands are supported by &latex;.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="132">declaration form of font style commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="167">declaration form of font style commands</indexterm></cindex>
<para>In the table below the listed commands, the <code>\text...</code> commands,
are used with an argument as in <code>\textit&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</code>. This is
the preferred form. But shown after it in parenthesis is the
@@ -2122,8 +2080,8 @@ you can get bold sans serif by saying either of
</para>
<anchor name="_005cnocorrlist">\nocorrlist</anchor>
<anchor name="_005cnocorr">\nocorr</anchor>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="127" mergedindex="cp">\nocorrlist</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="128" mergedindex="cp">\nocorr</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="105" mergedindex="cp">\nocorrlist</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="106" mergedindex="cp">\nocorr</indexterm></findex>
<para>One advantage of these commands is that they automatically insert italic
corrections if needed (<pxref label="_005c_002f"><xrefnodename>\/</xrefnodename></pxref>). Specifically, they insert the
italic correction unless the following character is in the list
@@ -2134,59 +2092,59 @@ To suppress the automatic insertion of italic correction, use
</para>
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textrm (\rmfamily)</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="129" mergedindex="cp">\textrm</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="130" mergedindex="cp">\rmfamily</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="107" mergedindex="cp">\textrm</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="108" mergedindex="cp">\rmfamily</indexterm></findex>
<para>Roman.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textit (\itshape)</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="131" mergedindex="cp">\textit</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="132" mergedindex="cp">\itshape</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="109" mergedindex="cp">\textit</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="110" mergedindex="cp">\itshape</indexterm></findex>
<para>Italics.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textmd (\mdseries)</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="133" mergedindex="cp">\textmd</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="134" mergedindex="cp">\mdseries</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="111" mergedindex="cp">\textmd</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="112" mergedindex="cp">\mdseries</indexterm></findex>
<para>Medium weight (default).
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textbf (\bfseries)</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="135" mergedindex="cp">\textbf</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="136" mergedindex="cp">\bfseries</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="113" mergedindex="cp">\textbf</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="114" mergedindex="cp">\bfseries</indexterm></findex>
<para>Boldface.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textup (\upshape)</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="137" mergedindex="cp">\textup</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="138" mergedindex="cp">\upshape</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="115" mergedindex="cp">\textup</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="116" mergedindex="cp">\upshape</indexterm></findex>
<para>Upright (default).
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textsl (\slshape)</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="139" mergedindex="cp">\textsl</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="140" mergedindex="cp">\slshape</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="117" mergedindex="cp">\textsl</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="118" mergedindex="cp">\slshape</indexterm></findex>
<para>Slanted.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textsf (\sffamily)</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="141" mergedindex="cp">\textsf</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="142" mergedindex="cp">\sffamily</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="119" mergedindex="cp">\textsf</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="120" mergedindex="cp">\sffamily</indexterm></findex>
<para>Sans serif.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textsc (\scshape)</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="143" mergedindex="cp">\textsc</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="144" mergedindex="cp">\scshape</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="121" mergedindex="cp">\textsc</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="122" mergedindex="cp">\scshape</indexterm></findex>
<para>Small caps.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\texttt (\ttfamily)</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="145" mergedindex="cp">\texttt</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="146" mergedindex="cp">\ttfamily</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="123" mergedindex="cp">\texttt</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="124" mergedindex="cp">\ttfamily</indexterm></findex>
<para>Typewriter.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textnormal (\normalfont)</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="147" mergedindex="cp">\textnormal</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="148" mergedindex="cp">\normalfont</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="125" mergedindex="cp">\textnormal</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="126" mergedindex="cp">\normalfont</indexterm></findex>
<para>Main document font.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></table>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="133">emphasis</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="149" mergedindex="cp">\emph</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="168">emphasis</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="127" mergedindex="cp">\emph</indexterm></findex>
<para>Although it also changes fonts, the <code>\emph&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</code> command
is semantic, for <var>text</var> to be emphasized, and should not be used as a
substitute for <code>\textit</code>. For example, <code>\emph&lbrace;<var>start
@@ -2205,40 +2163,40 @@ circumstances. But sometimes an unconditional font switch is what is
needed.)
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="150" mergedindex="cp">\bf</indexterm>\bf</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="134">bold font</indexterm></cindex>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="128" mergedindex="cp">\bf</indexterm>\bf</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="169">bold font</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Switch to bold face.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="151" mergedindex="cp">\cal</indexterm>\cal</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="135">script letters for math</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="136">calligraphic letters for math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="129" mergedindex="cp">\cal</indexterm>\cal</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="170">script letters for math</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="171">calligraphic letters for math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Switch to calligraphic letters for math.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="152" mergedindex="cp">\it</indexterm>\it</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="137">italic font</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="130" mergedindex="cp">\it</indexterm>\it</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="172">italic font</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Italics.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="153" mergedindex="cp">\rm</indexterm>\rm</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="138">roman font</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="131" mergedindex="cp">\rm</indexterm>\rm</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="173">roman font</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Roman.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="154" mergedindex="cp">\sc</indexterm>\sc</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="139">small caps font</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="132" mergedindex="cp">\sc</indexterm>\sc</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="174">small caps font</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Small caps.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="155" mergedindex="cp">\sf</indexterm>\sf</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="140">sans serif font</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="133" mergedindex="cp">\sf</indexterm>\sf</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="175">sans serif font</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Sans serif.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="156" mergedindex="cp">\sl</indexterm>\sl</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="141">slanted font</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="142">oblique font</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="134" mergedindex="cp">\sl</indexterm>\sl</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="176">slanted font</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="177">oblique font</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Slanted (oblique).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="157" mergedindex="cp">\tt</indexterm>\tt</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="143">typewriter font</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="144">monospace font</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="145">fixed-width font</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="135" mergedindex="cp">\tt</indexterm>\tt</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="178">typewriter font</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="179">monospace font</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="180">fixed-width font</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Typewriter (monospace, fixed-width).
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
@@ -2253,19 +2211,19 @@ typographic treatment, regardless of the surrounding environment.
</para>
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\mathrm</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="158" mergedindex="cp">\mathrm</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="136" mergedindex="cp">\mathrm</indexterm></findex>
<para>Roman, for use in math mode.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\mathbf</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="159" mergedindex="cp">\mathbf</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="137" mergedindex="cp">\mathbf</indexterm></findex>
<para>Boldface, for use in math mode.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\mathsf</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="160" mergedindex="cp">\mathsf</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="138" mergedindex="cp">\mathsf</indexterm></findex>
<para>Sans serif, for use in math mode.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\mathtt</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="161" mergedindex="cp">\mathtt</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="139" mergedindex="cp">\mathtt</indexterm></findex>
<para>Typewriter, for use in math mode.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\mathit</itemformat></item>
@@ -2273,28 +2231,28 @@ typographic treatment, regardless of the surrounding environment.
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Italics, for use in math mode.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\mathnormal</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="162" mergedindex="cp">\mathnormal</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="140" mergedindex="cp">\mathnormal</indexterm></findex>
<para>For use in math mode, e.g., inside another type style declaration.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\mathcal</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="163" mergedindex="cp">\mathcal</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="141" mergedindex="cp">\mathcal</indexterm></findex>
<para>Calligraphic letters, for use in math mode.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></table>
<anchor name="_005cmathversion">\mathversion</anchor>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="164" mergedindex="cp">\mathversion</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="146">math, bold</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="147">bold math</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="142" mergedindex="cp">\mathversion</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="181">math, bold</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="182">bold math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>In addition, the command <code>\mathversion&lbrace;bold&rbrace;</code> can be used for
switching to bold letters and symbols in
formulas. <code>\mathversion&lbrace;normal&rbrace;</code> restores the default.
</para>
<anchor name="_005coldstylenums">\oldstylenums</anchor>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="165" mergedindex="cp">\oldstylenums</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="148">numerals, old-style</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="149">old-style numerals</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="150">lining numerals</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="143" mergedindex="cp">\oldstylenums</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="183">numerals, old-style</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="184">old-style numerals</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="185">lining numerals</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Finally, the command <code>\oldstylenums&lbrace;<var>numerals</var>&rbrace;</code> will
typeset so-called &textldquo;old-style&textrdquo; numerals, which have differing heights
and depths (and sometimes widths) from the standard &textldquo;lining&textrdquo;
@@ -2310,9 +2268,9 @@ entry: <url><urefurl>https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-osf</urefurl></url>.
<node name="Font-sizes" spaces=" "><nodename>Font sizes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Low-level font commands</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Font styles</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Fonts</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Font sizes</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="151">font sizes</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="152">typeface sizes</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="153">sizes of text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="186">font sizes</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="187">typeface sizes</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="188">sizes of text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The following standard type size commands are supported by &latex;.
The table shows the command name and the corresponding actual font
@@ -2320,16 +2278,16 @@ size used (in points) with the <samp>10pt</samp>, <samp>11pt</samp>, and
<samp>12pt</samp> document size options, respectively (<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class
options</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="166" mergedindex="cp">\tiny</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="167" mergedindex="cp">\scriptsize</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="168" mergedindex="cp">\footnotesize</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="169" mergedindex="cp">\small</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="170" mergedindex="cp">\normalsize</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="171" mergedindex="cp">\large</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="172" mergedindex="cp">\Large</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="173" mergedindex="cp">\LARGE</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="174" mergedindex="cp">\huge</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="175" mergedindex="cp">\Huge</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="144" mergedindex="cp">\tiny</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="145" mergedindex="cp">\scriptsize</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="146" mergedindex="cp">\footnotesize</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="147" mergedindex="cp">\small</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="148" mergedindex="cp">\normalsize</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="149" mergedindex="cp">\large</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="150" mergedindex="cp">\Large</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="151" mergedindex="cp">\LARGE</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="152" mergedindex="cp">\huge</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="153" mergedindex="cp">\Huge</indexterm></findex>
<multitable spaces=" " endspaces=" "><columnprototypes><columnprototype bracketed="on"><code>\normalsize</code> (default)<spacecmd type="spc"/><spacecmd type="spc"/></columnprototype> <columnprototype bracketed="on">24.88<spacecmd type="spc"/><spacecmd type="spc"/></columnprototype> <columnprototype bracketed="on">24.88<spacecmd type="spc"/><spacecmd type="spc"/></columnprototype> <columnprototype bracketed="on">24.88</columnprototype></columnprototypes>
<thead><row><entry command="headitem"> <para>Command </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>10pt</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>11pt</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>12pt</code>
@@ -2355,7 +2313,7 @@ options</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>24.88 </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>24.88 </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>24.88
</para></entry></row></tbody></multitable>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="154">declaration form of font size commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="189">declaration form of font size commands</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The commands are listed here in declaration (not environment) form,
since that is how they are typically used. For example.
</para>
@@ -2383,7 +2341,7 @@ like <code>&lbrace;\small $mv^2/2$&rbrace;</code>. (Sometimes <code>\scriptsize
latter also changes a number of other aspects of how mathematics is
typeset. <xref label="Math-styles"><xrefnodename>Math styles</xrefnodename></xref>.)
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="155">environment form of font size commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="190">environment form of font size commands</indexterm></cindex>
<para>An <dfn>environment form</dfn> of each of these commands is also defined; for
instance, <code>\begin&lbrace;tiny&rbrace;...\end&lbrace;tiny&rbrace;</code>. However, in practice
this form can easily lead to unwanted spaces at the beginning and/or
@@ -2402,8 +2360,8 @@ this particular use is not rare.)
<node name="Low_002dlevel-font-commands" spaces=" "><nodename>Low-level font commands</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Font sizes</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Fonts</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Low-level font commands</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="156">low-level font commands</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="157">font commands, low-level</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="191">low-level font commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="192">font commands, low-level</indexterm></cindex>
<para>These commands are primarily intended for writers of macros and
packages. The commands listed here are only a subset of the available
@@ -2414,7 +2372,7 @@ ones.
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<beforefirstitem><anchor name="low-level-font-commands-fontencoding">low level font commands fontencoding</anchor>
</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\fontencoding&lbrace;<var>encoding</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="176" mergedindex="cp">\fontencoding</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="154" mergedindex="cp">\fontencoding</indexterm></findex>
<para>Select the font encoding, the encoding of the output font. There are a
large number of valid encodings. The most common are <code>OT1</code>,
Knuth&textrsquo;s original encoding for Computer Modern (the default), and
@@ -2426,9 +2384,9 @@ hyphenate words containing accented letters. For more, see
</para>
<anchor name="low-level-font-commands-fontfamily">low level font commands fontfamily</anchor>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\fontfamily&lbrace;<var>family</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="177" mergedindex="cp">\fontfamily</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="158">families, of fonts</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="159">font catalogue</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="155" mergedindex="cp">\fontfamily</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="193">families, of fonts</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="194">font catalogue</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Select the font family. The web page
<url><urefurl>https://tug.org/FontCatalogue/</urefurl></url> provides one way to browse
through many of the fonts easily used with &latex;. Here are
@@ -2480,8 +2438,8 @@ examples of some common families.
<anchor name="low-level-font-commands-fontseries">low level font commands fontseries</anchor>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\fontseries&lbrace;<var>series</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="178" mergedindex="cp">\fontseries</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="160">series, of fonts</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="156" mergedindex="cp">\fontseries</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="195">series, of fonts</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Select the font series. A <dfn>series</dfn> combines a <dfn>weight</dfn> and a
<dfn>width</dfn>. Typically, a font supports only a few of the possible
combinations. Some common combined series values include:
@@ -2499,7 +2457,7 @@ combinations. Some common combined series values include:
</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Bold extended
</para></entry></row></tbody></multitable>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="161">weights, of fonts</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="196">weights, of fonts</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The possible values for weight, individually, are:
</para>
<multitable spaces=" " endspaces=" "><columnprototypes><columnprototype bracketed="on">xx</columnprototype> <columnprototype bracketed="on">Medium (normal) xx</columnprototype></columnprototypes>
@@ -2523,7 +2481,7 @@ combinations. Some common combined series values include:
</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Ultra bold
</para></entry></row></tbody></multitable>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="162">widths, of fonts</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="197">widths, of fonts</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The possible values for width, individually, are (the meaning and
relationship of these terms varies with individual typefaces):
</para>
@@ -2555,8 +2513,8 @@ weight and width are <code>m</code>, in which case use just one
</para>
<anchor name="low-level-font-commands-fontshape">low level font commands fontshape</anchor>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\fontshape&lbrace;<var>shape</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="179" mergedindex="cp">\fontshape</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="163">shapes, of fonts</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="157" mergedindex="cp">\fontshape</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="198">shapes, of fonts</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Select font shape. Valid shapes are:
</para>
<multitable spaces=" " endspaces=" "><columnprototypes><columnprototype bracketed="on">xx</columnprototype> <columnprototype bracketed="on">Slanted (oblique)xx</columnprototype></columnprototypes>
@@ -2579,9 +2537,9 @@ small caps are often missing as well.
</para>
<anchor name="low-level-font-commands-fontsize">low level font commands fontsize</anchor>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\fontsize&lbrace;<var>size</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>skip</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="180" mergedindex="cp">\fontsize</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="164">font size</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="181" mergedindex="cp">\baselineskip</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="158" mergedindex="cp">\fontsize</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="199">font size</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="159" mergedindex="cp">\baselineskip</indexterm></findex>
<para>Set the font size and the line spacing. The unit of both parameters
defaults to points (<code>pt</code>). The line spacing is the nominal
vertical space between lines, baseline to baseline. It is stored in the
@@ -2593,7 +2551,7 @@ reset every time a size change happens; instead use
</para>
<anchor name="low-level-font-commands-linespread">low level font commands linespread</anchor>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\linespread&lbrace;<var>factor</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="182" mergedindex="cp">\linespread</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="160" mergedindex="cp">\linespread</indexterm></findex>
<para>Equivalent to <code>\renewcommand&lbrace;\baselinestretch&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>factor</var>&rbrace;</code>,
and therefore must be followed by <code>\selectfont</code> to have any
effect. Best specified in the preamble. <xref label="_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch"><xrefnodename>\baselineskip &amp;
@@ -2601,7 +2559,7 @@ effect. Best specified in the preamble. <xref label="_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_00
</para>
<anchor name="low-level-font-commands-selectfont">low level font commands selectfont</anchor>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\selectfont</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="183" mergedindex="cp">\selectfont</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="161" mergedindex="cp">\selectfont</indexterm></findex>
<para>The effects of the font commands described above do not happen until
<code>\selectfont</code> is called, as in
<code>\fontfamily&lbrace;<var>familyname</var>&rbrace;\selectfont</code>. It is often useful
@@ -2611,7 +2569,7 @@ to put this in a macro:&linebreak;
</para>
<anchor name="low-level-font-commands-usefont">low level font commands usefont</anchor>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\usefont&lbrace;<var>enc</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>family</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>series</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>shape</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="184" mergedindex="cp">\usefont</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="162" mergedindex="cp">\usefont</indexterm></findex>
<para>The same as invoking <code>\fontencoding</code>, <code>\fontfamily</code>,
<code>\fontseries</code> and <code>\fontshape</code> with the given parameters,
followed by <code>\selectfont</code>. For example:
@@ -2628,26 +2586,26 @@ followed by <code>\selectfont</code>. For example:
<node name="Layout" spaces=" "><nodename>Layout</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Sectioning</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Fonts</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Layout</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="165">layout commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="200">layout commands</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Commands for controlling the general page layout.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\onecolumn</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Use one-column layout.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\twocolumn</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Use two-column layout.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\flushbottom</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Make all text pages the same height.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\raggedbottom</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Allow text pages of differing height.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Page layout parameters</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve"><code>\headheight</code> <code>\footskip</code>.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\baselineskip &amp; \baselinestretch</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Space between lines.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Floats</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Figures, tables, etc.
+<menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\onecolumn</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Use one-column layout.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\twocolumn</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Use two-column layout.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\flushbottom</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Make all text pages the same height.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\raggedbottom</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Allow text pages of differing height.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Page layout parameters</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve"><code>\headheight</code> <code>\footskip</code>.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\baselineskip &amp; \baselinestretch</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Space between lines.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Floats</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Figures, tables, etc.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
<node name="_005conecolumn" spaces=" "><nodename>\onecolumn</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\twocolumn</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Layout</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\onecolumn</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="185" mergedindex="cp">\onecolumn</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="166">one-column output</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="163" mergedindex="cp">\onecolumn</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="201">one-column output</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -2665,9 +2623,9 @@ behavior (<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class opt
<node name="_005ctwocolumn" spaces=" "><nodename>\twocolumn</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\flushbottom</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\onecolumn</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Layout</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\twocolumn</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="186" mergedindex="cp">\twocolumn</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="167">multicolumn text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="168">two-column output</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="164" mergedindex="cp">\twocolumn</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="202">multicolumn text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="203">two-column output</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopses:
</para>
@@ -2688,14 +2646,14 @@ typesetting starts.
<para>These parameters control typesetting in two-column output:
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="187" mergedindex="cp">\columnsep</indexterm>\columnsep</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="165" mergedindex="cp">\columnsep</indexterm>\columnsep</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="twocolumn-columnsep">twocolumn columnsep</anchor>
<para>The distance between columns. The default is 35pt. Change it with a
command such as <code>\setlength&lbrace;\columnsep&rbrace;&lbrace;40pt&rbrace;</code>. You must change
it before the two column mode starts; in the preamble is a good
place.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="188" mergedindex="cp">\columnseprule</indexterm>\columnseprule</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="166" mergedindex="cp">\columnseprule</indexterm>\columnseprule</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="twocolumn-columnseprule">twocolumn columnseprule</anchor>
<para>The width of the rule between columns. The default is 0pt, meaning that
there is no rule. Otherwise, the rule appears halfway between the two
@@ -2703,7 +2661,7 @@ columns. Change it with a command such as
<code>\setlength&lbrace;\columnseprule&rbrace;&lbrace;0.4pt&rbrace;</code>, before the two-column
mode starts.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="189" mergedindex="cp">\columnwidth</indexterm>\columnwidth</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="167" mergedindex="cp">\columnwidth</indexterm>\columnwidth</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="twocolumn-columnwidth">twocolumn columnwidth</anchor>
<para>The width of a single column. In one-column mode this is equal to
<code>\textwidth</code>. In two-column mode by default &latex; sets the
@@ -2720,7 +2678,7 @@ The following parameters control float behavior of two-column output.
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<beforefirstitem><anchor name="twocolumn-dbltopfraction">twocolumn dbltopfraction</anchor>
-</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="190" mergedindex="cp">\dbltopfraction</indexterm>\dbltopfraction</itemformat></item>
+</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="168" mergedindex="cp">\dbltopfraction</indexterm>\dbltopfraction</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>The maximum fraction at the top of a two-column page that may be
occupied by two-column wide floats. The default is 0.7, meaning that
the height of a <code>table*</code> or <code>figure*</code> environment must not
@@ -2745,13 +2703,13 @@ to avoid going to float pages so soon.
<para>You can redefine it, as with
<code>\renewcommand&lbrace;\dbltopfraction&rbrace;&lbrace;0.9&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="191" mergedindex="cp">\dblfloatpagefraction</indexterm>\dblfloatpagefraction</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="169" mergedindex="cp">\dblfloatpagefraction</indexterm>\dblfloatpagefraction</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="twocolumn-dblfloatpagefraction">twocolumn dblfloatpagefraction</anchor>
<para>For a float page of two-column wide floats, this is the minimum fraction
that must be occupied by floats, limiting the amount of blank space.
&latex;&textrsquo;s default is <code>0.5</code>. Change it with <code>\renewcommand</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="192" mergedindex="cp">\dblfloatsep</indexterm>\dblfloatsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="170" mergedindex="cp">\dblfloatsep</indexterm>\dblfloatsep</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="twocolumn-dblfloatsep">twocolumn dblfloatsep</anchor>
<para>On a float page of two-column wide floats, this length is the distance
between floats, at both the top and bottom of the page. The default is
@@ -2759,13 +2717,13 @@ between floats, at both the top and bottom of the page. The default is
<code>11pt</code>, and <code>14pt plus2pt minus4pt</code> for a document set at
<code>12pt</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="193" mergedindex="cp">\dbltextfloatsep</indexterm>\dbltextfloatsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="171" mergedindex="cp">\dbltextfloatsep</indexterm>\dbltextfloatsep</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="twocolumn-dbltextfloatsep">twocolumn dbltextfloatsep</anchor>
<para>This length is the distance between a multi-column float at the top or
bottom of a page and the main text. The default is <code>20pt plus2pt
minus4pt</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="194" mergedindex="cp">\dbltopnumber</indexterm>\dbltopnumber</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="172" mergedindex="cp">\dbltopnumber</indexterm>\dbltopnumber</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="twocolumn-dbltopnumber">twocolumn dbltopnumber</anchor>
<para>On a float page of two-column wide floats, this counter gives the
maximum number of floats allowed at the top of the page. The &latex;
@@ -2802,7 +2760,7 @@ Two column text here.
<node name="_005cflushbottom" spaces=" "><nodename>\flushbottom</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\raggedbottom</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\twocolumn</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Layout</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\flushbottom</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="195" mergedindex="cp">\flushbottom</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="173" mergedindex="cp">\flushbottom</indexterm></findex>
<para>Make all pages in the document after this declaration have the same
height, by stretching the vertical space where necessary to fill out the
@@ -2828,8 +2786,8 @@ and for indexes made using <code>makeidx</code>.
<node name="_005craggedbottom" spaces=" "><nodename>\raggedbottom</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Page layout parameters</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\flushbottom</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Layout</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\raggedbottom</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="196" mergedindex="cp">\raggedbottom</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="169">stretch, omitting vertical</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="174" mergedindex="cp">\raggedbottom</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="204">stretch, omitting vertical</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Make all later pages the natural height of the material on that page; no
rubber vertical lengths will be stretched. Thus, in a two-sided
@@ -2844,20 +2802,20 @@ option (<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class optio
<node name="Page-layout-parameters" spaces=" "><nodename>Page layout parameters</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\baselineskip &amp; \baselinestretch</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\raggedbottom</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Layout</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Page layout parameters</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="170">page layout parameters</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="171">parameters, page layout</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="172">layout, page parameters for</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="173">header, parameters for</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="174">footer, parameters for</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="175">running header and footer</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="205">page layout parameters</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="206">parameters, page layout</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="207">layout, page parameters for</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="208">header, parameters for</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="209">footer, parameters for</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="210">running header and footer</indexterm></cindex>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="197" mergedindex="cp">\columnsep</indexterm>\columnsep</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="198" mergedindex="cp">\columnseprule</indexterm>\columnseprule</itemformat></itemx>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="199" mergedindex="cp">\columnwidth</indexterm>\columnwidth</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="200" mergedindex="cp">\columnsep</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="201" mergedindex="cp">\columnseprule</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="202" mergedindex="cp">\columnwidth</indexterm></findex>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="175" mergedindex="cp">\columnsep</indexterm>\columnsep</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="176" mergedindex="cp">\columnseprule</indexterm>\columnseprule</itemformat></itemx>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="177" mergedindex="cp">\columnwidth</indexterm>\columnwidth</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="178" mergedindex="cp">\columnsep</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="179" mergedindex="cp">\columnseprule</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="180" mergedindex="cp">\columnwidth</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="page-layout-parameters-columnsep">page layout parameters columnsep</anchor>
<anchor name="page-layout-parameters-columnseprule">page layout parameters columnseprule</anchor>
<anchor name="page-layout-parameters-columnwidth">page layout parameters columnwidth</anchor>
@@ -2866,15 +2824,15 @@ columns, and the width of the columns, when the document class option
<code>twocolumn</code> is in effect (<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class options</xrefnodename></pxref>).
<xref label="_005ctwocolumn"><xrefnodename>\twocolumn</xrefnodename></xref>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="203" mergedindex="cp">\headheight</indexterm>\headheight</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="204" mergedindex="cp">\headheight</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="181" mergedindex="cp">\headheight</indexterm>\headheight</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="182" mergedindex="cp">\headheight</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="page-layout-parameters-headheight">page layout parameters headheight</anchor>
<para>Height of the box that contains the running head. The default in the
<code>article</code>, <code>report</code>, and <code>book</code> classes is <samp>12pt</samp>,
at all type sizes.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="205" mergedindex="cp">\headsep</indexterm>\headsep</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="206" mergedindex="cp">\headsep</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="183" mergedindex="cp">\headsep</indexterm>\headsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="184" mergedindex="cp">\headsep</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="page-layout-parameters-headsep">page layout parameters headsep</anchor>
<para>Vertical distance between the bottom of the header line and the top of
the main text. The default in the <code>article</code> and <code>report</code>
@@ -2882,8 +2840,8 @@ classes is <samp>25pt</samp>. In the <code>book</code> class the default is: if
document is set at 10pt then it is <samp>0.25in</samp>, and at 11pt or 12pt
it is <samp>0.275in</samp>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="207" mergedindex="cp">\footskip</indexterm>\footskip</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="208" mergedindex="cp">\footskip</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="185" mergedindex="cp">\footskip</indexterm>\footskip</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="186" mergedindex="cp">\footskip</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="page-layout-parameters-footskip">page layout parameters footskip</anchor>
<para>Distance from the baseline of the last line of text to the baseline of
the page footer. The default in the <code>article</code> and <code>report</code>
@@ -2891,8 +2849,8 @@ classes is <samp>30pt</samp>. In the <code>book</code> class the default is: wh
the type size is 10pt the default is <samp>0.35in</samp>, while at 11pt it is
<samp>0.38in</samp>, and at 12pt it is <samp>30pt</samp>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="209" mergedindex="cp">\linewidth</indexterm>\linewidth</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="210" mergedindex="cp">\linewidth</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="187" mergedindex="cp">\linewidth</indexterm>\linewidth</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="188" mergedindex="cp">\linewidth</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="page-layout-parameters-linewidth">page layout parameters linewidth</anchor>
<para>Width of the current line, decreased for each nested <code>list</code>
(<pxref label="list"><xrefnodename>list</xrefnodename></pxref>). That is, the nominal value for <code>\linewidth</code> is to
@@ -2903,12 +2861,12 @@ is decreased by the sum of that list&textrsquo;s <code>\leftmargin</code> and
<!-- c etc. For an @code{article} document set in 10pt, the default is -->
<!-- c @samp{345pt}, while in two-column mode that becomes @samp{229.5pt}. -->
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="211" mergedindex="cp">\marginparpush</indexterm>\marginparpush</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="212" mergedindex="cp">\marginsep</indexterm>\marginsep</itemformat></itemx>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="213" mergedindex="cp">\marginparwidth</indexterm>\marginparwidth</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="214" mergedindex="cp">\marginparpush</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="215" mergedindex="cp">\marginsep</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="216" mergedindex="cp">\marginparwidth</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="189" mergedindex="cp">\marginparpush</indexterm>\marginparpush</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="190" mergedindex="cp">\marginsep</indexterm>\marginsep</itemformat></itemx>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="191" mergedindex="cp">\marginparwidth</indexterm>\marginparwidth</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="192" mergedindex="cp">\marginparpush</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="193" mergedindex="cp">\marginsep</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="194" mergedindex="cp">\marginparwidth</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="page-layout-parameters-marginparpush">page layout parameters marginparpush</anchor>
<anchor name="page-layout-parameters-marginsep">page layout parameters marginsep</anchor>
<anchor name="page-layout-parameters-marginparwidth">page layout parameters marginparwidth</anchor>
@@ -2936,10 +2894,10 @@ classes, in two-column mode the default is 60% of <code>\paperwidth
&minus; \textwidth</code>, while in one-column mode it is 50% of that
distance.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="217" mergedindex="cp">\oddsidemargin</indexterm>\oddsidemargin</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="218" mergedindex="cp">\evensidemargin</indexterm>\evensidemargin</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="219" mergedindex="cp">\oddsidemargin</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="220" mergedindex="cp">\evensidemargin</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="195" mergedindex="cp">\oddsidemargin</indexterm>\oddsidemargin</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="196" mergedindex="cp">\evensidemargin</indexterm>\evensidemargin</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="197" mergedindex="cp">\oddsidemargin</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="198" mergedindex="cp">\evensidemargin</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="page-layout-parameters-oddsidemargin">page layout parameters oddsidemargin</anchor>
<anchor name="page-layout-parameters-evensidemargin">page layout parameters evensidemargin</anchor>
<!-- c xx TODO re-align on French version that is more complete/accurate. -->
@@ -2954,24 +2912,24 @@ even-numbered pages the extra distance on the left is
difference between <code>\paperwidth</code> and <code>\textwidth</code>, and
<code>\evensidemargin</code> is the remainder.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="221" mergedindex="cp">\paperheight</indexterm>\paperheight</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="222" mergedindex="cp">\paperheight</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="199" mergedindex="cp">\paperheight</indexterm>\paperheight</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="200" mergedindex="cp">\paperheight</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="page-layout-parameters-paperheight">page layout parameters paperheight</anchor>
<para>The height of the paper, as distinct from the height of the print area.
Normally set with a document class option, as in
<code>\documentclass[a4paper]&lbrace;article&rbrace;</code> (<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class
options</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="223" mergedindex="cp">\paperwidth</indexterm>\paperwidth</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="224" mergedindex="cp">\paperwidth</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="201" mergedindex="cp">\paperwidth</indexterm>\paperwidth</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="202" mergedindex="cp">\paperwidth</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="page-layout-parameters-paperwidth">page layout parameters paperwidth</anchor>
<para>The width of the paper, as distinct from the width of the print area.
Normally set with a document class option, as in
<code>\documentclass[a4paper]&lbrace;article&rbrace;</code> (<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class
options</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="225" mergedindex="cp">\textheight</indexterm>\textheight</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="226" mergedindex="cp">\textheight</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="203" mergedindex="cp">\textheight</indexterm>\textheight</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="204" mergedindex="cp">\textheight</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="page-layout-parameters-textheight">page layout parameters textheight</anchor>
<para>The normal vertical height of the page body. If the document is set at
a nominal type size of 10pt then for an <code>article</code> or <code>report</code>
@@ -2980,8 +2938,8 @@ the default is <samp>43\baselineskip</samp>, while for a <code>book</code> it is
<samp>38\baselineskip</samp> for all document classes. At 12pt it is
<samp>36\baselineskip</samp> for all classes.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="227" mergedindex="cp">\textwidth</indexterm>\textwidth</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="228" mergedindex="cp">\textwidth</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="205" mergedindex="cp">\textwidth</indexterm>\textwidth</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="206" mergedindex="cp">\textwidth</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="page-layout-parameters-textwidth">page layout parameters textwidth</anchor>
<para>The full horizontal width of the entire page body. For an
<code>article</code> or <code>report</code> document, the default is <samp>345pt</samp>
@@ -3002,15 +2960,15 @@ column), while <code>\linewidth</code> may decrease for nested lists.
specified width, and revert to their normal values at the end of the
<code>minipage</code> or <code>\parbox</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="229" mergedindex="cp">\hsize</indexterm>\hsize</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="230" mergedindex="cp">\hsize</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="207" mergedindex="cp">\hsize</indexterm>\hsize</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="208" mergedindex="cp">\hsize</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="page-layout-parameters-hsize">page layout parameters hsize</anchor>
<para>This entry is included for completeness: <code>\hsize</code> is the &tex;
primitive parameter used when text is broken into lines. It should not
be used in normal &latex; documents.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="231" mergedindex="cp">\topmargin</indexterm>\topmargin</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="232" mergedindex="cp">topmargin</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="209" mergedindex="cp">\topmargin</indexterm>\topmargin</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="210" mergedindex="cp">topmargin</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="page-layout-parameters-topmargin">page layout parameters topmargin</anchor>
<!-- c xxx TODO re-align on French version that is more accurate. -->
<para>Space between the top of the &tex; page (one inch from the top of the
@@ -3019,8 +2977,8 @@ based on many other parameters: <code>\paperheight &minus; 2in &minus;
\headheight &minus; \headsep &minus; \textheight &minus; \footskip</code>,
and then divided by two.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="233" mergedindex="cp">\topskip</indexterm>\topskip</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="234" mergedindex="cp">\topskip</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="211" mergedindex="cp">\topskip</indexterm>\topskip</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="212" mergedindex="cp">\topskip</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="page-layout-parameters-topskip">page layout parameters topskip</anchor>
<para>Minimum distance between the top of the page body and the baseline of
the first line of text. For the standard classes, the default is the
@@ -3035,13 +2993,13 @@ same as the font size, e.g., <samp>10pt</samp> at a type size of 10pt.
<anchor name="_005cbaselineskip">\baselineskip</anchor>
<anchor name="_005cbaselinestretch">\baselinestretch</anchor>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="235" mergedindex="cp">\baselineskip</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="236" mergedindex="cp">\baselinestretch</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="237" mergedindex="cp">\linespread</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="176">space between lines</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="177">interline space</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="178">leading</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="179">double spacing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="213" mergedindex="cp">\baselineskip</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="214" mergedindex="cp">\baselinestretch</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="215" mergedindex="cp">\linespread</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="211">space between lines</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="212">interline space</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="213">leading</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="214">double spacing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>\baselineskip</code> is a rubber length (<pxref label="Lengths"><xrefnodename>Lengths</xrefnodename></pxref>). It gives
the <dfn>leading</dfn>, the normal distance between lines in a paragraph, from
@@ -3086,9 +3044,9 @@ baseline spacing matching that size.
&lbrace;\footnotesize $$a+b = c$$&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="238" mergedindex="cp">\lineskip</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="239" mergedindex="cp">\lineskiplimit</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="240" mergedindex="cp">\prevdepth</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="216" mergedindex="cp">\lineskip</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="217" mergedindex="cp">\lineskiplimit</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="218" mergedindex="cp">\prevdepth</indexterm></findex>
<para>The process for making paragraphs is that when a new line is added, if
the depth of the previous line plus the height of the new line is less
than <code>\baselineskip</code> then &tex; inserts vertical glue to make up
@@ -3127,8 +3085,8 @@ won&textrsquo;t take effect until a font setting happens. But that always takes
place at the start of a document, so there you don&textrsquo;t need to follow it
with <code>\selectfont</code>.)
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="180"><r>package</r>, <code>setspace</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="181"><code>setspace</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="215"><r>package</r>, <code>setspace</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="216"><code>setspace</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>A simpler approach is the <code>setspace</code> package. The basic example:
</para>
@@ -3180,8 +3138,8 @@ float that is big may migrate to the end of the document. In which
event, because all floats in a class must appear in sequential order,
every following float in that class also appears at the end.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="182">placement of floats</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="183">specifier, float placement</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="217">placement of floats</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="218">specifier, float placement</indexterm></cindex>
<para>In addition to changing the parameters, for each float you can tweak
where the float placement algorithm tries to place it by using its
<var>placement</var> argument. The possible values are a sequence of the
@@ -3204,9 +3162,9 @@ FAQ: <url><urefurl>https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-2colfloat</urefurl></url>.
appears. However, <code>h</code> is not allowed by itself; <code>t</code> is
automatically added.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="184">here, putting floats</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="185"><r>package</r>, <code>float</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="186"><code>float</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="219">here, putting floats</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="220"><r>package</r>, <code>float</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="221"><code>float</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>To absolutely force a float to appear &textldquo;here&textrdquo;, you can
<code>\usepackage&lbrace;float&rbrace;</code> and use the <code>H</code> specifier which it
@@ -3214,7 +3172,7 @@ defines. For further discussion, see the FAQ entry at
<url><urefurl>https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-figurehere</urefurl></url>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">p</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="187">float page</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="222">float page</indexterm></cindex>
<para>(Page of floats)&textmdash;on a separate <dfn>float page</dfn>, which is a page
containing no text, only floats.
</para>
@@ -3242,8 +3200,8 @@ use the <file>afterpage</file> package and issue
<code>\afterpage&lbrace;\clearpage&rbrace;</code>. This will wait until the current page
is finished and then flush all outstanding floats.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="188"><r>package</r>, <code>flafter</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="189"><code>flafter</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="223"><r>package</r>, <code>flafter</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="224"><code>flafter</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; can typeset a float before where it appears in the source
(although on the same output page) if there is a <code>t</code> specifier in
@@ -3251,7 +3209,7 @@ the <var>placement</var> parameter. If this is not desired, and deleting
the <code>t</code> is not acceptable as it keeps the float from being placed
at the top of the next page, then you can prevent it by either using
the <code>flafter</code> package or using the command
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="241" mergedindex="cp">\suppressfloats</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="219" mergedindex="cp">\suppressfloats</indexterm></findex>
<code>\suppressfloats[t]</code>, which causes floats for the top position on
this page to moved to the next page.
</para>
@@ -3260,27 +3218,27 @@ non-float text (change them with
<code>\renewcommand&lbrace;<var>parameter</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>decimal between 0 and 1</var>&rbrace;</code>):
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="242" mergedindex="cp">\bottomfraction</indexterm>\bottomfraction</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="243" mergedindex="cp">\bottomfraction</indexterm></findex>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="220" mergedindex="cp">\bottomfraction</indexterm>\bottomfraction</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="221" mergedindex="cp">\bottomfraction</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="floats-bottomfraction">floats bottomfraction</anchor>
<para>The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occupied by floats at
the bottom; default <samp>.3</samp>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="244" mergedindex="cp">\floatpagefraction</indexterm>\floatpagefraction</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="245" mergedindex="cp">\floatpagefraction</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="222" mergedindex="cp">\floatpagefraction</indexterm>\floatpagefraction</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="223" mergedindex="cp">\floatpagefraction</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="floats-floatpagefraction">floats floatpagefraction</anchor>
<para>The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats;
default <samp>.5</samp>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="246" mergedindex="cp">\textfraction</indexterm>\textfraction</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="247" mergedindex="cp">\textfraction</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="224" mergedindex="cp">\textfraction</indexterm>\textfraction</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="225" mergedindex="cp">\textfraction</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="floats-textfraction">floats textfraction</anchor>
<para>Minimum fraction of a page that must be text; if floats take up too
much space to preserve this much text, floats will be moved to a
different page. The default is <samp>.2</samp>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="248" mergedindex="cp">\topfraction</indexterm>\topfraction</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="249" mergedindex="cp">\topfraction</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="226" mergedindex="cp">\topfraction</indexterm>\topfraction</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="227" mergedindex="cp">\topfraction</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="floats-topfraction">floats topfraction</anchor>
<para>Maximum fraction at the top of a page that may be occupied before
floats; default <samp>.7</samp>.
@@ -3291,21 +3249,21 @@ command of the form <code>\setlength&lbrace;<var>parameter</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;
expression</var>&rbrace;</code>):
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="250" mergedindex="cp">\floatsep</indexterm>\floatsep</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="251" mergedindex="cp">\floatsep</indexterm></findex>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="228" mergedindex="cp">\floatsep</indexterm>\floatsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="229" mergedindex="cp">\floatsep</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="floats-floatsep">floats floatsep</anchor>
<para>Space between floats at the top or bottom of a page; default
<samp>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</samp>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="252" mergedindex="cp">\intextsep</indexterm>\intextsep</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="253" mergedindex="cp">\intextsep</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="230" mergedindex="cp">\intextsep</indexterm>\intextsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="231" mergedindex="cp">\intextsep</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="floats-intextsep">floats intextsep</anchor>
<para>Space above and below a float in the middle of the main text; default
<samp>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</samp> for 10 point and 11 point documents,
and <samp>14pt plus4pt minus4pt</samp> for 12 point documents.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="254" mergedindex="cp">\textfloatsep</indexterm>\textfloatsep</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="255" mergedindex="cp">\textfloatsep</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="232" mergedindex="cp">\textfloatsep</indexterm>\textfloatsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="233" mergedindex="cp">\textfloatsep</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="floats-textfloatsep">floats textfloatsep</anchor>
<para>Space between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page;
default <samp>20pt plus2pt minus4pt</samp>.
@@ -3316,26 +3274,26 @@ command of the form <code>\setcounter&lbrace;<var>ctrname</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<
number</var>&rbrace;</code>):
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="256" mergedindex="cp">bottomnumber</indexterm>bottomnumber</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="257" mergedindex="cp">bottomnumber</indexterm></findex>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="234" mergedindex="cp">bottomnumber</indexterm>bottomnumber</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="235" mergedindex="cp">bottomnumber</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="floats-bottomnumber">floats bottomnumber</anchor>
<para>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the bottom of a text page;
default 1.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="258" mergedindex="cp">dbltopnumber</indexterm>dbltopnumber</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="259" mergedindex="cp">dbltopnumber</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="236" mergedindex="cp">dbltopnumber</indexterm>dbltopnumber</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="237" mergedindex="cp">dbltopnumber</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="floats-dbltopnumber">floats dbltopnumber</anchor>
<para>Maximum number of full-sized floats that can appear at the top of a
two-column page; default 2.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="260" mergedindex="cp">topnumber</indexterm>topnumber</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="261" mergedindex="cp">topnumber</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="238" mergedindex="cp">topnumber</indexterm>topnumber</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="239" mergedindex="cp">topnumber</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="floats-topnumber">floats topnumber</anchor>
<para>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the top of a text page;
default 2.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="262" mergedindex="cp">totalnumber</indexterm>totalnumber</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="263" mergedindex="cp">totalnumber</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="240" mergedindex="cp">totalnumber</indexterm>totalnumber</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="241" mergedindex="cp">totalnumber</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="floats-totalnumber">floats totalnumber</anchor>
<para>Maximum number of floats that can appear on a text page; default 3.
</para></tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
@@ -3350,15 +3308,15 @@ influence the position of float environments like figure and table in
(<url><urefurl>https://www.latex-project.org/publications/2014-FMi-TUB-tb111mitt-float-placement.pdf</urefurl></url>).
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\caption</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Make a caption for a floating environment.
+<menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\caption</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Make a caption for a floating environment.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
<node name="_005ccaption" spaces=" "><nodename>\caption</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">Floats</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\caption</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="264" mergedindex="cp">\caption</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="190">captions</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="242" mergedindex="cp">\caption</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="225">captions</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -3440,8 +3398,8 @@ moving argument. If you get the &latex; error <samp>! Argument of
\&arobase;caption has an extra &rbrace;</samp> then you must put <code>\protect</code> in front
of any fragile commands. <xref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></xref>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="191"><r>package</r>, <code>caption</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="192"><code>caption</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="226"><r>package</r>, <code>caption</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="227"><code>caption</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>caption</code> package has many options to adjust how the caption
appears, for example changing the font size, making the caption be
@@ -3455,21 +3413,21 @@ always set as a paragraph rather than centered when it is short.
<node name="Sectioning" spaces=" "><nodename>Sectioning</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Cross references</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Layout</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Sectioning</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="193">sectioning commands</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="194">part</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="195">chapter</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="196">section</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="197">subsection</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="198">subsubsection</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="199">paragraph</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="200">subparagraph</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="265" mergedindex="cp">\part</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="266" mergedindex="cp">\chapter</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="267" mergedindex="cp">\section</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="268" mergedindex="cp">\subsection</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="269" mergedindex="cp">\subsubsection</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="270" mergedindex="cp">\paragraph</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="271" mergedindex="cp">\subparagraph</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="228">sectioning commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="229">part</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="230">chapter</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="231">section</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="232">subsection</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="233">subsubsection</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="234">paragraph</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="235">subparagraph</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="243" mergedindex="cp">\part</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="244" mergedindex="cp">\chapter</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="245" mergedindex="cp">\section</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="246" mergedindex="cp">\subsection</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="247" mergedindex="cp">\subsubsection</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="248" mergedindex="cp">\paragraph</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="249" mergedindex="cp">\subparagraph</indexterm></findex>
<para>Structure your text into divisions: parts, chapters, sections, etc. All
sectioning commands have the same form, one of:
@@ -3507,7 +3465,7 @@ not available in <code>article</code>.
</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\subparagraph</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>5
</para></entry></row></tbody></multitable>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="201"><code>*</code>-form of sectioning commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="236"><code>*</code>-form of sectioning commands</indexterm></cindex>
<para>All these commands have a <code>*</code>-form that prints <var>title</var> as usual
but does not number it and does not make an entry in the table of contents.
An example of using this is for an appendix in an <code>article</code>. The
@@ -3537,8 +3495,8 @@ a <code>\section</code> and, in a <code>book</code> class document, that before
<code>\section</code> you will have a <code>\chapter</code>. Otherwise you can get
something like a subsection numbered <samp>3.0.1</samp>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="202"><r>package</r>, <code>titlesec</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="203"><code>titlesec</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="237"><r>package</r>, <code>titlesec</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="238"><code>titlesec</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; lets you change the appearance of the sectional units. As a
simple example, you can change the section numbering to uppercase
@@ -3551,9 +3509,9 @@ has many packages that make this adjustment easier, notably
<para>Two counters relate to the appearance of headings made by sectioning commands.
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="272" mergedindex="cp">secnumdepth</indexterm>secnumdepth</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="273" mergedindex="cp">secnumdepth <r>counter</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="204">section numbers, printing</indexterm></cindex>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="250" mergedindex="cp">secnumdepth</indexterm>secnumdepth</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="251" mergedindex="cp">secnumdepth <r>counter</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="239">section numbers, printing</indexterm></cindex>
<anchor name="sectioning-secnumdepth">sectioning secnumdepth</anchor>
<anchor name="Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth">Sectioning/secnumdepth</anchor>
<para>Controls which sectioning unit are numbered. Setting the counter with
@@ -3567,9 +3525,9 @@ produce output like <samp>Discussion</samp>, without the number. &latex;&textrsq
default <code>secnumdepth</code> is&nbsp;3 in <file>article</file> class and
&nbsp;2 in the <file>book</file> and <file>report</file> classes.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="274" mergedindex="cp">tocdepth</indexterm>tocdepth</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="275" mergedindex="cp">tocdepth <r>counter</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="205">table of contents, sectioning numbers printed</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="252" mergedindex="cp">tocdepth</indexterm>tocdepth</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="253" mergedindex="cp">tocdepth <r>counter</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="240">table of contents, sectioning numbers printed</indexterm></cindex>
<anchor name="sectioning-tocdepth">sectioning tocdepth</anchor>
<anchor name="Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</anchor>
<para>Controls which sectioning units are listed in the table of contents.
@@ -3584,23 +3542,23 @@ list sections but not subsections. &latex;&textrsquo;s default
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\part</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Start a part.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\chapter</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Start a chapter.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\section</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Start a section.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\subsection</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Start a subsection.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Lower divisions.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\appendix</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Start appendices.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">The three parts of a book.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\&arobase;startsection</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Sectional unit headings.
+<menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\part</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Start a part.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\chapter</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Start a chapter.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\section</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Start a section.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\subsection</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Start a subsection.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Lower divisions.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\appendix</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Start appendices.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">The three parts of a book.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\&arobase;startsection</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Sectional unit headings.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
<node name="_005cpart" spaces=" "><nodename>\part</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\chapter</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Sectioning</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\part</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="276" mergedindex="cp">\part</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="206">part</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="207">sectioning, part</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="254" mergedindex="cp">\part</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="241">part</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="242">sectioning, part</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -3652,15 +3610,15 @@ the break in the table of contents.
the table of contents, the level number of a part is&nbsp;-1
(<pxref label="Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth"><xrefnodename>Sectioning/secnumdepth</xrefnodename></pxref>, and <ref label="Sectioning_002ftocdepth"><xrefnodename>Sectioning/tocdepth</xrefnodename></ref>).
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="208"><r>package</r>, <code>indentfirst</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="209"><code>indentfirst</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="243"><r>package</r>, <code>indentfirst</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="244"><code>indentfirst</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>In the class <code>article</code>, if a paragraph immediately follows the part
title then it is not indented. To get an indent you can use the package
<code>indentfirst</code>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="210"><r>package</r>, <code>titlesec</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="211"><code>titlesec</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="245"><r>package</r>, <code>titlesec</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="246"><code>titlesec</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>One package to change the behavior of <code>\part</code> is <code>titlesec</code>.
See its documentation on CTAN.
@@ -3670,8 +3628,8 @@ See its documentation on CTAN.
<node name="_005cchapter" spaces=" "><nodename>\chapter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\section</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\part</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Sectioning</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\chapter</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="277" mergedindex="cp">\chapter</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="212">chapter</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="255" mergedindex="cp">\chapter</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="247">chapter</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -3738,8 +3696,8 @@ the break in the contents
the table of contents, the level number of a chapter is&nbsp;0
(<pxref label="Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth"><xrefnodename>Sectioning/secnumdepth</xrefnodename></pxref> and <pxref label="Sectioning_002ftocdepth"><xrefnodename>Sectioning/tocdepth</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="213"><r>package</r>, <code>indentfirst</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="214"><code>indentfirst</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="248"><r>package</r>, <code>indentfirst</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="249"><code>indentfirst</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The paragraph that follows the chapter title is not indented, as is a
standard typographical practice. To get an indent use the package
@@ -3756,8 +3714,8 @@ something like <samp>Lecture 1</samp>, put in the preamble either
\makeatother
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="215"><r>package</r>, <code>babel</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="216"><code>babel</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="250"><r>package</r>, <code>babel</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="251"><code>babel</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<noindent></noindent> <para>To make this change because of the primary language for
the document, see the package <code>babel</code>.
@@ -3767,8 +3725,8 @@ necessary leaving an even-numbered page that is blank except for any
running headers. To make that page completely blank,
see&nbsp;<ref label="_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage"><xrefnodename>\clearpage &amp; \cleardoublepage</xrefnodename></ref>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="217"><r>package</r>, <code>titlesec</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="218"><code>titlesec</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="252"><r>package</r>, <code>titlesec</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="253"><code>titlesec</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>To change the behavior of the <code>\chapter</code> command, you can copy its
definition from the &latex; format file and make adjustments. But
@@ -3795,8 +3753,8 @@ running headers.
<node name="_005csection" spaces=" "><nodename>\section</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\subsection</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\chapter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Sectioning</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\section</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="278" mergedindex="cp">\section</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="219">section</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="256" mergedindex="cp">\section</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="254">section</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -3864,15 +3822,15 @@ so it is omitted from the contents and headers.
the table of contents, the level number of a section is&nbsp;1
(<pxref label="Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth"><xrefnodename>Sectioning/secnumdepth</xrefnodename></pxref> and <pxref label="Sectioning_002ftocdepth"><xrefnodename>Sectioning/tocdepth</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="220"><r>package</r>, <code>indentfirst</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="221"><code>indentfirst</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="255"><r>package</r>, <code>indentfirst</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="256"><code>indentfirst</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The paragraph that follows the section title is not indented, as is a
standard typographical practice. One way to get an indent is to use the
package <code>indentfirst</code>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="222"><r>package</r>, <code>titlesec</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="223"><code>titlesec</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="257"><r>package</r>, <code>titlesec</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="258"><code>titlesec</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>In general, to change the behavior of the <code>\section</code> command, there
are a number of options. One is the <code>\&arobase;startsection</code> command
@@ -3900,8 +3858,8 @@ example below gives a sense of what they can do.
<node name="_005csubsection" spaces=" "><nodename>\subsection</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\section</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Sectioning</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\subsection</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="279" mergedindex="cp">\subsection</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="224">subsection</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="257" mergedindex="cp">\subsection</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="259">subsection</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -3954,15 +3912,15 @@ paper</samp> on the contents page.
the table of contents, the level number of a subsection is&nbsp;2
(<pxref label="Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth"><xrefnodename>Sectioning/secnumdepth</xrefnodename></pxref> and <pxref label="Sectioning_002ftocdepth"><xrefnodename>Sectioning/tocdepth</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="225"><r>package</r>, <code>indentfirst</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="226"><code>indentfirst</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="260"><r>package</r>, <code>indentfirst</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="261"><code>indentfirst</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The paragraph that follows the subsection title is not indented, as is a
standard typographical practice. One way to get an indent is to use the
package <code>indentfirst</code>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="227"><r>package</r>, <code>titlesec</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="228"><code>titlesec</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="262"><r>package</r>, <code>titlesec</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="263"><code>titlesec</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>There are a number of ways to change the behavior of the
<code>\subsection</code> command. One is the <code>\&arobase;startsection</code> command
@@ -3989,16 +3947,16 @@ text.
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\subsubsection</code>, <code>\paragraph</code>, <code>\subparagraph</code></sectiontitle>
<anchor name="_005csubsubsection">\subsubsection</anchor>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="280" mergedindex="cp">\subsubsection</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="229">subsubsection</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="258" mergedindex="cp">\subsubsection</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="264">subsubsection</indexterm></cindex>
<!-- c -->
<anchor name="_005cparagraph">\paragraph</anchor>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="281" mergedindex="cp">\paragraph</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="230">paragraph</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="259" mergedindex="cp">\paragraph</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="265">paragraph</indexterm></cindex>
<!-- c -->
<anchor name="_005csubparagraph">\subparagraph</anchor>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="282" mergedindex="cp">\subparagraph</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="231">subparagraph</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="260" mergedindex="cp">\subparagraph</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="266">subparagraph</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -4064,15 +4022,15 @@ the table of contents, the level number of a subsubsection is&nbsp;3, of
a paragraph is&nbsp;4, and of a subparagraph is&nbsp;5
(<pxref label="Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth"><xrefnodename>Sectioning/secnumdepth</xrefnodename></pxref> and <pxref label="Sectioning_002ftocdepth"><xrefnodename>Sectioning/tocdepth</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="232"><r>package</r>, <code>indentfirst</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="233"><code>indentfirst</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="267"><r>package</r>, <code>indentfirst</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="268"><code>indentfirst</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The paragraph that follows the subsubsection title is not indented, as is a
standard typographical practice. One way to get an indent is to use the
package <code>indentfirst</code>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="234"><r>package</r>, <code>titlesec</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="235"><code>titlesec</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="269"><r>package</r>, <code>titlesec</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="270"><code>titlesec</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>There are a number of ways to change the behavior of the these commands.
One is the <code>\&arobase;startsection</code> command (<pxref label="_005c_0040startsection"><xrefnodename>\&arobase;startsection</xrefnodename></pxref>).
@@ -4085,9 +4043,9 @@ There are also many packages on CTAN that address this, including
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\appendix</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="283" mergedindex="cp">\appendix</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="236">appendix</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="237">appendices</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="261" mergedindex="cp">\appendix</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="271">appendix</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="272">appendices</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -4119,8 +4077,8 @@ resets the <code>section</code> and <code>subsection</code> counters.
<samp>Appendix A</samp> and <samp>Appendix B</samp>. <xref label="Larger-book-template"><xrefnodename>Larger book template</xrefnodename></xref>,
for another example.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="238"><r>package</r>, <code>appendix</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="239"><code>appendix</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="273"><r>package</r>, <code>appendix</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="274"><code>appendix</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>appendix</code> package adds the command
<code>\appendixpage</code> to put a separate <samp>Appendices</samp> in the document
@@ -4136,21 +4094,21 @@ number of other features. See the documentation on CTAN.
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\frontmatter</code>, <code>\mainmatter</code>, <code>\backmatter</code></sectiontitle>
<anchor name="_005cfrontmatter">\frontmatter</anchor>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="284" mergedindex="cp">\frontmatter</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="240">book, front matter</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="241">front matter of a book</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="262" mergedindex="cp">\frontmatter</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="275">book, front matter</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="276">front matter of a book</indexterm></cindex>
<!-- c -->
<anchor name="_005cmainmatter">\mainmatter</anchor>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="285" mergedindex="cp">\mainmatter</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="242">book, main matter</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="243">main matter of a book</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="263" mergedindex="cp">\mainmatter</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="277">book, main matter</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="278">main matter of a book</indexterm></cindex>
<!-- c -->
<anchor name="_005cbackmatter">\backmatter</anchor>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="286" mergedindex="cp">\backmatter</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="244">book, back matter</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="245">book, end matter</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="246">back matter of a book</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="247">end matter of a book</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="264" mergedindex="cp">\backmatter</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="279">book, back matter</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="280">book, end matter</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="281">back matter of a book</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="282">end matter of a book</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis, one or more of:
</para>
@@ -4189,10 +4147,10 @@ switches the chapters back to being not numbered.
</section>
<node name="_005c_0040startsection" spaces=" "><nodename>\&arobase;startsection</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Sectioning</nodeup></node>
-<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\&arobase;startsection</code>, typesetting sectional unit headings</sectiontitle>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\&arobase;startsection</code>: Typesetting sectional unit headings</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="287" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;startsection</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="248">section, redefining</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="265" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;startsection</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="283">section, redefining</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -4203,15 +4161,15 @@ switches the chapters back to being not numbered.
<para>Used to help redefine the behavior of commands that start sectioning
divisions such as <code>\section</code> or <code>\subsection</code>.
</para>
-<para>Note that the <code>titlesec</code> package makes manipulation of sectioning
+<para>The <code>titlesec</code> package makes manipulation of sectioning
easier. Further, while most requirements for sectioning commands can be
satisfied with <code>\&arobase;startsection</code>, some cannot. For instance, in
the standard &latex; <code>book</code> and <code>report</code> classes the commands
-<code>\chapter</code> and <code>\report</code> are not constructed in this way. To
+<code>\chapter</code> and <code>\report</code> are not constructed using this. To
make such a command you may want to use the <code>\secdef</code> command.
<!-- c xx define, and make a cross reference to, secdef. -->
</para>
-<para>Technically, <code>\&arobase;startsection</code> has the form
+<para>The <code>\&arobase;startsection</code> macro is used like this:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\&arobase;startsection&lbrace;<var>name</var>&rbrace;
@@ -4236,7 +4194,7 @@ make such a command you may want to use the <code>\secdef</code> command.
<noindent></noindent>
<para>redefines <code>\section</code> while keeping its standard calling form
-<code>\section*[<var>toctitle</var>]&lbrace;<var>title</var>&rbrace;</code> (in which, for reminder,
+<code>\section*[<var>toctitle</var>]&lbrace;<var>title</var>&rbrace;</code> (in which, as a reminder,
the star&nbsp;<code>*</code> is optional). <xref label="Sectioning"><xrefnodename>Sectioning</xrefnodename></xref>. This implies
that when you write a command like
<code>\renewcommand&lbrace;\section&rbrace;&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code>, the
@@ -4293,8 +4251,8 @@ the title into the left margin.
is inserted before this sectioning unit&textrsquo;s title. This space will be
discarded if the sectioning unit happens to start at the beginning of a
page. If this number is negative then the first paragraph following the
-header is not indented, if it is non-negative then the first paragraph
-is indented. (Note that the negative of <code>1pt plus 2pt minus 3pt</code>
+header is not indented; if it is non-negative then the first paragraph
+is indented. (Example: the negative of <code>1pt plus 2pt minus 3pt</code>
is <code>-1pt plus -2pt minus -3pt</code>.)
</para>
<para>For example, if <var>beforeskip</var> is <code>-3.5ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex</code>
@@ -4356,7 +4314,7 @@ produce titles that are bold and uppercase.
are defined with <code>\&arobase;startsection</code>, for the <file>article</file>,
<file>book</file>, and <file>report</file> classes.
</para>
-<itemize commandarg="bullet" endspaces=" "><itemprepend><formattingcommand command="bullet" automatic="on"/></itemprepend>
+<itemize commandarg="bullet" automaticcommandarg="on" endspaces=" "><itemprepend><formattingcommand command="bullet" automatic="on"/></itemprepend>
<listitem><prepend>&bullet;</prepend>
<para>For <code>section</code>: <var>level</var> is 1, <var>indent</var> is 0<dmn>pt</dmn>,
<var>beforeskip</var> is <code>-3.5ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex</code>,
@@ -4442,9 +4400,9 @@ display that counter.
<node name="Cross-references" spaces=" "><nodename>Cross references</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Environments</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Sectioning</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Cross references</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="249">cross references</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="284">cross references</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="250">label</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="285">label</indexterm></cindex>
<para>We often want something like <samp>See Theorem~31</samp>. But by-hand typing
the 31 is poor practice. Instead you should write a <dfn>label</dfn> such as
<code>\label&lbrace;eq:GreensThm&rbrace;</code> and then <dfn>reference</dfn> it, as with
@@ -4468,8 +4426,8 @@ the <code>\label</code>. So if <code>\label</code> is in <file>calculus.tex</fi
the information is in <file>calculus.aux</file>. &latex; puts the
information in that file every time it runs across a <code>\label</code>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="251">forward reference</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="252">reference, forward</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="286">forward reference</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="287">reference, forward</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The behavior described in the prior paragraph results in a quirk that
happens when your document has a <dfn>forward reference</dfn>, a <code>\ref</code>
that appears before the associated <code>\label</code>. If this is the first
@@ -4481,8 +4439,8 @@ change some things so the references changes; you get the same warning
and the output contains the old reference information. In both cases,
resolve this by compiling the document a second time.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="253"><r>package</r>, <code>cleveref</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="254"><code>cleveref</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="288"><r>package</r>, <code>cleveref</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="289"><code>cleveref</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>cleveref</code> package enhances &latex;&textrsquo;s
cross referencing features. You can arrange that if you enter
<code>\begin&lbrace;thm&rbrace;\label&lbrace;th:Nerode&rbrace;...\end&lbrace;thm&rbrace;</code> then
@@ -4490,17 +4448,17 @@ cross referencing features. You can arrange that if you enter
having to enter the &textldquo;Theorem.&textrdquo;
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\label</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Assign a symbolic name to a piece of text.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\pageref</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Refer to a page number.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\ref</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Refer to a section, figure or similar.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">xr package</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">References from another document.
+<menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\label</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Assign a symbolic name to a piece of text.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\pageref</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Refer to a page number.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\ref</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Refer to a section, figure or similar.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>xr package</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">References from another document.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
<node name="_005clabel" spaces=" "><nodename>\label</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\pageref</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Cross references</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\label</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="288" mergedindex="cp">\label</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="266" mergedindex="cp">\label</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -4572,9 +4530,9 @@ See Figure~\ref&lbrace;fig:test&rbrace;.
<node name="_005cpageref" spaces=" "><nodename>\pageref</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\ref</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\label</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Cross references</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\pageref</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="289" mergedindex="cp">\pageref</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="255">cross referencing with page number</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="256">page number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="267" mergedindex="cp">\pageref</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="290">cross referencing with page number</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="291">page number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -4607,12 +4565,12 @@ those.)
<node name="_005cref" spaces=" "><nodename>\ref</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">xr package</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\pageref</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Cross references</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\ref</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="290" mergedindex="cp">\ref</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="257">cross referencing, symbolic</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="258">section number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="259">equation number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="260">figure number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="261">footnote number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="268" mergedindex="cp">\ref</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="292">cross referencing, symbolic</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="293">section number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="294">equation number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="295">figure number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="296">footnote number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -4642,8 +4600,8 @@ so this document would have to be compiled twice.
\end&lbrace;enumerate&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="262"><r>package</r>, <code>cleveref</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="263"><code>cleveref</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="297"><r>package</r>, <code>cleveref</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="298"><code>cleveref</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>cleveref</code> package includes text such as <samp>Theorem</samp> in the
reference. See the documentation on CTAN.
@@ -4653,14 +4611,14 @@ reference. See the documentation on CTAN.
<node name="xr-package" spaces=" "><nodename>xr package</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\ref</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Cross references</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>xr</code> package</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="264"><r>package</r>, <code>xr</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="265"><code>xr</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="299"><r>package</r>, <code>xr</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="300"><code>xr</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="266"><r>package</r>, <code>xr-hyper</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="267"><code>xr-hyper</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="301"><r>package</r>, <code>xr-hyper</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="302"><code>xr-hyper</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="291" mergedindex="cp">\externaldocument</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="268">cross referencing, across documents</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="269" mergedindex="cp">\externaldocument</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="303">cross referencing, across documents</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -4738,9 +4696,10 @@ uses <code>hyperref</code> then they all must use it.
<node name="Environments" spaces=" "><nodename>Environments</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Line breaking</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Cross references</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Environments</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="269">environments</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="292" mergedindex="cp">\begin</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="293" mergedindex="cp">\end</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="304">environments</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="270" mergedindex="cp">\begin</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="271" mergedindex="cp">\end</indexterm></findex>
+<anchor name="Environment">Environment</anchor><!-- c old name -->
<para>&latex; provides many environments for delimiting certain behavior.
An environment begins with <code>\begin</code> and ends with <code>\end</code>,
@@ -4758,48 +4717,48 @@ the end. For instance, the input
<samp>! LaTeX Error: \begin&lbrace;table*&rbrace; on input line 5 ended by
\end&lbrace;table&rbrace;.</samp>
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="270">group, and environments</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="305">group, and environments</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Environments are executed within a group.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">abstract</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Produce an abstract.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">array</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Math arrays.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">center</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Centered lines.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">description</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Labelled lists.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">displaymath</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Formulas that appear on their own line.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">document</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Enclose the whole document.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">enumerate</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Numbered lists.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">eqnarray</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Sequences of aligned equations.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">equation</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Displayed equation.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">figure</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Floating figures.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">filecontents</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Writing multiple files from the source.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">flushleft</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Flushed left lines.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">flushright</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Flushed right lines.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">itemize</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Bulleted lists.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">letter</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Letters.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">list</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Generic list environment.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">math</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">In-line math.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">minipage</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Miniature page.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">picture</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Picture with text, arrows, lines and circles.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">quotation &amp; quote</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Include a quotation.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">tabbing</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Align text arbitrarily.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">table</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Floating tables.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">tabular</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Align text in columns.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">thebibliography</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Bibliography or reference list.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">theorem</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Theorems, lemmas, etc.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">titlepage</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">For hand crafted title pages.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">verbatim</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Simulating typed input.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">verse</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">For poetry and other things.
+<menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>abstract</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Produce an abstract.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>array</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Math arrays.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>center</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Centered lines.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>description</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Labelled lists.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>displaymath</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Formulas that appear on their own line.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>document</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Enclose the whole document.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>enumerate</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Numbered lists.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>eqnarray</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Sequences of aligned equations.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>equation</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Displayed equation.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>figure</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Floating figures.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>filecontents</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Writing multiple files from the source.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>flushleft</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Flushed left lines.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>flushright</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Flushed right lines.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>itemize</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Bulleted lists.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>letter</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Letters.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>list</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Generic list environment.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>math</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">In-line math.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>minipage</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Miniature page.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>picture</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Picture with text, arrows, lines and circles.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>quotation &amp; quote</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Include a quotation.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>tabbing</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Align text arbitrarily.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>table</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Floating tables.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>tabular</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Align text in columns.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>thebibliography</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Bibliography or reference list.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>theorem</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Theorems, lemmas, etc.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>titlepage</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">For hand crafted title pages.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>verbatim</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Simulating typed input.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>verse</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">For poetry and other things.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
<node name="abstract" spaces=" "><nodename>abstract</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">array</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>abstract</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="294" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>abstract</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="295" mergedindex="cp"><code>abstract</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="272" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>abstract</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="273" mergedindex="cp"><code>abstract</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="271">abstracts</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="306">abstracts</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -4826,8 +4785,8 @@ default only in the <code>report</code> class.
\end&lbrace;abstract&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="272"><r>package</r>, <code>abstract</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="273"><code>abstract</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="307"><r>package</r>, <code>abstract</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="308"><code>abstract</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The next example produces a one column abstract in a two column document (for
a more flexible solution, use the package <code>abstract</code>).
@@ -4859,10 +4818,10 @@ a more flexible solution, use the package <code>abstract</code>).
<node name="array" spaces=" "><nodename>array</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">center</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">abstract</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>array</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="296" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>array</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="297" mergedindex="cp"><code>array</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="274" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>array</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="275" mergedindex="cp"><code>array</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="274">arrays, math</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="309">arrays, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -4919,13 +4878,13 @@ the column with <code>p&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code>, which causes the entry to be
text mode. The second is that, instead of <code>tabular</code>&textrsquo;s parameter
<code>\tabcolsep</code>, &latex;&textrsquo;s intercolumn space in an <code>array</code> is
governed by
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="298" mergedindex="cp">\arraycolsep</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="276" mergedindex="cp">\arraycolsep</indexterm></findex>
<code>\arraycolsep</code>, which gives half the width between columns. The
default for this is <samp>5pt</samp> so that between two columns comes
10<dmn>pt</dmn> of space.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="275"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="276"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="310"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="311"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>To obtain arrays with braces the standard is to use the <code>amsmath</code>
package. It comes with environments <code>pmatrix</code> for an array
@@ -4936,8 +4895,8 @@ an array surrounded by vertical bars&nbsp;<code>|...|</code>, and
<code>Vmatrix</code> for an array surrounded by double vertical
bars&nbsp;<code>||...||</code>, along with a number of other array constructs.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="277"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="278"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="312"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="313"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The next example uses the <code>amsmath</code> package.
</para>
@@ -4952,11 +4911,11 @@ bars&nbsp;<code>||...||</code>, along with a number of other array constructs.
\end&lbrace;equation&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="279"><r>package</r>, <code>array</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="280"><code>array</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="314"><r>package</r>, <code>array</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="315"><code>array</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="281"><r>package</r>, <code>dcolumn</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="282"><code>dcolumn</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="316"><r>package</r>, <code>dcolumn</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="317"><code>dcolumn</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>There are many packages concerning arrays. The <code>array</code> package has
many useful extensions, including more column types. The <code>dcolumn</code>
@@ -4968,10 +4927,10 @@ the documentation on CTAN.
<node name="center" spaces=" "><nodename>center</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">description</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">array</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>center</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="299" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>center</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="300" mergedindex="cp"><code>center</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="277" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>center</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="278" mergedindex="cp"><code>center</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="283">centering text, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="318">centering text, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -4986,7 +4945,7 @@ the documentation on CTAN.
<para>Create a new paragraph consisting of a sequence of lines that are
centered within the left and right margins. Use
double-backslash, <code>\\</code>, to get a line break (<pxref label="_005c_005c"><xrefnodename>\\</xrefnodename></pxref>).
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="301" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>(for <code>center</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="279" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>(for <code>center</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
If some text is too long to fit on a line then &latex; will insert line
breaks that avoid hyphenation and avoid stretching or shrinking any
interword space.
@@ -5027,15 +4986,15 @@ doesn&textrsquo;t add any vertical space.
entire page.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\centering</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Declaration form of the <code>center</code> environment.
+<menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\centering</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Declaration form of the <code>center</code> environment.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
<node name="_005ccentering" spaces=" "><nodename>\centering</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">center</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\centering</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="302" mergedindex="cp">\centering</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="284">centering text, declaration for</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="280" mergedindex="cp">\centering</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="319">centering text, declaration for</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -5091,11 +5050,11 @@ centered lines <samp>xx</samp> and <samp>yy</samp>, followed by a new paragraph
<node name="description" spaces=" "><nodename>description</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">displaymath</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">center</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>description</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="303" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>description</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="304" mergedindex="cp"><code>description</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="281" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>description</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="282" mergedindex="cp"><code>description</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="285">labelled lists, creating</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="286">description lists, creating</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="320">labelled lists, creating</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="321">description lists, creating</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -5126,14 +5085,14 @@ missing \item</samp>.
<para>The labels <samp>lama</samp> and <samp>llama</samp> are output in boldface, with the
left edge on the left margin.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="305" mergedindex="cp">\item</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="283" mergedindex="cp">\item</indexterm></findex>
<para>Start list items with the <code>\item</code> command (<pxref label="_005citem"><xrefnodename>\item</xrefnodename></pxref>). Use the
optional labels, as in <code>\item[Main point]</code>, because there is
no sensible default. Following the <code>\item</code> is optional text, which
may contain multiple paragraphs.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="287">bold typewriter, avoiding</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="288">typewriter labels in lists</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="322">bold typewriter, avoiding</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="323">typewriter labels in lists</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Since the labels are in bold style, if the label text calls for a font
change given in argument style (see <ref label="Font-styles"><xrefnodename>Font styles</xrefnodename></ref>) then it will come
out bold. For instance, if the label text calls for typewriter with
@@ -5166,8 +5125,8 @@ lists.
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>displaymath</code></sectiontitle>
<!-- c http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/40492/what-are-the-differences-between-align-equation-and-displaymath -->
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="306" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>displaymath</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="307" mergedindex="cp"><code>displaymath</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="284" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>displaymath</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="285" mergedindex="cp"><code>displaymath</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
@@ -5188,27 +5147,27 @@ math text. One way to get an equation number is to use the
</para>
<para>&latex; will not break the <var>math text</var> across lines.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="289"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="290"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="324"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="325"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>Note that the <code>amsmath</code> package has significantly more extensive
displayed equation facilities. For example, there are a number of
ways in that package for having math text broken across lines.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="308" mergedindex="cp">\[...\] <r>display math</r></indexterm></findex>
-<para>The construct <code>\[<var>math</var>\]</code> is a synonym for the environment
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="286" mergedindex="cp">\[...\] <r>display math</r></indexterm></findex>
+<para>The construct <code>\[ <var>math</var> \]</code> is a synonym for the environment
<code>\begin&lbrace;displaymath&rbrace; <var>math</var> \end&lbrace;displaymath&rbrace;</code> but the
latter is easier to work with in the source; for instance,
searching for a square bracket may get false positives but the word
<code>displaymath</code> will likely be unique.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="309" mergedindex="cp">$$...$$ <r>plain &tex; display math</r></indexterm></findex>
-<para>(Aside: The construct <code>$$<var>math</var>$$</code> from Plain&nbsp;&tex; is
-sometimes mistakenly used as a synonym for <code>displaymath</code>. It is
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="287" mergedindex="cp">$$...$$ <r>plain &tex; display math</r></indexterm></findex>
+<para>The construct <code>$$<var>math</var>$$</code> from Plain&nbsp;&tex; is
+sometimes used as a synonym for &latex;&textrsquo;s <code>displaymath</code>. It is
not a synonym, and is not officially supported in &latex; at all;
<code>$$</code> doesn&textrsquo;t support the <code>fleqn</code> option (<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document
class options</xrefnodename></pxref>), has different vertical spacing, and doesn&textrsquo;t perform
-consistency checks.)
+consistency checks.
</para>
<para>The output from this example is centered and alone on its line.
</para>
@@ -5227,24 +5186,24 @@ consistency checks.)
<node name="document" spaces=" "><nodename>document</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">enumerate</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">displaymath</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>document</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="310" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>document</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="311" mergedindex="cp"><code>document</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="288" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>document</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="289" mergedindex="cp"><code>document</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>document</code> environment encloses the entire body of a document.
It is required in every &latex; document. <xref label="Starting-and-ending"><xrefnodename>Starting and ending</xrefnodename></xref>.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\AtBeginDocument</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Hook for commands at the start of the document.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\AtEndDocument</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Hook for commands at the end of the document.
+<menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\AtBeginDocument</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Hook for commands at the start of the document.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\AtEndDocument</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Hook for commands at the end of the document.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
<node name="_005cAtBeginDocument" spaces=" "><nodename>\AtBeginDocument</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\AtEndDocument</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">document</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\AtBeginDocument</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="312" mergedindex="cp">\AtBeginDocument</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="291">beginning of document hook</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="290" mergedindex="cp">\AtBeginDocument</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="326">beginning of document hook</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -5266,8 +5225,8 @@ will be executed in the order that you gave them.
<node name="_005cAtEndDocument" spaces=" "><nodename>\AtEndDocument</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\AtBeginDocument</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">document</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\AtEndDocument</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="313" mergedindex="cp">\AtEndDocument</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="292">end of document hook</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="291" mergedindex="cp">\AtEndDocument</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="327">end of document hook</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -5291,10 +5250,10 @@ will be executed in the order that you gave them.
<node name="enumerate" spaces=" "><nodename>enumerate</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">eqnarray</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">document</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>enumerate</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="314" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>enumerate</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="315" mergedindex="cp"><code>enumerate</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="292" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>enumerate</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="293" mergedindex="cp"><code>enumerate</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="293">lists of items, numbered</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="328">lists of items, numbered</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -5324,7 +5283,7 @@ As a top-level list the labels would come out as <samp>1.</samp> and
\end&lbrace;enumerate&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="316" mergedindex="cp">\item</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="294" mergedindex="cp">\item</indexterm></findex>
<para>Start list items with the <code>\item</code> command (<pxref label="_005citem"><xrefnodename>\item</xrefnodename></pxref>). If you
give <code>\item</code> an optional argument by following it with square
brackets, as in <code>\item[Interstitial label]</code>, then the next item
@@ -5346,10 +5305,10 @@ the outermost level.
</para></listitem><listitem> <para>uppercase letter followed by a period: <samp>A.</samp>, <samp>B.</samp>,&nbsp;&dots;
</para></listitem></enumerate>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="317" mergedindex="cp">\enumi</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="318" mergedindex="cp">\enumii</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="319" mergedindex="cp">\enumiii</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="320" mergedindex="cp">\enumiv</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="295" mergedindex="cp">\enumi</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="296" mergedindex="cp">\enumii</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="297" mergedindex="cp">\enumiii</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="298" mergedindex="cp">\enumiv</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="enumerate-enumi">enumerate enumi</anchor>
<anchor name="enumerate-enumii">enumerate enumii</anchor>
<anchor name="enumerate-enumiii">enumerate enumiii</anchor>
@@ -5363,10 +5322,10 @@ parameters, including the default values, and for information about
customizing list layout, see <ref label="list"><xrefnodename>list</xrefnodename></ref>. The package <code>enumitem</code> is
useful for customizing lists.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="321" mergedindex="cp">\labelenumi</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="322" mergedindex="cp">\labelenumii</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="323" mergedindex="cp">\labelenumiii</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="324" mergedindex="cp">\labelenumiv</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="299" mergedindex="cp">\labelenumi</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="300" mergedindex="cp">\labelenumii</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="301" mergedindex="cp">\labelenumiii</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="302" mergedindex="cp">\labelenumiv</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="enumerate-labelenumi">enumerate labelenumi</anchor>
<anchor name="enumerate-labelenumii">enumerate labelenumii</anchor>
<anchor name="enumerate-labelenumiii">enumerate labelenumiii</anchor>
@@ -5377,7 +5336,7 @@ through <code>\labelenumiv</code>. For instance, this first level list will be
labelled with uppercase letters, in boldface, and without a trailing
period.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="325" mergedindex="cp">\Alph <r>example</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="303" mergedindex="cp">\Alph <r>example</r></indexterm></findex>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\renewcommand&lbrace;\labelenumi&rbrace;&lbrace;\textbf&lbrace;\Alph&lbrace;enumi&rbrace;&rbrace;&rbrace;
\begin&lbrace;enumerate&rbrace;
@@ -5394,15 +5353,15 @@ period.
<node name="eqnarray" spaces=" "><nodename>eqnarray</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">equation</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">enumerate</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>eqnarray</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="326" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>eqnarray</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="327" mergedindex="cp"><code>eqnarray</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="304" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>eqnarray</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="305" mergedindex="cp"><code>eqnarray</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="294">equations, aligning</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="295">aligning equations</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="329">equations, aligning</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="330">aligning equations</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="296">align <r>environment, from <code>amsmath</code></r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="297">amsmath <r>package, replacing <code>eqnarray</code></r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="298">Madsen, Lars</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="331">align <r>environment, from <code>amsmath</code></r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="332">amsmath <r>package, replacing <code>eqnarray</code></r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="333">Madsen, Lars</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>eqnarray</code> environment is obsolete. It has infelicities,
including spacing that is inconsistent with other mathematics elements.
(See &textldquo;Avoid eqnarray!&textrdquo;&noeos; by Lars Madsen
@@ -5431,7 +5390,7 @@ working with old documents.
\end&lbrace;eqnarray*&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="328" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>(for <code>eqnarray</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="306" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>(for <code>eqnarray</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>Display a sequence of equations or inequalities. The left and right
sides are typeset in display mode, while the middle is typeset in text
mode.
@@ -5439,18 +5398,18 @@ mode.
<para>It is similar to a three-column <code>array</code> environment, with items
within a row separated by an ampersand&nbsp;(<code>&amp;</code>), and with rows
separated by double backslash&nbsp; <code>\\</code>).
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="329" mergedindex="cp">\\* <r>(for <code>eqnarray</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="307" mergedindex="cp">\\* <r>(for <code>eqnarray</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
The starred form of line break (<code>\\*</code>) can also be used to separate
equations, and will disallow a page break there (<pxref label="_005c_005c"><xrefnodename>\\</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="330" mergedindex="cp">\nonumber</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="299">equation numbers, omitting</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="308" mergedindex="cp">\nonumber</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="334">equation numbers, omitting</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The unstarred form <code>eqnarray</code> places an equation number on every
line (using the <code>equation</code> counter), unless that line contains a
<code>\nonumber</code> command. The starred form <code>eqnarray*</code> omits
equation numbering, while otherwise being the same.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="331" mergedindex="cp">\lefteqn</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="309" mergedindex="cp">\lefteqn</indexterm></findex>
<para>The command <code>\lefteqn</code> is used for splitting long formulas across
lines. It typesets its argument in display style flush left in a box of
zero width.
@@ -5471,11 +5430,11 @@ while the third line has not entry on the left side.
<node name="equation" spaces=" "><nodename>equation</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">figure</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">eqnarray</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>equation</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="332" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>equation</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="333" mergedindex="cp"><code>equation</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="310" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>equation</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="311" mergedindex="cp"><code>equation</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="300">equations, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="301">formulas, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="335">equations, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="336">formulas, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -5490,11 +5449,11 @@ except that &latex; puts an equation number flush to the right margin.
The equation number is generated using the <code>equation</code> counter.
</para>
<para>You should have no blank lines between <code>\begin&lbrace;equation&rbrace;</code> and
-<code>\begin&lbrace;equation&rbrace;</code>, or &latex; will tell you that there is a
+<code>\end&lbrace;equation&rbrace;</code>, or &latex; will tell you that there is a
missing dollar sign.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="302"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="303"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="337"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="338"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The package <code>amsmath</code> package has extensive displayed equation
facilities. New documents should include this package.
@@ -5504,11 +5463,11 @@ facilities. New documents should include this package.
<node name="figure" spaces=" "><nodename>figure</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">filecontents</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">equation</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>figure</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="334" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>figure</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="335" mergedindex="cp"><code>figure</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="312" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>figure</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="313" mergedindex="cp"><code>figure</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="304">inserting figures</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="305">figures, inserting</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="339">inserting figures</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="340">figures, inserting</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -5552,7 +5511,7 @@ spans both columns, at the top of the page. To add the possibility of
placing at a page bottom see the discussion of <var>placement</var> <code>b</code>
in <ref label="Floats"><xrefnodename>Floats</xrefnodename></ref>.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="336" mergedindex="cp">\caption</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="314" mergedindex="cp">\caption</indexterm></findex>
<para>The label is optional; it is used for cross references (<pxref label="Cross-references"><xrefnodename>Cross
references</xrefnodename></pxref>). The optional <code>\caption</code> command specifies caption
text for the figure (<pxref label="_005ccaption"><xrefnodename>\caption</xrefnodename></pxref>). By default it is numbered.
@@ -5578,14 +5537,14 @@ end of the document, on a page of floats.
<node name="filecontents" spaces=" "><nodename>filecontents</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">flushleft</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">figure</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>filecontents</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="337" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>filecontents</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="338" mergedindex="cp"><code>filecontents</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="315" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>filecontents</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="316" mergedindex="cp"><code>filecontents</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="339" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>filecontents*</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="340" mergedindex="cp"><code>filecontents*</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="317" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>filecontents*</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="318" mergedindex="cp"><code>filecontents*</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="306">external files, writing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="307">writing external files</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="341">external files, writing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="342">writing external files</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -5618,16 +5577,16 @@ version <code>filecontents*</code> does not include the header.
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">force</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">overwrite</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="308"><code>force</code> option for <code>filecontents</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="309"><code>overwrite</code> option for <code>filecontents</code></indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="343"><code>force</code> option for <code>filecontents</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="344"><code>overwrite</code> option for <code>filecontents</code></indexterm></cindex>
<para>Overwrite an existing file.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">noheader</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="310"><code>noheader</code> option for <code>filecontents</code></indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="345"><code>noheader</code> option for <code>filecontents</code></indexterm></cindex>
<para>Omit the header. Equivalent to using <code>filecontents*</code>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">nosearch</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="311"><code>nosearch</code> option for <code>filecontents</code></indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="346"><code>nosearch</code> option for <code>filecontents</code></indexterm></cindex>
<para>Only check the current directory (and the output directory, if
specified) for an existing file, not the entire search path.
</para>
@@ -5635,8 +5594,8 @@ specified) for an existing file, not the entire search path.
<para>These options were added in a 2019 release of &latex;.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="312">self-contained sources</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="313">source files, making self-contained</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="347">self-contained sources</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="348">source files, making self-contained</indexterm></cindex>
<para>This environment can be used anywhere in the preamble, although it
often appears before the <code>\documentclass</code> command. It is
commonly used to create a <code>.bib</code> or other such data file from the
@@ -5673,11 +5632,11 @@ Article by \myname.
<node name="flushleft" spaces=" "><nodename>flushleft</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">flushright</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">filecontents</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>flushleft</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="341" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>flushleft</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="342" mergedindex="cp"><code>flushleft</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="319" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>flushleft</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="320" mergedindex="cp"><code>flushleft</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="314">left-justifying text, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="315">ragged right text, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="349">left-justifying text, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="350">ragged right text, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -5689,7 +5648,7 @@ Article by \myname.
\end&lbrace;flushleft&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="343" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>(for <code>flushleft</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="321" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>(for <code>flushleft</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>An environment that creates a paragraph whose lines are flush to the
left-hand margin, and ragged right. If you have lines that are too long
then &latex; will linebreak them in a way that avoids hyphenation and
@@ -5712,17 +5671,17 @@ flush left and ragged right.
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\raggedright</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Declaration form of the <code>flushleft</code> environment.
+<menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\raggedright</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Declaration form of the <code>flushleft</code> environment.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
<node name="_005craggedright" spaces=" "><nodename>\raggedright</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">flushleft</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\raggedright</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="344" mergedindex="cp">\raggedright</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="316">ragged right text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="317">left-justifying text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="318">justification, ragged right</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="322" mergedindex="cp">\raggedright</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="351">ragged right text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="352">left-justifying text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="353">justification, ragged right</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopses:
</para>
@@ -5769,11 +5728,11 @@ Note that <code>\raggedright</code> is inside the curly braces
<node name="flushright" spaces=" "><nodename>flushright</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">itemize</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">flushleft</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>flushright</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="345" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>flushright</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="346" mergedindex="cp"><code>flushright</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="323" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>flushright</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="324" mergedindex="cp"><code>flushright</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="319">ragged left text, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="320">right-justifying text, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="354">ragged left text, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="355">right-justifying text, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;flushright&rbrace;
@@ -5783,7 +5742,7 @@ Note that <code>\raggedright</code> is inside the curly braces
\end&lbrace;flushright&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="347" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>(for <code>flushright</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="325" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>(for <code>flushright</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>An environment that creates a paragraph whose lines are flush to the
right-hand margin and ragged left. If you have lines that are too long
to fit the margins then &latex; will linebreak them in a way that
@@ -5796,17 +5755,17 @@ where one just have mutatis mutandis to replace <code>flushleft</code> by
<code>flushright</code>.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\raggedleft</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Declaration form of the <code>flushright</code> environment.
+<menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\raggedleft</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Declaration form of the <code>flushright</code> environment.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
<node name="_005craggedleft" spaces=" "><nodename>\raggedleft</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">flushright</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\raggedleft</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="348" mergedindex="cp">\raggedleft</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="321">ragged left text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="322">justification, ragged left</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="323">right-justifying text</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="326" mergedindex="cp">\raggedleft</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="356">ragged left text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="357">justification, ragged left</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="358">right-justifying text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopses:
</para>
@@ -5830,13 +5789,12 @@ see&nbsp;<ref label="flushright"><xrefnodename>flushright</xrefnodename></ref>.
</para>
<para>Unlike the <code>flushright</code> environment, the <code>\raggedleft</code>
command does not start a new paragraph; it only changes how &latex;
-formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit&textrsquo;s format, the
+formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit&textrsquo;s formatting, the
scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or <code>\end</code>
command that ends the paragraph unit.
</para>
-<para>For an example related to this environment, see&nbsp;<ref label="_005craggedright"><xrefnodename>\raggedright</xrefnodename></ref>,
-where one just have mutatis mutandis to replace <code>\raggedright</code> by
-<code>\raggedleft</code>.
+<para><xref label="_005craggedright"><xrefnodename>\raggedright</xrefnodename></xref>, for an example related to this environment;
+just replace <code>\raggedright</code> there by <code>\raggedleft</code>.
</para>
</subsection>
@@ -5844,14 +5802,14 @@ where one just have mutatis mutandis to replace <code>\raggedright</code> by
<node name="itemize" spaces=" "><nodename>itemize</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">letter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">flushright</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>itemize</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="349" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>itemize</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="350" mergedindex="cp"><code>itemize</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="327" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>itemize</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="328" mergedindex="cp"><code>itemize</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="351" mergedindex="cp">\item</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="324">lists of items</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="325">unordered lists</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="326">bulleted lists</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="327">bullet lists</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="329" mergedindex="cp">\item</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="359">lists of items</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="360">unordered lists</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="361">bulleted lists</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="362">bullet lists</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -5882,7 +5840,7 @@ with another language than USenglish&textmdash;as a top-level list each label
would come out as a bullet, &bullet;. The format of the labeling
depends on the nesting level; see below.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="352" mergedindex="cp">\item</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="330" mergedindex="cp">\item</indexterm></findex>
<para>Start list items with the <code>\item</code> command (<pxref label="_005citem"><xrefnodename>\item</xrefnodename></pxref>). If you
give <code>\item</code> an optional argument by following it with square
brackets, as in <code>\item[<var>Optional label</var>]</code>, then by default
@@ -5895,10 +5853,10 @@ the item, which may be empty or contain multiple paragraphs.
They can also be nested within other paragraph-making environments, such
as <code>enumerate</code> (<pxref label="enumerate"><xrefnodename>enumerate</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="353" mergedindex="cp">\labelitemi</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="354" mergedindex="cp">\labelitemii</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="355" mergedindex="cp">\labelitemiii</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="356" mergedindex="cp">\labelitemiv</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="331" mergedindex="cp">\labelitemi</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="332" mergedindex="cp">\labelitemii</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="333" mergedindex="cp">\labelitemiii</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="334" mergedindex="cp">\labelitemiv</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="itemize-labelitemi">itemize labelitemi</anchor>
<anchor name="itemize-labelitemii">itemize labelitemii</anchor>
<anchor name="itemize-labelitemiii">itemize labelitemiii</anchor>
@@ -5923,13 +5881,13 @@ the first level use diamonds.
<pre xml:space="preserve">\renewcommand&lbrace;\labelitemi&rbrace;&lbrace;$\diamond$&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="357" mergedindex="cp">\leftmargin</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="358" mergedindex="cp">\leftmargini</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="359" mergedindex="cp">\leftmarginii</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="360" mergedindex="cp">\leftmarginiii</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="361" mergedindex="cp">\leftmarginiv</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="362" mergedindex="cp">\leftmarginv</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="363" mergedindex="cp">\leftmarginvi</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="335" mergedindex="cp">\leftmargin</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="336" mergedindex="cp">\leftmargini</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="337" mergedindex="cp">\leftmarginii</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="338" mergedindex="cp">\leftmarginiii</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="339" mergedindex="cp">\leftmarginiv</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="340" mergedindex="cp">\leftmarginv</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="341" mergedindex="cp">\leftmarginvi</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="itemize-leftmargin">itemize leftmargin</anchor>
<anchor name="itemize-leftmargini">itemize leftmargini</anchor>
<anchor name="itemize-leftmarginii">itemize leftmarginii</anchor>
@@ -5946,8 +5904,8 @@ command name to denote the nesting level.) The defaults are:
level 2, <code>1.87em</code> in level 3, and <code>1.7em</code> in level 4, with
smaller values for more deeply nested levels.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="328"><r>package</r>, <code>enumitem</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="329"><code>enumitem</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="363"><r>package</r>, <code>enumitem</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="364"><code>enumitem</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>For other major &latex; labeled list environments, see
<ref label="description"><xrefnodename>description</xrefnodename></ref> and <ref label="enumerate"><xrefnodename>enumerate</xrefnodename></ref>. The <code>itemize</code>,
@@ -5963,7 +5921,7 @@ lists.
<pre xml:space="preserve">\setlength&lbrace;\leftmargini&rbrace;&lbrace;1.25em&rbrace; % default 2.5em
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="364" mergedindex="cp">\parskip <r>example</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="342" mergedindex="cp">\parskip <r>example</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>Especially for lists with short items, it may be desirable to elide
space between items. Here is an example defining an <code>itemize*</code>
environment with no extra spacing between items, or between paragraphs
@@ -5974,8 +5932,9 @@ within a single item (<code>\parskip</code> is not list-specific,
<pre xml:space="preserve">\newenvironment&lbrace;itemize*&rbrace;%
&lbrace;\begin&lbrace;itemize&rbrace;%
\setlength&lbrace;\itemsep&rbrace;&lbrace;0pt&rbrace;%
- \setlength&lbrace;\parsep&rbrace;&lbrace;0pt&rbrace;&rbrace;%
- \setlength&lbrace;\parskip&rbrace;&lbrace;0pt&rbrace;&rbrace;%
+ \setlength&lbrace;\parsep&rbrace;&lbrace;0pt&rbrace;%
+ \setlength&lbrace;\parskip&rbrace;&lbrace;0pt&rbrace;%
+ &rbrace;%
&lbrace;\end&lbrace;itemize&rbrace;&rbrace;
</pre></example>
@@ -5984,8 +5943,8 @@ within a single item (<code>\parskip</code> is not list-specific,
<node name="letter" spaces=" "><nodename>letter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">list</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">itemize</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>letter</code> environment: writing letters</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="365" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>letter</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="366" mergedindex="cp"><code>letter</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="343" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>letter</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="344" mergedindex="cp"><code>letter</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>This environment is used for creating letters. <xref label="Letters"><xrefnodename>Letters</xrefnodename></xref>.
@@ -5995,10 +5954,10 @@ within a single item (<code>\parskip</code> is not list-specific,
<node name="list" spaces=" "><nodename>list</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">math</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">letter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>list</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="367" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>list</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="368" mergedindex="cp"><code>list</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="345" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>list</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="346" mergedindex="cp"><code>list</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="330">lists of items, generic</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="365">lists of items, generic</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -6061,7 +6020,7 @@ counter will be reset to zero each time &latex; enters the environment,
and the counter is incremented by one each time &latex; encounters an
<code>\item</code> that does not have an optional argument.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="369" mergedindex="cp">\makelabel</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="347" mergedindex="cp">\makelabel</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="list-makelabel">list makelabel</anchor> <para>Another command that can go in <var>spacing</var> is
<code>\makelabel</code>, which constructs the label box. By default it puts
the contents flush right. Its only argument is the label, which it
@@ -6083,16 +6042,16 @@ different than the values shown here.) See also the figure that follows
the list. Each is a length (<pxref label="Lengths"><xrefnodename>Lengths</xrefnodename></pxref>). The vertical spaces are
normally rubber lengths, with <code>plus</code> and <code>minus</code> components,
to give &tex; flexibility in setting the page. Change each with a
-command such as <code>\setlength&lbrace;itemsep&rbrace;&lbrace;2pt plus1pt minus1pt&rbrace;</code>.
+command such as <code>\setlength&lbrace;\itemsep&rbrace;&lbrace;2pt plus1pt minus1pt&rbrace;</code>.
For some effects these lengths should be zero or negative.
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="370" mergedindex="cp">\itemindent</indexterm>\itemindent</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="348" mergedindex="cp">\itemindent</indexterm>\itemindent</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="list-itemindent">list itemindent</anchor>
<para>Extra horizontal space indentation, beyond <code>leftmargin</code>, of the
first line each item. Its default value is <code>0pt</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="371" mergedindex="cp">\itemsep</indexterm>\itemsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="349" mergedindex="cp">\itemsep</indexterm>\itemsep</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="list-itemsep">list itemsep</anchor>
<para>Vertical space between items, beyond the <code>\parsep</code>. The defaults
for the first three levels in &latex;&textrsquo;s <samp>article</samp>, <samp>book</samp>,
@@ -6105,13 +6064,13 @@ plus1pt minus1pt</code>). The defaults at 12 point are: <code>5pt plus2.5pt
minus1pt</code>, <code>\parsep</code> (that is, <code>2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>), and
<code>\topsep</code> (that is, <code>2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="372" mergedindex="cp">\labelsep</indexterm>\labelsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="350" mergedindex="cp">\labelsep</indexterm>\labelsep</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="list-labelsep">list labelsep</anchor>
<para>Horizontal space between the label and text of an item.
The default for &latex;&textrsquo;s <samp>article</samp>, <samp>book</samp>,
and <samp>report</samp> classes is <code>0.5em</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="373" mergedindex="cp">\labelwidth</indexterm>\labelwidth</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="351" mergedindex="cp">\labelwidth</indexterm>\labelwidth</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="list-labelwidth">list labelwidth</anchor>
<para>Horizontal width. The box containing the label is nominally this wide.
If <code>\makelabel</code> returns text that is wider than this then the first
@@ -6133,7 +6092,7 @@ mode and <code>1.5em</code> in two column mode). At the second level it is
label&textrsquo;s left edge coincide with the left margin of the enclosing
environment.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="374" mergedindex="cp">\leftmargin</indexterm>\leftmargin</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="352" mergedindex="cp">\leftmargin</indexterm>\leftmargin</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="list-leftmargin">list leftmargin</anchor>
<para>Horizontal space between the left margin of the enclosing environment
(or the left margin of the page if this is a top-level list), and the
@@ -6151,14 +6110,14 @@ error message <samp>Too deeply nested</samp>.)
<code>2.5em</code> (in two column mode, <code>2em</code>), <code>\leftmarginii</code> is
<code>2.2em</code>, and <code>\leftmarginiii</code> is <code>1.87em</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="375" mergedindex="cp">\listparindent</indexterm>\listparindent</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="353" mergedindex="cp">\listparindent</indexterm>\listparindent</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="list-listparindent">list listparindent</anchor>
<para>Horizontal space of additional line indentation, beyond
<code>\leftmargin</code>, for second and subsequent paragraphs within a list
item. A negative value makes this an &textldquo;outdent&textrdquo;. Its default value
is <code>0pt</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="376" mergedindex="cp">\parsep</indexterm>\parsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="354" mergedindex="cp">\parsep</indexterm>\parsep</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="list-parsep">list parsep</anchor> <para>Vertical space between paragraphs within an item.
The defaults for the first three levels in &latex;&textrsquo;s <samp>article</samp>,
<samp>book</samp>, and <samp>report</samp> classes at 10 point size are: <code>4pt
@@ -6168,7 +6127,7 @@ defaults at 11 point size are: <code>4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt</code>,
size are: <code>5pt plus2.5pt minus1pt</code>, <code>2.5pt plus1pt
minus1pt</code>, and <code>0pt</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="377" mergedindex="cp">\partopsep</indexterm>\partopsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="355" mergedindex="cp">\partopsep</indexterm>\partopsep</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="list-partopsep">list partopsep</anchor>
<para>Vertical space added, beyond <code>\topsep</code>+<code>\parskip</code>, to the top
and bottom of the entire environment if the list instance is preceded by
@@ -6184,13 +6143,13 @@ minus1pt</code>. The defaults at 11 point are: <code>3pt plus1pt minus1pt</code
defaults at 12 point are: <code>3pt plus2pt minus3pt</code>, <code>3pt plus2pt
minus2pt</code>, and <code>1pt plus0pt minus1pt</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="378" mergedindex="cp">\rightmargin</indexterm>\rightmargin</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="356" mergedindex="cp">\rightmargin</indexterm>\rightmargin</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="list-rightmargin">list rightmargin</anchor>
<para>Horizontal space between the right margin of the list and the right
margin of the enclosing environment. Its default value is <code>0pt</code>.
It must be non-negative.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="379" mergedindex="cp">\topsep</indexterm>\topsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="357" mergedindex="cp">\topsep</indexterm>\topsep</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="list-topsep">list topsep</anchor>
<para>Vertical space added to both the top and bottom of the list, in addition
to <code>\parskip</code> (<pxref label="_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip"><xrefnodename>\parindent &amp; \parskip</xrefnodename></pxref>). The defaults for
@@ -6269,22 +6228,22 @@ e.g., <code>\&arobase;beginparpenalty=9999</code>; a value of 10000 prohibits a
page break.
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="380" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;beginparpenalty</indexterm>\&arobase;beginparpenalty</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="358" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;beginparpenalty</indexterm>\&arobase;beginparpenalty</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="list-beginparpenalty">list beginparpenalty</anchor>
<para>The page breaking penalty for breaking before the list (default <code>-51</code>).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="381" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;itempenalty</indexterm>\&arobase;itempenalty</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="359" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;itempenalty</indexterm>\&arobase;itempenalty</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="list-itempenalty">list itempenalty</anchor>
<para>The page breaking penalty for breaking before a list item (default <code>-51</code>).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="382" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;endparpenalty</indexterm>\&arobase;endparpenalty</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="360" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;endparpenalty</indexterm>\&arobase;endparpenalty</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="list-endparpenalty">list endparpenalty</anchor>
<para>The page breaking penalty for breaking after a list (default <code>-51</code>).
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="331"><r>package</r>, <code>enumitem</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="332"><code>enumitem</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="366"><r>package</r>, <code>enumitem</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="367"><code>enumitem</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The package <code>enumitem</code> is useful for customizing lists.
</para>
@@ -6311,8 +6270,8 @@ edge of the label lines up with the left edge of the item text.
</pre></example>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\item</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">An entry in a list.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">trivlist</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">A restricted form of <code>list</code>.
+<menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\item</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">An entry in a list.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>trivlist</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">A restricted form of <code>list</code>.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
@@ -6416,10 +6375,10 @@ default) they have no paragraph indent and are vertically separated.
<node name="math" spaces=" "><nodename>math</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">minipage</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">list</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>math</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="383" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>math</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="384" mergedindex="cp"><code>math</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="361" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>math</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="362" mergedindex="cp"><code>math</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="333">inline formulas</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="368">inline formulas</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -6429,8 +6388,8 @@ default) they have no paragraph indent and are vertically separated.
\end&lbrace;math&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="385" mergedindex="cp">$ <r>inline math</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="386" mergedindex="cp">\(...\) <r>inline math</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="363" mergedindex="cp">$ <r>inline math</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="364" mergedindex="cp">\(...\) <r>inline math</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>math</code> environment inserts given <var>math</var> material within
the running text. <code>\(...\)</code> and <code>$...$</code> are synonyms.
<xref label="Math-formulas"><xrefnodename>Math formulas</xrefnodename></xref>.
@@ -6440,10 +6399,10 @@ the running text. <code>\(...\)</code> and <code>$...$</code> are synonyms.
<node name="minipage" spaces=" "><nodename>minipage</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">picture</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">math</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>minipage</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="387" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>minipage</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="388" mergedindex="cp"><code>minipage</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="365" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>minipage</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="366" mergedindex="cp"><code>minipage</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="334">minipage, creating a</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="369">minipage, creating a</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopses:
</para>
@@ -6506,12 +6465,12 @@ vertically aligns with the surrounding material.
vertical center lines up with the center of the adjacent text line.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">t</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="389" mergedindex="cp">\vtop <r>plain &tex;</r></indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="367" mergedindex="cp">\vtop <r>plain &tex;</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>Align the baseline of the top line in the <code>minipage</code> with the
baseline of the surrounding text (plain &tex;&textrsquo;s <code>\vtop</code>).
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">b</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="390" mergedindex="cp">\vbox <r>(plain &tex;)</r></indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="368" mergedindex="cp">\vbox <r>(plain &tex;)</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>Align the baseline of the bottom line in the <code>minipage</code> with the
baseline of the surrounding text (plain &tex;&textrsquo;s <code>\vbox</code>).
</para></tableitem></tableentry></table>
@@ -6570,15 +6529,15 @@ in place of <code>b</code>.
Text after
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="335">indentation of paragraphs, in minipage</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="336">paragraph indentation, in minipage</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="391" mergedindex="cp">\parindent</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="370">indentation of paragraphs, in minipage</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="371">paragraph indentation, in minipage</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="369" mergedindex="cp">\parindent</indexterm></findex>
<para>By default paragraphs are not indented in a <code>minipage</code>. Change
that with a command such as <code>\setlength&lbrace;\parindent&rbrace;&lbrace;1pc&rbrace;</code> at
the start of <var>contents</var>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="337">footnotes in figures</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="338">figures, footnotes in</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="372">footnotes in figures</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="373">figures, footnotes in</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Footnotes in a <code>minipage</code> environment are handled in a way that is
particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables. A
<code>\footnote</code> or <code>\footnotetext</code> command puts the footnote at
@@ -6611,8 +6570,8 @@ Footnotes appear at the bottom of the text ended by the next
<para>This puts a table containing data side by side with a map graphic. They
are vertically centered.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="339"><r>package</r>, <code>siunitx</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="340"><code>siunitx</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="374"><r>package</r>, <code>siunitx</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="375"><code>siunitx</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">% siunitx to have the S column specifier,
@@ -6645,11 +6604,11 @@ are vertically centered.
<node name="picture" spaces=" "><nodename>picture</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">quotation &amp; quote</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">minipage</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>picture</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="392" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>picture</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="393" mergedindex="cp"><code>picture</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="370" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>picture</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="371" mergedindex="cp"><code>picture</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="341">creating pictures</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="342">pictures, creating</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="376">creating pictures</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="377">pictures, creating</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopses:
</para><example endspaces=" ">
@@ -6678,7 +6637,7 @@ covered in this document; see CTAN.
</para>
<para>To start, here&textrsquo;s an example showing the parallelogram law for adding vectors.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="394" mergedindex="cp">\unitlength</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="372" mergedindex="cp">\unitlength</indexterm></findex>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\setlength&lbrace;\unitlength&rbrace;&lbrace;1cm&rbrace;
\begin&lbrace;picture&rbrace;(6,6) % picture box will be 6cm wide by 6cm tall
@@ -6722,7 +6681,7 @@ the origin at the lower-left corner. If you then want to modify your
picture by shifting everything, you can just add the appropriate
optional argument.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="343">position, in picture</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="378">position, in picture</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Each <var>picture command</var> tells &latex; where to put something by
providing its position. A <dfn>position</dfn> is a pair such as <code>(2.4,-5)</code>
giving the x- and y-coordinates. A <dfn>coordinate</dfn> is a not a length,
@@ -6758,7 +6717,7 @@ often used is <code>\put</code>. This
<para>places the object with its reference point at coordinates
<math>(11.3,-0.3)</math>. The reference points for various objects will be
described below.
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="395" mergedindex="cp">LR box</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="373" mergedindex="cp">LR box</indexterm></findex>
The <code>\put</code> command creates an <dfn>LR box</dfn> (<pxref label="Modes"><xrefnodename>Modes</xrefnodename></pxref>).
Anything that can go in an <code>\mbox</code> (<pxref label="_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><xrefnodename>\mbox &amp; \makebox</xrefnodename></pxref>) can
go in the text argument of the <code>\put</code> command. The reference point
@@ -6803,29 +6762,29 @@ picture. Another example of this usage is to put similar code in the
page header to get repeat material on each of a document&textrsquo;s pages.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\put</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Place an object at a specified place.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\multiput</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Draw multiple instances of an object.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\qbezier</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Draw a quadratic B<accent type="acute" bracketed="off">e</accent>zier curve.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\graphpaper</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Draw graph paper.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\line</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Draw a straight line.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\linethickness</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Set thickness of horizontal and vertical lines.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\thinlines</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">The default line thickness.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\thicklines</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">A heavier line thickness.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\circle</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Draw a circle.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\oval</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Draw an oval.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\shortstack</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Make a stack of objects.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\vector</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Draw a line with an arrow.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\makebox (picture)</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Draw a box of the specified size.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\framebox (picture)</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Draw a box with a frame around it.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\frame</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Draw a frame around an object.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\dashbox</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Draw a dashed box.
+<menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\put</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Place an object at a specified place.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\multiput</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Draw multiple instances of an object.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\qbezier</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Draw a quadratic B<accent type="acute" bracketed="off">e</accent>zier curve.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\graphpaper</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Draw graph paper.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\line</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Draw a straight line.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\linethickness</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Set thickness of horizontal and vertical lines.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\thinlines</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">The default line thickness.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\thicklines</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">A heavier line thickness.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\circle</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Draw a circle.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\oval</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Draw an oval.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\shortstack</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Make a stack of objects.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\vector</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Draw a line with an arrow.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\makebox (picture)</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Draw a box of the specified size.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\framebox (picture)</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Draw a box with a frame around it.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\frame</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Draw a frame around an object.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\dashbox</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Draw a dashed box.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
<node name="_005cput" spaces=" "><nodename>\put</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\multiput</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\put</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="396" mergedindex="cp">\put</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="374" mergedindex="cp">\put</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -6852,7 +6811,7 @@ text, at the bottom left of the <samp>A</samp>.
<node name="_005cmultiput" spaces=" "><nodename>\multiput</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\qbezier</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\put</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\multiput</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="397" mergedindex="cp">\multiput</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="375" mergedindex="cp">\multiput</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -6883,7 +6842,7 @@ text, at the bottom left of the <samp>A</samp>.
<node name="_005cqbezier" spaces=" "><nodename>\qbezier</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\graphpaper</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\multiput</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\qbezier</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="398" mergedindex="cp">\qbezier</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="376" mergedindex="cp">\qbezier</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -6935,7 +6894,7 @@ that curve.
<node name="_005cgraphpaper" spaces=" "><nodename>\graphpaper</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\line</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\qbezier</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\graphpaper</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="399" mergedindex="cp">\graphpaper</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="377" mergedindex="cp">\graphpaper</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
@@ -6943,8 +6902,8 @@ that curve.
\graphpaper[<var>spacing</var>](<var>x_init</var>,<var>y_init</var>)(<var>x_dimen</var>,<var>y_dimen</var>)
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="344"><r>package</r>, <code>graphpap</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="345"><code>graphpap</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="379"><r>package</r>, <code>graphpap</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="380"><code>graphpap</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>Draw a coordinate grid. Requires the <code>graphpap</code> package.
The grid&textrsquo;s origin is <code>(<var>x_init</var>,<var>y_init</var>)</code>.
@@ -6970,7 +6929,7 @@ All arguments must be positive integers.
<node name="_005cline" spaces=" "><nodename>\line</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\linethickness</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\graphpaper</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\line</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="400" mergedindex="cp">\line</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="378" mergedindex="cp">\line</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -7010,21 +6969,21 @@ then the line&textrsquo;s ending point has a second coordinate that is less than
<para>If <var>travel</var> is negative then you get <code>LaTeX Error: Bad \line or
\vector argument.</code>
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="346">graphics packages</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="347"><r>package</r>, <code>pict2e</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="348"><code>pict2e</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="381">graphics packages</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="382"><r>package</r>, <code>pict2e</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="383"><code>pict2e</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="349"><r>package</r>, <code>TikZ</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="350"><code>TikZ</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="384"><r>package</r>, <code>TikZ</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="385"><code>TikZ</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="351"><r>package</r>, <code>PSTricks</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="352"><code>PSTricks</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="386"><r>package</r>, <code>PSTricks</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="387"><code>PSTricks</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="353"><r>package</r>, <code>MetaPost</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="354"><code>MetaPost</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="388"><r>package</r>, <code>MetaPost</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="389"><code>MetaPost</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="355"><r>package</r>, <code>Asymptote</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="356"><code>Asymptote</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="390"><r>package</r>, <code>Asymptote</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="391"><code>Asymptote</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>Standard &latex; can only draw lines with a limited range of slopes
because these lines are made by putting together line segments from
@@ -7044,7 +7003,7 @@ MetaPost, or Asymptote.
<node name="_005clinethickness" spaces=" "><nodename>\linethickness</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\thinlines</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\line</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\linethickness</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="401" mergedindex="cp">\linethickness</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="379" mergedindex="cp">\linethickness</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -7063,7 +7022,7 @@ lines, circles, or ovals (<pxref label="_005coval"><xrefnodename>\oval</xrefnode
<node name="_005cthinlines" spaces=" "><nodename>\thinlines</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\thicklines</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\linethickness</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\thinlines</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="402" mergedindex="cp">\thinlines</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="380" mergedindex="cp">\thinlines</indexterm></findex>
<para>Declaration to set the thickness of subsequent lines, circles, and ovals
in a picture environment to be 0.4<dmn>pt</dmn>. This is the default
@@ -7075,7 +7034,7 @@ changed with either <ref label="_005clinethickness"><xrefnodename>\linethickness
<node name="_005cthicklines" spaces=" "><nodename>\thicklines</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\circle</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\thinlines</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\thicklines</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="403" mergedindex="cp">\thicklines</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="381" mergedindex="cp">\thicklines</indexterm></findex>
<para>Declaration to set the thickness of subsequent lines, circles, and ovals
in a picture environment to be 0.8<dmn>pt</dmn>. See also
@@ -7087,7 +7046,7 @@ in the Trapezoidal Rule example of <ref label="_005cqbezier"><xrefnodename>\qbez
<node name="_005ccircle" spaces=" "><nodename>\circle</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\oval</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\thicklines</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\circle</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="404" mergedindex="cp">\circle</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="382" mergedindex="cp">\circle</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -7114,7 +7073,7 @@ integers from 1 to 15.
<node name="_005coval" spaces=" "><nodename>\oval</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\shortstack</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\circle</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\oval</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="405" mergedindex="cp">\oval</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="383" mergedindex="cp">\oval</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -7162,7 +7121,7 @@ frames with a small amount of corner rounding.
<node name="_005cshortstack" spaces=" "><nodename>\shortstack</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\vector</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\oval</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\shortstack</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="406" mergedindex="cp">\shortstack</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="384" mergedindex="cp">\shortstack</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -7201,7 +7160,7 @@ sits slightly to the left of the <math>y</math>&nbsp;axis.
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Center objects (default)
</para></tableitem></tableentry></table>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="407" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>(for <code>\shortstack</code> objects)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="385" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>(for <code>\shortstack</code> objects)</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>Separate objects into lines with <code>\\</code>. These stacks are short in
that, unlike in a <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment, here the
rows are not spaced out to be of even baseline skips. Thus, in
@@ -7222,7 +7181,7 @@ argument <code>\shortstack&lbrace;X\\[2pt] o\\o\\X&rbrace;</code>.
<node name="_005cvector" spaces=" "><nodename>\vector</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\makebox (picture)</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\shortstack</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\vector</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="408" mergedindex="cp">\vector</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="386" mergedindex="cp">\vector</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -7251,7 +7210,7 @@ not (if you use the latter then you get a sequence of arrowheads).
<node name="_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029" spaces=" "><nodename>\makebox (picture)</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\framebox (picture)</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\vector</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\makebox</code> (picture)</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="409" mergedindex="cp">\makebox <r>(for <code>picture</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="387" mergedindex="cp">\makebox <r>(for <code>picture</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -7300,7 +7259,7 @@ two of these letters.
<node name="_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029" spaces=" "><nodename>\framebox (picture)</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\frame</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\makebox (picture)</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\framebox</code> (picture)</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="410" mergedindex="cp">\framebox</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="388" mergedindex="cp">\framebox</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -7332,8 +7291,8 @@ the text in the center.
<var>text</var>; see <ref label="_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029"><xrefnodename>\makebox (picture)</xrefnodename></ref> for the values that it can
take.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="411" mergedindex="cp">\fboxrule</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="412" mergedindex="cp">\fboxsep</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="389" mergedindex="cp">\fboxrule</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="390" mergedindex="cp">\fboxsep</indexterm></findex>
<para>The rule has thickness <code>\fboxrule</code> and there is a blank space
<code>\fboxsep</code> between the frame and the contents of the box.
</para>
@@ -7347,7 +7306,7 @@ determined in some other way then either use <code>\fbox</code> (<pxref label="_
<node name="_005cframe" spaces=" "><nodename>\frame</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\dashbox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\framebox (picture)</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\frame</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="413" mergedindex="cp">\frame</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="391" mergedindex="cp">\frame</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -7366,7 +7325,7 @@ extra space between the frame and the object. It is fragile
<node name="_005cdashbox" spaces=" "><nodename>\dashbox</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\frame</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\dashbox</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="414" mergedindex="cp">\dashbox</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="392" mergedindex="cp">\dashbox</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -7408,19 +7367,19 @@ take.
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>quotation</code> &amp; <code>quote</code></sectiontitle>
<anchor name="quotation">quotation</anchor>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="415" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>quotation</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="416" mergedindex="cp"><code>quotation</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="393" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>quotation</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="394" mergedindex="cp"><code>quotation</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="357">quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="358">displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="359">paragraph indentations in quoted text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="392">quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="393">displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="394">paragraph indentations in quoted text</indexterm></cindex>
<anchor name="quote">quote</anchor>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="417" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>quote</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="418" mergedindex="cp"><code>quote</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="395" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>quote</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="396" mergedindex="cp"><code>quote</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="360">quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="361">displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="362">paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="395">quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="396">displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="397">paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -7463,12 +7422,12 @@ between paragraphs (it is the rubber length <code>\parsep</code>).
<!-- c xx TODO align on the French which is more precise and has more illustrative examples. -->
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="419" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>tabbing</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="420" mergedindex="cp"><code>tabbing</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="397" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>tabbing</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="398" mergedindex="cp"><code>tabbing</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="363">tab stops, using</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="364">lining text up using tab stops</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="365">alignment via tabbing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="398">tab stops, using</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="399">lining text up using tab stops</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="400">alignment via tabbing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -7516,14 +7475,14 @@ of a tabbed row. The right margin of the <code>tabbing</code> environment is
the end of line, so that the width of the environment is
<code>\linewidth</code>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="366">row, <r>tabbing</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="401">row, <r>tabbing</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>tabbing</code> environment contains a sequence of <dfn>tabbed
rows</dfn>. The first tabbed row begins immediately after
<code>\begin&lbrace;tabbing&rbrace;</code> and each row ends with <code>\\</code> or
<code>\kill</code>. The last row may omit the <code>\\</code> and end with just
<code>\end&lbrace;tabbing&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="367">pattern, current tab stops, <r>tabbing</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="402">pattern, current tab stops, <r>tabbing</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>At any point the <code>tabbing</code> environment has a <dfn>current tab stop
pattern</dfn>, a sequence of <math><var>n</var> &gt; 0</math> tab stops, numbered 0, 1,
etc. These create <var>n</var> corresponding columns. Tab stop&nbsp;0 is
@@ -7541,37 +7500,37 @@ done in LR mode (<pxref label="Modes"><xrefnodename>Modes</xrefnodename></pxref>
They are all fragile (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="421" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\\ <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="399" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\\ <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>End a tabbed line and typeset it.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="422" mergedindex="cp">\= <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\= <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="400" mergedindex="cp">\= <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\= <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Sets a tab stop at the current position.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="423" mergedindex="cp">\&gt; <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\&gt; <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="424" mergedindex="cp">\&gt;</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="401" mergedindex="cp">\&gt; <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\&gt; <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="402" mergedindex="cp">\&gt;</indexterm></findex>
<para>Advances to the next tab stop.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="425" mergedindex="cp">\&lt;</indexterm>\&lt;</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="403" mergedindex="cp">\&lt;</indexterm>\&lt;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Put following text to the left of the local margin (without changing
the margin). Can only be used at the start of the line.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="426" mergedindex="cp">\+</indexterm>\+</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="404" mergedindex="cp">\+</indexterm>\+</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Moves the left margin of the next and all the
following commands one tab stop to the right, beginning tabbed line if
necessary.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="427" mergedindex="cp">\-</indexterm>\-</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="405" mergedindex="cp">\-</indexterm>\-</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Moves the left margin of the next and all the
following commands one tab stop to the left, beginning tabbed line if
necessary.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="428" mergedindex="cp">\' <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\' <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="406" mergedindex="cp">\' <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\' <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Moves everything that you have typed so far in the current column, i.e.,
everything from the most recent <code>\&gt;</code>, <code>\&lt;</code>, <code>\'</code>,
<code>\\</code>, or <code>\kill</code> command, to the previous column and aligned
to the right, flush against the current column&textrsquo;s tab stop.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="429" mergedindex="cp">\` <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\` <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="407" mergedindex="cp">\` <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\` <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, including tab
stop&nbsp;0. However, it can&textrsquo;t move text to the right of the last
column because there&textrsquo;s no tab stop there. The <code>\`</code> command moves
@@ -7581,29 +7540,29 @@ of the <code>tabbing</code> environment. There must be no <code>\&gt;</code> or
<code>\'</code> command between the <code>\`</code> and the <code>\\</code> or
<code>\end&lbrace;tabbing&rbrace;</code> command that ends the line.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="430" mergedindex="cp">\a <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\a <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="431" mergedindex="cp">\a' <r>(acute accent in tabbing)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="432" mergedindex="cp">\a` <r>(grave accent in tabbing)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="433" mergedindex="cp">\a= <r>(macron accent in tabbing)</r></indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="408" mergedindex="cp">\a <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\a <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="409" mergedindex="cp">\a' <r>(acute accent in tabbing)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="410" mergedindex="cp">\a` <r>(grave accent in tabbing)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="411" mergedindex="cp">\a= <r>(macron accent in tabbing)</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>In a <code>tabbing</code> environment, the commands <code>\=</code>, <code>\'</code> and
<code>\`</code> do not produce accents as usual (<pxref label="Accents"><xrefnodename>Accents</xrefnodename></pxref>). Instead,
use the commands <code>\a=</code>, <code>\a'</code> and <code>\a`</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="434" mergedindex="cp">\kill</indexterm>\kill</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="412" mergedindex="cp">\kill</indexterm>\kill</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like <code>\\</code> except
that it throws away the current line instead of producing output for it.
Any <code>\=</code>, <code>\+</code> or <code>\-</code> commands in that line remain in
effect.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="435" mergedindex="cp">\poptabs</indexterm>\poptabs</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="436" mergedindex="cp">\poptabs</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="413" mergedindex="cp">\poptabs</indexterm>\poptabs</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="414" mergedindex="cp">\poptabs</indexterm></findex>
<para>Restores the tab stop positions saved by the last <code>\pushtabs</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="437" mergedindex="cp">\pushtabs</indexterm>\pushtabs</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="415" mergedindex="cp">\pushtabs</indexterm>\pushtabs</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Saves all current tab stop positions. Useful for temporarily changing
tab stop positions in the middle of a <code>tabbing</code> environment.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="438" mergedindex="cp">\tabbingsep</indexterm>\tabbingsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="416" mergedindex="cp">\tabbingsep</indexterm>\tabbingsep</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Distance of the text moved by <code>\'</code> to left of current tab stop.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
@@ -7635,15 +7594,17 @@ function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\
end;
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="368"><r>package</r>, <code>algorithm2e</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="369"><code>algorithm2e</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
- <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="370"><r>package</r>, <code>listings</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="371"><code>listings</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
- <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="372"><r>package</r>, <code>minted</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="373"><code>minted</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="403"><r>package</r>, <code>algorithm2e</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="404"><code>algorithm2e</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="374"><r>package</r>, <code>fancyvrb</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="375"><code>fancyvrb</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="405"><r>package</r>, <code>fancyvrb</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="406"><code>fancyvrb</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="407"><r>package</r>, <code>listings</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="408"><code>listings</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="409"><r>package</r>, <code>minted</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="410"><code>minted</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<noindent></noindent>
<para>This example is just for illustration of the environment. To actually
@@ -7657,11 +7618,11 @@ there are quite a few packages, including <code>algorithm2e</code>,
<node name="table" spaces=" "><nodename>table</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">tabular</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">tabbing</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>table</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="439" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>table</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="440" mergedindex="cp"><code>table</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="417" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>table</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="418" mergedindex="cp"><code>table</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="376">tables, creating</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="377">creating tables</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="411">tables, creating</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="412">creating tables</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -7704,7 +7665,7 @@ float placement algorithm, see <ref label="Floats"><xrefnodename>Floats</xrefnod
</para>
<para>The label is optional; it is used for cross references (<pxref label="Cross-references"><xrefnodename>Cross
references</xrefnodename></pxref>).
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="441" mergedindex="cp">\caption</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="419" mergedindex="cp">\caption</indexterm></findex>
The <code>\caption</code> command is also optional. It specifies caption
text <var>title</var> for the table (<pxref label="_005ccaption"><xrefnodename>\caption</xrefnodename></pxref>). By default it is
numbered. If its optional <var>lottitle</var> is present then that text is
@@ -7732,11 +7693,11 @@ unless it is pushed to a float page at the end.
<node name="tabular" spaces=" "><nodename>tabular</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">thebibliography</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">table</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>tabular</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="442" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>tabular</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="443" mergedindex="cp"><code>tabular</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="420" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>tabular</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="421" mergedindex="cp"><code>tabular</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="378">lines in tables</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="379">lining text up in tables</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="413">lines in tables</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="414">lining text up in tables</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -7774,12 +7735,12 @@ illustrates many of the features.
<para>The output will have two left-aligned columns with a vertical bar
between them. This is specified in <code>tabular</code>&textrsquo;s argument
<code>&lbrace;l|l&rbrace;</code>.
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="444" mergedindex="cp">&amp; <r>(for table cells)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="422" mergedindex="cp">&amp; <r>(for table cells)</r></indexterm></findex>
Put the entries into different columns by separating them with an
ampersand, <code>&amp;</code>. The end of each row is marked with a double
backslash, <code>\\</code>. Put a horizontal rule below a row, after a double
backslash, with <code>\hline</code>.
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="445" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>(for <code>tabular</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="423" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>(for <code>tabular</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
After the last row the <code>\\</code> is optional, unless an <code>\hline</code>
command follows to put a rule below the table.
</para>
@@ -7858,7 +7819,7 @@ arranged so the numbers in the table are aligned on it.
</pre></example>
<anchor name="_005cextracolsep">\extracolsep</anchor>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="446" mergedindex="cp">\extracolsep</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="424" mergedindex="cp">\extracolsep</indexterm></findex>
<para>An <code>\extracolsep&lbrace;<var>wd</var>&rbrace;</code> command in an &arobase;-expression causes an
extra space of width <var>wd</var> to appear to the left of all subsequent
columns, until countermanded by another <code>\extracolsep</code>. Unlike
@@ -7917,25 +7878,25 @@ are likely to get the <code>Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in alignment
<!-- c xx defaults, own node (xref from array)? -->
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="447" mergedindex="cp">\arrayrulewidth</indexterm>\arrayrulewidth</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="425" mergedindex="cp">\arrayrulewidth</indexterm>\arrayrulewidth</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="tabular-arrayrulewidth">tabular arrayrulewidth</anchor>
<para>A length that is the thickness of the rule created by <code>|</code>,
<code>\hline</code>, and <code>\vline</code> in the <code>tabular</code> and <code>array</code>
environments. The default is <samp>.4pt</samp>. Change it as in
<code>\setlength&lbrace;\arrayrulewidth&rbrace;&lbrace;0.8pt&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="448" mergedindex="cp">\arraystretch</indexterm>\arraystretch</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="426" mergedindex="cp">\arraystretch</indexterm>\arraystretch</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="tabular-arraystrech">tabular arraystrech</anchor>
<para>A factor by which the spacing between rows in the <code>tabular</code> and
<code>array</code> environments is multiplied. The default is <samp>1</samp>, for
no scaling. Change it as <code>\renewcommand&lbrace;\arraystretch&rbrace;&lbrace;1.2&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="449" mergedindex="cp">\doublerulesep</indexterm>\doublerulesep</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="427" mergedindex="cp">\doublerulesep</indexterm>\doublerulesep</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="tabular-doublerulesep">tabular doublerulesep</anchor>
<para>A length that is the distance between the vertical rules produced by the
<code>||</code> specifier. The default is <samp>2pt</samp>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="450" mergedindex="cp">\tabcolsep</indexterm>\tabcolsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="428" mergedindex="cp">\tabcolsep</indexterm>\tabcolsep</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="tabular-tabcolsep">tabular tabcolsep</anchor>
<para>A length that is half of the space between columns. The default is
<samp>6pt</samp>. Change it with <code>\setlength</code>.
@@ -7947,17 +7908,17 @@ environment, the first two inside an entry and the second two between
lines:
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\multicolumn</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Make an item spanning several columns.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\vline</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Draw a vertical line.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\cline</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Draw a horizontal line spanning some columns.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\hline</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Draw a horizontal line spanning all columns.
+<menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\multicolumn</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Make an item spanning several columns.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\vline</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Draw a vertical line.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\cline</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Draw a horizontal line spanning some columns.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\hline</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Draw a horizontal line spanning all columns.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
<node name="_005cmulticolumn" spaces=" "><nodename>\multicolumn</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\vline</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">tabular</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\multicolumn</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="451" mergedindex="cp">\multicolumn</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="429" mergedindex="cp">\multicolumn</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -8057,7 +8018,7 @@ in the first row here. That&textrsquo;s because there is no vertical bar in the
<node name="_005cvline" spaces=" "><nodename>\vline</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\cline</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\multicolumn</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">tabular</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\vline</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="452" mergedindex="cp">\vline</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="430" mergedindex="cp">\vline</indexterm></findex>
<para>Draw a vertical line in a <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment
extending the full height and depth of an entry&textrsquo;s row. Can also be
used in an &arobase;-expression, although its synonym vertical
@@ -8090,7 +8051,7 @@ the vertical line in that entry appears immediately next to the
<node name="_005ccline" spaces=" "><nodename>\cline</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\hline</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\vline</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">tabular</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\cline</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="453" mergedindex="cp">\cline</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="431" mergedindex="cp">\cline</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -8120,7 +8081,7 @@ height.
<node name="_005chline" spaces=" "><nodename>\hline</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\cline</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">tabular</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\hline</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="454" mergedindex="cp">\hline</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="432" mergedindex="cp">\hline</indexterm></findex>
<para>Draw a horizontal line the width of the enclosing <code>tabular</code> or
<code>array</code> environment. It&textrsquo;s most commonly used to draw a line at the
@@ -8145,10 +8106,10 @@ is required.
<node name="thebibliography" spaces=" "><nodename>thebibliography</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">theorem</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">tabular</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>thebibliography</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="455" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>thebibliography</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="456" mergedindex="cp"><code>thebibliography</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="433" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>thebibliography</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="434" mergedindex="cp"><code>thebibliography</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="380">bibliography, creating (manually)</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="415">bibliography, creating (manually)</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -8193,8 +8154,8 @@ as wide as the widest item label produced by the <code>\bibitem</code>
commands. The tradition is to use <code>9</code> for bibliographies with less
than 10 references, <code>99</code> for ones with less than 100, etc.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="457" mergedindex="cp">\bibname</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="458" mergedindex="cp">\refname</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="435" mergedindex="cp">\bibname</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="436" mergedindex="cp">\refname</indexterm></findex>
<para>The bibliographic list is headed by a title such as <samp>Bibliography</samp>.
To change it there are two cases. In the <file>book</file> and <file>report</file>
classes, where the top level sectioning is <code>\chapter</code> and the
@@ -8205,8 +8166,8 @@ title is in macro <code>\refname</code>. Change it by redefining the command,
as with <code>\renewcommand&lbrace;\refname&rbrace;&lbrace;Cited references&rbrace;</code>, after
<code>\begin&lbrace;document&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="381"><r>package</r>, <code>babel</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="382"><code>babel</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="416"><r>package</r>, <code>babel</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="417"><code>babel</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>Language support packages such as <code>babel</code> will automatically
redefine <code>\refname</code> or <code>\bibname</code> to fit the selected
@@ -8215,17 +8176,17 @@ language.
<para><xref label="list"><xrefnodename>list</xrefnodename></xref>, for the list layout control parameters.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\bibitem</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Specify a bibliography item.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\cite</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Refer to a bibliography item.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\nocite</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Include an item in the bibliography.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Using BibTeX</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Automatic generation of bibliographies.
+<menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\bibitem</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Specify a bibliography item.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\cite</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Refer to a bibliography item.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\nocite</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Include an item in the bibliography.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Using BibTeX</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Automatic generation of bibliographies.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
<node name="_005cbibitem" spaces=" "><nodename>\bibitem</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\cite</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">thebibliography</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\bibitem</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="459" mergedindex="cp">\bibitem</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="437" mergedindex="cp">\bibitem</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -8242,7 +8203,7 @@ language.
<para>Generate an entry labeled by default by a number generated using the
<code>enumi</code> counter. The <dfn>citation key</dfn>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="383">citation key</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="418">citation key</indexterm></cindex>
<var>cite_key</var> can be any string of
letters, numbers, and punctuation symbols (but not comma).
</para>
@@ -8299,7 +8260,7 @@ recompiling.
<node name="_005ccite" spaces=" "><nodename>\cite</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\nocite</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\bibitem</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">thebibliography</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\cite</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="460" mergedindex="cp">\cite</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="438" mergedindex="cp">\cite</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -8362,7 +8323,7 @@ the fix may be to run &latex; again.
<node name="_005cnocite" spaces=" "><nodename>\nocite</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Using BibTeX</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\cite</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">thebibliography</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\nocite</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="461" mergedindex="cp">\nocite</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="439" mergedindex="cp">\nocite</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -8383,11 +8344,11 @@ have not explicitly cited them (<pxref label="_005ccite"><xrefnodename>\cite</xr
<node name="Using-BibTeX" spaces=" "><nodename>Using BibTeX</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\nocite</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">thebibliography</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Using Bib&tex;</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="384">using Bib&tex;</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="385">bib&tex;, using</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="386">bibliography, creating (automatically)</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="462" mergedindex="cp">\bibliographystyle</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="463" mergedindex="cp">\bibliography</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="419">using Bib&tex;</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="420">bib&tex;, using</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="421">bibliography, creating (automatically)</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="440" mergedindex="cp">\bibliographystyle</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="441" mergedindex="cp">\bibliography</indexterm></findex>
<para>As described in <code>thebibliography</code> (<pxref label="thebibliography"><xrefnodename>thebibliography</xrefnodename></pxref>), a
sophisticated approach to managing bibliographies is provided by the
@@ -8453,22 +8414,22 @@ can keep all your sources together in one file, or a small number of
files, and rely on Bib&tex; to include in this document only those that
you used.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="387"><samp>*</samp>, to <code>\nocite</code> all keys</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="464" mergedindex="cp">\nocite <r>&lbrace;*&rbrace;, for all keys</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="422"><samp>*</samp>, to <code>\nocite</code> all keys</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="442" mergedindex="cp">\nocite <r>&lbrace;*&rbrace;, for all keys</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>With Bib&tex;, the <var>keys</var> argument to <code>\nocite</code> can also be
the single character <samp>*</samp>. This means to implicitly cite all
entries from all given bibliographies.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator="::">Bib&tex; error messages</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">
+<menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Bib&tex; error messages</menunode><menuseparator>::</menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
<node name="BibTeX-error-messages" spaces=" "><nodename>Bib&tex; error messages</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">Using BibTeX</nodeup></node>
<subsubsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Bib&tex; error messages</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="388">Bib&tex; error messages</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="389">error messages, from Bib&tex;</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="465" mergedindex="cp">.aux <r>file and Bib&tex; commands</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="423">Bib&tex; error messages</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="424">error messages, from Bib&tex;</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="443" mergedindex="cp">.aux <r>file and Bib&tex; commands</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>If you forget to use <code>\bibliography</code> or <code>\bibliographystyle</code>
in your document (or, less likely, any <code>\cite</code> or <code>\nocite</code>
@@ -8481,17 +8442,17 @@ file), rather than the user-level commands described above.
errors, and the corresponding user-level commands.
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="466" mergedindex="cp">\bibdata</indexterm>\bibdata</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="467" mergedindex="cp">\bibliography <r>and internal <code>\bibdata</code></r></indexterm></findex>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="444" mergedindex="cp">\bibdata</indexterm>\bibdata</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="445" mergedindex="cp">\bibliography <r>and internal <code>\bibdata</code></r></indexterm></findex>
<para><code>\bibliography</code>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="468" mergedindex="cp">\bibstyle</indexterm>\bibstyle</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="469" mergedindex="cp">\bibliographystyle <r>and internal <code>\bibstyle</code></r></indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="446" mergedindex="cp">\bibstyle</indexterm>\bibstyle</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="447" mergedindex="cp">\bibliographystyle <r>and internal <code>\bibstyle</code></r></indexterm></findex>
<para><code>\bibliographystyle</code>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="470" mergedindex="cp">\citation</indexterm>\citation</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="471" mergedindex="cp">\cite <r>and internal <code>\citation</code></r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="472" mergedindex="cp">\nocite <r>and internal <code>\citation</code></r></indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="448" mergedindex="cp">\citation</indexterm>\citation</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="449" mergedindex="cp">\cite <r>and internal <code>\citation</code></r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="450" mergedindex="cp">\nocite <r>and internal <code>\citation</code></r></indexterm></findex>
<para><code>\cite</code>, <code>\nocite</code>
</para></tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
@@ -8509,10 +8470,10 @@ command, Bib&tex; complains as follows:
<node name="theorem" spaces=" "><nodename>theorem</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">titlepage</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">thebibliography</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>theorem</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="473" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>theorem</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="474" mergedindex="cp"><code>theorem</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="451" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>theorem</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="452" mergedindex="cp"><code>theorem</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="390">theorems, typesetting</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="425">theorems, typesetting</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -8540,11 +8501,11 @@ The next result follows immediately.
\end&lbrace;thm&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="391"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="392"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="426"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="427"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="393"><r>package</r>, <code>amsthm</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="394"><code>amsthm</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="428"><r>package</r>, <code>amsthm</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="429"><code>amsthm</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>Most new documents use the packages <code>amsthm</code> and <code>amsmath</code>
from the American Mathematical Society. Among other things these
@@ -8556,11 +8517,11 @@ such as styling options.
<node name="titlepage" spaces=" "><nodename>titlepage</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">verbatim</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">theorem</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>titlepage</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="475" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>titlepage</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="476" mergedindex="cp"><code>titlepage</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="453" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>titlepage</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="454" mergedindex="cp"><code>titlepage</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="395">making a title page</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="396">title pages, creating</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="430">making a title page</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="431">title pages, creating</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -8607,14 +8568,14 @@ environment, use <code>\maketitle</code> (<pxref label="_005cmaketitle"><xrefnod
<node name="verbatim" spaces=" "><nodename>verbatim</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">verse</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">titlepage</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>verbatim</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="477" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>verbatim</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="478" mergedindex="cp"><code>verbatim</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="455" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>verbatim</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="456" mergedindex="cp"><code>verbatim</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="397">verbatim text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="398">simulating typed text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="399">typed text, simulating</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="400">code, typesetting</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="401">computer programs, typesetting</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="432">verbatim text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="433">simulating typed text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="434">typed text, simulating</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="435">code, typesetting</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="436">computer programs, typesetting</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -8640,8 +8601,8 @@ Symbol swearing: %&amp;$#?&eosexcl;.
<para>The only restriction on <code>literal-text</code> is that it cannot include
the string <code>\end&lbrace;verbatim&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="402"><r>package</r>, <code>cprotect</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="403"><code>cprotect</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="437"><r>package</r>, <code>cprotect</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="438"><code>cprotect</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>You cannot use the verbatim environment in the argument to macros, for
instance in the argument to a <code>\section</code>. This is not the same as
@@ -8653,39 +8614,42 @@ already be converted to a token list along the catcode regime in effect
when the macro was called. However, the <code>cprotect</code> package can
help with this.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="404"><r>package</r>, <code>listings</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="405"><code>listings</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="439"><r>package</r>, <code>listings</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="440"><code>listings</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="406"><r>package</r>, <code>minted</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="407"><code>minted</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="441"><r>package</r>, <code>minted</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="442"><code>minted</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<para>One common use of verbatim input is to typeset computer code. There are
-packages that are an improvement the <code>verbatim</code> environment. For
-instance, one improvement is to allow the verbatim inclusion of external
-files, or parts of those files. Such packages include <code>listings</code>,
-and <code>minted</code>.
+<para>One common use of verbatim input is to typeset computer code. Some
+packages offer many features not provided by the <code>verbatim</code>
+environment; two of the most popular are <code>listings</code> and
+<code>minted</code>. For example, they are capable of pretty-printing,
+line numbering, and selecting parts of files for a continuing listing.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="408"><r>package</r>, <code>fancyvrb</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="409"><code>fancyvrb</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="443"><r>package</r>, <code>fancyvrb</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="444"><code>fancyvrb</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="410"><r>package</r>, <code>verbatimbox</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="411"><code>verbatimbox</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="445"><r>package</r>, <code>verbatimbox</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="446"><code>verbatimbox</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>A package that provides many more options for verbatim environments is
<code>fancyvrb</code>. Another is <code>verbatimbox</code>.
</para>
-<para>For a list of all the relevant packages, see CTAN (<pxref label="CTAN"><xrefnodename>CTAN</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+<para>For a list of all the relevant packages, see CTAN (<pxref label="CTAN"><xrefnodename>CTAN</xrefnodename></pxref>),
+particularly the topics <code>listing</code>
+(<url><urefurl>https://ctan.org/topic/listing</urefurl></url>) and <code>verbatim</code>
+(<url><urefurl>https://ctan.org/topic/verbatim</urefurl></url>).
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\verb</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">The macro form of the <code>verbatim</code> environment.
+<menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\verb</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">The macro form of the <code>verbatim</code> environment.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
<node name="_005cverb" spaces=" "><nodename>\verb</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">verbatim</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\verb</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="479" mergedindex="cp">\verb</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="412">verbatim text, inline</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="457" mergedindex="cp">\verb</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="447">verbatim text, inline</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -8718,10 +8682,11 @@ synopsis shows a space only to distinguish one component from the
other). The delimiter must not appear in <var>literal-text</var>. The
<var>literal-text</var> cannot include a line break.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="413">visible space</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="448">visible space</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>*</code>-form differs only in that spaces are printed with a visible
space character.
<tex endspaces=" ">
+(Namely, {\tt\char`\ }.)
</tex>
</para>
<para>The output from this will include a visible space on both side of word
@@ -8731,24 +8696,15 @@ space character.
<pre xml:space="preserve">The command's first argument is \verb*!filename with extension! and ...
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="414"><r>package</r>, <code>url</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="415"><code>url</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="449"><r>package</r>, <code>url</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="450"><code>url</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>For typesetting Internet addresses, urls, the package <code>url</code>
is a better option than the <code>\verb</code> command, since
it allows line breaks.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="416"><r>package</r>, <code>listings</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="417"><code>listings</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="418"><r>package</r>, <code>minted</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="419"><code>minted</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-
-<para>For computer code there are many packages with advantages over
-<code>\verb</code>. One is <code>listings</code>, another is <code>minted</code>.
-</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="420"><r>package</r>, <code>cprotect</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="421"><code>cprotect</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="451"><r>package</r>, <code>cprotect</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="452"><code>cprotect</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>You cannot use <code>\verb</code> in the argument to a macro, for instance in
the argument to a <code>\section</code>. It is not a question of <code>\verb</code>
@@ -8765,10 +8721,10 @@ However, the <code>cprotect</code> package can help with this.
<node name="verse" spaces=" "><nodename>verse</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">verbatim</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>verse</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="480" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>verse</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="481" mergedindex="cp"><code>verse</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="458" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>verse</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="459" mergedindex="cp"><code>verse</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="422">poetry, an environment for</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="453">poetry, an environment for</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -8789,7 +8745,7 @@ However, the <code>cprotect</code> package can help with this.
On the fair daughter of rich Capulet.
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="482" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>(for <code>verse</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="460" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>(for <code>verse</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>Separate the lines of each stanza with <code>\\</code>, and use one or more
blank lines to separate the stanzas.
</para>
@@ -8817,8 +8773,8 @@ are not indented, and the text is not right-justified.
<node name="Line-breaking" spaces=" "><nodename>Line breaking</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Page breaking</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Environments</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Line breaking</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="423">line breaking</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="424">breaking lines</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="454">line breaking</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="455">breaking lines</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The first thing &latex; does when processing ordinary text is to
translate your input file into a sequence of glyphs and spaces. To
@@ -8852,23 +8808,24 @@ same time.
</ignore>
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\\</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Start a new line.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Make each input line start a new output line.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\newline</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Break the line
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\- (hyphenation)</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Insert explicit hyphenation.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\discretionary</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Explicit control of the hyphen character.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\fussy &amp; \sloppy</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Be more or less particular with line breaking.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\hyphenation</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Tell &latex; how to hyphenate a word.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\linebreak &amp; \nolinebreak</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Forcing &amp; avoiding line breaks.
+<menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\\</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Start a new line.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Make each input line start a new output line.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\newline</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Break the line
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\- (hyphenation)</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Insert explicit hyphenation.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\slash</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Insert a breakable /.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\discretionary</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Explicit control of hyphenation character(s).
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\fussy &amp; \sloppy</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Be more or less particular with line breaking.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\hyphenation</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Tell &latex; how to hyphenate a word.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\linebreak &amp; \nolinebreak</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Forcing &amp; avoiding line breaks.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
<node name="_005c_005c" spaces=" "><nodename>\\</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\\</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="483" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>(force line break)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="425">new line, starting</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="426">line break, forcing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="461" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>(force line break)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="456">new line, starting</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="457">line break, forcing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -8953,9 +8910,9 @@ something like this.
<anchor name="_005cobeycr">\obeycr</anchor>
<anchor name="_005crestorecr">\restorecr</anchor>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="484" mergedindex="cp">\obeycr</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="485" mergedindex="cp">\restorecr</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="427">new line, output as input</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="462" mergedindex="cp">\obeycr</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="463" mergedindex="cp">\restorecr</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="458">new line, output as input</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>\obeycr</code> command makes a return in the input file (<samp>^^M</samp>,
internally) the same as <code>\\</code>, followed by <code>\relax</code>. So each
@@ -9005,8 +8962,8 @@ fff ggg
<node name="_005cnewline" spaces=" "><nodename>\newline</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\- (hyphenation)</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newline</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="486" mergedindex="cp">\newline</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="428">new line, starting (paragraph mode)</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="464" mergedindex="cp">\newline</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="459">new line, starting (paragraph mode)</indexterm></cindex>
<para>In ordinary text, this ends a line in a way that does not right-justify
it, so the text before the end of line is not stretched. That is, in
@@ -9035,11 +8992,11 @@ single cell of the table.
</para>
</section>
-<node name="_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" spaces=" "><nodename>\- (hyphenation)</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\discretionary</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newline</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node>
+<node name="_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" spaces=" "><nodename>\- (hyphenation)</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\slash</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newline</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="487" mergedindex="cp">\- <r>(hyphenation)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="429">hyphenation, forcing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="465" mergedindex="cp">\- <r>(hyphenation)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="460">hyphenation, forcing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Tell &latex; that it may hyphenate the word at that point. When you
insert <code>\-</code> commands in a word, the word will only be hyphenated at
@@ -9079,10 +9036,28 @@ requires care.
</para>
</section>
-<node name="_005cdiscretionary" spaces=" "><nodename>\discretionary</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\fussy &amp; \sloppy</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\- (hyphenation)</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node>
+<node name="_005cslash" spaces=" "><nodename>\slash</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\discretionary</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\- (hyphenation)</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\slash</code>: breakable <samp>/</samp></sectiontitle>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="466" mergedindex="cp">\slash</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="461">slash character, breakable</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>The <code>\slash</code> command produces a <samp>/</samp> character and then a
+penalty of the same value as an explicit <samp>-</samp> character
+(<code>\exhyphenpenalty</code>). This allows &tex; to break a line at the
+<samp>/</samp>, similar to a hyphen. Hyphenation is allowed in the word part
+preceding the <samp>/</samp>, but not after. For example:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">The input\slash output of the program is complicated.
+</pre></example>
+
+
+</section>
+<node name="_005cdiscretionary" spaces=" "><nodename>\discretionary</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\fussy &amp; \sloppy</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\slash</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\discretionary</code> (generalized hyphenation point)</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="430">hyphenation, discretionary</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="431">discretionary hyphenation</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="462">hyphenation, discretionary</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="463">discretionary hyphenation</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -9156,9 +9131,9 @@ automatically by &tex;&textrsquo;s hyphenation algorithm.
<anchor name="_005cfussy">\fussy</anchor>
<anchor name="_005csloppy">\sloppy</anchor>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="488" mergedindex="cp">\fussy</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="489" mergedindex="cp">\sloppy</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="432">line breaks, changing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="467" mergedindex="cp">\fussy</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="468" mergedindex="cp">\sloppy</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="464">line breaks, changing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Declarations to make &tex; more picky or less picky about line
breaking. Declaring <code>\fussy</code> usually avoids too much space between
@@ -9173,17 +9148,17 @@ equation ending that paragraph. So to affect the line breaks, include
that paragraph-ending material in the scope of the command.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">sloppypar</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Environment version of \sloppy command.
+<menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>sloppypar</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Environment version of \sloppy command.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
<node name="sloppypar" spaces=" "><nodename>sloppypar</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">\fussy &amp; \sloppy</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>sloppypar</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="490" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>sloppypar</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="491" mergedindex="cp"><code>sloppypar</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="469" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>sloppypar</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="470" mergedindex="cp"><code>sloppypar</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="433">sloppypar environment</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="465">sloppypar environment</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -9220,8 +9195,8 @@ that paragraph-ending material in the scope of the command.
<node name="_005chyphenation" spaces=" "><nodename>\hyphenation</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\linebreak &amp; \nolinebreak</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\fussy &amp; \sloppy</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\hyphenation</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="492" mergedindex="cp">\hyphenation</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="434">hyphenation, defining</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="471" mergedindex="cp">\hyphenation</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="466">hyphenation, defining</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -9231,7 +9206,7 @@ that paragraph-ending material in the scope of the command.
<para>Declares allowed hyphenation points within the words in the list. The
words in that list are separated by spaces. Show permitted points for
-hyphenation with a dash character, <code>-</code>.
+hyphenation with an ASCII dash character, <code>-</code>.
</para>
<para>Here is an example:
</para>
@@ -9240,7 +9215,7 @@ hyphenation with a dash character, <code>-</code>.
</pre></example>
<para>Use lowercase letters. &tex; will only hyphenate if the word matches
-exactly, no inflections are tried. Multiple <code>\hyphenation</code>
+exactly; no inflections are tried. Multiple <code>\hyphenation</code>
commands accumulate.
</para>
<!-- c xx Re-align on LaTeX-fr which also mentions fontenc, and that -->
@@ -9254,10 +9229,10 @@ commands accumulate.
<anchor name="_005clinebreak">\linebreak</anchor>
<anchor name="_005cnolinebreak">\nolinebreak</anchor>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="493" mergedindex="cp">\linebreak</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="494" mergedindex="cp">\nolinebreak</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="435">line breaks, forcing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="436">line breaks, preventing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="472" mergedindex="cp">\linebreak</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="473" mergedindex="cp">\nolinebreak</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="467">line breaks, forcing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="468">line breaks, preventing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopses, one of:
</para>
@@ -9301,8 +9276,8 @@ and&nbsp;<ref label="_005cnewline"><xrefnodename>\newline</xrefnodename></ref>,
<node name="Page-breaking" spaces=" "><nodename>Page breaking</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Footnotes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Page breaking</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="437">page breaking</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="438">breaking pages</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="469">page breaking</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="470">breaking pages</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Ordinarily &latex; automatically takes care of breaking output into
pages with its usual aplomb. But if you are writing commands, or
@@ -9310,7 +9285,7 @@ tweaking the final version of a document, then you may need to
understand how to influence its actions.
</para>
<!-- c credit: H Vogt https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/115563 -->
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="439">badness</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="471">badness</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex;&textrsquo;s algorithm for splitting a document into pages is more complex
than just waiting until there is enough material to fill a page and
outputting the result. Instead, &latex; typesets more material than
@@ -9336,10 +9311,10 @@ influence page breaks while preparing a final version of a document.
<para><xref label="Layout"><xrefnodename>Layout</xrefnodename></xref>, for more material that is relevant to page breaking.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\clearpage &amp; \cleardoublepage</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Start a new page; eject floats.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\newpage</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Start a new page.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\enlargethispage</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Enlarge the current page a bit.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Forcing &amp; avoiding page breaks.
+<menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\clearpage &amp; \cleardoublepage</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Start a new page; eject floats.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\newpage</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Start a new page.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\enlargethispage</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Enlarge the current page a bit.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Forcing &amp; avoiding page breaks.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
@@ -9347,12 +9322,12 @@ influence page breaks while preparing a final version of a document.
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\clearpage</code> &amp; <code>\cleardoublepage</code> </sectiontitle>
<anchor name="_005cclearpage">\clearpage</anchor>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="495" mergedindex="cp">\clearpage</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="440">flushing floats and starting a page</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="441">starting a new page and clearing floats</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="474" mergedindex="cp">\clearpage</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="472">flushing floats and starting a page</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="473">starting a new page and clearing floats</indexterm></cindex>
<anchor name="_005ccleardoublepage">\cleardoublepage</anchor>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="496" mergedindex="cp">\cleardoublepage</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="442">starting on a right-hand page</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="475" mergedindex="cp">\cleardoublepage</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="474">starting on a right-hand page</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -9409,9 +9384,9 @@ two-column mode then <code>\newpage</code> ends the current column while
<node name="_005cnewpage" spaces=" "><nodename>\newpage</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\enlargethispage</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\clearpage &amp; \cleardoublepage</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Page breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newpage</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="497" mergedindex="cp">\newpage</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="443">new page, starting</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="444">starting a new page</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="476" mergedindex="cp">\newpage</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="475">new page, starting</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="476">starting a new page</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -9454,8 +9429,8 @@ stretch out the page, as <code>\pagebreak</code> does.
<node name="_005cenlargethispage" spaces=" "><nodename>\enlargethispage</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newpage</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Page breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\enlargethispage</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="498" mergedindex="cp">\enlargethispage</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="445">enlarge current page</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="477" mergedindex="cp">\enlargethispage</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="477">enlarge current page</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -9490,10 +9465,10 @@ explicit <code>\pagebreak</code>.
<anchor name="_005cpagebreak">\pagebreak</anchor>
<anchor name="_005cnopagebreak">\nopagebreak</anchor>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="499" mergedindex="cp">\pagebreak</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="500" mergedindex="cp">\nopagebreak</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="446">page break, forcing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="447">page break, preventing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="478" mergedindex="cp">\pagebreak</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="479" mergedindex="cp">\nopagebreak</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="478">page break, forcing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="479">page break, preventing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopses:
</para>
@@ -9543,13 +9518,12 @@ this can cause you to get <samp>Underfull \vbox (badness 10000) has
occurred while \output is active</samp>. <xref label="_005cnewpage"><xrefnodename>\newpage</xrefnodename></xref>, for a command that
does not have these effects.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="501" mergedindex="cp">\samepage</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="502" mergedindex="cp">samepage <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<para>(There is an obsolete declaration <code>\samepage</code>, which tries to only
-allow a break between two paragraphs. There is a related environment
-<code>samepage</code>, also obsolete. Neither of these work reliably. For
-more on keeping material on the same page, see the FAQ entry
-<url><urefurl>https://texfaq.org/FAQ-nopagebrk</urefurl></url>.)
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="480" mergedindex="cp">\samepage</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="481" mergedindex="cp">samepage <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<para>A declaration <code>\samepage</code> and corresponding <code>samepage</code>
+environment try to only allow breaks between paragraphs. They are not
+perfectly reliable. For more on keeping material on the same page,
+see the FAQ entry <url><urefurl>https://texfaq.org/FAQ-nopagebrk</urefurl></url>.)
</para>
</section>
@@ -9557,7 +9531,7 @@ more on keeping material on the same page, see the FAQ entry
<node name="Footnotes" spaces=" "><nodename>Footnotes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Definitions</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Page breaking</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Footnotes</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="448">footnotes, creating</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="480">footnotes, creating</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Place a footnote at the bottom of the current page, as here.
</para>
@@ -9579,19 +9553,19 @@ circumstances.
include a bibliographic style with that behavior (<pxref label="Using-BibTeX"><xrefnodename>Using BibTeX</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\footnote</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Insert a footnote.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\footnotemark</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Insert footnote mark only.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\footnotetext</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Insert footnote text only.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Footnotes in section headings</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Chapter or section titles.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Footnotes in a table</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Table footnotes.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Footnotes of footnotes</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Multiple classes of footnotes.
+<menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\footnote</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Insert a footnote.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\footnotemark</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Insert footnote mark only.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\footnotetext</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Insert footnote text only.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Footnotes in section headings</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Chapter or section titles.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Footnotes in a table</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Table footnotes.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Footnotes of footnotes</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Multiple classes of footnotes.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
<node name="_005cfootnote" spaces=" "><nodename>\footnote</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\footnotemark</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\footnote</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="503" mergedindex="cp">\footnote</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="482" mergedindex="cp">\footnote</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -9600,7 +9574,8 @@ include a bibliographic style with that behavior (<pxref label="Using-BibTeX"><x
\footnote[<var>number</var>]&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>Place a footnote <var>text</var> at the bottom of the current page.
+<para>Place a footnote <var>text</var> at the bottom of the current page, with a
+footnote marker at the current position in the text.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">There are over a thousand footnotes in Gibbon's
@@ -9615,9 +9590,9 @@ include a bibliographic style with that behavior (<pxref label="Using-BibTeX"><x
the footnote. If you use this then &latex; does not increment the
<code>footnote</code> counter.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="449">footnotes, symbols instead of numbers</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="504" mergedindex="cp">\fnsymbol<r>, and footnotes</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="505" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;fnsymbol</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="481">footnotes, symbols instead of numbers</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="483" mergedindex="cp">\fnsymbol<r>, and footnotes</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="484" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;fnsymbol</indexterm></findex>
<para>By default, &latex; uses arabic numbers as footnote markers. Change
this with something like
<code>\renewcommand&lbrace;\thefootnote&rbrace;&lbrace;\fnsymbol&lbrace;footnote&rbrace;&rbrace;</code>, which
@@ -9628,29 +9603,33 @@ you make the change local then you may want to reset the counter with
</para>
<para>&latex; determines the spacing of footnotes with two parameters.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="450">footnote parameters</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="451">parameters, for footnotes</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="482">footnote parameters</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="483">parameters, for footnotes</indexterm></cindex>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="506" mergedindex="cp">\footnoterule</indexterm>\footnoterule</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="485" mergedindex="cp">\footnoterule</indexterm>\footnoterule</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="footnote-footnoterule">footnote footnoterule</anchor>
<para>Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the page&textrsquo;s
footnotes. Default dimensions in the standard document classes (except
-<code>slides</code>, where it does not appear) is: vertical thickness of
+<code>slides</code>, where it does not appear) are: vertical thickness of
<code>0.4pt</code>, and horizontal size of <code>0.4\columnwidth</code> long.
Change the rule with something like this.
</para>
<!-- c Credit egreg: https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/21917 -->
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\renewcommand&lbrace;\footnoterule&rbrace;&lbrace;% Kerns avoid vertical space
+<pre xml:space="preserve">% \footnoterule is expanded in vertical mode, thus \kern
+% commands ensure that no vertical space is created,
+% and the rule is separated vertically with 2pt
+% above the note text.
+\renewcommand*&lbrace;\footnoterule&rbrace;&lbrace;%
\kern -3pt % This -3 is negative
\hrule width \textwidth height 1pt % of the sum of this 1
\kern 2pt&rbrace; % and this 2
</pre></example>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="507" mergedindex="cp">\footnotesep</indexterm>\footnotesep</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="486" mergedindex="cp">\footnotesep</indexterm>\footnotesep</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="footnote-footnotesep">footnote footnotesep</anchor>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="452">strut</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="484">strut</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The height of the strut placed at the beginning of the footnote
(<pxref label="_005cstrut"><xrefnodename>\strut</xrefnodename></pxref>). By default, this is set to the normal strut for
<code>\footnotesize</code> fonts (<pxref label="Font-sizes"><xrefnodename>Font sizes</xrefnodename></pxref>), therefore there is no
@@ -9668,8 +9647,8 @@ sectioning command such as <code>\chapter</code> (it can only be used in outer
paragraph mode; <pxref label="Modes"><xrefnodename>Modes</xrefnodename></pxref>). There are some workarounds; see
following sections.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="453">footnotes, in a minipage</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="454">mpfootnote counter</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="485">footnotes, in a minipage</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="486">mpfootnote counter</indexterm></cindex>
<para>In a <code>minipage</code> environment the <code>\footnote</code> command uses the
<code>mpfootnote</code> counter instead of the <code>footnote</code> counter, so
they are numbered independently. They are shown at the bottom of the
@@ -9681,7 +9660,7 @@ shown alphabetically. <xref label="minipage"><xrefnodename>minipage</xrefnodenam
<node name="_005cfootnotemark" spaces=" "><nodename>\footnotemark</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\footnotetext</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\footnote</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\footnotemark</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="508" mergedindex="cp">\footnotemark</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="487" mergedindex="cp">\footnotemark</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -9710,8 +9689,8 @@ and the third theorem.\footnotemark[\value&lbrace;footnote&rbrace;]
<para>If there are intervening footnotes then you must remember the value of
the number of the common mark. This example gives the same
institutional affiliation to both the first and third authors
-(<code>\thanks</code> is a version of <code>\footnote</code>), by-hand giving the
-number of the footnote.
+(<code>\thanks</code> is a version of <code>\footnote</code>), by explicitly
+specifying the number of the footnote (<samp>1</samp>).
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\title&lbrace;A Treatise on the Binomial Theorem&rbrace;
@@ -9722,24 +9701,11 @@ number of the footnote.
\maketitle
</pre></example>
-<para>This uses a counter to remember the footnote number. The third sentence
-is followed by the same footnote marker as the first.
-</para>
-<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\newcounter&lbrace;footnoteValueSaver&rbrace;
-All babies are illogical.\footnote&lbrace;%
- Lewis Carroll.&rbrace;\setcounter&lbrace;footnoteValueSaver&rbrace;&lbrace;\value&lbrace;footnote&rbrace;&rbrace;
-Nobody is despised who can manage a crocodile.\footnote&lbrace;%
- Captain Hook.&rbrace;
-Illogical persons are despised.\footnotemark[\value&lbrace;footnoteValueSaver&rbrace;]
-Therefore, anyone who can manage a crocodile is not a baby.
-</pre></example>
-
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="455"><r>package</r>, <code>cleveref</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="456"><code>cleveref</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="487"><r>package</r>, <code>cleveref</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="488"><code>cleveref</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="457"><r>package</r>, <code>hyperref</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="458"><code>hyperref</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="489"><r>package</r>, <code>hyperref</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="490"><code>hyperref</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>This example accomplishes the same by using the package <code>cleveref</code>.
</para>
@@ -9753,17 +9719,30 @@ The corollary is from Chance.\footnote&lbrace;Evers, Chance, 1990.&rbrace;
But the key lemma is from Tinker.\cref&lbrace;fn:TE&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="459"><r>package</r>, <code>hyperref</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="460"><code>hyperref</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="491"><r>package</r>, <code>hyperref</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="492"><code>hyperref</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>It will work with the package <code>hyperref</code>.
</para>
+<para>This uses a counter to remember the footnote number. The third sentence
+is followed by the same footnote marker as the first.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\newcounter&lbrace;footnoteValueSaver&rbrace;
+All babies are illogical.\footnote&lbrace;%
+ Lewis Carroll.&rbrace;\setcounter&lbrace;footnoteValueSaver&rbrace;&lbrace;\value&lbrace;footnote&rbrace;&rbrace;
+Nobody is despised who can manage a crocodile.\footnote&lbrace;%
+ Captain Hook.&rbrace;
+Illogical persons are despised.\footnotemark[\value&lbrace;footnoteValueSaver&rbrace;]
+Therefore, anyone who can manage a crocodile is not a baby.
+</pre></example>
+
</section>
<node name="_005cfootnotetext" spaces=" "><nodename>\footnotetext</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Footnotes in section headings</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\footnotemark</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\footnotetext</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="509" mergedindex="cp">\footnotetext</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="488" mergedindex="cp">\footnotetext</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -9786,8 +9765,8 @@ examples.
<node name="Footnotes-in-section-headings" spaces=" "><nodename>Footnotes in section headings</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Footnotes in a table</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\footnotetext</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Footnotes in section headings</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="461">footnote, in section headings</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="462">table of contents, avoiding footnotes</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="493">footnote, in section headings</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="494">table of contents, avoiding footnotes</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Putting a footnote in a section heading, as in:
</para>
@@ -9800,7 +9779,9 @@ examples.
section starts, as usual, but also at the bottom of the table of
contents, where it is not likely to be desired. The simplest way
to have it not appear on the table of contents is to use the optional
-argument to <code>\section</code>
+argument to <code>\section</code>.
+<!-- c xx Same issue with table/figure captions and -->
+<!-- c \listoftable/\listoffigures, and same sort of fix can be used. -->
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\section[Please]&lbrace;Please\footnote&lbrace;%
@@ -9816,7 +9797,7 @@ what gets moved to the table of contents is the optional argument.
<node name="Footnotes-in-a-table" spaces=" "><nodename>Footnotes in a table</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Footnotes of footnotes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Footnotes in section headings</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Footnotes in a table</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="463">footnote, in a table</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="495">footnote, in a table</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Inside a <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment the <code>\footnote</code>
command does not work; there is a footnote mark in the table cell but
@@ -9865,12 +9846,12 @@ part of the regular footnote sequence, use the <code>\footnotemark</code> and
Little is known other than her death.&rbrace;%
\stepcounter&lbrace;mpFootnoteValueSaver&rbrace;%
\footnotetext[\value&lbrace;mpFootnoteValueSaver&rbrace;]&lbrace;%
- Relationship is unresolved in XXI.&rbrace;
+ Relationship is unresolved.&rbrace;
\end&lbrace;center&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="464"><r>package</r>, <code>tablefootnote</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="465"><code>tablefootnote</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="496"><r>package</r>, <code>tablefootnote</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="497"><code>tablefootnote</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>For a floating <code>table</code> environment (<pxref label="table"><xrefnodename>table</xrefnodename></pxref>), use the
<code>tablefootnote</code> package.
@@ -9900,10 +9881,10 @@ other footnotes.
<node name="Footnotes-of-footnotes" spaces=" "><nodename>Footnotes of footnotes</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Footnotes in a table</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Footnotes of footnotes</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="466">footnote, of a footnote</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="498">footnote, of a footnote</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="467"><r>package</r>, <code>bigfoot</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="468"><code>bigfoot</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="499"><r>package</r>, <code>bigfoot</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="500"><code>bigfoot</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>Particularly in the humanities, authors can have multiple classes of
footnotes, including having footnotes of footnotes. The package
@@ -9926,24 +9907,25 @@ second.\footnotefrom&lbrace;%
<node name="Definitions" spaces=" "><nodename>Definitions</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Counters</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Definitions</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="469">definitions</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="501">definitions</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; has support for making new commands of many different kinds.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">(Re)define a new command.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\providecommand</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define a new command, if name not used.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Change the status of the at-sign character.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\&arobase;ifstar</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define your own commands with *-variants.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\newcounter</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define a new counter.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\newlength</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define a new length.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\newsavebox</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define a new box.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define a new environment.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\newtheorem</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define a new theorem-like environment.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\newfont</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define a new font name.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\protect</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Using tricky commands.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Discard extra spaces.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">xspace package</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Space after a macro, conditionally.
+<menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">(Re)define a new command.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\providecommand</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define a new command, if name not used.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Change the status of the at-sign character.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\&arobase;ifstar</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define your own commands with *-variants.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\newcounter</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define a new counter.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\newlength</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define a new length.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\newsavebox</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define a new box.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define a new environment.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\newtheorem</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define a new theorem-like environment.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\newfont</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define a new font name.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\protect</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Using tricky commands.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Discard extra spaces.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>xspace package</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Space after a macro, conditionally.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Class and package commands</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Primarily for LaTeX programmers.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
@@ -9952,13 +9934,13 @@ second.\footnotefrom&lbrace;%
<anchor name="_005cnewcommand">\newcommand</anchor>
<anchor name="_005crenewcommand">\renewcommand</anchor>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="510" mergedindex="cp">\newcommand</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="511" mergedindex="cp">\renewcommand</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="470">commands, defining new ones</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="471">commands, redefining</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="472">defining a new command</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="473">redefining a command</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="474">new commands, defining</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="489" mergedindex="cp">\newcommand</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="490" mergedindex="cp">\renewcommand</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="502">commands, defining new ones</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="503">commands, redefining</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="504">defining a new command</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="505">redefining a command</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="506">new commands, defining</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopses, one of (three regular forms, three starred forms):
</para>
@@ -9972,7 +9954,7 @@ second.\footnotefrom&lbrace;%
</pre></example>
<noindent></noindent>
-<para>or all the same possibilities with <code>\renewcommand</code> instead of
+<para>or the same six possibilities with <code>\renewcommand</code> instead of
<code>\newcommand</code>:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
@@ -9984,17 +9966,16 @@ second.\footnotefrom&lbrace;%
\renewcommand*&lbrace;\<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]&lbrace;<var>defn</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-
<para>Define or redefine a command (see also <code>\DeclareRobustCommand</code> in
<ref label="Class-and-package-commands"><xrefnodename>Class and package commands</xrefnodename></ref>).
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="475">starred form, defining new commands</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="476">*-form, defining new commands</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="512" mergedindex="cp">\long</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="507">starred form, defining new commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="508">*-form, defining new commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="491" mergedindex="cp">\long<r>, not defining a command as</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>The starred form of these two forbids the arguments from containing
-multiple paragraphs of text (in plain &tex; terms: the commands
-are not <code>\long</code>). With the default form, arguments can be
-multiple paragraphs.
+multiple paragraphs of text (i.e., a <code>\par</code> token; in plain
+&tex; terms: the commands are not <code>\long</code>). With the default
+form, arguments can be multiple paragraphs.
</para>
<para>These are the parameters (examples follow):
</para>
@@ -10013,8 +9994,8 @@ arguments. If you redefine a command, the new version can have a
different number of arguments than the old version.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">optargdefault</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="477">optional arguments, defining and using</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="478">arguments, optional, defining and using</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="509">optional arguments, defining and using</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="510">arguments, optional, defining and using</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Optional; if this argument is present then the first argument of
<code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is optional, with default value <var>optargdefault</var>
(which may be the empty string). If <var>optargdefault</var> is not present
@@ -10047,7 +10028,7 @@ called with an optional argument, the results are unpredictable: there
may be a &latex; error, there may be incorrect typeset output, or both.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">defn</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="479">parameters, substituting</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="511">parameters, substituting</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Required; the text to be substituted for every occurrence of
<code>\<var>cmd</var></code>. The parameters <code>#1</code>, <code>#2</code>,
&dots;, <code>#<var>nargs</var></code> are replaced by the values supplied when
@@ -10056,7 +10037,7 @@ optional argument not specified in the call, as just explained).
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></table>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="480">blanks, after control sequences</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="512">blanks, after control sequences</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&tex; ignores blanks in the source following a control word
(<pxref label="Control-sequences"><xrefnodename>Control sequences</xrefnodename></pxref>), as in <samp>\cmd </samp>. If you want a space
there, one solution is to type <code>&lbrace;&rbrace;</code> after the command
@@ -10133,13 +10114,13 @@ italics. The solution is to put another pair of braces inside the
definition: <code>\newcommand&lbrace;\shipname&rbrace;[1]&lbrace;&lbrace;\it #1&rbrace;&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Control sequences</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Control sequence, control word and control symbol.
+<menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Control sequences</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Control sequence, control word and control symbol.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
<node name="Control-sequences" spaces=" "><nodename>Control sequences</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Control sequence, control word and control symbol</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="481">control sequences</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="513">control sequences</indexterm></cindex>
<para>When reading input &tex; converts the stream of read characters into a
sequence of <dfn>tokens</dfn>. When &tex; sees a backslash <code>\</code>, it will
@@ -10148,15 +10129,15 @@ handle the following characters in a special way in order to make a
</para>
<para>The control sequences fall into two categories:
</para>
-<itemize commandarg="bullet" endspaces=" "><itemprepend><formattingcommand command="bullet" automatic="on"/></itemprepend>
+<itemize commandarg="bullet" automaticcommandarg="on" endspaces=" "><itemprepend><formattingcommand command="bullet" automatic="on"/></itemprepend>
<listitem><prepend>&bullet;</prepend>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="482">control word, defined</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="514">control word, defined</indexterm></cindex>
<para><dfn>control word</dfn>, when the control sequence is gathered from a
<code>\</code> followed by at least one ASCII letter (<code>A-Z</code> and
<code>a-z</code>), followed by at least one non-letter.
</para>
</listitem><listitem><prepend>&bullet;</prepend>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="483">control symbol, defined</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="515">control symbol, defined</indexterm></cindex>
<para><dfn>control symbol</dfn>, when the control sequence is gathered from a
<code>\</code> followed by one non-letter character.
</para></listitem></itemize>
@@ -10169,7 +10150,10 @@ whitespace in the output (<pxref label="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"
<ref label="_005c_0028SPACE_0029"><xrefnodename>\(SPACE)</xrefnodename></ref>).
</para>
<para>Just as the <code>\relax</code> command does nothing, the following input
-will simply print <samp>Hello!</samp> <inlinefmt><inlinefmtformat>tex</inlinefmtformat></inlinefmt><inlinefmt><inlinefmtformat>info</inlinefmtformat></inlinefmt>:
+will simply print <samp>Hello!</samp> <inlinefmt><inlinefmtformat>tex</inlinefmtformat><inlinefmtcontent>We use visible
+spaces @samp{@visiblespace{}} instead of blanks</inlinefmtcontent></inlinefmt><inlinefmt><inlinefmtformat>info</inlinefmtformat><inlinefmtcontent> (if
+you use the Emacs info viewer@comma{} turn on the @code{whitespace-mode}
+minor mode to see the trailing spaces)</inlinefmtcontent></inlinefmt>:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">Hel\relax<w> </w><w> </w><w> </w>
@@ -10186,10 +10170,10 @@ ignored, and blanks at the beginning of a line are also ignored
<node name="_005cprovidecommand" spaces=" "><nodename trailingspaces=" ">\providecommand</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\providecommand</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="513" mergedindex="cp">\providecommand</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="484">commands, defining new ones</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="485">defining a new command</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="486">new commands, defining</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="492" mergedindex="cp">\providecommand</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="516">commands, defining new ones</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="517">defining a new command</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="518">new commands, defining</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopses, one of:
</para>
@@ -10228,8 +10212,8 @@ to) define <code>\myaffiliation</code> does not give an error.
<anchor name="_005cmakeatletter">\makeatletter</anchor>
<anchor name="_005cmakeatother">\makeatother</anchor>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="514" mergedindex="cp">\makeatother</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="515" mergedindex="cp">\makeatother</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="493" mergedindex="cp">\makeatother</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="494" mergedindex="cp">\makeatother</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -10246,9 +10230,9 @@ letter, code&nbsp;11. The <code>\makeatother</code> declaration sets the
category code of the at-sign to code&nbsp;12, its default value.
</para>
<para>As &tex; reads characters, it assigns each one a category code, or
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="487">catcode</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="488">character category code</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="489">category code, character</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="519">catcode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="520">character category code</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="521">category code, character</indexterm></cindex>
<dfn>catcode</dfn>. For instance, it assigns the backslash
character&nbsp;<samp><code>\</code></samp> the catcode&nbsp;0. Command names
consist of a category&nbsp;0 character, ordinarily backslash, followed
@@ -10270,8 +10254,8 @@ since the <code>\usepackage</code> and <code>\documentclass</code> commands alre
arrange that the at-sign has the character code of a letter,
catcode&nbsp;11.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="490"><r>package</r>, <code>macros2e</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="491"><code>macros2e</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="522"><r>package</r>, <code>macros2e</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="523"><code>macros2e</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>For a comprehensive list of macros with an at-sign in their names see
<url><urefurl>https://ctan.org/pkg/macros2e</urefurl></url>.
@@ -10292,9 +10276,9 @@ three lines should go in the preamble, before the
<node name="_005c_0040ifstar" spaces=" "><nodename>\&arobase;ifstar</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newcounter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\&arobase;ifstar</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="516" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;ifstar</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="492">commands, star-variants</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="493">star-variants, commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="495" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;ifstar</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="524">commands, star-variants</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="525">star-variants, commands</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -10362,11 +10346,11 @@ command and the star. Thus <code>\agentsecret*&lbrace;Bond&rbrace;</code> and
<code>\agentsecret<w> *</w>&lbrace;Bond&rbrace;</code> are equivalent. However, the
standard practice is not to insert any such spaces.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="494"><r>package</r>, <code>suffix</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="495"><code>suffix</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="526"><r>package</r>, <code>suffix</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="527"><code>suffix</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="496"><r>package</r>, <code>xparse</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="497"><code>xparse</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="528"><r>package</r>, <code>xparse</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="529"><code>xparse</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>There are two alternative ways to accomplish the work of
<code>\&arobase;ifstar</code>. (1)&nbsp;The <code>suffix</code> package allows the
@@ -10388,8 +10372,8 @@ this code:
<node name="_005cnewcounter" spaces=" "><nodename>\newcounter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newlength</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\&arobase;ifstar</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="517" mergedindex="cp">\newcounter</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="498">counters, defining new</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="496" mergedindex="cp">\newcounter</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="530">counters, defining new</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -10441,11 +10425,11 @@ defined.</samp>
<node name="_005cnewlength" spaces=" "><nodename>\newlength</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newsavebox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newcounter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newlength</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="518" mergedindex="cp">\newlength</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="499">lengths, allocating new</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="500">rubber lengths, defining new</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="501">skip register, plain &tex;</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="502">glue register, plain &tex;</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="497" mergedindex="cp">\newlength</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="531">lengths, allocating new</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="532">rubber lengths, defining new</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="533">skip register, plain &tex;</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="534">glue register, plain &tex;</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -10478,8 +10462,8 @@ Or name \end... illegal, see p.192 of the manual</samp>.
<node name="_005cnewsavebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\newsavebox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newlength</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newsavebox</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="519" mergedindex="cp">\newsavebox</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="503">box, allocating new</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="498" mergedindex="cp">\newsavebox</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="535">box, allocating new</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -10518,11 +10502,11 @@ Our logo is \usebox&lbrace;\logobox&rbrace;.
<anchor name="_005cnewenvironment">\newenvironment</anchor>
<anchor name="_005crenewenvironment">\renewenvironment</anchor>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="520" mergedindex="cp">\newenvironment</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="521" mergedindex="cp">\renewenvironment</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="504">environments, defining</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="505">defining new environments</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="506">redefining environments</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="499" mergedindex="cp">\newenvironment</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="500" mergedindex="cp">\renewenvironment</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="536">environments, defining</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="537">defining new environments</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="538">redefining environments</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopses, one of:
</para>
@@ -10550,7 +10534,7 @@ Our logo is \usebox&lbrace;\logobox&rbrace;.
<para>Define or redefine the environment <var>env</var>, that is, create the
construct <code>\begin&lbrace;<var>env</var>&rbrace; ... <var>body</var> ... \end&lbrace;<var>env</var>&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="507"><code>*</code>-form of environment commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="539"><code>*</code>-form of environment commands</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The starred form of these commands requires that the arguments not
contain multiple paragraphs of text. However, the body of these
environments can contain multiple paragraphs.
@@ -10682,12 +10666,12 @@ the document, use the environment like this.
<node name="_005cnewtheorem" spaces=" "><nodename>\newtheorem</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newfont</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newtheorem</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="522" mergedindex="cp">\newtheorem</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="508">theorems, defining</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="509">defining new theorems</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="501" mergedindex="cp">\newtheorem</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="540">theorems, defining</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="541">defining new theorems</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="510">theorem-like environment</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="511">environment, theorem-like</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="542">theorem-like environment</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="543">environment, theorem-like</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopses:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
@@ -10817,9 +10801,9 @@ by <samp>Theorem&nbsp;2.1</samp> and <samp>Definition&nbsp;2.2</samp>.
<node name="_005cnewfont" spaces=" "><nodename>\newfont</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\protect</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newtheorem</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newfont</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="523" mergedindex="cp">\newfont</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="512">fonts, new commands for</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="513">defining new fonts</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="502" mergedindex="cp">\newfont</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="544">fonts, new commands for</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="545">defining new fonts</indexterm></cindex>
<!-- c @findex .fd @r{file} -->
<para>This command is obsolete. This description is here only to help with old
@@ -10840,8 +10824,8 @@ boldface with a roman (<pxref label="Fonts"><xrefnodename>Fonts</xrefnodename></
The control sequence must not already be defined. It must begin with a
backslash, <code>\</code>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="514">at clause, in font definitions</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="515">design size, in font definitions</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="546">at clause, in font definitions</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="547">design size, in font definitions</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <var>font description</var> consists of a <var>fontname</var> and an optional
<dfn>at clause</dfn>. &latex; will look on your system for a file named
<file><var>fontname</var>.tfm</file>. The at clause can have the form either
@@ -10865,27 +10849,23 @@ relative to the font&textrsquo;s design size, which is a value defined in the
<node name="_005cprotect" spaces=" "><nodename>\protect</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newfont</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\protect</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="524" mergedindex="cp">\protect</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="516">fragile commands</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="517">robust commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="503" mergedindex="cp">\protect</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="548">fragile commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="549">robust commands</indexterm></cindex>
<para>All &latex; commands are either <dfn>fragile</dfn> or <dfn>robust</dfn>. A
fragile command can break when it is used in the argument to certain
-other commands. Commands that contain data that &latex; writes to an
-auxiliary file and re-reads later are fragile. This includes material
-that goes into a table of contents, list of figures, list of tables,
-etc. Fragile commands also include line breaks, any command that has an
-optional argument, and many more. To prevent such commands from
-breaking, one solution is to preceded them with the command
-<code>\protect</code>.
+other commands, typically those that write material to the table of
+contents, the cross-reference file, etc. To prevent fragile
+commands from causing errors, one solution is to precede them with the
+command <code>\protect</code>.
</para>
<para>For example, when &latex; runs the <code>\section&lbrace;<var>section
name</var>&rbrace;</code> command it writes the <var>section name</var> text to the
<file>.aux</file> auxiliary file, moving it there for use elsewhere in the
-document such as in the table of contents. Any argument that is
-internally expanded by &latex; without typesetting it directly is
-referred to as a
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="518">moving arguments</indexterm></cindex>
+document such as in the table of contents. Such an argument that is
+used in multiple places is referred to as a
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="550">moving arguments</indexterm></cindex>
<dfn>moving argument</dfn>. A command is fragile if it can
expand during this process into invalid &tex; code. Some examples of
moving arguments are those that appear in the <code>\caption&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code>
@@ -10894,38 +10874,56 @@ command (<pxref label="figure"><xrefnodename>figure</xrefnodename></pxref>), in
<code>array</code> environments (<pxref label="tabular"><xrefnodename>tabular</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
<para>If you get strange errors from commands used in moving arguments, try
-preceding it with <code>\protect</code>. Every fragile commands must be
+preceding it with <code>\protect</code>. Each fragile command must be
protected with their own <code>\protect</code>.
</para>
<para>Although usually a <code>\protect</code> command doesn&textrsquo;t hurt, length
-commands are robust and should not be preceded by a <code>\protect</code>
-command. Nor can a <code>\protect</code> command be used in the argument to
-<code>\addtocounter</code> or <code>\setcounter</code> command.
+commands such as <code>\parindent</code> should not be preceded by a
+<code>\protect</code> command (<pxref label="Lengths"><xrefnodename>Lengths</xrefnodename></pxref>. Nor can a <code>\protect</code>
+command be used in the argument to <code>\addtocounter</code> or
+<code>\setcounter</code> command (<pxref label="_005csetcounter"><xrefnodename>\setcounter</xrefnodename></pxref> and
+<ref label="_005caddtocounter"><xrefnodename>\addtocounter</xrefnodename></ref>. These commands are already robust.
+</para>
+<para>As of the October 2019 release of &latex;
+(<url><urefurl>https://www.latex-project.org/news/latex2e-news/ltnews30.pdf</urefurl></url>),
+most commands that had been previously fragile were fixed to be
+robust. For example, any command taking an optional argument, such as
+<code>\root</code> or <code>\raisebox</code>, was fragile, but is now
+robust. Similarly, <code>\(...\)</code> math was fragile and is now robust
+(<code>$...$</code> has always been robust).
</para>
-<para>In this example the <code>\caption</code> command gives a mysterious error
-about an extra curly brace. Fix the problem by preceding each
-<code>\raisebox</code> command with <code>\protect</code>.
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="504" mergedindex="cp">\verb<r>, as fragile command</r></indexterm></findex>
+<para>Perhaps the most commonly used remaining fragile command is
+<code>\verb</code>; for example,
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;figure&rbrace;
...
- \caption&lbrace;Company headquarters of A\raisebox&lbrace;1pt&rbrace;&lbrace;B&rbrace;\raisebox&lbrace;-1pt&rbrace;&lbrace;C&rbrace;&rbrace;
+ \caption&lbrace;This \verb|\command| causes an error.&rbrace;
\end&lbrace;figure&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>In the next example the <code>\tableofcontents</code> command gives an error
-because the <code>\(..\)</code> in the section title expands to illegal &tex;
-in the <file>.toc</file> file. You can solve this by changing <code>\(..\)</code>
-to <code>\protect\(..\protect\)</code>.
+<para>Adding <code>\protect</code> does not help here. It&textrsquo;s usually feasible to
+rewrite the caption (or section heading or whatever) to use
+<code>\texttt</code>, often the simplest solution.
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="551"><r>package</r>, <code>cprotect</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="552"><code>cprotect</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="505" mergedindex="cp">\cprotect</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Alternatively, to use <code>\verb</code>, you can apply the
+<code>\cprotect</code> command from <code>cprotect</code> package
+(<url><urefurl>https://ctan.org/pkg/cprotect</urefurl></url>) to the <code>\caption</code>:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;document&rbrace;
-\tableofcontents
-...
-\section&lbrace;Einstein's \( e=mc^2 \)&rbrace;
-...
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\cprotect\caption&lbrace;This \verb|\command| is ok with \verb|\cprotect|.&rbrace;
</pre></example>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="506" mergedindex="cp">\cprotEnv</indexterm></findex>
+<para><code>\cprotect</code> also allows use of <code>\begin...\end</code> environments
+in moving arguments, where they are normally not allowed, via a
+similar prefix command <code>\cprotEnv</code>.
+</para>
</section>
<node name="_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend" spaces=" "><nodename>\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">xspace package</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\protect</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
@@ -10933,10 +10931,10 @@ to <code>\protect\(..\protect\)</code>.
<anchor name="_005cignorespaces">\ignorespaces</anchor>
<anchor name="_005cignorespacesafterend">\ignorespacesafterend</anchor>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="525" mergedindex="cp">\ignorespaces</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="526" mergedindex="cp">\ignorespacesafterend</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="519">spaces, ignore around commands</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="520">commands, ignore spaces</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="507" mergedindex="cp">\ignorespaces</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="508" mergedindex="cp">\ignorespacesafterend</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="553">spaces, ignore around commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="554">commands, ignore spaces</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -11028,17 +11026,17 @@ inconvenient. The solution is to change to
</para>
</section>
-<node name="xspace-package" spaces=" "><nodename>xspace package</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
-<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>xspace package</sectiontitle>
+<node name="xspace-package" spaces=" "><nodename>xspace package</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Class and package commands</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>xspace</code> package</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="527" mergedindex="cp">\xspace</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="521"><r>package</r>, <code>xspace</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="522"><code>xspace</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="509" mergedindex="cp">\xspace</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="555"><r>package</r>, <code>xspace</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="556"><code>xspace</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="523">spaces, ignore around commands</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="524">commands, ignore spaces</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="557">spaces, ignore around commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="558">commands, ignore spaces</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>Synopsis:
+<para>This is an add-on package, not part of core &latex;. Synopsis:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\usepackage&lbrace;xspace&rbrace;
@@ -11050,16 +11048,16 @@ inconvenient. The solution is to change to
adds a space unless the command is followed by certain punctuation
characters.
</para>
-<para>After a command control sequence that is a control word (<pxref label="Control-sequences"><xrefnodename>Control
+<para>After a control sequence that is a control word (<pxref label="Control-sequences"><xrefnodename>Control
sequences</xrefnodename></pxref>, as opposed to control symbols such as <code>\$</code>), &tex;
-gobbles blank characters. Thus, in the first sentence below, the output
-has <samp>Vermont</samp> placed snugly against the period, without any
-intervening space.
+gobbles blank characters. Thus, in the first sentence below, the
+output has <samp>Vermont</samp> placed snugly against the period, without
+any intervening space, despite the space in the input.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\newcommand&lbrace;\VT&rbrace;&lbrace;Vermont&rbrace;
Our college is in \VT .
-The \VT&lbrace;&rbrace; summers are nice.
+\VT&lbrace;&rbrace; summers are nice.
</pre></example>
<para>But because of the gobbling, the second sentence needs the empty curly
@@ -11081,10 +11079,10 @@ Our college is in \VT .
<para>The default exception list contains the characters <code>,.'/?;:!~-)</code>,
the open curly brace and the backslash-space command discussed above,
-and the commands <code>\footnote</code> or <code>\footnotemark</code>. Add to that
-list as with <code>\xspaceaddexceptions&lbrace;\myfni \myfnii&rbrace;</code> which adds
-<code>\myfni</code> and&nbsp;<code>\myfnii</code> to the list, and remove from that
-list as with <code>\xspaceremoveexception&lbrace;!&rbrace;</code>.
+and the commands <code>\footnote</code> or <code>\footnotemark</code>. You can
+add to that list as with <code>\xspaceaddexceptions&lbrace;\myfni \myfnii&rbrace;</code>
+which adds <code>\myfni</code> and&nbsp;<code>\myfnii</code> to the list; and you
+can remove from that list as with <code>\xspaceremoveexception&lbrace;!&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
<!-- c David Carlisle https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/86620/339 -->
<para>A comment: many experts prefer not to use <code>\xspace</code>. Putting it in
@@ -11092,16 +11090,768 @@ a definition means that the command will usually get the spacing right.
But it isn&textrsquo;t easy to predict when to enter empty braces because
<code>\xspace</code> will get it wrong, such as when it is followed by another
command, and so <code>\xspace</code> can make editing material harder and more
-error-prone than instead always inserting the empty braces.
+error-prone than instead of always inserting the empty braces.
+</para>
+
+</section>
+<node name="Class-and-package-commands" spaces=" "><nodename>Class and package commands</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">xspace package</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Class and package commands</sectiontitle>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="559">class and package commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="560">package and class commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="561">commands, class and package</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>These are commands designed to help writers of classes or packages.
+</para>
+<menu endspaces=" ">
+<menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\AtBeginDvi &amp; \AtEndDvi</menunode><menuseparator>::</menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\AtEndOfClass &amp; \AtEndOfPackage</menunode><menuseparator>::</menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\CheckCommand</menunode><menuseparator>::</menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\ClassError and \PackageError and others</menunode><menuseparator>::</menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\CurrentOption</menunode><menuseparator>::</menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\DeclareOption</menunode><menuseparator>::</menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\DeclareRobustCommand</menunode><menuseparator>::</menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\ExecuteOptions</menunode><menuseparator>::</menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\IfFileExists &amp; \InputIfFileExists</menunode><menuseparator>::</menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\LoadClass &amp; \LoadClassWithOptions</menunode><menuseparator>::</menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\NeedsTeXFormat</menunode><menuseparator>::</menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\OptionNotUsed</menunode><menuseparator>::</menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\PassOptionsToClass &amp; \PassOptionsToPackage</menunode><menuseparator>::</menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\ProcessOptions</menunode><menuseparator>::</menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\ProvidesClass &amp; \ProvidesPackage</menunode><menuseparator>::</menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\ProvidesFile</menunode><menuseparator>::</menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\RequirePackage &amp; \RequirePackageWithOptions </menunode><menuseparator>::</menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
+
+<node name="_005cAtBeginDvi-_0026-_005cAtEndDvi" spaces=" "><nodename>\AtBeginDvi &amp; \AtEndDvi</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\AtEndOfClass &amp; \AtEndOfPackage</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Class and package commands</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\AtBeginDvi</code> &amp; <code>\AtEndDvi</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<anchor name="_005cAtBeginDvi">\AtBeginDvi</anchor>
+<anchor name="_005cAtEndDvi">\AtEndDvi</anchor>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="510" mergedindex="cp">\AtBeginDvi</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="511" mergedindex="cp">\AtEndDvi</indexterm></findex>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\AtBeginDvi&lbrace;<var>code</var>&rbrace;
+\AtEndDvi&lbrace;<var>code</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para><code>\AtBeginDvi</code> saves, in a box register, <var>code</var> to be executed
+at the beginning of the shipout of the first page of the document.
+Despite the name, it applies to DVI, PDF, and XDV output. It fills
+the <code>shipout/firstpage</code> hook; new code should use that hook
+directly.
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="562"><r>package</r>, <code>atenddvi</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="563"><code>atenddvi</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>Similarly, <code>\AtEndDvi</code> (previously available only with the
+<code>atenddvi</code> package) is code executed when finalizing the main
+output document.
+</para>
+
+</subsection>
+<node name="_005cAtEndOfClass-_0026-_005cAtEndOfPackage" spaces=" "><nodename>\AtEndOfClass &amp; \AtEndOfPackage</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\CheckCommand</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\AtBeginDvi &amp; \AtEndDvi</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Class and package commands</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\AtEndOfClass</code> &amp; <code>\AtEndOfPackage</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<anchor name="_005cAtEndOfClass">\AtEndOfClass</anchor>
+<anchor name="_005cAtEndOfPackage">\AtEndOfPackage</anchor>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="512" mergedindex="cp">\AtEndOfClass</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="513" mergedindex="cp">\AtEndOfPackage</indexterm></findex>
+
+<para>Synopses:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\AtEndOfClass&lbrace;<var>code</var>&rbrace;
+\AtEndOfPackage&lbrace;<var>code</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Hooks to insert <var>code</var> to be executed when &latex; finishes
+processing the current class resp.&noeos; package.
+</para>
+<para>These hooks can be used multiple times; each <code>code</code> segment will
+be executed in the order called. Many packages and classes use these
+commands.
+</para>
+<para>See also <ref label="_005cAtBeginDocument"><xrefnodename>\AtBeginDocument</xrefnodename></ref>.
+</para>
+
+</subsection>
+<node name="_005cCheckCommand" spaces=" "><nodename>\CheckCommand</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\ClassError and \PackageError and others</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\AtEndOfClass &amp; \AtEndOfPackage</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Class and package commands</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\CheckCommand</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="514" mergedindex="cp">\CheckCommand</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="564">new command, checking definition of</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="565">long command</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="566"><code>\long</code> command, checking for</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\CheckCommand&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;[<var>num</var>][<var>default</var>]&lbrace;<var>definition</var>&rbrace;
+\CheckCommand* <r>(same parameters)</r>
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Like <code>\newcommand</code> (<pxref label="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><xrefnodename>\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</xrefnodename></pxref>) but does
+not define <var>cmd</var>; instead it checks that the current definition of
+<var>cmd</var> is exactly as given by <var>definition</var> and is or is not
+<dfn><code>\long</code></dfn> as expected. A long command is a command that
+accepts <code>\par</code> within an argument.
+</para>
+<para>With the unstarred version of <code>\CheckCommand</code>, <var>cmd</var> is
+expected to be <code>\long</code>; with the starred version, <var>cmd</var> must
+not be <code>\long</code>
+</para>
+<para><code>\CheckCommand</code> raises an error when the check fails. This
+allows you to check before you start redefining <code>cmd</code> yourself
+that no other package has already redefined this command.
+</para>
+
+</subsection>
+<node name="_005cClassError-and-_005cPackageError-and-others" spaces=" "><nodename>\ClassError and \PackageError and others</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\CurrentOption</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\CheckCommand</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Class and package commands</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\ClassError</code> and <code>\PackageError</code> and others</sectiontitle>
+
+<anchor name="_005cClassError">\ClassError</anchor>
+<anchor name="_005cClassWarning">\ClassWarning</anchor>
+<anchor name="_005cClassWarningNoLine">\ClassWarningNoLine</anchor>
+<anchor name="_005cClassInfo">\ClassInfo</anchor>
+<anchor name="_005cClassInfoNoLine">\ClassInfoNoLine</anchor>
+<anchor name="_005cPackageError">\PackageError</anchor>
+<anchor name="_005cPackageWarning">\PackageWarning</anchor>
+<anchor name="_005cPackageWarningNoLine">\PackageWarningNoLine</anchor>
+<anchor name="_005cPackageInfo">\PackageInfo</anchor>
+<anchor name="_005cPackageInfoNoLine">\PackageInfoNoLine</anchor>
+
+<para>Produce error, warning, and informational messages for classes:
+</para>
+<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ClassError&lbrace;<var>class name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>error-text</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>help-text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ClassWarning&lbrace;<var>class name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>warning-text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></itemx>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ClassWarningNoLine&lbrace;<var>class name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>warning-text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></itemx>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ClassInfo&lbrace;<var>class name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>info-text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></itemx>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ClassInfoNoLine&lbrace;<var>class name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>info-text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="515" mergedindex="cp">\ClassError</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="516" mergedindex="cp">\ClassWarning</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="517" mergedindex="cp">\ClassWarningNoLine</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="518" mergedindex="cp">\ClassInfo</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="519" mergedindex="cp">\ClassInfoNoLine</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry></table>
+
+<noindent></noindent> <para>and the same for packages:
+</para><table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\PackageError&lbrace;<var>package name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>error-text</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>help-text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\PackageWarning&lbrace;<var>package name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>warning-text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></itemx>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\PackageWarningNoLine&lbrace;<var>package name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>warning-text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></itemx>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\PackageInfo&lbrace;<var>package name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>info-text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></itemx>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\PackageInfoNoLine&lbrace;<var>package name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>info-text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="520" mergedindex="cp">\PackageError</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="521" mergedindex="cp">\PackageWarning</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="522" mergedindex="cp">\PackageWarningNoLine</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="523" mergedindex="cp">\PackageInfo</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="524" mergedindex="cp">\PackageInfoNoLine</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry></table>
+
+<para>For <code>\ClassError</code> and <code>\PackageError</code> the message is
+<var>error-text</var>, followed by &tex;&textrsquo;s &textlsquo;<code>?</code>&textrsquo; error prompt. If the
+user then asks for help by typing <code>h</code>, they see the <var>help
+text</var>.
+</para>
+<para>The four <code>Warning</code> commands are similar except that they write
+<var>warning-text</var> on the screen with no error prompt. The four
+<code>Info</code> commands write <var>info-text</var> only in the transcript
+file. The <code>NoLine</code> versions omit the number of the line
+generating the message, while the other versions do show that number.
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="567"><code>\protect</code>, and message text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="568"><code>\space</code>, and message text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="569"><code>\MessageBreak</code>, and message text</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>To format the messages, including the <var>help-text</var>: use
+<code>\protect</code> to stop a command from expanding, get a line break
+with <code>\MessageBreak</code>, and get a space with <code>\space</code> when a
+space character is ignore, most commonly after a command.
+</para>
+<para>&latex; appends a period to the messages.
+</para>
+
+</subsection>
+<node name="_005cCurrentOption" spaces=" "><nodename>\CurrentOption</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\DeclareOption</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\ClassError and \PackageError and others</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Class and package commands</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\CurrentOption</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="525" mergedindex="cp">\CurrentOption</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="570">option, currently being processed</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>Expands to the name of the option currently being processed. This can
+only be used within the <var>code</var> argument of either
+<code>\DeclareOption</code> or <code>\DeclareOption*</code>.
+</para>
+
+</subsection>
+<node name="_005cDeclareOption" spaces=" "><nodename>\DeclareOption</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\DeclareRobustCommand</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\CurrentOption</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Class and package commands</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\DeclareOption</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="526" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareOption</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="571">class options</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="572">package options</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="573">options, class</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="574">options, package</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\DeclareOption&lbrace;<var>option</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>code</var>&rbrace;
+\DeclareOption*&lbrace;<var>option</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>code</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Define an option a user can include in their <code>\documentclass</code>
+command. For example, a class <code>smcmemo</code> could have an option
+<code>logo</code> allowing users to put the institutional logo on the first
+page. The document would start with
+<code>\documentclass[logo]&lbrace;smcmemo&rbrace;</code>. To enable this, the class file
+must contain <code>\DeclareOption&lbrace;logo&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>code</var>&rbrace;</code> (and later,
+<code>\ProcessOptions</code>).
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="575">default option processing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="576">option processing by default</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="577"><code>Unused global option</code> warning, handling</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>If you request an option that has not been declared, by default this
+will produce a warning like <code>Unused global option(s):
+[badoption].</code> This can be changed by using
+<code>\DeclareOption*&lbrace;<var>code</var>&rbrace;</code>, which executes <var>code</var> for
+any unknown option.
+</para>
+<para>For example, many classes extend an existing class, using code such as
+<code>\LoadClass&lbrace;article&rbrace;</code> (<pxref label="_005cLoadClass"><xrefnodename>\LoadClass</xrefnodename></pxref>). In this case, it
+makes sense to pass any otherwise-unknown options to the underlying
+class, like this:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\DeclareOption*&lbrace;%
+ \PassOptionsToClass&lbrace;\CurrentOption&rbrace;&lbrace;article&rbrace;%
+&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>As another example, our class <code>smcmemo</code> might allow users to keep
+lists of memo recipients in external files, so the user could invoke
+<code>\documentclass[math]&lbrace;smcmemo&rbrace;</code> and it will read the file
+<code>math.memo</code>. This code inputs the file if it exists, while if it
+doesn&textrsquo;t, the option is passed to the <code>article</code> class:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\DeclareOption*&lbrace;\InputIfFileExists&lbrace;\CurrentOption.memo&rbrace;
+ &lbrace;&rbrace;&lbrace;%
+ \PassOptionsToClass&lbrace;\CurrentOption&rbrace;&lbrace;article&rbrace;&rbrace;&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+
+</subsection>
+<node name="_005cDeclareRobustCommand" spaces=" "><nodename>\DeclareRobustCommand</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\ExecuteOptions</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\DeclareOption</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Class and package commands</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\DeclareRobustCommand</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="527" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareRobustCommand</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="578">new command, definition</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="579">robust command, defining</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\DeclareRobustCommand&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;[<var>num</var>][<var>default</var>]&slashbreak;&lbrace;<var>definition</var>&rbrace;
+\DeclareRobustCommand* <r>(same parameters</r>
+</pre></example>
+
+<para><code>\DeclareRobustCommand</code> and its starred form are generally like
+<code>\newcommand</code> and <code>\newcommand*</code> (<pxref label="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><xrefnodename>\newcommand &amp;
+\renewcommand</xrefnodename></pxref>), with the addition that they define a so-called
+<dfn>robust</dfn> command, even if some code within the <var>definition</var> is
+fragile. (For a discussion of robust and fragile commands,
+<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>.)
+</para>
+<para>Also unlike <code>\newcommand</code>, these do not give an error if macro
+<var>cmd</var> already exists; instead, a log message is put into the
+transcript file if a command is redefined. Thus,
+<code>\DeclareRobustCommand</code> can be used to define new robust commands
+or to redefine existing commands, making them robust.
+</para>
+<para>The starred form, <code>\DeclareRobustCommand*</code>, disallows the
+arguments from containing multiple paragraphs, just like the starred
+form of <code>\newcommand</code> and <code>\renewcommand</code>. The meaning of
+the arguments is the same.
+</para>
+<para>Commands defined this way are a bit less efficient than those defined
+using <code>\newcommand</code> so unless the command&textrsquo;s data is fragile and the
+command is used within a moving argument, use <code>\newcommand</code>.
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="580"><r>package</r>, <code>etoolbox</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="581"><code>etoolbox</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="582">e-&tex;, and robust commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="528" mergedindex="cp">\newrobustcmd <r>(<t>etoolbox</t> package)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="529" mergedindex="cp">\renewrobustcmd <r>(<t>etoolbox</t> package)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="530" mergedindex="cp">\providerobustcmd <r>(<t>etoolbox</t> package)</r></indexterm></findex>
+
+<para>Related to this, the <code>etoolbox</code> package offers three commands
+and their starred forms: <code>\newrobustcmd</code>(<code>*</code>)
+<code>\renewrobustcmd</code>(<code>*</code>), and
+<code>\providerobustcmd</code>(<code>*</code>). They are similar to
+<code>\newcommand</code>, <code>\renewcommand</code>, and <code>\providecommand</code>
+and their own starred forms, but define a robust <var>cmd</var>. They have
+two possible advantages compared to <code>\DeclareRobustCommand</code>:
+</para>
+<enumerate first="1" endspaces=" ">
+<listitem>
+<para>They use the low-level e-&tex; protection mechanism rather than the
+higher-level &latex; <code>\protect</code> mechanism, so they do not incur
+the slight loss of performance mentioned above, and
+</para>
+</listitem><listitem>
+<para>They make the same distinction between <code>\new&dots;</code>,
+<code>\renew&dots;</code>, and <code>\provide&dots;</code>, as the standard
+commands. That is, they do not just write a log message when you
+redefine <var>cmd</var> that already exists; you need to use either
+<code>\renew&dots;</code> or <code>\provide&dots;</code>, or you get an error.
+This may or may not be a benefit.
+</para></listitem></enumerate>
+
+
+</subsection>
+<node name="_005cExecuteOptions" spaces=" "><nodename>\ExecuteOptions</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\IfFileExists &amp; \InputIfFileExists</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\DeclareRobustCommand</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Class and package commands</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\ExecuteOptions</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="531" mergedindex="cp">\ExecuteOptions</indexterm></findex>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\ExecuteOptions&lbrace;<var>option-list</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="532" mergedindex="cp">\ds&arobase;<var>option</var></indexterm></findex>
+<para>For each option <var>option</var> in <var>option-list</var>, in order, this
+command executes the command <code>\ds&arobase;<var>option</var></code>. If this
+command is not defined then that option is silently ignored.
+</para>
+<para>This can be used to provide a default option list before
+<code>\ProcessOptions</code>. For example, if in a class file you want the
+default to be 11pt fonts then you could specify
+<code>\ExecuteOptions&lbrace;11pt&rbrace;\ProcessOptions\relax</code>.
+</para>
+
+</subsection>
+<node name="_005cIfFileExists-_0026-_005cInputIfFileExists" spaces=" "><nodename>\IfFileExists &amp; \InputIfFileExists</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\LoadClass &amp; \LoadClassWithOptions</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\ExecuteOptions</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Class and package commands</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\IfFileExists</code> &amp; <code>\InputIfFileExists</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<anchor name="_005cIfFileExists">\IfFileExists</anchor>
+<anchor name="_005cInputIfFileExists">\InputIfFileExists</anchor>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="533" mergedindex="cp">\IfFileExists</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="534" mergedindex="cp">\InputIfFileExists</indexterm></findex>
+
+<para>Synopses:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\IfFileExists&lbrace;<var>filename</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>true-code</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>false-code</var>&rbrace;
+\InputIfFileExists&lbrace;<var>filename</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>true-code</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>false-code</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para><code>\IfFileExists</code> executes <var>true-code</var> if &latex; finds the
+file <file><var>filename</var></file> or <var>false-code</var> otherwise. In the
+first case it executing <var>true-code</var> and then inputs the file.
+Thus the command
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\IfFileExists&lbrace;img.pdf&rbrace;&lbrace;%
+ \includegraphics&lbrace;img.pdf&rbrace;&rbrace;
+ &lbrace;\typeout&lbrace;!! img.pdf not found&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<noindent></noindent>
+<para>will include the graphic <file>img.pdf</file> if it is found and otherwise
+give a warning.
+</para>
+<para>This command looks for the file in all search paths that &latex;
+uses, not only in the current directory. To look only in the current
+directory do something like
+<code>\IfFileExists&lbrace;./<var>filename</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>true-code</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>false-code</var>&rbrace;</code>.
+If you ask for a filename without a <code>.tex</code> extension then
+&latex; will first look for the file by appending the <code>.tex</code>;
+for more on how &latex; handles file extensions see <ref label="_005cinput"><xrefnodename>\input</xrefnodename></ref>.
+</para>
+<para><code>\InputIfFileExists</code> is similar, but, as the name states,
+automatically <code>\input</code>s <var>filename</var> if it exists. The
+<var>true-code</var> is executed just before the <code>\input</code>; if the file
+doesn&textrsquo;t exist, the <var>false-code</var> is executed. An example:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\InputIfFileExists&lbrace;mypkg.cfg&rbrace;
+ &lbrace;\PackageInfo&lbrace;Loading mypkg.cfg for configuration information&rbrace;&rbrace;
+ &lbrace;\PackageInfo&lbrace;No mypkg.cfg found&rbrace;&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+
+</subsection>
+<node name="_005cLoadClass-_0026-_005cLoadClassWithOptions" spaces=" "><nodename>\LoadClass &amp; \LoadClassWithOptions</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\NeedsTeXFormat</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\IfFileExists &amp; \InputIfFileExists</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Class and package commands</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\LoadClass</code> &amp; <code>\LoadClassWithOptions</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<anchor name="_005cLoadClass">\LoadClass</anchor>
+<anchor name="_005cLoadClassWithOptions">\LoadClassWithOptions</anchor>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="535" mergedindex="cp">\LoadClass</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="536" mergedindex="cp">\LoadClassWithOptions</indexterm></findex>
+
+<para>Synopses:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\LoadClass[<var>options-list</var>]&lbrace;<var>class-name</var>&rbrace;[<var>release-date</var>]
+\LoadClassWithOptions&lbrace;<var>class-name</var>&rbrace;[<var>release-date</var>]
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Load a class, as with
+<code>\documentclass[<var>options-list</var>]&lbrace;<var>class-name</var>&rbrace;[<var>release-date</var>]</code>.
+An example: <code>\LoadClass[twoside]&lbrace;article&rbrace;</code>.
+</para>
+<para>The <var>options-list</var>, if present, is a comma-separated list. The
+<var>release-date</var> is also optional. If present it must have the form
+<code>YYYY/MM/DD</code>.
+<!-- c BTW, there are at-macros documented in macros2e.pdf to check the version -->
+<!-- c and do some actions conditionnally on version later or not to some -->
+<!-- c date. -->
+</para>
+<para>If you request <var>release-date</var> and the date of the package
+installed on your system is earlier, then you get a warning on the
+screen and in the log like this:
</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">You have requested, on input line 4, version `2038/01/19' of
+document class article, but only version `2014/09/29 v1.4h
+Standard LaTeX document class' is available.
+</pre></example>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="537" mergedindex="cp">\PassOptionsToClass<r>, ignoring</r></indexterm></findex>
+<para>The command version <code>\LoadClassWithOptions</code> uses the list of
+options for the current class. This means it ignores any options passed
+to it via <code>\PassOptionsToClass</code>. This is a convenience command
+that lets you build classes on existing ones, such as the standard
+<code>article</code> class, without having to track which options were passed.
+</para>
+
+</subsection>
+<node name="_005cNeedsTeXFormat" spaces=" "><nodename>\NeedsTeXFormat</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\OptionNotUsed</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\LoadClass &amp; \LoadClassWithOptions</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Class and package commands</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\NeedsTeXFormat</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="538" mergedindex="cp">\NeedsTeXFormat</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="583">format, requiring</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="584">version of format, requiring</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="585">date of format, requiring</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\NeedsTeXFormat&lbrace;<var>format</var>&rbrace;[<var>format-date</var>]
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Specifies the format that this class must be run under. Often issued
+as the first line of a class file, and most often used as:
+<code>\NeedsTeXFormat&lbrace;LaTeX2e&rbrace;</code>. When a document using that class
+is processed, the format being run must exactly match the <var>format</var>
+name given, including case. If it does not match then execution stops
+with an error like <samp>This file needs format `LaTeX2e' but this is
+`plain'.</samp>.
+</para>
+<para>To require a version of the format that you know to have certain
+features, include the optional <var>format-date</var> on which those
+features were implemented. If present, it must be in the form
+<code>YYYY/MM/DD</code>. If the format version installed on your system is
+earlier than <var>format date</var> then you get a warning like this.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">You have requested release `2038/01/20' of LaTeX, but only
+release `2016/02/01' is available.
+</pre></example>
+
+
+</subsection>
+<node name="_005cOptionNotUsed" spaces=" "><nodename>\OptionNotUsed</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\PassOptionsToClass &amp; \PassOptionsToPackage</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\NeedsTeXFormat</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Class and package commands</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\OptionNotUsed</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="539" mergedindex="cp">\OptionNotUsed</indexterm></findex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="586">unused options, adding to list</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="587">options, list of unused</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Adds the current option to the list of unused options. Can only be used
+within the <var>code</var> argument of either <code>\DeclareOption</code> or
+<code>\DeclareOption*</code>.
+</para>
+<!-- c xx I cannot reproduce this behavior as it is documented in clsguide. -->
+<!-- c In the absence of a @code{\DeclareOption*} declaration, @LaTeX{} issues -->
+<!-- c on the console a warning like @code{LaTeX Warning: Unused global -->
+<!-- c option(s): [unusedoption].} with the list of not-used options when it -->
+<!-- c reaches @code{\begin@{document@}}. -->
+
+
+</subsection>
+<node name="_005cPassOptionsToClass-_0026-_005cPassOptionsToPackage" spaces=" "><nodename>\PassOptionsToClass &amp; \PassOptionsToPackage</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\ProcessOptions</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\OptionNotUsed</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Class and package commands</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\PassOptionsToClass</code> &amp; <code>\PassOptionsToPackage</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<anchor name="_005cPassOptionsToClass">\PassOptionsToClass</anchor>
+<anchor name="_005cPassOptionsToPackage">\PassOptionsToPackage</anchor>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="540" mergedindex="cp">\PassOptionsToClass</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="541" mergedindex="cp">\PassOptionsToPackage</indexterm></findex>
+
+<para>Synopses:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\PassOptionsToClass&lbrace;<var>options</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>clsname</var>&rbrace;
+\PassOptionsToPackage&lbrace;<var>option</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>pkgname</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Adds the options in the comma-separated list <var>options</var> to the
+options used by any future <code>\RequirePackage</code> or
+<code>\usepackage</code> command for the class <var>clsname</var> or the package
+<var>pkgname</var>, respectively.
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="588">option clash</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="589">conflict between package options</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>The reason for these commands is that although you may load a package
+any number of times with no options, if you can specify options only
+the first time you load the package. Loading a package with options
+more than once will get you an error like <code>Option clash for
+package foo.</code>. &latex; throws an error even if there is no conflict
+between the options.
+</para>
+<para>If your own code is bringing in a package twice then you can combine
+the calls; for example, replacing the two
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\RequirePackage[landscape]&lbrace;geometry&rbrace;
+\RequirePackage[margins=1in]&lbrace;geometry&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<noindent></noindent> <para>with the single command
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\RequirePackage[landscape,margins=1in]&lbrace;geometry&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>However, suppose you are loading <file>firstpkg</file> and inside that
+package it loads <file>secondpkg</file>, and you need <code>secondpkg</code> to be
+loaded with option <code>draft</code>. Then before load the first package
+you must tell &latex; about the desired options for the second
+package, like this:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\PassOptionsToPackage&lbrace;draft&rbrace;&lbrace;secondpkg&rbrace;
+\RequirePackage&lbrace;firstpkg&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<noindent></noindent>
+<para>If <code>firstpkg.sty</code> loads an option in conflict with what you want
+then you may have to alter its source, or yours.
+</para>
+<para>These commands are useful for general users as well as class and package
+writers. For instance, suppose a user wants to load the <code>graphicx</code>
+package with the option <code>draft</code> and also wants to use a class
+<code>foo</code> that loads the <code>graphicx</code> package, but without that
+option. The user could start their &latex; file with
+<code>\PassOptionsToPackage&lbrace;draft&rbrace;&lbrace;graphicx&rbrace; \documentclass&lbrace;foo&rbrace;</code>.
+</para>
+
+</subsection>
+<node name="_005cProcessOptions" spaces=" "><nodename>\ProcessOptions</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\ProvidesClass &amp; \ProvidesPackage</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\PassOptionsToClass &amp; \PassOptionsToPackage</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Class and package commands</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\ProcessOptions</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="542" mergedindex="cp">\ProcessOptions</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="590">processing options</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="591">options, processing</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\ProcessOptions<var>\&arobase;options</var>
+\ProcessOptions*<var>\&arobase;options</var>
+</pre></example>
+<para>Execute the code for each option that the user has invoked. Invoke it
+in the class file as <code>\ProcessOptions\relax</code> (because of the
+existence of the starred version, described below).
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="592">options, global and local</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="593">local options</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="594">global options</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Options come in two types. <dfn>Local options</dfn> have been specified
+for this particular package in <code>\usepackage[<var>options</var>]</code>,
+<code>\RequirePackage[<var>options</var>]</code>, or the <var>options</var> argument
+of <code>\PassOptionsToPackage&lbrace;<var>options</var>&rbrace;</code>. <dfn>Global options</dfn>
+are those given by the class user in
+<code>\documentclass[<var>options</var>]</code>. If an option is specified both
+locally and globally then it is local.
+</para>
+<para>When <code>\ProcessOptions</code> is called for a package <file>pkg.sty</file>, the
+following happens:
+</para>
+<enumerate first="1" endspaces=" ">
+<listitem>
+<para>For each option <var>option</var> so far declared with
+<code>\DeclareOption</code>, <code>\ProcessOptions</code> looks to see if that
+option is either global or local for <code>pkg</code>. If so, then it
+executes the declared code. This is done in the order in which these
+options were given in <file>pkg.sty</file>.
+</para>
+</listitem><listitem>
+<para>For each remaining local option, it executes the command
+<code>\ds&arobase;</code><var>option</var> if it has been defined somewhere (other than by
+a <code>\DeclareOption</code>); otherwise, it executes the default option code
+given in <code>\DeclareOption*</code>. If no default option code has been
+declared then it gives an error message. This is done in the order in
+which these options were specified.
+</para></listitem></enumerate>
+
+<para>When <code>\ProcessOptions</code> is called for a class it works in the same
+way except that all options are local, and the default <var>code</var> for
+<code>\DeclareOption*</code> is <code>\OptionNotUsed</code> rather than an error.
+</para>
+<para>The starred version <code>\ProcessOptions*</code> executes the
+options in the order specified in the calling commands, rather than in
+the order of declaration in the class or package. For a package, this
+means that the global options are processed first.
+</para>
+
+</subsection>
+<node name="_005cProvidesClass-_0026-_005cProvidesPackage" spaces=" "><nodename>\ProvidesClass &amp; \ProvidesPackage</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\ProvidesFile</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\ProcessOptions</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Class and package commands</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\ProvidesClass</code> &amp; <code>\ProvidesPackage</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<anchor name="_005cProvidesClass">\ProvidesClass</anchor>
+<anchor name="_005cProvidesPackage">\ProvidesPackage</anchor>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="543" mergedindex="cp">\ProvidesClass</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="544" mergedindex="cp">\ProvidesPackage</indexterm></findex>
+
+<para>Synopses:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\ProvidesClass&lbrace;<var>clsname</var>&rbrace;[<var>release-date</var> <r>[</r><var>info-text</var><r>]</r>]
+\ProvidesPackage&lbrace;<var>pkgname</var>&rbrace;[<var>release-date</var> <r>[</r><var>info-text</var><r>]</r>]
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Identifies the class or package being defined, printing a message to
+the screen and the log file.
+</para>
+<para>When you load a class or package, for example with
+<code>\documentclass&lbrace;smcmemo&rbrace;</code> or <code>\usepackage&lbrace;test&rbrace;</code>,
+&latex; inputs a file (<file>smcmemo.cls</file> and <file>test.sty</file>,
+respectively). If the name of the file does not match the class or
+package name declared in it then you get a warning. Thus, if you
+invoke <code>\documentclass&lbrace;smcmemo&rbrace;</code>, and the file
+<file>smcmemo.cls</file> has the statement <code>\ProvidesClass&lbrace;foo&rbrace;</code> then
+you get a warning like <code>You have requested document class
+`smcmemo', but the document class provides 'foo'.</code> This warning does
+not prevent &latex; from processing the rest of the class file
+normally.
+</para>
+<para>If you include the optional argument then you must include a date,
+before any spaces, of the form <code>YYYY/MM/DD</code>. The rest of the
+optional argument is free-form, although it traditionally identifies
+the class. It is written to the screen during compilation and to the
+log file. Thus, if your file <file>smcmemo.cls</file> contains the line
+<code>\ProvidesClass&lbrace;smcmemo&rbrace;[2008/06/01 v1.0 SMC memo class]</code> and
+your document&textrsquo;s first line is <code>\documentclass&lbrace;smcmemo&rbrace;</code> then
+you will see <code>Document Class: smcmemo 2008/06/01 v1.0 SMC memo
+class</code>.
+</para>
+<para>The date in the optional argument allows class and package users to
+ask to be warned if the version of the class or package is earlier
+than <var>release date</var>. For instance, a user could enter
+<code>\documentclass&lbrace;smcmemo&rbrace;[2018/10/12]</code> or
+<code>\usepackage&lbrace;foo&rbrace;[[2017/07/07]]</code> to require a class or package
+with certain features by specifying that it must be released no
+earlier than the given date. Perhaps more importantly, the date
+serves as documentation of the last release. (In practice, package
+users rarely include a date, and class users almost never do.)
+</para>
+
+</subsection>
+<node name="_005cProvidesFile" spaces=" "><nodename>\ProvidesFile</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\RequirePackage &amp; \RequirePackageWithOptions</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\ProvidesClass &amp; \ProvidesPackage</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Class and package commands</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\ProvidesFile</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="545" mergedindex="cp">\ProvidesFile</indexterm></findex>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\ProvidesFile&lbrace;<var>filename</var>&rbrace;[<var>info-text</var>]
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Declare a file other than the main class and package files, such as a
+configuration or font definition file. It writes the given
+information to the log file, essentially like <code>\ProvidesClass</code>
+and <code>\ProvidesPackage</code> (see the previous section).
+</para>
+<para>For example:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\ProvidesFile&lbrace;smcmemo.cfg&rbrace;[2017/10/12 config file for smcmemo.cls]
+</pre></example>
+
+<noindent></noindent> <para>writes this into the log:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">File: smcmemo.cfg 2017/10/12 config file for smcmemo.cls
+</pre></example>
+
+
+</subsection>
+<node name="_005cRequirePackage-_0026-_005cRequirePackageWithOptions" spaces=" "><nodename>\RequirePackage &amp; \RequirePackageWithOptions</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\ProvidesFile</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Class and package commands</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\RequirePackage</code> &amp; <code>\RequirePackageWithOptions</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<anchor name="_005cRequirePackage">\RequirePackage</anchor>
+<anchor name="_005cRequirePackageWithOptions">\RequirePackageWithOptions</anchor>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="546" mergedindex="cp">\RequirePackage</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="547" mergedindex="cp">\RequirePackageWithOptions</indexterm></findex>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\RequirePackage[<var>option-list</var>]&lbrace;<var>pkgname</var>&rbrace;[<var>release-date</var>]
+\RequirePackageWithOptions&lbrace;<var>pkgname</var>&rbrace;[<var>release-date</var>]
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Load a package, like the command <code>\usepackage</code> (<pxref label="Additional-packages"><xrefnodename>Additional
+packages</xrefnodename></pxref>). An example:&linebreak;
+<code>\RequirePackage[landscape,margin=1in]&lbrace;geometry&rbrace;</code>
+</para>
+<para>The initial optional argument <var>option-list</var>, if present, must be a
+comma-separated list. The trailing optional argument
+<var>release-date</var>, if present, must have the form <code>YYYY/MM/DD</code>.
+If the release date of the package as installed on your system is
+earlier than <var>release-date</var> then you get a warning like <samp>You
+have requested, on input line 9, version `2017/07/03' of package
+jhtest, but only version `2000/01/01' is available</samp>.
+</para>
+<para>The <code>\RequirePackageWithOptions</code> variant uses the list of options
+for the current class. This means it ignores any options passed to it
+via <code>\PassOptionsToClass</code>. This is a convenience command to
+allow easily building classes on existing ones without having to track
+which options were passed.
+</para>
+<para>The difference between <code>\usepackage</code> and <code>\RequirePackage</code>
+is small. The <code>\usepackage</code> command is intended to be used in
+documents, while <code>\RequirePackage</code> is intended for package and
+class files. The most significant difference in practice is that
+<code>\RequirePackage</code> can be used in a document before the
+<code>\documentclass</code> command, while <code>\usepackage</code> gives an error
+there. The most common need for this nowadays is for the
+<code>\DocumentMetadata</code> command (<pxref label="_005cDocumentMetadata"><xrefnodename>\DocumentMetadata</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+<para>The &latex; development team strongly recommends use of these and
+related commands over Plain&nbsp;&tex;&textrsquo;s <code>\input</code>; see the Class
+Guide (<url><urefurl>https://ctan.org/pkg/clsguide</urefurl></url>).
+</para>
+
+</subsection>
</section>
</chapter>
<node name="Counters" spaces=" "><nodename>Counters</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Lengths</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Definitions</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Counters</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="525">counters, a list of</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="526">variables, a list of</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="595">counters, a list of</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="596">variables, a list of</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Everything &latex; numbers for you has a counter associated with
it. The name of the counter is often the same as the name of the
@@ -11113,23 +11863,23 @@ track of the chapter number.
<para>Below is a list of the counters used in &latex;&textrsquo;s standard document
classes to control numbering.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="528" mergedindex="cp">part counter</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="529" mergedindex="cp">chapter counter</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="530" mergedindex="cp">section counter</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="531" mergedindex="cp">subsection counter</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="532" mergedindex="cp">subsubsection counter</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="533" mergedindex="cp">paragraph counter</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="534" mergedindex="cp">subparagraph counter</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="535" mergedindex="cp">page counter</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="536" mergedindex="cp">equation counter</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="537" mergedindex="cp">figure counter</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="538" mergedindex="cp">table counter</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="539" mergedindex="cp">footnote counter</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="540" mergedindex="cp">mpfootnote counter</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="541" mergedindex="cp">enumi counter</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="542" mergedindex="cp">enumii counter</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="543" mergedindex="cp">enumiii counter</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="544" mergedindex="cp">enumiv counter</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="548" mergedindex="cp">part counter</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="549" mergedindex="cp">chapter counter</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="550" mergedindex="cp">section counter</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="551" mergedindex="cp">subsection counter</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="552" mergedindex="cp">subsubsection counter</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="553" mergedindex="cp">paragraph counter</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="554" mergedindex="cp">subparagraph counter</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="555" mergedindex="cp">page counter</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="556" mergedindex="cp">equation counter</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="557" mergedindex="cp">figure counter</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="558" mergedindex="cp">table counter</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="559" mergedindex="cp">footnote counter</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="560" mergedindex="cp">mpfootnote counter</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="561" mergedindex="cp">enumi counter</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="562" mergedindex="cp">enumii counter</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="563" mergedindex="cp">enumiii counter</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="564" mergedindex="cp">enumiv counter</indexterm></findex>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">part paragraph figure enumi
chapter subparagraph table enumii
@@ -11147,23 +11897,22 @@ up to four levels of nesting (<pxref label="enumerate"><xrefnodename>enumerate</
</para>
<para>New counters are created with <code>\newcounter</code>. <xref label="_005cnewcounter"><xrefnodename>\newcounter</xrefnodename></xref>.
</para>
-
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Print value of a counter.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\usecounter</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Use a specified counter in a list environment.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\value</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Use the value of a counter in an expression.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\setcounter</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Set the value of a counter.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\addtocounter</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Add a quantity to a counter.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\refstepcounter</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Add to a counter.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\stepcounter</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Add to a counter, resetting subsidiary counters.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\day &amp; \month &amp; \year</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Numeric date values.
+<menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Print value of a counter.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\usecounter</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Use a specified counter in a list environment.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\value</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Use the value of a counter in an expression.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\setcounter</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Set the value of a counter.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\addtocounter</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Add a quantity to a counter.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\refstepcounter</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Add to a counter.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\stepcounter</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Add to a counter, resetting subsidiary counters.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\day &amp; \month &amp; \year</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Numeric date values.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
<node name="_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol" spaces=" "><nodename>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\usecounter</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="527">counters, printing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="597">counters, printing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Print the value of a counter, in a specified style. For instance, if
the counter <var>counter</var> has the value 1 then a
@@ -11175,30 +11924,30 @@ instance, <code>\alph&lbrace;enumi&rbrace;</code>. Note that the counter name d
start with a backslash.
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="545" mergedindex="cp">\alph&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\alph&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="565" mergedindex="cp">\alph&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\alph&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Print the value of <var>counter</var> in lowercase letters: &textlsquo;a&textrsquo;, &textlsquo;b&textrsquo;,
&enddots; If the counter&textrsquo;s value is less than 1 or more than 26 then
you get <samp>LaTeX Error: Counter too large.</samp>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="546" mergedindex="cp">\Alph&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\Alph&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="566" mergedindex="cp">\Alph&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\Alph&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Print in uppercase letters: &textlsquo;A&textrsquo;, &textlsquo;B&textrsquo;, &enddots; If the counter&textrsquo;s value
is less than 1 or more than 26 then you get <samp>LaTeX Error: Counter
too large.</samp>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="547" mergedindex="cp">\arabic&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\arabic&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="567" mergedindex="cp">\arabic&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\arabic&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Print in Arabic numbers such as <samp>5</samp> or <samp>-2</samp>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="548" mergedindex="cp">\roman&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\roman&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="568" mergedindex="cp">\roman&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\roman&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Print in lowercase roman numerals: &textlsquo;i&textrsquo;, &textlsquo;ii&textrsquo;, &enddots; If the
counter&textrsquo;s value is less than 1 then you get no warning or error but
&latex; does not print anything in the output.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="549" mergedindex="cp">\Roman&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\Roman&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="569" mergedindex="cp">\Roman&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\Roman&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Print in uppercase roman numerals: &textlsquo;I&textrsquo;, &textlsquo;II&textrsquo;, &enddots; If the
counter&textrsquo;s value is less than 1 then you get no warning or error but
&latex; does not print anything in the output.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="550" mergedindex="cp">\fnsymbol&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\fnsymbol&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="570" mergedindex="cp">\fnsymbol&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\fnsymbol&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Prints the value of <var>counter</var> using a sequence of nine symbols that
are traditionally used for labeling footnotes. The value of
<var>counter</var> should be between&nbsp;1 and&nbsp;9, inclusive. If the
@@ -11239,9 +11988,9 @@ warning but &latex; does not output anything.
<node name="_005cusecounter" spaces=" "><nodename>\usecounter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\value</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\usecounter</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="551" mergedindex="cp">\usecounter</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="528">list items, specifying counter</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="529">numbered items, specifying counter</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="571" mergedindex="cp">\usecounter</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="598">list items, specifying counter</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="599">numbered items, specifying counter</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -11276,8 +12025,8 @@ enumerated with <var>testcounter</var>:
<node name="_005cvalue" spaces=" "><nodename>\value</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\setcounter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\usecounter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\value</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="552" mergedindex="cp">\value</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="530">counters, getting value of</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="572" mergedindex="cp">\value</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="600">counters, getting value of</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -11320,9 +12069,9 @@ preceded by <code>\protect</code> (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\pr
<node name="_005csetcounter" spaces=" "><nodename>\setcounter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\addtocounter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\value</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\setcounter</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="553" mergedindex="cp">\setcounter</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="531">counters, setting</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="532">setting counters</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="573" mergedindex="cp">\setcounter</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="601">counters, setting</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="602">setting counters</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -11348,7 +12097,7 @@ Here it is in Roman: \Roman&lbrace;exercise&rbrace;.
<node name="_005caddtocounter" spaces=" "><nodename>\addtocounter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\refstepcounter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\setcounter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\addtocounter</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="554" mergedindex="cp">\addtocounter</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="574" mergedindex="cp">\addtocounter</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -11372,7 +12121,7 @@ Here it is in Roman: \Roman&lbrace;section&rbrace;.
<node name="_005crefstepcounter" spaces=" "><nodename>\refstepcounter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\stepcounter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\addtocounter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\refstepcounter</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="555" mergedindex="cp">\refstepcounter</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="575" mergedindex="cp">\refstepcounter</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -11396,7 +12145,7 @@ locally, i.e., inside the current group.
<node name="_005cstepcounter" spaces=" "><nodename>\stepcounter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\day &amp; \month &amp; \year</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\refstepcounter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\stepcounter</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="556" mergedindex="cp">\stepcounter</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="576" mergedindex="cp">\stepcounter</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -11421,9 +12170,9 @@ not influence references; that is, it does not define the current
<anchor name="_005cday">\day</anchor>
<anchor name="_005cmonth">\month</anchor>
<anchor name="_005cyear">\year</anchor>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="557" mergedindex="cp">\day</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="558" mergedindex="cp">\month</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="559" mergedindex="cp">\year</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="577" mergedindex="cp">\day</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="578" mergedindex="cp">\month</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="579" mergedindex="cp">\year</indexterm></findex>
<para>&latex; defines the counter <code>\day</code> for the day of the month
(nominally with value between 1 and 31), <code>\month</code> for the month of
@@ -11452,16 +12201,16 @@ command line.
<node name="Lengths" spaces=" "><nodename>Lengths</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Making paragraphs</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Counters</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Lengths</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="533">lengths, defining and using</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="603">lengths, defining and using</indexterm></cindex>
<para>A <dfn>length</dfn> is a measure of distance. Many &latex; commands take a
length as an argument.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="534">rigid lengths</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="535">rubber lengths</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="536">dimen <r>plain &tex;</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="537">skip <r>plain &tex;</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="538">glue <r>plain &tex;</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="604">rigid lengths</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="605">rubber lengths</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="606">dimen <r>plain &tex;</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="607">skip <r>plain &tex;</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="608">glue <r>plain &tex;</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>Lengths come in two types. A <dfn>rigid length</dfn> such as <code>10pt</code>
does not contain a <code>plus</code> or <code>minus</code> component. (Plain
&tex; calls this a <dfn>dimen</dfn>.) A <dfn>rubber length</dfn> (what plain
@@ -11484,11 +12233,11 @@ placement.
</pre></example>
<noindent></noindent>
-<para>This example uses those commands to show a black bar 100&nbsp;points
-long between <samp>XXX</samp> and <samp>YYY</samp>. This length is rigid.
+<para>This next example uses those commands to show a black bar 100&nbsp;points
+long between <samp>ABC</samp> and <samp>XYZ</samp>. This length is rigid.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">XXX\showhbox&lbrace;100pt&rbrace;&lbrace;\blackbar&lbrace;100pt&rbrace;&rbrace;YYY
+<pre xml:space="preserve">ABC\showhbox&lbrace;100pt&rbrace;&lbrace;\blackbar&lbrace;100pt&rbrace;&rbrace;XYZ
</pre></example>
<para>As for rubber lengths, shrinking is simpler one: with <code>1cm minus
@@ -11498,10 +12247,10 @@ Thus, below the first one works fine, producing a space of
98&nbsp;points between the two bars.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">XXX\showhbox&lbrace;300pt&rbrace;&lbrace;%
+<pre xml:space="preserve">ABC\showhbox&lbrace;300pt&rbrace;&lbrace;%
\blackbar&lbrace;101pt&rbrace;\hspace&lbrace;100pt minus 2pt&rbrace;\blackbar&lbrace;101pt&rbrace;&rbrace;YYY
-XXX\showhbox&lbrace;300pt&rbrace;&lbrace;%
+ABC\showhbox&lbrace;300pt&rbrace;&lbrace;%
\blackbar&lbrace;105pt&rbrace;\hspace&lbrace;100pt minus 1pt&rbrace;\blackbar&lbrace;105pt&rbrace;&rbrace;YYY
</pre></example>
@@ -11517,10 +12266,10 @@ beyond the given amount, it will do it. Here the first line is fine,
producing a space of 110&nbsp;points between the bars.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">XXX\showhbox&lbrace;300pt&rbrace;&lbrace;%
+<pre xml:space="preserve">ABC\showhbox&lbrace;300pt&rbrace;&lbrace;%
\blackbar&lbrace;95pt&rbrace;\hspace&lbrace;100pt plus 10pt&rbrace;\blackbar&lbrace;95pt&rbrace;&rbrace;YYY
-XXX\showhbox&lbrace;300pt&rbrace;&lbrace;%
+ABC\showhbox&lbrace;300pt&rbrace;&lbrace;%
\blackbar&lbrace;95pt&rbrace;\hspace&lbrace;100pt plus 1pt&rbrace;\blackbar&lbrace;95pt&rbrace;&rbrace;YYY
</pre></example>
@@ -11537,7 +12286,7 @@ length but it gives you a warning like <samp>Underfull \hbox (badness
stretch or shrink in proportion.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">XXX\showhbox&lbrace;300pt&rbrace;&lbrace;%
+<pre xml:space="preserve">ABC\showhbox&lbrace;300pt&rbrace;&lbrace;%
\blackbar&lbrace;100pt&rbrace;% left
\hspace&lbrace;0pt plus 50pt&rbrace;\blackbar&lbrace;80pt&rbrace;\hspace&lbrace;0pt plus 10pt&rbrace;% middle
\blackbar&lbrace;100pt&rbrace;&rbrace;YYY % right
@@ -11553,7 +12302,7 @@ from the first space and 1/6 from the second.
<para>The <code>plus</code> or <code>minus</code> component of a rubber length can contain
a <dfn>fill</dfn> component, as in <code>1in plus2fill</code>. This gives the
length infinite stretchability or shrinkability so that &tex; could set
-it to any distance. Here the two figures will be equal-spaced across
+it to any distance. Here the two figures will be equally spaced across
the page.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
@@ -11575,71 +12324,71 @@ that after <code>\setlength&lbrace;\ylength&rbrace;&lbrace;1in plus 0.2in&rbrace
<code>\zlength</code> is <code>3in</code>.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Units of length</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">The units that &latex; knows.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\setlength</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Set the value of a length.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\addtolength</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Add a quantity to a length.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\settodepth</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Set a length to the depth of something.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\settoheight</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Set a length to the height of something.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\settowidth</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Set a length to the width of something.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\stretch</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Add infinite stretchability.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Expressions</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Compute with lengths and integers.
+<menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Units of length</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">The units that &latex; knows.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\setlength</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Set the value of a length.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\addtolength</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Add a quantity to a length.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\settodepth</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Set a length to the depth of something.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\settoheight</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Set a length to the height of something.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\settowidth</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Set a length to the width of something.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\stretch</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Add infinite stretchability.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Expressions</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Compute with lengths and integers.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
<node name="Units-of-length" spaces=" "><nodename>Units of length</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\setlength</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Units of length</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="539">units, of length</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="609">units, of length</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&tex; and &latex; know about these units both inside and outside of
math mode.
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="560" mergedindex="cp">pt</indexterm>pt </itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="540">point</indexterm></cindex>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="580" mergedindex="cp">pt</indexterm>pt </itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="610">point</indexterm></cindex>
<anchor name="units-of-length-pt">units of length pt</anchor>
<para>Point, 1/72.27 inch. The (approximate) conversion to metric units
is 1<dmn>point</dmn> = .35146<dmn>mm</dmn> = .035146<dmn>cm</dmn>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="561" mergedindex="cp">pc</indexterm>pc</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="541">pica</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="581" mergedindex="cp">pc</indexterm>pc</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="611">pica</indexterm></cindex>
<anchor name="units-of-length-pc">units of length pc</anchor>
<para>Pica, 12 pt
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="562" mergedindex="cp">in</indexterm>in </itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="542">inch</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="582" mergedindex="cp">in</indexterm>in </itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="612">inch</indexterm></cindex>
<anchor name="units-of-length-in">units of length in</anchor>
<para>Inch, 72.27 pt
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="563" mergedindex="cp">bp</indexterm>bp </itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="543">big point</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="544">PostScript point</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="583" mergedindex="cp">bp</indexterm>bp </itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="613">big point</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="614">PostScript point</indexterm></cindex>
<anchor name="units-of-length-bp">units of length bp</anchor>
<para>Big point, 1/72 inch. This length is the definition of a point in
PostScript and many desktop publishing systems.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="564" mergedindex="cp">mm</indexterm>mm </itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="545">millimeter</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="584" mergedindex="cp">mm</indexterm>mm </itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="615">millimeter</indexterm></cindex>
<anchor name="units-of-length-mm">units of length mm</anchor>
<para>Millimeter, 2.845<dmn>pt</dmn>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="565" mergedindex="cp">cm</indexterm>cm </itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="546">centimeter</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="585" mergedindex="cp">cm</indexterm>cm </itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="616">centimeter</indexterm></cindex>
<anchor name="units-of-length-cm">units of length cm</anchor>
<para>Centimeter, 10<dmn>mm</dmn>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="566" mergedindex="cp">dd</indexterm>dd </itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="547">didot point</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="586" mergedindex="cp">dd</indexterm>dd </itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="617">didot point</indexterm></cindex>
<anchor name="units-of-length-dd">units of length dd</anchor>
<para>Didot point, 1.07 pt
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="567" mergedindex="cp">cc</indexterm>cc </itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="548">cicero</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="587" mergedindex="cp">cc</indexterm>cc </itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="618">cicero</indexterm></cindex>
<anchor name="units-of-length-cc">units of length cc</anchor>
<para>Cicero, 12 dd
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="568" mergedindex="cp">sp</indexterm>sp </itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="549">scaled point</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="588" mergedindex="cp">sp</indexterm>sp </itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="619">scaled point</indexterm></cindex>
<anchor name="units-of-length-sp">units of length sp</anchor>
<para>Scaled point, 1/65536 pt
</para>
@@ -11649,18 +12398,18 @@ PostScript and many desktop publishing systems.
than being an absolute dimension.
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="569" mergedindex="cp">ex</indexterm>ex</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="550">x-height</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="551">ex</indexterm></cindex>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="589" mergedindex="cp">ex</indexterm>ex</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="620">x-height</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="621">ex</indexterm></cindex>
<anchor name="Lengths_002fex">Lengths/ex</anchor>
<anchor name="units-of-length-ex">units of length ex</anchor>
<para>The x-height of the current font <dfn>ex</dfn>, traditionally the
height of the lowercase letter x, is often used for vertical
lengths.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="570" mergedindex="cp">em</indexterm>em</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="552">m-width</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="553">em</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="590" mergedindex="cp">em</indexterm>em</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="622">m-width</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="623">em</indexterm></cindex>
<anchor name="Lengths_002fem">Lengths/em</anchor>
<anchor name="units-of-length-em">units of length em</anchor>
<para>Similarly <dfn>em</dfn>, traditionally the width of the capital
@@ -11669,8 +12418,8 @@ the size of the current font, e.g., a nominal 10<dmn>pt</dmn> font will
have 1<dmn>em</dmn> = 10<dmn>pt</dmn>. &latex; has several commands to produce
horizontal spaces based on the em (<pxref label="_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad"><xrefnodename>\enspace &amp; \quad &amp; \qquad</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="571" mergedindex="cp">mu</indexterm>mu</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="554">mu, math unit</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="591" mergedindex="cp">mu</indexterm>mu</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="624">mu, math unit</indexterm></cindex>
<anchor name="units-of-length-mu">units of length mu</anchor>
<para>Finally, in math mode, many definitions are expressed in terms
of the math unit <dfn>mu</dfn>, defined by 1<dmn>em</dmn> = 18<dmn>mu</dmn>, where the
@@ -11689,8 +12438,8 @@ than a definition given in points.
<node name="_005csetlength" spaces=" "><nodename>\setlength</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\addtolength</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Units of length</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\setlength</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="572" mergedindex="cp">\setlength</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="555">lengths, setting</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="592" mergedindex="cp">\setlength</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="625">lengths, setting</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -11726,8 +12475,8 @@ then you get an error like <samp>Missing number, treated as zero.</samp>.
<node name="_005caddtolength" spaces=" "><nodename>\addtolength</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\settodepth</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\setlength</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\addtolength</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="573" mergedindex="cp">\addtolength</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="556">lengths, adding to</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="593" mergedindex="cp">\addtolength</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="626">lengths, adding to</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -11770,7 +12519,7 @@ If you leave off the backslash at the start of \<var>len</var>, as in
<node name="_005csettodepth" spaces=" "><nodename>\settodepth</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\settoheight</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\addtolength</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\settodepth</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="574" mergedindex="cp">\settodepth</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="594" mergedindex="cp">\settodepth</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -11803,7 +12552,7 @@ then you get something like <samp>Undefined control sequence. &lt;argument&gt;
<node name="_005csettoheight" spaces=" "><nodename>\settoheight</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\settowidth</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\settodepth</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\settoheight</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="575" mergedindex="cp">\settoheight</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="595" mergedindex="cp">\settoheight</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -11837,7 +12586,7 @@ you leave the backslash out of \<var>len</var>, as in
<node name="_005csettowidth" spaces=" "><nodename>\settowidth</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\stretch</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\settoheight</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\settowidth</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="576" mergedindex="cp">\settowidth</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="596" mergedindex="cp">\settowidth</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -11871,7 +12620,7 @@ you leave the backslash out of \<var>len</var>, as in
<node name="_005cstretch" spaces=" "><nodename>\stretch</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Expressions</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\settowidth</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\stretch</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="577" mergedindex="cp">\stretch</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="597" mergedindex="cp">\stretch</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -11918,7 +12667,7 @@ We dedicate this book to our wives.
<node name="Expressions" spaces=" "><nodename>Expressions</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\stretch</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Expressions</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="578" mergedindex="cp">expressions</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="598" mergedindex="cp">expressions</indexterm></findex>
<!-- c Much from Joseph Wright's https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/245663/339 -->
<para>Synopsis, one of:
@@ -12030,8 +12779,8 @@ because it rounds <code>3/2</code> to <code>2</code>, while
<node name="Making-paragraphs" spaces=" "><nodename>Making paragraphs</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Math formulas</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Lengths</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Making paragraphs</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="557">making paragraphs</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="558">paragraphs</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="627">making paragraphs</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="628">paragraphs</indexterm></cindex>
<para>To start a paragraph, just type some text. To end the current
paragraph, put an empty line. This is three paragraphs, the
@@ -12104,18 +12853,18 @@ complete</samp>.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\par</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">End the current paragraph.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\indent &amp; \noindent</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Go into horizontal mode, possibly with an indent.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\parindent &amp; \parskip</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Space added before paragraphs.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Marginal notes</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Put remarks in the margin.
+<menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\par</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">End the current paragraph.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\indent &amp; \noindent</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Go into horizontal mode, possibly with an indent.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\parindent &amp; \parskip</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Space added before paragraphs.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Marginal notes</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Put remarks in the margin.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
<node name="_005cpar" spaces=" "><nodename>\par</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\indent &amp; \noindent</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Making paragraphs</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\par</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="579" mergedindex="cp">\par</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="559">paragraph, ending</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="599" mergedindex="cp">\par</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="629">paragraph, ending</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis (note that while reading the input &tex; converts any sequence
of one or more blank lines to a <code>\par</code>, <ref label="Making-paragraphs"><xrefnodename>Making paragraphs</xrefnodename></ref>):
@@ -12181,9 +12930,9 @@ there is an empty horizontal space of 3&nbsp;inches and then
<anchor name="_005cindent">\indent</anchor>
<anchor name="_005cnoindent">\noindent</anchor>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="580" mergedindex="cp">\indent</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="581" mergedindex="cp">\noindent</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="560">indent, forcing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="600" mergedindex="cp">\indent</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="601" mergedindex="cp">\noindent</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="630">indent, forcing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -12231,14 +12980,14 @@ because &latex; is already in horizontal mode there. The
\noindent shows this clearly.
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="582" mergedindex="cp">\parindent</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="602" mergedindex="cp">\parindent</indexterm></findex>
<para>To omit indentation in the entire document put
<code>\setlength&lbrace;\parindent&rbrace;&lbrace;0pt&rbrace;</code> in the preamble. If you do that,
you may want to also set the length of spaces between paragraphs,
<code>\parskip</code> (<pxref label="_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip"><xrefnodename>\parindent &amp; \parskip</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="561"><r>package</r>, <code>indentfirst</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="562"><code>indentfirst</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="631"><r>package</r>, <code>indentfirst</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="632"><code>indentfirst</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>Default &latex; styles have the first paragraph after a section that is
not indented, as is traditional typesetting in English. To change that,
@@ -12251,11 +13000,11 @@ look on CTAN for the package <code>indentfirst</code>.
<anchor name="_005cparindent">\parindent</anchor>
<anchor name="_005cparskip">\parskip</anchor>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="583" mergedindex="cp">\parindent</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="584" mergedindex="cp">\parskip</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="563">paragraph indentation</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="564">horizontal paragraph indentation</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="565">vertical space before paragraphs</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="603" mergedindex="cp">\parindent</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="604" mergedindex="cp">\parskip</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="633">paragraph indentation</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="634">horizontal paragraph indentation</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="635">vertical space before paragraphs</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -12299,10 +13048,10 @@ classes is <code>0pt plus1pt</code>.
<node name="Marginal-notes" spaces=" "><nodename>Marginal notes</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\parindent &amp; \parskip</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Making paragraphs</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Marginal notes</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="566">marginal notes</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="567">notes in the margin</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="568">remarks in the margin</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="585" mergedindex="cp">\marginpar</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="636">marginal notes</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="637">notes in the margin</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="638">remarks in the margin</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="605" mergedindex="cp">\marginpar</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -12323,8 +13072,8 @@ two-sided layout (document option <code>twoside</code>) then it goes in the
outside margin. If you are in two-column layout (document option
<code>twocolumn</code>) then it goes in the nearest margin.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="586" mergedindex="cp">\reversemarginpar</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="587" mergedindex="cp">\normalmarginpar</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="606" mergedindex="cp">\reversemarginpar</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="607" mergedindex="cp">\normalmarginpar</indexterm></findex>
<para>If you declare <code>\reversemarginpar</code> then &latex; will place
subsequent marginal notes in the opposite margin to that given in the
prior paragraph. Revert that to the default position with
@@ -12341,18 +13090,18 @@ hyphenation there by beginning <var>left</var> or <var>right</var> with
<para>These parameters affect the formatting of the note:
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="588" mergedindex="cp">\marginparpush</indexterm>\marginparpush</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="608" mergedindex="cp">\marginparpush</indexterm>\marginparpush</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="marginal-notes-marginparpush">marginal notes marginparpush</anchor>
<para>Minimum vertical space between notes; default <samp>7pt</samp> for <samp>12pt</samp>
documents, <samp>5pt</samp> else. See also&nbsp;<ref label="page-layout-parameters-marginparpush"><xrefnodename>page layout parameters
marginparpush</xrefnodename></ref>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="589" mergedindex="cp">\marginparsep</indexterm>\marginparsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="609" mergedindex="cp">\marginparsep</indexterm>\marginparsep</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="marginal-notes-marginparsep">marginal notes marginparsep</anchor>
<para>Horizontal space between the main text and the note; default
<samp>11pt</samp> for <samp>10pt</samp> documents, <samp>10pt</samp> else.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="590" mergedindex="cp">\marginparwidth</indexterm>\marginparwidth</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="610" mergedindex="cp">\marginparwidth</indexterm>\marginparwidth</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="marginal-notes-marginparwidth">marginal notes marginparwidth</anchor>
<para>Width of the note itself; default for a one-sided <samp>10pt</samp> document
is <samp>90pt</samp>, <samp>83pt</samp> for <samp>11pt</samp>, and <samp>68pt</samp> for
@@ -12373,17 +13122,17 @@ notes from falling off the bottom of the page.
<node name="Math-formulas" spaces=" "><nodename>Math formulas</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Modes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Making paragraphs</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Math formulas</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="569">math formulas</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="570">formulas, math</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="571">math mode, entering</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="591" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>math</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="592" mergedindex="cp"><code>math</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="639">math formulas</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="640">formulas, math</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="641">math mode, entering</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="611" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>math</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="612" mergedindex="cp"><code>math</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="593" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>displaymath</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="594" mergedindex="cp"><code>displaymath</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="613" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>displaymath</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="614" mergedindex="cp"><code>displaymath</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="595" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>equation</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="596" mergedindex="cp"><code>equation</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="615" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>equation</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="616" mergedindex="cp"><code>equation</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>Produce mathematical text by putting &latex; into math mode or display
@@ -12457,14 +13206,14 @@ equivalent to <code>\begin&lbrace;displaymath&rbrace; <var>math</var>
\end&lbrace;displaymath&rbrace;</code>. These environments can only be used in paragraph
mode (<pxref label="Modes"><xrefnodename>Modes</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="572"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="573"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="642"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="643"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="574"><r>package</r>, <code>amsfonts</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="575"><code>amsfonts</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="644"><r>package</r>, <code>amsfonts</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="645"><code>amsfonts</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="576"><r>package</r>, <code>mathtools</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="577"><code>mathtools</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="646"><r>package</r>, <code>mathtools</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="647"><code>mathtools</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The American Mathematical Society has made freely available a set of
packages that greatly expand your options for writing mathematics,
@@ -12475,14 +13224,14 @@ Descriptions of these packages is outside the scope of this document;
see their documentation on CTAN.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Also known as exponents or indices.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Math symbols</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Various mathematical squiggles.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Math functions</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Math function names like sin and exp.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Math accents</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Accents in math.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Over- and Underlining</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Things over or under formulas.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Spacing in math mode</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Thick, medium, thin, and negative spaces.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Math styles</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Determine the size of things.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Math miscellany</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Stuff that doesn&textrsquo;t fit anywhere else.
+<menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Subscripts &amp; superscripts</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Also known as exponents or indices.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Math symbols</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Various mathematical squiggles.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Math functions</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Math function names like sin and exp.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Math accents</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Accents in math.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Over- or under math</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Lines, braces, arrows over/under formulas.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Spacing in math mode</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Thick, medium, thin, and negative spaces.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Math styles</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Determine the size of things.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Math miscellany</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Stuff that doesn&textrsquo;t fit anywhere else.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
@@ -12491,11 +13240,11 @@ see their documentation on CTAN.
<anchor name="superscript">superscript</anchor>
<anchor name="subscript">subscript</anchor>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="578">superscript</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="579">subscript</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="597" mergedindex="cp">^ <r>superscript</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="598" mergedindex="cp">_ <r>subscript</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="580">exponent</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="648">superscript</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="649">subscript</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="617" mergedindex="cp">^ <r>superscript</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="618" mergedindex="cp">_ <r>subscript</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="650">exponent</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis (in math mode or display math mode), one of:
</para>
@@ -12567,8 +13316,8 @@ attaching to a prior symbols.
display math mode, as in <code>the expression x^2</code>, will get you
the &tex; error <samp>Missing $ inserted</samp>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="581"><r>package</r>, <code>mhchem</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="582"><code>mhchem</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="651"><r>package</r>, <code>mhchem</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="652"><code>mhchem</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>A common reason to want subscripts outside of a mathematics mode is to
typeset chemical formulas. There are packages for that, such as
@@ -12579,12 +13328,12 @@ typeset chemical formulas. There are packages for that, such as
<node name="Math-symbols" spaces=" "><nodename>Math symbols</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Math functions</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Math symbols</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="583">math symbols</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="584">symbols, math</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="585">greek letters</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="653">math symbols</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="654">symbols, math</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="655">greek letters</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="586"><r>package</r>, <code>comprehensive</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="587"><code>comprehensive</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="656"><r>package</r>, <code>comprehensive</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="657"><code>comprehensive</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; provides almost any mathematical or technical symbol that
@@ -12604,185 +13353,185 @@ mode, see <ref label="_005censuremath"><xrefnodename>\ensuremath</xrefnodename><
<!-- c Useful: http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-math-970515/section6.html -->
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="599" mergedindex="cp">\|</indexterm>\|</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="619" mergedindex="cp">\|</indexterm>\|</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2225</U> Parallel (relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\parallel</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="600" mergedindex="cp">\aleph</indexterm>\aleph</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="620" mergedindex="cp">\aleph</indexterm>\aleph</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2135</U> Aleph, transfinite cardinal (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="601" mergedindex="cp">\alpha</indexterm>\alpha</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="621" mergedindex="cp">\alpha</indexterm>\alpha</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B1</U> Lowercase Greek letter alpha (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="602" mergedindex="cp">\amalg</indexterm>\amalg</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="622" mergedindex="cp">\amalg</indexterm>\amalg</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2A3F</U> Disjoint union (binary)
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="603" mergedindex="cp">\angle</indexterm>\angle</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="623" mergedindex="cp">\angle</indexterm>\angle</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2220</U> Geometric angle (ordinary). Similar: less-than
sign&nbsp;<code>&lt;</code> and angle bracket&nbsp;<code>\langle</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="604" mergedindex="cp">\approx</indexterm>\approx</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="624" mergedindex="cp">\approx</indexterm>\approx</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2248</U> Almost equal to (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="605" mergedindex="cp">\ast</indexterm>\ast</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="625" mergedindex="cp">\ast</indexterm>\ast</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2217</U> Asterisk operator, convolution, six-pointed
(binary). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>*</code>, which is often a superscript or
subscript, as in the Kleene star. Similar:&nbsp;<code>\star</code>, which is
five-pointed, and is sometimes used as a general binary operation, and
sometimes reserved for cross-correlation.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="606" mergedindex="cp">\asymp</indexterm>\asymp</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="626" mergedindex="cp">\asymp</indexterm>\asymp</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>224D</U> Asymptotically equivalent (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="607" mergedindex="cp">\backslash</indexterm>\backslash</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="627" mergedindex="cp">\backslash</indexterm>\backslash</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>\ Backslash (ordinary). Similar: set minus&nbsp;<code>\setminus</code>, and
<code>\textbackslash</code> for backslash outside of math mode.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="608" mergedindex="cp">\beta</indexterm>\beta</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="628" mergedindex="cp">\beta</indexterm>\beta</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B2</U> Lowercase Greek letter beta (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="609" mergedindex="cp">\bigcap</indexterm>\bigcap</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="629" mergedindex="cp">\bigcap</indexterm>\bigcap</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C2</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, intersection (operator). Similar:
binary intersection&nbsp;<code>\cap</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="610" mergedindex="cp">\bigcirc</indexterm>\bigcirc</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="630" mergedindex="cp">\bigcirc</indexterm>\bigcirc</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>26AA</U> Circle, larger (binary). Similar: function
composition&nbsp;<code>\circ</code>.
<!-- c bb Best unicode symbol for this? -->
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="611" mergedindex="cp">\bigcup</indexterm>\bigcup</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="631" mergedindex="cp">\bigcup</indexterm>\bigcup</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C3</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, union (operator). Similar: binary
union&nbsp;<code>\cup</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="612" mergedindex="cp">\bigodot</indexterm>\bigodot</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="632" mergedindex="cp">\bigodot</indexterm>\bigodot</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2A00</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled dot operator (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="613" mergedindex="cp">\bigoplus</indexterm>\bigoplus</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="633" mergedindex="cp">\bigoplus</indexterm>\bigoplus</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2A01</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled plus operator (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="614" mergedindex="cp">\bigotimes</indexterm>\bigotimes</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="634" mergedindex="cp">\bigotimes</indexterm>\bigotimes</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2A02</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled times operator (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="615" mergedindex="cp">\bigtriangledown</indexterm>\bigtriangledown</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="635" mergedindex="cp">\bigtriangledown</indexterm>\bigtriangledown</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25BD</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle
pointing down (binary). Synonym: <var>\varbigtriangledown</var>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="616" mergedindex="cp">\bigtriangleup</indexterm>\bigtriangleup</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="636" mergedindex="cp">\bigtriangleup</indexterm>\bigtriangleup</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25B3</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle
pointing up (binary). Synonym: <var>\varbigtriangleup</var>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="617" mergedindex="cp">\bigsqcup</indexterm>\bigsqcup</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="637" mergedindex="cp">\bigsqcup</indexterm>\bigsqcup</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2A06</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, square union (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="618" mergedindex="cp">\biguplus</indexterm>\biguplus</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="638" mergedindex="cp">\biguplus</indexterm>\biguplus</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2A04</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, union operator with a plus
(operator). (Note that the name has only one p.)
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="619" mergedindex="cp">\bigvee</indexterm>\bigvee</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="639" mergedindex="cp">\bigvee</indexterm>\bigvee</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C1</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, logical-or (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="620" mergedindex="cp">\bigwedge</indexterm>\bigwedge</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="640" mergedindex="cp">\bigwedge</indexterm>\bigwedge</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C0</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, logical-and (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="621" mergedindex="cp">\bot</indexterm>\bot</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="641" mergedindex="cp">\bot</indexterm>\bot</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22A5</U>, Up tack, bottom, least element of a partially ordered
set, or a contradiction (ordinary). See also&nbsp;<code>\top</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="622" mergedindex="cp">\bowtie</indexterm>\bowtie</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="642" mergedindex="cp">\bowtie</indexterm>\bowtie</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C8</U> Natural join of two relations (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="623" mergedindex="cp">\Box</indexterm>\Box</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="643" mergedindex="cp">\Box</indexterm>\Box</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25A1</U> Modal operator for necessity; square open box
(ordinary). Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <code>amssymb</code> package.
<!-- c bb Best Unicode equivalent? -->
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="624" mergedindex="cp">\bullet</indexterm>\bullet</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="588">bullet symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="644" mergedindex="cp">\bullet</indexterm>\bullet</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="658">bullet symbol</indexterm></cindex>
<para><U>2022</U> Bullet (binary). Similar: multiplication
dot&nbsp;<code>\cdot</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="625" mergedindex="cp">\cap</indexterm>\cap</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="645" mergedindex="cp">\cap</indexterm>\cap</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2229</U> Intersection of two sets (binary). Similar: variable-sized
operator&nbsp;<code>\bigcap</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="626" mergedindex="cp">\cdot</indexterm>\cdot</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="646" mergedindex="cp">\cdot</indexterm>\cdot</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C5</U> Multiplication (binary). Similar: Bullet
dot&nbsp;<code>\bullet</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="627" mergedindex="cp">\chi</indexterm>\chi</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="647" mergedindex="cp">\chi</indexterm>\chi</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C7</U> Lowercase Greek chi (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="628" mergedindex="cp">\circ</indexterm>\circ</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="648" mergedindex="cp">\circ</indexterm>\circ</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2218</U> Function composition, ring operator (binary). Similar:
variable-sized operator&nbsp;<code>\bigcirc</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="629" mergedindex="cp">\clubsuit</indexterm>\clubsuit</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="649" mergedindex="cp">\clubsuit</indexterm>\clubsuit</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2663</U> Club card suit (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="630" mergedindex="cp">\complement</indexterm>\complement</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="650" mergedindex="cp">\complement</indexterm>\complement</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2201</U>, Set complement, used as a superscript as in
<code>$S^\complement$</code> (ordinary). Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <code>amssymb</code> package. Also used:
<code>$S^&lbrace;\mathsf&lbrace;c&rbrace;&rbrace;$</code> or&nbsp;<code>$\bar&lbrace;S&rbrace;$</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="631" mergedindex="cp">\cong</indexterm>\cong</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="651" mergedindex="cp">\cong</indexterm>\cong</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2245</U> Congruent (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="632" mergedindex="cp">\coprod</indexterm>\coprod</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="652" mergedindex="cp">\coprod</indexterm>\coprod</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2210</U> Coproduct (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="633" mergedindex="cp">\cup</indexterm>\cup</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="653" mergedindex="cp">\cup</indexterm>\cup</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>222A</U> Union of two sets (binary). Similar: variable-sized
operator&nbsp;<code>\bigcup</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="634" mergedindex="cp">\dagger</indexterm>\dagger</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="654" mergedindex="cp">\dagger</indexterm>\dagger</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2020</U> Dagger relation (binary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="635" mergedindex="cp">\dashv</indexterm>\dashv</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="655" mergedindex="cp">\dashv</indexterm>\dashv</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22A3</U> Dash with vertical, reversed turnstile (relation). Similar:
turnstile&nbsp;<code>\vdash</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="636" mergedindex="cp">\ddagger</indexterm>\ddagger</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="656" mergedindex="cp">\ddagger</indexterm>\ddagger</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2021</U> Double dagger relation (binary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="637" mergedindex="cp">\Delta</indexterm>\Delta</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="657" mergedindex="cp">\Delta</indexterm>\Delta</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>0394</U> Greek uppercase delta, used for increment (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="638" mergedindex="cp">\delta</indexterm>\delta</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="658" mergedindex="cp">\delta</indexterm>\delta</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B4</U> Greek lowercase delta (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="639" mergedindex="cp">\Diamond</indexterm>\Diamond</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="659" mergedindex="cp">\Diamond</indexterm>\Diamond</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25C7</U> Large diamond operator (ordinary). Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <code>amssymb</code> package.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="640" mergedindex="cp">\diamond</indexterm>\diamond</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="660" mergedindex="cp">\diamond</indexterm>\diamond</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C4</U> Diamond operator (binary). Similar: large
diamond&nbsp;<code>\Diamond</code>, circle bullet&nbsp;<code>\bullet</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="641" mergedindex="cp">\diamondsuit</indexterm>\diamondsuit</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="661" mergedindex="cp">\diamondsuit</indexterm>\diamondsuit</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2662</U> Diamond card suit (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="642" mergedindex="cp">\div</indexterm>\div</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="662" mergedindex="cp">\div</indexterm>\div</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>00F7</U> Division sign (binary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="643" mergedindex="cp">\doteq</indexterm>\doteq</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="663" mergedindex="cp">\doteq</indexterm>\doteq</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2250</U> Approaches the limit (relation). Similar: geometrically equal
to&nbsp;<code>\Doteq</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="644" mergedindex="cp">\downarrow</indexterm>\downarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="664" mergedindex="cp">\downarrow</indexterm>\downarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2193</U> Down arrow, converges (relation). Similar:
<code>\Downarrow</code> double line down arrow.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="645" mergedindex="cp">\Downarrow</indexterm>\Downarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="665" mergedindex="cp">\Downarrow</indexterm>\Downarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21D3</U> Double line down arrow (relation). Similar:
<code>\downarrow</code> single line down arrow.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="646" mergedindex="cp">\ell</indexterm>\ell</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="666" mergedindex="cp">\ell</indexterm>\ell</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2113</U> Lowercase cursive letter l (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="647" mergedindex="cp">\emptyset</indexterm>\emptyset</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="667" mergedindex="cp">\emptyset</indexterm>\emptyset</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2205</U> Empty set symbol (ordinary). The variant form is
<code>\varnothing</code>.
<!-- c bb Why Unicode has \revemptyset but no \emptyset? -->
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="648" mergedindex="cp">\epsilon</indexterm>\epsilon</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="668" mergedindex="cp">\epsilon</indexterm>\epsilon</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03F5</U> Lowercase lunate epsilon (ordinary). Similar to
Greek text letter. More widely used in mathematics is the script small
letter epsilon <code>\varepsilon</code>&nbsp;<U>03B5</U>. Related:
@@ -12790,205 +13539,205 @@ the set membership relation <code>\in</code>&nbsp;<U>2208</U>.
<!-- c src: David Carlisle http://tex.stackexchange.com/a/98018/339 and -->
<!-- c Unicode referenced there asserts varepsilon is much more widely used. -->
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="649" mergedindex="cp">\equiv</indexterm>\equiv</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="669" mergedindex="cp">\equiv</indexterm>\equiv</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2261</U> Equivalence (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="650" mergedindex="cp">\eta</indexterm>\eta</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="670" mergedindex="cp">\eta</indexterm>\eta</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B7</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="651" mergedindex="cp">\exists</indexterm>\exists</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="671" mergedindex="cp">\exists</indexterm>\exists</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2203</U> Existential quantifier (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="652" mergedindex="cp">\flat</indexterm>\flat</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="672" mergedindex="cp">\flat</indexterm>\flat</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>266D</U> Musical flat (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="653" mergedindex="cp">\forall</indexterm>\forall</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="673" mergedindex="cp">\forall</indexterm>\forall</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2200</U> Universal quantifier (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="654" mergedindex="cp">\frown</indexterm>\frown</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="674" mergedindex="cp">\frown</indexterm>\frown</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2322</U> Downward curving arc (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="655" mergedindex="cp">\Gamma</indexterm>\Gamma</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="675" mergedindex="cp">\Gamma</indexterm>\Gamma</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>0393</U> uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="656" mergedindex="cp">\gamma</indexterm>\gamma</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="676" mergedindex="cp">\gamma</indexterm>\gamma</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B3</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="657" mergedindex="cp">\ge</indexterm>\ge</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="677" mergedindex="cp">\ge</indexterm>\ge</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2265</U> Greater than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym
for&nbsp;<code>\geq</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="658" mergedindex="cp">\geq</indexterm>\geq</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="678" mergedindex="cp">\geq</indexterm>\geq</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2265</U> Greater than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym
for&nbsp;<code>\ge</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="659" mergedindex="cp">\gets</indexterm>\gets</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="679" mergedindex="cp">\gets</indexterm>\gets</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2190</U> Is assigned the value (relation).
Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\leftarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="660" mergedindex="cp">\gg</indexterm>\gg</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="680" mergedindex="cp">\gg</indexterm>\gg</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>226B</U> Much greater than (relation). Similar: much less
than&nbsp;<code>\ll</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="661" mergedindex="cp">\hbar</indexterm>\hbar</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="681" mergedindex="cp">\hbar</indexterm>\hbar</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>210F</U> Planck constant over two pi (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="662" mergedindex="cp">\heartsuit</indexterm>\heartsuit</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="682" mergedindex="cp">\heartsuit</indexterm>\heartsuit</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2661</U> Heart card suit (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="663" mergedindex="cp">\hookleftarrow</indexterm>\hookleftarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="683" mergedindex="cp">\hookleftarrow</indexterm>\hookleftarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21A9</U> Hooked left arrow (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="664" mergedindex="cp">\hookrightarrow</indexterm>\hookrightarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="684" mergedindex="cp">\hookrightarrow</indexterm>\hookrightarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21AA</U> Hooked right arrow (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="665" mergedindex="cp">\iff</indexterm>\iff</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="685" mergedindex="cp">\iff</indexterm>\iff</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27F7</U> If and only if (relation). It is <code>\Longleftrightarrow</code>
with a <code>\thickmuskip</code> on either side.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="666" mergedindex="cp">\Im</indexterm>\Im</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="686" mergedindex="cp">\Im</indexterm>\Im</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2111</U> Imaginary part (ordinary). See: real part&nbsp;<code>\Re</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="667" mergedindex="cp">\imath</indexterm>\imath</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="589">dotless i, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="687" mergedindex="cp">\imath</indexterm>\imath</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="659">dotless i, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Dotless i; used when you are putting an accent on an i (<pxref label="Math-accents"><xrefnodename>Math
accents</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="668" mergedindex="cp">\in</indexterm>\in</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="688" mergedindex="cp">\in</indexterm>\in</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2208</U> Set element (relation). See also: lowercase lunate
epsilon&nbsp;<code>\epsilon</code><U>03F5</U> and small letter script
epsilon&nbsp;<code>\varepsilon</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="669" mergedindex="cp">\infty</indexterm>\infty</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="689" mergedindex="cp">\infty</indexterm>\infty</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>221E</U> Infinity (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="670" mergedindex="cp">\int</indexterm>\int</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="690" mergedindex="cp">\int</indexterm>\int</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>222B</U> Integral (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="671" mergedindex="cp">\iota</indexterm>\iota</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="691" mergedindex="cp">\iota</indexterm>\iota</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B9</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="672" mergedindex="cp">\Join</indexterm>\Join</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="692" mergedindex="cp">\Join</indexterm>\Join</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2A1D</U> Condensed bowtie symbol (relation). Not available in Plain
&tex;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="673" mergedindex="cp">\jmath</indexterm>\jmath</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="590">dotless j, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="693" mergedindex="cp">\jmath</indexterm>\jmath</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="660">dotless j, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Dotless j; used when you are putting an accent on a j (<pxref label="Math-accents"><xrefnodename>Math
accents</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="674" mergedindex="cp">\kappa</indexterm>\kappa</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="694" mergedindex="cp">\kappa</indexterm>\kappa</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03BA</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="675" mergedindex="cp">\Lambda</indexterm>\Lambda</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="695" mergedindex="cp">\Lambda</indexterm>\Lambda</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>039B</U> uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="676" mergedindex="cp">\lambda</indexterm>\lambda</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="696" mergedindex="cp">\lambda</indexterm>\lambda</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03BB</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="677" mergedindex="cp">\land</indexterm>\land</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="697" mergedindex="cp">\land</indexterm>\land</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2227</U> Logical and (binary). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\wedge</code>.
See also logical&nbsp;or&nbsp;<code>\lor</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="678" mergedindex="cp">\langle</indexterm>\langle</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="698" mergedindex="cp">\langle</indexterm>\langle</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27E8</U> Left angle, or sequence, bracket (opening). Similar:
less-than&nbsp;<code>&lt;</code>. Matches&nbsp;<code>\rangle</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="679" mergedindex="cp">\lbrace</indexterm>\lbrace</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="699" mergedindex="cp">\lbrace</indexterm>\lbrace</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>007B</U> Left curly brace
(opening). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\&lbrace;</code>. Matches&nbsp;<code>\rbrace</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="680" mergedindex="cp">\lbrack</indexterm>\lbrack</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="700" mergedindex="cp">\lbrack</indexterm>\lbrack</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>005B</U> Left square bracket (opening).
Synonym:&nbsp;<code>[</code>. Matches&nbsp;<code>\rbrack</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="681" mergedindex="cp">\lceil</indexterm>\lceil</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="701" mergedindex="cp">\lceil</indexterm>\lceil</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2308</U> Left ceiling bracket, like a square bracket but with the bottom
shaved off (opening). Matches&nbsp;<code>\rceil</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="682" mergedindex="cp">\le</indexterm>\le</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="702" mergedindex="cp">\le</indexterm>\le</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2264</U> Less than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym
for&nbsp;<code>\leq</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="683" mergedindex="cp">\leadsto</indexterm>\leadsto</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="703" mergedindex="cp">\leadsto</indexterm>\leadsto</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21DD</U> Squiggly right arrow (relation).
To get this symbol outside of math mode you can put
<code>\newcommand*&lbrace;\Leadsto&rbrace;&lbrace;\ensuremath&lbrace;\leadsto&rbrace;&rbrace;</code> in the
preamble and then use <code>\Leadsto</code> instead.
<!-- c bb Best Unicode equivalent? -->
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="684" mergedindex="cp">\Leftarrow</indexterm>\Leftarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="704" mergedindex="cp">\Leftarrow</indexterm>\Leftarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21D0</U> Is implied by, double-line left arrow (relation). Similar:
single-line left arrow&nbsp;<code>\leftarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="685" mergedindex="cp">\leftarrow</indexterm>\leftarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="705" mergedindex="cp">\leftarrow</indexterm>\leftarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2190</U> Single-line left arrow (relation).
Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\gets</code>. Similar: double-line left
arrow&nbsp;<code>\Leftarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="686" mergedindex="cp">\leftharpoondown</indexterm>\leftharpoondown</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="706" mergedindex="cp">\leftharpoondown</indexterm>\leftharpoondown</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21BD</U> Single-line left harpoon, barb under bar (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="687" mergedindex="cp">\leftharpoonup</indexterm>\leftharpoonup</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="707" mergedindex="cp">\leftharpoonup</indexterm>\leftharpoonup</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21BC</U> Single-line left harpoon, barb over bar (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="688" mergedindex="cp">\Leftrightarrow</indexterm>\Leftrightarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="708" mergedindex="cp">\Leftrightarrow</indexterm>\Leftrightarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21D4</U> Bi-implication; double-line double-headed arrow (relation).
Similar: single-line double headed arrow&nbsp;<code>\leftrightarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="689" mergedindex="cp">\leftrightarrow</indexterm>\leftrightarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="709" mergedindex="cp">\leftrightarrow</indexterm>\leftrightarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2194</U> Single-line double-headed arrow (relation). Similar:
double-line double headed arrow&nbsp;<code>\Leftrightarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="690" mergedindex="cp">\leq</indexterm>\leq</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="710" mergedindex="cp">\leq</indexterm>\leq</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2264</U> Less than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym
for&nbsp;<code>\le</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="691" mergedindex="cp">\lfloor</indexterm>\lfloor</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="711" mergedindex="cp">\lfloor</indexterm>\lfloor</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>230A</U> Left floor bracket (opening). Matches:&nbsp;<code>\floor</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="692" mergedindex="cp">\lhd</indexterm>\lhd</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="712" mergedindex="cp">\lhd</indexterm>\lhd</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25C1</U> Arrowhead, that is, triangle, pointing left (binary).
For the normal subgroup symbol you should load
<code>amssymb</code> and use&nbsp;<code>\vartriangleleft</code> (which is a relation
and so gives better spacing).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="693" mergedindex="cp">\ll</indexterm>\ll</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="713" mergedindex="cp">\ll</indexterm>\ll</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>226A</U> Much less than (relation). Similar: much greater
than&nbsp;<code>\gg</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="694" mergedindex="cp">\lnot</indexterm>\lnot</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="714" mergedindex="cp">\lnot</indexterm>\lnot</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>00AC</U> Logical negation (ordinary). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\neg</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="695" mergedindex="cp">\longleftarrow</indexterm>\longleftarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="715" mergedindex="cp">\longleftarrow</indexterm>\longleftarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27F5</U> Long single-line left arrow (relation). Similar: long
double-line left arrow&nbsp;<code>\Longleftarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="696" mergedindex="cp">\longleftrightarrow</indexterm>\longleftrightarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="716" mergedindex="cp">\longleftrightarrow</indexterm>\longleftrightarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27F7</U> Long single-line double-headed arrow (relation). Similar: long
double-line double-headed arrow&nbsp;<code>\Longleftrightarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="697" mergedindex="cp">\longmapsto</indexterm>\longmapsto</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="717" mergedindex="cp">\longmapsto</indexterm>\longmapsto</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27FC</U> Long single-line left arrow starting with vertical bar
(relation). Similar: shorter version&nbsp;<code>\mapsto</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="698" mergedindex="cp">\longrightarrow</indexterm>\longrightarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="718" mergedindex="cp">\longrightarrow</indexterm>\longrightarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27F6</U> Long single-line right arrow (relation). Similar: long
double-line right arrow&nbsp;<code>\Longrightarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="699" mergedindex="cp">\lor</indexterm>\lor</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="719" mergedindex="cp">\lor</indexterm>\lor</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2228</U> Logical or (binary). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\vee</code>.
See also logical&nbsp;and&nbsp;<code>\land</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="700" mergedindex="cp">\mapsto</indexterm>\mapsto</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="720" mergedindex="cp">\mapsto</indexterm>\mapsto</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21A6</U> Single-line left arrow starting with vertical bar
(relation).
Similar: longer version&nbsp;<code>\longmapsto</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="701" mergedindex="cp">\mho</indexterm>\mho</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="721" mergedindex="cp">\mho</indexterm>\mho</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2127</U> Conductance, half-circle rotated capital omega (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="702" mergedindex="cp">\mid</indexterm>\mid</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="722" mergedindex="cp">\mid</indexterm>\mid</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2223</U> Single-line vertical bar (relation). A typical use of
<code>\mid</code> is for a set <code>\&lbrace;\, x \mid x\geq 5 \,\&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
@@ -12998,42 +13747,42 @@ ordinary) and you should not use them as relations but instead only as
ordinals, i.e., footnote symbols. For absolute value, see the entry
for&nbsp;<code>\vert</code> and for norm see the entry for&nbsp;<code>\Vert</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="703" mergedindex="cp">\models</indexterm>\models</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="723" mergedindex="cp">\models</indexterm>\models</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22A8</U> Entails, or satisfies; double turnstile, short double dash
(relation). Similar: long double dash&nbsp;<code>\vDash</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="704" mergedindex="cp">\mp</indexterm>\mp</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="724" mergedindex="cp">\mp</indexterm>\mp</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2213</U> Minus or plus (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="705" mergedindex="cp">\mu</indexterm>\mu</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="725" mergedindex="cp">\mu</indexterm>\mu</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03BC</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="706" mergedindex="cp">\nabla</indexterm>\nabla</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="726" mergedindex="cp">\nabla</indexterm>\nabla</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2207</U> Hamilton&textrsquo;s del, or differential, operator (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="707" mergedindex="cp">\natural</indexterm>\natural</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="727" mergedindex="cp">\natural</indexterm>\natural</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>266E</U> Musical natural notation (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="708" mergedindex="cp">\ne</indexterm>\ne</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="728" mergedindex="cp">\ne</indexterm>\ne</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2260</U> Not equal (relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\neq</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="709" mergedindex="cp">\nearrow</indexterm>\nearrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="729" mergedindex="cp">\nearrow</indexterm>\nearrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2197</U> North-east arrow (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="710" mergedindex="cp">\neg</indexterm>\neg</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="730" mergedindex="cp">\neg</indexterm>\neg</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>00AC</U> Logical negation (ordinary).
Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\lnot</code>. Sometimes instead used for
negation:&nbsp;<code>\sim</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="711" mergedindex="cp">\neq</indexterm>\neq</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="731" mergedindex="cp">\neq</indexterm>\neq</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2260</U> Not equal (relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\ne</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="712" mergedindex="cp">\ni</indexterm>\ni</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="732" mergedindex="cp">\ni</indexterm>\ni</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>220B</U> Reflected membership epsilon; has the member
(relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\owns</code>. Similar: is a member
of&nbsp;<code>\in</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="713" mergedindex="cp">\not</indexterm>\not</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="733" mergedindex="cp">\not</indexterm>\not</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><!-- c the "@ "s put in spaces so the not slash doesn't hit the next char. -->
<para><U>0020</U><spacecmd type="spc"/><spacecmd type="spc"/><spacecmd type="spc"/><spacecmd type="spc"/>Long solidus, or slash, used to overstrike a
following operator (relation).
@@ -13042,85 +13791,85 @@ following operator (relation).
particularly with the <code>amssymb</code> package. For example, <code>\notin</code>
is typographically preferable to <code>\not\in</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="714" mergedindex="cp">\notin</indexterm>\notin</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="734" mergedindex="cp">\notin</indexterm>\notin</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2209</U> Not an element of (relation). Similar: not subset
of&nbsp;<code>\nsubseteq</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="715" mergedindex="cp">\nu</indexterm>\nu</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="735" mergedindex="cp">\nu</indexterm>\nu</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03BD</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="716" mergedindex="cp">\nwarrow</indexterm>\nwarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="736" mergedindex="cp">\nwarrow</indexterm>\nwarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2196</U> North-west arrow (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="717" mergedindex="cp">\odot</indexterm>\odot</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="737" mergedindex="cp">\odot</indexterm>\odot</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2299</U> Dot inside a circle (binary). Similar: variable-sized
operator&nbsp;<code>\bigodot</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="718" mergedindex="cp">\oint</indexterm>\oint</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="738" mergedindex="cp">\oint</indexterm>\oint</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>222E</U> Contour integral, integral with circle in the middle
(operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="719" mergedindex="cp">\Omega</indexterm>\Omega</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="739" mergedindex="cp">\Omega</indexterm>\Omega</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03A9</U> uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="720" mergedindex="cp">\omega</indexterm>\omega</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="740" mergedindex="cp">\omega</indexterm>\omega</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C9</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="721" mergedindex="cp">\ominus</indexterm>\ominus</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="741" mergedindex="cp">\ominus</indexterm>\ominus</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2296</U> Minus sign, or dash, inside a circle (binary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="722" mergedindex="cp">\oplus</indexterm>\oplus</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="742" mergedindex="cp">\oplus</indexterm>\oplus</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2295</U> Plus sign inside a circle (binary). Similar: variable-sized
operator&nbsp;<code>\bigoplus</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="723" mergedindex="cp">\oslash</indexterm>\oslash</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="743" mergedindex="cp">\oslash</indexterm>\oslash</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2298</U> Solidus, or slash, inside a circle (binary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="724" mergedindex="cp">\otimes</indexterm>\otimes</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="744" mergedindex="cp">\otimes</indexterm>\otimes</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2297</U> Times sign, or cross, inside a circle (binary). Similar:
variable-sized operator&nbsp;<code>\bigotimes</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="725" mergedindex="cp">\owns</indexterm>\owns</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="745" mergedindex="cp">\owns</indexterm>\owns</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>220B</U> Reflected membership epsilon; has the member
(relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\ni</code>. Similar: is a member
of&nbsp;<code>\in</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="726" mergedindex="cp">\parallel</indexterm>\parallel</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="746" mergedindex="cp">\parallel</indexterm>\parallel</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2225</U> Parallel (relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\|</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="727" mergedindex="cp">\partial</indexterm>\partial</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="747" mergedindex="cp">\partial</indexterm>\partial</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2202</U> Partial differential (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="728" mergedindex="cp">\perp</indexterm>\perp</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="748" mergedindex="cp">\perp</indexterm>\perp</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27C2</U> Perpendicular (relation). Similar:&nbsp;<code>\bot</code> uses the
same glyph but the spacing is different because it is in the class
ordinary.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="729" mergedindex="cp">\Phi</indexterm>\Phi</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="749" mergedindex="cp">\Phi</indexterm>\Phi</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03A6</U> Uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="730" mergedindex="cp">\phi</indexterm>\phi</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="750" mergedindex="cp">\phi</indexterm>\phi</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03D5</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
<code>\varphi</code>&nbsp;<U>03C6</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="731" mergedindex="cp">\Pi</indexterm>\Pi</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="751" mergedindex="cp">\Pi</indexterm>\Pi</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03A0</U> uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="732" mergedindex="cp">\pi</indexterm>\pi</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="752" mergedindex="cp">\pi</indexterm>\pi</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C0</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
<code>\varpi</code>&nbsp;<U>03D6</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="733" mergedindex="cp">\pm</indexterm>\pm</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="753" mergedindex="cp">\pm</indexterm>\pm</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>00B1</U> Plus or minus (binary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="734" mergedindex="cp">\prec</indexterm>\prec</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="754" mergedindex="cp">\prec</indexterm>\prec</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>227A</U> Precedes (relation). Similar: less than&nbsp;<code>&lt;</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="735" mergedindex="cp">\preceq</indexterm>\preceq</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="755" mergedindex="cp">\preceq</indexterm>\preceq</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2AAF</U> Precedes or equals (relation). Similar: less than or
equals&nbsp;<code>\leq</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="736" mergedindex="cp">\prime</indexterm>\prime</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="756" mergedindex="cp">\prime</indexterm>\prime</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2032</U> Prime, or minute in a time expression (ordinary).
Typically used as a superscript: <code>$f^\prime$</code>; <code>$f^\prime$</code>
and <code>$f'$</code> produce the same result. An advantage of the second
@@ -13130,334 +13879,334 @@ typing. You can only use <code>\prime</code> in math mode. Using the right
single quote&nbsp;<code>'</code> in text mode produces a different character
(apostrophe).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="737" mergedindex="cp">\prod</indexterm>\prod</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="757" mergedindex="cp">\prod</indexterm>\prod</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>220F</U> Product (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="738" mergedindex="cp">\propto</indexterm>\propto</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="758" mergedindex="cp">\propto</indexterm>\propto</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>221D</U> Is proportional to (relation)
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="739" mergedindex="cp">\Psi</indexterm>\Psi</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="759" mergedindex="cp">\Psi</indexterm>\Psi</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03A8</U> uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="740" mergedindex="cp">\psi</indexterm>\psi</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="760" mergedindex="cp">\psi</indexterm>\psi</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C8</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="741" mergedindex="cp">\rangle</indexterm>\rangle</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="761" mergedindex="cp">\rangle</indexterm>\rangle</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27E9</U> Right angle, or sequence, bracket (closing).
Similar: greater than&nbsp;<code>&gt;</code>. Matches:<code>\langle</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="742" mergedindex="cp">\rbrace</indexterm>\rbrace</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="762" mergedindex="cp">\rbrace</indexterm>\rbrace</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>007D</U> Right curly brace
(closing). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\&rbrace;</code>. Matches&nbsp;<code>\lbrace</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="743" mergedindex="cp">\rbrack</indexterm>\rbrack</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="763" mergedindex="cp">\rbrack</indexterm>\rbrack</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>005D</U> Right square bracket
(closing). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>]</code>. Matches&nbsp;<code>\lbrack</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="744" mergedindex="cp">\rceil</indexterm>\rceil</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="764" mergedindex="cp">\rceil</indexterm>\rceil</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2309</U> Right ceiling bracket (closing). Matches&nbsp;<code>\lceil</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="745" mergedindex="cp">\Re</indexterm>\Re</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="765" mergedindex="cp">\Re</indexterm>\Re</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>211C</U> Real part, real numbers, cursive capital R (ordinary). Related:
double-line, or blackboard bold, R&nbsp;<code>\mathbb&lbrace;R&rbrace;</code>; to access
this, load the <code>amsfonts</code> package.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="746" mergedindex="cp">\restriction</indexterm>\restriction</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="766" mergedindex="cp">\restriction</indexterm>\restriction</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21BE</U>, Restriction of a function (relation). Synonym:
<code>\upharpoonright</code>. Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <code>amssymb</code> package.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="747" mergedindex="cp">\revemptyset</indexterm>\revemptyset</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="767" mergedindex="cp">\revemptyset</indexterm>\revemptyset</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>29B0</U>, Reversed empty set symbol (ordinary). Related:
<code>\varnothing</code>. Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <file>stix</file> package.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="748" mergedindex="cp">\rfloor</indexterm>\rfloor</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="768" mergedindex="cp">\rfloor</indexterm>\rfloor</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>230B</U> Right floor bracket, a right square bracket with the top cut
off (closing). Matches&nbsp;<code>\lfloor</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="749" mergedindex="cp">\rhd</indexterm>\rhd</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="769" mergedindex="cp">\rhd</indexterm>\rhd</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25C1</U> Arrowhead, that is, triangle, pointing right (binary).
For the normal subgroup symbol you should instead
load <code>amssymb</code> and use&nbsp;<code>\vartriangleright</code> (which is a
relation and so gives better spacing).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="750" mergedindex="cp">\rho</indexterm>\rho</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="770" mergedindex="cp">\rho</indexterm>\rho</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C1</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
<code>\varrho</code>&nbsp;<U>03F1</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="751" mergedindex="cp">\Rightarrow</indexterm>\Rightarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="771" mergedindex="cp">\Rightarrow</indexterm>\Rightarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21D2</U> Implies, right-pointing double line arrow
(relation). Similar: right single-line arrow&nbsp;<code>\rightarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="752" mergedindex="cp">\rightarrow</indexterm>\rightarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="772" mergedindex="cp">\rightarrow</indexterm>\rightarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2192</U> Right-pointing single line arrow (relation).
Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\to</code>. Similar: right double line
arrow&nbsp;<code>\Rightarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="753" mergedindex="cp">\rightharpoondown</indexterm>\rightharpoondown</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="773" mergedindex="cp">\rightharpoondown</indexterm>\rightharpoondown</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21C1</U> Right-pointing harpoon with barb below
the line (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="754" mergedindex="cp">\rightharpoonup</indexterm>\rightharpoonup</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="774" mergedindex="cp">\rightharpoonup</indexterm>\rightharpoonup</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21C0</U> Right-pointing harpoon with barb above the
line (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="755" mergedindex="cp">\rightleftharpoons</indexterm>\rightleftharpoons</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="775" mergedindex="cp">\rightleftharpoons</indexterm>\rightleftharpoons</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21CC</U> Right harpoon up above left harpoon down
(relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="756" mergedindex="cp">\searrow</indexterm>\searrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="776" mergedindex="cp">\searrow</indexterm>\searrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2198</U> Arrow pointing southeast (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="757" mergedindex="cp">\setminus</indexterm>\setminus</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="777" mergedindex="cp">\setminus</indexterm>\setminus</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>29F5</U> Set difference, reverse solidus or reverse slash,
like \ (binary). Similar: backslash&nbsp;<code>\backslash</code> and also
<code>\textbackslash</code> outside of math mode.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="758" mergedindex="cp">\sharp</indexterm>\sharp</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="778" mergedindex="cp">\sharp</indexterm>\sharp</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>266F</U> Musical sharp (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="759" mergedindex="cp">\Sigma</indexterm>\Sigma</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="779" mergedindex="cp">\Sigma</indexterm>\Sigma</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03A3</U> uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="760" mergedindex="cp">\sigma</indexterm>\sigma</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="780" mergedindex="cp">\sigma</indexterm>\sigma</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C3</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
<code>\varsigma</code>&nbsp;<U>03C2</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="761" mergedindex="cp">\sim</indexterm>\sim</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="781" mergedindex="cp">\sim</indexterm>\sim</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>223C</U> Similar, in a relation (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="762" mergedindex="cp">\simeq</indexterm>\simeq</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="782" mergedindex="cp">\simeq</indexterm>\simeq</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2243</U> Similar or equal to, in a relation (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="763" mergedindex="cp">\smallint</indexterm>\smallint</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="783" mergedindex="cp">\smallint</indexterm>\smallint</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>222B</U> Integral sign that does not change to a larger size in a
display (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="764" mergedindex="cp">\smile</indexterm>\smile</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="784" mergedindex="cp">\smile</indexterm>\smile</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2323</U> Upward curving arc, smile (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="765" mergedindex="cp">\spadesuit</indexterm>\spadesuit</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="785" mergedindex="cp">\spadesuit</indexterm>\spadesuit</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2660</U> Spade card suit (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="766" mergedindex="cp">\sqcap</indexterm>\sqcap</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="786" mergedindex="cp">\sqcap</indexterm>\sqcap</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2293</U> Square intersection symbol (binary). Similar:
intersection&nbsp;<code>cap</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="767" mergedindex="cp">\sqcup</indexterm>\sqcup</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="787" mergedindex="cp">\sqcup</indexterm>\sqcup</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2294</U> Square union symbol (binary). Similar:
union&nbsp;<code>cup</code>. Related: variable-sized
operator&nbsp;<code>\bigsqcup</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="768" mergedindex="cp">\sqsubset</indexterm>\sqsubset</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="788" mergedindex="cp">\sqsubset</indexterm>\sqsubset</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>228F</U>, Square subset symbol (relation). Similar:
subset&nbsp;<code>\subset</code>. Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <code>amssymb</code> package.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="769" mergedindex="cp">\sqsubseteq</indexterm>\sqsubseteq</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="789" mergedindex="cp">\sqsubseteq</indexterm>\sqsubseteq</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2291</U> Square subset or equal symbol (binary). Similar: subset or
equal to&nbsp;<code>\subseteq</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="770" mergedindex="cp">\sqsupset</indexterm>\sqsupset</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="790" mergedindex="cp">\sqsupset</indexterm>\sqsupset</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2290</U>, Square superset symbol (relation). Similar:
superset&nbsp;<code>\supset</code>. Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <code>amssymb</code> package.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="771" mergedindex="cp">\sqsupseteq</indexterm>\sqsupseteq</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="791" mergedindex="cp">\sqsupseteq</indexterm>\sqsupseteq</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2292</U> Square superset or equal symbol (binary).
Similar: superset or equal&nbsp;<code>\supseteq</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="772" mergedindex="cp">\star</indexterm>\star</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="792" mergedindex="cp">\star</indexterm>\star</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C6</U> Five-pointed star, sometimes used as a general binary
operation but sometimes reserved for cross-correlation (binary).
Similar: the synonyms asterisk&nbsp;<code>*</code> and <code>\ast</code>, which
are six-pointed, and more often appear as a superscript or subscript,
as with the Kleene star.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="773" mergedindex="cp">\subset</indexterm>\subset</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="793" mergedindex="cp">\subset</indexterm>\subset</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2282</U> Subset (occasionally, is implied by) (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="774" mergedindex="cp">\subseteq</indexterm>\subseteq</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="794" mergedindex="cp">\subseteq</indexterm>\subseteq</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2286</U> Subset or equal to (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="775" mergedindex="cp">\succ</indexterm>\succ</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="795" mergedindex="cp">\succ</indexterm>\succ</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>227B</U> Comes after, succeeds (relation). Similar: is less
than&nbsp;<code>&gt;</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="776" mergedindex="cp">\succeq</indexterm>\succeq</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="796" mergedindex="cp">\succeq</indexterm>\succeq</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2AB0</U> Succeeds or is equal to (relation). Similar: less
than or equal to&nbsp;<code>\leq</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="777" mergedindex="cp">\sum</indexterm>\sum</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="797" mergedindex="cp">\sum</indexterm>\sum</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2211</U> Summation (operator). Similar: Greek capital
sigma&nbsp;<code>\Sigma</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="778" mergedindex="cp">\supset</indexterm>\supset</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="798" mergedindex="cp">\supset</indexterm>\supset</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2283</U> Superset (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="779" mergedindex="cp">\supseteq</indexterm>\supseteq</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="799" mergedindex="cp">\supseteq</indexterm>\supseteq</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2287</U> Superset or equal to (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="780" mergedindex="cp">\surd</indexterm>\surd</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="800" mergedindex="cp">\surd</indexterm>\surd</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>221A</U> Radical symbol (ordinary). The &latex; command
<code>\sqrt&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code> typesets the square root of the argument, with a bar
that extends to cover the argument.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="781" mergedindex="cp">\swarrow</indexterm>\swarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="801" mergedindex="cp">\swarrow</indexterm>\swarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2199</U> Southwest-pointing arrow (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="782" mergedindex="cp">\tau</indexterm>\tau</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="802" mergedindex="cp">\tau</indexterm>\tau</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C4</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="783" mergedindex="cp">\theta</indexterm>\theta</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="803" mergedindex="cp">\theta</indexterm>\theta</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B8</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
<code>\vartheta</code>&nbsp;<U>03D1</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="784" mergedindex="cp">\times</indexterm>\times</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="804" mergedindex="cp">\times</indexterm>\times</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>00D7</U> Primary school multiplication sign (binary). See
also&nbsp;<code>\cdot</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="785" mergedindex="cp">\to</indexterm>\to</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="805" mergedindex="cp">\to</indexterm>\to</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2192</U> Right-pointing single line arrow (relation).
Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\rightarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="786" mergedindex="cp">\top</indexterm>\top</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="806" mergedindex="cp">\top</indexterm>\top</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22A4</U> Top, greatest element of a partially ordered set
(ordinary). See also&nbsp;<code>\bot</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="787" mergedindex="cp">\triangle</indexterm>\triangle</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="807" mergedindex="cp">\triangle</indexterm>\triangle</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25B3</U> Triangle (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="788" mergedindex="cp">\triangleleft</indexterm>\triangleleft</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="808" mergedindex="cp">\triangleleft</indexterm>\triangleleft</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25C1</U> Not-filled triangle pointing left
(binary). Similar:&nbsp;<code>\lhd</code>. For the normal subgroup symbol you
should load <code>amssymb</code> and use&nbsp;<code>\vartriangleleft</code> (which
is a relation and so gives better spacing).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="789" mergedindex="cp">\triangleright</indexterm>\triangleright</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="809" mergedindex="cp">\triangleright</indexterm>\triangleright</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25B7</U> Not-filled triangle pointing right
(binary). For the normal subgroup symbol you should instead load
<code>amssymb</code> and use&nbsp;<code>\vartriangleright</code> (which is a
relation and so gives better spacing).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="790" mergedindex="cp">\unlhd</indexterm>\unlhd</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="810" mergedindex="cp">\unlhd</indexterm>\unlhd</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22B4</U> Left-pointing not-filled underlined arrowhead, that is,
triangle, with a line under (binary). For the
normal subgroup symbol load <code>amssymb</code> and
use&nbsp;<code>\vartrianglelefteq</code> (which is a relation and so gives
better spacing).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="791" mergedindex="cp">\unrhd</indexterm>\unrhd</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="811" mergedindex="cp">\unrhd</indexterm>\unrhd</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22B5</U> Right-pointing not-filled underlined arrowhead, that is,
triangle, with a line under (binary). For the
normal subgroup symbol load <code>amssymb</code> and
use&nbsp;<code>\vartrianglerighteq</code> (which is a relation and so gives
better spacing).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="792" mergedindex="cp">\Uparrow</indexterm>\Uparrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="812" mergedindex="cp">\Uparrow</indexterm>\Uparrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21D1</U> Double-line upward-pointing arrow
(relation). Similar: single-line up-pointing
arrow&nbsp;<code>\uparrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="793" mergedindex="cp">\uparrow</indexterm>\uparrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="813" mergedindex="cp">\uparrow</indexterm>\uparrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2191</U> Single-line upward-pointing arrow, diverges
(relation). Similar: double-line up-pointing
arrow&nbsp;<code>\Uparrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="794" mergedindex="cp">\Updownarrow</indexterm>\Updownarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="814" mergedindex="cp">\Updownarrow</indexterm>\Updownarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21D5</U> Double-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow
(relation). Similar: single-line upward-and-downward-pointing
arrow&nbsp;<code>\updownarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="795" mergedindex="cp">\updownarrow</indexterm>\updownarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="815" mergedindex="cp">\updownarrow</indexterm>\updownarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2195</U> Single-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow
(relation). Similar: double-line upward-and-downward-pointing
arrow&nbsp;<code>\Updownarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="796" mergedindex="cp">\upharpoonright</indexterm>\upharpoonright</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="816" mergedindex="cp">\upharpoonright</indexterm>\upharpoonright</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21BE</U>, Up harpoon, with barb on right side
(relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>&backslashchar;restriction</code>.
Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <code>amssymb</code> package.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="797" mergedindex="cp">\uplus</indexterm>\uplus</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="817" mergedindex="cp">\uplus</indexterm>\uplus</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>228E</U> Multiset union, a union symbol with a plus symbol in
the middle (binary). Similar: union&nbsp;<code>\cup</code>. Related:
variable-sized operator&nbsp;<code>\biguplus</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="798" mergedindex="cp">\Upsilon</indexterm>\Upsilon</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="818" mergedindex="cp">\Upsilon</indexterm>\Upsilon</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03A5</U> uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="799" mergedindex="cp">\upsilon</indexterm>\upsilon</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="819" mergedindex="cp">\upsilon</indexterm>\upsilon</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C5</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="800" mergedindex="cp">\varepsilon</indexterm>\varepsilon</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="820" mergedindex="cp">\varepsilon</indexterm>\varepsilon</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B5</U> Small letter script epsilon (ordinary). This is
more widely used in mathematics than the non-variant lunate epsilon form
<code>\epsilon</code>&nbsp;<U>03F5</U>. Related: set
membership&nbsp;<code>\in</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="801" mergedindex="cp">\vanothing</indexterm>\vanothing</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="821" mergedindex="cp">\vanothing</indexterm>\vanothing</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2205</U>, Empty set symbol. Similar: <code>\emptyset</code>. Related:
<code>\revemptyset</code>. Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <code>amssymb</code> package.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="802" mergedindex="cp">\varphi</indexterm>\varphi</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="822" mergedindex="cp">\varphi</indexterm>\varphi</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C6</U> Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
The non-variant form is <code>\phi</code>&nbsp;<U>03D5</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="803" mergedindex="cp">\varpi</indexterm>\varpi</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="823" mergedindex="cp">\varpi</indexterm>\varpi</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03D6</U> Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
The non-variant form is <code>\pi</code>&nbsp;<U>03C0</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="804" mergedindex="cp">\varrho</indexterm>\varrho</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="824" mergedindex="cp">\varrho</indexterm>\varrho</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03F1</U> Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
The non-variant form is <code>\rho</code>&nbsp;<U>03C1</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="805" mergedindex="cp">\varsigma</indexterm>\varsigma</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="825" mergedindex="cp">\varsigma</indexterm>\varsigma</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C2</U> Variant on the lowercase Greek letter
(ordinary). The non-variant form is
<code>\sigma</code>&nbsp;<U>03C3</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="806" mergedindex="cp">\vartheta</indexterm>\vartheta</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="826" mergedindex="cp">\vartheta</indexterm>\vartheta</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03D1</U> Variant on the lowercase Greek letter
(ordinary). The non-variant form is
<code>\theta</code>&nbsp;<U>03B8</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="807" mergedindex="cp">\vdash</indexterm>\vdash</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="827" mergedindex="cp">\vdash</indexterm>\vdash</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22A2</U> Provable; turnstile, vertical and a dash
(relation). Similar: turnstile rotated a
half-circle&nbsp;<code>\dashv</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="808" mergedindex="cp">\vee</indexterm>\vee</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="828" mergedindex="cp">\vee</indexterm>\vee</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2228</U> Logical or; a downwards v shape (binary). Related:
logical and&nbsp;<code>\wedge</code>. Similar: variable-sized
operator&nbsp;<code>\bigvee</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="809" mergedindex="cp">\Vert</indexterm>\Vert</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="829" mergedindex="cp">\Vert</indexterm>\Vert</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2016</U> Vertical double bar (ordinary). <xref label="Delimiters"><xrefnodename>Delimiters</xrefnodename></xref>,
for how to use the <code>mathtools</code> package to create flexibly-sized
norm symbols.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="810" mergedindex="cp">\vert</indexterm>\vert</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="830" mergedindex="cp">\vert</indexterm>\vert</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>007C</U> Single line vertical bar (ordinary). For &textldquo;such
that&textrdquo;, as in the definition of a set, use&nbsp;<code>\mid</code> because it
is a relation. <xref label="Delimiters"><xrefnodename>Delimiters</xrefnodename></xref>, for how to use the <code>mathtools</code>
package to create flexibly-sized absolute-value symbols.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="811" mergedindex="cp">\wedge</indexterm>\wedge</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="831" mergedindex="cp">\wedge</indexterm>\wedge</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2227</U> Logical and (binary). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\land</code>. See also
logical or <code>\vee</code>. Similar: variable-sized
operator&nbsp;<code>\bigwedge</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="812" mergedindex="cp">\wp</indexterm>\wp</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="832" mergedindex="cp">\wp</indexterm>\wp</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2118</U> Weierstrass p (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="813" mergedindex="cp">\wr</indexterm>\wr</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="833" mergedindex="cp">\wr</indexterm>\wr</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2240</U> Wreath product (binary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="814" mergedindex="cp">\Xi</indexterm>\Xi</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="834" mergedindex="cp">\Xi</indexterm>\Xi</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>039E</U> uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="815" mergedindex="cp">\xi</indexterm>\xi</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="835" mergedindex="cp">\xi</indexterm>\xi</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03BE</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="816" mergedindex="cp">\zeta</indexterm>\zeta</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="836" mergedindex="cp">\zeta</indexterm>\zeta</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B6</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
@@ -13466,46 +14215,46 @@ operator&nbsp;<code>\bigwedge</code>.
provides versions to use in mathematical text.
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="817" mergedindex="cp">\mathdollar</indexterm>\mathdollar</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="837" mergedindex="cp">\mathdollar</indexterm>\mathdollar</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Dollar sign in math mode: $.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="818" mergedindex="cp">\mathparagraph</indexterm>\mathparagraph</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="838" mergedindex="cp">\mathparagraph</indexterm>\mathparagraph</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Paragraph sign (pilcrow) in math mode, <U>00B6</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="819" mergedindex="cp">\mathsection</indexterm>\mathsection</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="839" mergedindex="cp">\mathsection</indexterm>\mathsection</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Section sign in math mode: <U>00A7</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="820" mergedindex="cp">\mathsterling</indexterm>\mathsterling</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="840" mergedindex="cp">\mathsterling</indexterm>\mathsterling</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Sterling sign in math mode: &pound;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="821" mergedindex="cp">\mathunderscore</indexterm>\mathunderscore</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="841" mergedindex="cp">\mathunderscore</indexterm>\mathunderscore</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Underscore in math mode: _.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Arrows</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">List of arrows.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\boldmath &amp; \unboldmath</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Symbols in boldface.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Blackboard bold</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Doublestruck characters.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Calligraphic</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Cursive characters.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Delimiters</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Parentheses, braces, etc.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Dots</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Ellipses, etc.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Greek letters</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">List of Greek letters.
+<menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Arrows</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">List of arrows.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\boldmath &amp; \unboldmath</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Symbols in boldface.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Blackboard bold</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Doublestruck characters.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Calligraphic</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Cursive characters.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Delimiters</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Parentheses, braces, etc.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Dots</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Ellipses, etc.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Greek letters</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">List of Greek letters.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
<node name="Arrows" spaces=" "><nodename>Arrows</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\boldmath &amp; \unboldmath</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Math symbols</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Arrows</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="591">arrows</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="592">symbols, arrows</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="822" mergedindex="cp">math, arrows</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="661">arrows</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="662">symbols, arrows</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="842" mergedindex="cp">math, arrows</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="593"><r>package</r>, <code>amsfonts</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="594"><code>amsfonts</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="663"><r>package</r>, <code>amsfonts</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="664"><code>amsfonts</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="595"><r>package</r>, <code>latexsym</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="596"><code>latexsym</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="665"><r>package</r>, <code>latexsym</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="666"><code>latexsym</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>These are the arrows that come with standard &latex;. The
<code>latexsym</code> and <code>amsfonts</code> packages contain many more.
@@ -13569,11 +14318,11 @@ provides versions to use in mathematical text.
<para>An example of the difference between <code>\to</code> and <code>\mapsto</code>
is: <code>\( f\colon D\to C \) given by \( n\mapsto n^2 \)</code>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="597"><r>package</r>, <code>amscd</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="598"><code>amscd</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="667"><r>package</r>, <code>amscd</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="668"><code>amscd</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="599"><r>package</r>, <code>tikz-cd</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="600"><code>tikz-cd</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="669"><r>package</r>, <code>tikz-cd</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="670"><code>tikz-cd</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>For commutative diagrams there are a number of packages, including
<code>tikz-cd</code> and <code>amscd</code>.
@@ -13585,10 +14334,10 @@ is: <code>\( f\colon D\to C \) given by \( n\mapsto n^2 \)</code>.
<anchor name="_005cboldmath">\boldmath</anchor>
<anchor name="_005cunboldmath">\unboldmath</anchor>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="823" mergedindex="cp">\boldmath</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="824" mergedindex="cp">\unboldmath</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="601">boldface mathematics</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="602">mathematics, boldface</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="843" mergedindex="cp">\boldmath</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="844" mergedindex="cp">\unboldmath</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="671">boldface mathematics</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="672">mathematics, boldface</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis (used in paragraph mode or LR mode):
</para>
@@ -13603,8 +14352,8 @@ is: <code>\( f\colon D\to C \) given by \( n\mapsto n^2 \)</code>.
<pre xml:space="preserve">\unboldmath \( <var>math</var> \)
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="825" mergedindex="cp">\boldmath</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="826" mergedindex="cp">\unboldmath</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="845" mergedindex="cp">\boldmath</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="846" mergedindex="cp">\unboldmath</indexterm></findex>
<para>Declarations to change the letters and symbols in <var>math</var> to be in
a bold font, or to countermand that and bring back the regular
(non-bold) default, respectively. They must be used when <emph>not</emph> in
@@ -13629,17 +14378,17 @@ Command \boldmath invalid in math mode</samp> and <samp>LaTeX Font Warning:
Command \mathversion invalid in math mode</samp>.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">bm</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">The <code>bm</code> package for individual bold symbols.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">OpenType bold math</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve"><code>FakeBold</code> or <code>\symbf</code>.
+<menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>bm</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">The <code>bm</code> package for individual bold symbols.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>OpenType bold math</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve"><code>FakeBold</code> or <code>\symbf</code>.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
<node name="bm" spaces=" "><nodename>bm</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">OpenType bold math</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">\boldmath &amp; \unboldmath</nodeup></node>
<subsubsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>bm</code>: Individual bold math symbols</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="603"><r>package</r>, <code>bm</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="604"><code>bm</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="673"><r>package</r>, <code>bm</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="674"><code>bm</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="605">symbols, boldface</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="675">symbols, boldface</indexterm></cindex>
<!-- c https://github.com/latex3/latex2e/issues/974 -->
<para>Specifying <code>\boldmath</code> is the best method for typesetting a whole
@@ -13661,8 +14410,8 @@ we have $\bm&lbrace;v&rbrace; = 5\cdot\bm&lbrace;u&rbrace;$
<node name="OpenType-bold-math" spaces=" "><nodename>OpenType bold math</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">bm</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">\boldmath &amp; \unboldmath</nodeup></node>
<subsubsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>OpenType bold math</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="606"><r>package</r>, <code>fontspec</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="607"><code>fontspec</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="676"><r>package</r>, <code>fontspec</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="677"><code>fontspec</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>Unfortunately, when using the Unicode engines (Xe&latex;,
@@ -13681,11 +14430,11 @@ parameter (see its documentation,
drafting or informal distribution, but the results are far from a true
bold font.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="608"><r>package</r>, <code>unicode-math</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="609"><code>unicode-math</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="678"><r>package</r>, <code>unicode-math</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="679"><code>unicode-math</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="827" mergedindex="cp">\symbf</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="828" mergedindex="cp">\symbfit</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="847" mergedindex="cp">\symbf</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="848" mergedindex="cp">\symbfit</indexterm></findex>
<para>Another alternative to handling bold for OpenType math fonts is to use
the <code>\symbf</code> (bold), <code>\symbfit</code> (bold italic), and related
commands from the <code>unicode-math</code> package. These do not change
@@ -13700,8 +14449,8 @@ desired output. As usual, see the package documentation
<node name="Blackboard-bold" spaces=" "><nodename>Blackboard bold</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Calligraphic</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\boldmath &amp; \unboldmath</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math symbols</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Blackboard bold</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="610">blackboard bold</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="611">doublestruck</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="680">blackboard bold</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="681">doublestruck</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -13737,9 +14486,9 @@ capital letters; look on CTAN.
<node name="Calligraphic" spaces=" "><nodename>Calligraphic</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Delimiters</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Blackboard bold</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math symbols</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Calligraphic</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="612">calligraphic fonts</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="613">script fonts</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="614">fonts, script</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="682">calligraphic fonts</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="683">script fonts</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="684">fonts, script</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -13764,11 +14513,11 @@ an error but you also do not get math calligraphic output. For instance,
<node name="Delimiters" spaces=" "><nodename>Delimiters</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Dots</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Calligraphic</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math symbols</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Delimiters</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="615">delimiters</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="616">parentheses</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="617">braces</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="618">curly braces</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="619">brackets</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="685">delimiters</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="686">parentheses</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="687">braces</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="688">curly braces</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="689">brackets</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Delimiters are parentheses, braces, or other characters used to mark
the start and end of subformulas. This formula has three sets of
@@ -13819,8 +14568,8 @@ parentheses delimiting the three subformulas.
<para><U>2016</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\|</code> or <code>\Vert</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Double vertical bar
</para></entry></row></tbody></multitable>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="620"><r>package</r>, <code>mathtools</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="621"><code>mathtools</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="690"><r>package</r>, <code>mathtools</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="691"><code>mathtools</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>mathtools</code> package allows you to create commands for paired
delimiters. For instance, if you put
@@ -13837,8 +14586,8 @@ and <code>\rVert</code> as the symbols will give you a norm symbol with the
same behavior.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\left &amp; \right</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Automatically sized delimiters.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\bigl &amp; \bigr etc.</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Manually sized delimiters.
+<menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\left &amp; \right</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Automatically sized delimiters.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\bigl &amp; \bigr etc.</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Manually sized delimiters.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
@@ -13847,13 +14596,13 @@ same behavior.
<anchor name="_005cleft">\left</anchor>
<anchor name="_005cright">\right</anchor>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="829" mergedindex="cp">\left</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="830" mergedindex="cp">\right</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="622">delimiters, paired</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="623">paired delimiters</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="624">matching parentheses</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="625">matching brackets</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="626">null delimiter</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="849" mergedindex="cp">\left</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="850" mergedindex="cp">\right</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="692">delimiters, paired</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="693">paired delimiters</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="694">matching parentheses</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="695">matching brackets</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="696">null delimiter</indexterm></cindex>
<!-- c Credit: SE userPhilipp https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/12793 -->
@@ -13886,11 +14635,11 @@ example, leaving out the <code>\left(</code> gets the error message
<samp>Extra \right</samp>. Leaving out the <code>\right)</code> gets <samp>You
can't use `\eqno' in math mode</samp>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="627"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="628"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="697"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="698"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="629"><r>package</r>, <code>mathtools</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="630"><code>mathtools</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="699"><r>package</r>, <code>mathtools</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="700"><code>mathtools</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>However, <var>delimiter1</var> and <var>delimiter2</var> need not match. A common
case is that you want an unmatched brace, as below. Use a period,
@@ -14001,16 +14750,16 @@ delimiter; you can&textrsquo;t use <code>\left</code> on the first line and
<anchor name="_005cbigl">\bigl</anchor>
<anchor name="_005cbigr">\bigr</anchor>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="831" mergedindex="cp">\bigl</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="832" mergedindex="cp">\bigr</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="851" mergedindex="cp">\bigl</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="852" mergedindex="cp">\bigr</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\bigl<inlinefmt><inlinefmtformat>info</inlinefmtformat></inlinefmt><var>delimiter1</var> ... \bigr<inlinefmt><inlinefmtformat>info</inlinefmtformat></inlinefmt><var>delimiter2</var>
-\Bigl<inlinefmt><inlinefmtformat>info</inlinefmtformat></inlinefmt><var>delimiter1</var> ... \bigr<inlinefmt><inlinefmtformat>info</inlinefmtformat></inlinefmt><var>delimiter2</var>
-\biggl<inlinefmt><inlinefmtformat>info</inlinefmtformat></inlinefmt><var>delimiter1</var> ... \biggr<inlinefmt><inlinefmtformat>info</inlinefmtformat></inlinefmt><var>delimiter2</var>
-\Biggl<inlinefmt><inlinefmtformat>info</inlinefmtformat></inlinefmt><var>delimiter1</var> ... \Biggr<inlinefmt><inlinefmtformat>info</inlinefmtformat></inlinefmt><var>delimiter2</var>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\bigl<inlinefmt><inlinefmtformat>info</inlinefmtformat><inlinefmtcontent>@tie{}</inlinefmtcontent></inlinefmt><var>delimiter1</var> ... \bigr<inlinefmt><inlinefmtformat>info</inlinefmtformat><inlinefmtcontent>@tie{}</inlinefmtcontent></inlinefmt><var>delimiter2</var>
+\Bigl<inlinefmt><inlinefmtformat>info</inlinefmtformat><inlinefmtcontent>@tie{}</inlinefmtcontent></inlinefmt><var>delimiter1</var> ... \bigr<inlinefmt><inlinefmtformat>info</inlinefmtformat><inlinefmtcontent>@tie{}</inlinefmtcontent></inlinefmt><var>delimiter2</var>
+\biggl<inlinefmt><inlinefmtformat>info</inlinefmtformat><inlinefmtcontent>@tie{}</inlinefmtcontent></inlinefmt><var>delimiter1</var> ... \biggr<inlinefmt><inlinefmtformat>info</inlinefmtformat><inlinefmtcontent>@tie{}</inlinefmtcontent></inlinefmt><var>delimiter2</var>
+\Biggl<inlinefmt><inlinefmtformat>info</inlinefmtformat><inlinefmtcontent>@tie{}</inlinefmtcontent></inlinefmt><var>delimiter1</var> ... \Biggr<inlinefmt><inlinefmtformat>info</inlinefmtformat><inlinefmtcontent>@tie{}</inlinefmtcontent></inlinefmt><var>delimiter2</var>
</pre></example>
<noindent></noindent>
@@ -14018,20 +14767,20 @@ delimiter; you can&textrsquo;t use <code>\left</code> on the first line and
paired, see below), or one of:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\bigm<inlinefmt><inlinefmtformat>info</inlinefmtformat></inlinefmt><var>delimiter</var>
-\Bigm<inlinefmt><inlinefmtformat>info</inlinefmtformat></inlinefmt><var>delimiter</var>
-\biggm<inlinefmt><inlinefmtformat>info</inlinefmtformat></inlinefmt><var>delimiter</var>
-\Biggm<inlinefmt><inlinefmtformat>info</inlinefmtformat></inlinefmt><var>delimiter</var>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\bigm<inlinefmt><inlinefmtformat>info</inlinefmtformat><inlinefmtcontent>@tie{}</inlinefmtcontent></inlinefmt><var>delimiter</var>
+\Bigm<inlinefmt><inlinefmtformat>info</inlinefmtformat><inlinefmtcontent>@tie{}</inlinefmtcontent></inlinefmt><var>delimiter</var>
+\biggm<inlinefmt><inlinefmtformat>info</inlinefmtformat><inlinefmtcontent>@tie{}</inlinefmtcontent></inlinefmt><var>delimiter</var>
+\Biggm<inlinefmt><inlinefmtformat>info</inlinefmtformat><inlinefmtcontent>@tie{}</inlinefmtcontent></inlinefmt><var>delimiter</var>
</pre></example>
<noindent></noindent>
<para>(as with <code>\bigm|</code>), or one of:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\big<inlinefmt><inlinefmtformat>info</inlinefmtformat></inlinefmt><var>delimiter</var>
-\Big<inlinefmt><inlinefmtformat>info</inlinefmtformat></inlinefmt><var>delimiter</var>
-\bigg<inlinefmt><inlinefmtformat>info</inlinefmtformat></inlinefmt><var>delimiter</var>
-\Bigg<inlinefmt><inlinefmtformat>info</inlinefmtformat></inlinefmt><var>delimiter</var>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\big<inlinefmt><inlinefmtformat>info</inlinefmtformat><inlinefmtcontent>@tie{}</inlinefmtcontent></inlinefmt><var>delimiter</var>
+\Big<inlinefmt><inlinefmtformat>info</inlinefmtformat><inlinefmtcontent>@tie{}</inlinefmtcontent></inlinefmt><var>delimiter</var>
+\bigg<inlinefmt><inlinefmtformat>info</inlinefmtformat><inlinefmtcontent>@tie{}</inlinefmtcontent></inlinefmt><var>delimiter</var>
+\Bigg<inlinefmt><inlinefmtformat>info</inlinefmtformat><inlinefmtcontent>@tie{}</inlinefmtcontent></inlinefmt><var>delimiter</var>
</pre></example>
<noindent></noindent>
@@ -14083,8 +14832,8 @@ some circumstances, as with this large vertical line
\end&lbrace;equation&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="631"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="632"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="701"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="702"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<noindent></noindent>
<para>(many authors would replace <code>\frac</code> with the <code>\tfrac</code> command
@@ -14125,8 +14874,8 @@ formulas, as here.
<node name="Dots" spaces=" "><nodename>Dots</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Greek letters</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Delimiters</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math symbols</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Dots, horizontal or vertical</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="633">ellipses</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="634">dots</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="703">ellipses</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="704">dots</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Ellipses are the three dots (usually three) indicating that a pattern
continues.
@@ -14143,20 +14892,20 @@ continues.
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<beforefirstitem><anchor name="ellipses-cdots">ellipses cdots</anchor>
-</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="833" mergedindex="cp">\cdots</indexterm>\cdots</itemformat></item>
+</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="853" mergedindex="cp">\cdots</indexterm>\cdots</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Horizontal ellipsis with the dots raised to the center of the line, as
in <U>22EF</U>. Used as: <code>\( a_0\cdot a_1\cdots a_&lbrace;n-1&rbrace;
\)</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="ellipses-ddots">ellipses ddots</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="834" mergedindex="cp">\ddots</indexterm>\ddots</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="854" mergedindex="cp">\ddots</indexterm>\ddots</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Diagonal ellipsis, <U>22F1</U>. See the above array example for a
usage.
</para>
<anchor name="ellipses-ldots">ellipses ldots</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="835" mergedindex="cp">\ldots</indexterm>\ldots</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="836" mergedindex="cp">\mathellipsis</indexterm>\mathellipsis</itemformat></itemx>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="837" mergedindex="cp">\dots</indexterm>\dots</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="855" mergedindex="cp">\ldots</indexterm>\ldots</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="856" mergedindex="cp">\mathellipsis</indexterm>\mathellipsis</itemformat></itemx>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="857" mergedindex="cp">\dots</indexterm>\dots</itemformat></itemx>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Ellipsis on the baseline, <U>2026</U>. Used as: <code>\(
x_0,\ldots x_&lbrace;n-1&rbrace; \)</code>. Another example is the above array example.
Synonyms are <code>\mathellipsis</code> and <code>\dots</code>. A synonym from
@@ -14166,14 +14915,14 @@ the <code>amsmath</code> package is <code>\hdots</code>.
<code>The gears, brakes, \ldots&lbrace;&rbrace; are all broken</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="ellipses-vdots">ellipses vdots</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="838" mergedindex="cp">\vdots</indexterm>\vdots</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="858" mergedindex="cp">\vdots</indexterm>\vdots</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Vertical ellipsis, <U>22EE</U>. See the above array example for a
usage.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="635"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="636"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="705"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="706"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>amsmath</code> package has the command <code>\dots</code> to semantically
mark up ellipses. This example produces two different-looking outputs
@@ -14188,10 +14937,10 @@ Observe that \( p_0\cdot p_1 \dots \cdot p_&lbrace;n-1&rbrace; +1 \) is not a
Conclusion: there are infinitely many primes \( p_0, p_1, \dotsc \).
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="839" mergedindex="cp">\dotsc</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="840" mergedindex="cp">\dotsb</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="841" mergedindex="cp">\dotsi</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="842" mergedindex="cp">\dots</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="859" mergedindex="cp">\dotsc</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="860" mergedindex="cp">\dotsb</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="861" mergedindex="cp">\dotsi</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="862" mergedindex="cp">\dots</indexterm></findex>
<noindent></noindent>
<para>In the first line &latex; looks to the comma following <code>\dots</code> to
determine that it should output an ellipsis on the baseline. The second
@@ -14205,8 +14954,8 @@ or relation symbol, <code>\dotsi</code> for dots with integrals, or
<code>\dotso</code> for others.
</para>
<!-- c https://github.com/latex3/latex2e/issues/976 -->
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="637"><r>package</r>, <code>unicode-math</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="638"><code>unicode-math</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="707"><r>package</r>, <code>unicode-math</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="708"><code>unicode-math</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>\dots</code> command from <code>amsmath</code> differs from the
&latex; kernel&textrsquo;s <code>\dots</code> command in another way: it outputs a
@@ -14215,8 +14964,8 @@ package automatically loads <code>amsmath</code>, so <code>amsmath</code>&textrs
<code>\dots</code> may be active even when you did not explicitly load it,
thus changing the output from <code>\dots</code> in both text and math mode.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="639">ellipsis, in Unicode (U+2026)</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="640">ellipsis, traditional (three periods)</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="709">ellipsis, in Unicode (U+2026)</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="710">ellipsis, traditional (three periods)</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Yet more about the ellipsis commands: when running under Unicode
engines (<code>lualatex</code>, <code>xelatex</code>), &latex; will use the
Unicode ellipsis character (U+2026) in the font if it&textrsquo;s available;
@@ -14231,7 +14980,7 @@ in accordance with traditional typography.
<node name="Greek-letters" spaces=" "><nodename>Greek letters</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Dots</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math symbols</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Greek letters</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="641">Greek letters</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="711">Greek letters</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The upper case versions of these Greek letters are only shown when they
differ from Roman upper case letters.
@@ -14288,8 +15037,8 @@ differ from Roman upper case letters.
<para><U>03C9</U>, <U>03A9</U></para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\omega</code>, <code>\Omega</code></para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Omega
</para></entry></row></tbody></multitable>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="642"><r>package</r>, <code>unicode-math</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="643"><code>unicode-math</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="712"><r>package</r>, <code>unicode-math</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="713"><code>unicode-math</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>For omicron, if you are using &latex;&textrsquo;s default Computer Modern font
then enter omicron just as <samp>o</samp> or <samp>O</samp>. If you like having the
@@ -14307,123 +15056,123 @@ italic.
<node name="Math-functions" spaces=" "><nodename>Math functions</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Math accents</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Math symbols</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Math functions</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="644">math functions</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="645">functions, math</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="714">math functions</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="715">functions, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>These commands produce roman function names in math mode with proper
spacing.
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="843" mergedindex="cp">\arccos</indexterm>\arccos</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="863" mergedindex="cp">\arccos</indexterm>\arccos</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Inverse cosine
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="844" mergedindex="cp">\arcsin</indexterm>\arcsin</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="864" mergedindex="cp">\arcsin</indexterm>\arcsin</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Inverse sine
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="845" mergedindex="cp">\arctan</indexterm>\arctan</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="865" mergedindex="cp">\arctan</indexterm>\arctan</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Inverse tangent
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="846" mergedindex="cp">\arg</indexterm>\arg</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="866" mergedindex="cp">\arg</indexterm>\arg</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Angle between the real axis and a point in the complex plane
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="847" mergedindex="cp">\bmod</indexterm>\bmod</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="867" mergedindex="cp">\bmod</indexterm>\bmod</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Binary modulo operator, used as in <code>\( 5\bmod 3=2 \)</code>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="848" mergedindex="cp">\cos</indexterm>\cos</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="868" mergedindex="cp">\cos</indexterm>\cos</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Cosine
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="849" mergedindex="cp">\cosh</indexterm>\cosh</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="869" mergedindex="cp">\cosh</indexterm>\cosh</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Hyperbolic cosine
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="850" mergedindex="cp">\cot</indexterm>\cot</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="870" mergedindex="cp">\cot</indexterm>\cot</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Cotangent
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="851" mergedindex="cp">\coth</indexterm>\coth</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="871" mergedindex="cp">\coth</indexterm>\coth</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Hyperbolic cotangent
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="852" mergedindex="cp">\csc</indexterm>\csc</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="872" mergedindex="cp">\csc</indexterm>\csc</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Cosecant
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="853" mergedindex="cp">\deg</indexterm>\deg</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="873" mergedindex="cp">\deg</indexterm>\deg</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Degrees
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="854" mergedindex="cp">\det</indexterm>\det</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="874" mergedindex="cp">\det</indexterm>\det</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Determinant
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="855" mergedindex="cp">\dim</indexterm>\dim</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="875" mergedindex="cp">\dim</indexterm>\dim</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Dimension
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="856" mergedindex="cp">\exp</indexterm>\exp</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="876" mergedindex="cp">\exp</indexterm>\exp</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Exponential
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="857" mergedindex="cp">\gcd</indexterm>\gcd</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="877" mergedindex="cp">\gcd</indexterm>\gcd</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Greatest common divisor
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="858" mergedindex="cp">\hom</indexterm>\hom</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="878" mergedindex="cp">\hom</indexterm>\hom</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Homomorphism
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="859" mergedindex="cp">\inf</indexterm>\inf</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="879" mergedindex="cp">\inf</indexterm>\inf</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Infimum
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="860" mergedindex="cp">\ker</indexterm>\ker</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="880" mergedindex="cp">\ker</indexterm>\ker</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Kernel
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="861" mergedindex="cp">\lg</indexterm>\lg</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="881" mergedindex="cp">\lg</indexterm>\lg</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Base 2 logarithm
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="862" mergedindex="cp">\lim</indexterm>\lim</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="882" mergedindex="cp">\lim</indexterm>\lim</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Limit
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="863" mergedindex="cp">\liminf</indexterm>\liminf</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="883" mergedindex="cp">\liminf</indexterm>\liminf</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Limit inferior
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="864" mergedindex="cp">\limsup</indexterm>\limsup</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="884" mergedindex="cp">\limsup</indexterm>\limsup</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Limit superior
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="865" mergedindex="cp">\ln</indexterm>\ln</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="885" mergedindex="cp">\ln</indexterm>\ln</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Natural logarithm
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="866" mergedindex="cp">\log</indexterm>\log</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="886" mergedindex="cp">\log</indexterm>\log</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Logarithm
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="867" mergedindex="cp">\max</indexterm>\max</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="887" mergedindex="cp">\max</indexterm>\max</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Maximum
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="868" mergedindex="cp">\min</indexterm>\min</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="888" mergedindex="cp">\min</indexterm>\min</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Minimum
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="869" mergedindex="cp">\pmod</indexterm>\pmod</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="889" mergedindex="cp">\pmod</indexterm>\pmod</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Parenthesized modulus, as used in <code>\( 5\equiv 2\pmod 3 \)</code>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="870" mergedindex="cp">\Pr</indexterm>\Pr</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="890" mergedindex="cp">\Pr</indexterm>\Pr</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Probability
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="871" mergedindex="cp">\sec</indexterm>\sec</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="891" mergedindex="cp">\sec</indexterm>\sec</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Secant
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="872" mergedindex="cp">\sin</indexterm>\sin</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="892" mergedindex="cp">\sin</indexterm>\sin</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Sine
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="873" mergedindex="cp">\sinh</indexterm>\sinh</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="893" mergedindex="cp">\sinh</indexterm>\sinh</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Hyperbolic sine
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="874" mergedindex="cp">\sup</indexterm>\sup</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="894" mergedindex="cp">\sup</indexterm>\sup</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Supremum
sup
<!-- c don't try to use \sup with dvi/pdf output since that turned into a -->
<!-- c Texinfo command and it's not worth hassling with different versions -->
<!-- c when it's just three roman letters anyway. -->
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="875" mergedindex="cp">\tan</indexterm>\tan</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="895" mergedindex="cp">\tan</indexterm>\tan</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Tangent
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="876" mergedindex="cp">\tanh</indexterm>\tanh</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="896" mergedindex="cp">\tanh</indexterm>\tanh</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Hyperbolic tangent
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="646"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="647"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="716"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="717"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>amsmath</code> package adds improvements on some of these, and
also allows you to define your own. The full documentation is on CTAN,
@@ -14436,71 +15185,71 @@ subscript to be above and below, as is traditional with <code>\lim</code>,
</para>
</section>
-<node name="Math-accents" spaces=" "><nodename>Math accents</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Over- and Underlining</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Math functions</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node>
+<node name="Math-accents" spaces=" "><nodename>Math accents</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Over- or under math</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Math functions</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Math accents</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="648">math accents</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="649">accents, mathematical</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="718">math accents</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="719">accents, mathematical</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; provides a variety of commands for producing accented letters
in math. These are different from accents in normal text
(<pxref label="Accents"><xrefnodename>Accents</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="877" mergedindex="cp">\acute</indexterm>\acute</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="650">acute accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="897" mergedindex="cp">\acute</indexterm>\acute</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="720">acute accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math acute accent
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="878" mergedindex="cp">\bar</indexterm>\bar</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="651">bar-over accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="652">macron accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="898" mergedindex="cp">\bar</indexterm>\bar</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="721">bar-over accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="722">macron accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math bar-over accent
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="879" mergedindex="cp">\breve</indexterm>\breve</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="653">breve accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="899" mergedindex="cp">\breve</indexterm>\breve</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="723">breve accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math breve accent
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="880" mergedindex="cp">\check</indexterm>\check</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="654">check accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="655">h<accent type="acute" bracketed="off">a</accent><accent type="caron">c</accent>ek accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="900" mergedindex="cp">\check</indexterm>\check</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="724">check accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="725">h<accent type="acute" bracketed="off">a</accent><accent type="caron">c</accent>ek accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math h<accent type="acute" bracketed="off">a</accent><accent type="caron">c</accent>ek (check) accent
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="881" mergedindex="cp">\ddot</indexterm>\ddot</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="656">double dot accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="901" mergedindex="cp">\ddot</indexterm>\ddot</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="726">double dot accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math dieresis accent
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="882" mergedindex="cp">\dot</indexterm>\dot</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="657">overdot accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="658">dot over accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="902" mergedindex="cp">\dot</indexterm>\dot</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="727">overdot accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="728">dot over accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math dot accent
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="883" mergedindex="cp">\grave</indexterm>\grave</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="659">grave accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="903" mergedindex="cp">\grave</indexterm>\grave</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="729">grave accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math grave accent
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="884" mergedindex="cp">\hat</indexterm>\hat</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="660">hat accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="661">circumflex accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="904" mergedindex="cp">\hat</indexterm>\hat</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="730">hat accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="731">circumflex accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math hat (circumflex) accent
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="885" mergedindex="cp">\mathring</indexterm>\mathring</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="662">ring accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="905" mergedindex="cp">\mathring</indexterm>\mathring</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="732">ring accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math ring accent <!-- c don't bother implementing in texinfo -->
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="886" mergedindex="cp">\tilde</indexterm>\tilde</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="663">tilde accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="906" mergedindex="cp">\tilde</indexterm>\tilde</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="733">tilde accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math tilde accent
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="887" mergedindex="cp">\vec</indexterm>\vec</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="664">vector symbol, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="907" mergedindex="cp">\vec</indexterm>\vec</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="734">vector symbol, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math vector symbol
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="888" mergedindex="cp">\widehat</indexterm>\widehat</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="665">wide hat accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="908" mergedindex="cp">\widehat</indexterm>\widehat</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="735">wide hat accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math wide hat accent
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="889" mergedindex="cp">\widetilde</indexterm>\widetilde</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="666">wide tilde accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="909" mergedindex="cp">\widetilde</indexterm>\widetilde</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="736">wide tilde accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math wide tilde accent
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
@@ -14510,42 +15259,43 @@ one without a dot, <code>\imath</code> or <code>jmath</code> (<pxref label="Math
</para>
</section>
-<node name="Over_002d-and-Underlining" spaces=" "><nodename>Over- and Underlining</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Spacing in math mode</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Math accents</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node>
-<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Over- and Underlining</sectiontitle>
+<node name="Over_002d-or-under-math" spaces=" "><nodename>Over- or under math</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Spacing in math mode</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Math accents</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Over- or under math</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="667">overlining</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="668">underlining</indexterm></cindex>
+<anchor name="Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</anchor><!-- c original node name -->
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="737">overlining</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="738">underlining</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>&latex; provides commands for making overlines or underlines, or
-putting braces over or under some material.
+<para>&latex; provides commands for putting lines, braces, and arrows over
+or under math material.
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<beforefirstitem>
-</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="890" mergedindex="cp">\underline&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\underline&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Underline <var>text</var>. Works inside math mode, and outside.
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="910" mergedindex="cp">\underline&lbrace;<var>math</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\underline&lbrace;<var>math</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Underline <var>math</var>. For example: <code>\underline&lbrace;x+y&rbrace;</code>.
The line is always completely below the text, taking account of
descenders, so in <code>\(\underline&lbrace;y&rbrace;\)</code> the line is lower than in
-<code>\(\underline&lbrace;x&rbrace;\)</code>. This command is fragile (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+<code>\(\underline&lbrace;x&rbrace;\)</code>. As of approximately 2019, this command
+and others in this section are robust; before that, they were fragile
+(<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="669"><r>package</r>, <code>ulem</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="670"><code>ulem</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="739"><r>package</r>, <code>ulem</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="740"><code>ulem</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<para>Note that the package <code>ulem</code> does text mode underlining and allows
-line breaking as well as a number of other features. See the
-documentation on CTAN. See also&nbsp;<ref label="_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill"><xrefnodename>\hrulefill &amp; \dotfill</xrefnodename></ref> for
-producing a line, for such things as a signature.
+<para>The package <code>ulem</code> (<url><urefurl>https://ctan.org/pkg/uelem</urefurl></url>) does
+text mode underlining and allows line breaking as well as a number of
+other features. See also&nbsp;<ref label="_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill"><xrefnodename>\hrulefill &amp; \dotfill</xrefnodename></ref> for
+producing a line for such things as a signature or placeholder.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="891" mergedindex="cp">\overline&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\overline&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Put a horizontal line over <var>text</var>. Works inside math mode, and
-outside. For example, <code>\overline&lbrace;x+y&rbrace;</code>.
-Note that this differs from the command <code>\bar</code> (<pxref label="Math-accents"><xrefnodename>Math
-accents</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="911" mergedindex="cp">\overline&lbrace;<var>math</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\overline&lbrace;<var>math</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Put a horizontal line over <var>math</var>. For example: <code>\overline&lbrace;x+y&rbrace;</code>.
+This differs from the accent command <code>\bar</code> (<pxref label="Math-accents"><xrefnodename>Math accents</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="892" mergedindex="cp">\underbrace&lbrace;<var>math</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\underbrace&lbrace;<var>math</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Put a brace under <var>math</var>. For example, this
-<code>(1-\underbrace&lbrace;1/2)+(1/2&rbrace;-1/3)</code> emphasizes the telescoping part.
-Attach text to the brace by using the subscript command, <code>_</code>, or
-superscript, <code>^</code>, as here.
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="912" mergedindex="cp">\underbrace&lbrace;<var>math</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\underbrace&lbrace;<var>math</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Put a brace under <var>math</var>. For example:
+<code>(1-\underbrace&lbrace;1/2)+(1/2&rbrace;-1/3)</code>.
+</para>
+<para>You can attach text to the brace as a subscript (<code>_</code>) or
+superscript (<code>^</code>) as here:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;displaymath&rbrace;
@@ -14557,26 +15307,34 @@ superscript, <code>^</code>, as here.
<para>The superscript appears on top of the expression, and so can look
unconnected to the underbrace.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="893" mergedindex="cp">\overbrace&lbrace;<var>math</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\overbrace&lbrace;<var>math</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Put a brace over <var>math</var>, as with
-<code>\overbrace&lbrace;x+x+\cdots+x&rbrace;^&lbrace;\mbox&lbrace;\(k\) times&rbrace;&rbrace;</code>. See also
-<code>\underbrace</code>.
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="913" mergedindex="cp">\overbrace&lbrace;<var>math</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\overbrace&lbrace;<var>math</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Put a brace over <var>math</var>. For example:&linebreak;
+<code>\overbrace&lbrace;x+x+\cdots+x&rbrace;^&lbrace;\mbox&lbrace;\(k\) times&rbrace;&rbrace;</code>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="914" mergedindex="cp">\overrightarrow&lbrace;<var>math</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\overrightarrow&lbrace;<var>math</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Put a right arrow over <var>math</var>. For example:
+<code>\overrightarrow&lbrace;x+y&rbrace;</code>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="915" mergedindex="cp">\overleftarrow&lbrace;<var>math</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\overleftarrow&lbrace;<var>math</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Put a left arrow over <var>math</var>. For example:
+<code>\overleftarrow&lbrace;a+b&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="671"><r>package</r>, <code>mathtools</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="672"><code>mathtools</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="741"><r>package</r>, <code>mathtools</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="742"><code>mathtools</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<para>The package <code>mathtools</code> adds an over- and underbrace, as well as
-some improvements on the braces. See the documentation on CTAN.
+<para>The package <code>mathtools</code> (<url><urefurl>https://ctan.org/pkg/mathtools</urefurl></url>)
+adds an over- and underbracket, as well as some improvements on the
+braces.
</para>
</section>
-<node name="Spacing-in-math-mode" spaces=" "><nodename>Spacing in math mode</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Math styles</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Over- and Underlining</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node>
+<node name="Spacing-in-math-mode" spaces=" "><nodename>Spacing in math mode</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Math styles</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Over- or under math</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Spacing in math mode</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="673">spacing within math mode</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="674">math mode, spacing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="743">spacing within math mode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="744">math mode, spacing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>When typesetting mathematics, &latex; puts in spacing according to the
normal rules for mathematics texts. If you enter <code>y=m x</code> then
@@ -14600,11 +15358,11 @@ a&nbsp;<samp>M</samp>.
</para>
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="894" mergedindex="cp">\;</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="895" mergedindex="cp">\thickspace</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="916" mergedindex="cp">\;</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="917" mergedindex="cp">\thickspace</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="spacing-in-math-mode-thickspace">spacing in math mode thickspace</anchor>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="675"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="676"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="745"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="746"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synonym: <code>\thickspace</code>. Normally <code>5.0mu plus 5.0mu</code>. With
the <code>amsmath</code> package, or as of the 2020-10-01 &latex; release,
@@ -14612,16 +15370,16 @@ can be used in text mode as well as math mode; otherwise, in math mode
only.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\negthickspace</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="896" mergedindex="cp">\negthickspace</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="918" mergedindex="cp">\negthickspace</indexterm></findex>
<para>Normally <code>-5.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu</code>. With the <code>amsmath</code>
package, or as of the 2020-10-01 &latex; release, can be used in text
mode as well as math mode; otherwise, in math mode only.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\:</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\&gt;</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="897" mergedindex="cp">\:</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="898" mergedindex="cp">\&gt;</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="899" mergedindex="cp">\medspace</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="919" mergedindex="cp">\:</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="920" mergedindex="cp">\&gt;</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="921" mergedindex="cp">\medspace</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="spacing-in-math-mode-medspace">spacing in math mode medspace</anchor>
<para>Synonym: <code>\medspace</code>. Normally <code>4.0mu plus 2.0mu minus
4.0mu</code>. With the <code>amsmath</code> package, or as of the 2020-10-01
@@ -14629,15 +15387,15 @@ mode as well as math mode; otherwise, in math mode only.
that, in math mode only.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\negmedspace</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="900" mergedindex="cp">\negmedspace</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="922" mergedindex="cp">\negmedspace</indexterm></findex>
<para>Normally <code>-4.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu</code>. With the <code>amsmath</code>
package, or as of the 2020-10-01 &latex; release, can be used in text
mode as well as math mode; before that, in math mode only.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\,</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="901" mergedindex="cp">\,</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="902" mergedindex="cp">\thinspace</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="677">thin space</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="923" mergedindex="cp">\,</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="924" mergedindex="cp">\thinspace</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="747">thin space</indexterm></cindex>
<anchor name="Spacing-in-math-mode_002f_005cthinspace">Spacing in math mode/\thinspace</anchor>
<anchor name="spacing-in-math-mode-thinspace">spacing in math mode thinspace</anchor>
<para>Synonym: <code>\thinspace</code>. Normally <code>3mu</code>, which is 1/6<dmn>em</dmn>.
@@ -14656,9 +15414,9 @@ this, before punctuation in a displayed equation.
</pre></example>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\!</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="903" mergedindex="cp">\!</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="904" mergedindex="cp">\negthinspace</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="678">thin space, negative</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="925" mergedindex="cp">\!</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="926" mergedindex="cp">\negthinspace</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="748">thin space, negative</indexterm></cindex>
<anchor name="spacing-in-math-mode-negthinspace">spacing in math mode negthinspace</anchor>
<para>Synonym: <code>\negthinspace</code>. A negative thin space. Normally
<code>-3mu</code>. With the <code>amsmath</code> package, or as of the 2020-10-01
@@ -14668,8 +15426,8 @@ otherwise, the <code>\!</code> command is math mode only but the
(<pxref label="_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace"><xrefnodename>\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\quad</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="679">quad</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="905" mergedindex="cp">\quad</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="749">quad</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="927" mergedindex="cp">\quad</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="spacing-in-math-mode-quad">spacing in math mode quad</anchor>
<para>This is 18<dmn>mu</dmn>, that is, 1<dmn>em</dmn>. This is often used for space
surrounding equations or expressions, for instance for the space between
@@ -14677,24 +15435,24 @@ two equations inside a <code>displaymath</code> environment. It is available
in both text and math mode.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\qquad</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="906" mergedindex="cp">\qquad</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="928" mergedindex="cp">\qquad</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="spacing-in-math-mode-qquad">spacing in math mode qquad</anchor>
<para>A length of 2 quads, that is, 36<dmn>mu</dmn> = 2<dmn>em</dmn>. It is available in
both text and math mode.
</para></tableitem></tableentry></table>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\smash</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Eliminate height or depth of a subformula.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Make empty box same size as argument.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\mathstrut</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Add some vertical space to a formula.
+<menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\smash</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Eliminate height or depth of a subformula.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Make empty box same size as argument.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\mathstrut</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Add some vertical space to a formula.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
<node name="_005csmash" spaces=" "><nodename>\smash</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Spacing in math mode</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\smash</code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="680">vertical spacing, math mode</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="681">math mode, vertical space</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="750">vertical spacing, math mode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="751">math mode, vertical space</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -14754,15 +15512,15 @@ mode. So if it starts a paragraph then you should first put a
<code>\leavevmode</code>, as in the bottom line below.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">xxx xxx xxx
+<pre xml:space="preserve">Text above.
-\smash&lbrace;yyy&rbrace; % no paragraph indent
+\smash&lbrace;smashed, no indent&rbrace; % no paragraph indent
-\leavevmode\smash&lbrace;zzz&rbrace; % usual paragraph indent
+\leavevmode\smash&lbrace;smashed, with indent&rbrace; % usual paragraph indent
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="682"><r>package</r>, <code>mathtools</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="683"><code>mathtools</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="752"><r>package</r>, <code>mathtools</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="753"><code>mathtools</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The package <code>mathtools</code> has operators that provide even finer
control over smashing a subformula box.
@@ -14775,16 +15533,16 @@ control over smashing a subformula box.
<anchor name="_005cphantom">\phantom</anchor>
<anchor name="_005cvphantom">\vphantom</anchor>
<anchor name="_005chphantom">\hphantom</anchor>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="907" mergedindex="cp">\phantom</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="908" mergedindex="cp">\vphantom</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="909" mergedindex="cp">\hphantom</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="929" mergedindex="cp">\phantom</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="930" mergedindex="cp">\vphantom</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="931" mergedindex="cp">\hphantom</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="684">spacing, math mode</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="685">horizontal spacing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="686">vertical spacing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="687">math mode, spacing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="688">invisible character</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="689">character, invisible</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="754">spacing, math mode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="755">horizontal spacing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="756">vertical spacing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="757">math mode, spacing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="758">invisible character</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="759">character, invisible</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -14838,8 +15596,8 @@ two expressions come out at the same level.
<para>These commands are often used in conjunction with <code>\smash</code>.
<xref label="_005csmash"><xrefnodename>\smash</xrefnodename></xref>, which includes another example of <code>\vphantom</code>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="690"><r>package</r>, <code>mathtools</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="691"><code>mathtools</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="760"><r>package</r>, <code>mathtools</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="761"><code>mathtools</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The three phantom commands appear often but note that &latex; provides
a suite of other commands to work with box sizes that may be more
@@ -14849,8 +15607,8 @@ as <code>\settodepth</code> (<pxref label="_005csettodepth"><xrefnodename>\setto
In addition, the <code>mathtools</code> package has many commands that offer
fine-grained control over spacing.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="692"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="693"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="762"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="763"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>All three commands produce an ordinary box, without any special
mathematics status. So to do something like attaching a superscript you
@@ -14867,13 +15625,13 @@ with <code>\leavevmode</code>.
<node name="_005cmathstrut" spaces=" "><nodename>\mathstrut</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spacing in math mode</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\mathstrut</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="910" mergedindex="cp"><code>\mathstrut</code></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="694">spacing, math mode</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="695">vertical spacing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="696">math mode, spacing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="697">invisible character</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="698">character, invisible</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="699">strut, math</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="932" mergedindex="cp"><code>\mathstrut</code></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="764">spacing, math mode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="765">vertical spacing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="766">math mode, spacing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="767">invisible character</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="768">character, invisible</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="769">strut, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -14902,7 +15660,7 @@ amount of space, use <code>\rule</code> with a width of zero. <xref label="_005
<node name="Math-styles" spaces=" "><nodename>Math styles</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Math miscellany</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Spacing in math mode</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Math styles</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="700">math styles</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="770">math styles</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&tex;&textrsquo;s rules for typesetting a formula depend on the context. For
example, inside a displayed equation, the input <code>\sum_&lbrace;0\leq
@@ -14918,30 +15676,30 @@ superscripts are further apart then they are in inline math.
</para>
<itemize commandarg="bullet" spaces=" " endspaces=" "><itemprepend><formattingcommand command="bullet"/></itemprepend>
<beforefirstitem>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="701">display style</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="771">display style</indexterm></cindex>
</beforefirstitem><listitem><prepend>&bullet;</prepend>
<para>Display style is for a formula displayed on a line by itself, such as
with <code>\begin&lbrace;equation&rbrace; ... \end&lbrace;equation&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="702">text style</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="772">text style</indexterm></cindex>
</listitem><listitem><prepend>&bullet;</prepend>
<para>Text style is for an inline formula, as with <samp>so we have $ ... $</samp>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="703">script style</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="773">script style</indexterm></cindex>
</listitem><listitem><prepend>&bullet;</prepend>
<para>Script style is for parts of a formula in a subscript or superscript.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="704">scriptscript style</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="774">scriptscript style</indexterm></cindex>
</listitem><listitem><prepend>&bullet;</prepend>
<para>Scriptscript style is for parts of a formula at a second level (or more)
of subscript or superscript.
</para>
</listitem></itemize>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="911" mergedindex="cp">\displaystyle</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="912" mergedindex="cp">\textstyle</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="913" mergedindex="cp">\scriptstyle</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="914" mergedindex="cp">\scriptscriptstyle</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="933" mergedindex="cp">\displaystyle</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="934" mergedindex="cp">\textstyle</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="935" mergedindex="cp">\scriptstyle</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="936" mergedindex="cp">\scriptscriptstyle</indexterm></findex>
<para>&tex; determines a default math style but you can override it with a
declaration of <code>\displaystyle</code>, or <code>\textstyle</code>, or
<code>\scriptstyle</code>, or <code>\scriptscriptstyle</code>.
@@ -14998,17 +15756,17 @@ improves the height of the denominators; <pxref label="_005cmathstrut"><xrefnode
<node name="Math-miscellany" spaces=" "><nodename>Math miscellany</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Math styles</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Math miscellany</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="705">math miscellany</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="775">math miscellany</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; contains a wide variety of mathematics facilities. Here are
some that don&textrsquo;t fit into other categories.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Colon character &amp; \colon</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Colon.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\*</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Discretionary multiplication.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\frac</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Fraction.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\sqrt</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Radicals.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\stackrel</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Text over a relation.
+<menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Colon character &amp; \colon</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Colon.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\*</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Discretionary multiplication.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\frac</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Fraction.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\sqrt</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Radicals.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\stackrel</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Text over a relation.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
@@ -15016,9 +15774,9 @@ some that don&textrsquo;t fit into other categories.
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Colon character <code>:</code> &amp; <code>\colon</code></sectiontitle>
<anchor name="colon">colon</anchor>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="706">colon character</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="915" mergedindex="cp">: <r>(for math)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="916" mergedindex="cp">\colon</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="776">colon character</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="937" mergedindex="cp">: <r>(for math)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="938" mergedindex="cp">\colon</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -15033,16 +15791,16 @@ some that don&textrsquo;t fit into other categories.
<pre xml:space="preserve">With side ratios \( 3:4 \) and \( 4:5 \), the triangle is right.
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="707"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="708"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="777"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="778"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<noindent></noindent>
<para>Ordinary &latex; defines <code>\colon</code> to produce the colon character
with the spacing appropriate for punctuation, as in set-builder notation
<code>\&lbrace;x\colon 0\leq x&lt;1\&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="709"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="710"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="779"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="780"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>But the widely-used <code>amsmath</code> package defines <code>\colon</code> for use
in the definition of functions <code>f\colon D\to C</code>. So if you want
@@ -15053,11 +15811,11 @@ the colon character as a punctuation then use <code>\mathpunct&lbrace;:&rbrace;<
<node name="_005c_002a" spaces=" "><nodename trailingspaces=" ">\*</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\frac</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Colon character &amp; \colon</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math miscellany</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\*</code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="711">multiplication, discretionary</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="712">breaks, multiplication discretionary</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="713">line breaks, multiplication discretionary</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="714">discretionary breaks, multiplication</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="917" mergedindex="cp">\*</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="781">multiplication, discretionary</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="782">breaks, multiplication discretionary</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="783">line breaks, multiplication discretionary</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="784">discretionary breaks, multiplication</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="939" mergedindex="cp">\*</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -15080,8 +15838,8 @@ break, followed by <code>\( A_3 A_4 \)</code>.
<node name="_005cfrac" spaces=" "><nodename>\frac</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\sqrt</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\*</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math miscellany</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\frac</code> </sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="715">fraction</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="918" mergedindex="cp">\frac</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="785">fraction</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="940" mergedindex="cp">\frac</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -15099,10 +15857,10 @@ mode it comes out small; see the discussion of <code>\displaystyle</code>
<node name="_005csqrt" spaces=" "><nodename>\sqrt</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\stackrel</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\frac</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math miscellany</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\sqrt</code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="716">square root</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="717">roots</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="718">radical</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="919" mergedindex="cp">\sqrt</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="786">square root</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="787">roots</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="788">radical</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="941" mergedindex="cp">\sqrt</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -15126,9 +15884,9 @@ without <var>arg</var> (<pxref label="Math-symbols"><xrefnodename>Math symbols</
<node name="_005cstackrel" spaces=" "><nodename>\stackrel</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\sqrt</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math miscellany</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\stackrel</code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="719">stack math</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="720">relation, text above</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="920" mergedindex="cp">\stackrel</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="789">stack math</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="790">relation, text above</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="942" mergedindex="cp">\stackrel</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -15146,7 +15904,7 @@ arrow enter <code>\stackrel&lbrace;f&rbrace;&lbrace;\longrightarrow&rbrace;</cod
<node name="Modes" spaces=" "><nodename>Modes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Page styles</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Modes</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="721">modes</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="791">modes</indexterm></cindex>
<para>As &latex; processes your document, at any point it is in one of six
modes. They fall into three categories of two each, the horizontal
@@ -15154,18 +15912,18 @@ modes, the math modes, and the vertical modes. Some commands only work
in one mode or another (in particular, many commands only work in one of
the math modes), and error messages will refer to these.
</para>
-<itemize commandarg="bullet" endspaces=" "><itemprepend><formattingcommand command="bullet" automatic="on"/></itemprepend>
+<itemize commandarg="bullet" automaticcommandarg="on" endspaces=" "><itemprepend><formattingcommand command="bullet" automatic="on"/></itemprepend>
<listitem><prepend>&bullet;</prepend>
<anchor name="modes-paragraph-mode">modes paragraph mode</anchor>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="722">paragraph mode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="792">paragraph mode</indexterm></cindex>
<para><dfn>Paragraph mode</dfn> (in plain &tex; this is called <dfn>horizontal
mode</dfn>) is what &latex; is in when processing ordinary text. It breaks
the input text into lines and finds the positions of line breaks, so that
in vertical mode page breaks can be done. This is the mode &latex; is
in most of the time.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="723">left-to-right mode</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="724">LR mode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="793">left-to-right mode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="794">LR mode</indexterm></cindex>
<anchor name="modes-lr-mode">modes lr mode</anchor>
<para><dfn>LR mode</dfn> (for left-to-right mode; in plain &tex; this is called
<dfn>restricted horizontal mode</dfn>) is in effect when &latex; starts
@@ -15178,24 +15936,24 @@ that box into a line, it might well complain that the finished LR
box won&textrsquo;t fit there.)
</para>
</listitem><listitem><prepend>&bullet;</prepend>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="725">math mode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="795">math mode</indexterm></cindex>
<anchor name="modes-math-mode">modes math mode</anchor> <para><dfn>Math mode</dfn> is when &latex; is generating
an inline mathematical formula.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="726">display math mode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="796">display math mode</indexterm></cindex>
<para><dfn>Display math mode</dfn> is when &latex; is generating a displayed
mathematical formula. (Displayed formulas differ somewhat from inline
ones. One example is that the placement of the subscript on <code>\int</code>
differs in the two situations.)
</para>
</listitem><listitem><prepend>&bullet;</prepend>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="727">vertical mode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="797">vertical mode</indexterm></cindex>
<anchor name="modes-vertical-mode">modes vertical mode</anchor> <para><dfn>Vertical mode</dfn> is when &latex; is
building the list of lines and other material making the output page,
which comprises insertion of page breaks. This is the mode &latex; is
in when it starts a document.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="728">internal vertical mode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="798">internal vertical mode</indexterm></cindex>
<anchor name="modes-internal-vertical-mode">modes internal vertical mode</anchor>
<para><dfn>Internal vertical mode</dfn> is in effect when &latex; starts making a
<code>\vbox</code>. It has not such thing as page breaks, and as such is the
@@ -15211,8 +15969,8 @@ mode, then the next switch happens at the <samp>\(</samp> where &latex;
changes to math mode, and then when it leaves the formula it pops
back to paragraph mode.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="729">inner paragraph mode</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="730">outer paragraph mode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="799">inner paragraph mode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="800">outer paragraph mode</indexterm></cindex>
<anchor name="modes-inner-paragraph-mode">modes inner paragraph mode</anchor>
<anchor name="modes-outer-paragraph-mode">modes outer paragraph mode</anchor>
<para>Paragraph mode has two subcases. If you use a <code>\parbox</code> command
@@ -15223,7 +15981,7 @@ situation, where it can put page breaks, is <dfn>outer paragraph mode</dfn>
(<pxref label="Page-breaking"><xrefnodename>Page breaking</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\ensuremath</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Ensure that math mode is active.
+<menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\ensuremath</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Ensure that math mode is active.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
<node name="_005censuremath" spaces=" "><nodename>\ensuremath</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">Modes</nodeup></node>
@@ -15262,8 +16020,8 @@ But compare the correct spacing in $\alf+\alf$ with that in \alf+\alf.
<node name="Page-styles" spaces=" "><nodename>Page styles</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Spaces</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Modes</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Page styles</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="731">styles, page</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="732">page styles</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="801">styles, page</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="802">page styles</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The style of a page determines where &latex; places the components of
that page, such as headers and footers, and the text body. This
@@ -15271,25 +16029,26 @@ includes pages in the main part of the document but also includes
special pages such as the title page of a book, a page from an index, or
the first page of an article.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="733"><r>package</r>, <code>fancyhdr</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="734"><code>fancyhdr</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="803"><r>package</r>, <code>fancyhdr</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="804"><code>fancyhdr</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The package <code>fancyhdr</code> is commonly used for constructing page
styles. See its documentation.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\maketitle</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Generate a title page.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\pagenumbering</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Set the style used for page numbers.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\pagestyle</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Change the headings/footings style.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\thispagestyle</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Change the headings/footings style for this page.
+<menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\maketitle</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Generate a title page.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\pagenumbering</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Set the style used for page numbers.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\pagestyle</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Change the headings/footings style.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\thispagestyle</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Change the headings/footings style for this page.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\thepage</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Changing page number representation everywhere.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
<node name="_005cmaketitle" spaces=" "><nodename>\maketitle</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\pagenumbering</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Page styles</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\maketitle</code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="735">titles, making</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="921" mergedindex="cp">\maketitle</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="805">titles, making</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="943" mergedindex="cp">\maketitle</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -15332,10 +16091,10 @@ the following declarations. These must come before the
<code>\maketitle</code>, either in the preamble or in the document body.
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="922" mergedindex="cp">\author&lbrace;<var>name1</var> \and <var>name2</var> \and ...&rbrace;</indexterm>\author&lbrace;<var>name1</var> \and <var>name2</var> \and ...&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="736">author, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="923" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>(for <code>\author</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="924" mergedindex="cp">\and <r>(for <code>\author</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="944" mergedindex="cp">\author&lbrace;<var>name1</var> \and <var>name2</var> \and ...&rbrace;</indexterm>\author&lbrace;<var>name1</var> \and <var>name2</var> \and ...&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="806">author, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="945" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>(for <code>\author</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="946" mergedindex="cp">\and <r>(for <code>\author</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>Required. Declare the document author or authors. The argument is a
list of authors separated by <code>\and</code> commands. To separate lines
within a single author&textrsquo;s entry, for instance to give the author&textrsquo;s
@@ -15343,25 +16102,25 @@ institution or address, use a double backslash, <code>\\</code>. If you omit
the <code>\author</code> declaration then you get <samp>LaTeX Warning: No
\author given</samp>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="925" mergedindex="cp">\date&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\date&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="737">date, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="947" mergedindex="cp">\date&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\date&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="807">date, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Optional. Declare <var>text</var> to be the document&textrsquo;s date. The <var>text</var>
doesn&textrsquo;t need to be in a date format; it can be any text at all. If you
omit <code>\date</code> then &latex; uses the current date (<pxref label="_005ctoday"><xrefnodename>\today</xrefnodename></pxref>).
To have no date, instead use <code>\date&lbrace;&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="926" mergedindex="cp">\thanks&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\thanks&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="738">thanks, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="739">credit footnote</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>Optional. Produce a footnote. You can use it in the author information
-for acknowledgements as illustrated above, but you can also use it in
-the title, or any place a footnote mark makes sense. It can be any text
-at all so you can use it for any purpose, such as to print an email
-address.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="927" mergedindex="cp">\title&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\title&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="740">title, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="928" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>(for <code>\title</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="948" mergedindex="cp">\thanks&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\thanks&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="808">thanks, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="809">credit footnote</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Optional. Produce a footnote. You can use it in the author
+information for acknowledgements as illustrated above, but you can
+also use it in the title, or anywhere that a footnote mark makes
+sense. It can be any text at all so you can use it for any purpose,
+such as to print an email address.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="949" mergedindex="cp">\title&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\title&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="810">title, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="950" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>(for <code>\title</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>Required. Declare <var>text</var> to be the title of the document. Get line
breaks inside <var>text</var> with a double backslash, <code>\\</code>. If you
omit the <code>\title</code> declaration then the <code>\maketitle</code> command
@@ -15369,19 +16128,19 @@ yields error <samp>LaTeX Error: No \title given</samp>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
-<para>To make your own title page, see&nbsp;<ref label="titlepage"><xrefnodename>titlepage</xrefnodename></ref>. You can either
+<para>To make your own title page, <pxref label="titlepage"><xrefnodename>titlepage</xrefnodename></pxref>. You can either
create this as a one-off or you can include it as part of a renewed
-<code>\maketitle</code> command. (Many publishers will provide a class to use
+<code>\maketitle</code> command. Many publishers will provide a class to use
in place of <code>article</code> that formats the title according to their
-house requirements.)
+house requirements.
</para>
</section>
<node name="_005cpagenumbering" spaces=" "><nodename>\pagenumbering</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\pagestyle</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\maketitle</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Page styles</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\pagenumbering</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="929" mergedindex="cp">\pagenumbering</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="741">page numbering style</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="951" mergedindex="cp">\pagenumbering</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="811">page numbering style</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -15395,20 +16154,11 @@ contents and other page references. This declaration has global scope
so its effect is not stopped by an end of group such as a closing brace
or an end of environment.
</para>
-<para>In this example, before the <samp>Main</samp> section the pages are numbered
-<samp>a</samp>, etc. Starting on the page containing the
-<code>\pagenumbering</code> call in that section, the pages are numbered
-<samp>1</samp>, etc.
+<para>By default, &latex; numbers pages starting at 1, using Arabic
+numerals.
</para>
-<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;document&rbrace;\pagenumbering&lbrace;alph&rbrace;
- ...
-\section&lbrace;Main&rbrace;\pagenumbering&lbrace;arabic&rbrace;
- ...
-</pre></example>
-
<para>The argument <var>number-style</var> is one of the following (see
-also&nbsp;<ref label="_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"><xrefnodename>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</xrefnodename></ref>).
+also <ref label="_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"><xrefnodename>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</xrefnodename></ref>).
</para>
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">arabic</itemformat></item>
@@ -15429,34 +16179,52 @@ get <samp>LaTeX Error: Counter too large</samp>.
get <samp>LaTeX Error: Counter too large</samp>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">gobble</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="742"><r>package</r>, <code>hyperref</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="743"><code>hyperref</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
- <para>&latex; does not output a page number, although it
-does get reset. References to that page also are blank. (This does not
-work with the popular package <code>hyperref</code> so to have the page number
-not appear you may want to instead use <code>\pagestyle&lbrace;empty&rbrace;</code> or
-<code>\thispagestyle&lbrace;empty&rbrace;</code>.)
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>no page number is output, though the number is still reset.
+References to that page also are blank.
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="812"><r>package</r>, <code>hyperref</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="813"><code>hyperref</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>This setting does not work with the popular package <code>hyperref</code>,
+so to omit page numbers you may want to instead use
+<code>\pagestyle&lbrace;empty&rbrace;</code> or <code>\thispagestyle&lbrace;empty&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></table>
+<para>If you want to typeset the page number in some other way, or change
+where the page number appears on the page, see&nbsp;<ref label="_005cpagestyle"><xrefnodename>\pagestyle</xrefnodename></ref>
+(in short: use the <code>fancyhdr</code> package). The list above of
+&latex;&textrsquo;s built-in numbering styles cannot be extended.
+</para>
<para>Traditionally, if a document has front matter&textmdash;preface, table of
-contents, etc.&textmdash;then it is numbered with lowercase Roman numerals. The
-main matter of a document uses arabic. <xref label="_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter"><xrefnodename>\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter
-&amp; \backmatter</xrefnodename></xref>.
+contents, etc.&textmdash;then it is numbered with lowercase Roman
+numerals. The main matter of a document uses arabic. &latex;
+implements this, by providing explicit commands for the different parts
+(<pxref label="_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter"><xrefnodename>\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<para>If you want to change where the page number appears on the page,
-see&nbsp;<ref label="_005cpagestyle"><xrefnodename>\pagestyle</xrefnodename></ref>. If you want to change the value of the page
-number, then you manipulate the <code>page</code> counter (<pxref label="Counters"><xrefnodename>Counters</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+<para>As an explicit example, before the <samp>Main</samp> section the pages are
+numbered <samp>a</samp>, etc. Starting on the page containing the
+<code>\pagenumbering</code> call in that section, the pages are numbered
+<samp>1</samp>, etc.
</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;document&rbrace;\pagenumbering&lbrace;alph&rbrace;
+ ...
+\section&lbrace;Main&rbrace;\pagenumbering&lbrace;arabic&rbrace;
+ ...
+</pre></example>
+<para>If you want to change the value of the page number, then you
+manipulate the <code>page</code> counter (<pxref label="Counters"><xrefnodename>Counters</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
</section>
<node name="_005cpagestyle" spaces=" "><nodename>\pagestyle</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\thispagestyle</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\pagenumbering</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Page styles</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\pagestyle</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="930" mergedindex="cp">\pagestyle</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="744">header style</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="745">footer style</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="746">running header and footer style</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="952" mergedindex="cp">\pagestyle</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="814">header style</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="815">footer style</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="816">running header and footer style</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -15467,14 +16235,14 @@ number, then you manipulate the <code>page</code> counter (<pxref label="Counter
<para>Declaration that specifies how the page headers and footers are typeset,
from the current page onwards.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="747"><r>package</r>, <code>fancyhdr</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="748"><code>fancyhdr</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="817"><r>package</r>, <code>fancyhdr</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="818"><code>fancyhdr</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<para>A discussion with an example is below. Note first that the package
+<para>A discussion with an example is below. First, however: the package
<code>fancyhdr</code> is now the standard way to manipulate headers and
footers. New documents that need to do anything other than one of the
standard options below should use this package. See its documentation
-on CTAN.
+(<url><urefurl>https://ctan.org/pkg/fancyhdr</urefurl></url>).
</para>
<para>Values for <var>style</var>:
</para>
@@ -15541,7 +16309,7 @@ setting <code>\rightmark</code> to <samp>Subsection&nbsp;2.1</samp>, etc.
<para>Here are the descriptions of <code>\markboth</code> and <code>\markright</code>:
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="931" mergedindex="cp">\markboth&lbrace;<var>left-head</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>right-head</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\markboth&lbrace;<var>left-head</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>right-head</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="953" mergedindex="cp">\markboth&lbrace;<var>left-head</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>right-head</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\markboth&lbrace;<var>left-head</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>right-head</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Sets both the right hand and left hand heading information for either a
page style of <code>headings</code> or <code>myheadings</code>. A left hand page
heading <var>left-head</var> is generated by the last <code>\markboth</code>
@@ -15550,18 +16318,18 @@ command before the end of the page. A right hand page heading
<code>\markright</code> that comes on the page if there is one, otherwise by
the last one that came before that page.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="932" mergedindex="cp">\markright&lbrace;<var>right-head</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\markright&lbrace;<var>right-head</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="954" mergedindex="cp">\markright&lbrace;<var>right-head</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\markright&lbrace;<var>right-head</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Sets the right hand page heading, leaving the left unchanged.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
</section>
-<node name="_005cthispagestyle" spaces=" "><nodename>\thispagestyle</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\pagestyle</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Page styles</nodeup></node>
+<node name="_005cthispagestyle" spaces=" "><nodename>\thispagestyle</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\thepage</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\pagestyle</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Page styles</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\thispagestyle</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="933" mergedindex="cp">\thispagestyle</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="749">page style, this page</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="955" mergedindex="cp">\thispagestyle</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="819">page style, this page</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -15597,12 +16365,42 @@ To make the page entirely empty, the command
</para>
</section>
+<node name="_005cthepage" spaces=" "><nodename>\thepage</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\thispagestyle</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Page styles</nodeup></node>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\thepage</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="956" mergedindex="cp">\thepage</indexterm></findex>
+
+<para>If you want to change the appearance of page numbers only in the page
+headers, for example by adding an ornament, typesetting in small caps,
+etc., then the <code>fancyhdr</code> package, as mentioned in a previous
+section, is the best approach.
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="820">page number representation</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="821">table of contents, page numbers in</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="822">cross-references, page numbers in</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>On the other hand, you may want to change how page numbers are denoted
+everywhere, including the table of contents and cross-references, as
+well as the page headers. In this case, you should redefine
+<code>\thepage</code>, which is the command &latex; uses for the
+representation of page numbers.
+</para>
+<para>However, <code>\thepage</code> should do any typesetting or other
+complicated maneuvers, but merely expand to the intended page number
+representation. The results of a complicated redefinition of
+<code>\thepage</code> are not predictable, but &latex;&textrsquo;s report of page
+numbers in diagnostic messages, at least, will become unusable.
+</para>
+<para>There is some discussion of this issue at
+<url><urefurl>https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/687258</urefurl></url>.
+</para>
+
+</section>
</chapter>
<node name="Spaces" spaces=" "><nodename>Spaces</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Boxes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Page styles</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Spaces</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="750">spaces</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="751">white space</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="823">spaces</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="824">white space</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; has many ways to produce white space, or filled space. Some of
these are best suited to mathematical text; for these
@@ -15610,24 +16408,24 @@ see&nbsp;<ref label="Spacing-in-math-mode"><xrefnodename>Spacing in math mode</x
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
<menucomment><pre xml:space="preserve">Horizontal space
-</pre></menucomment><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\enspace &amp; \quad &amp; \qquad</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Traditional horizontal spaces.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\hspace</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Any horizontal space.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\hfill</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Stretchable horizontal space.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\hss</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Infinitely stretchable/shrinkable horizontal space.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\spacefactor</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Stretchability of following space
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\(SPACE)</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Backslash-space, and explicit space.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">~</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Tie, an unbreakable space.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">One-sixth of an em, and negative one-sixth.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\/</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Italic correction.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\hrulefill &amp; \dotfill</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Stretchable horizontal rule or dots.
+</pre></menucomment><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\enspace &amp; \quad &amp; \qquad</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Traditional horizontal spaces.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\hspace</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Any horizontal space.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\hfill</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Stretchable horizontal space.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\hss</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Infinitely stretchable/shrinkable horizontal space.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\spacefactor</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Stretchability of following space
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\(SPACE)</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Backslash-space, and explicit space.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>~</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Tie, an unbreakable space.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">One-sixth of an em, and negative one-sixth.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\/</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Italic correction.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\hrulefill &amp; \dotfill</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Stretchable horizontal rule or dots.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menucomment><pre xml:space="preserve">
Vertical space
-</pre></menucomment><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\bigskip &amp; \medskip &amp; \smallskip</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Inter-paragraph vertical spaces.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\bigbreak &amp; \medbreak &amp; \smallbreak</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Inter-paragraph space and page breaks.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\strut</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Ensure height of a line.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\vspace</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Vertical space.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\vfill</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Stretchable vertical space.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\addvspace</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Add arbitrary vertical space if needed.
+</pre></menucomment><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\bigskip &amp; \medskip &amp; \smallskip</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Inter-paragraph vertical spaces.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\bigbreak &amp; \medbreak &amp; \smallbreak</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Inter-paragraph space and page breaks.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\strut</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Ensure height of a line.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\vspace</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Vertical space.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\vfill</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Stretchable vertical space.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\addvspace</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Add arbitrary vertical space if needed.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
@@ -15637,9 +16435,9 @@ Vertical space
<anchor name="_005censpace">\enspace</anchor>
<anchor name="_005cquad">\quad</anchor>
<anchor name="_005cqquad">\qquad</anchor>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="934" mergedindex="cp">\enspace</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="935" mergedindex="cp">\quad</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="936" mergedindex="cp">\qquad</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="957" mergedindex="cp">\enspace</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="958" mergedindex="cp">\quad</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="959" mergedindex="cp">\qquad</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -15675,7 +16473,7 @@ in many circumstances than arbitrary lengths, such as you get with
<node name="_005chspace" spaces=" "><nodename>\hspace</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\hfill</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\enspace &amp; \quad &amp; \qquad</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\hspace</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="937" mergedindex="cp">\hspace</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="960" mergedindex="cp">\hspace</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -15737,10 +16535,10 @@ space won&textrsquo;t shrink more than 0.25<dmn>cm</dmn> (<pxref label="Lengths"
<node name="_005chfill" spaces=" "><nodename>\hfill</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\hss</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\hspace</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\hfill</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="938" mergedindex="cp">\hfill</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="961" mergedindex="cp">\hfill</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="752">stretch, infinite horizontal</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="753">infinite horizontal stretch</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="825">stretch, infinite horizontal</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="826">infinite horizontal stretch</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -15758,7 +16556,7 @@ of the page and <samp>Quiz One</samp> on the right.
<pre xml:space="preserve">\noindent Name:\hfill Quiz One
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="939" mergedindex="cp">\fill</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="962" mergedindex="cp">\fill</indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>\hfill</code> command is equivalent to <code>\hspace&lbrace;\fill&rbrace;</code> and
so the space can be discarded at line breaks. To avoid that instead use
<code>\hspace*&lbrace;\fill&rbrace;</code> (<pxref label="_005chspace"><xrefnodename>\hspace</xrefnodename></pxref>).
@@ -15785,10 +16583,10 @@ so the space can be discarded at line breaks. To avoid that instead use
<node name="_005chss" spaces=" "><nodename>\hss</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\spacefactor</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\hfill</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\hss</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="940" mergedindex="cp">\hss</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="754">horizontal space</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="755">horizontal space, stretchable</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="756">space, inserting horizontal</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="963" mergedindex="cp">\hss</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="827">horizontal space</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="828">horizontal space, stretchable</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="829">space, inserting horizontal</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -15825,14 +16623,15 @@ X\hbox to 0pt&lbrace;\hss Z&rbrace;Y
<pre xml:space="preserve">\spacefactor=<var>integer</var>
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="941" mergedindex="cp">\spacefactor</indexterm></findex>
-<para>Influence &latex;&textrsquo;s glue stretch and shrink behavior. Most user-level
-documents do not use this command.
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="964" mergedindex="cp">\spacefactor</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="830">space factor</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Influence &latex;&textrsquo;s stretching and shrinking of glue. Few user-level
+documents need to use this.
</para>
<para>While &latex; is laying out the material, it may stretch or shrink the
gaps between words. (This space is not a character; it is called the
-<dfn>interword glue</dfn>; <pxref label="_005chspace"><xrefnodename>\hspace</xrefnodename></pxref>). The <code>\spacefactor</code> command
-(from Plain&nbsp;&tex;) allows you to, for instance, have the space
+<dfn>interword glue</dfn>; <pxref label="_005chspace"><xrefnodename>\hspace</xrefnodename></pxref>). The <code>\spacefactor</code> parameter
+(a &tex; primitive) allows you to, for instance, have the space
after a period stretch more than the space after a word-ending letter.
</para>
<para>After &latex; places each character, or rule or other box, it sets a
@@ -15842,61 +16641,65 @@ can happen. A space factor that is larger than the normal value means
that the glue can stretch more and shrink less. Normally, the space
factor is 1000. This value is in effect following most characters, and
any non-character box or math formula. But it is 3000 after a period,
-exclamation mark, or question mark, it is 2000 after a colon, 1500 after
+exclamation mark, or question mark, 2000 after a colon, 1500 after
a semicolon, 1250 after a comma, and 0 after a right parenthesis or
bracket, or closing double quote or single quote. Finally, it is 999
after a capital letter.
</para>
<para>If the space factor&nbsp;<var>f</var> is 1000 then the glue gap will be the
font&textrsquo;s normal space value (for Computer Modern Roman 10 point this is
-3.3333&nbsp;points). Otherwise, if the space factor <var>f</var> is greater
+3.3333<dmn>pt</dmn>). Otherwise, if the space factor <var>f</var> is greater
than 2000 then &tex; adds the font&textrsquo;s extra space value (for Computer
-Modern Roman 10 point this is 1.11111&nbsp;points), and then the font&textrsquo;s
+Modern Roman 10 point this is 1.11111<dmn>pt</dmn>), and then the font&textrsquo;s
normal stretch value is multiplied by <math>f /1000</math> and the normal
shrink value is multiplied by <math>1000/f</math> (for Computer Modern Roman
-10 point these are 1.66666 and 1.11111&nbsp;points).
+10 point these are 1.66666 and 1.11111<dmn>pt</dmn>).
</para>
-<para>For example, consider the period ending <code>A man's best friend is his
-dog.</code> After it, &tex; puts in a fixed extra space, and also allows the
-glue to stretch 3 times as much and shrink 1/3 as much, as the glue
-after <code>friend</code>, which does not end in a period.
+<para>For example, consider the period ending <samp>A man's best friend is
+his dog.</samp>. After it, &tex; puts in a fixed extra space, and also
+allows the glue to stretch 3 times as much and shrink 1/3 as much, as
+the glue after <code>friend</code> or any of the other words, since they are
+not followed by punctuation.
</para>
<para>The rules for space factors are even more complex because they play
-additional roles. In practice, there are two consequences. First, if a
-period or other punctuation is followed by a right parenthesis or
-bracket, or right single or double quote then the spacing effect of that
-period carries through those characters (that is, the following glue
-will have increased stretch and shrink). Second, if
-punctuation comes after a capital letter then its effect is not in place
-so you get an ordinary space. This second case also affects abbreviations
-that do not end in a capital letter (<pxref label="_005c_0040"><xrefnodename>\&arobase;</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+additional roles. In practice, there are two consequences. First, if
+a period or other punctuation is followed by a right parenthesis or
+bracket, or right single or double quote then the spacing effect of
+that period carries through those characters (that is, the following
+glue will have increased stretch and shrink). Second, if punctuation
+comes after a capital letter then the normal effect of the period is
+does not happen, so you get an ordinary space. This second case also
+affects abbreviations that do not end in a capital letter
+(<pxref label="_005c_0040"><xrefnodename>\&arobase;</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
<para>You can only use <code>\spacefactor</code> in paragraph mode or LR mode
(<pxref label="Modes"><xrefnodename>Modes</xrefnodename></pxref>). You can see the current value with
<code>\the\spacefactor</code> or <code>\showthe\spacefactor</code>.
</para>
-<para>(Comment, not really related to <code>\spacefactor</code>: if you get errors
-like <samp>You can't use `\spacefactor' in vertical mode</samp>, or <samp>You
-can't use `\spacefactor' in math mode.</samp>, or <samp>Improper \spacefactor</samp>
-then you have probably tried to redefine an internal command.
-<xref label="_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother"><xrefnodename>\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</xrefnodename></xref>.)
+<para>Finally, not especially related to <code>\spacefactor</code> itself: if you
+get errors like <samp>You can't use `\spacefactor' in vertical mode</samp>,
+or <samp>You can't use `\spacefactor' in math mode.</samp>, or
+<samp>Improper \spacefactor</samp> then you have probably tried to redefine
+an internal command. <xref label="_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother"><xrefnodename>\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</xrefnodename></xref>.
</para>
-
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\&arobase;</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Distinguish sentence-ending periods from abbreviations.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\frenchspacing &amp; \nonfrenchspacing</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Equal interword and inter-sentence space.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\normalsfcodes</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Restore space factor settings to the default.
+<menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\&arobase;</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Distinguish sentence-ending periods from abbreviations.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\frenchspacing &amp; \nonfrenchspacing</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Equal interword and inter-sentence space.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\normalsfcodes</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Restore space factor settings to the default.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
<node name="_005c_0040" spaces=" "><nodename trailingspaces=" ">\&arobase;</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\frenchspacing &amp; \nonfrenchspacing</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">\spacefactor</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\&arobase;</code> </sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="942" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="943" mergedindex="cp">at-sign</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="757">period, sentence-ending</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="758">period, abbreviation-ending</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="759">period, spacing after</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="965" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="966" mergedindex="cp">at-sign</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="831">period, sentence-ending</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="832">period, abbreviation-ending</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="833">period, spacing after</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="834">sentence-ending punctuation</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="835">non-sentence-ending punctuation</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="836">punctuation, sentence-ending</indexterm></cindex>
<anchor name="_005cAT">\AT</anchor><!-- c old name -->
<para>Synopsis:
@@ -15905,13 +16708,11 @@ then you have probably tried to redefine an internal command.
<pre xml:space="preserve"><var>capital-letter</var>\&arobase;.
</pre></example>
-<para>Treat a period as sentence-ending, where &latex; would otherwise think
-it is part of an abbreviation. &latex; thinks that a period ends an
-abbreviation if the period comes after a capital letter, and otherwise
-thinks the period ends the sentence. By default, in justifying a line
-&latex; adjusts the space after a sentence-ending period (or a question
-mark, exclamation point, comma, or colon) more than it adjusts the space
-between words (<pxref label="_005cspacefactor"><xrefnodename>\spacefactor</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+<para>Treat a period (or other punctuation) as sentence-ending, where
+&latex; would otherwise think it is part of an abbreviation.
+&latex; thinks that a period ends an abbreviation if the period comes
+after a capital letter, and otherwise thinks the period ends the
+sentence.
</para>
<para>This example shows the two cases to remember.
</para>
@@ -15920,12 +16721,15 @@ between words (<pxref label="_005cspacefactor"><xrefnodename>\spacefactor</xrefn
</pre></example>
<noindent></noindent>
-<para>The second period ends the sentence, despite that it is preceded by a
-capital. We tell &latex; that it ends the sentence by putting
-<code>\&arobase;</code> before it. The first period ends the abbreviation
-<samp>etc.</samp> but not the sentence. The backslash-space, <code>\ </code>,
-produces a mid-sentence space.
-</para>
+<para>The first period ends the abbreviation <samp>etc.</samp> but not the
+sentence. The backslash-space, <code>\ </code>, produces a mid-sentence
+space. The second period ends the sentence, despite it being preceded
+by a capital letter. We tell &latex; that it ends the sentence by
+putting <code>\&arobase;</code> before it.
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="837">right parentheses/quotes, and spacing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="838">parentheses and ends of sentences</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="839">quotes and ends of sentences</indexterm></cindex>
<para>So: if you have a capital letter followed by a period that ends the
sentence, then put <code>\&arobase;</code> before the period. This holds even if
there is an intervening right parenthesis or bracket, or right single or
@@ -15940,17 +16744,24 @@ those characters. For example, this
<noindent></noindent>
<para>will have correct inter-sentence spacing after the period.
</para>
-<para>The <code>\&arobase;</code> command is only for a text mode. If you use it outside of
-a text mode then you get <samp>You can't use `\spacefactor' in vertical
-mode</samp> (<pxref label="Modes"><xrefnodename>Modes</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+<para>The <code>\&arobase;</code> command is only for text modes. If you use it outside
+of a text mode then you get the error <samp>You can't use
+`\spacefactor' in vertical mode</samp> (<pxref label="Modes"><xrefnodename>Modes</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<para>Comment: the converse case is a period ending an abbreviation whose last
-letter is not a capital letter, and that abbreviation is not the last
-word in the sentence. For that case follow the period with a
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="840">question marks, ending a sentence</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="841">exclamation points, ending a sentence</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>All the above applies equally to question marks and exclamation points
+as periods, since all are sentence-ending punctuation, and &latex;
+increases the space after each in the same way, when they end a
+sentence. &latex; also increases spacing after colon, semicolon, and
+comma characters (<pxref label="_005cspacefactor"><xrefnodename>\spacefactor</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+<para>In addition: the converse case is a period (or other punctuation) that
+does not end a sentence. For that case, follow the period with a
backslash-space, (<code>\ </code>), or a tie, (<code>~</code>), or <code>\&arobase;</code>.
Examples are <code>Nat.\ Acad.\ Science</code>, and <code>Mr.~Bean</code>, and
<code>(manure, etc.\&arobase;) for sale</code> (note in the last one that the
-<code>\&arobase;</code> comes before the closing parenthesis).
+<code>\&arobase;</code> comes after the period but before the closing parenthesis).
</para>
</subsection>
@@ -15959,9 +16770,9 @@ Examples are <code>Nat.\ Acad.\ Science</code>, and <code>Mr.~Bean</code>, and
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\frenchspacing</code> &amp; <code>\nonfrenchspacing</code></sectiontitle>
<anchor name="_005cnonfrenchspacing">\nonfrenchspacing</anchor>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="944" mergedindex="cp">\frenchspacing</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="945" mergedindex="cp">\nonfrenchspacing</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="760">spacing, inter-sentence</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="967" mergedindex="cp">\frenchspacing</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="968" mergedindex="cp">\nonfrenchspacing</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="842">spacing, inter-sentence</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -15970,26 +16781,29 @@ Examples are <code>Nat.\ Acad.\ Science</code>, and <code>Mr.~Bean</code>, and
\nonfrenchspacing
</pre></example>
-<para>The first declaration causes &latex; to handle spacing between
-sentences in the same way as spacing between words in the middle of a
-sentence. The second switches back to the default handling in which
-spacing between sentences stretches or shrinks more
-(<pxref label="_005cspacefactor"><xrefnodename>\spacefactor</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+<para><code>\frenchspacing</code> causes &latex; to make spacing after all
+punctuation, including periods, be the same as the space between words
+in the middle of a sentence. <code>\nonfrenchspacing</code> switches back
+to the default handling in which spacing after most punctuation stretches
+or shrinks differently than a word space (<pxref label="_005cspacefactor"><xrefnodename>\spacefactor</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+<para>In American English, the typesetting tradition is to adjust, typically
+increasing, the space after punctuation more than the space between
+words that are in the middle of a sentence. Declaring
+<code>\frenchspacing</code> (the command is inherited from plain &tex;)
+switches to the tradition that all spaces are treated equally.
</para>
-<para>Some typographic traditions, including English, prefer to adjust the
-space between sentences (or spaces following a question mark,
-exclamation point, comma, or colon) more than the space between words
-that are in the middle of a sentence. Declaring <code>\frenchspacing</code>
-(the command is from plain &tex;) switches to the tradition that all
-spaces are treated equally.
+<para>If your &latex; document specifies the language being used, for
+example with the <code>babel</code> package, the necessary settings
+should be taken care of for you.
</para>
</subsection>
<node name="_005cnormalsfcodes" spaces=" "><nodename>\normalsfcodes</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\frenchspacing &amp; \nonfrenchspacing</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">\spacefactor</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\normalsfcodes</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="946" mergedindex="cp">\normalsfcodes</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="761">spacing, inter-sentence</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="969" mergedindex="cp">\normalsfcodes</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="843">spacing, inter-sentence</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -16006,14 +16820,14 @@ spaces are treated equally.
<node name="_005c_0028SPACE_0029" spaces=" "><nodename trailingspaces=" ">\(SPACE)</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">~</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\spacefactor</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Backslash-space, <code>\ </code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="762">\<key>NEWLINE</key></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="763">\<key>SPACE</key></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="764">\<key>TAB</key></indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="947" mergedindex="cp">\<w> </w> <r>(backslash-space)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="948" mergedindex="cp">\<key>SPACE</key></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="844">\<key>NEWLINE</key></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="845">\<key>SPACE</key></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="846">\<key>TAB</key></indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="970" mergedindex="cp">\<w> </w> <r>(backslash-space)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="971" mergedindex="cp">\<key>SPACE</key></indexterm></findex>
<para>This section refers to the command consisting of two characters, a
-backslash followed by a space.&linebreak;Synopsis:
+backslash followed by a space. Synopsis:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\<w> </w>
@@ -16022,8 +16836,9 @@ backslash followed by a space.&linebreak;Synopsis:
<para>Produce a space. By default it produces white space of length
3.33333<dmn>pt</dmn> plus 1.66666<dmn>pt</dmn> minus 1.11111<dmn>pt</dmn>.
</para>
-<para>When you type one or more blanks between words, &latex; produces white
-space. But that is different than an explicit space. This illustrates.
+<para>When you type one or more blanks between words, &latex; produces
+whitespace that is different than an explicit space. This
+illustrates:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;&lbrace;rl&rbrace;
@@ -16059,9 +16874,9 @@ or <code>Jones et al.\ (1993)</code> (<pxref label="_005c_0040"><xrefnodename>\&
are equivalent to backslash-space, <code>\ </code>.
</para>
<anchor name="Leading-blanks">Leading blanks</anchor>
-<para>Please also note that in order to allow source code indentation, under
-normal circumstances, &tex; ignores leading blanks in a line. So the
-following prints <samp>one word</samp>:
+<para>In order to allow source code indentation, under normal circumstances,
+&tex; ignores leading blanks in a line. So the following prints
+<samp>one word</samp>:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">one
@@ -16079,14 +16894,14 @@ the newline after <samp>one</samp>, not by the space before <samp>word</samp>.
</section>
<node name="_007e" spaces=" "><nodename>~</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\(SPACE)</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
-<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>~</code></sectiontitle>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>~</code>, <code>\nobreakspace</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="949" mergedindex="cp">~</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="765">tie</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="766">space, unbreakable</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="767">hard space</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="768">unbreakable space</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="769">NBSP</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="972" mergedindex="cp">~</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="847">tie</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="848">space, unbreakable</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="849">hard space</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="850">unbreakable space</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="851">NBSP</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -16094,10 +16909,14 @@ the newline after <samp>one</samp>, not by the space before <samp>word</samp>.
<pre xml:space="preserve"><var>before</var>~<var>after</var>
</pre></example>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="973" mergedindex="cp">\nobreakspace</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="852">no-break space, Unicode U+00A0</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <dfn>tie</dfn> character, <code>~</code>, produces a space between <var>before</var> and
<var>after</var> at which the line will not be broken. By default the white
space has length 3.33333<dmn>pt</dmn> plus 1.66666<dmn>pt</dmn> minus
-1.11111<dmn>pt</dmn> (<pxref label="Lengths"><xrefnodename>Lengths</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+1.11111<dmn>pt</dmn> (<pxref label="Lengths"><xrefnodename>Lengths</xrefnodename></pxref>). The command <code>\nobreakspace</code>
+and the Unicode input character U+00A0 (also in many 8-bit encodings)
+are synonyms.
</para>
<!-- c This paragraph is not translated to French, as the French translation -->
<!-- c uses a term that means ``unbreakable''. -->
@@ -16116,14 +16935,14 @@ in <cite>The &tex;book</cite>.
<para>In addition, despite the period, &latex; does not use the
end-of-sentence spacing (<pxref label="_005c_0040"><xrefnodename>\&arobase;</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<para>Ties prevent the end of line separation of things where that could
-cause confusion. They also still allow hyphenation (of either of the
-tied words), so they are generally preferable to putting consecutive
-words in an <code>\mbox</code> (<pxref label="_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><xrefnodename>\mbox &amp; \makebox</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+<para>Ties prevent a line break where that could cause confusion. They also
+still allow hyphenation (of either of the tied words), so they are
+generally preferable to putting consecutive words in an <code>\mbox</code>
+(<pxref label="_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><xrefnodename>\mbox &amp; \makebox</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<para>They are also matters of taste, sometimes alarmingly dogmatic taste,
-among readers. Nevertheless, here are some usage models, many of them
-from <cite>The &tex;book</cite>.
+<para>Exactly where ties should be used is something of a matter of taste,
+sometimes alarmingly dogmatic taste, among readers. Nevertheless, here
+are some usage models, many of them from <cite>The &tex;book</cite>.
</para>
<itemize commandarg="bullet" spaces=" " endspaces=" "><itemprepend><formattingcommand command="bullet"/></itemprepend>
<listitem><prepend>&bullet;</prepend>
@@ -16135,8 +16954,8 @@ from <cite>The &tex;book</cite>.
<para>When cases are enumerated inline: <code>(b)~Show that $f(x)$ is
(1)~continuous, and (2)~bounded</code>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="770"><r>package</r>, <code>siunitx</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="771"><code>siunitx</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="853"><r>package</r>, <code>siunitx</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="854"><code>siunitx</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
</listitem><listitem><prepend>&bullet;</prepend>
<para>Between a number and its unit: <code>$745.7.8$~watts</code> (the
@@ -16179,12 +16998,12 @@ Vall\'ee~Poussin</code>.
<anchor name="_005cthinspace">\thinspace</anchor>
<anchor name="_005cnegthinspace">\negthinspace</anchor>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="950" mergedindex="cp">\thinspace</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="951" mergedindex="cp">\negthinspace</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="772">thin space</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="773">space, thin</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="774">thin space, negative</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="775">space, negative thin</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="974" mergedindex="cp">\thinspace</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="975" mergedindex="cp">\negthinspace</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="855">thin space</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="856">space, thin</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="857">thin space, negative</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="858">space, negative thin</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -16213,8 +17032,8 @@ think the three dots and/or four dots are plenty). Another
style-specific use is between initials, as in <code>D.\thinspace E.\
Knuth</code>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="776"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="777"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="859"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="860"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; provides a variety of similar spacing commands for math mode
(<pxref label="Spacing-in-math-mode"><xrefnodename>Spacing in math mode</xrefnodename></pxref>). With the <code>amsmath</code> package, or as
@@ -16226,8 +17045,8 @@ otherwise, they are available only in math mode.
<node name="_005c_002f" spaces=" "><nodename>\/</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\hrulefill &amp; \dotfill</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\/</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="952" mergedindex="cp">\/</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="778">italic correction</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="976" mergedindex="cp">\/</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="861">italic correction</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -16269,8 +17088,8 @@ where this is needed is the name <code>pdf\/\TeX</code>. However, most
upright characters have a zero italic correction. Some font creators
do not include italic correction values even for italic fonts.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="953" mergedindex="cp">\fontdimen1</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="779">font dimension, slant</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="977" mergedindex="cp">\fontdimen1</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="862">font dimension, slant</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Technically, &latex; uses another font-specific value, the so-called
<dfn>slant parameter</dfn> (namely <code>\fontdimen1</code>), to determine whether
to possibly insert an italic correction, rather than tying the action to
@@ -16286,8 +17105,8 @@ done in a different way.
<anchor name="_005chrulefill">\hrulefill</anchor>
<anchor name="_005cdotfill">\dotfill</anchor>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="954" mergedindex="cp">\hrulefill</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="955" mergedindex="cp">\dotfill</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="978" mergedindex="cp">\hrulefill</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="979" mergedindex="cp">\dotfill</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -16359,9 +17178,9 @@ Similarly, adjust the dot spacing as with
<anchor name="_005cbigskip">\bigskip</anchor>
<anchor name="_005cmedskip">\medskip</anchor>
<anchor name="_005csmallskip">\smallskip</anchor>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="956" mergedindex="cp">\bigskip</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="957" mergedindex="cp">\medskip</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="958" mergedindex="cp">\smallskip</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="980" mergedindex="cp">\bigskip</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="981" mergedindex="cp">\medskip</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="982" mergedindex="cp">\smallskip</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -16391,22 +17210,22 @@ file.
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<beforefirstitem><anchor name="bigskip">bigskip</anchor>
-</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="959" mergedindex="cp">\bigskip</indexterm>\bigskip</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="960" mergedindex="cp">\bigskipamount</indexterm></findex>
+</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="983" mergedindex="cp">\bigskip</indexterm>\bigskip</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="984" mergedindex="cp">\bigskipamount</indexterm></findex>
<para>The same as <code>\vspace&lbrace;\bigskipamount&rbrace;</code>, ordinarily about one line
space, with stretch and shrink. The default for the <code>book</code> and
<code>article</code> classes is <code>12pt plus 4pt minus 4pt</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="medskip">medskip</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="961" mergedindex="cp">\medskip</indexterm>\medskip</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="962" mergedindex="cp">\medskipamount</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="985" mergedindex="cp">\medskip</indexterm>\medskip</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="986" mergedindex="cp">\medskipamount</indexterm></findex>
<para>The same as <code>\vspace&lbrace;\medskipamount&rbrace;</code>, ordinarily about half of a
line space, with stretch and shrink. The default for the <code>book</code>
and <code>article</code> classes is <code>6pt plus 2pt minus 2pt</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="smallskip">smallskip</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="963" mergedindex="cp">\smallskip</indexterm>\smallskip</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="964" mergedindex="cp">\smallskipamount</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="987" mergedindex="cp">\smallskip</indexterm>\smallskip</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="988" mergedindex="cp">\smallskipamount</indexterm></findex>
<para>The same as <code>\vspace&lbrace;\smallskipamount&rbrace;</code>, ordinarily about a
quarter of a line space, with stretch and shrink. The default for the
<code>book</code> and <code>article</code> classes is <code>3pt plus 1pt minus 1pt</code>.
@@ -16430,9 +17249,9 @@ put a page break (<pxref label="_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csma
<anchor name="_005cbigbreak">\bigbreak</anchor>
<anchor name="_005cmedbreak">\medbreak</anchor>
<anchor name="_005csmallbreak">\smallbreak</anchor>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="965" mergedindex="cp">\bigbreak</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="966" mergedindex="cp">\medbreak</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="967" mergedindex="cp">\smallbreak</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="989" mergedindex="cp">\bigbreak</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="990" mergedindex="cp">\medbreak</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="991" mergedindex="cp">\smallbreak</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -16469,8 +17288,8 @@ with <samp>def</samp>.
<node name="_005cstrut" spaces=" "><nodename>\strut</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\vspace</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\bigbreak &amp; \medbreak &amp; \smallbreak</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\strut</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="968" mergedindex="cp">\strut</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="780">strut</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="992" mergedindex="cp">\strut</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="863">strut</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -16535,10 +17354,10 @@ its second <samp>test</samp>, which happens not have any characters that
descend below the baseline. The fourth list adds the strut that gives
the needed extra below-baseline space.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="781"><r>package</r>, <code>TikZ</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="782"><code>TikZ</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
- <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="783"><r>package</r>, <code>Asymptote</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="784"><code>Asymptote</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="864"><r>package</r>, <code>TikZ</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="865"><code>TikZ</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+ <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="866"><r>package</r>, <code>Asymptote</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="867"><code>Asymptote</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>\strut</code> command is often useful in graphics, such as in
<code>TikZ</code> or <code>Asymptote</code>. For instance, you may have a command
@@ -16574,9 +17393,9 @@ solve this issue. Changing the first double backslash to something like
<node name="_005cvspace" spaces=" "><nodename>\vspace</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\vfill</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\strut</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\vspace</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="969" mergedindex="cp">\vspace</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="785">vertical space</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="786">space, vertical</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="993" mergedindex="cp">\vspace</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="868">vertical space</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="869">space, vertical</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -16641,10 +17460,10 @@ the page, with at least one inch of space below each.
<node name="_005cvfill" spaces=" "><nodename>\vfill</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\addvspace</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\vspace</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\vfill</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="970" mergedindex="cp">\vfill</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="994" mergedindex="cp">\vfill</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="787">stretch, infinite vertical</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="788">infinite vertical stretch</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="870">stretch, infinite vertical</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="871">infinite vertical stretch</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -16682,9 +17501,9 @@ Lost Dog!
<node name="_005caddvspace" spaces=" "><nodename>\addvspace</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\vfill</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\addvspace</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="971" mergedindex="cp">\addvspace</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="789">vertical space</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="790">space, inserting vertical</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="995" mergedindex="cp">\addvspace</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="872">vertical space</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="873">space, inserting vertical</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -16741,29 +17560,29 @@ with a <code>\par</code> command (<pxref label="_005cpar"><xrefnodename>\par</xr
</section>
</chapter>
-<node name="Boxes" spaces=" "><nodename>Boxes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Color</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Spaces</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
+<node name="Boxes" spaces=" "><nodename>Boxes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Graphics</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Spaces</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Boxes</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="791">boxes</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="874">boxes</indexterm></cindex>
<!-- c xx Expand on boxes and glue, for xref from elsewhere. -->
<para>At its core, &latex; puts things in boxes and then puts the boxes on a
page. So these commands are central.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="792"><r>package</r>, <code>adjustbox</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="793"><code>adjustbox</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="875"><r>package</r>, <code>adjustbox</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="876"><code>adjustbox</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>There are many packages on CTAN that are useful for manipulating boxes.
One useful adjunct to the commands here is <code>adjustbox</code>.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\mbox &amp; \makebox</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Horizontal boxes.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\fbox &amp; \framebox</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Put a frame around a box.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\parbox</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Box with text in paragraph mode.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\raisebox</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Raise or lower text.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\sbox &amp; \savebox</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Like <code>\makebox</code> but save the text for later.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">lrbox</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Environment version of <code>\sbox</code>.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\usebox</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Print saved text.
+<menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\mbox &amp; \makebox</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Horizontal boxes.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\fbox &amp; \framebox</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Put a frame around a box.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\parbox</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Box with text in paragraph mode.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\raisebox</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Raise or lower text.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\sbox &amp; \savebox</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Like <code>\makebox</code> but save the text for later.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>lrbox</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Environment version of <code>\sbox</code>.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\usebox</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Print saved text.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
@@ -16772,11 +17591,11 @@ One useful adjunct to the commands here is <code>adjustbox</code>.
<anchor name="_005cmbox">\mbox</anchor>
<anchor name="_005cmakebox">\makebox</anchor>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="972" mergedindex="cp">\mbox</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="973" mergedindex="cp">\makebox</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="794">box</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="795">make a box</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="796">hyphenation, preventing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="996" mergedindex="cp">\mbox</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="997" mergedindex="cp">\makebox</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="877">box</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="878">make a box</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="879">hyphenation, preventing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -16808,7 +17627,7 @@ enough to contain the <var>text</var>. (They are like plain &tex;&textrsquo;s
<para>In the third version the optional argument <var>width</var> specifies the
width of the box. Note that the space occupied by the text need not
equal the width of the box. For one thing, <var>text</var> can be too small;
-this creates a full-line box
+this creates a full-line box:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\makebox[\linewidth]&lbrace;Chapter Exam&rbrace;
@@ -16870,11 +17689,11 @@ puts the value of the quiz questions to the left of those questions.
</pre></example>
<noindent></noindent>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="797"><r>package</r>, <code>TikZ</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="798"><code>TikZ</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="880"><r>package</r>, <code>TikZ</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="881"><code>TikZ</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="799"><r>package</r>, <code>Asymptote</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="800"><code>Asymptote</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="882"><r>package</r>, <code>Asymptote</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="883"><code>Asymptote</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The right edge of the output <samp>10 points </samp> (note the ending space
after <samp>points</samp>) will be just before the <samp>What</samp>. You can use
@@ -16903,8 +17722,8 @@ and&nbsp;<ref label="minipage"><xrefnodename>minipage</xrefnodename></ref>.
<anchor name="_005cfbox">\fbox</anchor>
<anchor name="_005cframebox">\framebox</anchor>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="974" mergedindex="cp">\fbox</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="975" mergedindex="cp">\framebox</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="998" mergedindex="cp">\fbox</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="999" mergedindex="cp">\framebox</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopses, one of:
</para>
@@ -16948,18 +17767,18 @@ here is an example creating an empty box that is 1/4<dmn>in</dmn> wide.
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<beforefirstitem><anchor name="fbox-framebox-fboxrule">fbox framebox fboxrule</anchor>
-</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="976" mergedindex="cp">\fboxrule</indexterm>\fboxrule</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="977" mergedindex="cp">frame, line width</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="978" mergedindex="cp">frame rule width</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="801">\fboxrule</indexterm></cindex>
+</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1000" mergedindex="cp">\fboxrule</indexterm>\fboxrule</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1001" mergedindex="cp">frame, line width</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1002" mergedindex="cp">frame rule width</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="884">\fboxrule</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The thickness of the rules around the enclosed box. The default is
0.2<dmn>pt</dmn>. Change it with a command such as
<code>\setlength&lbrace;\fboxrule&rbrace;&lbrace;0.8pt&rbrace;</code> (<pxref label="_005csetlength"><xrefnodename>\setlength</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
<anchor name="fbox-framebox-fboxsep">fbox framebox fboxsep</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="979" mergedindex="cp">\fboxsep</indexterm>\fboxsep</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="980" mergedindex="cp">frame, separation from contents</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="802">\fboxsep</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1003" mergedindex="cp">\fboxsep</indexterm>\fboxsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1004" mergedindex="cp">frame, separation from contents</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="885">\fboxsep</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The distance from the frame to the enclosed box. The default is 3<dmn>pt</dmn>.
Change it with a command such as <code>\setlength&lbrace;\fboxsep&rbrace;&lbrace;0pt&rbrace;</code>
(<pxref label="_005csetlength"><xrefnodename>\setlength</xrefnodename></pxref>). Setting it to 0<dmn>pt</dmn> is useful sometimes:
@@ -16999,9 +17818,9 @@ command where the units depend on <code>picture</code>&textrsquo;s <code>\unitle
<node name="_005cparbox" spaces=" "><nodename>\parbox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\raisebox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\fbox &amp; \framebox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\parbox</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="981" mergedindex="cp">\parbox</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="803">paragraph mode</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="804">paragraph, in a box</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1005" mergedindex="cp">\parbox</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="886">paragraph mode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="887">paragraph, in a box</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopses, one of:
</para>
@@ -17063,7 +17882,7 @@ stretchable space).
<node name="_005craisebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\raisebox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\sbox &amp; \savebox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\parbox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\raisebox</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="982" mergedindex="cp">\raisebox</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1006" mergedindex="cp">\raisebox</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -17130,9 +17949,9 @@ second is the height of <file>meta.png</file>.
<anchor name="_005csbox">\sbox</anchor>
<anchor name="_005csavebox">\savebox</anchor>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="983" mergedindex="cp">\sbox</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="984" mergedindex="cp">\savebox</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="805">box, save</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1007" mergedindex="cp">\sbox</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1008" mergedindex="cp">\savebox</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="888">box, save</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -17230,7 +18049,7 @@ header. &latex; only typesets it once.
<node name="lrbox" spaces=" "><nodename>lrbox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\usebox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\sbox &amp; \savebox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>lrbox</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="985" mergedindex="cp">lrbox</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1009" mergedindex="cp">lrbox</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -17268,8 +18087,8 @@ for entering the <code>tabular</code>.
<node name="_005cusebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\usebox</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">lrbox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\usebox</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="986" mergedindex="cp">\usebox</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="806">box, use saved box</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1010" mergedindex="cp">\usebox</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="889">box, use saved box</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -17286,390 +18105,11 @@ backslash, <code>\</code>.) This command is robust (<pxref label="_005cprotect"
</section>
</chapter>
-<node name="Color" spaces=" "><nodename>Color</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Graphics</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Boxes</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
-<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Color</sectiontitle>
-
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="807">color</indexterm></cindex>
-
-<para>You can add color to text, rules, etc. You can also have color in a box
-or on an entire page and write text on top of it.
-</para>
-<para>Color support comes as an additional package. So put
-<code>\usepackage&lbrace;color&rbrace;</code> in your document preamble to use the
-commands described here.
-</para>
-<para>Many other packages also supplement &latex;&textrsquo;s color abilities.
-Particularly worth mentioning is <file>xcolor</file>, which is widely used and
-significantly extends the capabilities described here, including adding
-<samp>HTML</samp> and <samp>Hsb</samp> color models.
-</para>
-<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Color package options</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Options when you load the standard package.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Color models</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">How colors are represented.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Commands for color</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">The available commands.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
-
-
-<node name="Color-package-options" spaces=" "><nodename>Color package options</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Color models</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Color</nodeup></node>
-<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>color</code> package options</sectiontitle>
-
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="808">color package options</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="809">options, color package</indexterm></cindex>
-
-<para>Synopsis (must be in the document preamble):
-</para>
-<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\usepackage[<var>comma-separated option list</var>]&lbrace;color&rbrace;
-</pre></example>
-
-<para>When you load the <file>color</file> package there are two kinds of available
-options.
-</para>
-<para>The first specifies the <dfn>printer driver</dfn>. &latex; doesn&textrsquo;t contain
-information about different output systems but instead depends on
-information stored in a file. Normally you should not specify the
-driver option in the document, and instead rely on your system&textrsquo;s
-default. One advantage of this is that it makes the document portable
-across systems. For completeness we include a list of the drivers. The
-currently relevant ones are: <file>dvipdfmx</file>, <file>dvips</file>,
-<file>dvisvgm</file>, <file>luatex</file>, <file>pdftex</file>, <file>xetex</file>. The two
-<file>xdvi</file> and <file>oztex</file> are essentially aliases for <file>dvips</file>
-(and <file>xdvi</file> is monochrome). Ones that should not be used for new
-systems are: <file>dvipdf</file>, <file>dvipdfm</file>, <file>dviwin</file>,
-<file>dvipsone</file>, <file>emtex</file>, <file>pctexps</file>, <file>pctexwin</file>,
-<file>pctexhp</file>, <file>pctex32</file>, <file>truetex</file>, <file>tcidvi</file>,
-<file>vtex</file> (and <file>dviwindo</file> is an alias for <file>dvipsone</file>).
-</para>
-<para>The second kind of options, beyond the drivers, are below.
-</para>
-<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<beforefirstitem>
-</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">monochrome</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Disable the color commands, so that they do not generate errors but do
-not generate color either.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">dvipsnames</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Make available a list of 68 color names that are often used,
-particularly in legacy documents. These color names were originally
-provided by the <file>dvips</file> driver, giving the option name.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">nodvipsnames</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Do not load that list of color names, saving &latex; a tiny amount of
-memory space.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry></table>
-
-
-</section>
-<node name="Color-models" spaces=" "><nodename>Color models</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Commands for color</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Color package options</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Color</nodeup></node>
-<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Color models</sectiontitle>
-
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="810">color models</indexterm></cindex>
-
-<para>A <dfn>color model</dfn> is a way of representing colors. &latex;&textrsquo;s
-capabilities depend on the printer driver. However, the <file>pdftex</file>,
-<file>xetex</file>, and <file>luatex</file> printer drivers are today by far the
-most commonly used. The models below work for those drivers. All but
-one of these is also supported by essentially all other printer drivers
-used today.
-</para>
-<para>Note that color combination can be additive or subtractive. Additive
-mixes colors of light, so that for instance combining full intensities
-of red, green, and blue produces white. Subtractive mixes pigments,
-such as with inks, so that combining full intensity of cyan, magenta,
-and yellow makes black.
-</para>
-<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<beforefirstitem><anchor name="color-models-cmyk">color models cmyk</anchor>
-</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">cmyk</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>A comma-separated list with four real numbers between 0 and 1,
-inclusive. The first number is the intensity of cyan, the second is
-magenta, and the others are yellow and black. A number value of 0 means
-minimal intensity, while a 1 is for full intensity. This model is often
-used in color printing. It is a subtractive model.
-</para>
-<anchor name="color-models-gray">color models gray</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">gray</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>A single real number between 0 and 1, inclusive. The colors are shades
-of grey. The number 0 produces black while 1 gives white.
-</para>
-<anchor name="color-models-rgb">color models rgb</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">rgb</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>A comma-separated list with three real numbers between 0 and 1,
-inclusive. The first number is the intensity of the red component, the
-second is green, and the third the blue. A number value of 0 means that
-none of that component is added in, while a 1 means full intensity.
-This is an additive model.
-</para>
-<anchor name="color-models-RGB">color models RGB</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">RGB</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>(<file>pdftex</file>, <file>xetex</file>, <file>luatex</file> drivers) A comma-separated
-list with three integers between 0 and 255, inclusive. This model is a
-convenience for using <code>rgb</code> since outside of &latex; colors are
-often described in a red-green-blue model using numbers in this range.
-The values entered here are converted to the <code>rgb</code> model by
-dividing by 255.
-</para>
-<anchor name="color-models-named">color models named</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">named</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Colors are accessed by name, such as <samp>PrussianBlue</samp>. The list of
-names depends on the driver, but all support the names <samp>black</samp>,
-<samp>blue</samp>, <samp>cyan</samp>, <samp>green</samp>, <samp>magenta</samp>, <samp>red</samp>,
-<samp>white</samp>, and <samp>yellow</samp> (See the <code>dvipsnames</code> option in
-<ref label="Color-package-options"><xrefnodename>Color package options</xrefnodename></ref>).
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry></table>
-
-
-</section>
-<node name="Commands-for-color" spaces=" "><nodename>Commands for color</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Color models</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Color</nodeup></node>
-<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Commands for color</sectiontitle>
-
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="811">color package commands</indexterm></cindex>
-
-<para>These are the commands available with the <file>color</file> package.
-</para>
-<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Define colors</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Give a color a name.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Colored text</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Text or rules in color.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Colored boxes</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">A box of color, to write over.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Colored pages</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">A whole page colored.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
-
-
-<node name="Define-colors" spaces=" "><nodename>Define colors</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Colored text</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Commands for color</nodeup></node>
-<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Define colors</sectiontitle>
-
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="812">color</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="813">define color</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="814">color, define</indexterm></cindex>
-
-<para>Synopsis:
-</para>
-<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\definecolor&lbrace;<var>name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>model</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>specification</var>&rbrace;
-</pre></example>
-
-<para>Give the name <var>name</var> to the color. For example, after this
-</para>
-<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\definecolor&lbrace;silver&rbrace;&lbrace;rgb&rbrace;&lbrace;0.75,0.75,0.74&rbrace;
-</pre></example>
-
-<noindent></noindent>
-<para>you can use that color name with <code>Hi ho,
-\textcolor&lbrace;silver&rbrace;&lbrace;Silver&rbrace;!</code>.
-</para>
-<para>This example gives the color a more abstract name, so it could change and
-not be misleading.
-</para>
-<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\definecolor&lbrace;logocolor&rbrace;&lbrace;RGB&rbrace;&lbrace;145,92,131&rbrace; % RGB needs pdflatex
-\newcommand&lbrace;\logo&rbrace;&lbrace;\textcolor&lbrace;logocolor&rbrace;&lbrace;Bob's Big Bagels&rbrace;&rbrace;
-</pre></example>
-
-<para>Often a document&textrsquo;s colors are defined in the preamble, or in the class
-or style, rather than in the document body.
-</para>
-
-</subsection>
-<node name="Colored-text" spaces=" "><nodename>Colored text</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Colored boxes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Define colors</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Commands for color</nodeup></node>
-<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Colored text</sectiontitle>
-
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="815">color</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="816">colored text</indexterm></cindex>
-
-<para>Synopses:
-</para>
-<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\textcolor&lbrace;<var>name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;...&rbrace;
-\textcolor[<var>color model</var>]&lbrace;<var>color specification</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;...&rbrace;
-</pre></example>
-
-<noindent></noindent>
-<para>or
-</para>
-<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\color&lbrace;<var>name</var>&rbrace;
-\color[<var>color model</var>]&lbrace;<var>color specification</var>&rbrace;
-</pre></example>
-
-<para>The affected text gets the color. This line
-</para>
-<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\textcolor&lbrace;magenta&rbrace;&lbrace;My name is Ozymandias, King of Kings;&rbrace;
-Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair!
-</pre></example>
-
-<noindent></noindent>
-<para>causes the first half to be in magenta while the rest is in black. You
-can use a color declared with <code>\definecolor</code> in exactly the same
-way that we just used the builtin color <samp>magenta</samp>.
-</para>
-<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\definecolor&lbrace;MidlifeCrisisRed&rbrace;&lbrace;rgb&rbrace;&lbrace;1.0,0.11,0.0&rbrace;
-I'm thinking about getting a \textcolor&lbrace;MidlifeCrisisRed&rbrace;&lbrace;sports car&rbrace;.
-</pre></example>
-
-<para>The two <code>\textcolor</code> and <code>\color</code> differ in that the first is
-a command form, enclosing the text to be colored as an argument. Often
-this form is more convenient, or at least more explicit. The second
-form is a declaration, as in <code>The moon is made of &lbrace;\color&lbrace;green&rbrace;
-green&rbrace; cheese</code>, so it is in effect until the end of the current group
-or environment. This is sometimes useful when writing macros or as
-below where it colors everything inside the <code>center</code> environment,
-including the vertical and horizontal lines.
-</para>
-<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;center&rbrace; \color&lbrace;blue&rbrace;
- \begin&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;&lbrace;l|r&rbrace;
- UL &amp;UR \\ \hline
- LL &amp;LR
- \end&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;
-\end&lbrace;center&rbrace;
-</pre></example>
-
-<para>You can use color in equations. A document might have this definition
-in the preamble
-</para>
-<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\definecolor&lbrace;highlightcolor&rbrace;&lbrace;RGB&rbrace;&lbrace;225,15,0&rbrace;
-</pre></example>
-
-<noindent></noindent>
-<para>and then contain this equation.
-</para>
-<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;equation&rbrace;
- \int_a^b \textcolor&lbrace;highlightcolor&rbrace;&lbrace;f'(x)&rbrace;\,dx=f(b)-f(a)
-\end&lbrace;equation&rbrace;
-</pre></example>
-
-<para>Typically the colors used in a document are declared in a class or style
-but sometimes you want a one-off. Those are the second forms in the
-synopses.
-</para>
-<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">Colors of \textcolor[rgb]&lbrace;0.33,0.14,0.47&rbrace;&lbrace;Purple&rbrace; and
-&lbrace;\color[rgb]&lbrace;0.72,0.60,0.37&rbrace;Gold&rbrace; for the team.
-</pre></example>
-
-<para>The format of <var>color specification</var> depends on the color model
-(<pxref label="Color-models"><xrefnodename>Color models</xrefnodename></pxref>). For instance, while <code>rgb</code> takes three
-numbers, <code>gray</code> takes only one.
-</para>
-<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">The selection was \textcolor[gray]&lbrace;0.5&rbrace;&lbrace;grayed out&rbrace;.
-</pre></example>
-
-<para>Colors inside colors do not combine. Thus
-</para>
-<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\textcolor&lbrace;green&rbrace;&lbrace;kind of \textcolor&lbrace;blue&rbrace;&lbrace;blue&rbrace;&rbrace;
-</pre></example>
-
-<noindent></noindent>
-<para>has a final word that is blue, not a combination of blue and green.
-</para>
-<!-- c xx address coloring a line of a table? -->
-
-
-</subsection>
-<node name="Colored-boxes" spaces=" "><nodename>Colored boxes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Colored pages</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Colored text</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Commands for color</nodeup></node>
-<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Colored boxes</sectiontitle>
-
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="817">color</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="818">colored boxes</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="819">box, colored</indexterm></cindex>
-
-<para>Synopses:
-</para>
-<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\colorbox&lbrace;<var>name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;...&rbrace;
-\colorbox[<var>model name</var>]&lbrace;<var>box background color</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;...&rbrace;
-</pre></example>
-
-<noindent></noindent>
-<para>or
-</para>
-<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\fcolorbox&lbrace;<var>frame color</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>box background color</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;...&rbrace;
-\fcolorbox[<var>model name</var>]&lbrace;<var>frame color</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>box background color</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;...&rbrace;
-</pre></example>
-
-<para>Make a box with the stated background color. The <code>\fcolorbox</code>
-command puts a frame around the box. For instance this
-</para>
-<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">Name:~\colorbox&lbrace;cyan&rbrace;&lbrace;\makebox[5cm][l]&lbrace;\strut&rbrace;&rbrace;
-</pre></example>
-
-<noindent></noindent>
-<para>makes a cyan-colored box that is five centimeters long and gets its
-depth and height from the <code>\strut</code> (so the depth is
-<code>-.3\baselineskip</code> and the height is <code>\baselineskip</code>). This
-puts white text on a blue background.
-</para>
-<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\colorbox&lbrace;blue&rbrace;&lbrace;\textcolor&lbrace;white&rbrace;&lbrace;Welcome to the machine.&rbrace;&rbrace;
-</pre></example>
-
-<para>The <code>\fcolorbox</code> commands use the same parameters as <code>\fbox</code>
-(<pxref label="_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox"><xrefnodename>\fbox &amp; \framebox</xrefnodename></pxref>), <code>\fboxrule</code> and <code>\fboxsep</code>, to
-set the thickness of the rule and the boundary between the box interior
-and the surrounding rule. &latex;&textrsquo;s defaults are <code>0.4pt</code> and
-<code>3pt</code>, respectively.
-</para>
-<para>This example changes the thickness of the border to 0.8 points. Note
-that it is surrounded by curly braces so that the change ends at the end
-of the second line.
-</para>
-<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">&lbrace;\setlength&lbrace;\fboxrule&rbrace;&lbrace;0.8pt&rbrace;
-\fcolorbox&lbrace;black&rbrace;&lbrace;red&rbrace;&lbrace;Under no circumstances turn this knob.&rbrace;&rbrace;
-</pre></example>
-
-
-</subsection>
-<node name="Colored-pages" spaces=" "><nodename>Colored pages</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Colored boxes</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Commands for color</nodeup></node>
-<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Colored pages</sectiontitle>
-
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="820">color</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="821">colored page</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="822">page, colored</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="823">background, colored</indexterm></cindex>
-
-<para>Synopses:
-</para>
-<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\pagecolor&lbrace;<var>name</var>&rbrace;
-\pagecolor[<var>color model</var>]&lbrace;<var>color specification</var>&rbrace;
-\nopagecolor
-</pre></example>
-
-<para>The first two set the background of the page, and all subsequent pages,
-to the color. For an explanation of the specification in the second
-form <pxref label="Colored-text"><xrefnodename>Colored text</xrefnodename></pxref>. The third returns the background to normal,
-which is a transparent background. (If that is not supported use
-<code>\pagecolor&lbrace;white&rbrace;</code>, although that will make a white background
-rather than the default transparent background.)
-</para>
-<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve"> ...
-\pagecolor&lbrace;cyan&rbrace;
- ...
-\nopagecolor
-</pre></example>
-
-
-</subsection>
-</section>
-</chapter>
-<node name="Graphics" spaces=" "><nodename>Graphics</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Special insertions</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Color</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
+<node name="Graphics" spaces=" "><nodename>Graphics</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Color</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Boxes</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Graphics</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="824">graphics</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="825">graphics package</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="890">graphics</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="891">graphics package</indexterm></cindex>
<para>You can use graphics such as PNG or PDF files in your &latex; document.
You need an additional package, which comes standard with &latex;.
@@ -17709,17 +18149,17 @@ Full description of these systems is outside the scope of this document;
see their documentation on CTAN.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Graphics package options</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Options when you load the package.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Graphics package configuration</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Where to look for files, which file types.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Commands for graphics</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">The available commands.
+<menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Graphics package options</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Options when you load the package.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Graphics package configuration</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Where to look for files, which file types.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Commands for graphics</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">The available commands.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
<node name="Graphics-package-options" spaces=" "><nodename>Graphics package options</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Graphics package configuration</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Graphics</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>graphics</code> package options</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="826">graphics package options</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="827">options, graphics package</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="892">graphics package options</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="893">options, graphics package</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis (must be in the document preamble):
</para>
@@ -17799,9 +18239,9 @@ option has &latex; to read the size from the latter.
<node name="Graphics-package-configuration" spaces=" "><nodename>Graphics package configuration</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Commands for graphics</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Graphics package options</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Graphics</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>graphics</code> package configuration</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="828">graphics</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="829">graphics package</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="830">configuration, graphics package</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="894">graphics</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="895">graphics package</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="896">configuration, graphics package</indexterm></cindex>
<para>These commands configure the way &latex; searches the file system for
the graphic.
@@ -17813,16 +18253,16 @@ the documentation in <file>grfguide.pdf</file>, or the &latex; source, or your
&tex; distribution&textrsquo;s documentation.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\graphicspath</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Directories to search.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">File types, such as JPG or EPS.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\DeclareGraphicsRule</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">How to handle file types.
+<menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\graphicspath</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Directories to search.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">File types, such as JPG or EPS.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\DeclareGraphicsRule</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">How to handle file types.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
<node name="_005cgraphicspath" spaces=" "><nodename>\graphicspath</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Graphics package configuration</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\graphicspath</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="987" mergedindex="cp">\graphicspath</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1011" mergedindex="cp">\graphicspath</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -17900,7 +18340,7 @@ instead in <file>book/plots</file>.
<node name="_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions" spaces=" "><nodename>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\DeclareGraphicsRule</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\graphicspath</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Graphics package configuration</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="988" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1012" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopses:
</para>
@@ -17943,8 +18383,8 @@ the most recent <file>pdftex.def</file> has this extension list.
<pre xml:space="preserve">.pdf,.png,.jpg,.mps,.jpeg,.jbig2,.jb2,.PDF,.PNG,.JPG,.JPEG,.JBIG2,.JB2
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="831"><r>package</r>, <code>grfext</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="832"><code>grfext</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="897"><r>package</r>, <code>grfext</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="898"><code>grfext</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>To change the order, use the <code>grfext</code> package.
</para>
@@ -17957,7 +18397,7 @@ than once. Show its value with
<node name="_005cDeclareGraphicsRule" spaces=" "><nodename>\DeclareGraphicsRule</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Graphics package configuration</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\DeclareGraphicsRule</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="989" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareGraphicsRule</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1013" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareGraphicsRule</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -18042,33 +18482,33 @@ See the documentation for your &tex; distribution.
<node name="Commands-for-graphics" spaces=" "><nodename>Commands for graphics</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Graphics package configuration</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Graphics</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Commands for graphics</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="833">graphics package commands</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="834">commands, graphics package</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="899">graphics package commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="900">commands, graphics package</indexterm></cindex>
<para>These are the commands available with the <code>graphics</code> and
<code>graphicx</code> packages.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\includegraphics</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Using a graphic in your document.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\rotatebox</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Rotating boxes, including graphics.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\scalebox</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Scaling boxes, including graphics.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\resizebox</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Scaling boxes, including graphics, to a set size.
+<menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\includegraphics</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Using a graphic in your document.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\rotatebox</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Rotating boxes, including graphics.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\scalebox</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Scaling boxes, including graphics.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\resizebox</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Scaling boxes, including graphics, to a set size.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
<node name="_005cincludegraphics" spaces=" "><nodename>\includegraphics</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\rotatebox</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Commands for graphics</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\includegraphics</code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="835">graphics</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="836">graphics package</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="837">including graphics</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="838">importing graphics</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="839">EPS files</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="840">JPEG files</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="841">JPG files</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="842">PDF graphic files</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="843">PNG files</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="990" mergedindex="cp">\includegraphics</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="901">graphics</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="902">graphics package</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="903">including graphics</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="904">importing graphics</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="905">EPS files</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="906">JPEG files</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="907">JPG files</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="908">PDF graphic files</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="909">PNG files</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1014" mergedindex="cp">\includegraphics</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopses for <code>graphics</code> package:
</para>
@@ -18203,8 +18643,8 @@ two will end with different widths and heights.
</para>
<para>There are many options. The primary ones are listed first.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="844">bounding box</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="845">box, bounding</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="910">bounding box</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="911">box, bounding</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Note that a graphic is placed by &latex; into a box, which is
traditionally referred to as its <dfn>bounding box</dfn> (distinct from the
PostScript BoundingBox described below). The graphic&textrsquo;s printed area may
@@ -18427,8 +18867,8 @@ override a prior setting of <code>true</code>, you can set it to <code>false</co
<para>These following options allow a user to override &latex;&textrsquo;s method of
choosing the graphic type based on the filename extension. An example
-is that <code>\includegraphics[type=png,ext=.xxx,read=.xxx]&lbrace;lion&rbrace;</code>
-will read the file <file>lion.xxx</file> as though it were
+is that <code>\includegraphics[type=png,ext=.xyz,read=.xyz]&lbrace;lion&rbrace;</code>
+will read the file <file>lion.xyz</file> as though it were
<file>lion.png</file>. For more on these, <pxref label="_005cDeclareGraphicsRule"><xrefnodename>\DeclareGraphicsRule</xrefnodename></pxref>.
</para>
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
@@ -18460,10 +18900,10 @@ external commands.
<node name="_005crotatebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\rotatebox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\scalebox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\includegraphics</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Commands for graphics</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\rotatebox</code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="846">rotation</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="847">rotating graphics</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="848">rotating text</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="991" mergedindex="cp">\rotatebox</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="912">rotation</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="913">rotating graphics</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="914">rotating text</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1015" mergedindex="cp">\rotatebox</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis if you use the <code>graphics</code> package:
</para>
@@ -18551,14 +18991,14 @@ setting <code>units=6.283185</code> changes to radians counterclockwise.
<node name="_005cscalebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\scalebox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\resizebox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\rotatebox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Commands for graphics</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\scalebox</code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="849">graphics, scaling</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="850">graphics, resizing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="851">scaling</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="852">resizing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="853">text, scaling</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="854">text, resizing</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="992" mergedindex="cp">\scalebox</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="993" mergedindex="cp">\reflectbox</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="915">graphics, scaling</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="916">graphics, resizing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="917">scaling</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="918">resizing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="919">text, scaling</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="920">text, resizing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1016" mergedindex="cp">\scalebox</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1017" mergedindex="cp">\reflectbox</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopses:
</para>
@@ -18601,13 +19041,13 @@ immediately followed by its mirror reflection against a vertical axis.
<node name="_005cresizebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\resizebox</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\scalebox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Commands for graphics</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\resizebox</code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="855">graphics, scaling</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="856">graphics, resizing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="857">scaling</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="858">resizing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="859">text, scaling</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="860">text, resizing</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="994" mergedindex="cp">\resizebox</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="921">graphics, scaling</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="922">graphics, resizing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="923">scaling</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="924">resizing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="925">text, scaling</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="926">text, resizing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1018" mergedindex="cp">\resizebox</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopses:
</para>
@@ -18643,85 +19083,465 @@ text two inches wide but keep the original height with
</subsection>
</section>
</chapter>
-<node name="Special-insertions" spaces=" "><nodename>Special insertions</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Splitting the input</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Graphics</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
+<node name="Color" spaces=" "><nodename>Color</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Special insertions</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Graphics</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
+<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Color</sectiontitle>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="927">color</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>You can add color to text, rules, etc. You can also have color in a box
+or on an entire page and write text on top of it.
+</para>
+<para>Color support comes as an additional package. So put
+<code>\usepackage&lbrace;color&rbrace;</code> in your document preamble to use the
+commands described here.
+</para>
+<para>Many other packages also supplement &latex;&textrsquo;s color abilities.
+Particularly worth mentioning is <file>xcolor</file>, which is widely used and
+significantly extends the capabilities described here, including adding
+<samp>HTML</samp> and <samp>Hsb</samp> color models.
+</para>
+<menu endspaces=" ">
+<menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Color package options</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Options when you load the standard package.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Color models</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">How colors are represented.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Commands for color</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">The available commands.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
+
+
+<node name="Color-package-options" spaces=" "><nodename>Color package options</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Color models</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Color</nodeup></node>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>color</code> package options</sectiontitle>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="928">color package options</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="929">options, color package</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>Synopsis (must be in the document preamble):
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\usepackage[<var>comma-separated option list</var>]&lbrace;color&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>When you load the <file>color</file> package there are two kinds of available
+options.
+</para>
+<para>The first specifies the <dfn>printer driver</dfn>. &latex; doesn&textrsquo;t contain
+information about different output systems but instead depends on
+information stored in a file. Normally you should not specify the
+driver option in the document, and instead rely on your system&textrsquo;s
+default. One advantage of this is that it makes the document portable
+across systems. For completeness we include a list of the drivers. The
+currently relevant ones are: <file>dvipdfmx</file>, <file>dvips</file>,
+<file>dvisvgm</file>, <file>luatex</file>, <file>pdftex</file>, <file>xetex</file>. The two
+<file>xdvi</file> and <file>oztex</file> are essentially aliases for <file>dvips</file>
+(and <file>xdvi</file> is monochrome). Ones that should not be used for new
+systems are: <file>dvipdf</file>, <file>dvipdfm</file>, <file>dviwin</file>,
+<file>dvipsone</file>, <file>emtex</file>, <file>pctexps</file>, <file>pctexwin</file>,
+<file>pctexhp</file>, <file>pctex32</file>, <file>truetex</file>, <file>tcidvi</file>,
+<file>vtex</file> (and <file>dviwindo</file> is an alias for <file>dvipsone</file>).
+</para>
+<para>The second kind of options, beyond the drivers, are below.
+</para>
+<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">monochrome</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Disable the color commands, so that they do not generate errors but do
+not generate color either.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">dvipsnames</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Make available a list of 68 color names that are often used,
+particularly in legacy documents. These color names were originally
+provided by the <file>dvips</file> driver, giving the option name.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">nodvipsnames</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Do not load that list of color names, saving &latex; a tiny amount of
+memory space.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry></table>
+
+
+</section>
+<node name="Color-models" spaces=" "><nodename>Color models</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Commands for color</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Color package options</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Color</nodeup></node>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Color models</sectiontitle>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="930">color models</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>A <dfn>color model</dfn> is a way of representing colors. &latex;&textrsquo;s
+capabilities depend on the printer driver. However, the <file>pdftex</file>,
+<file>xetex</file>, and <file>luatex</file> printer drivers are today by far the
+most commonly used. The models below work for those drivers. All but
+one of these is also supported by essentially all other printer drivers
+used today.
+</para>
+<para>Note that color combination can be additive or subtractive. Additive
+mixes colors of light, so that for instance combining full intensities
+of red, green, and blue produces white. Subtractive mixes pigments,
+such as with inks, so that combining full intensity of cyan, magenta,
+and yellow makes black.
+</para>
+<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
+<beforefirstitem><anchor name="color-models-cmyk">color models cmyk</anchor>
+</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">cmyk</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>A comma-separated list with four real numbers between 0 and 1,
+inclusive. The first number is the intensity of cyan, the second is
+magenta, and the others are yellow and black. A number value of 0 means
+minimal intensity, while a 1 is for full intensity. This model is often
+used in color printing. It is a subtractive model.
+</para>
+<anchor name="color-models-gray">color models gray</anchor>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">gray</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>A single real number between 0 and 1, inclusive. The colors are shades
+of grey. The number 0 produces black while 1 gives white.
+</para>
+<anchor name="color-models-rgb">color models rgb</anchor>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">rgb</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>A comma-separated list with three real numbers between 0 and 1,
+inclusive. The first number is the intensity of the red component, the
+second is green, and the third the blue. A number value of 0 means that
+none of that component is added in, while a 1 means full intensity.
+This is an additive model.
+</para>
+<anchor name="color-models-RGB">color models RGB</anchor>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">RGB</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>(<file>pdftex</file>, <file>xetex</file>, <file>luatex</file> drivers) A comma-separated
+list with three integers between 0 and 255, inclusive. This model is a
+convenience for using <code>rgb</code> since outside of &latex; colors are
+often described in a red-green-blue model using numbers in this range.
+The values entered here are converted to the <code>rgb</code> model by
+dividing by 255.
+</para>
+<anchor name="color-models-named">color models named</anchor>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">named</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Colors are accessed by name, such as <samp>PrussianBlue</samp>. The list of
+names depends on the driver, but all support the names <samp>black</samp>,
+<samp>blue</samp>, <samp>cyan</samp>, <samp>green</samp>, <samp>magenta</samp>, <samp>red</samp>,
+<samp>white</samp>, and <samp>yellow</samp> (See the <code>dvipsnames</code> option in
+<ref label="Color-package-options"><xrefnodename>Color package options</xrefnodename></ref>).
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry></table>
+
+
+</section>
+<node name="Commands-for-color" spaces=" "><nodename>Commands for color</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Color models</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Color</nodeup></node>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Commands for color</sectiontitle>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="931">color package commands</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>These are the commands available with the <file>color</file> package.
+</para>
+<menu endspaces=" ">
+<menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Define colors</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Give a color a name.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Colored text</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Text or rules in color.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Colored boxes</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">A box of color, to write over.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Colored pages</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">A whole page colored.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
+
+
+<node name="Define-colors" spaces=" "><nodename>Define colors</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Colored text</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Commands for color</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Define colors</sectiontitle>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="932">color</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="933">define color</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="934">color, define</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\definecolor&lbrace;<var>name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>model</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>specification</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Give the name <var>name</var> to the color. For example, after this
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\definecolor&lbrace;silver&rbrace;&lbrace;rgb&rbrace;&lbrace;0.75,0.75,0.74&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<noindent></noindent>
+<para>you can use that color name with <code>Hi ho,
+\textcolor&lbrace;silver&rbrace;&lbrace;Silver&rbrace;!</code>.
+</para>
+<para>This example gives the color a more abstract name, so it could change and
+not be misleading.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\definecolor&lbrace;logocolor&rbrace;&lbrace;RGB&rbrace;&lbrace;145,92,131&rbrace; % RGB needs pdflatex
+\newcommand&lbrace;\logo&rbrace;&lbrace;\textcolor&lbrace;logocolor&rbrace;&lbrace;Bob's Big Bagels&rbrace;&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Often a document&textrsquo;s colors are defined in the preamble, or in the class
+or style, rather than in the document body.
+</para>
+
+</subsection>
+<node name="Colored-text" spaces=" "><nodename>Colored text</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Colored boxes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Define colors</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Commands for color</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Colored text</sectiontitle>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="935">color</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="936">colored text</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>Synopses:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\textcolor&lbrace;<var>name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;...&rbrace;
+\textcolor[<var>color model</var>]&lbrace;<var>color specification</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;...&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<noindent></noindent>
+<para>or
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\color&lbrace;<var>name</var>&rbrace;
+\color[<var>color model</var>]&lbrace;<var>color specification</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>The affected text gets the color. This line
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\textcolor&lbrace;magenta&rbrace;&lbrace;My name is Ozymandias, King of Kings;&rbrace;
+Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair!
+</pre></example>
+
+<noindent></noindent>
+<para>causes the first half to be in magenta while the rest is in black. You
+can use a color declared with <code>\definecolor</code> in exactly the same
+way that we just used the builtin color <samp>magenta</samp>.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\definecolor&lbrace;MidlifeCrisisRed&rbrace;&lbrace;rgb&rbrace;&lbrace;1.0,0.11,0.0&rbrace;
+I'm thinking about getting a \textcolor&lbrace;MidlifeCrisisRed&rbrace;&lbrace;sports car&rbrace;.
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>The two <code>\textcolor</code> and <code>\color</code> differ in that the first is
+a command form, enclosing the text to be colored as an argument. Often
+this form is more convenient, or at least more explicit. The second
+form is a declaration, as in <code>The moon is made of &lbrace;\color&lbrace;green&rbrace;
+green&rbrace; cheese</code>, so it is in effect until the end of the current group
+or environment. This is sometimes useful when writing macros or as
+below where it colors everything inside the <code>center</code> environment,
+including the vertical and horizontal lines.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;center&rbrace; \color&lbrace;blue&rbrace;
+ \begin&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;&lbrace;l|r&rbrace;
+ UL &amp;UR \\ \hline
+ LL &amp;LR
+ \end&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;
+\end&lbrace;center&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>You can use color in equations. A document might have this definition
+in the preamble
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\definecolor&lbrace;highlightcolor&rbrace;&lbrace;RGB&rbrace;&lbrace;225,15,0&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<noindent></noindent>
+<para>and then contain this equation.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;equation&rbrace;
+ \int_a^b \textcolor&lbrace;highlightcolor&rbrace;&lbrace;f'(x)&rbrace;\,dx=f(b)-f(a)
+\end&lbrace;equation&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Typically the colors used in a document are declared in a class or style
+but sometimes you want a one-off. Those are the second forms in the
+synopses.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">Colors of \textcolor[rgb]&lbrace;0.33,0.14,0.47&rbrace;&lbrace;Purple&rbrace; and
+&lbrace;\color[rgb]&lbrace;0.72,0.60,0.37&rbrace;Gold&rbrace; for the team.
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>The format of <var>color specification</var> depends on the color model
+(<pxref label="Color-models"><xrefnodename>Color models</xrefnodename></pxref>). For instance, while <code>rgb</code> takes three
+numbers, <code>gray</code> takes only one.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">The selection was \textcolor[gray]&lbrace;0.5&rbrace;&lbrace;grayed out&rbrace;.
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Colors inside colors do not combine. Thus
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\textcolor&lbrace;green&rbrace;&lbrace;kind of \textcolor&lbrace;blue&rbrace;&lbrace;blue&rbrace;&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<noindent></noindent>
+<para>has a final word that is blue, not a combination of blue and green.
+</para>
+<!-- c xx address coloring a line of a table? -->
+
+
+</subsection>
+<node name="Colored-boxes" spaces=" "><nodename>Colored boxes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Colored pages</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Colored text</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Commands for color</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Colored boxes</sectiontitle>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="937">color</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="938">colored boxes</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="939">box, colored</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>Synopses:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\colorbox&lbrace;<var>name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;...&rbrace;
+\colorbox[<var>model name</var>]&lbrace;<var>box background color</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;...&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<noindent></noindent>
+<para>or
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\fcolorbox&lbrace;<var>frame color</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>box background color</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;...&rbrace;
+\fcolorbox[<var>model name</var>]&lbrace;<var>frame color</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>box background color</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;...&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Make a box with the stated background color. The <code>\fcolorbox</code>
+command puts a frame around the box. For instance this
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">Name:~\colorbox&lbrace;cyan&rbrace;&lbrace;\makebox[5cm][l]&lbrace;\strut&rbrace;&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<noindent></noindent>
+<para>makes a cyan-colored box that is five centimeters long and gets its
+depth and height from the <code>\strut</code> (so the depth is
+<code>-.3\baselineskip</code> and the height is <code>\baselineskip</code>). This
+puts white text on a blue background.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\colorbox&lbrace;blue&rbrace;&lbrace;\textcolor&lbrace;white&rbrace;&lbrace;Welcome to the machine.&rbrace;&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>The <code>\fcolorbox</code> commands use the same parameters as <code>\fbox</code>
+(<pxref label="_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox"><xrefnodename>\fbox &amp; \framebox</xrefnodename></pxref>), <code>\fboxrule</code> and <code>\fboxsep</code>, to
+set the thickness of the rule and the boundary between the box interior
+and the surrounding rule. &latex;&textrsquo;s defaults are <code>0.4pt</code> and
+<code>3pt</code>, respectively.
+</para>
+<para>This example changes the thickness of the border to 0.8 points. Note
+that it is surrounded by curly braces so that the change ends at the end
+of the second line.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">&lbrace;\setlength&lbrace;\fboxrule&rbrace;&lbrace;0.8pt&rbrace;
+\fcolorbox&lbrace;black&rbrace;&lbrace;red&rbrace;&lbrace;Under no circumstances turn this knob.&rbrace;&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+
+</subsection>
+<node name="Colored-pages" spaces=" "><nodename>Colored pages</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Colored boxes</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Commands for color</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Colored pages</sectiontitle>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="940">color</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="941">colored page</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="942">page, colored</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="943">background, colored</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>Synopses:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\pagecolor&lbrace;<var>name</var>&rbrace;
+\pagecolor[<var>color model</var>]&lbrace;<var>color specification</var>&rbrace;
+\nopagecolor
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>The first two set the background of the page, and all subsequent pages,
+to the color. For an explanation of the specification in the second
+form <pxref label="Colored-text"><xrefnodename>Colored text</xrefnodename></pxref>. The third returns the background to normal,
+which is a transparent background. (If that is not supported use
+<code>\pagecolor&lbrace;white&rbrace;</code>, although that will make a white background
+rather than the default transparent background.)
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve"> ...
+\pagecolor&lbrace;cyan&rbrace;
+ ...
+\nopagecolor
+</pre></example>
+
+
+</subsection>
+</section>
+</chapter>
+<node name="Special-insertions" spaces=" "><nodename>Special insertions</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Splitting the input</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Color</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Special insertions</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="861">special insertions</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="862">insertions of special characters</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="944">special insertions</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="945">insertions of special characters</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; provides commands for inserting characters that have a
special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Reserved characters</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Inserting <samp># $ % &amp; &lbrace; &rbrace; _ ~ ^ \</samp>
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Upper and lower case</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Make text upper or lower case.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Symbols by font position</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Inserting font symbols by number.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Text symbols</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Inserting other non-letter symbols in text.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Accents</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Inserting accents.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Additional Latin letters</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Inserting other non-English characters.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">inputenc package</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Set the input file text encoding.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\rule</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Inserting lines and rectangles.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\today</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Inserting today&textrsquo;s date.
+<menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Printing special characters</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Inserting <samp># $ % &amp; &lbrace; &rbrace; _ ~ ^ \</samp>
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Upper and lower case</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Make text upper or lower case.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Symbols by font position</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Inserting font symbols by number.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Text symbols</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Inserting other non-letter symbols in text.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Accents</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Inserting accents.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Additional Latin letters</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Inserting other non-English characters.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>inputenc package</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Set the input file text encoding.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\rule</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Inserting lines and rectangles.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\today</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Inserting today&textrsquo;s date.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
-<node name="Reserved-characters" spaces=" "><nodename>Reserved characters</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Upper and lower case</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node>
-<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Reserved characters</sectiontitle>
+<node name="Printing-special-characters" spaces=" "><nodename>Printing special characters</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Upper and lower case</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Printing special characters</sectiontitle>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="946">reserved characters, printing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="947">special characters, printing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="948">printing special characters</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="949">escaping special characters</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="863">reserved characters</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="864">characters, reserved</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="865">special characters</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="866">characters, special</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>&latex; sets aside the following characters for special purposes. For
-example, the percent sign&nbsp;<code>%</code> is for comments. They are
-called <dfn>reserved characters</dfn> or <dfn>special characters</dfn>. They are
-all discussed elsewhere in this manual.
+<para>&latex; sets aside a few characters for special purposes; they are
+called reserved characters or special characters. Here they are:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve"># $ % &amp; &lbrace; &rbrace; _ ~ ^ \
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="995" mergedindex="cp">\#</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="996" mergedindex="cp">\$</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="997" mergedindex="cp">\%</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="998" mergedindex="cp">\&amp;</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="999" mergedindex="cp">\_</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1000" mergedindex="cp">\&lbrace;</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1001" mergedindex="cp">\&rbrace;</indexterm></findex>
+<para>The meaning of all the special characters is given elsewhere
+in this manual (<pxref label="Reserved-characters"><xrefnodename>Reserved characters</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1019" mergedindex="cp">\#</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1020" mergedindex="cp">\$</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1021" mergedindex="cp">\%</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1022" mergedindex="cp">\&amp;</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1023" mergedindex="cp">\_</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1024" mergedindex="cp">\&lbrace;</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1025" mergedindex="cp">\&rbrace;</indexterm></findex>
<para>If you want a reserved character to be printed as itself, in the text
body font, for all but the final three characters in that list simply
-put a backslash&nbsp;<code>\</code> in front of the character. Thus,
-typing <code>\$1.23</code> will produce&nbsp;<code>$1.23</code> in your output.
+put a <code>\</code> in front of the character. Thus, typing <code>\$1.23</code>
+will produce <code>$1.23</code> in your output.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1002" mergedindex="cp">\~</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1003" mergedindex="cp">\^</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1004" mergedindex="cp">\textbackslash</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1026" mergedindex="cp">\~</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1027" mergedindex="cp">\^</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1028" mergedindex="cp">\textbackslash</indexterm></findex>
<para>As to the last three characters, to get a tilde in the text body font
use <code>\~&lbrace;&rbrace;</code> (omitting the curly braces would result in the next
character receiving a tilde accent). Similarly, to get a text body
font circumflex use <code>\^&lbrace;&rbrace;</code>. To get a backslash in the font of
the text body, enter <code>\textbackslash&lbrace;&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-<para>To produce the reserved characters in a typewriter font use
-<code>\verb!!</code> as below (the double backslash&nbsp;<code>\\</code> in the
-example is only there to split the lines in the output).
+<para>To produce the reserved characters in a typewriter font, use
+<code>\verb!!</code> as below (the <code>\newline</code> in the example is there
+only to split the lines in the output).
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;center&rbrace;
- \# \$ \% \&amp; \&lbrace; \&rbrace; \_ \~&lbrace;&rbrace; \^&lbrace;&rbrace; \textbackslash \\
+ \# \$ \% \&amp; \&lbrace; \&rbrace; \_ \~&lbrace;&rbrace; \^&lbrace;&rbrace; \textbackslash \newline
\verb!# $ % &amp; &lbrace; &rbrace; _ ~ ^ \!
\end&lbrace;center&rbrace;
</pre></example>
</section>
-<node name="Upper-and-lower-case" spaces=" "><nodename>Upper and lower case</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Symbols by font position</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Reserved characters</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node>
+<node name="Upper-and-lower-case" spaces=" "><nodename>Upper and lower case</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Symbols by font position</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Printing special characters</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Upper and lower case</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="867">uppercase</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="868">lowercase</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="869">characters, case of</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="870">changing case of characters</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="950">uppercase</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="951">lowercase</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="952">characters, case of</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="953">changing case of characters</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -18764,23 +19584,23 @@ you need to do expansion. Here the <code>\Schoolname</code> produces
<w> </w>\expandafter&lbrace;\schoolname&rbrace;&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="871"><r>package</r>, <code>textcase</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="872"><code>textcase</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="954"><r>package</r>, <code>textcase</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="955"><code>textcase</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>textcase</code> package brings some of the missing feature of the
standard &latex; commands <code>\MakeUppercase</code> and
<code>\MakeLowerCase</code>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="873"><r>package</r>, <code>mfirstuc</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="874"><code>mfirstuc</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="956"><r>package</r>, <code>mfirstuc</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="957"><code>mfirstuc</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>To uppercase only the first letter of words, you can use the package
<code>mfirstuc</code>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="875"><r>package</r>, <code>expl3</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="876"><code>expl3</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="958"><r>package</r>, <code>expl3</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="959"><code>expl3</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="877">Wright, Joseph</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="960">Wright, Joseph</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Handling all the casing rules specified by Unicode, e.g., for
non-Latin scripts, is a much bigger job than anything envisioned in
the original &tex; and &latex;. It has been implemented in the
@@ -18795,9 +19615,9 @@ good overview of the topic, past and present.
<node name="Symbols-by-font-position" spaces=" "><nodename>Symbols by font position</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Text symbols</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Upper and lower case</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Symbols by font position</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1005" mergedindex="cp">\symbol</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="878">accessing any character of a font</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="879">font symbols, by number</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1029" mergedindex="cp">\symbol</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="961">accessing any character of a font</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="962">font symbols, by number</indexterm></cindex>
<para>You can access any character of the current font using its number with
the <code>\symbol</code> command. For example, the visible space character
@@ -18815,13 +19635,13 @@ visible space at 32 decimal could also be written as
<node name="Text-symbols" spaces=" "><nodename>Text symbols</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Accents</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Symbols by font position</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Text symbols</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="880">text symbols</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="881">symbols, text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="963">text symbols</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="964">symbols, text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="882"><r>package</r>, <code>textcomp</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="883"><code>textcomp</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="965"><r>package</r>, <code>textcomp</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="966"><code>textcomp</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="884">TS1 encoding</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="967">TS1 encoding</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols
in running text. Some of these, especially the more obscure ones, are
not available in OT1. As of the &latex; February 2020 release, all
@@ -18830,109 +19650,115 @@ the <code>textcomp</code> package for some (technically, those in the
<code>TS1</code> font encoding).
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1006" mergedindex="cp">\copyright</indexterm>\copyright</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1007" mergedindex="cp">\textcopyright</indexterm>\textcopyright</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="885">copyright symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1030" mergedindex="cp">\copyright</indexterm>\copyright</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1031" mergedindex="cp">\textcopyright</indexterm>\textcopyright</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="968">copyright symbol</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&copyright; The copyright symbol.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1008" mergedindex="cp">\dag</indexterm>\dag</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="886">dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1032" mergedindex="cp">\dag</indexterm>\dag</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="969">dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para><U>2020</U> The dagger symbol (in text).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1009" mergedindex="cp">\ddag</indexterm>\ddag</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="887">double dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1033" mergedindex="cp">\ddag</indexterm>\ddag</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="970">double dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para><U>2021</U> The double dagger symbol (in text).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1010" mergedindex="cp">\LaTeX</indexterm>\LaTeX</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="888">&latex; logo</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="889">logo, &latex;</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1034" mergedindex="cp">\LaTeX</indexterm>\LaTeX</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="971">&latex; logo</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="972">logo, &latex;</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The &latex; logo.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1011" mergedindex="cp">\LaTeXe</indexterm>\LaTeXe</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="890">&latex;2e logo</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="891">logo, &latex;2e</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1035" mergedindex="cp">\LaTeXe</indexterm>\LaTeXe</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="973">&latex;2e logo</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="974">logo, &latex;2e</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The &latex;2e logo.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1012" mergedindex="cp">\guillemotleft <r>(&guillemotleft;)</r></indexterm>\guillemotleft <r>(&guillemotleft;)</r></itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1013" mergedindex="cp">\guillemotright <r>(&guillemotright;)</r></indexterm>\guillemotright <r>(&guillemotright;)</r></itemformat></itemx>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1014" mergedindex="cp">\guilsinglleft <r>(&lsaquo;)</r></indexterm>\guilsinglleft <r>(&lsaquo;)</r></itemformat></itemx>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1015" mergedindex="cp">\guilsinglright <r>(&rsaquo;)</r></indexterm>\guilsinglright <r>(&rsaquo;)</r></itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="892">double guillemets</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="893">single guillemets</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="894">left angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="895">right angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="896">double angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="897">single angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="898">French quotation marks</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="899">quotation marks, French</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>&guillemotleft;, &guillemotright;, &lsaquo;, &rsaquo;
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1036" mergedindex="cp">\guillemetleft <r>(&laquo;)</r></indexterm>\guillemetleft <r>(&laquo;)</r></itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1037" mergedindex="cp">\guillemetright <r>(&raquo;)</r></indexterm>\guillemetright <r>(&raquo;)</r></itemformat></itemx>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1038" mergedindex="cp">\guillemotleft <r>(&guillemotleft;)</r></indexterm>\guillemotleft <r>(&guillemotleft;)</r></itemformat></itemx>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1039" mergedindex="cp">\guillemotright <r>(&guillemotright;)</r></indexterm>\guillemotright <r>(&guillemotright;)</r></itemformat></itemx>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1040" mergedindex="cp">\guilsinglleft <r>(&lsaquo;)</r></indexterm>\guilsinglleft <r>(&lsaquo;)</r></itemformat></itemx>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1041" mergedindex="cp">\guilsinglright <r>(&rsaquo;)</r></indexterm>\guilsinglright <r>(&rsaquo;)</r></itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="975">double guillemets</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="976">single guillemets</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="977">left angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="978">right angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="979">double angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="980">single angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="981">French quotation marks</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="982">quotation marks, French</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="983">guillemots, birds</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>&laquo;, &raquo;, &lsaquo;, &rsaquo;
Double and single angle quotation marks, commonly used in French.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1016" mergedindex="cp">\ldots</indexterm>\ldots</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1017" mergedindex="cp">\textellipsis</indexterm>\textellipsis</itemformat></itemx>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1018" mergedindex="cp">\dots</indexterm>\dots</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="900">ellipsis</indexterm></cindex>
+The commands <code>&arobase;guillemotleft</code> and <code>&arobase;guillemotright</code> are
+synonyms for <code>&arobase;guillemet...</code>; these are misspellings inherited
+from Adobe. (Guillemots are seabirds; guillemets are French quotes.)
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1042" mergedindex="cp">\ldots</indexterm>\ldots</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1043" mergedindex="cp">\textellipsis</indexterm>\textellipsis</itemformat></itemx>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1044" mergedindex="cp">\dots</indexterm>\dots</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="984">ellipsis</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&dots; An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): <code>\ldots</code> and
<code>\dots</code> also work in math mode (<pxref label="Dots"><xrefnodename>Dots</xrefnodename></pxref>). See that math
mode ellipsis description for additional general information.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1019" mergedindex="cp">\lq</indexterm>\lq</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="901">left quote</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="902">opening quote</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1045" mergedindex="cp">\lq</indexterm>\lq</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="985">left quote</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="986">opening quote</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&textlsquo; Left (opening) quote.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1020" mergedindex="cp">\P</indexterm>\P</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1021" mergedindex="cp">\textparagraph</indexterm>\textparagraph</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="903">paragraph symbol</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="904">pilcrow</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1046" mergedindex="cp">\P</indexterm>\P</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1047" mergedindex="cp">\textparagraph</indexterm>\textparagraph</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="987">paragraph symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="988">pilcrow</indexterm></cindex>
<para><U>00B6</U> Paragraph sign (pilcrow).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1022" mergedindex="cp">\pounds</indexterm>\pounds</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1023" mergedindex="cp">\textsterling</indexterm>\textsterling</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="905">pounds symbol</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="906">sterling symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1048" mergedindex="cp">\pounds</indexterm>\pounds</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1049" mergedindex="cp">\textsterling</indexterm>\textsterling</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="989">pounds symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="990">sterling symbol</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&pound; English pounds sterling.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1024" mergedindex="cp">\quotedblbase <r>(&bdquo;)</r></indexterm>\quotedblbase <r>(&bdquo;)</r></itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1025" mergedindex="cp">\quotesinglbase <r>(&sbquo;)</r></indexterm>\quotesinglbase <r>(&sbquo;)</r></itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="907">double low-9 quotation mark</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="908">single low-9 quotation mark</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="909">low-9 quotation marks, single and double</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1050" mergedindex="cp">\quotedblbase <r>(&bdquo;)</r></indexterm>\quotedblbase <r>(&bdquo;)</r></itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1051" mergedindex="cp">\quotesinglbase <r>(&sbquo;)</r></indexterm>\quotesinglbase <r>(&sbquo;)</r></itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="991">double low-9 quotation mark</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="992">single low-9 quotation mark</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="993">low-9 quotation marks, single and double</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&bdquo; and &sbquo;
Double and single quotation marks on the baseline.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1026" mergedindex="cp">\rq</indexterm>\rq</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="910">right quote</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="911">closing quote</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1052" mergedindex="cp">\rq</indexterm>\rq</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="994">right quote</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="995">closing quote</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&textrsquo; Right (closing) quote.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1027" mergedindex="cp">\S</indexterm>\S</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1028" mergedindex="cp">\textsection</indexterm>\textsection</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="912">section symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1053" mergedindex="cp">\S</indexterm>\S</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1054" mergedindex="cp">\textsection</indexterm>\textsection</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="996">section symbol</indexterm></cindex>
<para><U>00A7</U> Section sign.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1029" mergedindex="cp">\TeX</indexterm>\TeX</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="913">&tex; logo</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="914">logo, &tex;</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1055" mergedindex="cp">\TeX</indexterm>\TeX</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="997">&tex; logo</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="998">logo, &tex;</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The &tex; logo.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1030" mergedindex="cp">\textasciicircum</indexterm>\textasciicircum</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="915">circumflex, ASCII, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="916">ASCII circumflex, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1056" mergedindex="cp">\textasciicircum</indexterm>\textasciicircum</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="999">circumflex, ASCII, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1000">ASCII circumflex, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>^ ASCII circumflex.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1031" mergedindex="cp">\textasciitilde</indexterm>\textasciitilde</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="917">tilde, ASCII, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="918">ASCII tilde, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1057" mergedindex="cp">\textasciitilde</indexterm>\textasciitilde</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1001">tilde, ASCII, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1002">ASCII tilde, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>~ ASCII tilde.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1032" mergedindex="cp">\textasteriskcentered</indexterm>\textasteriskcentered</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="919">asterisk, centered, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="920">centered asterisk, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1058" mergedindex="cp">\textasteriskcentered</indexterm>\textasteriskcentered</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1003">asterisk, centered, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1004">centered asterisk, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>* Centered asterisk.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1033" mergedindex="cp">\textbackslash</indexterm>\textbackslash</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="921">backslash, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1059" mergedindex="cp">\textbackslash</indexterm>\textbackslash</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1005">backslash, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>\ Backslash. However, <code>\texttt&lbrace;\textbackslash&rbrace;</code> produces a roman
(not typewriter) backslash by default; for a typewriter backslash, it
is necessary to use the T1 (or other non-default) font encoding, as
@@ -18943,70 +19769,70 @@ in:
</pre></example>
<!-- c https://github.com/latex3/latex2e/issues/824 -->
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1034" mergedindex="cp">\textbar</indexterm>\textbar</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="922">vertical bar, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="923">bar, vertical, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1060" mergedindex="cp">\textbar</indexterm>\textbar</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1006">vertical bar, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1007">bar, vertical, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>| Vertical bar.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1035" mergedindex="cp">\textbardbl</indexterm>\textbardbl</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="924">vertical bar, double, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="925">bar, double vertical, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="926">double vertical bar, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1061" mergedindex="cp">\textbardbl</indexterm>\textbardbl</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1008">vertical bar, double, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1009">bar, double vertical, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1010">double vertical bar, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para><U>23F8</U> Double vertical bar.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1036" mergedindex="cp">\textbigcircle</indexterm>\textbigcircle</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="927">big circle symbols, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="928">circle symbol, big, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1062" mergedindex="cp">\textbigcircle</indexterm>\textbigcircle</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1011">big circle symbols, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1012">circle symbol, big, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para><U>25EF</U>, Big circle symbol.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1037" mergedindex="cp">\textbraceleft</indexterm>\textbraceleft</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="929">left brace, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="930">brace, left, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1063" mergedindex="cp">\textbraceleft</indexterm>\textbraceleft</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1013">left brace, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1014">brace, left, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&lbrace; Left brace. See remarks at <code>\textbackslash</code> above about
making <code>\texttt&lbrace;\textbraceleft&rbrace;</code> produce a typewriter brace.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1038" mergedindex="cp">\textbraceright</indexterm>\textbraceright</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="931">right brace, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="932">brace, right, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1064" mergedindex="cp">\textbraceright</indexterm>\textbraceright</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1015">right brace, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1016">brace, right, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&rbrace; Right brace. See remarks at <code>\textbackslash</code> above about
making <code>\texttt&lbrace;\textbraceright&rbrace;</code> produce a typewriter brace.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1039" mergedindex="cp">\textbullet</indexterm>\textbullet</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="933">bullet, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1065" mergedindex="cp">\textbullet</indexterm>\textbullet</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1017">bullet, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&bullet; Bullet.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1040" mergedindex="cp">\textcircled&lbrace;<var>letter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\textcircled&lbrace;<var>letter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="934">circled letter, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1066" mergedindex="cp">\textcircled&lbrace;<var>letter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\textcircled&lbrace;<var>letter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1018">circled letter, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para><U>24B6</U>, Circle around <var>letter</var>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1041" mergedindex="cp">\textcompwordmark</indexterm>\textcompwordmark</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1042" mergedindex="cp">\textcapitalcompwordmark</indexterm>\textcapitalcompwordmark</itemformat></itemx>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1043" mergedindex="cp">\textascendercompwordmark</indexterm>\textascendercompwordmark</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="935">composite word mark, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="936">cap height</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="937">ascender height</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1067" mergedindex="cp">\textcompwordmark</indexterm>\textcompwordmark</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1068" mergedindex="cp">\textcapitalcompwordmark</indexterm>\textcapitalcompwordmark</itemformat></itemx>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1069" mergedindex="cp">\textascendercompwordmark</indexterm>\textascendercompwordmark</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1019">composite word mark, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1020">cap height</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1021">ascender height</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Used to separate letters that would normally ligature. For example,
<code>f\textcompwordmark i</code> produces <samp>fi</samp> without a ligature. This
is most useful in non-English languages. The
<code>\textcapitalcompwordmark</code> form has the cap height of the font
while the <code>\textascendercompwordmark</code> form has the ascender height.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1044" mergedindex="cp">\textdagger</indexterm>\textdagger</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="938">dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1070" mergedindex="cp">\textdagger</indexterm>\textdagger</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1022">dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para><U>2020</U> Dagger.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1045" mergedindex="cp">\textdaggerdbl</indexterm>\textdaggerdbl</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="939">dagger, double, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="940">double dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1071" mergedindex="cp">\textdaggerdbl</indexterm>\textdaggerdbl</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1023">dagger, double, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1024">double dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para><U>2021</U> Double dagger.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1046" mergedindex="cp">\textdollar <r>(or <code>\$</code>)</r></indexterm>\textdollar <r>(or <code>\$</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="941">dollar sign</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="942">currency, dollar</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1072" mergedindex="cp">\textdollar <r>(or <code>\$</code>)</r></indexterm>\textdollar <r>(or <code>\$</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1025">dollar sign</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1026">currency, dollar</indexterm></cindex>
<para>$ Dollar sign.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1047" mergedindex="cp">\textemdash <r>(or <code>---</code>)</r></indexterm>\textemdash <r>(or <code>---</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="943">em-dash</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1073" mergedindex="cp">\textemdash <r>(or <code>---</code>)</r></indexterm>\textemdash <r>(or <code>---</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1027">em-dash</indexterm></cindex>
<raggedright endspaces=" ">
<para>&textmdash; Em-dash. Used for punctuation, usually similar to commas or
parentheses, as in &textlsquo;<code>The playoffs---if you're lucky
@@ -19014,145 +19840,145 @@ enough to make the playoffs---are more like a sprint.</code>&textrsquo; Conventi
for spacing around em-dashes vary widely.
</para></raggedright>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1048" mergedindex="cp">\textendash <r>(or <code>--</code>)</r></indexterm>\textendash <r>(or <code>--</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="944">e-dash</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1074" mergedindex="cp">\textendash <r>(or <code>--</code>)</r></indexterm>\textendash <r>(or <code>--</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1028">e-dash</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&textndash; En-dash. Used for ranges, as in &textlsquo;<code>see pages 12--14</code>&textrsquo;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1049" mergedindex="cp">\texteuro</indexterm>\texteuro</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="945">euro symbol</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="946">currency, euro</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="947"><r>package</r>, <code>eurosym</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="948"><code>eurosym</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1075" mergedindex="cp">\texteuro</indexterm>\texteuro</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1029">euro symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1030">currency, euro</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1031"><r>package</r>, <code>eurosym</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1032"><code>eurosym</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The Euro currency symbol: &euro;.
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="949"><r>package</r>, <code>eurosym</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="950"><code>eurosym</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1033"><r>package</r>, <code>eurosym</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1034"><code>eurosym</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
</para>
<para>For an alternative glyph design, try the
<code>eurosym</code> package; also, most fonts nowadays come with their own
Euro symbol (Unicode U+20AC).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1050" mergedindex="cp">\textexclamdown <r>(or <code>!`</code>)</r></indexterm>\textexclamdown <r>(or <code>!`</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="951">exclamation point, upside-down</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1076" mergedindex="cp">\textexclamdown <r>(or <code>!`</code>)</r></indexterm>\textexclamdown <r>(or <code>!`</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1035">exclamation point, upside-down</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&iexcl; Upside down exclamation point.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1051" mergedindex="cp">\textfiguredash</indexterm>\textfiguredash</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="952">figure dash character</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1077" mergedindex="cp">\textfiguredash</indexterm>\textfiguredash</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1036">figure dash character</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Dash used between numerals, Unicode U+2012. Defined in the June 2021
release of &latex;. When used in pdf&tex;, approximated by an
en-dash; with a Unicode engine, either typesets the glyph if available
in the current font, or writes the usual &textldquo;Missing character&textrdquo; warning
to the log file.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1052" mergedindex="cp">\textgreater</indexterm>\textgreater</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="953">greater than symbol, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1078" mergedindex="cp">\textgreater</indexterm>\textgreater</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1037">greater than symbol, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&gt; Greater than symbol.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1053" mergedindex="cp">\texthorizontalbar</indexterm>\texthorizontalbar</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="954">horizontal bar character</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1079" mergedindex="cp">\texthorizontalbar</indexterm>\texthorizontalbar</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1038">horizontal bar character</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Horizontal bar character, Unicode U+2015. Defined in the June 2021
release of &latex;. Behavior as with <code>\textfiguredash</code> above;
the pdf&tex; approximation is an em-dash.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1054" mergedindex="cp">\textless</indexterm>\textless</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="955">less than symbol, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1080" mergedindex="cp">\textless</indexterm>\textless</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1039">less than symbol, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&lt; Less than symbol.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1055" mergedindex="cp">\textleftarrow</indexterm>\textleftarrow</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="956">arrow, left, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="957">left arrow, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1081" mergedindex="cp">\textleftarrow</indexterm>\textleftarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1040">arrow, left, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1041">left arrow, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para><U>2190</U>, Left arrow.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1056" mergedindex="cp">\textnonbreakinghyphen</indexterm>\textnonbreakinghyphen</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="958">non-breaking hyphen character</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="959">hyphen character, non-breaking</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1082" mergedindex="cp">\textnonbreakinghyphen</indexterm>\textnonbreakinghyphen</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1042">non-breaking hyphen character</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1043">hyphen character, non-breaking</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Non-breaking hyphen character, Unicode U+2011. Defined in the June
2021 release of &latex;. Behavior as with <code>\textfiguredash</code>
above; the pdf&tex; approximation is a regular ASCII hyphen (with
breaks disallowed after).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1057" mergedindex="cp">\textordfeminine</indexterm>\textordfeminine</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1058" mergedindex="cp">\textordmasculine</indexterm>\textordmasculine</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="960">feminine ordinal symbol</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="961">masculine ordinal symbol</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="962">ordinals, feminine and masculine</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="963">Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1083" mergedindex="cp">\textordfeminine</indexterm>\textordfeminine</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1084" mergedindex="cp">\textordmasculine</indexterm>\textordmasculine</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1044">feminine ordinal symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1045">masculine ordinal symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1046">ordinals, feminine and masculine</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1047">Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&ordf;, &ordm; Feminine and masculine ordinal symbols.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1059" mergedindex="cp">\textperiodcentered</indexterm>\textperiodcentered</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="964">period, centered, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="965">centered period, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1085" mergedindex="cp">\textperiodcentered</indexterm>\textperiodcentered</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1048">period, centered, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1049">centered period, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para><U>00B7</U> Centered period.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1060" mergedindex="cp">\textquestiondown <r>(or <code>?`</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquestiondown <r>(or <code>?`</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="966">question mark, upside-down</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1086" mergedindex="cp">\textquestiondown <r>(or <code>?`</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquestiondown <r>(or <code>?`</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1050">question mark, upside-down</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&iquest; Upside down question mark.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1061" mergedindex="cp">\textquotedblleft <r>(or <code>``</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquotedblleft <r>(or <code>``</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="967">left quote, double</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="968">double left quote</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1087" mergedindex="cp">\textquotedblleft <r>(or <code>``</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquotedblleft <r>(or <code>``</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1051">left quote, double</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1052">double left quote</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&textldquo; Double left quote.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1062" mergedindex="cp">\textquotedblright <r>(or <code>''</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquotedblright <r>(or <code>''</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="969">right quote, double</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="970">double right quote</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1088" mergedindex="cp">\textquotedblright <r>(or <code>''</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquotedblright <r>(or <code>''</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1053">right quote, double</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1054">double right quote</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&textrdquo; Double right quote.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1063" mergedindex="cp">\textquoteleft <r>(or <code>`</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquoteleft <r>(or <code>`</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="971">left quote, single</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="972">single left quote</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1089" mergedindex="cp">\textquoteleft <r>(or <code>`</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquoteleft <r>(or <code>`</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1055">left quote, single</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1056">single left quote</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&textlsquo; Single left quote.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1064" mergedindex="cp">\textquoteright <r>(or <code>'</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquoteright <r>(or <code>'</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="973">right quote, single</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="974">single right quote</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1090" mergedindex="cp">\textquoteright <r>(or <code>'</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquoteright <r>(or <code>'</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1057">right quote, single</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1058">single right quote</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&textrsquo; Single right quote.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1065" mergedindex="cp">\textquotesingle</indexterm>\textquotesingle</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="975">quote, single straight</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="976">straight single quote</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="977">single quote, straight</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1091" mergedindex="cp">\textquotesingle</indexterm>\textquotesingle</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1059">quote, single straight</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1060">straight single quote</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1061">single quote, straight</indexterm></cindex>
<para><U>0027</U>, Straight single quote. (From TS1 encoding.)
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1066" mergedindex="cp">\textquotestraightbase</indexterm>\textquotestraightbase</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1067" mergedindex="cp">\textquotestraightdblbase</indexterm>\textquotestraightdblbase</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="978">quote, straight base</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="979">straight quote, base</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="980">double quote, straight base</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="981">straight double quote, base</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1092" mergedindex="cp">\textquotestraightbase</indexterm>\textquotestraightbase</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1093" mergedindex="cp">\textquotestraightdblbase</indexterm>\textquotestraightdblbase</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1062">quote, straight base</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1063">straight quote, base</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1064">double quote, straight base</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1065">straight double quote, base</indexterm></cindex>
<!-- c Unicode doesn't have these https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotation_mark -->
<para>Single and double straight quotes on the baseline.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1068" mergedindex="cp">\textregistered</indexterm>\textregistered</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="982">registered symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1094" mergedindex="cp">\textregistered</indexterm>\textregistered</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1066">registered symbol</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&registered; Registered symbol.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1069" mergedindex="cp">\textrightarrow</indexterm>\textrightarrow</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="983">arrow, right, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="984">right arrow, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1095" mergedindex="cp">\textrightarrow</indexterm>\textrightarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1067">arrow, right, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1068">right arrow, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para><U>2192</U>, Right arrow.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1070" mergedindex="cp">\textthreequartersemdash</indexterm>\textthreequartersemdash</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="985">three-quarters em-dash</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="986">em-dash, three-quarters</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1096" mergedindex="cp">\textthreequartersemdash</indexterm>\textthreequartersemdash</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1069">three-quarters em-dash</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1070">em-dash, three-quarters</indexterm></cindex>
<para><U>FE58</U>, &textldquo;Three-quarters&textrdquo; em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1071" mergedindex="cp">\texttrademark</indexterm>\texttrademark</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="987">trademark symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1097" mergedindex="cp">\texttrademark</indexterm>\texttrademark</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1071">trademark symbol</indexterm></cindex>
<para><U>2122</U> Trademark symbol.
</para>
<!-- c ?? Diff from \textthreequartersemdash? In Unicode? -->
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1072" mergedindex="cp">\texttwelveudash</indexterm>\texttwelveudash</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="988">two-thirds em-dash</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="989">em-dash, two-thirds</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1098" mergedindex="cp">\texttwelveudash</indexterm>\texttwelveudash</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1072">two-thirds em-dash</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1073">em-dash, two-thirds</indexterm></cindex>
<para><U>FE58</U>, &textldquo;Two-thirds&textrdquo; em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1073" mergedindex="cp">\textunderscore</indexterm>\textunderscore</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="990">underscore, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1099" mergedindex="cp">\textunderscore</indexterm>\textunderscore</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1074">underscore, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>_ Underscore.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1074" mergedindex="cp">\textvisiblespace</indexterm>\textvisiblespace</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="991">visible space symbol, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1100" mergedindex="cp">\textvisiblespace</indexterm>\textvisiblespace</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1075">visible space symbol, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para><U>2423</U>, Visible space symbol.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
@@ -19162,17 +19988,17 @@ breaks disallowed after).
<node name="Accents" spaces=" "><nodename>Accents</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Additional Latin letters</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Text symbols</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Accents</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="992">accents</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="993">characters, accented</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="994">letters, accented</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1076">accents</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1077">characters, accented</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1078">letters, accented</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="995"><r>package</r>, <code>babel</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="996"><code>babel</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1079"><r>package</r>, <code>babel</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1080"><code>babel</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="997"><r>package</r>, <code>polyglossia</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="998"><code>polyglossia</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1081"><r>package</r>, <code>polyglossia</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1082"><code>polyglossia</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="999">multilingual support</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1083">multilingual support</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; has wide support for many of the world&textrsquo;s scripts and
languages, provided through the core <code>babel</code> package, which
supports pdf&latex;, Xe&latex; and Lua&latex;. The
@@ -19187,12 +20013,12 @@ use with capital letters. These are not available with OT1.
<para>Below, to make them easier to find, the accents are all illustrated with
lowercase <samp>o</samp>.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1075" mergedindex="cp">\i <r>(dotless i)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1000">dotless i</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1101" mergedindex="cp">\i <r>(dotless i)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1084">dotless i</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Note that <code>\i</code> produces a dotless i,
<!-- c @dotless{i}, -->
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1076" mergedindex="cp">\j <r>(dotless j)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1001">dotless j</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1102" mergedindex="cp">\j <r>(dotless j)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1085">dotless j</indexterm></cindex>
and <code>\j</code> produces a dotless j.
<!-- c @dotless{j}. -->
These are often used in place of their dotted counterparts when they are
@@ -19201,63 +20027,63 @@ accented.
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\&quot;</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitaldieresis</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1077" mergedindex="cp">\&quot; <r>(umlaut accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1078" mergedindex="cp">\capitaldieresis</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1002">umlaut accent</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1003">dieresis accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1103" mergedindex="cp">\&quot; <r>(umlaut accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1104" mergedindex="cp">\capitaldieresis</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1086">umlaut accent</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1087">dieresis accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para><accent type="uml">o</accent> Umlaut (dieresis).
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\'</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalacute</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1079" mergedindex="cp">\' <r>(acute accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1080" mergedindex="cp">\capitalacute</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1004">acute accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1105" mergedindex="cp">\' <r>(acute accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1106" mergedindex="cp">\capitalacute</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1088">acute accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para><accent type="acute">o</accent> Acute accent.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\.</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1081" mergedindex="cp">\. <r>(dot-over accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1005">dot accent</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1006">dot-over accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1107" mergedindex="cp">\. <r>(dot-over accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1089">dot accent</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1090">dot-over accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para><accent type="dotaccent">o</accent> Dot accent.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\=</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalmacron</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1082" mergedindex="cp">\= <r>(macron accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1083" mergedindex="cp">\capitalmacron</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1007">macron accent</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1008">overbar accent</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1009">bar-over accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1108" mergedindex="cp">\= <r>(macron accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1109" mergedindex="cp">\capitalmacron</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1091">macron accent</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1092">overbar accent</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1093">bar-over accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para><accent type="macr">o</accent> Macron (overbar) accent.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\^</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalcircumflex</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1084" mergedindex="cp">\^ <r>(circumflex accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1085" mergedindex="cp">\capitalcircumflex</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1010">circumflex accent</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1011">hat accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1110" mergedindex="cp">\^ <r>(circumflex accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1111" mergedindex="cp">\capitalcircumflex</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1094">circumflex accent</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1095">hat accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para><accent type="circ">o</accent> Circumflex (hat) accent.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\`</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalgrave</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1086" mergedindex="cp">\` <r>(grave accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1087" mergedindex="cp">\capitalgrave</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1012">grave accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1112" mergedindex="cp">\` <r>(grave accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1113" mergedindex="cp">\capitalgrave</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1096">grave accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para><accent type="grave">o</accent> Grave accent.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\~</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitaltilde</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1088" mergedindex="cp">\~ <r>(tilde accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1089" mergedindex="cp">\capitaltilde</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1013">tilde accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1114" mergedindex="cp">\~ <r>(tilde accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1115" mergedindex="cp">\capitaltilde</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1097">tilde accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para><accent type="tilde">n</accent> Tilde accent.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\b</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1090" mergedindex="cp">\b <r>(bar-under accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1014">bar-under accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1116" mergedindex="cp">\b <r>(bar-under accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1098">bar-under accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para><accent type="ubaraccent">o</accent> Bar accent underneath.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1091" mergedindex="cp">\underbar</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1015">underbar</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1117" mergedindex="cp">\underbar</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1099">underbar</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Related to this, <code>\underbar&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</code> produces a bar under
<var>text</var>. The argument is always processed in LR mode
(<pxref label="Modes"><xrefnodename>Modes</xrefnodename></pxref>). The bar is always a fixed position under the baseline,
@@ -19266,78 +20092,78 @@ thus crossing through descenders. See also <code>\underline</code> in
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\c</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalcedilla</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1092" mergedindex="cp">\c <r>(cedilla accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1093" mergedindex="cp">\capitalcedilla</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1016">cedilla accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1118" mergedindex="cp">\c <r>(cedilla accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1119" mergedindex="cp">\capitalcedilla</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1100">cedilla accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para><accent type="cedil">c</accent> Cedilla accent underneath.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\d</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitaldotaccent</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1094" mergedindex="cp">\d <r>(dot-under accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1095" mergedindex="cp">\capitaldotaccent</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1017">dot-under accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1120" mergedindex="cp">\d <r>(dot-under accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1121" mergedindex="cp">\capitaldotaccent</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1101">dot-under accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para><accent type="udotaccent">o</accent> Dot accent underneath.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\H</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalhungarumlaut</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1096" mergedindex="cp">\H <r>(Hungarian umlaut accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1097" mergedindex="cp">\capitalhungarumlaut</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1018">hungarian umlaut accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1122" mergedindex="cp">\H <r>(Hungarian umlaut accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1123" mergedindex="cp">\capitalhungarumlaut</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1102">hungarian umlaut accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para><accent type="doubleacute">o</accent> Long Hungarian umlaut accent.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\k</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalogonek</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1098" mergedindex="cp">\k <r>(ogonek)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1099" mergedindex="cp">\capitalogonek</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1019">ogonek</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1124" mergedindex="cp">\k <r>(ogonek)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1125" mergedindex="cp">\capitalogonek</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1103">ogonek</indexterm></cindex>
<para><accent type="ogon">o</accent> Ogonek. Not available in the OT1 encoding.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\r</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalring</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1100" mergedindex="cp">\r <r>(ring accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1101" mergedindex="cp">\capitalring</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1020">ring accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1126" mergedindex="cp">\r <r>(ring accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1127" mergedindex="cp">\capitalring</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1104">ring accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para><accent type="ring">o</accent> Ring accent.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\t</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitaltie</itemformat></itemx>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\newtie</itemformat></itemx>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalnewtie</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1102" mergedindex="cp">\t <r>(tie-after accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1103" mergedindex="cp">\capitaltie</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1104" mergedindex="cp">\newtie</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1105" mergedindex="cp">\capitalnewtie</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1021">tie-after accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1128" mergedindex="cp">\t <r>(tie-after accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1129" mergedindex="cp">\capitaltie</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1130" mergedindex="cp">\newtie</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1131" mergedindex="cp">\capitalnewtie</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1105">tie-after accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Tie-after accent (used for transliterating from Cyrillic, such as in the
ALA-LC romanization). It expects that the argument has two characters.
The <code>\newtie</code> form is centered in its box.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\u</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalbreve</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1106" mergedindex="cp">\u <r>(breve accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1107" mergedindex="cp">\capitalbreve</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1022">breve accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1132" mergedindex="cp">\u <r>(breve accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1133" mergedindex="cp">\capitalbreve</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1106">breve accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para><accent type="breve">o</accent> Breve accent.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\v</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalcaron</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1108" mergedindex="cp">\v <r>(breve accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1109" mergedindex="cp">\capitalcaron</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1023">hacek accent</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1024">check accent</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1025">caron accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1134" mergedindex="cp">\v <r>(breve accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1135" mergedindex="cp">\capitalcaron</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1107">hacek accent</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1108">check accent</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1109">caron accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para><accent type="caron">o</accent> H<accent type="acute" bracketed="off">a</accent><accent type="caron">c</accent>ek (check, caron) accent.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></table>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\accent</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Low level command to produce an accented character.
+<menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\accent</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Low level command to produce an accented character.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
<node name="_005caccent" spaces=" "><nodename>\accent</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">Accents</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\accent</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1110" mergedindex="cp">\accent</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1136" mergedindex="cp">\accent</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -19393,12 +20219,12 @@ cases will not work as it cannot analyze upper/lower case.
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Additional Latin letters</sectiontitle>
<anchor name="Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</anchor>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1026">Latin letters, additional</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1027">letters, additional Latin</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1028">extended Latin</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1029">special characters</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1030">non-English characters</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1031">characters, non-English</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1110">Latin letters, additional</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1111">letters, additional Latin</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1112">extended Latin</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1113">special characters</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1114">non-English characters</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1115">characters, non-English</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Here are the basic &latex; commands for inserting letters beyond
A&textndash;Z that extend the Latin alphabet, used primarily in languages other
@@ -19407,84 +20233,84 @@ than English.
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\aa</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\AA</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1111" mergedindex="cp">\aa <r>(&aring;)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1112" mergedindex="cp">\AA <r>(&Aring;)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1032">aring</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1137" mergedindex="cp">\aa <r>(&aring;)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1138" mergedindex="cp">\AA <r>(&Aring;)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1116">aring</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&aring; and &Aring;.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ae</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\AE</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1113" mergedindex="cp">\ae <r>(&aelig;)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1114" mergedindex="cp">\AE <r>(&AElig;)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1033">ae ligature</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1139" mergedindex="cp">\ae <r>(&aelig;)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1140" mergedindex="cp">\AE <r>(&AElig;)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1117">ae ligature</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&aelig; and &AElig;.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\dh</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\DH</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1115" mergedindex="cp">\dh <r>(&eth;)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1116" mergedindex="cp">\DH <r>(&ETH;)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1034">Icelandic eth</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1035">eth, Icelandic letter</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1141" mergedindex="cp">\dh <r>(&eth;)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1142" mergedindex="cp">\DH <r>(&ETH;)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1118">Icelandic eth</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1119">eth, Icelandic letter</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Icelandic letter eth: &eth; and &ETH;. Not available with <sc>OT1</sc>
encoding, you need the <file>fontenc</file> package to select an alternate
font encoding, such as <sc>T1</sc>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\dj</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\DJ</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1117" mergedindex="cp">\dj</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1118" mergedindex="cp">\DJ</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1143" mergedindex="cp">\dj</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1144" mergedindex="cp">\DJ</indexterm></findex>
<para>Crossed d and D, a.k.a.&noeos; capital and small letter d with stroke. Not
available with <sc>OT1</sc> encoding, you need the <file>fontenc</file> package to
select an alternate font encoding, such as <sc>T1</sc>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ij</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\IJ</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1119" mergedindex="cp">\ij <r>(ij)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1120" mergedindex="cp">\IJ <r>(IJ)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1036">ij letter, Dutch</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1145" mergedindex="cp">\ij <r>(ij)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1146" mergedindex="cp">\IJ <r>(IJ)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1120">ij letter, Dutch</indexterm></cindex>
<para>ij and IJ (except somewhat closer together than appears here).
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\l</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\L</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1121" mergedindex="cp">\l <r>(&lslash;)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1122" mergedindex="cp">\L <r>(&Lslash;)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1037">polish l</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1147" mergedindex="cp">\l <r>(&lslash;)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1148" mergedindex="cp">\L <r>(&Lslash;)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1121">polish l</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&lslash; and &Lslash;.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ng</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\NG</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1123" mergedindex="cp">\ng</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1124" mergedindex="cp">\NG</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1149" mergedindex="cp">\ng</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1150" mergedindex="cp">\NG</indexterm></findex>
<para>Lappish letter eng, also used in phonetics.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\o</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\O</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1125" mergedindex="cp">\o <r>(&oslash;)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1126" mergedindex="cp">\O <r>(&Oslash;)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1038">oslash</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1151" mergedindex="cp">\o <r>(&oslash;)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1152" mergedindex="cp">\O <r>(&Oslash;)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1122">oslash</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&oslash; and &Oslash;.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\oe</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\OE</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1127" mergedindex="cp">\oe <r>(&oelig;)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1128" mergedindex="cp">\OE <r>(&OElig;)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1039">oe ligature</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1153" mergedindex="cp">\oe <r>(&oelig;)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1154" mergedindex="cp">\OE <r>(&OElig;)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1123">oe ligature</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&oelig; and &OElig;.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ss</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\SS</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1129" mergedindex="cp">\ss <r>(&szlig;)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1130" mergedindex="cp">\SS <r>(SS)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1040">es-zet German letter</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1041">sharp S letters</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1155" mergedindex="cp">\ss <r>(&szlig;)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1156" mergedindex="cp">\SS <r>(SS)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1124">es-zet German letter</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1125">sharp S letters</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&szlig; and SS.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\th</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\TH</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1131" mergedindex="cp">\th <r>(&thorn;)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1132" mergedindex="cp">\TH <r>(&THORN;)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1042">Icelandic thorn</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1043">thorn, Icelandic letter</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1157" mergedindex="cp">\th <r>(&thorn;)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1158" mergedindex="cp">\TH <r>(&THORN;)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1126">Icelandic thorn</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1127">thorn, Icelandic letter</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Icelandic letter thorn: &thorn; and &THORN;. Not available with <sc>OT1</sc>
encoding, you need the <file>fontenc</file> package to select an alternate
font encoding, such as <sc>T1</sc>.
@@ -19496,7 +20322,7 @@ font encoding, such as <sc>T1</sc>.
<node name="inputenc-package" spaces=" "><nodename>inputenc package</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\rule</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Additional Latin letters</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>inputenc</code> package</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1133" mergedindex="cp">inputenc</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1159" mergedindex="cp">inputenc</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -19504,68 +20330,67 @@ font encoding, such as <sc>T1</sc>.
<pre xml:space="preserve">\usepackage[<var>encoding-name</var>]&lbrace;inputenc&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>Declare the input file&textrsquo;s text encoding to be <var>encoding-name</var>. The
-default, if this package is not loaded, is UTF-8. Technically,
-specifying the encoding name is optional, but in practice it is not
-useful to omit it.
+<para>Declare the input file&textrsquo;s text encoding to be <var>encoding-name</var>. (For
+basic background, <pxref label="Input-encodings"><xrefnodename>Input encodings</xrefnodename></pxref>). The default, if this
+package is not loaded, is UTF-8. Technically, specifying the encoding
+name is optional, but in practice it is not useful to omit it.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1044">encoding, of input files</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1045">character encoding</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1046">Unicode</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>In a computer file, the characters are stored according to a scheme
-called the <dfn>encoding</dfn>. There are many different encodings. The
-simplest is ASCII, which supports 95 printable characters, not enough
-for most of the world&textrsquo;s languages. For instance, to typeset the
-a-umlaut character <samp><accent type="uml">a</accent></samp> in an ASCII-encoded &latex; source file, the
-sequence <code>\&quot;a</code> is used. This would make source files for anything
-but English hard to read; even for English, often a more extensive
-encoding is more convenient.
-</para>
-<para>The modern encoding standard, in some ways a union of the others, is
-UTF-8, one of the representations of Unicode. This is the default for
-&latex; since 2018.
-</para>
-<para>The <code>inputenc</code> package is how &latex; knows what encoding is
-used. For instance, the following command explicitly says that the
-input file is UTF-8 (note the lack of a dash).
+<para>The <code>inputenc</code> package tells &latex; what encoding is used. For
+instance, the following command explicitly says that the input file is
+UTF-8 (note the lack of a dash).
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\usepackage[utf8]&lbrace;inputenc&rbrace;
</pre></example>
+<para>The most common values for <var>encoding-name</var> are: <code>ascii</code>,
+<code>latin1</code>, <code>latin2</code>, <code>latin3</code>, <code>latin4</code>,
+<code>latin5</code>, <code>latin9</code>, <code>latin10</code>, <code>utf8</code>.
+</para>
<para>Caution: use <code>inputenc</code> only with the pdf&tex; engine
-(<pxref label="TeX-engines"><xrefnodename>&tex; engines</xrefnodename></pxref>). (The Xe&tex; and Lua&tex; engines assume
-that the input file is UTF-8 encoded.) If you invoke &latex; with
-either the <command>xelatex</command> command or the <command>lualatex</command>
-command, and try to declare a non-UTF-8 encoding with <code>inputenc</code>,
-such as <code>latin1</code>, then you will get the error <code>inputenc is
-not designed for xetex or luatex</code>.
+(<pxref label="TeX-engines"><xrefnodename>&tex; engines</xrefnodename></pxref>); with <command>xelatex</command> or
+<command>lualatex</command>, declaring a non-UTF-8 encoding with
+<code>inputenc</code>, such as <code>latin1</code>, will get the error
+<code>inputenc is not designed for xetex or luatex</code>.
</para>
<para>An <code>inputenc</code> package error such as <code>Invalid UTF-8 byte &quot;96</code>
means that some of the material in the input file does not follow the
encoding scheme. Often these errors come from copying material from a
-document that uses a different encoding than the input file; this one
-is a left single quote from a web page using <code>latin1</code> inside a
-&latex; input file that uses UTF-8. The simplest solution is to
-replace the non-UTF-8 character with its UTF-8 equivalent, or use a
-&latex; equivalent command or character.
-</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1134" mergedindex="cp">\inputencoding</indexterm></findex>
+document that uses a different encoding than the input file. The
+simplest solution is often to replace the non-UTF-8 character with a
+UTF-8 or &latex; equivalent.
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1128"><r>package</r>, <code>luainputenc</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1129"><code>luainputenc</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1160" mergedindex="cp">\XeTeXinputencoding</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1161" mergedindex="cp">\XeTeXdefaultencoding</indexterm></findex>
+<para>If you need to process a non-UTF-8 document with Lua&tex;, you can
+use the <code>luainputenc</code> package
+(<url><urefurl>https://ctan.org/pkg/luainputenc</urefurl></url>). With Xe&tex;, the
+<code>\XeTeXinputencoding</code> and <code>\XeTeXdefaultencoding</code> primitives
+can be used (for an explanation and examples, see
+<url><urefurl>https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/324948</urefurl></url>).
+</para>
+<pindex index="pg" spaces=" "><indexterm index="pg" number="1">recode <r>to change character encoding</r></indexterm></pindex>
+<pindex index="pg" spaces=" "><indexterm index="pg" number="2">iconv <r>to change character encoding</r></indexterm></pindex>
+<para>It&textrsquo;s also possible to re-encode a document from an 8-bit encoding to
+UTF-8 outside of &tex;, using system utilities. For example,
+<samp>recode latin1..utf8</samp> or <samp>iconv -f latin1 -t utf8</samp>.
+</para>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1162" mergedindex="cp">\inputencoding</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="_005cinputencoding">\inputencoding</anchor>
-<para>In some documents, such as a collection of journal articles from a
+<para>In a few documents, such as a collection of journal articles from a
variety of authors, changing the encoding in mid-document may be
-necessary. Use the command
-<code>\inputencoding&lbrace;<var>encoding-name</var>&rbrace;</code>. The most common values
-for <var>encoding-name</var> are: <code>ascii</code>, <code>latin1</code>,
-<code>latin2</code>, <code>latin3</code>, <code>latin4</code>, <code>latin5</code>,
-<code>latin9</code>, <code>latin10</code>, and&nbsp;<code>utf8</code>.
+necessary. You can use the command
+<code>\inputencoding&lbrace;<var>encoding-name</var>&rbrace;</code> for this.
</para>
</section>
<node name="_005crule" spaces=" "><nodename>\rule</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\today</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">inputenc package</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\rule</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1135" mergedindex="cp">\rule</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1163" mergedindex="cp">\rule</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -19576,8 +20401,8 @@ for <var>encoding-name</var> are: <code>ascii</code>, <code>latin1</code>,
<para>Produce a <dfn>rule</dfn>, a filled-in rectangle.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1047">Halmos symbol</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1048">tombstone</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1130">Halmos symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1131">tombstone</indexterm></cindex>
<para>This example produces a rectangular blob, sometimes called a Halmos symbol,
or just &textldquo;qed&textrdquo;, often used to mark the end of a proof:
</para>
@@ -19585,8 +20410,8 @@ or just &textldquo;qed&textrdquo;, often used to mark the end of a proof:
<pre xml:space="preserve">\newcommand&lbrace;\qedsymbol&rbrace;&lbrace;\rule&lbrace;0.4em&rbrace;&lbrace;2ex&rbrace;&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1049"><r>package</r>, <code>amsthm</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1050"><code>amsthm</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1132"><r>package</r>, <code>amsthm</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1133"><code>amsthm</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<noindent></noindent>
<para>The <code>amsthm</code> package includes this command, with a somewhat
@@ -19617,9 +20442,9 @@ output, but can cause &latex; to change the output around it.
<node name="_005ctoday" spaces=" "><nodename>\today</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\rule</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\today</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1136" mergedindex="cp">\today</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1051">date, today&textrsquo;s</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1052">today&textrsquo;s date</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1164" mergedindex="cp">\today</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1134">date, today&textrsquo;s</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1135">today&textrsquo;s date</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -19631,11 +20456,11 @@ output, but can cause &latex; to change the output around it.
<var>yyyy</var></samp>. An example of a date in that format is <samp>July 4,
1976</samp>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1053"><r>package</r>, <code>babel</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1054"><code>babel</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1136"><r>package</r>, <code>babel</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1137"><code>babel</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1055"><r>package</r>, <code>polyglossia</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1056"><code>polyglossia</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1138"><r>package</r>, <code>polyglossia</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1139"><code>polyglossia</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>Multilingual packages such as <code>babel</code> or <code>polyglossia</code>, or
classes such as <file>lettre</file>, will localize <code>\today</code>. For example,
@@ -19654,8 +20479,8 @@ the following will output <samp>4 juillet 1976</samp>:
<para><code>\today</code> uses the counters <code>\day</code>, <code>\month</code>, and
<code>\year</code> (<pxref label="_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear"><xrefnodename>\day &amp; \month &amp; \year</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1057"><r>package</r>, <code>datetime</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1058"><code>datetime</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1140"><r>package</r>, <code>datetime</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1141"><code>datetime</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>A number of package on CTAN work with dates. One is <code>datetime</code> package
which can produce a wide variety of date formats, including ISO standards.
@@ -19669,16 +20494,16 @@ date could be incorrect by the time the program finishes.
<node name="Splitting-the-input" spaces=" "><nodename>Splitting the input</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Front/back matter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Splitting the input</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1059">splitting the input file</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1060">input file</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1142">splitting the input file</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1143">input file</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; lets you split a large document into several smaller ones.
This can simplify editing or allow multiple authors to work on the
document. It can also speed processing.
</para>
<para>Regardless of how many separate files you use, there is always one
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1061">root file</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1062">file, root</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1144">root file</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1145">file, root</indexterm></cindex>
<dfn>root file</dfn>, on which &latex; compilation starts. This shows such
a file with five included files.
</para>
@@ -19719,9 +20544,9 @@ your output correctly.
<para><xref label="Larger-book-template"><xrefnodename>Larger book template</xrefnodename></xref>, for another example of <code>\includeonly</code>.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\endinput</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Stop including material from a file.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\include &amp; \includeonly</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Conditionally include files.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\input</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Unconditionally include a file.
+<menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\endinput</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Stop including material from a file.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\include &amp; \includeonly</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Conditionally include files.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\input</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Unconditionally include a file.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
@@ -19729,7 +20554,7 @@ your output correctly.
<node name="_005cendinput" spaces=" "><nodename>\endinput</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\include &amp; \includeonly</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Splitting the input</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\endinput</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1137" mergedindex="cp">\endinput</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1165" mergedindex="cp">\endinput</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -19773,8 +20598,8 @@ This allows you, for instance, to close an <code>\if...</code> with a
<anchor name="_005cinclude">\include</anchor>
<anchor name="_005cincludeonly">\includeonly</anchor>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1138" mergedindex="cp">\include</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1139" mergedindex="cp">\includeonly</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1166" mergedindex="cp">\include</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1167" mergedindex="cp">\includeonly</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -19873,7 +20698,7 @@ should avoid spaces in the file names. The tradition is to instead use
dashes or underscores. Nevertheless, for the name <samp>amo amas amat</samp>,
this works under &tex; Live on GNU/Linux:
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1140" mergedindex="cp">\space</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1168" mergedindex="cp">\space</indexterm></findex>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\documentclass&lbrace;book&rbrace;
\includeonly&lbrace;
@@ -19896,7 +20721,7 @@ this works under &tex; Live on GNU/Linux:
\end&lbrace;document&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1063">nested <code>\include</code>, not allowed</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1146">nested <code>\include</code>, not allowed</indexterm></cindex>
<para>You cannot use <code>\include</code> inside a file that is being included or
you get <samp>LaTeX Error: \include cannot be nested.</samp> The
<code>\include</code> command cannot appear in the document preamble; you will
@@ -19918,7 +20743,7 @@ also delete the file <file><var>root</var>.aux</file> and rerun &latex;.
<node name="_005cinput" spaces=" "><nodename>\input</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\include &amp; \includeonly</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Splitting the input</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\input</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1141" mergedindex="cp">\input</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1169" mergedindex="cp">\input</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -19953,7 +20778,7 @@ should avoid spaces in the file names. The tradition is to instead use
dashes or underscores. Nevertheless, for the name <samp>amo amas amat</samp>,
this works under &tex; Live on GNU/Linux:
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1142" mergedindex="cp">\space</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1170" mergedindex="cp">\space</indexterm></findex>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\input&lbrace;&quot;amo\space amas\space amat&quot;&rbrace;
</pre></example>
@@ -19971,23 +20796,23 @@ this works under &tex; Live on GNU/Linux:
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Front/back matter</sectiontitle>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Table of contents etc.</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Indexes</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Generate an index.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Glossaries</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Generate a glossary.
+<menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Table of contents etc.</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Indexes</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Generate an index.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Glossaries</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Generate a glossary.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
<!-- c no comma in the node name because Texinfo doesn't support that well. -->
<node name="Table-of-contents-etc_002e" spaces=" "><nodename>Table of contents etc.</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Indexes</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Front/back matter</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1064">table of contents, creating</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1147">table of contents, creating</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1143" mergedindex="cp">\tableofcontents</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1144" mergedindex="cp">.toc <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1145" mergedindex="cp">\listoffigures</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1146" mergedindex="cp">\listoftables</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1147" mergedindex="cp">.lof <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1148" mergedindex="cp">.lot <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1171" mergedindex="cp">\tableofcontents</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1172" mergedindex="cp">.toc <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1173" mergedindex="cp">\listoffigures</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1174" mergedindex="cp">\listoftables</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1175" mergedindex="cp">.lof <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1176" mergedindex="cp">.lot <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -20056,7 +20881,7 @@ input</xrefnodename></pxref>). For example, this &latex; file <file>test.tex</f
\contentsline &lbrace;subsection&rbrace;&lbrace;\numberline &lbrace;1.1&rbrace;First subsection&rbrace;&lbrace;2&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1149" mergedindex="cp">\contentsline</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1177" mergedindex="cp">\contentsline</indexterm></findex>
<noindent></noindent>
<para>Each line contains a single command, <code>\contentsline</code>
(<pxref label="_005ccontentsline"><xrefnodename>\contentsline</xrefnodename></pxref>). The first argument, the <code>section</code> or
@@ -20111,11 +20936,11 @@ inside a box of width <code>\&arobase;pnumwidth</code>. By default
<code>1.55em</code>. Change these as with
<code>\renewcommand&lbrace;\&arobase;tocrmarg&rbrace;&lbrace;3.5em&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1065"><r>package</r>, <code>tocloft</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1066"><code>tocloft</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1148"><r>package</r>, <code>tocloft</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1149"><code>tocloft</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1067"><r>package</r>, <code>tocbibbind</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1068"><code>tocbibbind</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1150"><r>package</r>, <code>tocbibbind</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1151"><code>tocbibbind</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>CTAN has many packages for the table of contents and lists of figures
and tables (<pxref label="CTAN"><xrefnodename>CTAN</xrefnodename></pxref>). The package <code>tocloft</code> is convenient for
@@ -20133,30 +20958,30 @@ these commands before you call <code>\tableofcontents</code>, etc.
</pre></example>
<noindent></noindent>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1069"><r>package</r>, <code>babel</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1070"><code>babel</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1152"><r>package</r>, <code>babel</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1153"><code>babel</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1071"><r>package</r>, <code>polyglossia</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1072"><code>polyglossia</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1154"><r>package</r>, <code>polyglossia</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1155"><code>polyglossia</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>Internationalization packages such as <code>babel</code> or <code>polyglossia</code>
will change these headers depending on the chosen base language.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\&arobase;dottedtocline</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Format entry line in table of contents, etc.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\addcontentsline</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Add an entry to table of contents, etc.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\addtocontents</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Add text directly to table of contents file, etc.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\contentsline</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Set line in table of contents, etc.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\nofiles</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Prevent writing to auxiliary files.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\numberline</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Put its number argument flush left in a box.
+<menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\&arobase;dottedtocline</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Format entry line in table of contents, etc.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\addcontentsline</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Add an entry to table of contents, etc.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\addtocontents</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Add text directly to table of contents file, etc.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\contentsline</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Set line in table of contents, etc.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\nofiles</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Prevent writing to auxiliary files.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\numberline</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Put its number argument flush left in a box.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
<node name="_005c_0040dottedtocline" spaces=" "><nodename>\&arobase;dottedtocline</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\addcontentsline</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Table of contents etc.</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\&arobase;dottedtocline</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1150" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;dottedtocline</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1073">table of contents entry, create dotted line</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1178" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;dottedtocline</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1156">table of contents entry, create dotted line</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -20184,7 +21009,7 @@ three arguments. But tracing the internal code shows that it picks up
the final <var>text</var> and <var>pagenumber</var> arguments in the synopsis
from a call to <code>\contentsline</code> (<pxref label="_005ccontentsline"><xrefnodename>\contentsline</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1074">leaders, dots in table of contents</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1157">leaders, dots in table of contents</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Between the box for the title text of a section and the right margin
box, these <code>\&arobase;dottedtocline</code> commands insert <dfn>leaders</dfn>, that
is, evenly-spaced dots. The dot-to-dot space is given by the command
@@ -20201,8 +21026,8 @@ for the Part and Chapter table entries, and in the standard
<node name="_005caddcontentsline" spaces=" "><nodename>\addcontentsline</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\addtocontents</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\&arobase;dottedtocline</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Table of contents etc.</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\addcontentsline</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1151" mergedindex="cp">\addcontentsline</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1075">table of contents entry, manually adding</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1179" mergedindex="cp">\addcontentsline</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1158">table of contents entry, manually adding</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -20210,7 +21035,7 @@ for the Part and Chapter table entries, and in the standard
<pre xml:space="preserve">\addcontentsline&lbrace;<var>ext</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>unit</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1152" mergedindex="cp">\contentsline</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1180" mergedindex="cp">\contentsline</indexterm></findex>
<para>Add an entry to the auxiliary file with extension <var>ext</var>.
</para>
<para>The following will result in an <samp>Appendices</samp> line in the table of
@@ -20305,7 +21130,7 @@ will not make sense.
<node name="_005caddtocontents" spaces=" "><nodename>\addtocontents</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\contentsline</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\addcontentsline</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Table of contents etc.</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\addtocontents</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1153" mergedindex="cp">\addtocontents&lbrace;<var>ext</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1181" mergedindex="cp">\addtocontents&lbrace;<var>ext</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -20381,17 +21206,17 @@ move <code>\addtocontents</code> into the file being included.
<node name="_005ccontentsline" spaces=" "><nodename>\contentsline</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\nofiles</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\addtocontents</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Table of contents etc.</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\contentsline</code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1076">table of contents</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1154" mergedindex="cp">\contentsline</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1155" mergedindex="cp">\tableofcontents</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1156" mergedindex="cp">.toc <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1157" mergedindex="cp">\listoffigures</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1158" mergedindex="cp">\listoftables</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1159" mergedindex="cp">.lof <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1160" mergedindex="cp">.lot <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1161" mergedindex="cp">\l&arobase;chapter</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1162" mergedindex="cp">\l&arobase;section</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1163" mergedindex="cp">\l&arobase;subsection</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1159">table of contents</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1182" mergedindex="cp">\contentsline</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1183" mergedindex="cp">\tableofcontents</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1184" mergedindex="cp">.toc <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1185" mergedindex="cp">\listoffigures</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1186" mergedindex="cp">\listoftables</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1187" mergedindex="cp">.lof <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1188" mergedindex="cp">.lot <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1189" mergedindex="cp">\l&arobase;chapter</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1190" mergedindex="cp">\l&arobase;section</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1191" mergedindex="cp">\l&arobase;subsection</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -20428,14 +21253,14 @@ something like this in <file>thesis.lof</file>.
where <var>filetype</var> is <code>toc</code>, <code>lof</code>, or <code>lot</code>
(<pxref label="_005caddcontentsline"><xrefnodename>\addcontentsline</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1077"><r>package</r>, <code>tocloft</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1078"><code>tocloft</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1160"><r>package</r>, <code>tocloft</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1161"><code>tocloft</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>For manipulating how the <code>\contentline</code> material is typeset, see
the <code>tocloft</code> package.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1079"><r>package</r>, <code>hyperref</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1080"><code>hyperref</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1162"><r>package</r>, <code>hyperref</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1163"><code>hyperref</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>Note that the <code>hyperref</code> package changes the definition of
<code>\contentsline</code> (and <code>\addcontentsline</code>) to add more
@@ -20450,7 +21275,7 @@ file, and running &latex; again.
<node name="_005cnofiles" spaces=" "><nodename>\nofiles</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\numberline</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\contentsline</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Table of contents etc.</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\nofiles</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1164" mergedindex="cp">\nofiles</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1192" mergedindex="cp">\nofiles</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -20485,7 +21310,7 @@ the old information.
<node name="_005cnumberline" spaces=" "><nodename>\numberline</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\nofiles</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Table of contents etc.</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\numberline</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1165" mergedindex="cp">\numberline</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1193" mergedindex="cp">\numberline</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -20531,11 +21356,11 @@ is automatically added by &latex;; <pxref label="_005caddcontentsline"><xrefnode
<node name="Indexes" spaces=" "><nodename>Indexes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Glossaries</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Table of contents etc.</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Front/back matter</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Indexes</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1081">indexes</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1164">indexes</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1166" mergedindex="cp">\makeindex</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1167" mergedindex="cp">\index</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1082"><file>.idx</file> file</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1194" mergedindex="cp">\makeindex</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1195" mergedindex="cp">\index</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1165"><file>.idx</file> file</indexterm></cindex>
<para>If you tell &latex; what terms you want to appear in an index then it
can produce that index, alphabetized and with the page numbers
@@ -20585,14 +21410,14 @@ Leaving out the <code>\makeindex</code> will stop &latex; from saving the
index entries to the auxiliary file. Leaving out the <code>\printindex</code>
will cause &latex; to not show the index in the document output.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1083"><r>package</r>, <code>showidx</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1084"><code>showidx</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1166"><r>package</r>, <code>showidx</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1167"><code>showidx</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1085"><r>package</r>, <code>multind</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1086"><code>multind</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1168"><r>package</r>, <code>multind</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1169"><code>multind</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1087">index, multiple</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1088">multiple indexes</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1170">index, multiple</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1171">multiple indexes</indexterm></cindex>
<para>There are many packages in the area of indexing. The <code>showidx</code>
package causes each index entries to be shown in the margin on the
page where the <code>\index</code> appears. This can help in preparing the index.
@@ -20602,25 +21427,25 @@ See also the &tex; FAQ entry on this topic,
<url><urefurl>https://ctan.org/topic/index-multi</urefurl></url>.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Produce the index manually</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Alphabetize entries yourself.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\index</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Declare an index entry.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">makeindex</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Alphabetize index entries automatically.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\printindex</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Put the index here.
+<menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Produce the index manually</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Alphabetize entries yourself.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\index</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Declare an index entry.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>makeindex</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Alphabetize index entries automatically.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\printindex</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Put the index here.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
<node name="Produce-the-index-manually" spaces=" "><nodename>Produce the index manually</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\index</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Indexes</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Produce the index manually</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1089">index, producing manually</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1168" mergedindex="cp">theindex</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1172">index, producing manually</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1196" mergedindex="cp">theindex</indexterm></findex>
<para>Documents that are small and static can have a manually produced index.
This will make a separate page labeled <samp>Index</samp>, in twocolumn
format.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1169" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>theindex</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1170" mergedindex="cp"><code>theindex</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1197" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>theindex</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1198" mergedindex="cp"><code>theindex</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;theindex&rbrace;
@@ -20637,10 +21462,10 @@ which will result in wrong numbers if the document changes. This is why
in most cases automated methods such as <command>makeindex</command> are best.
<xref label="Indexes"><xrefnodename>Indexes</xrefnodename></xref>.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1171" mergedindex="cp">\item</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1172" mergedindex="cp">\subitem</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1173" mergedindex="cp">\subsubitem</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1174" mergedindex="cp">\indexspace</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1199" mergedindex="cp">\item</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1200" mergedindex="cp">\subitem</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1201" mergedindex="cp">\subsubitem</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1202" mergedindex="cp">\indexspace</indexterm></findex>
<para>However we cover the commands for completeness, and because the
automated methods are based on these commands. There are three levels
of entries. As the example shows, a main entry uses <code>\item</code>,
@@ -20655,8 +21480,8 @@ with a new letter.
<node name="_005cindex" spaces=" "><nodename>\index</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">makeindex</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Produce the index manually</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Indexes</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\index</code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1090">index entry</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1175" mergedindex="cp">\index</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1173">index entry</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1203" mergedindex="cp">\index</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -20682,7 +21507,7 @@ Ackermann function\index&lbrace;Ackermann!function&rbrace;
rate of growth\index&lbrace;Ackermann!function!growth rate&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1091">index entries, subentries</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1174">index entries, subentries</indexterm></cindex>
<noindent></noindent>
<para>All three index entries will get a page number, such as <samp>Ackermann,
22</samp>. &latex; will format the second as a subitem of the first, on the
@@ -20702,7 +21527,7 @@ document as above will give an index entry like <samp>Ackermann, 22,
instance <code>\index&lbrace;Ackermann!function&rbrace;</code> could come before
<code>\index&lbrace;Ackermann&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1092">index, page range</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1175">index, page range</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Get a page range in the output, like <samp>Hilbert, 23--27</samp>, as here.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
@@ -20723,14 +21548,14 @@ the output is the item <samp>Jones</samp> with no comma or page number,
followed by two subitems, like <samp>program, 50</samp> and <samp>results,
51</samp>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1093">see and see also index entries</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1094">index entries, &textlsquo;see&textrsquo; and &textlsquo;see also&textrsquo;</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1176" mergedindex="cp">\seename</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1177" mergedindex="cp">\alsoname</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1095"><r>package</r>, <code>babel</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1096"><code>babel</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
- <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1097"><r>package</r>, <code>polyglossia</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1098"><code>polyglossia</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1176">see and see also index entries</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1177">index entries, &textlsquo;see&textrsquo; and &textlsquo;see also&textrsquo;</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1204" mergedindex="cp">\seename</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1205" mergedindex="cp">\alsoname</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1178"><r>package</r>, <code>babel</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1179"><code>babel</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+ <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1180"><r>package</r>, <code>polyglossia</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1181"><code>polyglossia</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>Generate a index entry that says <samp>see</samp> by using a vertical bar
@@ -20787,8 +21612,8 @@ would naturally give it.
an index entry, escape it by preceding it with a double quote, <code>&quot;</code>.
(The double quote gets deleted before alphabetization.)
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1099"><r>package</r>, <code>index</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1100"><code>index</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1182"><r>package</r>, <code>index</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1183"><code>index</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>A number of packages on CTAN have additional functionality beyond that
provided by <code>makeidx</code>. One is <code>index</code>, which allows for
@@ -20796,8 +21621,8 @@ multiple indices and contains a command
<code>\index*&lbrace;<var>index-entry-string</var>&rbrace;</code> that prints the
<var>index-entry-string</var> as well as indexing it.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1178" mergedindex="cp">\indexentry</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1101">idx file</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1206" mergedindex="cp">\indexentry</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1184">idx file</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>\index</code> command writes the indexing information to the file
<file><var>root-name</var>.idx</file> file. Specifically, it writes text of the
command
@@ -20819,11 +21644,11 @@ message like this.
<node name="makeindex" spaces=" "><nodename>makeindex</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\printindex</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\index</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Indexes</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><command>makeindex</command></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1102">index, processing</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1179" mergedindex="cp">makeindex, <r>program</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1103"><command>makeindex</command> program</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1104"><file>.ind</file> file</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1105"><file>.idx</file> file</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1185">index, processing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1207" mergedindex="cp">makeindex, <r>program</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1186"><command>makeindex</command> program</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1187"><file>.ind</file> file</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1188"><file>.idx</file> file</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -20839,9 +21664,9 @@ raw index files, <file><var>filename</var>.idx</file> files, and produces the
actual index file, the <file><var>filename</var>.ind</file> file that is input by
<code>\printindex</code> (<pxref label="_005cprintindex"><xrefnodename>\printindex</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1106"><file>.isty</file> file</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1180" mergedindex="cp">index, style file</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1181" mergedindex="cp">makeindex, style file</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1189"><file>.isty</file> file</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1208" mergedindex="cp">index, style file</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1209" mergedindex="cp">makeindex, style file</indexterm></findex>
<para>The first form of the command suffices for many uses. The second allows
you to format the index by using an <dfn>index style file</dfn>, a
<file>.isty</file> file. The third form is the most general; see the full
@@ -20879,17 +21704,17 @@ comment.
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<beforefirstitem><anchor name="makeindex-preamble">makeindex preamble</anchor>
-</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1182" mergedindex="cp">preamble</indexterm>preamble</itemformat></item>
+</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1210" mergedindex="cp">preamble</indexterm>preamble</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Preamble of the output index file. Defines the context in which the index is
formatted. Default: <code>&quot;\\begin&lbrace;theindex&rbrace;\n&quot;</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-postamble">makeindex postamble</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1183" mergedindex="cp">postamble</indexterm>postamble</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1211" mergedindex="cp">postamble</indexterm>postamble</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Postamble of the output index file. Default: <code>&quot;\n\n\\end&lbrace;theindex&rbrace;\n&quot;</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-group-skip">makeindex group skip</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1184" mergedindex="cp">group_skip</indexterm>group_skip</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1185" mergedindex="cp">\indexspace</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1212" mergedindex="cp">group_skip</indexterm>group_skip</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1213" mergedindex="cp">\indexspace</indexterm></findex>
<para>Traditionally index items are broken into groups, typically a group for
entries starting with letter <samp>a</samp>, etc. This specifier gives what
is inserted when a new group begins. Default: <code>&quot;\n\n
@@ -20897,7 +21722,7 @@ is inserted when a new group begins. Default: <code>&quot;\n\n
length, by default <code>10pt plus5pt minus3pt</code>).
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-letheadflag">makeindex letheadflag</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1186" mergedindex="cp">lethead_flag</indexterm>lethead_flag</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1214" mergedindex="cp">lethead_flag</indexterm>lethead_flag</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>An integer. It governs what is inserted for a new group or letter. If
it is 0 (which is the default) then other than <code>group_skip</code> nothing
will be inserted before the group. If it is positive then at a new
@@ -20907,93 +21732,93 @@ then what will be inserted is the letter in lowercase. The default
is&nbsp;0.
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-lethead-prefix">makeindex lethead prefix</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1187" mergedindex="cp">lethead_prefix</indexterm>lethead_prefix</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1215" mergedindex="cp">lethead_prefix</indexterm>lethead_prefix</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>If a new group begins with a different letter then this is the prefix
inserted before the new letter header. Default: <code>&quot;&quot;</code>
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-lethead-suffix">makeindex lethead suffix</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1188" mergedindex="cp">lethead_suffix</indexterm>lethead_suffix</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1216" mergedindex="cp">lethead_suffix</indexterm>lethead_suffix</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>If a group begins with a different letter then this is the suffix
inserted after the new letter header. Default: <code>&quot;&quot;</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-item-0">makeindex item 0</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1189" mergedindex="cp">item_0</indexterm>item_0 </itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1217" mergedindex="cp">item_0</indexterm>item_0 </itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>What is put between two level&nbsp;0 items. Default: <code>&quot;\n \\item
&quot;</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-item-1">makeindex item 1</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1190" mergedindex="cp">item_1</indexterm>item_1</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1218" mergedindex="cp">item_1</indexterm>item_1</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Put between two level&nbsp;1 items. Default: <code>&quot;\n \\subitem &quot;</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-item-2">makeindex item 2</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1191" mergedindex="cp">item_2</indexterm>item_2</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1219" mergedindex="cp">item_2</indexterm>item_2</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>put between two level&nbsp;2 items. Default: <code>&quot;\n \\subsubitem &quot;</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-item-01">makeindex item 01</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1192" mergedindex="cp">item_01</indexterm>item_01</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1220" mergedindex="cp">item_01</indexterm>item_01</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>What is put between a level&nbsp;0 item and a level&nbsp;1 item.
Default: <code>&quot;\n \\subitem &quot;</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-item-x1">makeindex item x1</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1193" mergedindex="cp">item_x1</indexterm>item_x1</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1221" mergedindex="cp">item_x1</indexterm>item_x1</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>What is put between a level&nbsp;0 item and a level&nbsp;1 item in the
case that the level&nbsp;0 item doesn&textrsquo;t have any page numbers (as in
<code>\index&lbrace;aaa|see&lbrace;bbb&rbrace;&rbrace;</code>). Default: <code>&quot;\n \\subitem &quot;</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-item-12">makeindex item 12</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1194" mergedindex="cp">item_12</indexterm>item_12</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1222" mergedindex="cp">item_12</indexterm>item_12</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>What is put between a level&nbsp;1 item and a level&nbsp;2 item.
Default: <code>&quot;\n \\subsubitem &quot;</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-item-x2">makeindex item x2</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1195" mergedindex="cp">item_x2</indexterm>item_x2</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1223" mergedindex="cp">item_x2</indexterm>item_x2</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>What is put between a level&nbsp;1 item and a level&nbsp;2 item, if the
level&nbsp;1 item doesn&textrsquo;t have page numbers. Default: <code>&quot;\n
\\subsubitem &quot;</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-delim-0">makeindex delim 0</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1196" mergedindex="cp">delim_0</indexterm>delim_0</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1224" mergedindex="cp">delim_0</indexterm>delim_0</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Delimiter put between a level&nbsp;0 key and its first page
number. Default: a comma followed by a blank, <code>&quot;, &quot;</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-delim-1">makeindex delim 1</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1197" mergedindex="cp">delim_1</indexterm>delim_1</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1225" mergedindex="cp">delim_1</indexterm>delim_1</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Delimiter put between a level&nbsp;1 key and its first page
number. Default: a comma followed by a blank, <code>&quot;, &quot;</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-delim-2">makeindex delim 2</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1198" mergedindex="cp">delim_2</indexterm>delim_2</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1226" mergedindex="cp">delim_2</indexterm>delim_2</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Delimiter between a level&nbsp;2 key and its first page number. Default:
a comma followed by a blank, <code>&quot;, &quot;</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-delim-n">makeindex delim n</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1199" mergedindex="cp">delim_n</indexterm>delim_n</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1227" mergedindex="cp">delim_n</indexterm>delim_n</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Delimiter between two page numbers for the same key (at any
level). Default: a comma followed by a blank, <code>&quot;, &quot;</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-delim-r">makeindex delim r</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1200" mergedindex="cp">delim_r</indexterm>delim_r</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1228" mergedindex="cp">delim_r</indexterm>delim_r</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>What is put between the starting and ending page numbers of a range.
Default: <code>&quot;--&quot;</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-line-max">makeindex line max</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1201" mergedindex="cp">line_max</indexterm>line_max</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1229" mergedindex="cp">line_max</indexterm>line_max</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>An integer. Maximum length of an index entry&textrsquo;s line in the output,
beyond which the line wraps. Default: <code>72</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-indent-space">makeindex indent space</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1202" mergedindex="cp">indent_space</indexterm>indent_space</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1230" mergedindex="cp">indent_space</indexterm>indent_space</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>What is inserted at the start of a wrapped line. Default:
<code>&quot;\t\t&quot;</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-indent-length">makeindex indent length</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1203" mergedindex="cp">indent_length</indexterm>indent_length</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1231" mergedindex="cp">indent_length</indexterm>indent_length</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>A number. The length of the wrapped line indentation. The default
<code>indent_space</code> is two tabs and each tab is eight spaces so the
default here is <code>16</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-page-precedence">makeindex page precedence</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1204" mergedindex="cp">page_precedence</indexterm>page_precedence</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1232" mergedindex="cp">page_precedence</indexterm>page_precedence</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>A document may have pages numbered in different ways. For example, a
book may have front matter pages numbered in lowercase roman while main
matter pages are in arabic. This string specifies the order in which
@@ -21005,7 +21830,7 @@ roman <code>R</code>, and uppercase alphabetic <code>A</code>. Default:
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1205" mergedindex="cp">xindy <r>program</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1233" mergedindex="cp">xindy <r>program</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>There are a number of other programs that do the job
<command>makeindex</command> does. One is <command>xindy</command>
(<uref><urefurl>https://ctan.org/pkg/xindy</urefurl></uref>), which does internationalization and can
@@ -21014,7 +21839,7 @@ other languages. It is written in Lisp, highly configurable, both in
markup terms and in terms of the collating order of the text, as
described in its documentation.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1206" mergedindex="cp">xindex <r>program</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1234" mergedindex="cp">xindex <r>program</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>A more recent indexing program supporting Unicode is <code>xindex</code>,
written in Lua (<url><urefurl>https://ctan.org/pkg/xindex</urefurl></url>).
</para>
@@ -21023,8 +21848,8 @@ written in Lua (<url><urefurl>https://ctan.org/pkg/xindex</urefurl></url>).
<node name="_005cprintindex" spaces=" "><nodename>\printindex</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">makeindex</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Indexes</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><command>\printindex</command></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1107">index, printing</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1207" mergedindex="cp">\printindex</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1190">index, printing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1235" mergedindex="cp">\printindex</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -21034,8 +21859,8 @@ written in Lua (<url><urefurl>https://ctan.org/pkg/xindex</urefurl></url>).
<para>Place the index into the output.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1108"><r>package</r>, <code>makeidx</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1109"><code>makeidx</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1191"><r>package</r>, <code>makeidx</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1192"><code>makeidx</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>To get an index you must first include
<code>\usepackage&lbrace;makeidx&rbrace;\makeindex</code> in the document preamble and
@@ -21049,11 +21874,11 @@ discussion and an example of the use of <code>\printindex</code>.
<node name="Glossaries" spaces=" "><nodename>Glossaries</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Indexes</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Front/back matter</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Glossaries</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1110">glossary</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1111">glossaries</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1112">acronyms, list of</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1208" mergedindex="cp">\makeglossary</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1209" mergedindex="cp">\printglossaries</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1193">glossary</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1194">glossaries</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1195">acronyms, list of</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1236" mergedindex="cp">\makeglossary</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1237" mergedindex="cp">\printglossaries</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -21097,9 +21922,9 @@ of a Turing machine</samp>. In addition, in a separate sectional unit headed
<samp>Turing machine</samp> and the rest of the item says in normal type
<samp>A model of a machine &dots; Computer Science</samp>.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1210" mergedindex="cp">\makeglossary</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1211" mergedindex="cp">\printglossaries</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1113"><file>.glo</file> file</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1238" mergedindex="cp">\makeglossary</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1239" mergedindex="cp">\printglossaries</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1196"><file>.glo</file> file</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The command <code>\makeglossary</code> opens the file that will contain the
entry information, <file><var>root-file</var>.glo</file>. Put the
<code>\printglossaries</code> command where you want the glossaries to appear
@@ -21111,16 +21936,16 @@ commands for a list of acronyms. See the package documentations on
CTAN.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\newglossaryentry</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Declare the content of a glossary entry.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\gls</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Give a page reference for a glossary entry.
+<menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\newglossaryentry</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Declare the content of a glossary entry.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\gls</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Give a page reference for a glossary entry.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
<node name="_005cnewglossaryentry" spaces=" "><nodename>\newglossaryentry</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\gls</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Glossaries</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newglossaryentry</code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1114">glossary, entries</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1212" mergedindex="cp">\newglossaryentry</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1197">glossary, entries</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1240" mergedindex="cp">\newglossaryentry</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -21166,22 +21991,22 @@ paragraph.
here are a few.
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1213" mergedindex="cp">name</indexterm>name</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1241" mergedindex="cp">name</indexterm>name</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>(Required.) The word, phrase, or symbol that you are defining.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1214" mergedindex="cp">description</indexterm>description</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1242" mergedindex="cp">description</indexterm>description</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>(Required.) The description that will appear in the glossary.
If this has more than one paragraph then you must use the second command
form given in the synopsis.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1215" mergedindex="cp">plural</indexterm>plural</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1243" mergedindex="cp">plural</indexterm>plural</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>The plural form of <var>name</var>. Refer to the plural form using
<code>\glspl</code> or <code>\Glspl</code> (<pxref label="_005cgls"><xrefnodename>\gls</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1216" mergedindex="cp">sort</indexterm>sort</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1244" mergedindex="cp">sort</indexterm>sort</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>How to place this entry in the list of entries that the glossary holds.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1217" mergedindex="cp">symbol</indexterm>symbol</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1245" mergedindex="cp">symbol</indexterm>symbol</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>A symbol, such as a mathematical symbol, besides the name.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
@@ -21191,8 +22016,8 @@ form given in the synopsis.
<node name="_005cgls" spaces=" "><nodename>\gls</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\newglossaryentry</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Glossaries</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\gls</code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1115">glossary, entry reference</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1218" mergedindex="cp">\gls</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1198">glossary, entry reference</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1246" mergedindex="cp">\gls</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -21233,8 +22058,8 @@ which also takes the plural.
<node name="Letters" spaces=" "><nodename>Letters</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Input/output</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Front/back matter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Letters</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1116">letters, writing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1117">writing letters</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1199">letters, writing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1200">writing letters</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -21284,7 +22109,7 @@ such as <code>\chapter</code> that make no sense in a letter are turned off.
Each <code>letter</code> environment body typically ends with a
<code>\closing</code> command such as <code>\closing&lbrace;Yours,&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1219" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>(for letters)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1247" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>(for letters)</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>Additional material may come after the <code>\closing</code>. You can say who
is receiving a copy of the letter with a command like <code>\cc&lbrace;the
Boss \\ the Boss's Boss&rbrace;</code>. There&textrsquo;s a similar <code>\encl</code> command for
@@ -21321,24 +22146,24 @@ I am not interested in entering a business arrangement with you.
<para>These commands are used with the <code>letter</code> class.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\address</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Sender&textrsquo;s return address.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\cc</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Carbon copy list.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\closing</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Saying goodbye.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\encl</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">List of enclosed material.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\location</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Sender&textrsquo;s organizational location.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\makelabels</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Make address labels.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\name</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Sender&textrsquo;s name, for the return address.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\opening</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Saying hello.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\ps</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Adding a postscript.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\signature</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Sender&textrsquo;s signature.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\telephone</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Sender&textrsquo;s phone number.
+<menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\address</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Sender&textrsquo;s return address.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\cc</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Carbon copy list.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\closing</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Saying goodbye.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\encl</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">List of enclosed material.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\location</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Sender&textrsquo;s organizational location.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\makelabels</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Make address labels.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\name</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Sender&textrsquo;s name, for the return address.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\opening</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Saying hello.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\ps</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Adding a postscript.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\signature</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Sender&textrsquo;s signature.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\telephone</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Sender&textrsquo;s phone number.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
<node name="_005caddress" spaces=" "><nodename>\address</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\cc</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\address</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1220" mergedindex="cp">\address</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1248" mergedindex="cp">\address</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -21371,8 +22196,8 @@ is formatted as a personal letter.
<node name="_005ccc" spaces=" "><nodename>\cc</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\closing</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\address</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\cc</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1221" mergedindex="cp">\cc</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1118">cc list, in letters</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1249" mergedindex="cp">\cc</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1201">cc list, in letters</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -21396,9 +22221,9 @@ with a double backslash, <code>\\</code>, as in:
<node name="_005cclosing" spaces=" "><nodename>\closing</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\encl</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\cc</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\closing</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1222" mergedindex="cp">\closing</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1119">letters, ending</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1120">closing letters</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1250" mergedindex="cp">\closing</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1202">letters, ending</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1203">closing letters</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -21418,8 +22243,8 @@ at the end of a letter, above a handwritten signature. For example:
<node name="_005cencl" spaces=" "><nodename>\encl</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\location</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\closing</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\encl</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1223" mergedindex="cp">\encl</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1121">enclosure list</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1251" mergedindex="cp">\encl</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1204">enclosure list</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -21442,7 +22267,7 @@ Separate multiple lines with a double backslash, <code>\\</code>.
<node name="_005clocation" spaces=" "><nodename>\location</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\makelabels</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\encl</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\location</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1224" mergedindex="cp">\location</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1252" mergedindex="cp">\location</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -21458,7 +22283,7 @@ appears if the page style is <code>firstpage</code>.
<node name="_005cmakelabels" spaces=" "><nodename>\makelabels</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\name</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\location</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\makelabels</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1225" mergedindex="cp">\makelabels</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1253" mergedindex="cp">\makelabels</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -21515,8 +22340,8 @@ columns having two labels each.
<para>The first column contains the return address twice. The second column
contains the address for each recipient.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1122"><r>package</r>, <code>envlab</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1123"><code>envlab</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1205"><r>package</r>, <code>envlab</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1206"><code>envlab</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The package <code>envlab</code> makes formatting the labels easier, with
standard sizes already provided. The preamble lines
@@ -21528,7 +22353,7 @@ are all that you need to print envelopes.
<node name="_005cname" spaces=" "><nodename>\name</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\opening</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\makelabels</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\name</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1226" mergedindex="cp">\name</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1254" mergedindex="cp">\name</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -21544,8 +22369,8 @@ with the return address.
<node name="_005copening" spaces=" "><nodename>\opening</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\ps</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\name</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\opening</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1227" mergedindex="cp">\opening</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1124">letters, starting</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1255" mergedindex="cp">\opening</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1207">letters, starting</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -21564,8 +22389,8 @@ with the return address.
</section>
<node name="_005cps" spaces=" "><nodename>\ps</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\signature</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\opening</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\ps</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1228" mergedindex="cp">\ps</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1125">postscript, in letters</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1256" mergedindex="cp">\ps</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1208">postscript, in letters</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -21592,7 +22417,7 @@ with the return address.
... &rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1229" mergedindex="cp">\signature</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1257" mergedindex="cp">\signature</indexterm></findex>
<para>The sender&textrsquo;s name. This command is optional, although its inclusion is
usual.
@@ -21633,7 +22458,7 @@ the document. To have it apply to one letter only, put it inside a
<node name="_005ctelephone" spaces=" "><nodename>\telephone</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\signature</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\telephone</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1230" mergedindex="cp">\telephone</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1258" mergedindex="cp">\telephone</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -21652,9 +22477,9 @@ page.
<node name="Input_002foutput" spaces=" "><nodename>Input/output</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Command line interface</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Letters</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Input/output</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1126">input/output, to terminal</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1127">terminal input/output</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1128">input/output</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1209">input/output, to terminal</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1210">terminal input/output</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1211">input/output</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; uses the ability to write to a file and later read it back in
to build document components such as a table of contents or index. You
@@ -21663,11 +22488,11 @@ others to read. You can communicate with users through the terminal.
And, you can issue instructions for the operating system.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\openin &amp; \openout</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Open a file.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\read</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Read text from a file.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\typein</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Read text from the terminal.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\typeout</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Write text to the terminal.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\write</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Write text to a file or terminal.
+<menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\openin &amp; \openout</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Open a file.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\read</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Read text from a file.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\typein</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Read text from the terminal.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\typeout</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Write text to the terminal.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\write</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Write text to a file or terminal.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
@@ -21678,13 +22503,13 @@ And, you can issue instructions for the operating system.
<anchor name="_005copenout">\openout</anchor>
<anchor name="_005cclosein">\closein</anchor>
<anchor name="_005ccloseout">\closeout</anchor>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1231" mergedindex="cp">\openin</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1232" mergedindex="cp">\openout</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1233" mergedindex="cp">\closein</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1234" mergedindex="cp">\closeout</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1129">file, opening</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1130">file, closing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1131">open a file</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1259" mergedindex="cp">\openin</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1260" mergedindex="cp">\openout</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1261" mergedindex="cp">\closein</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1262" mergedindex="cp">\closeout</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1212">file, opening</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1213">file, closing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1214">open a file</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -21766,9 +22591,9 @@ Bad number (16). &lt;to be read again&gt; = l.30 \openin16=test.jh</samp>.
<node name="_005cread" spaces=" "><nodename>\read</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\typein</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\openin &amp; \openout</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Input/output</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\read</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1235" mergedindex="cp">\read</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1132">file, reading</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1133">read a file</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1263" mergedindex="cp">\read</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1215">file, reading</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1216">read a file</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -21801,10 +22626,10 @@ is <code>\typein</code> (<pxref label="_005ctypein"><xrefnodename>\typein</xrefn
<code>\input</code> (<pxref label="_005cinput"><xrefnodename>\input</xrefnodename></pxref>) or <code>\include</code> (<pxref label="_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly"><xrefnodename>\include &amp;
\includeonly</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1134"><r>package</r>, <code>datatool</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1135"><code>datatool</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1217"><r>package</r>, <code>datatool</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1218"><code>datatool</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1136">mail merges</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1219">mail merges</indexterm></cindex>
<para>A common reason to want to read from a data file is to do mail merges.
CTAN has a number of packages for that; one is <code>datatool</code>.
</para>
@@ -21813,7 +22638,7 @@ CTAN has a number of packages for that; one is <code>datatool</code>.
<node name="_005ctypein" spaces=" "><nodename>\typein</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\typeout</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\read</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Input/output</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\typein</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1236" mergedindex="cp">\typein</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1264" mergedindex="cp">\typein</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -21876,7 +22701,7 @@ Recommendation for John Dee.
<node name="_005ctypeout" spaces=" "><nodename>\typeout</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\write</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\typein</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Input/output</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\typeout</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1237" mergedindex="cp">\typeout</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1265" mergedindex="cp">\typeout</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -21899,7 +22724,7 @@ Recommendation for John Dee.
<code>\renewcommand</code> (among others) are replaced by their definitions
before being printed.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1238" mergedindex="cp">\space</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1266" mergedindex="cp">\space</indexterm></findex>
<para>&latex;&textrsquo;s usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space
and ignoring spaces after a command name apply to <code>msg</code>. Use the
command <code>\space</code> to get a single space, independent of surrounding
@@ -21922,7 +22747,7 @@ spaces. Use <code>^^J</code> to get a newline. Get a percent character with
<node name="_005cwrite" spaces=" "><nodename>\write</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\typeout</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Input/output</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\write</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1239" mergedindex="cp">\write</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1267" mergedindex="cp">\write</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -21947,7 +22772,7 @@ it, and closes that file.
\immediate\closeout\myfile
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1240" mergedindex="cp">\newwrite</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1268" mergedindex="cp">\newwrite</indexterm></findex>
<noindent></noindent>
<para>The <code>\newwrite</code> allocates a stream number, giving it a symbolic
name to make life easier, so that <code>stream
@@ -21956,9 +22781,9 @@ Then <code>\openout</code> associates the stream number with the given file
name. &tex; ultimately executed <code>\write3</code> which puts the string
in the file.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1137">log file, writing to</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1138">terminal, writing to</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1139"><math>-1</math>, write stream number</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1220">log file, writing to</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1221">terminal, writing to</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1222"><math>-1</math>, write stream number</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Typically <var>number</var> is between 0 and&nbsp;15, because typically
&latex; authors follow the prior example and the number is allocated
by the system. If <var>number</var> is outside the range from 0 to 15 or
@@ -21973,12 +22798,12 @@ puts the same in the log file but also puts <samp>Hello World!</samp>
followed by a newline in the terminal output. (But 16, 17, and 18 are
special as <var>number</var>; see below.)
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1140">Lua&tex;, 256 output streams in</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1223">Lua&tex;, 256 output streams in</indexterm></cindex>
<para>In Lua&tex;, instead of 16 output streams there are 256
(<pxref label="TeX-engines"><xrefnodename>&tex; engines</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1241" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;auxout</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1242" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;mainaux</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1269" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;auxout</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1270" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;mainaux</indexterm></findex>
<para>Use <code>\write\&arobase;auxout&lbrace;<var>string</var>&rbrace;</code> to write to the current
<file>.aux</file> file, which is associated with either the root file or
with the current include file; and use
@@ -22001,8 +22826,8 @@ in one of three contexts:
<enumerate first="1" endspaces=" ">
<listitem>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1141">immediate <code>\write</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1243" mergedindex="cp">\immediate\write</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1224">immediate <code>\write</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1271" mergedindex="cp">\immediate\write</indexterm></findex>
<para>With the first, &latex; writes <var>string</var> to the file immediately.
Any macros in <var>string</var> are fully expanded (just as in
<code>\edef</code>) so to prevent expansion you must use <code>\noexpand</code>,
@@ -22010,16 +22835,16 @@ Any macros in <var>string</var> are fully expanded (just as in
<code>##</code>).
</para>
</listitem><listitem>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1142">delayed <code>\write</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1143">whatsit item</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1244" mergedindex="cp">\shipout <r>and expansion</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1225">delayed <code>\write</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1226">whatsit item</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1272" mergedindex="cp">\shipout <r>and expansion</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>With the second, <var>string</var> is stored on the current list of things
(as a &tex; &textldquo;whatsit&textrdquo; item) and kept until the page is shipped out
and likewise the macros are unexpanded until <code>\shipout</code>. At
<code>\shipout</code>, <var>string</var> is fully expanded.
</para>
</listitem><listitem>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1245" mergedindex="cp">\protected&arobase;write</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1273" mergedindex="cp">\protected&arobase;write</indexterm></findex>
<para>The third, <code>\protected&arobase;write</code>, is like the second except that
you can use <code>\protect</code> to avoid expansion. The extra first
argument allows you to locally insert extra definitions to make more
@@ -22042,7 +22867,7 @@ the text <samp>XYZ</samp>:
<para>This results in the file <file>test.jh</file> containing the text
<samp>test XYZtest</samp> followed by a newline.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1144"><code>\write</code> streams 16, 17, 18</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1227"><code>\write</code> streams 16, 17, 18</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The cases where <var>number</var> is 16, 17, or 18 are special. Because of
<code>\write</code>&textrsquo;s behavior when <var>number</var> is outside the range from 0
to 15 described above, in Plain&nbsp;&tex; <code>\write16</code> and
@@ -22052,8 +22877,8 @@ terminal; however, in &latex;, the natural way to do that is with
even more special; modern &tex; systems use it for giving commands to
the operating system (<pxref label="_005cwrite18"><xrefnodename>\write18</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1145">newline, in <code>\write</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1146"><code>^^J</code>, in <code>\write</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1228">newline, in <code>\write</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1229"><code>^^J</code>, in <code>\write</code></indexterm></cindex>
<para>Ordinarily <code>\write</code> outputs a single line. You can include a
newline with <code>^^J</code>. Thus, this produces two lines in the log
file:
@@ -22062,8 +22887,8 @@ file:
<pre xml:space="preserve">\wlog&lbrace;Parallel lines have a lot in common.^^JBut they never meet.&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1147"><r>package</r>, <code>answers</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1148"><code>answers</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1230"><r>package</r>, <code>answers</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1231"><code>answers</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>A common case where authors need to write their own file is for
answers to exercises, or another situation where you want to write
@@ -22071,18 +22896,18 @@ out verbatim, without expanding the macros. CTAN has a number of
packages for this; one is <code>answers</code>.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\write and security</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Security.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\message</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Write text to the log file and terminal.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\wlog</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Write text to the log file.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\write18</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Run an operating system command.
+<menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\write and security</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Security.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\message</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Write text to the log file and terminal.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\wlog</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Write text to the log file.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>\write18</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Run an operating system command.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
<node name="_005cwrite-and-security" spaces=" "><nodename>\write and security</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\message</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">\write</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\write</code> and security</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1149">security and <code>\write</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1150"><code>\write</code> and security</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1232">security and <code>\write</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1233"><code>\write</code> and security</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The ability to write files raises security issues. If you compiled a
downloaded &latex; file and it overwrote your password file then you
@@ -22105,7 +22930,7 @@ those. So, this code
! I can't write on file `../test.jh'
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1151">parent directories, cannot write to</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1234">parent directories, cannot write to</indexterm></cindex>
<para>You can get just such an error when using commands such as
<code>\include&lbrace;../filename&rbrace;</code> because &latex; will try to open
<file>../filename.aux</file>. The simplest solution is to put the included
@@ -22116,7 +22941,7 @@ files in the same directory as the root file, or in subdirectories.
<node name="_005cmessage" spaces=" "><nodename>\message</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\wlog</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\write and security</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">\write</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\message</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1246" mergedindex="cp">\message</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1274" mergedindex="cp">\message</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -22177,7 +23002,7 @@ starting your message at the beginning of a line.
<node name="_005cwlog" spaces=" "><nodename>\wlog</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\write18</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\message</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">\write</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\wlog</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1247" mergedindex="cp">\wlog</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1275" mergedindex="cp">\wlog</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -22205,11 +23030,11 @@ starting your message at the beginning of a line.
<node name="_005cwrite18" spaces=" "><nodename>\write18</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\wlog</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">\write</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\write18</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1248" mergedindex="cp">\write18</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1152">external commands</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1153">commands, run from &latex;</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1154">system commands, run from &latex;</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1155">shell access</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1276" mergedindex="cp">\write18</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1235">external commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1236">commands, run from &latex;</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1237">system commands, run from &latex;</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1238">shell access</indexterm></cindex>
<!-- c Derived from: Joseph Wright: https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/20446/121234 -->
<para>Synopsis:
@@ -22222,8 +23047,8 @@ starting your message at the beginning of a line.
runs the command and &latex;&textrsquo;s execution is blocked until that
finishes.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1156"><r>package</r>, <code>Asymptote</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1157"><code>Asymptote</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1239"><r>package</r>, <code>Asymptote</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1240"><code>Asymptote</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>This sequence (on Unix)
</para>
@@ -22272,7 +23097,7 @@ safe, by compiling with <code>latex --enable-write18 <var>filename</var></code>
(<pxref label="Command-line-options"><xrefnodename>Command line options</xrefnodename></pxref>). (The <code>--shell-escape</code> option is
a synonym, in &tex; Live.)
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1158">restricted shell access</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1241">restricted shell access</indexterm></cindex>
<para>In the place of full shell access, modern distributions by default use
a restricted version that allows some commands to work, such as those
that run Metafont to generate missing fonts, even if you do not use
@@ -22281,33 +23106,33 @@ commands is short and features only commands that are under the
control of the distribution maintainers (<pxref label="Command-line-options"><xrefnodename>Command line
options</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1249" mergedindex="cp">/bin/sh<r>, used by <code>\write18</code></r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1250" mergedindex="cp">sh<r>, used by <code>\write18</code></r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1251" mergedindex="cp">cmd.exe<r>, used by <code>\write18</code></r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1252" mergedindex="cp">SHELL<r>, environment variables</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1277" mergedindex="cp">/bin/sh<r>, used by <code>\write18</code></r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1278" mergedindex="cp">sh<r>, used by <code>\write18</code></r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1279" mergedindex="cp">cmd.exe<r>, used by <code>\write18</code></r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1280" mergedindex="cp">SHELL<r>, environment variables</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>The <var>shell_command</var> text is always passed to <file>/bin/sh</file> on
Unix-like operating systems, and the DOS command interpreter
<file>cmd.exe</file> on Windows. Any different shell set by the user, and
the <code>SHELL</code> environment variable, is ignored.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1159"><r>package</r>, <code>texosquery</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1160"><code>texosquery</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1242"><r>package</r>, <code>texosquery</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1243"><code>texosquery</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1161">system information</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1162">operating system information</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1163">locale information, from system</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1164">directory listings, from system</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1244">system information</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1245">operating system information</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1246">locale information, from system</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1247">directory listings, from system</indexterm></cindex>
<para>If what you need is system information, such as the operating system
name, locale information, or directory contents, take a look at the
<code>texosquery</code> package, which provides a convenient and secure
interface for this, unlike the above examples using the raw
<code>\write18</code>: <url><urefurl>https://ctan.org/pkg/texosquery</urefurl></url>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1165"><r>package</r>, <code>shellesc</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1166"><code>shellesc</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1248"><r>package</r>, <code>shellesc</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1249"><code>shellesc</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1253" mergedindex="cp">\ShellEscape</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1254" mergedindex="cp">\DelayedShellEscape</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1281" mergedindex="cp">\ShellEscape</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1282" mergedindex="cp">\DelayedShellEscape</indexterm></findex>
<para>&latex; provides a package <code>shellesc</code> on top of the primitive
<code>\write18</code> command. Its primary purpose is to provide a command
<code>\ShellEscape</code> which works identically on all &tex; engines;
@@ -22325,9 +23150,9 @@ same reason.
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Command line interface</sectiontitle>
<anchor name="Command-line">Command line</anchor><!-- c old name -->
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1167">command line interface</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1168">interface, command line</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1169">CLI</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1250">command line interface</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1251">interface, command line</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1252">CLI</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis (from a terminal command line):
</para>
@@ -22348,7 +23173,7 @@ creating the output <file>thesis.pdf</file>.
</pre></example>
<noindent></noindent>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1255" mergedindex="cp">.tex, <r>default extension</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1283" mergedindex="cp">.tex, <r>default extension</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>Note that <file>.tex</file> is the default file name extension.
</para>
<para>pdf&tex; is an extension of the original &tex; program, as are
@@ -22381,17 +23206,17 @@ asks you about it. <xref label="Recovering-from-errors"><xrefnodename>Recoverin
to do.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Command line options</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Commonly used command line options.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Command line input</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Specify LaTeX code on the command line.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Jobname</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">How &tex; sets the current job name.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Recovering from errors</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">When something goes wrong.
+<menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Command line options</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Commonly used command line options.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Command line input</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Specify LaTeX code on the command line.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Jobname</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">How &tex; sets the current job name.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Recovering from errors</menunode><menuseparator>:: </menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">When something goes wrong.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
<node name="Command-line-options" spaces=" "><nodename>Command line options</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Command line input</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Command line interface</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Command line options</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1170">options, command line</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1253">options, command line</indexterm></cindex>
<para>These are the command-line options relevant to ordinary document
authoring. For a full list, try running <samp>latex --help</samp> from the
@@ -22406,23 +23231,23 @@ argument with an <samp>=</samp> sign (<samp>--foo=val</samp>), but there can be
spaces around the <samp>=</samp>. We will generally use the <samp>=</samp> syntax.
</para>
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<beforefirstitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1256" mergedindex="cp">--version <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
-</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">-version</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1284" mergedindex="cp">--version <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">-version</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Show the current version, like <samp>pdfTeX 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.16 (TeX
Live 2015/Debian)</samp> along with a small amount of additional information,
and exit.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1257" mergedindex="cp">--help <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">-help</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1285" mergedindex="cp">--help <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">-help</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Give a brief usage message that is useful as a prompt and exit.
</para>
<anchor name="interaction-modes">interaction modes</anchor>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1258" mergedindex="cp">--interaction <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">-interaction=<var>mode</var></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1171">batchmode</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1172">scrollmode</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1173">errorstopmode</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1174">nonstopmode</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1286" mergedindex="cp">--interaction <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">-interaction=<var>mode</var></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1254">batchmode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1255">scrollmode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1256">errorstopmode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1257">nonstopmode</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&tex; compiles a document in one of four interaction modes:
<code>batchmode</code>, <code>nonstopmode</code>, <code>scrollmode</code>,
<code>errorstopmode</code>. In <dfn>errorstopmode</dfn> (the default), &tex;
@@ -22443,18 +23268,18 @@ input, but nothing else.
<noindent></noindent>
<para>eliminates most terminal output.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1175">jobname</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1176">filename for current job</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1259" mergedindex="cp">--jobname <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">-jobname=<var>string</var></itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1258">jobname</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1259">filename for current job</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1287" mergedindex="cp">--jobname <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">-jobname=<var>string</var></itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Set the value of &tex;&textrsquo;s <dfn>jobname</dfn> to the string. The log file
and output file will then be named <file><var>string</var>.log</file> and
<file><var>string</var>.pdf</file>. <pxref label="Jobname"><xrefnodename>Jobname</xrefnodename></pxref>.
</para>
<anchor name="output-directory">output directory</anchor>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1177">output directory for all external files</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1260" mergedindex="cp">--output-directory <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">-output-directory=<var>directory</var></itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1260">output directory for all external files</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1288" mergedindex="cp">--output-directory <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">-output-directory=<var>directory</var></itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Write files in the directory <var>directory</var>. It must already exist.
This applies to all external files created by &tex; or &latex;, such
as the <file>.log</file> file for the run, the <file>.aux</file>, <file>.toc</file>,
@@ -22467,13 +23292,13 @@ external files can be read back in, if desired. The true current
directory (in which &latex; was run) remains unchanged, and is also
checked for input files.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1178">shell escape</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1179"><code>\write18</code>, enabling</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1261" mergedindex="cp">--enable-write18 <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1262" mergedindex="cp">--disable-write18 <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1263" mergedindex="cp">--shell-escape <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1264" mergedindex="cp">--no-shell-escape <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">--enable-write18</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1261">shell escape</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1262"><code>\write18</code>, enabling</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1289" mergedindex="cp">--enable-write18 <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1290" mergedindex="cp">--disable-write18 <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1291" mergedindex="cp">--shell-escape <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1292" mergedindex="cp">--no-shell-escape <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">--enable-write18</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">--disable-write18</itemformat></itemx>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">--shell-escape</itemformat></itemx>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">--no-shell-escape</itemformat></itemx>
@@ -22493,13 +23318,13 @@ a limited number of &tex;-related programs, which they distribute.)
<code>\write18&lbrace;ls -l&rbrace;</code>, then you do not get an error but the log
file says <samp>runsystem(ls -l)...disabled</samp>.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1265" mergedindex="cp">--halt-on-error <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">-halt-on-error</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1293" mergedindex="cp">--halt-on-error <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">-halt-on-error</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Stop processing at the first error.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1266" mergedindex="cp">--file-line-error <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1267" mergedindex="cp">--no-file-line-error <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">-file-line-error</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1294" mergedindex="cp">--file-line-error <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1295" mergedindex="cp">--no-file-line-error <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">-file-line-error</itemformat></item>
</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">-no-file-line-error</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Enable or disable <code><var>filename</var>:<var>lineno</var>:<var>error</var></code>-style
error messages. These are only available with &tex; Live or Mac&tex;.
@@ -22510,7 +23335,7 @@ error messages. These are only available with &tex; Live or Mac&tex;.
<node name="Command-line-input" spaces=" "><nodename>Command line input</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Jobname</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Command line options</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Command line interface</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Command line input</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1180">input, on command line</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1263">input, on command line</indexterm></cindex>
<para>As part of the command line invocation
</para>
@@ -22522,8 +23347,8 @@ error messages. These are only available with &tex; Live or Mac&tex;.
<var>argument</var> with a backslash. (All the engines support this.) This
allows you to do some special effects.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1181"><r>package</r>, <code>hyperref</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1182"><code>hyperref</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1264"><r>package</r>, <code>hyperref</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1265"><code>hyperref</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>For example, this file (which uses the
<code>hyperref</code> package for hyperlinks) can produce two kinds of
output, one to be read on physical paper and one to be read online.
@@ -22567,7 +23392,7 @@ pdflatex -jobname=teachers &quot;\def\teachers&lbrace;&rbrace;\input&lbrace;main
<noindent></noindent>
<para>The <code>jobname</code> option is there because otherwise both files would be
called <file>main.pdf</file> and the second would overwrite the
-first. (<pxref label="Jobname"><xrefnodename>Jobname</xrefnodename></pxref>.)
+first (<pxref label="Jobname"><xrefnodename>Jobname</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
<para>In this example we use the command line to select which parts of a
document to include. For a book named <file>mybook.tex</file> and structured
@@ -22599,12 +23424,12 @@ chapter. <xref label="Splitting-the-input"><xrefnodename>Splitting the input</xr
<node name="Jobname" spaces=" "><nodename>Jobname</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Recovering from errors</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Command line input</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Command line interface</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Jobname</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1268" mergedindex="cp"><code>\jobname</code></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1183">jobname</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1184">document root name</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1185">name of document root</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1186">root file</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1187">file, root</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1296" mergedindex="cp"><code>\jobname</code></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1266">jobname</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1267">document root name</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1268">name of document root</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1269">root file</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1270">file, root</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Running &latex; creates a number of files, including the main PDF (or
DVI) output but also including others. These files are named with the
@@ -22615,30 +23440,31 @@ Here the job name is <code>thesis</code>.
</para>
<para>In general, &latex; is invoked as <code><var>latex-engine</var>
<var>options</var> <var>argument</var></code>, where <var>latex-engine</var> is
-<command>pdflatex</command>, <command>lualatex</command>, etc.&noeos; (<pxref label="TeX-engines"><xrefnodename>&tex; engines</xrefnodename></pxref>).
-If <var>argument</var> does not start with a backslash, as is the case above
-with <code>thesis</code>, then &tex; considers it to be the name of the file
-to input as the main document. This file is referred to as the <dfn>root
-file</dfn> (<pxref label="Splitting-the-input"><xrefnodename>Splitting the input</xrefnodename></pxref>, and&nbsp;<ref label="_005cinput"><xrefnodename>\input</xrefnodename></ref>). The name of
-that root file, without the <file>.tex</file> extension if any, is the
-jobname. If <var>argument</var> does start with a backslash, or if &tex; is
-in interactive mode, then it waits for the first <code>\input</code> command,
-and the jobname is the argument to <code>\input</code>.
+<command>pdflatex</command>, <command>lualatex</command>, etc.&noeos; (<pxref label="TeX-engines"><xrefnodename>&tex;
+engines</xrefnodename></pxref>). If <var>argument</var> does not start with a backslash, as is
+the case above with <code>thesis</code>, then &tex; considers it to be the
+name of the file to input as the main document. This file is referred
+to as the <dfn>root file</dfn> (<pxref label="Splitting-the-input"><xrefnodename>Splitting the input</xrefnodename></pxref>, and
+<ref label="_005cinput"><xrefnodename>\input</xrefnodename></ref>). The name of that root file, without the <file>.tex</file>
+extension if any, is the jobname. If <var>argument</var> does start with a
+backslash, or if &tex; is in interactive mode, then it waits for the
+first <code>\input</code> command, and the jobname is the argument to
+<code>\input</code>.
</para>
<para>There are two more possibilities for the jobname. It can be directly
specified with the <code>-jobname</code> option, as in <code>pdflatex
--jobname=myname</code> (<pxref label="Command-line-input"><xrefnodename>Command line input</xrefnodename></pxref> for a real example).
+-jobname=myname</code> (<pxref label="Command-line-input"><xrefnodename>Command line input</xrefnodename></pxref> for a practical example).
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1269" mergedindex="cp">texput<r>, jobname default</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1188">fallback jobname</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1297" mergedindex="cp">texput<r>, jobname default</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1271">fallback jobname</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The final possibility is <file>texput</file>, which is the final fallback
default if no other name is available to &tex;. That is, if no
<code>-jobname</code> option was specified, and the compilation stops before
any input file is met, then the log file will be named
<file>texput.log</file>.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1270" mergedindex="cp">\documentclass<r>, and <code>texput</code> jobname</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1271" mergedindex="cp">\RequirePackage<r>, and <code>texput</code> jobname</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1298" mergedindex="cp">\documentclass<r>, and <code>texput</code> jobname</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1299" mergedindex="cp">\RequirePackage<r>, and <code>texput</code> jobname</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>A special case of this is that in &latex; versions of (approximately)
2020 or later, the jobname is also <file>texput</file> if the first
<code>\input</code> occurs as a result of being called by either
@@ -22660,7 +23486,7 @@ a file named <file>texput.pdf</file>:
<para>the output file is <file>lipsum.pdf</file>, as <code>\usepackage</code> calls
<code>\input</code>.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1272" mergedindex="cp">\jobname</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1300" mergedindex="cp">\jobname</indexterm></findex>
<para>Within the document, the macro <code>\jobname</code> expands to the jobname.
(When you run &latex; on a file whose name contains spaces, the string
returned by <code>\jobname</code> contains matching start and end quotes.)
@@ -22668,9 +23494,9 @@ In the expansion of that macro, all characters are of
catcode&nbsp;12 (other) except that spaces are category&nbsp;10,
including letters that are normally catcode&nbsp;11.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1273" mergedindex="cp">\IfBeginWith*<r> macro from <file>xstring</file></r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1189"><r>package</r>, <code>xstring</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1190"><code>xstring</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1301" mergedindex="cp">\IfBeginWith*<r> macro from <file>xstring</file></r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1272"><r>package</r>, <code>xstring</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1273"><code>xstring</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>Because of this catcode situation, using the jobname in a conditional
can become complicated. One solution is to use the macro
@@ -22719,9 +23545,9 @@ l.5 The \PN
typo. You could instead enter <kbd>?</kbd> and <kbd>RETURN</kbd> to see other
options.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1191"><samp>*</samp> prompt</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1192">prompt, <samp>*</samp></indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1274" mergedindex="cp">\stop</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1274"><samp>*</samp> prompt</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1275">prompt, <samp>*</samp></indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1302" mergedindex="cp">\stop</indexterm></findex>
<para>There are two other error scenarios. The first is that you forgot to
include the <code>\end&lbrace;document&rbrace;</code> or misspelled it. In this case
&latex; gives you a <samp>*</samp> prompt. You can get back to the command
@@ -22749,28 +23575,28 @@ keys down at the same time), and then retype the correct command line.
<node name="Document-templates" spaces=" "><nodename>Document templates</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Index</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Command line interface</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<appendix spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Document templates</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1193">document templates</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1194">templates, document</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1276">document templates</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1277">templates, document</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Although illustrative material, perhaps these document templates will
be useful. Additional template resources are listed at
<url><urefurl>https://tug.org/interest.html#latextemplates</urefurl></url>.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator="::">beamer template</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator="::">article template</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator="::">book template</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator="::">Larger book template</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">
+<menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>beamer template</menunode><menuseparator>::</menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>article template</menunode><menuseparator>::</menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>book template</menunode><menuseparator>::</menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry><menuleadingtext>* </menuleadingtext><menunode>Larger book template</menunode><menuseparator>::</menuseparator><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
<node name="beamer-template" spaces=" "><nodename>beamer template</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">article template</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Document templates</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>beamer</code> template</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1195"><code>beamer</code> template and class</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1196">template, <code>beamer</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1197"><r>package</r>, <code>beamer</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1198"><code>beamer</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1278"><code>beamer</code> template and class</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1279">template, <code>beamer</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1280"><r>package</r>, <code>beamer</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1281"><code>beamer</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>beamer</code> class creates presentation slides. It has a vast
@@ -22807,7 +23633,7 @@ array of features, but here is a basic template:
<node name="article-template" spaces=" "><nodename>article template</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">book template</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">beamer template</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Document templates</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>article</code> template</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1199">template (simple), <code>article</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1282">template (simple), <code>article</code></indexterm></cindex>
<para>A simple template for an article.
</para>
@@ -22836,7 +23662,7 @@ Some more text.
<node name="book-template" spaces=" "><nodename>book template</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Larger book template</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">article template</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Document templates</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>book</code> template</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1200">template, <code>book</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1283">template, <code>book</code></indexterm></cindex>
<para>This is a straightforward template for a book. <xref label="Larger-book-template"><xrefnodename>Larger book
template</xrefnodename></xref>, for a more elaborate one.
@@ -22866,7 +23692,7 @@ The end.
<node name="Larger-book-template" spaces=" "><nodename>Larger book template</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">book template</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Document templates</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Larger <code>book</code> template</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1201">template, <code>book</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1284">template, <code>book</code></indexterm></cindex>
<para>This is a somewhat elaborate template for a book. <xref label="book-template"><xrefnodename>book template</xrefnodename></xref>,
for a simpler one.
@@ -22938,4 +23764,29 @@ need to come on a new page is brought in with <code>\input</code> instead of
</unnumbered>
<bye></bye>
-</texinfo>
+<postambleafterend>
+\def\DeclareTextCommand{\foo}{T1}
+% then |\foo| is defined to be |\T1-cmd \foo \T1\foo|,
+% % where |\T1\foo| is \emph{one} control sequence, not two!
+\newcommand
+
+\def\ProvideTextCommand % same with \providecommand
+\@onlypreamble\DeclareTextCommand
+\@onlypreamble\DeclareTextSymbol
+\gdef\TextSymbolUnavailable#1{%
+\@onlypreamble\def\DeclareTextCommandDefault#1{%
+\def\ProvideTextCommandDefault#1{%
+\def\DeclareTextAccent#1#2#3{%
+\def\DeclareTextCompositeCommand#1#2#3#4{%
+\@onlypreamble\def\DeclareTextComposite#1#2#3#4{%
+\def\UseTextAccent#1#2#3{%
+\def\UseTextSymbol#1#2{%
+\@onlypreamble\DeclareTextSymbolDefault@item
+\@onlypreamble\DeclareTextAccentDefault@item
+\def\UndeclareTextCommand#1#2{%
+
+@c Local Variables:
+@c ispell-dictionary: &quot;english&quot;
+@c coding: latin-1-unix
+@c End:
+</postambleafterend></texinfo>
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