path: root/Master/tlpkg/tlperl/lib/Encode/Supported.pod

=head1 NAME

Encode::Supported -- Encodings supported by Encode

=head1 DESCRIPTION

=head2 Encoding Names

Encoding names are case insensitive. White space in names
is ignored.  In addition, an encoding may have aliases.
Each encoding has one "canonical" name.  The "canonical"
name is chosen from the names of the encoding by picking
the first in the following sequence (with a few exceptions).

=over 2

=item *

The name used by the Perl community.  That includes 'utf8' and 'ascii'.
Unlike aliases, canonical names directly reach the method so such
frequently used words like 'utf8' don't need to do alias lookups.

=item *

The MIME name as defined in IETF RFCs.  This includes all "iso-"s.

=item * 

The name in the IANA registry.

=item *

The name used by the organization that defined it.

=back

In case I<de jure> canonical names differ from that of the Encode
module, they are always aliased if it ever be implemented.  So you can
safely tell if a given encoding is implemented or not just by passing 
the canonical name.

Because of all the alias issues, and because in the general case 
encodings have state, "Encode" uses an encoding object internally 
once an operation is in progress.

=head1 Supported Encodings

As of Perl 5.8.0, at least the following encodings are recognized.
Note that unless otherwise specified, they are all case insensitive
(via alias) and all occurrence of spaces are replaced with '-'.
In other words, "ISO 8859 1" and "iso-8859-1" are identical.

Encodings are categorized and implemented in several different modules
but you don't have to C<use Encode::XX> to make them available for
most cases.  Encode.pm will automatically load those modules on demand.

=head2 Built-in Encodings

The following encodings are always available.

  Canonical     Aliases                      Comments & References
  ----------------------------------------------------------------
  ascii         US-ascii ISO-646-US                         [ECMA]
  ascii-ctrl			                  Special Encoding
  iso-8859-1    latin1                                       [ISO]
  null				                  Special Encoding
  utf8          UTF-8                                    [RFC2279]
  ----------------------------------------------------------------

I<null> and I<ascii-ctrl> are special.  "null" fails for all character
so when you set fallback mode to PERLQQ, HTMLCREF or XMLCREF, ALL
CHARACTERS will fall back to character references.  Ditto for
"ascii-ctrl" except for control characters.  For fallback modes, see
L<Encode>.

=head2 Encode::Unicode -- other Unicode encodings

Unicode coding schemes other than native utf8 are supported by
Encode::Unicode, which will be autoloaded on demand.

  ----------------------------------------------------------------
  UCS-2BE       UCS-2, iso-10646-1                      [IANA, UC]
  UCS-2LE                                                     [UC]
  UTF-16                                                      [UC]
  UTF-16BE                                                    [UC]
  UTF-16LE                                                    [UC]
  UTF-32                                                      [UC]
  UTF-32BE	UCS-4                                         [UC]
  UTF-32LE                                                    [UC]
  UTF-7                                                  [RFC2152]
  ----------------------------------------------------------------

To find how (UCS-2|UTF-(16|32))(LE|BE)? differ from one another,
see L<Encode::Unicode>. 

UTF-7 is a special encoding which "re-encodes" UTF-16BE into a 7-bit
encoding.  It is implemented separately by Encode::Unicode::UTF7.

=head2 Encode::Byte -- Extended ASCII

Encode::Byte implements most single-byte encodings except for
Symbols and EBCDIC. The following encodings are based on single-byte
encodings implemented as extended ASCII.  Most of them map
\x80-\xff (upper half) to non-ASCII characters.

=over 2

=item ISO-8859 and corresponding vendor mappings

Since there are so many, they are presented in table format with
languages and corresponding encoding names by vendors.  Note that
the table is sorted in order of ISO-8859 and the corresponding vendor
mappings are slightly different from that of ISO.  See
L<http://czyborra.com/charsets/iso8859.html> for details.

  Lang/Regions  ISO/Other Std.  DOS     Windows Macintosh  Others
  ----------------------------------------------------------------
  N. America    (ASCII)         cp437        AdobeStandardEncoding
                                cp863 (DOSCanadaF)
  W. Europe     iso-8859-1      cp850   cp1252  MacRoman  nextstep
                                                         hp-roman8
                                cp860 (DOSPortuguese)
  Cntrl. Europe iso-8859-2      cp852   cp1250  MacCentralEurRoman
                                                MacCroatian
                                                MacRomanian
                                                MacRumanian
  Latin3[1]     iso-8859-3      
  Latin4[2]     iso-8859-4              
  Cyrillics     iso-8859-5      cp855   cp1251  MacCyrillic
    (See also next section)     cp866           MacUkrainian
  Arabic        iso-8859-6      cp864   cp1256  MacArabic
                                cp1006          MacFarsi
  Greek         iso-8859-7      cp737   cp1253  MacGreek
                                cp869 (DOSGreek2)
  Hebrew        iso-8859-8      cp862   cp1255  MacHebrew
  Turkish       iso-8859-9      cp857   cp1254  MacTurkish
  Nordics       iso-8859-10     cp865
                                cp861           MacIcelandic
                                                MacSami
  Thai          iso-8859-11[3]  cp874           MacThai
  (iso-8859-12 is nonexistent. Reserved for Indics?)
  Baltics       iso-8859-13     cp775           cp1257
  Celtics       iso-8859-14
  Latin9 [4]    iso-8859-15
  Latin10       iso-8859-16
  Vietnamese    viscii                  cp1258  MacVietnamese
  ----------------------------------------------------------------

  [1] Esperanto, Maltese, and Turkish. Turkish is now on 8859-9.
  [2] Baltics.  Now on 8859-10, except for Latvian.
  [3] TIS 620 +  Non-Breaking Space (0xA0 / U+00A0)
  [4] Nicknamed Latin0; the Euro sign as well as French and Finnish
      letters that are missing from 8859-1 were added.

All cp* are also available as ibm-*, ms-*, and windows-* .  See also
L<http://czyborra.com/charsets/codepages.html>.

Macintosh encodings don't seem to be registered in such entities as
IANA.  "Canonical" names in Encode are based upon Apple's Tech Note
1150.  See L<http://developer.apple.com/technotes/tn/tn1150.html> 
for details.

=item KOI8 - De Facto Standard for the Cyrillic world

Though ISO-8859 does have ISO-8859-5, the KOI8 series is far more
popular in the Net.   L<Encode> comes with the following KOI charsets.
For gory details, see L<http://czyborra.com/charsets/cyrillic.html>

  ----------------------------------------------------------------
  koi8-f                                        
  koi8-r cp878                                           [RFC1489]
  koi8-u                                                 [RFC2319]
  ----------------------------------------------------------------

=back

=head2 gsm0338 - Hentai Latin 1

GSM0338 is for GSM handsets. Though it shares alphanumerals with
ASCII, control character ranges and other parts are mapped very
differently, mainly to store Greek characters.  There are also escape
sequences (starting with 0x1B) to cover e.g. the Euro sign.  

This was once handled by L<Encode::Bytes> but because of all those
unusual specifications, Encode 2.20 has relocated the support to
L<Encode::GSM0338>. See L<Encode::GSM0338> for details.

=over 2

=item gsm0338 support before 2.19

Some special cases like a trailing 0x00 byte or a lone 0x1B byte are not
well-defined and decode() will return an empty string for them.
One possible workaround is

   $gsm =~ s/\x00\z/\x00\x00/;
   $uni = decode("gsm0338", $gsm);
   $uni .= "\xA0" if $gsm =~ /\x1B\z/;

Note that the Encode implementation of GSM0338 does not implement the
reuse of Latin capital letters as Greek capital letters (for example,
the 0x5A is U+005A (LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z), not U+0396 (GREEK CAPITAL
LETTER ZETA).

The GSM0338 is also covered in Encode::Byte even though it is not
an "extended ASCII" encoding.

=back

=head2 CJK: Chinese, Japanese, Korean (Multibyte)

Note that Vietnamese is listed above.  Also read "Encoding vs Charset"
below.  Also note that these are implemented in distinct modules by
countries, due to the size concerns (simplified Chinese is mapped
to 'CN', continental China, while traditional Chinese is mapped to
'TW', Taiwan).  Please refer to their respective documentation pages.

=over 2

=item Encode::CN -- Continental China

  Standard      DOS/Win Macintosh                Comment/Reference
  ----------------------------------------------------------------
  euc-cn [1]            MacChineseSimp
  (gbk)         cp936 [2]
  gb12345-raw                      { GB12345 without CES }
  gb2312-raw                       { GB2312  without CES }
  hz
  iso-ir-165
  ----------------------------------------------------------------

  [1] GB2312 is aliased to this.  See L<Microsoft-related naming mess>
  [2] gbk is aliased to this.  See L<Microsoft-related naming mess>

=item Encode::JP -- Japan

  Standard      DOS/Win Macintosh                Comment/Reference
  ----------------------------------------------------------------
  euc-jp
  shiftjis      cp932   macJapanese
  7bit-jis
  iso-2022-jp                                            [RFC1468]
  iso-2022-jp-1                                          [RFC2237]
  jis0201-raw  { JIS X 0201 (roman + halfwidth kana) without CES }
  jis0208-raw  { JIS X 0208 (Kanji + fullwidth kana) without CES }
  jis0212-raw  { JIS X 0212 (Extended Kanji)         without CES }
  ----------------------------------------------------------------

=item Encode::KR -- Korea

  Standard      DOS/Win Macintosh                Comment/Reference
  ----------------------------------------------------------------
  euc-kr                MacKorean                        [RFC1557]
                cp949 [1]                    
  iso-2022-kr                                            [RFC1557]
  johab                                  [KS X 1001:1998, Annex 3]
  ksc5601-raw                              { KSC5601 without CES }
  ----------------------------------------------------------------

  [1] ks_c_5601-1987, (x-)?windows-949, and uhc are aliased to this.
  See below.

=item Encode::TW -- Taiwan

  Standard      DOS/Win Macintosh                Comment/Reference
  ----------------------------------------------------------------
  big5-eten     cp950   MacChineseTrad {big5 aliased to big5-eten}
  big5-hkscs                              
  ----------------------------------------------------------------

=item Encode::HanExtra -- More Chinese via CPAN

Due to the size concerns, additional Chinese encodings below are
distributed separately on CPAN, under the name Encode::HanExtra.

  Standard      DOS/Win Macintosh                Comment/Reference
  ----------------------------------------------------------------
  big5ext                                   CMEX's Big5e Extension
  big5plus                                  CMEX's Big5+ Extension
  cccii         Chinese Character Code for Information Interchange
  euc-tw                             EUC (Extended Unix Character)
  gb18030                          GBK with Traditional Characters
  ----------------------------------------------------------------

=item Encode::JIS2K -- JIS X 0213 encodings via CPAN

Due to size concerns, additional Japanese encodings below are
distributed separately on CPAN, under the name Encode::JIS2K.

  Standard      DOS/Win Macintosh                Comment/Reference
  ----------------------------------------------------------------
  euc-jisx0213
  shiftjisx0123
  iso-2022-jp-3
  jis0213-1-raw
  jis0213-2-raw
  ----------------------------------------------------------------

=back

=head2 Miscellaneous encodings

=over 2

=item Encode::EBCDIC

See L<perlebcdic> for details.

  ----------------------------------------------------------------
  cp37
  cp500  
  cp875  
  cp1026  
  cp1047  
  posix-bc
  ----------------------------------------------------------------

=item Encode::Symbols

For symbols  and dingbats.

  ----------------------------------------------------------------
  symbol
  dingbats
  MacDingbats
  AdobeZdingbat
  AdobeSymbol
  ----------------------------------------------------------------

=item Encode::MIME::Header

Strictly speaking, MIME header encoding documented in RFC 2047 is more
of encapsulation than encoding.  However, their support in modern
world is imperative so they are supported.

  ----------------------------------------------------------------
  MIME-Header                                            [RFC2047]
  MIME-B                                                 [RFC2047]
  MIME-Q                                                 [RFC2047]
  ----------------------------------------------------------------

=item Encode::Guess

This one is not a name of encoding but a utility that lets you pick up
the most appropriate encoding for a data out of given I<suspects>.  See
L<Encode::Guess> for details.

=back

=head1 Unsupported encodings

The following encodings are not supported as yet; some because they
are rarely used, some because of technical difficulties.  They may
be supported by external modules via CPAN in the future, however.

=over 2

=item   ISO-2022-JP-2 [RFC1554]

Not very popular yet.  Needs Unicode Database or equivalent to
implement encode() (because it includes JIS X 0208/0212, KSC5601, and
GB2312 simultaneously, whose code points in Unicode overlap.  So you
need to lookup the database to determine to what character set a given
Unicode character should belong). 

=item ISO-2022-CN [RFC1922]

Not very popular.  Needs CNS 11643-1 and -2 which are not available in
this module.  CNS 11643 is supported (via euc-tw) in Encode::HanExtra.
Autrijus Tang may add support for this encoding in his module in future.

=item Various HP-UX encodings

The following are unsupported due to the lack of mapping data.

  '8'  - arabic8, greek8, hebrew8, kana8, thai8, and turkish8
  '15' - japanese15, korean15, and roi15

=item Cyrillic encoding ISO-IR-111

Anton Tagunov doubts its usefulness.

=item ISO-8859-8-1 [Hebrew]

None of the Encode team knows Hebrew enough (ISO-8859-8, cp1255 and
MacHebrew are supported because and just because there were mappings
available at L<http://www.unicode.org/>).  Contributions welcome.

=item ISIRI 3342, Iran System, ISIRI 2900 [Farsi]

Ditto.

=item Thai encoding TCVN

Ditto.

=item Vietnamese encodings VPS

Though Jungshik Shin has reported that Mozilla supports this encoding,
it was too late before 5.8.0 for us to add it.  In the future, it
may be available via a separate module.  See
L<http://lxr.mozilla.org/seamonkey/source/intl/uconv/ucvlatin/vps.uf>
and
L<http://lxr.mozilla.org/seamonkey/source/intl/uconv/ucvlatin/vps.ut>
if you are interested in helping us.

=item Various Mac encodings

The following are unsupported due to the lack of mapping data. 

  MacArmenian,  MacBengali,   MacBurmese,   MacEthiopic
  MacExtArabic, MacGeorgian,  MacKannada,   MacKhmer
  MacLaotian,   MacMalayalam, MacMongolian, MacOriya
  MacSinhalese, MacTamil,     MacTelugu,    MacTibetan
  MacVietnamese

The rest which are already available are based upon the vendor mappings
at L<http://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/APPLE/> .

=item (Mac) Indic encodings

The maps for the following are available at L<http://www.unicode.org/>
but remain unsupported because those encodings need an algorithmical
approach, currently unsupported by F<enc2xs>:

  MacDevanagari
  MacGurmukhi
  MacGujarati

For details, please see C<Unicode mapping issues and notes:> at
L<http://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/APPLE/DEVANAGA.TXT> .

I believe this issue is prevalent not only for Mac Indics but also in
other Indic encodings, but the above were the only Indic encodings
maps that I could find at L<http://www.unicode.org/> .

=back

=head1 Encoding vs. Charset -- terminology

We are used to using the term (character) I<encoding> and I<character
set> interchangeably.  But just as confusing the terms byte and
character is dangerous and the terms should be differentiated when
needed, we need to differentiate I<encoding> and I<character set>.

To understand that, here is a description of how we make computers
grok our characters.

=over 2

=item *

First we start with which characters to include.  We call this
collection of characters I<character repertoire>.

=item *

Then we have to give each character a unique ID so your computer can
tell the difference between 'a' and 'A'.  This itemized character
repertoire is now a I<character set>.

=item *

If your computer can grow the character set without further
processing, you can go ahead and use it.  This is called a I<coded
character set> (CCS) or I<raw character encoding>.  ASCII is used this
way for most cases.

=item *

But in many cases, especially multi-byte CJK encodings, you have to
tweak a little more.  Your network connection may not accept any data
with the Most Significant Bit set, and your computer may not be able to
tell if a given byte is a whole character or just half of it.  So you
have to I<encode> the character set to use it.

A I<character encoding scheme> (CES) determines how to encode a given
character set, or a set of multiple character sets.  7bit ISO-2022 is
an example of a CES.  You switch between character sets via I<escape
sequences>.

=back

Technically, or mathematically, speaking, a character set encoded in
such a CES that maps character by character may form a CCS.  EUC is such
an example.  The CES of EUC is as follows:

=over 2

=item *

Map ASCII unchanged.

=item *

Map such a character set that consists of 94 or 96 powered by N
members by adding 0x80 to each byte.

=item *

You can also use 0x8e and 0x8f to indicate that the following sequence of
characters belongs to yet another character set.  To each following byte
is added the value 0x80.

=back

By carefully looking at the encoded byte sequence, you can find that the
byte sequence conforms a unique number.  In that sense, EUC is a CCS
generated by a CES above from up to four CCS (complicated?).  UTF-8
falls into this category.  See L<perlUnicode/"UTF-8"> to find out how
UTF-8 maps Unicode to a byte sequence.

You may also have found out by now why 7bit ISO-2022 cannot comprise
a CCS.  If you look at a byte sequence \x21\x21, you can't tell if
it is two !'s or IDEOGRAPHIC SPACE.  EUC maps the latter to \xA1\xA1
so you have no trouble differentiating between "!!". and S<"  ">.

=head1 Encoding Classification (by Anton Tagunov and Dan Kogai)

This section tries to classify the supported encodings by their 
applicability for information exchange over the Internet and to 
choose the most suitable aliases to name them in the context of 
such communication.

=over 2

=item * 

To (en|de)code encodings marked by C<(**)>, you need 
C<Encode::HanExtra>, available from CPAN.

=back

Encoding names

  US-ASCII    UTF-8    ISO-8859-*  KOI8-R
  Shift_JIS   EUC-JP   ISO-2022-JP ISO-2022-JP-1
  EUC-KR      Big5     GB2312

are registered with IANA as preferred MIME names and may
be used over the Internet.

C<Shift_JIS> has been officialized by JIS X 0208:1997.
L<Microsoft-related naming mess> gives details.

C<GB2312> is the IANA name for C<EUC-CN>.
See L<Microsoft-related naming mess> for details.

C<GB_2312-80> I<raw> encoding is available as C<gb2312-raw>
with Encode. See L<Encode::CN> for details.

  EUC-CN
  KOI8-U        [RFC2319]

have not been registered with IANA (as of March 2002) but
seem to be supported by major web browsers. 
The IANA name for C<EUC-CN> is C<GB2312>.

  KS_C_5601-1987

is heavily misused.
See L<Microsoft-related naming mess> for details.

C<KS_C_5601-1987> I<raw> encoding is available as C<kcs5601-raw>
with Encode. See L<Encode::KR> for details.

  UTF-16 UTF-16BE UTF-16LE

are IANA-registered C<charset>s. See [RFC 2781] for details.
Jungshik Shin reports that UTF-16 with a BOM is well accepted
by MS IE 5/6 and NS 4/6. Beware however that

=over 2

=item *

C<UTF-16> support in any software you're going to be
using/interoperating with has probably been less tested
then C<UTF-8> support

=item *

C<UTF-8> coded data seamlessly passes traditional
command piping (C<cat>, C<more>, etc.) while C<UTF-16> coded
data is likely to cause confusion (with its zero bytes,
for example)

=item *

it is beyond the power of words to describe the way HTML browsers
encode non-C<ASCII> form data. To get a general impression, visit
L<http://www.alanflavell.org.uk/charset/form-i18n.html>.
While encoding of form data has stabilized for C<UTF-8> encoded pages
(at least IE 5/6, NS 6, and Opera 6 behave consistently), be sure to
expect fun (and cross-browser discrepancies) with C<UTF-16> encoded
pages!

=back

The rule of thumb is to use C<UTF-8> unless you know what
you're doing and unless you really benefit from using C<UTF-16>.

  ISO-IR-165    [RFC1345]
  VISCII
  GB 12345
  GB 18030 (**)  (see links below)
  EUC-TW   (**)

are totally valid encodings but not registered at IANA.
The names under which they are listed here are probably the
most widely-known names for these encodings and are recommended
names.

  BIG5PLUS (**)

is a proprietary name. 

=head2 Microsoft-related naming mess

Microsoft products misuse the following names:

=over 2

=item KS_C_5601-1987

Microsoft extension to C<EUC-KR>.

Proper names: C<CP949>, C<UHC>, C<x-windows-949> (as used by Mozilla).

See L<http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/ietf-charsets/2001AprJun/0033.html>
for details.

Encode aliases C<KS_C_5601-1987> to C<cp949> to reflect this common
misusage. I<Raw> C<KS_C_5601-1987> encoding is available as
C<kcs5601-raw>.

See L<Encode::KR> for details.

=item GB2312

Microsoft extension to C<EUC-CN>.

Proper names: C<CP936>, C<GBK>.

C<GB2312> has been registered in the C<EUC-CN> meaning at
IANA. This has partially repaired the situation: Microsoft's 
C<GB2312> has become a superset of the official C<GB2312>.

Encode aliases C<GB2312> to C<euc-cn> in full agreement with
IANA registration. C<cp936> is supported separately.
I<Raw> C<GB_2312-80> encoding is available as C<gb2312-raw>.

See L<Encode::CN> for details.

=item Big5

Microsoft extension to C<Big5>.

Proper name: C<CP950>.

Encode separately supports C<Big5> and C<cp950>.

=item Shift_JIS

Microsoft's understanding of C<Shift_JIS>.

JIS has not endorsed the full Microsoft standard however.
The official C<Shift_JIS> includes only JIS X 0201 and JIS X 0208
character sets, while Microsoft has always used C<Shift_JIS>
to encode a wider character repertoire. See C<IANA> registration for
C<Windows-31J>.

As a historical predecessor, Microsoft's variant
probably has more rights for the name, though it may be objected
that Microsoft shouldn't have used JIS as part of the name
in the first place.

Unambiguous name: C<CP932>. C<IANA> name (also used by Mozilla, and
provided as an alias by Encode): C<Windows-31J>.

Encode separately supports C<Shift_JIS> and C<cp932>.

=back

=head1 Glossary

=over 2

=item character repertoire

A collection of unique characters.  A I<character> set in the strictest
sense. At this stage, characters are not numbered.

=item coded character set (CCS)

A character set that is mapped in a way computers can use directly.
Many character encodings, including EUC, fall in this category.

=item character encoding scheme (CES)

An algorithm to map a character set to a byte sequence.  You don't
have to be able to tell which character set a given byte sequence
belongs.  7-bit ISO-2022 is a CES but it cannot be a CCS.  EUC is an
example of being both a CCS and CES.

=item charset (in MIME context)

has long been used in the meaning of C<encoding>, CES.

While the word combination C<character set> has lost this meaning
in MIME context since [RFC 2130], the C<charset> abbreviation has
retained it. This is how [RFC 2277] and [RFC 2278] bless C<charset>:

 This document uses the term "charset" to mean a set of rules for
 mapping from a sequence of octets to a sequence of characters, such
 as the combination of a coded character set and a character encoding
 scheme; this is also what is used as an identifier in MIME "charset="
 parameters, and registered in the IANA charset registry ...  (Note
 that this is NOT a term used by other standards bodies, such as ISO).
 [RFC 2277]

=item EUC

Extended Unix Character.  See ISO-2022.

=item ISO-2022

A CES that was carefully designed to coexist with ASCII.  There are a 7
bit version and an 8 bit version.  

The 7 bit version switches character set via escape sequence so it
cannot form a CCS.  Since this is more difficult to handle in programs
than the 8 bit version, the 7 bit version is not very popular except for
iso-2022-jp, the I<de facto> standard CES for e-mails.

The 8 bit version can form a CCS.  EUC and ISO-8859 are two examples
thereof.  Pre-5.6 perl could use them as string literals.

=item UCS

Short for I<Universal Character Set>.  When you say just UCS, it means
I<Unicode>.

=item UCS-2

ISO/IEC 10646 encoding form: Universal Character Set coded in two
octets.

=item Unicode

A character set that aims to include all character repertoires of the
world.  Many character sets in various national as well as industrial
standards have become, in a way, just subsets of Unicode.

=item UTF

Short for I<Unicode Transformation Format>.  Determines how to map a
Unicode character into a byte sequence.

=item UTF-16

A UTF in 16-bit encoding.  Can either be in big endian or little
endian.  The big endian version is called UTF-16BE (equal to UCS-2 + 
surrogate support) and the little endian version is called UTF-16LE.

=back

=head1 See Also

L<Encode>, 
L<Encode::Byte>, 
L<Encode::CN>, L<Encode::JP>, L<Encode::KR>, L<Encode::TW>,
L<Encode::EBCDIC>, L<Encode::Symbol>
L<Encode::MIME::Header>, L<Encode::Guess>

=head1 References

=over 2

=item ECMA

European Computer Manufacturers Association
L<http://www.ecma.ch>

=over 2

=item ECMA-035 (eq C<ISO-2022>)

L<http://www.ecma.ch/ecma1/STAND/ECMA-035.HTM> 

The specification of ISO-2022 is available from the link above.

=back

=item IANA

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
L<http://www.iana.org/>

=over 2

=item Assigned Charset Names by IANA

L<http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets>

Most of the C<canonical names> in Encode derive from this list
so you can directly apply the string you have extracted from MIME
header of mails and web pages.

=back

=item ISO

International Organization for Standardization
L<http://www.iso.ch/>

=item RFC

Request For Comments -- need I say more?
L<http://www.rfc-editor.org/>, L<http://www.ietf.org/rfc.html>,
L<http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/>

=item UC

Unicode Consortium
L<http://www.unicode.org/>

=over 2

=item Unicode Glossary

L<http://www.unicode.org/glossary/>

The glossary of this document is based upon this site.

=back

=back

=head2 Other Notable Sites

=over 2

=item czyborra.com

L<http://czyborra.com/>

Contains a lot of useful information, especially gory details of ISO
vs. vendor mappings.

=item CJK.inf

L<http://examples.oreilly.com/cjkvinfo/doc/cjk.inf>

Somewhat obsolete (last update in 1996), but still useful.  Also try

L<ftp://ftp.oreilly.com/pub/examples/nutshell/cjkv/pdf/GB18030_Summary.pdf>

You will find brief info on C<EUC-CN>, C<GBK> and mostly on C<GB 18030>.

=item Jungshik Shin's Hangul FAQ

L<http://jshin.net/faq>

And especially its subject 8.

L<http://jshin.net/faq/qa8.html>

A comprehensive overview of the Korean (C<KS *>) standards.

=item debian.org: "Introduction to i18n"

A brief description for most of the mentioned CJK encodings is
contained in
L<http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/intro-i18n/ch-codes.en.html>

=back

=head2 Offline sources

=over 2

=item C<CJKV Information Processing> by Ken Lunde

CJKV Information Processing
1999 O'Reilly & Associates, ISBN : 1-56592-224-7

The modern successor of C<CJK.inf>.

Features a comprehensive coverage of CJKV character sets and
encodings along with many other issues faced by anyone trying
to better support CJKV languages/scripts in all the areas of
information processing.

To purchase this book, visit
L<http://oreilly.com/catalog/9780596514471/>
or your favourite bookstore.

=back

=cut