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authorNorbert Preining <norbert@preining.info>2019-09-02 13:46:59 +0900
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+% Copyright 2008 by Till Tantau and Mark Wibrow
+%
+% This file may be distributed and/or modified
+%
+% 1. under the LaTeX Project Public License and/or
+% 2. under the GNU Free Documentation License.
+%
+% See the file doc/generic/pgf/licenses/LICENSE for more details.
+
+
+\section{Circuit Libraries}
+\label{section-library-circuits}
+
+\emph{Written and documented by Till Tantau, and Mark Wibrow. Inspired
+by the work of Massimo Redaelli.}
+
+
+\subsection{Introduction}
+
+The circuit libraries can be used to draw different kinds of electrical or
+logical circuits. There is not a single library for this, but a whole hierarchy
+of libraries that work in concert. The main design goal was to create a balance
+between ease-of-use and ease-of-extending, while creating high-quality
+graphical representations of circuits.
+
+
+\subsubsection{A First Example}
+
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\begin{tikzpicture}[circuit ee IEC,x=3cm,y=2cm,semithick,
+ every info/.style={font=\footnotesize},
+ small circuit symbols,
+ set resistor graphic=var resistor IEC graphic,
+ set diode graphic=var diode IEC graphic,
+ set make contact graphic= var make contact IEC graphic]
+ % Let us start with some contacts:
+ \foreach \contact/\y in {1/1,2/2,3/3.5,4/4.5,5/5.5}
+ {
+ \node [contact] (left contact \contact) at (0,\y) {};
+ \node [contact] (right contact \contact) at (1,\y) {};
+ }
+ \draw (right contact 1) -- (right contact 2) -- (right contact 3)
+ -- (right contact 4) -- (right contact 5);
+
+ \draw (left contact 1) to [diode] ++(down:1)
+ to [voltage source={near start,
+ direction info={volt=3}},
+ resistor={near end,ohm=3}] ++(right:1)
+ to (right contact 1);
+ \draw (left contact 1) to [resistor={ohm=4}] (right contact 1);
+ \draw (left contact 1) to [resistor={ohm=3}] (left contact 2);
+ \draw (left contact 2) to [voltage source={near start,
+ direction info={<-,volt=8}},
+ resistor={ohm=2,near end}] (right contact 2);
+ \draw (left contact 2) to [resistor={near start,ohm=1},
+ make contact={near end,info'={[red]$S_1$}}]
+ (left contact 3);
+ \draw (left contact 3) to [current direction'={near start,info=$\iota$},
+ resistor={near end,info={$R=4\Omega$}}]
+ (right contact 3);
+ \draw (left contact 4) to [voltage source={near start,
+ direction info={<-,volt=8}},
+ resistor={ohm=2,near end}] (right contact 4);
+ \draw (left contact 3) to [resistor={ohm=1}] (left contact 4);
+ \draw (left contact 4) to [resistor={ohm=3}] (left contact 5);
+ \draw (left contact 5) to [resistor={ohm=4}] (right contact 5);
+ \draw (left contact 5) to [diode] ++(up:1)
+ to [voltage source={near start,
+ direction info={volt=3}},
+ resistor={near end,ohm=3}] ++(right:1)
+ to (right contact 5);
+\end{tikzpicture}
+\end{codeexample}
+
+An important feature of the circuit library is that the appearance of a circuit
+can be configured in general ways and that the labels are placed automatically
+by default. Here is the graphic once more, generated from \emph{exactly the
+same source code}, with only the options of the |{tikzpicture}| environment
+replaced by |[rotate=-90,circuit ee IEC,x=3.25cm,y=2.25cm]|:
+
+\begin{tikzpicture}[rotate=-90,circuit ee IEC,x=3cm,y=2.25cm]
+ % Let us start with some contacts:
+ \foreach \contact/\y in {1/1,2/2,3/3.5,4/4.5,5/5.5}
+ {
+ \node [contact] (left contact \contact) at (0,\y) {};
+ \node [contact] (right contact \contact) at (1,\y) {};
+ }
+ \draw (right contact 1) -- (right contact 2) -- (right contact 3)
+ -- (right contact 4) -- (right contact 5);
+
+ \draw (left contact 1) to [diode] ++(down:1)
+ to [voltage source={near start,direction info={volt=3}},
+ resistor={near end,ohm=3}] ++(right:1)
+ to (right contact 1);
+ \draw (left contact 1) to [resistor={ohm=4}] (right contact 1);
+ \draw (left contact 1) to [resistor={ohm=3}] (left contact 2);
+ \draw (left contact 2) to [voltage source={near start,
+ direction info={<-,volt=8}},
+ resistor={ohm=2,near end}] (right contact 2);
+ \draw (left contact 2) to [resistor={near start,ohm=1},
+ make contact={near end,info'={[red]$S_1$}}] (left contact 3);
+ \draw (left contact 3) to [current direction'={near start,info=$\iota$},
+ resistor={near end,info={$R=4\Omega$}}]
+ (right contact 3);
+ \draw (left contact 4) to [voltage source={near start,
+ direction info={<-,volt=8}},
+ resistor={ohm=2,near end}] (right contact 4);
+ \draw (left contact 3) to [resistor={ohm=1}] (left contact 4);
+ \draw (left contact 4) to [resistor={ohm=3}] (left contact 5);
+ \draw (left contact 5) to [resistor={ohm=4}] (right contact 5);
+ \draw (left contact 5) to [diode] ++(up:1)
+ to [voltage source={near start,direction info={volt=3}},
+ resistor={near end,ohm=3}] ++(right:1)
+ to (right contact 5);
+\end{tikzpicture}
+
+
+\subsubsection{Symbols}
+
+A circuit typically consists of numerous electronic elements like logical gates
+or resistors or diodes that are connected by wires. In \pgfname/\tikzname, we
+use nodes for the electronic elements and normal lines for the wires.
+\tikzname\ offers a large number of different ways of positioning and
+connecting nodes in general, all of which can be used here. Additionally, the
+|circuits| library defines an additional useful |to|-path that is particularly
+useful for elements like a resistor on a line.
+
+There are many different names that are used to refer to electrical
+``elements'', so a bit of terminology standardization is useful: We will call
+such elements \emph{symbols}. A \emph{symbol shape} is a \pgfname\ shape
+declared using the |\pgfdeclareshape| command. A \emph{symbol node} is a node
+whose shape is a symbol shape.
+
+
+\subsubsection{Symbol Graphics}
+
+Symbols can be created by |\node[shape=some symbol shape]|. However, in order
+to represent some symbols correctly, just using standard \pgfname\ shapes is
+not sufficient. For instance, most symbols have a visually appealing ``default
+size'', but the size of a symbol shape depends only on the current values of
+parameters like |minimum height| or |inner xsep|.
+
+For these reasons, the circuit libraries introduce the concept of a
+\emph{symbol graphic}. This is a style that causes a |\node| to not only have
+the correct shape, but also the correct size and the correct path usage. More
+generally, this style may set up things in any way so that the ``symbol looks
+correct''. When you write, for instance, |\node[diode]|, then the style called
+|diode graphic| is used, which in turn is set to something like
+|shape=diode IEC,draw,minimum height=...|.
+
+Here is an overview of the different kinds of circuit libraries:
+%
+\begin{itemize}
+ \item The \tikzname-library |circuits| defines general keys for creating
+ circuits. Mostly, these keys are useful for defining more specialized
+ libraries.
+
+ You normally do not use this library directly since it does not define
+ any symbol graphics.
+ \item The \tikzname-library |circuits.logic| defines keys for creating
+ logical gates like and-gates or xor-gates. However, this library also
+ does not actually define any symbol graphics; this is done by two
+ sublibraries:
+ %
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The library |circuits.logic.US| defines symbol graphics that
+ cause the logical gates to be rendered in the ``US-style''. It
+ includes all of the above libraries and you can use this
+ library directly.
+ \item The library |circuits.logic.IEC| also defines symbol graphics
+ for logical gates, but it uses rectangular gates rather that
+ the round US-gates. This library can coexist peacefully with
+ the above library, you can change which symbol graphics are
+ used ``on the fly''.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item The \tikzname-library |cirucits.ee| defines keys for symbols from
+ electrical engineering like resistors or capacitors. Again,
+ sublibraries define the actual symbol graphics.
+ %
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The library |circuits.ee.IEC| defines symbol shapes that
+ follow the IEC norm.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item The \pgfname-libraries |shapes.gates.*| define (circuit) symbol
+ shapes. However, you normally do not use these shapes directly, rather
+ you use a style that uses an appropriate symbol graphic, which in turn
+ uses one of these shapes.
+\end{itemize}
+
+Let us have a look at a simple example. Suppose we wish to create a logical
+circuit. Then we first have to decide which symbol graphics we would like to
+use. Suppose we wish to use the US-style, then we would include the library
+|circuits.logic.US|. If you wish to use IEC-style symbols, use
+|circuits.logic.IEC|. If you cannot decide, include both:
+%
+\begin{codeexample}[code only]
+\usetikzlibrary{circuits.logic.US,circuits.logic.IEC}
+\end{codeexample}
+%
+To create a picture that contains a US-style circuit you can now use the option
+|circuit logic US|. This will set up keys like |and gate| to create use an
+appropriate symbol graphic for rendering an |and gate|. Using the
+|circuit logic IEC| instead will set up |and gate| to use another symbol
+graphic.
+%
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\begin{tikzpicture}[circuit logic US]
+ \matrix[column sep=7mm]
+ {
+ \node (i0) {0}; & & \\
+ & \node [and gate] (a1) {}; & \\
+ \node (i1) {0}; & & \node [or gate] (o) {};\\
+ & \node [nand gate] (a2) {}; & \\
+ \node (i2) {1}; & & \\
+ };
+ \draw (i0.east) -- ++(right:3mm) |- (a1.input 1);
+ \draw (i1.east) -- ++(right:3mm) |- (a1.input 2);
+ \draw (i1.east) -- ++(right:3mm) |- (a2.input 1);
+ \draw (i2.east) -- ++(right:3mm) |- (a2.input 2);
+ \draw (a1.output) -- ++(right:3mm) |- (o.input 1);
+ \draw (a2.output) -- ++(right:3mm) |- (o.input 2);
+ \draw (o.output) -- ++(right:3mm);
+\end{tikzpicture}
+\end{codeexample}
+
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\begin{tikzpicture}[circuit logic IEC]
+ \matrix[column sep=7mm]
+ {
+ \node (i0) {0}; & & \\
+ & \node [and gate] (a1) {}; & \\
+ \node (i1) {0}; & & \node [or gate] (o) {};\\
+ & \node [nand gate] (a2) {}; & \\
+ \node (i2) {1}; & & \\
+ };
+ \draw (i0.east) -- ++(right:3mm) |- (a1.input 1);
+ \draw (i1.east) -- ++(right:3mm) |- (a1.input 2);
+ \draw (i1.east) -- ++(right:3mm) |- (a2.input 1);
+ \draw (i2.east) -- ++(right:3mm) |- (a2.input 2);
+ \draw (a1.output) -- ++(right:3mm) |- (o.input 1);
+ \draw (a2.output) -- ++(right:3mm) |- (o.input 2);
+ \draw (o.output) -- ++(right:3mm);
+\end{tikzpicture}
+\end{codeexample}
+
+
+\subsubsection{Annotations}
+
+An \emph{annotation} is a little extra drawing that can be added to a symbol.
+For instance, when you add two little parallel arrows pointing away from some
+electrical element, this usually means that the element is light emitting.
+
+Instead of having one symbol for ``diode'' and another for ``light emitting
+diode'', there is just one |diode| symbol, but you can add the |light emitting|
+annotation to it. This is done by passing the annotation as a parameter to the
+symbol as in the following example:
+%
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\tikz [circuit ee IEC]
+ \draw (0,0) to [diode={light emitting}] (3,0)
+ to [resistor={adjustable}] (3,2);
+\end{codeexample}
+
+
+\subsection{The Base Circuit Library}
+
+\begin{tikzlibrary}{circuits}
+ This library is a base library that is included by other circuit libraries.
+ You do not include it directly, but you will typically use some of the
+ general keys, described below.
+\end{tikzlibrary}
+
+\begin{key}{/tikz/circuits}
+ This key should be passed as an option to a picture or a scope that contains
+ a circuit. It will do some internal setups. This key is normally called by
+ more specialized keys like |circuit ee IEC|.
+\end{key}
+
+
+\subsubsection{Symbol Size}
+
+\begin{key}{/tikz/circuit symbol unit=\meta{dimension} (initially 7pt)}
+ This dimension is a ``unit'' for the size of symbols. The libraries
+ generally define the sizes of symbols relative to this dimension. For
+ instance, the longer side of an inductor is, by default, in the IEC library
+ equal to five times this \meta{dimension}. When you change this
+ \meta{dimension}, the size of all symbols will automatically change
+ accordingly.
+
+ Note, that it is still possible to overwrite the size of any particular
+ symbol. These settings apply only to the default sizes.
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\begin{tikzpicture}[circuit ee IEC]
+ \draw (0,1) to [resistor] (3.5,1);
+ \draw[circuit symbol unit=14pt]
+ (0,0) to [resistor] (3.5,0);
+\end{tikzpicture}
+\end{codeexample}
+ %
+\end{key}
+
+\begin{stylekey}{/tikz/huge circuit symbols}
+ This style sets the default circuit symbol unit to |10pt|.
+\end{stylekey}
+%
+\begin{stylekey}{/tikz/large circuit symbols}
+ This style sets the default circuit symbol unit to |8pt|.
+\end{stylekey}
+%
+\begin{stylekey}{/tikz/medium circuit symbols}
+ This style sets the default circuit symbol unit to |7pt|.
+\end{stylekey}
+%
+\begin{stylekey}{/tikz/small circuit symbols}
+ This style sets the default circuit symbol unit to |6pt|.
+\end{stylekey}
+%
+\begin{stylekey}{/tikz/tiny circuit symbols}
+ This style sets the default circuit symbol unit to |5pt|.
+\end{stylekey}
+
+\begin{key}{/tikz/circuit symbol size=|width| \meta{width} |height| \meta{height}}
+ This key sets |minimum height| to \meta{height} times the current value of
+ the circuit symbol unit and the |minimum width| to \meta{width} times this
+ value. Thus, this option can be used with a node command to set the size of
+ the node as a multiple of the circuit symbol unit.
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\begin{tikzpicture}[circuit ee IEC]
+ \draw (0,1) to [resistor] (2,1) to[inductor] (4,1);
+
+ \begin{scope}
+ [every resistor/.style={circuit symbol size=width 3 height 1}]
+ \draw (0,0) to [resistor] (2,0) to[inductor] (4,0);
+ \end{scope}
+\end{tikzpicture}
+\end{codeexample}
+ %
+\end{key}
+
+
+\subsubsection{Declaring New Symbols}
+
+\begin{key}{/tikz/circuit declare symbol=\meta{name}}
+ This key is used to declare a symbol. It does not cause this symbol to be
+ shown nor does it set a graphic to be used for the symbol, it simply
+ ``prepares'' several keys that can later be used to draw a symbol and to
+ configure it.
+
+ In detail, the first key that is defined is just called \meta{name}. This
+ key should be given as an option to a |node| or on a |to| path, as
+ explained below. The key will take options, which can be used to influence
+ the way the symbol graphic is rendered.
+
+ Let us have a look at an example. Suppose we want to define a symbol called
+ |foo|, which just looks like a simple rectangle. We could then say
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[code only]
+\tikzset{circuit declare symbol=foo}
+\end{codeexample}
+ %
+ The symbol could now be used like this:
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[code only]
+ \node [foo] at (1,1) {};
+ \node [foo={red}] at (2,1) {};
+\end{codeexample}
+
+ However, in the above example we would not actually see anything since we
+ have not yet set up the graphic to be used by |foo|. For this, we must use
+ a key called |set foo graphic| or, generally, |set| \meta{name} |graphic|.
+ This key gets graphic options as parameter that will be set when a symbol
+ |foo| should be shown:
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\begin{tikzpicture}
+ [circuit declare symbol=foo,
+ set foo graphic={draw,shape=rectangle,minimum size=5mm}]
+
+ \node [foo] at (1,1) {};
+ \node [foo={red}] at (2,1) {};
+\end{tikzpicture}
+\end{codeexample}
+
+ In detail, when you use the key \meta{name}=\meta{options} with a node, the
+ following happens:
+ %
+ \begin{enumerate}
+ \item The |inner sep| is set to |0.5pt|.
+ \item The following style is executed:
+ %
+ \begin{stylekey}{/tikz/every circuit symbol}
+ Use this style to set up things in general.
+ \end{stylekey}
+ \item The graphic options that have been set using |set| \meta{name}
+ |graphic| are set.
+ \item The style |every |\meta{name} is executed. You can use it to
+ configure the symbol further.
+ \item The \meta{options} are executed.
+ \end{enumerate}
+
+ The key \meta{name} will have a different effect when it is used on a |to|
+ path command inside a |circuit| environment (the |circuit| environment sets
+ up |to| paths in such a way that the use of a key declared using
+ |circuit declare symbol| is automatically detected). When \meta{name} is
+ used on a |to| path, the above actions also happen (setting the inner
+ separation, using the symbol graphic, and so on), but they are passed to
+ the key |circuit handle symbol|, which is explained next.
+\end{key}
+
+\begin{key}{/tikz/circuit handle symbol=\meta{options}}
+ This key is mostly used internally. Its purpose is to render a symbol. The
+ effect of this key differs, depending on whether it is used as the optional
+ argument of a |to| path command or elsewhere.
+
+ If the key is not used as an argument of a |to| path command, the
+ \meta{options} are simply executed.
+
+ The more interesting case happens when the key is given on a |to| path
+ command. In this case, several things happen:
+ %
+ \begin{enumerate}
+ \item The |to| path is locally changed and set to an internal path
+ (which you should not try to change) that consists mostly of a
+ single straight line.
+ \item The \meta{options} are tentatively executed with filtering
+ switched on. Everything is filtered out, except for the key |pos|
+ and also the styles |at start|, |very near start|, |near start|,
+ |midway|, |near end|, |very near end|, and |at end|. If none of
+ them is found, |midway| is used.
+ \item The filtered option is used to determine a position for the
+ symbol on the path. At the given position (with |pos=0|
+ representing the start and |pos=1| representing the end), a node
+ will be added to the path (in a manner to be described presently).
+ \item This node gets \meta{options} as its option list.
+ \item The node is added by virtue of a special |markings| decoration.
+ This means that a |mark| command is executed that causes the node
+ to be placed as a mark on the path.
+ \item The marking decoration will automatically subdivide the path and
+ cause a line to be drawn from the start of the path to the node's
+ border (at the position that lies on a line from the node's center
+ to the start of the path) and then from the node's border (at a
+ position on the other side of the node) to the end of the path.
+ \item The marking decoration will also take care of the case that
+ multiple marks are present on a path, in this case the lines from
+ and to the borders of the nodes are only between consecutive nodes.
+ \item The marking decoration will also rotate the coordinate system in
+ such a way that the $x$-axis points along the path. Thus, if you
+ use the |transform shape| option, the node will ``point along'' the
+ path.
+ \item In case a node is at |pos=0| or at |pos=1| some special code will
+ suppress the superfluous lines to the start or end of the path.
+ \end{enumerate}
+
+ The net effect of all of the above is that a node will be placed ``on the
+ path'' and the path will have a ``gap'' just large enough to encompass the
+ node. Another effect is that you can use this key multiple times on a path
+ to add several node to a path, provided they do not overlap.
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\begin{tikzpicture}[circuit]
+ \draw (0,0) to [circuit handle symbol={draw,shape=rectangle,near start},
+ circuit handle symbol={draw,shape=circle,near end}] (3,2);
+ \end{tikzpicture}
+\end{codeexample}
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\begin{tikzpicture}[transform shape,circuit]
+ \draw (0,0) to [circuit handle symbol={draw,shape=rectangle,at start},
+ circuit handle symbol={draw,shape=circle,near end}] (3,2);
+\end{tikzpicture}
+\end{codeexample}
+ %
+\end{key}
+
+
+\subsubsection{Pointing Symbols in the Right Direction}
+
+Unlike normal nodes, which generally should not be rotated since this will make
+their text hard to read, symbols often need to be rotated. There are two ways
+of achieving such rotations:
+%
+\begin{enumerate}
+ \item When you place a symbol on a |to| path, the graphic symbol is
+ automatically rotated such that it ``points along the path''. Here is
+ an examples that shows how the inductor shape (which looks, unrotated,
+ like this: \tikz[circuit ee IEC]\node[inductor]{};) is automatically
+ rotated around:
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\tikz [circuit ee IEC]
+ \draw (3,0) to[inductor] (1,0) to[inductor] (0,2);
+\end{codeexample}
+ %
+ \item Many shapes cannot be placed ``on'' a path in this way, namely
+ whenever there are more than two possible inputs. Also, you may wish to
+ place the nodes first, possibly using a matrix, and connect them
+ afterwards. In this case, you can simply add rotations like |rotate=90|
+ to the shapes to rotate them. The following four keys make this
+ slightly more convenient:
+ %
+ \begin{key}{/tikz/point up}
+ This is the same as |rotate=90|.
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\tikz [circuit ee IEC] \node [diode,point up] {};
+\end{codeexample}
+ \end{key}
+ %
+ \begin{key}{/tikz/point down}
+ This is the same as |rotate=-90|.
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\tikz [circuit ee IEC] \node [diode,point down] {};
+\end{codeexample}
+ \end{key}
+ %
+ \begin{key}{/tikz/point left}
+ This is the same as |rotate=-180|.
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\tikz [circuit ee IEC] \node [diode,point left] {};
+\end{codeexample}
+ \end{key}
+ %
+ \begin{key}{/tikz/point right}
+ This key has no effect.
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\tikz [circuit ee IEC] \node [diode,point right] {};
+\end{codeexample}
+ \end{key}
+\end{enumerate}
+
+
+\subsubsection{Info Labels}
+
+Info labels are used to add text to a circuit symbol. Unlike normal nodes like
+a rectangle, circuit symbols typically do not have text ``on'' them, but the
+text is placed next to them (like the text ``$3\,\Omega$'' next to a resistor).
+
+\tikzname\ already provides the |label| option for this purpose. The |info|
+option is built on top of this option, but it comes in some predefined variants
+that are especially useful in conjunction with circuits.
+
+\begin{key}{/tikz/info=\opt{|[|\meta{options}|]|\meta{angle}|:|}\meta{text}}
+ This key has nearly the same effect as the |label| key, only the following
+ style is used additionally automatically:
+ %
+ \begin{stylekey}{/tikz/every info}
+ Set this style to configure the styling of info labels. Since this
+ key is \emph{not} used with normal labels, it provides an easy way
+ of changing the way info labels look without changing other
+ labels.
+ \end{stylekey}
+ %
+ The \meta{options} and \meta{angle} are passed directly to the |label|
+ command.
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\begin{tikzpicture}[circuit ee IEC,every info/.style=red]
+ \node [resistor,info=$3\Omega$] {};
+\end{tikzpicture}
+\end{codeexample}
+
+ You will find a detailed discussion of the |label| option on
+ page~\pageref{label-option}.
+
+ Hint: To place some text \emph{on} the main node, use |center| as the
+ \meta{angle}:
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\begin{tikzpicture}[circuit ee IEC,every info/.style=red]
+ \node [resistor,info=center:$3\Omega$] {};
+ \node [resistor,point up,info=center:$R_1$] at (2,0) {};
+\end{tikzpicture}
+\end{codeexample}
+ %
+\end{key}
+
+\begin{key}{/tikz/info'=\opt{|[|\meta{options}|]|\meta{angle}|:|}\meta{text}}
+ This key works exactly like the |info| key, only in case the \meta{angle}
+ is missing, it defaults to |below| instead of the current value of
+ |label position|, which is usually |above|. This means that when you use
+ |info|, you get a label above the node, while when you use the |info'| key
+ you get a label below the node. In case the node has been rotated, the
+ positions of the info nodes are rotated accordingly.
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\begin{tikzpicture}[circuit ee IEC,every info/.style=red]
+ \draw (0,0) to[resistor={info={$3\Omega$},info'={$R_1$}}] (3,0)
+ to[resistor={info={$4\Omega$},info'={$R_2$}}] (3,2);
+\end{tikzpicture}
+\end{codeexample}
+ %
+\end{key}
+
+\begin{key}{/tikz/info sloped=\opt{|[|\meta{options}|]|\meta{angle}|:|}\meta{text}}
+ This key works like |info|, only the |transform shape| option is set when
+ the label is drawn, causing it to follow the sloping of the main node.
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\begin{tikzpicture}[circuit ee IEC,every info/.style=red]
+ \draw (0,0) to[resistor={info sloped={$3\Omega$}}] (3,0)
+ to[resistor={info sloped={$4\Omega$}}] (3,2);
+\end{tikzpicture}
+\end{codeexample}
+ %
+\end{key}
+
+\begin{key}{/tikz/info' sloped=}
+ This is a combination of |info'| and |info sloped|.
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\begin{tikzpicture}[circuit ee IEC,every info/.style=red]
+ \draw (0,0) to[resistor={info' sloped={$3\Omega$}}] (3,0)
+ to[resistor={info' sloped={$4\Omega$}}] (3,2);
+\end{tikzpicture}
+\end{codeexample}
+ %
+\end{key}
+
+\begin{key}{/tikz/circuit declare unit=\marg{name}\marg{unit}}
+ This key is used to declare keys that make it easy to attach physical units
+ to nodes. The idea is that instead of |info=$3\Omega$| you can write
+ |ohm=3| or instead of |info'=$5\mathrm{S}$| you can write |siemens'=5|.
+
+ In detail, four keys are defined, namely |/tikz/|\meta{name},
+ |/tikz/|\meta{name}|'|, |/tikz/|\meta{name} |sloped|, and
+ |/tikz/|\meta{name}|'| |sloped|. The arguments of all of these keys are of
+ the form \opt{|[|\meta{options}|]|\meta{angle}|:|}\meta{value} and it is
+ passed (slightly modified) to the corresponding key |info|, |info'|, |info|
+ |sloped|, or |info'| |sloped|. The ``slight modification'' is the
+ following: The text that is passed to the, say, |info| key is not
+ \meta{value}, but rather |$\mathrm{|\meta{value}\meta{unit}|}$|
+
+ This means that after you said |circuit declare unit={ohm}{\Omega}|, then
+ |ohm=5k| will have the same effect as
+ |info={[every ohm]$\mathrm{5k\Omega}$}|. Here, |every ohm| is a style that
+ allows you to configure the appearance of this unit. Since the |info| key
+ is used internally, by changing the |every info| style, you can change the
+ appearance of all units infos.
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\begin{tikzpicture}[circuit ee IEC,circuit declare unit={my ohm}{O}]
+ \draw (0,0) to[resistor={my ohm' sloped=3}] (3,2);
+\end{tikzpicture}
+\end{codeexample}
+ %
+\end{key}
+
+
+\subsubsection{Declaring and Using Annotations}
+
+Annotations are quite similar to info labels. The main difference is that they
+generally cause something to be drawn by default rather than some text to be
+added (although an annotation might also add some text).
+
+Annotations can be declared using the following key:
+
+\begin{key}{/tikz/circuit declare annotation=\marg{name}\marg{distance}\marg{path}}
+ This key is used to declare an annotation named \meta{name}. Once declared,
+ it can be used as an argument of a symbol and will add the drawing in
+ \meta{path} to the symbol. In detail, the following happens:
+
+
+ \textbf{The Main Keys.}
+ Two keys called \meta{name} and \meta{name}|'| are defined. The second
+ causes the annotation to be ``mirrored and placed on the other side'' of
+ the symbol. Both of these keys may also take further keys as parameter like
+ |info| keys. Whenever the \meta{name} key is used, a local scope is opened
+ and in this scope the following things are done:
+ %
+ \begin{enumerate}
+ \item The style |every| \meta{name} is executed.
+ \item The following style is executed and then |arrows=->|:
+ %
+ \begin{stylekey}{/tikz/annotation arrow}
+ This style should set the |>| key to some desirable arrow tip.
+ \end{stylekey}
+ \item The coordinate system is shifted such that the origin is at the
+ north anchor of the symbol. (For the \meta{name}|'| key the
+ coordinate system is flipped and shifted such that the origin is at
+ the south anchor of the symbol.)
+ \item The |label distance| is locally set to \meta{distance}.
+ \item The parameter options given to the \meta{name} key are executed.
+ \item The \meta{path} is executed.
+ \end{enumerate}
+
+
+ \textbf{Usage.}
+ What all of the above amounts to is best explained by an example. Suppose
+ we wish to create an annotation that looks like a little circular arrow
+ (like \tikz \draw [->] (0,0) arc (-270:80:1ex);). We could then say:
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[code only]
+\tikzset{circuit declare annotation=
+ {circular annotation}
+ {9pt}
+ {(0pt,8pt) arc (-270:80:3.5pt)}
+}
+\end{codeexample}
+ %
+ We can then use it like this:
+ %
+\tikzset{circuit declare annotation=
+ {circular annotation}
+ {8pt}
+ {(0pt,8pt) arc (-270:80:3.5pt)}
+}
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\tikz[circuit ee IEC]
+ \draw (0,0) to [resistor={circular annotation}] (3,0);
+\end{codeexample}
+ %
+ Well, not very impressive since we do not see anything. This is due to the
+ fact that the \meta{path} becomes part of a path that contains the symbol
+ node an nothing else. This path is not drawn or filled, so we do not see
+ anything. What we must do is to use an |edge| path operation:
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\tikzset{circuit declare annotation={circular annotation}{9pt}
+ {(0pt,8pt) edge[to path={arc(-270:80:3.5pt)}] ()}
+}
+\tikz[circuit ee IEC]
+ \draw (0,0) to [resistor={circular annotation}] (3,0)
+ to [capacitor={circular annotation'}] (3,2);
+\end{codeexample}
+ %
+ The \meta{distance} is important for the correct placement of additional
+ |info| labels. When an annotation is present, the info labels may need to
+ be moved further away from the symbol, but not always. For this reason, an
+ annotation defines an additional \meta{distance} that is applied to all
+ info labels given as parameters to the annotation. Here is an example, that
+ shows the difference:
+ %
+\tikzset{circuit declare annotation={circular annotation}{9pt}
+ {(0pt,8pt) edge[to path={arc (-270:80:3.5pt)}] ()}
+}
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\tikz[circuit ee IEC]
+ \draw (0,0) to [resistor={circular annotation,ohm=5}] (2,0)
+ to [resistor={circular annotation={ohm=5}}] (4,0);
+\end{codeexample}
+ %
+\end{key}
+
+
+\subsubsection{Theming Symbols}
+\label{section-theming-symbols}
+
+For each symbol, a certain graphical representation is chosen to actually show
+the symbol. You can modify this graphical representation in several ways:
+%
+\begin{itemize}
+ \item You can select a different library and use a different |circuit ...|
+ key. This will change all graphics used for the symbols.
+ \item You can generally change the size of graphic symbols by setting
+ |circuit size unit| to a different value or using a key like
+ |small circuit symbols|.
+ \item You can add options to the graphics used by symbols either globally
+ by setting the |every circuit| |symbol| style or locally by setting the
+ |every| \meta{name} style, where \meta{name} is the name of a symbol.
+ For instance, in the following picture the symbols are ridiculously
+ thick and resistors are red.
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\begin{tikzpicture}
+ [circuit ee IEC,
+ every circuit symbol/.style={ultra thick},
+ every resistor/.style={red}]
+
+ \draw (0,0) to [inductor] ++(right:3) to [resistor] ++(up:2);
+\end{tikzpicture}
+\end{codeexample}
+ %
+ \item You can selectively change the graphic used for a symbol by saying
+ |set resistor graphic=|.
+ \item You can change one or more of the following styles:
+ %
+ \begin{stylekey}{/tikz/circuit symbol open (initially draw)}
+ This style is used with symbols that consist of lines that surround
+ some area. For instance, the IEC version of a resistor is an open
+ symbol.
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\tikz [circuit ee IEC,
+ circuit symbol open/.style={thick,draw,fill=yellow}]
+ \draw (0,0) to [inductor] ++(right:3) to [resistor] ++(up:2);
+\end{codeexample}
+ \end{stylekey}
+ %
+ \begin{stylekey}{/tikz/circuit symbol filled (initially {draw,fill=black})}
+ This style is used with symbols that are completely filled. For
+ instance, the variant IEC version of an inductor is a filled, black
+ rectangle.
+ \end{stylekey}
+ %
+ \begin{stylekey}{/tikz/circuit symbol lines (initially draw)}
+ This style is used with symbols that consist only of lines that do
+ not surround anything. Examples are a capacitor.
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\tikz [circuit ee IEC,
+ circuit symbol lines/.style={thick,draw=red}]
+ \draw (0,0) to [capacitor] ++(right:3) to [resistor] ++(up:2);
+\end{codeexample}
+ \end{stylekey}
+ %
+ \begin{stylekey}{/tikz/circuit symbol wires (initially draw)}
+ This style is used for symbols that consist only of ``wires''. The
+ difference to the previous style is that a symbol consisting of
+ wires will look strange when the lines are thicker than the lines
+ of normal wires, while for symbols consisting of lines (but not
+ wires) it may look nice to make them thicker. An example is the
+ |make contact| symbol.
+
+ Compare
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\tikz [circuit ee IEC,circuit symbol lines/.style={draw,very thick}]
+ \draw (0,0) to [capacitor={near start},
+ make contact={near end}] (3,0);
+\end{codeexample}
+ %
+ to
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\tikz [circuit ee IEC,circuit symbol wires/.style={draw,very thick}]
+ \draw (0,0) to [capacitor={near start},
+ make contact={near end}] (3,0);
+\end{codeexample}
+ \end{stylekey}
+\end{itemize}
+
+All circuit environments like |circuit logic IEC| mainly use options like
+|set and gate graphic=...| to set up the graphics used for a certain symbol. It
+turns out that graphic hidden in the ``|...|'' part is also always available as
+a separate style, whose name contains the library's initials. For instance, the
+|circuit logic IEC| option actually contains the following command:
+%
+\begin{codeexample}[code only]
+ set and gate graphic = and gate IEC graphic,
+\end{codeexample}
+%
+The |and gate IEC graphic| style, in turn, is defined as follows:
+%
+\begin{codeexample}[code only]
+\tikzset{and gate IEC graphic/.style=
+ {
+ circuit symbol open,
+ circuit symbol size=width 2.5 height 4,
+ shape=and gate IEC,
+ inner sep=.5ex
+ }
+}
+\end{codeexample}
+
+Normally, you do not need to worry about this, since you will not need to
+access a style like |and gate IEC graphic| directly; you will only use the
+|and gate| key. However, sometimes libraries define \emph{variants} of a
+graphic; for instance, there are two variants for the resistor graphic in the
+IEC library. In this case you can set the graphic for the resistor to this
+variant (or back to the original) by saying |set resistor graphic| yourself:
+%
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\begin{tikzpicture}[circuit ee IEC]
+ % Standard resistor
+ \draw (0,2) to [resistor] (3,2);
+
+ % Var resistor
+ \begin{scope}[set resistor graphic=var resistor IEC graphic]
+ \draw (0,1) to [resistor] (3,1);
+
+ % Back to original
+ \draw [set resistor graphic=resistor IEC graphic]
+ (0,0) to [resistor] (3,0);
+ \end{scope}
+\end{tikzpicture}
+\end{codeexample}
+
+
+\subsection{Logical Circuits}
+
+\subsubsection{Overview}
+
+A \emph{logical circuit} is a circuit that contains what we call \emph{logical
+gates} like an |and gate| or an |xor gate|. The logical libraries are intended
+to make it easy to draw such circuits.
+
+In the following, we first have a look at the different libraries that can be
+used in principle and how the symbols look like. Then we have a more detailed
+look at how the symbols are used. Finally, we discuss the implementation
+details.
+
+There are different ways of depicting logical gates, which is why there are
+different (sub-)libraries for drawing them. They provide the necessary
+graphical representations of the symbols declared in the following library:
+
+\begin{tikzlibrary}{circuits.logic}
+ This library declares the logical gate symbols, but does not provide the
+ symbol graphics. The library also defines the following key which, however,
+ is also only used indirectly, namely by other libraries:
+ %
+ \begin{key}{/tikz/circuit logic}
+ This style calls the keys |circuit| (which internally calls
+ |every circuit|, then it defines the |inputs| key and it calls the
+ |every circuit logic| key.
+ %
+ \begin{key}{/tikz/inputs=\meta{inputs}}
+ This key is defined only inside the scope of a |circuit logic|.
+ There, it has the same effect as |logic gate inputs|, described on
+ page~\pageref{logic-gate-inputs}.
+ \end{key}
+ %
+ \begin{stylekey}{/tikz/every circuit logic}
+ Use this key to configure the appearance of logical circuits.
+ \end{stylekey}
+ \end{key}
+\end{tikzlibrary}
+
+Since the |circuits.logic| library does not define any actual graphics, you need
+to use one of the following libraries, instead:
+
+\begin{pgflibrary}{circuits.logic.IEC}
+ This library provides graphics based on gates recommended by the
+ International Electrotechnical Commission. When you include this library,
+ you can use the following key to set up a scope that contains a logical
+ circuit where the gates are shown in this style.
+
+ \begin{key}{/tikz/circuit logic IEC}
+ This key calls |circuit logic| and installs the IEC-like graphics for
+ the logical symbols like |and gate|.
+
+ As explained in Section~\ref{section-theming-symbols}, for each graphic
+ symbol of the library there is also a style that stores this particular
+ appearance. These keys are called |and gate IEC graphic|,
+ |or gate IEC graphic|, and so on.
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\begin{tikzpicture}[circuit logic IEC,
+ every circuit symbol/.style={
+ logic gate IEC symbol color=black,
+ fill=blue!20,draw=blue,very thick}]
+ \matrix[column sep=7mm]
+ {
+ \node (i0) {0}; & & \\
+ & \node [and gate] (a1) {}; & \\
+ \node (i1) {0}; & & \node [or gate] (o) {};\\
+ & \node [nand gate] (a2) {}; & \\
+ \node (i2) {1}; & & \\
+ };
+ \draw (i0.east) -- ++(right:3mm) |- (a1.input 1);
+ \draw (i1.east) -- ++(right:3mm) |- (a1.input 2);
+ \draw (i1.east) -- ++(right:3mm) |- (a2.input 1);
+ \draw (i2.east) -- ++(right:3mm) |- (a2.input 2);
+ \draw (a1.output) -- ++(right:3mm) |- (o.input 1);
+ \draw (a2.output) -- ++(right:3mm) |- (o.input 2);
+ \draw (o.output) -- ++(right:3mm);
+\end{tikzpicture}
+\end{codeexample}
+ \end{key}
+\end{pgflibrary}
+
+\begin{pgflibrary}{circuits.logic.US}
+ This library provides graphics showing ``American'' logic gates. It defines
+ the following key:
+
+ \begin{key}{/tikz/circuit logic US}
+ This style calls |circuit logic| and installs US-like graphics for the
+ logical symbols like |and gate|. For instance, it says
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[code only]
+set and gate graphic = and gate US graphic
+\end{codeexample}
+
+ Here is an example:
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\begin{tikzpicture}[circuit logic CDH,
+ tiny circuit symbols,
+ every circuit symbol/.style={
+ fill=white,draw}]
+ \matrix[column sep=7mm]
+ {
+ \node (i0) {0}; & & \\
+ & \node [and gate] (a1) {}; & \\
+ \node (i1) {0}; & & \node [or gate] (o) {};\\
+ & \node [nand gate] (a2) {}; & \\
+ \node (i2) {1}; & & \\
+ };
+ \draw (i0.east) -- ++(right:3mm) |- (a1.input 1);
+ \draw (i1.east) -- ++(right:3mm) |- (a1.input 2);
+ \draw (i1.east) -- ++(right:3mm) |- (a2.input 1);
+ \draw (i2.east) -- ++(right:3mm) |- (a2.input 2);
+ \draw (a1.output) -- ++(right:3mm) |- (o.input 1);
+ \draw (a2.output) -- ++(right:3mm) |- (o.input 2);
+ \draw (o.output) -- ++(right:3mm);
+\end{tikzpicture}
+\end{codeexample}
+ \end{key}
+\end{pgflibrary}
+
+\begin{pgflibrary}{circuits.logic.CDH}
+ This library provides graphics based on the logic symbols used in A. Croft,
+ R. Davidson, and M. Hargreaves (1992), \emph{Engineering Mathematics},
+ Addison-Wesley, 82--95. They are identical to the US-style symbols, except
+ for the and- and nand-gates.
+
+ \begin{key}{/tikz/circuit logic CDH}
+ This key calls |circuit logic US| and installs the two special and- and
+ nand-gates, that is, it uses |set and gate graphic| with
+ |and gate CDH graphic| and likewise for nand-gates.
+ \end{key}
+\end{pgflibrary}
+
+Inside |circuit logic XYZ| scopes, you can now use the keys shown in
+Section~\ref{section-logic-symbols}. We have a more detailed look at one of
+them, all the other work the same way:
+
+\begin{key}{/tikz/and gate}
+ This key should be passed to a |node| command. It will cause the node to
+ ``look like'' an |and gate|, where the exact appearance of the gate is
+ dictated by the which circuit environment is used. To further configure the
+ appearance of the |and gate|, see Section~\ref{section-theming-symbols}.
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\tikz [circuit logic IEC] \node [and gate] {$A$};
+\end{codeexample}
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\tikz [circuit logic US]
+{
+ \node [and gate,point down] {$A$};
+ \node [and gate,point down,info=center:$A$] at (1,0) {};
+}
+\end{codeexample}
+
+ \medskip\textbf{Inputs.}
+ Multiple inputs can be specified for a logic gate (provided they support
+ multiple inputs: a not gate -- also known as an inverter -- does not).
+ However, there is an upper limit for the number of inputs which has been
+ set to 1024, which should be \emph{way} more than would ever be needed.
+
+ The following key is used to configure the inputs. It is available only
+ inside a |circuit logic| environment.
+
+ \begin{key}{/tikz/inputs=\meta{input list} (initially \char`\{normal,normal\char`\})}
+ If a gate has $n$ inputs, the \meta{input list} should consists of $n$
+ letters, each being |i| for ``inverted'' or |n| for ``normal''.
+ Inverted gates will be indicated by a little circle. In any case the
+ anchors for the inputs will be set up appropriately, numbered from top
+ to bottom |input 1|, |input 2|, \ldots and so on. If the gate only
+ supports one input the anchor is simply called |input| with no
+ numerical index.
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\begin{tikzpicture}[circuit logic IEC]
+ \node[and gate,inputs={inini}] (A) {};
+ \foreach \a in {1,...,5}
+ \draw (A.input \a -| -1,0) -- (A.input \a);
+ \draw (A.output) -- ++(right:5mm);
+\end{tikzpicture}
+\end{codeexample}
+ \end{key}
+
+ (This key is just a shorthand for |logic gate inputs|, described in detail
+ on page~\pageref{logic-gate-inputs}. There you will also find descriptions
+ of how to configure the size of the inverted circles and the way the symbol
+ size increases when there are too many inputs.)
+
+ \textbf{Output.}
+ Every logic gate has one anchor called |output|.
+\end{key}
+
+
+\subsubsection{Symbols: The Gates}
+\label{section-logic-symbols}
+
+The following table shows which symbols are declared by the main
+|circuits.logic| library and their appearance in the different sublibraries.
+\medskip
+
+\def\gateexamples#1{%
+ \texttt{#1}
+ \indexkey{#1} &
+ \tikz[baseline,circuit logic IEC] \node[#1,label=] {}; &
+ \tikz[baseline,circuit logic US] \node[#1] {}; &
+ \tikz[baseline,circuit logic CDH] \node[#1] {};
+}
+\begin{tabular}{lccc}
+ \emph{Key} & \emph{Appearance inside} & \emph{Appearance inside} & \emph{Appearance inside} \\
+ & |circuit logic IEC| & |circuit logic US| & |circuit logic CDH| \\
+ \gateexamples{/tikz/and gate}\\
+ \gateexamples{/tikz/nand gate}\\
+ \gateexamples{/tikz/or gate}\\
+ \gateexamples{/tikz/nor gate}\\
+ \gateexamples{/tikz/xor gate}\\
+ \gateexamples{/tikz/xnor gate}\\
+ \gateexamples{/tikz/not gate}\\
+ \gateexamples{/tikz/buffer gate}
+\end{tabular}
+
+
+\subsubsection{Implementation: The Logic Gates Shape Library}
+
+The previous sections described the \tikzname\ interface for creating logical
+circuits. In this section we take a closer look at the underlying \pgfname\
+libraries.
+
+Just as there are several \tikzname\ circuit libraries, there are two
+underlying \pgfname\ shape libraries, one for creating US-style gates and one
+for IEC-style gates. These libraries define \emph{shapes} only. It is the job
+of the circuit libraries to ``theme'' them so that they ``look nice''. However,
+in principle, you can also use these shapes directly.
+
+Let us begin with the base library that defines the handling of inputs.
+
+\begin{pgflibrary}{shapes.gates.logic}
+ This library defines common keys used by all logical gate shapes.
+
+ \begin{key}{/pgf/logic gate inputs=\meta{input list} (initially \char`\{normal,normal\char`\})}
+ \label{logic-gate-inputs}%
+ Specify the inputs for the logic gate. The keyword |inverted| indicates
+ an inverted input which will mean \pgfname{} will draw a circle
+ attached to the main shape of the logic gate. Any keyword that is not
+ |inverted| will be treated as a ``normal'' or ``non-inverted'' input
+ (however, for readability, you may wish to use |normal| or
+ |non-inverted|), and \pgfname{} will not draw the circle. In both cases
+ the anchors for the inputs will be set up appropriately, numbered from
+ top to bottom |input 1|, |input 2|, \ldots and so on. If the gate only
+ supports one input the anchor is simply called |input| with no
+ numerical index.
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\begin{tikzpicture}[minimum height=0.75cm]
+ \node[and gate IEC, draw, logic gate inputs={inverted, normal, inverted}]
+ (A) {};
+ \foreach \a in {1,...,3}
+ \draw (A.input \a -| -1,0) -- (A.input \a);
+ \draw (A.output) -- ([xshift=0.5cm]A.output);
+\end{tikzpicture}
+\end{codeexample}
+
+ For multiple inputs it may be somewhat unwieldy to specify a long list,
+ thus, the following ``shorthand'' is permitted (this is an extension of
+ ideas due to Jürgen Werber and Christoph Bartoschek): Using |i| for
+ inverted and |n| for normal inputs, \meta{input list} can be specified
+ \emph{without the commas}. So, for example, |ini| is equivalent to
+ |inverted, normal, inverted|.
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\begin{tikzpicture}[minimum height=0.75cm]
+ \node[or gate US, draw,logic gate inputs=inini] (A) {};
+ \foreach \a in {1,...,5}
+ \draw (A.input \a -| -1,0) -- (A.input \a);
+ \draw (A.output) -- ([xshift=0.5cm]A.output);
+\end{tikzpicture}
+\end{codeexample}
+ \end{key}
+
+ The height of the gate may be increased to accommodate the number of
+ inputs. In fact, it depends on three variables: $n$, the number of inputs,
+ $r$, the radius of the circle used to indicate an inverted input and $s$,
+ the distance between the centers of the inputs. The default height is then
+ calculated according to the expression $(n+1)\times\max(2r,s)$. This then
+ may be increased to accommodate the node contents or any minimum size
+ specifications.
+
+ The radius of the inverted input circle and the distance between the
+ centers of the inputs can be customized using the following keys:
+
+ \begin{key}{/pgf/logic gate inverted radius=\meta{length} (initially 2pt)}
+ Set the radius of the circle that is used to indicate inverted inputs.
+ This is also the radius of the circle used for the inverted output of
+ the |nand|, |nor|, |xnor| and |not| gates.
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\begin{tikzpicture}[minimum height=0.75cm]
+ \tikzset{every node/.style={shape=nand gate CDH, draw, logic gate inputs=ii}}
+ \node[logic gate inverted radius=2pt] {A};
+ \node[logic gate inverted radius=4pt] at (0,-1) {B};
+\end{tikzpicture}
+\end{codeexample}
+ %
+ \end{key}
+
+ \begin{key}{/pgf/logic gate input sep=\meta{length} (initially .125cm)}
+ Set the distance between the \emph{centers} of the inputs to the logic
+ gate.
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\begin{tikzpicture}[minimum size=0.75cm]
+ \draw [help lines] grid (3,2);
+ \tikzset{every node/.style={shape=and gate IEC, draw, logic gate inputs=ini}}
+ \node[logic gate input sep=0.33333cm] at (1,1)(A) {A};
+ \node[logic gate input sep=0.5cm] at (3,1) (B) {B};
+ \foreach \a in {1,...,3}
+ \draw (A.input \a -| 0,0) -- (A.input \a)
+ (B.input \a -| 2,0) -- (B.input \a);
+\end{tikzpicture}
+\end{codeexample}
+ %
+ \end{key}
+
+ \pgfname{} will increase the size of the logic gate to accommodate the
+ number of inputs, and the size of the inverted radius and the separation
+ between the inputs. However with all shapes in this library, any increase
+ in size (including any minimum size requirements) will be applied so that
+ the default aspect ratio is unaltered. This means that changing the height
+ will change the width and vice versa.
+\end{pgflibrary}
+
+
+\subsubsection{Implementation: The US-Style Logic Gates Shape Library}
+
+\begin{pgflibrary}{shapes.gates.logic.US}
+ This library provides ``American'' logic gate shapes whose names are
+ suffixed with the identifier |US|. Additionally, alternative |and| and
+ |nand| gates are provided which are based on the logic symbols used in A.
+ Croft, R. Davidson, and M. Hargreaves (1992), \emph{Engineering
+ Mathematics}, Addison-Wesley, 82--95. These two shapes are suffixed with
+ |CDH|.
+
+ The ``compass point'' anchors apply to the main part of the shape and do
+ not include any inverted inputs or outputs. This library provides an
+ additional feature to facilitate the relative positioning of logic gates:
+
+ \begin{key}{/pgf/logic gate anchors use bounding box=\meta{boolean} (initially false)}
+ When set to |true| this key will ensure that the compass point anchors
+ use the bounding rectangle of the main shape, which, ignore any
+ inverted inputs or outputs, but includes any |outer sep|. This
+ \emph{only} affects the compass point anchors and is not set on a shape
+ by shape basis: whether the bounding box is used is determined by value
+ of this key when the anchor is accessed.
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\begin{tikzpicture}[minimum height=1.5cm]
+ \node[xnor gate US, draw, gray!50,line width=2pt] (A) {};
+ \foreach \x/\y/\z in {false/blue/1pt, true/red/2pt}
+ \foreach \a in {north, south, east, west, north east,
+ south east, north west, south west}
+ \draw[logic gate anchors use bounding box=\x, color=\y]
+ (A.\a) circle(\z);
+\end{tikzpicture}
+\end{codeexample}
+ %
+ \end{key}
+
+ The library defines a number of shapes. For each shape the allowed number
+ of inputs is also shown:
+ %
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item |and gate US|, two or more inputs
+ \item |and gate CDH|, two or more inputs
+ \item |nand gate US|, two or more inputs
+ \item |nand gate CDH|, two or more inputs
+ \item |or gate US|, two or more inputs
+ \item |nor gate US|, two or more Inputs
+ \item |xor gate US|, two inputs
+ \item |xnor gate US|, two inputs
+ \item |not gate US|, one input
+ \item |buffer gate US|, one input
+ \end{itemize}
+
+ In the following, we only have a detailed look at the anchors defined by
+ one of them. We choose the |nand gate US| because it shows all the
+ ``interesting'' anchors.
+
+ \begin{shape}{nand gate US}
+ This shape is a nand gate, which supports two or more inputs. If less
+ than two inputs are specified an error will result. The anchors for
+ this gate with two non-inverted inputs (using the normal compass point
+ anchors) are shown below. Anchor |30| is an example of a border anchor.
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\Huge
+\begin{tikzpicture}
+ \node[name=s,shape=nand gate US,shape example, inner sep=0cm,
+ logic gate inputs={in},
+ logic gate inverted radius=.5cm] {Nand Gate\vrule width1pt height2cm};
+ \foreach \anchor/\placement in
+ {center/above, text/above, 30/above right,
+ mid/right, mid east/left, mid west/above,
+ base/below, base east/below, base west/left,
+ north/above, south/below, east/above, west/above,
+ north east/above, south east/below, south west/below, north west/above,
+ output/right, input 1/above, input 2/below}
+ \draw[shift=(s.\anchor)] plot[mark=x] coordinates{(0,0)}
+ node[\placement] {\scriptsize\texttt{(s.\anchor)}};
+\end{tikzpicture}
+\end{codeexample}
+
+ (For the definition of the |shape example| style, see
+ Section~\ref{section-libs-shapes}.)
+ \end{shape}
+\end{pgflibrary}
+
+
+\subsubsection{Implementation: The IEC-Style Logic Gates Shape Library}
+
+\begin{pgflibrary}{shapes.gates.logic.IEC}
+ This library provides rectangular logic gate shapes. These shapes are
+ suffixed with |IEC| as they are based on gates recommended by the
+ International Electrotechnical Commission.
+
+ By default each gate is drawn with a symbol, $\char`\&$ for |and| and
+ |nand| gates, $\geq1$ for |or| and |nor| gates, $1$ for |not| and |buffer|
+ gates, and $=1$ for |xor| and |xnor| gates. These symbols are drawn
+ automatically (internally they are drawn using the ``foreground'' path),
+ and are not strictly speaking part of the node contents. However, the gate
+ is enlarged to make sure the symbols are within the border of the node. It
+ is possible to change the symbols and their position within the node using
+ the following keys:
+
+ \begin{key}{/pgf/and gate IEC symbol=\meta{text} (initially \char`\\char\char`\`\char`\\\char`\&)}
+ Set the symbol for the |and gate|. Note that if the node is filled,
+ this color will be used for the symbol, making it invisible, so it will
+ be necessary set \meta{text} to something like |\color{black}\char`\&|.
+ Alternatively, the |logic gate IEC symbol color| key can be used to set
+ the color of all symbols simultaneously.
+
+ In \tikzname, when the |use IEC style logic gates| key has been used,
+ this key can be replaced by |and gate symbol|.
+ \end{key}
+
+ \begin{key}{/pgf/nand gate IEC symbol=\meta{text} (initially \char`\\char\char`\`\char`\\\char`\&)}
+ Set the symbol for the |nand gate|. In \tikzname, when the
+ |use IEC style logic gates| key has been used, this key can be replaced
+ by |nand gate symbol|.
+ \end{key}
+
+ \begin{key}{/pgf/or gate IEC symbol=\meta{text} (initially \char`\$\char`\\geq1\char`\$)}
+ Set the symbol for the |or gate|. In \tikzname, when the
+ |use IEC style logic gates| key has been used, this key can be replaced
+ by |or gate symbol|.
+ \end{key}
+
+ \begin{key}{/pgf/nor gate IEC symbol=\meta{text} (initially \char`\$\char`\\geq1\char`\$)}
+ Set the symbol for the |nor gate|. In \tikzname, when the
+ |use IEC style logic gates| key has been used, this key can be replaced
+ by |nor gate symbol|.
+ \end{key}
+
+ \begin{key}{/pgf/xor gate IEC symbol=\meta{text} (initially \char`\{\char`\$=1\char`\$\char`\})}
+ Set the symbol for the |xor gate|. Note the necessity for braces, as
+ the symbol contains |=|. In \tikzname, when the
+ |use IEC style logic gates| key has been used, this key can be replaced
+ by |xor gate symbol|.
+ \end{key}
+
+ \begin{key}{/pgf/xnor gate IEC symbol=\meta{text} (initially \char`\{\char`\$=1\char`\$\char`\})}
+ Set the symbol for the |xnor gate|. In \tikzname, when the
+ |use IEC style logic gates| key has been used, this key can be replaced
+ by |xnor gate symbol|.
+ \end{key}
+
+ \begin{key}{/pgf/not gate IEC symbol=\meta{text} (initially 1)}
+ Set the symbol for the |not gate|. In \tikzname, when the
+ |use IEC style logic gates| key has been used, this key can be replaced
+ by |not gate symbol|.
+ \end{key}
+
+ \begin{key}{/pgf/buffer gate IEC symbol=\meta{text} (initially 1)}
+ Set the symbol for the |buffer gate|. In \tikzname, when the
+ |use IEC style logic gates| key has been used, this key can be replaced
+ by |buffer gate symbol|.
+ \end{key}
+
+ \begin{key}{/pgf/logic gate IEC symbol align=\meta{align} (initially top)}
+ Set the alignment of the logic gate symbol (in \tikzname, when the
+ |use IEC style logic gates| key has been used, |IEC| can be omitted).
+ The specification in \meta{align} is a comma separated list from |top|,
+ |bottom|, |left| or |right|. The distance between the border of the
+ node and the outer edge of the symbol is determined by the values of
+ the |inner xsep| and |inner ysep|.
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\begin{tikzpicture}[minimum size=1cm, use IEC style logic gates]
+ \tikzset{every node/.style={nor gate, draw}}
+ \node (A) at (0,1.5) {};
+ \node [logic gate symbol align={bottom, right}] (B) at (0,0) {};
+ \foreach \g in {A, B}{
+ \foreach \i in {1,2}
+ \draw ([xshift=-0.5cm]\g.input \i) -- (\g.input \i);
+ \draw (\g.output) -- ([xshift=0.5cm]\g.output);
+ }
+\end{tikzpicture}
+\end{codeexample}
+ %
+ \end{key}
+
+ \begin{key}{/pgf/logic gate IEC symbol color=\meta{color}}
+ This key sets the color for all symbols simultaneously. This color can
+ be overridden on a case by case basis by specifying a color when
+ setting the symbol text.
+ \end{key}
+
+ The library defines the following shapes:
+ %
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item |and gate IEC|, two or more inputs
+ \item |nand gate IEC|, two or more inputs
+ \item |or gate IEC|, two or more inputs
+ \item |nor gate IEC|, two or more inputs
+ \item |xor gate IEC|, two inputs
+ \item |xnor gate IEC|, two inputs
+ \item |not gate IEC|, one input
+ \item |buffer gate IEC|, one input
+ \end{itemize}
+
+ Again, we only have a look at the nand-gate in more detail:
+
+ \begin{shape}{nand gate IEC}
+ This shape is a nand gate. It supports two or more inputs. If less than
+ two inputs are specified an error will result. The anchors for this
+ gate with two inverted inputs are shown below. Anchor |30| is an
+ example of a border anchor.
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\Huge
+\begin{tikzpicture}
+ \node[name=s,shape=nand gate IEC ,shape example, inner xsep=1cm, inner ysep=1cm,
+ minimum height=6cm, nand gate IEC symbol=\color{black!30}\char`\&,
+ logic gate inputs={in},
+ logic gate inverted radius=0.65cm]
+ {Nand Gate\vrule width1pt height2cm};
+ \foreach \anchor/\placement in
+ {center/above, text/above, 30/above right,
+ mid/right, mid east/left, mid west/above,
+ base/below, base east/below, base west/left,
+ north/above, south/below, east/above, west/above,
+ north east/above, south east/below, south west/below, north west/above,
+ output/right, input 1/above, input 2/below}
+ \draw[shift=(s.\anchor)] plot[mark=x] coordinates{(0,0)}
+ node[\placement] {\scriptsize\texttt{(s.\anchor)}};
+\end{tikzpicture}
+\end{codeexample}
+ \end{shape}
+\end{pgflibrary}
+
+
+\subsection{Electrical Engineering Circuits}
+
+\subsubsection{Overview}
+
+An \emph{electrical engineering circuit} contains symbols like resistors or
+capacitors or voltage sources and annotations like the two arrows pointing
+toward an element whose behaviour is light dependent. The electrical
+engineering libraries, abbreviated ee-libraries, provide such symbols and
+annotations.
+
+Just as for logical gates, there are different ways of drawing ee-symbols.
+Currently, there is one main library for drawing circuits, which uses the
+graphics from the International Electrotechnical Commission, but you can add
+your own libs. This is why, just as for logical gates, there is a base library
+and more specific libraries.
+
+\begin{tikzlibrary}{circuits.ee}
+ This library declares the ee symbols, but (mostly) does not provide the
+ symbol graphics, which is left to the sublibraries. Just like the logical
+ gates library, a key is defined that is normally only used internally:
+ %
+ \begin{key}{/tikz/circuit ee}
+ This style calls the keys |circuit| (which internally calls
+ |every circuit| and the following style:
+ %
+ \begin{stylekey}{/tikz/every circuit ee}
+ Use this key to configure the appearance of logical circuits.
+ \end{stylekey}
+ \end{key}
+
+ The library also declares some standard annotations and units.
+\end{tikzlibrary}
+
+As for logical circuits, to draw a circuit the first step is to include a
+library containing the symbols graphics. Currently, you have to include
+|circuits.ee.IEC|.
+
+\begin{tikzlibrary}{circuits.ee.IEC}
+ When this library is loaded, you can use the following style:
+ %
+ \begin{key}{/tikz/circuit ee IEC}
+ This style calls |circuit ee| and installs the IEC-like graphics for
+ the logical symbols like |resistor|.
+ \end{key}
+\end{tikzlibrary}
+
+Inside the |circuit ee IEC| scope, you can now use the keys for symbols, units,
+and annotations listed in the later sections. We have a more detailed look at
+one of each of them, all the others work the same way.
+
+Let us start with an example of a symbol: the resistor symbol. The other
+predefined symbols are listed in Section~\ref{section-circuits-ee-symbols} and
+later sections.
+
+\begin{key}{/tikz/resistor=\opt{\meta{options}}}
+ This key should be used with a |node| path command or with the |to| path
+ command.
+
+ \medskip\textbf{Using the Key with Normal Nodes.}
+ When used with a node, it will cause this node to ``look like'' a resistor
+ (by default, in the IEC library, this is just a simple rectangle).
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\tikz [circuit ee IEC]
+ \node [resistor] {};
+\end{codeexample}
+
+ Unlike normal nodes, a resistor node generally should not take any text (as
+ in |node [resistor] {foo}|). Instead, the labeling of resistors should be
+ done using the |label|, |info| and |ohm| options.
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\tikz [circuit ee IEC]
+ \node [resistor,ohm=5] {};
+\end{codeexample}
+
+ The \meta{options} make no real sense when the |resistor| option is used
+ with a normal node, you can just as well given them to the |node| itself.
+ Thus, the following has the same effect as the above example:
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\tikz [circuit ee IEC]
+ \node [resistor={ohm=5}] {};
+\end{codeexample}
+
+ In a circuit, you will often wish to rotate elements. For this, the options
+ |point up|, |point down|, |point left| or |point right| may be especially
+ useful. They are just shorthands for appropriate rotations like
+ |rotate=90|.
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\tikz [circuit ee IEC] {
+ \node (R1) [resistor,point up,ohm=5] at (3,1) {};
+ \node (R2) [resistor,ohm=10k] at (0,0) {};
+ \draw (R2) -| (R1);
+}
+\end{codeexample}
+
+ \medskip\textbf{Using the Key on a To Path.}
+ When the |resistor| key is used on a |to| path inside a |circuit ee IEC|,
+ the |circuit handle symbol| key is called internally. This has a whole
+ bunch of effects:
+ %
+ \begin{enumerate}
+ \item The path currently being constructed is cut up to make place for
+ a node.
+ \item This node will be a |resistor node| that is rotated so that it
+ points ``along'' the path (unless an option like |shift only| or an
+ extra rotation is used to change this).
+ \item The \meta{options} passed to the |resistor| key are passed on to
+ the node.
+ \item The \meta{options} are pre-parsed to identify a |pos| key or a
+ key like |at start| or |midway|. These keys are used to determine
+ where on the |to| path the node will lie.
+ \end{enumerate}
+
+ Since the \meta{options} of the |resistor| key are passed on to the
+ resistor node on the path, you can use it to add labels to the node. Here
+ is a simple example:
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\tikz [circuit ee IEC]
+ \draw (0,0) to [resistor=red] (3,0)
+ to [resistor={ohm=2\mu}] (3,2);
+\end{codeexample}
+
+ You can add multiple labels to a resistor and you can have multiple
+ resistors (or other elements) on a single path.
+
+ \medskip\textbf{Inputs, Outputs, and Anchors.}
+ Like the logical gates, all ee-symbols have an |input| and an |output|
+ anchor. Special-purpose-nodes may have even more anchors of this type.
+ Furthermore, the ee-symbols-nodes also have four standard compass direction
+ anchors.
+
+ \medskip\textbf{Changing the Appearance.}
+ To configure the appearance of all |resistor|s, see
+ Section~\ref{section-theming-symbols}. You can use the \meta{options} to
+ locally change the appearance of a single resistor.
+\end{key}
+
+Let us now have a look at an example of a unit: the Ohm unit. The other
+predefined units are listed in Section~\ref{section-circuits-units}.
+
+\begin{key}{/tikz/ohm=\meta{value}}
+ This key is used to add an |info| label to a node with a special text:
+ |$\mathrm{|\meta{value}|\Omega}$|. In other words, the |ohm| key can only
+ be used with the options of a node and, when used, it will cause the
+ \meta{value} to be placed next to the node, followed by $\Omega$. Since the
+ \meta{value} is typeset inside a |\mathrm| command, when you write |ohm=5k|
+ you get $\mathrm{5k\Omega}$, |ohm=5p| yields $\mathrm{5p\Omega}$, and
+ |ohm=5.6\cdot 10^{2}\mu| yields $\mathrm{5.6\cdot 10^{2}\mu\Omega}$.
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\tikz [circuit ee IEC] \draw (0,0) to [resistor={ohm=5M}] (0,2);
+\end{codeexample}
+
+ Instead of |ohm| you can also use |ohm'|, which places the label on the
+ other side.
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\tikz [circuit ee IEC] \draw (0,0) to [resistor={ohm'=5M}] (0,2);
+\end{codeexample}
+
+ Finally, there are also keys |ohm sloped| and |ohm' sloped| for having the
+ info label rotate together with the main node.
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\tikz [circuit ee IEC]
+ \draw (0,0) to [resistor={ohm sloped=5M}] (0,2)
+ (2,0) to [resistor={ohm' sloped=6f}] (2,2);
+\end{codeexample}
+
+ You can configure the appearance of an Ohm info label using the key
+ |every ohm|.
+\end{key}
+
+Finally, let us have a look at an annotation: the |light emitting| annotation.
+The other predefined units are listed in
+Section~\ref{section-circuits-annotations}.
+
+\begin{key}{/tikz/light emitting=\opt{\meta{options}}}
+ Like a unit, an annotation should be given as an additional option to a
+ node. It causes some drawings (in this case, two parallel lines) to be
+ placed next to the node.
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\tikz [circuit ee IEC] \draw (0,0) to [diode=light emitting] (2,0);
+\end{codeexample}
+
+ The \meta{options} can be used for three different things:
+ %
+ \begin{enumerate}
+ \item You can use keys like |red| to change the appearance of this
+ annotation, locally.
+ \item You can use keys like |<-| or |-latex| to change the direction
+ and kinds of arrows used in the annotation.
+ \item You can use info labels like |ohm=5| or |info=foo| inside the
+ \meta{options}. These info labels will be added to the main node
+ (not to the annotation itself), but the label distance will have
+ been changed to accommodate for the space taken up by the
+ annotation.
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\tikz [circuit ee IEC]
+{
+ \draw (0,2) to [diode={light emitting,info=not good}] (2,2);
+ \draw (0,0) to [diode={light emitting={info=better},
+ info'=also good}] (2,0);
+}
+\end{codeexample}
+ \end{enumerate}
+
+ In addition to |light emitting| there is also a key called
+ |light emitting'|, which simply places the annotation on the other side of
+ the node.
+
+ You can configure the appearance of annotations in three ways:
+ %
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item You can set the |every circuit annotation| style.
+ \item You can set the |every light emitting| style.
+ \item You can set the following key:
+ %
+ \begin{stylekey}{/tikz/annotation arrow}
+ This style should set the default |>| arrow to some nice value.
+ \end{stylekey}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{key}
+
+\def\eelineexample#1#2{%
+ \texttt{#1}\indexkey{#1}
+ &
+ \tikz[baseline=-.5ex,circuit ee IEC] \draw (0,0) to [#1] (3,0);
+ &
+ \relax\def\temp{#2}
+ \ifx\temp\empty\else
+ {\tikz[baseline=-.5ex,circuit ee IEC,set #2 graphic=var #2 IEC graphic]
+ \draw (0,0) to [#2] (3,0);}
+ \fi \\[.2em]
+}
+\def\eeendexample#1#2{%
+ \texttt{#1}\indexkey{#1}
+ &
+ \tikz[baseline=-.5ex,circuit ee IEC] \draw (0,0) to [#1={at end}] (1.5,0)(3,0);
+ &
+ \relax\def\temp{#2}
+ \ifx\temp\empty\else
+ {\tikz[baseline=-.5ex,circuit ee IEC,set #2 graphic=var #2 IEC graphic]
+ \draw (0,0) to [#2={at end}] (1.5,0)(3,0);}
+ \fi \\[.2em]
+}
+\def\unitexample#1{%
+ \texttt{#1}\indexkey{#1}
+ &
+ \tikz [baseline,inner sep=0pt] \node[#1=1] {};\\
+}
+\def\annotationexample#1{%
+ \texttt{#1}\indexkey{#1}
+ &
+ \tikz[baseline=-.5ex,circuit ee IEC]
+ \draw (0,0) to [resistor={#1}] (2,0)
+ to [diode ={#1'}] (4,0);\\
+}
+\def\empty{}
+
+
+\subsubsection{Symbols: Indicating Current Directions}
+\label{section-ee-symbols}
+\label{section-circuits-ee-symbols}
+
+There \todosp{why two labels? The first doesn't seem to be used.} are two
+symbols for indicating current directions. These symbols are defined directly
+inside |circuit ee|.
+\medskip
+
+\noindent
+\begin{tabular}{p{5cm}ll}
+ \emph{Key} & \emph{Appearance}\\[.25em]
+ \eelineexample{/tikz/current direction}{}
+ \eelineexample{/tikz/current direction'}{}
+\end{tabular}
+
+\medskip
+The examples have been produced by (in essence)
+|\draw (0,0) to[|\meta{symbol name}|] (3,0);|.
+
+
+\subsubsection{Symbols: Basic Elements}
+
+The following table show basic symbols as they are depicted inside the
+|circuit ee IEC| environment. To install one of alternate graphics, you have to
+say |set| \meta{symbol name} |graphic=var| \meta{symbol name} |IEC graphic|.
+\medskip
+
+\noindent
+\begin{tabular}{p{5cm}ll}
+ \emph{Key} & \emph{Appearance} & \emph{Alternate appearance} \\[.25em]
+ \eelineexample{/tikz/resistor}{resistor}
+ \eelineexample{/tikz/inductor}{inductor}
+ \eelineexample{/tikz/capacitor}{}
+ \eelineexample{/tikz/battery}{}
+ \eelineexample{/tikz/bulb}{}
+ \eelineexample{/tikz/current source}{}
+ \eelineexample{/tikz/voltage source}{}
+ \eelineexample{/tikz/ac source}{}
+ \eelineexample{/tikz/dc source}{}
+ \eeendexample{/tikz/ground}{}
+\end{tabular}
+
+
+\subsubsection{Symbols: Diodes}
+
+The following table shows diodes as they are depicted inside the
+|circuit ee IEC| environment.
+\medskip
+
+\noindent
+\begin{tabular}{p{5cm}ll}
+ \emph{Key} & \emph{Appearance} & \emph{Alternate appearance} \\[.25em]
+ \eelineexample{/tikz/diode}{diode}
+ \eelineexample{/tikz/Zener diode}{Zener diode}
+ \eelineexample{/tikz/Schottky diode}{Schottky diode}
+ \eelineexample{/tikz/tunnel diode}{tunnel diode}
+ \eelineexample{/tikz/backward diode}{backward diode}
+ \eelineexample{/tikz/breakdown diode}{breakdown diode}
+\end{tabular}
+
+
+\subsubsection{Symbols: Contacts}
+
+The following table shows contacts as they are depicted inside the
+|circuit ee IEC| environment.
+\medskip
+
+\noindent
+\begin{tabular}{p{5cm}ll}
+ \emph{Key} & \emph{Appearance} & \emph{Alternate appearance} \\[.25em]
+ \eelineexample{/tikz/contact}{}
+ \eelineexample{/tikz/make contact}{make contact}
+ \eelineexample{/tikz/break contact}{}
+\end{tabular}
+
+
+\subsubsection{Symbols: Measurement devices}
+
+The following table shows measurement devices as they are depicted inside the
+|circuit ee IEC| environment.
+\medskip
+
+\noindent
+\begin{tabular}{p{5cm}ll}
+ \emph{Key} & \emph{Appearance} \\[.25em]
+ \eelineexample{/tikz/amperemeter}{}
+ \eelineexample{/tikz/voltmeter}{}
+ \eelineexample{/tikz/ohmmeter}{}
+\end{tabular}
+
+
+\subsubsection{Units}
+\label{section-circuits-units}
+
+The |circuits.ee| library predefines the following unit keys:
+\medskip
+
+\noindent
+\begin{tabular}{p{5cm}c}
+ \emph{Key} & \emph{Appearance of $1$ unit} \\[.25em]
+ \unitexample{/tikz/ampere}
+ \unitexample{/tikz/volt}
+ \unitexample{/tikz/ohm}
+ \unitexample{/tikz/siemens}
+ \unitexample{/tikz/henry}
+ \unitexample{/tikz/farad}
+ \unitexample{/tikz/coulomb}
+ \unitexample{/tikz/voltampere}
+ \unitexample{/tikz/watt}
+ \unitexample{/tikz/hertz}
+\end{tabular}
+
+
+\subsubsection{Annotations}
+\label{section-circuits-annotations}
+
+The |circuits.ee.IEC| library defines the following annotations:
+\medskip
+
+\noindent
+\begin{tabular}{p{5cm}ll}
+ \emph{Key} & \emph{Appearance} \\[.25em]
+ \annotationexample{/tikz/light emitting}
+ \annotationexample{/tikz/light dependent}
+ \annotationexample{/tikz/direction info}
+ \annotationexample{/tikz/adjustable}
+\end{tabular}
+\medskip
+
+The lines have been produced using, in essence,
+%
+\begin{codeexample}[code only]
+\draw (0,0) to [resistor=light emitting] (2,0) to [diode=light emitting'] (4,0);
+\end{codeexample}
+%
+and similarly for the other annotations.
+
+
+\subsubsection{Implementation: The EE-Symbols Shape Library}
+
+The \tikzname\ libraries depend on two shape libraries, which are included
+automatically. Usually, you will not need to use these shapes directly.
+
+\begin{pgflibrary}{shapes.gates.ee}
+ This library defines basic shapes that can be used by all ee-circuit
+ libraries. Currently, it defines the following shapes:
+ %
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item |rectangle ee|
+ \item |circle ee|
+ \item |direction ee|
+ \end{itemize}
+ %
+ Additionally, the library defines the following arrow tip: The
+ |direction ee| arrow tip is basically the same as a |triangle 45| arrow tip
+ with rounded joins.
+
+ \begin{tabular}{ll}
+ \symarrow{direction ee}
+ \end{tabular}
+
+ However, unlike normal arrow tips, its size does \emph{not} depend on the
+ current line width. Rather, it depends on the value of its arrow options,
+ which should be set to the desired size. Thus, you should say something
+ like |\pgfsetarrowoptions{direction ee}{5pt}| to set the size of the arrow.
+\end{pgflibrary}
+
+\begin{shape}{rectangle ee}
+ This shape is completely identical to a normal |rectangle|, only there are
+ two additional anchors: The |input| anchor is an alias for the |west|
+ anchor, while the |output| anchor is an alias for the |east| anchor.
+\end{shape}
+
+\begin{shape}{circle ee}
+ Like the |rectangle ee| shape, only for circles.
+\end{shape}
+
+\begin{shape}{direction ee}
+ This shape is rather special. It is intended to be used to ``turn an arrow
+ tip into a shape''. First, you should set the following key to the name of
+ an arrow tip:
+ %
+ \begin{key}{/pgf/direction ee arrow=\meta{right arrow tip name}}
+ The value of this key will be used for the arrow tip depicted in an
+ |direction ee| shape.
+ \end{key}
+ %
+ When a node of shape |direction ee| is created, several things happen:
+ %
+ \begin{enumerate}
+ \item The size of the shape is computed according to the following
+ rules: The width of the shape is set up so that the left border of
+ the shape is at the left end of the arrow tip and the right border
+ is at the right end of the arrow tip. These left and right ``ends''
+ of the arrow are the tip end and the back end specified by the
+ arrow itself (see Section~\ref{section-arrow-terminology} for
+ details). You usually need not worry about this width setting.
+
+ By comparison, the height of the arrow is given by the current
+ setting of |minimum height|. Thus, this key must have been set up
+ correctly to reflect the ``real'' height of the arrow tip. The
+ reason is that the height of an arrow is not specified when arrows
+ are declared and is, thus, not available, here.
+
+ Possibly, the height computation will change in the future to
+ reflect the real height of the arrow, so you should generally set
+ up the |minimum height| to be the same as the real height.
+ \item A straight line from left to right inside the shape's boundaries
+ is added to the background path.
+ \item The arrow tip, pointing right, is drawn before the background
+ path.
+ \end{enumerate}
+ %
+ The anchors of this shape are just the compass anchors, which lie on a
+ rectangle whose width and height are the above-computed height and width.
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\begin{tikzpicture}
+ \pgfsetarrowoptions{direction ee}{6cm}
+ \node[name=s,shape=direction ee,shape example,minimum height=0.7654*6cm] {};
+ \foreach \anchor/\placement in
+ {center/above, 30/above right,
+ north/above, south/below, east/left, west/right,
+ north east/above, south east/below, south west/below, north west/above,
+ input/left,output/right}
+ \draw[shift=(s.\anchor)] plot[mark=x] coordinates{(0,0)}
+ node[\placement] {\scriptsize\texttt{(s.\anchor)}};
+\end{tikzpicture}
+\end{codeexample}
+
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\begin{tikzpicture}[direction ee arrow=angle 45]
+ \node[name=s,shape=direction ee,shape example,minimum height=1.75cm] {};
+ \foreach \anchor/\placement in {north/above, south/below,
+ output/right, input/left}
+ \draw[shift=(s.\anchor)] plot[mark=x] coordinates{(0,0)}
+ node[\placement] {\scriptsize\texttt{(s.\anchor)}};
+\end{tikzpicture}
+\end{codeexample}
+ %
+\end{shape}
+
+
+\subsubsection{Implementation: The IEC-Style EE-Symbols Shape Library}
+
+\begin{pgflibrary}{shapes.gates.ee.IEC}
+ This library defines shapes for depicting ee symbols according to the IEC
+ recommendations. These shapes will typically be used in conjunction with
+ the graphic mechanism detailed earlier, but you can also used them
+ directly.
+\end{pgflibrary}
+
+\begin{shape}{generic circle IEC}
+ This shape inherits from |circle ee|, which in turn is just a normal
+ |circle| with additional |input| and |output| anchors at the left and right
+ ends. However, additionally, this shape allows you to specify a path that
+ should be added before the background path using the following key:
+ %
+ \begin{key}{/pgf/generic circle IEC/before background=\meta{code}}
+ When a node of shape |generic circle IEC| is created, the current
+ setting of this key is used as the ``before background path''. This
+ means that after the circle's background has been
+ drawn/filled/whatever, the \meta{code} is executed.
+
+ When the \meta{code} is executed, the coordinate system will have been
+ transformed in such a way that the point $(1\mathrm{pt},0\mathrm{pt})$
+ lies at the right end of the circle and $(0\mathrm{pt},1\mathrm{pt})$
+ lies at the top of the circle. (More precisely, these points will lie
+ exactly on the middle of the radial line.)
+ \end{key}
+ %
+ Here is an examples of how to use this shape:
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\tikz \node [generic circle IEC,
+ /pgf/generic circle IEC/before background={
+ \pgfpathmoveto{\pgfpointorigin}
+ \pgfpathlineto{\pgfpoint{1pt}{0pt}}
+ \pgfpathlineto{\pgfpoint{0pt}{1pt}}
+ \pgfpathlineto{\pgfpoint{-0.5pt}{-0.5pt}}
+ \pgfusepathqstroke
+ },
+ draw] {Hello world};
+\end{codeexample}
+ %
+\end{shape}
+
+\begin{shape}{generic diode IEC}
+ This shape is used to depict diodes. The main shape is taken up by a
+ ``right pointing'' triangle. The anchors are positioned on the border of a
+ rectangle around the diode, see the below example. The diode's size is
+ based on the current settings of |minimum width| and |minimum height|.
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\begin{tikzpicture}
+ \node[name=s,shape=generic diode IEC,shape example,minimum size=6cm] {};
+ \foreach \anchor/\placement in
+ {center/above, 30/above right,
+ north/above, south/below, east/left, west/right,
+ north east/above, south east/below, south west/below, north west/above,
+ input/left,output/right}
+ \draw[shift=(s.\anchor)] plot[mark=x] coordinates{(0,0)}
+ node[\placement] {\scriptsize\texttt{(s.\anchor)}};
+\end{tikzpicture}
+\end{codeexample}
+
+ This shape, like the |generic circle IEC| shape, is generic in the sense
+ that there is a special key that is used for the before background
+ drawings:
+ %
+ \begin{key}{/pgf/generic diode IEC/before background=\meta{code}}
+ Similarly to the |generic circle IEC| shape, when a node of shape
+ |generic diode IEC| is created, the current setting of this key is used
+ as the ``before background path''. When the \meta{code} is executed,
+ the coordinate system will have been transformed in such a way that the
+ origin is at the ``tip'' of the diode's triangle, the point
+ $(0\mathrm{pt},1\mathrm{pt})$ is exactly half the diode's height above
+ this origin, and the point $(1\mathrm{pt},0\mathrm{pt})$ is half the
+ diode's height to the right of the origin.
+
+ The idea is that you use this key to draw different kinds of diode
+ endings.
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\tikz \node [minimum size=1cm,generic diode IEC,
+ /pgf/generic diode IEC/before background={
+ \pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{-.5pt}{-1pt}}
+ \pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{.5pt}{-1pt}}
+ \pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0pt}{-1pt}}
+ \pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0pt}{1pt}}
+ \pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{-.5pt}{1pt}}
+ \pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{.5pt}{1pt}}
+ \pgfusepathqstroke
+ },
+ draw] {};
+\end{codeexample}
+ \end{key}
+\end{shape}
+
+\begin{shape}{breakdown diode IEC}
+ This shape is used to depict a bidirectional breakdown diode. The diode's
+ size is based on the current settings of |minimum width| and
+ |minimum height|.
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\begin{tikzpicture}
+ \node[name=s,shape=breakdown diode IEC,shape example,minimum width=6cm,minimum height=4cm] {};
+ \foreach \anchor/\placement in
+ {center/above, 30/above right,
+ north/above, south/below, east/left, west/right,
+ north east/above, south east/below, south west/below, north west/above,
+ input/left,output/right}
+ \draw[shift=(s.\anchor)] plot[mark=x] coordinates{(0,0)}
+ node[\placement] {\scriptsize\texttt{(s.\anchor)}};
+\end{tikzpicture}
+\end{codeexample}
+ %
+\end{shape}
+
+\begin{shape}{var resistor IEC}
+ This shape is used to depict a variant version of a resistor. Its size is
+ computed as for a rectangle (thus, its size depends things like the
+ |minimum height|). Then, inside this rectangle, a background path is set up
+ according to the following rule: Starting from the left end, zigzag
+ segments are added to the path. Each segment consists of a line at a 45
+ degree angle going up to the top of the rectangle, then going down to the
+ bottom, then going up to mid height of the node. As many segments as
+ possible are put inside as possible. The last segment is then connected to
+ the output anchor via a straight line.
+
+ All of this means that, in general, the shape should be much wider than
+ high.
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\begin{tikzpicture}
+ \node[name=s,shape=var resistor IEC,shape example,minimum width=7cm,minimum height=1cm] {};
+ \foreach \anchor/\placement in
+ {center/above, 30/above right,
+ north/above, south/below, east/left, west/right,
+ north east/above, south east/below, south west/below, north west/above,
+ input/left,output/right}
+ \draw[shift=(s.\anchor)] plot[mark=x] coordinates{(0,0)}
+ node[\placement] {\scriptsize\texttt{(s.\anchor)}};
+\end{tikzpicture}
+\end{codeexample}
+ %
+\end{shape}
+
+\begin{shape}{inductor IEC}
+ This shape is used to depict an inductor, using a bumpy line. Its size is
+ computed as follows: Any text and |inner sep| are ignored (and should
+ normally not be given). The |minimum height| plus (twice) the |outer ysep|
+ specify the distance between the |north| and |south| anchors, similarly for
+ the |minimum width| plus the |outer xsep| for the |east| and |west|. The
+ bumpy line is drawn starting from the lower left corner to the lower right
+ corner with bumps being half-circles whose height is exactly the
+ |minimum height|. The |center| of the shape is just above the |south|
+ anchor, at a distance of the |outer ysep|.
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\begin{tikzpicture}
+ \node[name=s,shape=inductor IEC,shape example,minimum width=7cm,minimum height=1cm] {};
+ \foreach \anchor/\placement in
+ {center/above, 30/above right,
+ north/above, south/below, east/left, west/right,
+ north east/above, south east/below, south west/below, north west/above,
+ input/left,output/right}
+ \draw[shift=(s.\anchor)] plot[mark=x] coordinates{(0,0)}
+ node[\placement] {\scriptsize\texttt{(s.\anchor)}};
+\end{tikzpicture}
+\end{codeexample}
+ %
+ Just as for a |var resistor IEC|, as many bumps as possible are added and
+ the last bump is connected to the output anchor via a straight line.
+\end{shape}
+
+\begin{shape}{capacitor IEC}
+ This shape is based on a |rectangle ee|. However, instead of a rectangle as
+ the background path, only the ``left and right lines'' that make up the
+ rectangle are drawn.
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\begin{tikzpicture}
+ \node[name=s,shape=capacitor IEC,shape example,
+ minimum width=2cm,minimum height=3cm,inner sep=0pt] {};
+ \foreach \anchor/\placement in
+ {center/above, 30/above right,
+ north/above, south/below, east/left, west/right,
+ north east/above, south east/below, south west/below, north west/above,
+ input/left,output/right}
+ \draw[shift=(s.\anchor)] plot[mark=x] coordinates{(0,0)}
+ node[\placement] {\scriptsize\texttt{(s.\anchor)}};
+\end{tikzpicture}
+\end{codeexample}
+ %
+\end{shape}
+
+\begin{shape}{battery IEC}
+ This shape is similar to a |capacitor IEC|, however, the right line is only
+ half the height of the left line.
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\tikz \node[shape=battery IEC,shape example,minimum size=2cm,
+ inner sep=0pt] {};
+\end{codeexample}
+ %
+\end{shape}
+
+\begin{shape}{ground IEC}
+ This shape is similar to a |batter IEC|, only three lines of different
+ heights are drawn.
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\tikz \node[shape=ground IEC,shape example,minimum size=2cm,
+ inner sep=0pt] {};
+\end{codeexample}
+ %
+\end{shape}
+
+\begin{shape}{make contact IEC}
+ This shape consists of a line going from the lower left corner to the upper
+ right corner. The size and anchors of this shape are computed in the same
+ way as for an |inductor IEC|.
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\begin{tikzpicture}
+ \node[name=s,shape=make contact IEC,shape example,minimum width=3cm,minimum height=1cm] {};
+ \foreach \anchor/\placement in
+ {center/above, 30/above right,
+ north/above, south/below, east/left, west/right,
+ north east/above, south east/below, south west/below, north west/above,
+ input/left,output/right}
+ \draw[shift=(s.\anchor)] plot[mark=x] coordinates{(0,0)}
+ node[\placement] {\scriptsize\texttt{(s.\anchor)}};
+\end{tikzpicture}
+\end{codeexample}
+ %
+\end{shape}
+
+\begin{shape}{var make contact IEC}
+ This shape works like |make contact IEC|, only a little circle is added to
+ the path at the lower left corner. The radius of this circle is one twelfth
+ of the width of the node.
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\tikz \node[shape=var make contact IEC,shape example,
+ minimum height=1cm,minimum width=3cm,inner sep=0pt] {};
+\end{codeexample}
+ %
+\end{shape}
+
+\begin{shape}{break contact IEC}
+ This shape depicts a contact that can be broken. It works like
+ |make contact IEC|.
+ %
+\begin{codeexample}[]
+\tikz \node[shape=break contact IEC,shape example,
+ minimum height=1cm,minimum width=3cm,inner sep=0pt] {};
+\end{codeexample}
+ %
+\end{shape}