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<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>GNU Info 4.7</title>
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Texinfo source files).

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2003, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

     Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
     document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
     Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software
     Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts
     being "A GNU Manual," and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a)
     below.  A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
     "GNU Free Documentation License."

     (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: "You have freedom to copy and
     modify this GNU Manual, like GNU software.  Copies published by
     the Free Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development."
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<body>
<h1 class="settitle">GNU Info 4.7</h1>
   <div class="contents">
<h2>Table of Contents</h2>
<ul>
<li><a name="toc_Top" href="#Top">GNU Info</a>
<li><a name="toc_What-is-Info" href="#What-is-Info">1 What is Info?</a>
<li><a name="toc_Invoking-Info" href="#Invoking-Info">2 Invoking Info</a>
<li><a name="toc_Cursor-Commands" href="#Cursor-Commands">3 Moving the Cursor</a>
<li><a name="toc_Scrolling-Commands" href="#Scrolling-Commands">4 Moving Text Within a Window</a>
<li><a name="toc_Node-Commands" href="#Node-Commands">5 Selecting a Node</a>
<li><a name="toc_Searching-Commands" href="#Searching-Commands">6 Searching an Info File</a>
<li><a name="toc_Xref-Commands" href="#Xref-Commands">7 Selecting Cross References</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#Parts-of-an-Xref">7.1 Parts of an Xref</a>
<li><a href="#Selecting-Xrefs">7.2 Selecting Xrefs</a>
</li></ul>
<li><a name="toc_Window-Commands" href="#Window-Commands">8 Manipulating Multiple Windows</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#The-Mode-Line">8.1 The Mode Line</a>
<li><a href="#Basic-Windows">8.2 Window Commands</a>
<li><a href="#The-Echo-Area">8.3 The Echo Area</a>
</li></ul>
<li><a name="toc_Printing-Nodes" href="#Printing-Nodes">9 Printing Nodes</a>
<li><a name="toc_Miscellaneous-Commands" href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">10 Miscellaneous Commands</a>
<li><a name="toc_Variables" href="#Variables">11 Manipulating Variables</a>
<li><a name="toc_Custom-Key-Bindings" href="#Custom-Key-Bindings">12 Customizing Key Bindings and Variables</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#Invoking-infokey">12.1 Invoking <span class="command">infokey</span></a>
<li><a href="#infokey-source-format">12.2 <span class="command">infokey</span> source format</a>
</li></ul>
<li><a name="toc_Copying-This-Manual" href="#Copying-This-Manual">Appendix A Copying This Manual</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#GNU-Free-Documentation-License">A.1 GNU Free Documentation License</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#GNU-Free-Documentation-License">A.1.1 ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents</a>
</li></ul>
</li></ul>
<li><a name="toc_Index" href="#Index">Appendix B Index</a>
</li></ul>
</div>



<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Top"></a>Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#What-is-Info">What is Info</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#dir">(dir)</a>
<br>
</div>

<h2 class="unnumbered">GNU Info</h2>

<p>This manual is for GNU Info (version 4.7, 23 March 2004),
a program for viewing documents in Info format (usually created from
Texinfo source files).

   <p>Copyright &copy; 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002,
2003, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

   <blockquote>
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no
Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts being &ldquo;A GNU Manual,&rdquo;
and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below.  A copy of the
license is included in the section entitled &ldquo;GNU Free Documentation
License.&rdquo;

        <p>(a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: &ldquo;You have freedom to copy and modify
this GNU Manual, like GNU software.  Copies published by the Free
Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.&rdquo;
</blockquote>

   <p>This documentation is different from the documentation for the Info
reader that is part of GNU Emacs.  If you do not know how to use Info,
but have a working Info reader, you should read the Emacs documentation
first, as it includes more background information and a thorough tutorial.

<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#What-is-Info">What is Info</a>:                 What is Info? 
<li><a accesskey="2" href="#Invoking-Info">Invoking Info</a>:                Options you can pass on the command line. 
<li><a accesskey="3" href="#Cursor-Commands">Cursor Commands</a>:              Commands which move the cursor within a node. 
<li><a accesskey="4" href="#Scrolling-Commands">Scrolling Commands</a>:           Commands for reading the text within a node. 
<li><a accesskey="5" href="#Node-Commands">Node Commands</a>:                Commands for selecting a new node. 
<li><a accesskey="6" href="#Searching-Commands">Searching Commands</a>:           Commands for searching an Info file. 
<li><a accesskey="7" href="#Xref-Commands">Xref Commands</a>:                Commands for selecting cross references. 
<li><a accesskey="8" href="#Window-Commands">Window Commands</a>:              Commands which manipulate multiple windows. 
<li><a accesskey="9" href="#Printing-Nodes">Printing Nodes</a>:               How to print out the contents of a node. 
<li><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a>:       A few commands that defy categories. 
<li><a href="#Variables">Variables</a>:                    How to change the default behavior of Info. 
<li><a href="#Custom-Key-Bindings">Custom Key Bindings</a>:          How to define your own key-to-command bindings. 
<li><a href="#Copying-This-Manual">Copying This Manual</a>:          The GNU Free Documentation License. 
<li><a href="#Index">Index</a>:                        Global index containing keystrokes,
                                  command names, variable names,
                                  and general concepts. 
</ul>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="What-is-Info"></a>Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Invoking-Info">Invoking Info</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Top">Top</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>
<br>
</div>

<h2 class="chapter">1 What is Info?</h2>

<p><dfn>Info</dfn> is a program which is used to view Info files on an ASCII
terminal.  <dfn>Info files</dfn> are the result of processing Texinfo files
with the program <code>makeinfo</code> or with one of the Emacs commands, such
as <code>M-x texinfo-format-buffer</code>.  Texinfo itself is a documentation
system that uses a single source file to produce both on-line
information and printed output.  You can typeset and print the files
that you read in Info.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Invoking-Info"></a>Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Cursor-Commands">Cursor Commands</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#What-is-Info">What is Info</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>
<br>
</div>

<h2 class="chapter">2 Invoking Info</h2>

<p><a name="index-Info_002c-invoking-1"></a><a name="index-invoking-Info-2"></a><a name="index-command-line-options-3"></a><a name="index-options_002c-command-line-4"></a><a name="index-arguments_002c-command-line-5"></a>
GNU Info accepts several options to control the initial node being
viewed, and to specify which directories to search for Info files.  Here
is a template showing an invocation of GNU Info from the shell:

<pre class="example">     info [<var>option</var>]... [<var>menu-item</var>...]
</pre>
   <p>The program accepts the following options:

     <dl>
<a name="_002d_002dapropos"></a>
<dt><code>--apropos=</code><var>string</var><dd><a name="index-Searching-all-indices-6"></a><a name="index-Info-files_0040r_007b_002c-searching-all-indices_007d-7"></a><a name="index-Apropos_0040r_007b_002c-in-Info-files_007d-8"></a>Specify a string to search in every index of every Info file installed
on your system.  Info looks up the named <var>string</var> in all the indices
it can find, prints the results to standard output, and then exits.  If
you are not sure which Info file explains certain issues, this option is
your friend.  Note that if your system has a lot of Info files
installed, searching all of them might take some time.

     <p>You can invoke the apropos command from inside Info; see
<a href="#Searching-Commands">Searching Commands</a>.

     <p><a name="index-directory-path-9"></a><br><dt><code>--directory </code><var>directory-path</var><dt><code>-d </code><var>directory-path</var><dd>Prepend <var>directory-path</var> to the list of directory paths searched
when Info needs to find a file.  You may issue <code>--directory</code>
multiple times; once for each directory which contains Info files.  The
list of directories searched by Info is constructed from the value of
the environment variable <code>INFOPATH</code>; <code>--directory</code> causes the
named <var>directory-path</var> to be prepended to that list.  The value of
<code>INFOPATH</code> is a list of directories usually separated by a colon;
on MS-DOS/MS-Windows systems, the semicolon is used.  If you do not
define <code>INFOPATH</code>, Info uses a default path defined when Info was
built as the initial list of directories.  If the value of
<code>INFOPATH</code> ends with a colon (or semicolon on MS-DOS/MS-Windows),
the initial list of directories is constructed by appending the
build-time default to the value of <code>INFOPATH</code>.

     <p><a name="index-keystrokes_002c-recording-10"></a><a name="index-remembering-user-keystrokes-11"></a><br><dt><code>--dribble=</code><var>dribble-file</var><dd>Specify a file where all user keystrokes will be recorded.  This file
can be used later to replay the same sequence of commands, see the
<span class="samp">--restore</span> option below.

     <br><dt><code>--file </code><var>filename</var><dt><code>-f </code><var>filename</var><dd><a name="index-Info-file_002c-selecting-12"></a>Specify a particular Info file to visit.  By default, Info visits
the file <code>dir</code>; if you use this option, Info will start with
<code>(</code><var>filename</var><code>)Top</code> as the first file and node.

     <p><a name="index-relative-Info-file-names-13"></a><a name="index-file-names_002c-relative-14"></a><a name="index-Info-files_002c-relative-15"></a>If <var>filename</var> is an absolute file name, or begins with <span class="file">./</span> or
<span class="file">../</span>, Info looks for <var>filename</var> only in the directory of the
specified <var>filename</var>, and adds the directory of <var>filename</var> to
the value of <code>INFOPATH</code>.  In contrast, if <var>filename</var> is in the
form of a relative file name, but without the <span class="file">./</span> or <span class="file">../</span>
prefix, Info will only look for it in the directories specified in
<code>INFOPATH</code>.  In other words, Info does <em>not</em> treat file names
which lack <span class="file">./</span> and <span class="file">../</span> prefix as relative to the current
directory.

     <p><a name="index-compressed-Info-files-16"></a><a name="index-files_002c-compressed-17"></a><a name="index-Info-files_002c-compressed-18"></a>In every directory Info tries, if <var>filename</var> is not found, Info
looks for it with a number of known extensions of Info files<a rel="footnote" href="#fn-1" name="fnd-1"><sup>1</sup></a>.  For every
known extension, Info looks for a compressed file, if a regular file
isn't found.  Info supports files compressed with <code>gzip</code>,
<code>bzip2</code>, <code>compress</code> and <code>yabba</code> programs; it calls
<code>gunzip</code>, <code>bunzip2</code>, <code>uncompress</code> and <code>unyabba</code>,
accordingly, to decompress such files.  Compressed Info files are
assumed to have <span class="file">.z</span>, <span class="file">.gz</span>, <span class="file">.bz2</span>, <span class="file">.Z</span>, or
<span class="file">.Y</span> extensions, possibly in addition to one of the known Info
files extensions<a rel="footnote" href="#fn-2" name="fnd-2"><sup>2</sup></a>.

     <br><dt><code>--help</code><dt><code>-h</code><dd>Produces a relatively brief description of the available Info options.

     <br><dt><code>--index-search </code><var>string</var><dd><a name="index-index-search_002c-selecting-from-the-command-line-19"></a><a name="index-online-help_002c-using-Info-as-20"></a>After processing all command-line arguments, go to the index in the Info
file and search for index entries which match <var>string</var>.  If such an
entry is found, the Info session begins with displaying the node pointed
to by the first matching index entry; press <kbd>,</kbd> to step through the
rest of the matching entries.  If no such entry exists, print <span class="samp">no
entries found</span> and exit with nonzero status.  This can be used from
another program as a way to provide online help, or as a quick way of
starting to read an Info file at a certain node when you don't know the
exact name of that node.

     <p>This command can also be invoked from inside Info; see <a href="#Searching-Commands">Searching Commands</a>.

     <br><dt><code>--node </code><var>nodename</var><dt><code>-n </code><var>nodename</var><dd><a name="index-node_002c-selecting-from-the-command-line-21"></a>Specify a particular node to visit in the initial file that Info
loads.  This is especially useful in conjunction with
<code>--file</code><a rel="footnote" href="#fn-3" name="fnd-3"><sup>3</sup></a>.  You may specify <code>--node</code> multiple times; for
an interactive Info, each <var>nodename</var> is visited in its own window,
for a non-interactive Info (such as when <code>--output</code> is given) each
<var>nodename</var> is processed sequentially.

     <br><dt><code>--output </code><var>filename</var><dt><code>-o </code><var>filename</var><dd><a name="index-file_002c-outputting-to-22"></a><a name="index-outputting-to-a-file-23"></a>Specify <var>filename</var> as the name of a file to which to direct output. 
Each node that Info visits will be output to <var>filename</var> instead of
interactively viewed.  A value of <code>-</code> for <var>filename</var> specifies
the standard output.

     <p><a name="index-colors-in-documents-24"></a><a name="index-ANSI-escape-sequences-in-documents-25"></a><br><dt><code>--raw-escapes</code><dt><code>--no-raw-escapes</code><dt><code>-R</code><dd>Do not remove ANSI escape sequences from documents.  Some versions of
Groff, the GNU document formatter, produce man pages with ANSI escape
sequences for bold, italics, and underlined characters, and for
colorized text.  By default, Info lets those escape sequences pass
through directly to the terminal.  If your terminal does not support
these escapes, use <code>--no-raw-escapes</code> to make Info remove them.

     <p><a name="index-replaying-recorded-keystrokes-26"></a><br><dt><code>--restore=</code><var>dribble-file</var><dd>Read keystrokes from <var>dribble-file</var>, presumably recorded during
previous Info session (see the description of the <span class="samp">--dribble</span>
option above).  When the keystrokes in the files are all read, Info
reverts its input to the usual interactive operation.

     <p><a name="_002d_002dshow_002doptions"></a>
<a name="index-command_002dline-options_002c-how-to-find-27"></a><a name="index-invocation-description_002c-how-to-find-28"></a><br><dt><code>--show-options</code><dt><code>--usage</code><dt><code>-O</code><dd>This option causes Info to look for the node that describes how to
invoke the program and its command-line options, and begin the session
by displaying that node.  It is provided to make it easier to find the
most important usage information in a manual without the need to wade
through complex menu hierarchies.  The effect is similar to the
<code>M-x goto-invocation</code> command (see <a href="#goto_002dinvocation">goto-invocation</a>) from inside
Info.

     <p><a name="index-speech-synthesizers-29"></a><br><dt><code>--speech-friendly</code><dt><code>-b</code><dd>On MS-DOS/MS-Windows only, this option causes Info to use standard file
I/O functions for screen writes.  (By default, Info uses direct writes
to the video memory on these systems, for faster operation and colored
display support.)  This allows the speech synthesizers used by blind
persons to catch the output and convert it to audible speech.

     <br><dt><code>--subnodes</code><dd><a name="index-_0040code_007b_002d_002dsubnodes_007d_002c-command-line-option-30"></a>This option only has meaning when given in conjunction with
<code>--output</code>.  It means to recursively output the nodes appearing in
the menus of each node being output.  Menu items which resolve to
external Info files are not output, and neither are menu items which are
members of an index.  Each node is only output once.

     <br><dt><code>--version</code><dd><a name="index-version-information-31"></a>Prints the version information of Info and exits.

     <p><a name="_002d_002dvi_002dkeys"></a>
<a name="index-vi_002dlike-key-bindings-32"></a><a name="index-Less_002dlike-key-bindings-33"></a><br><dt><code>--vi-keys</code><dd>This option binds functions to keys differently, to emulate the key
bindings of <code>vi</code> and Less.  The default key bindings are generally
modeled after Emacs. 
(See <a href="#Custom-Key-Bindings">Custom Key Bindings</a>,
for a more general way of altering GNU Info's key bindings.)

     <p><a name="index-Info-manual-location-34"></a><a name="index-Where-is-an-Info-manual_003f-35"></a><br><dt><code>--where</code><dt><code>--location</code><dt><code>-w</code><dd>Show the filename that would be read and exit, instead of actually
reading it and starting Info.

     <br><dt><var>menu-item</var><dd><a name="index-menu_002c-following-36"></a><a name="command_002dline-menu-items"></a>
Info treats its remaining arguments as the names of menu items.  The
first argument is a menu item in the initial node visited (generally
<code>dir</code>), the second argument is a menu item in the first argument's
node, etc.  You can easily move to the node of your choice by specifying
the menu names which describe the path to that node.  For example,

     <pre class="example">          info emacs buffers
     </pre>
     <p class="noindent">first selects the menu item <span class="samp">Emacs</span> in the node <span class="samp">(dir)Top</span>,
and then selects the menu item <span class="samp">Buffers</span> in the node
<span class="samp">(emacs)Top</span>. 
</dl>

   <p>To avoid searching the <span class="file">dir</span> files and just show some arbitrary
file, use <span class="samp">-f</span> and the filename, as in <span class="samp">info -f ./foo.info</span>.

   <p>The index search and the search for the node which describes program
invocation and command-line options begins <em>after</em> processing all
the command-line menu items.  Therefore, the Info file searched for the
index or the invocation node is the file where Info finds itself after
following all the menu items given on the command line.  This is so
<span class="samp">info emacs --show-options</span> does what you'd expect.

<!-- FIXME: the feature with lowercasing the file name isn't documented -->
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Cursor-Commands"></a>Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Scrolling-Commands">Scrolling Commands</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Invoking-Info">Invoking Info</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>
<br>
</div>

<h2 class="chapter">3 Moving the Cursor</h2>

<p><a name="index-cursor_002c-moving-37"></a><a name="index-moving-the-cursor-38"></a>
Many people find that reading screens of text page by page is made
easier when one is able to indicate particular pieces of text with
some kind of pointing device.  Since this is the case, GNU Info (both
the Emacs and standalone versions) have several commands which allow
you to move the cursor about the screen.  The notation used in this
manual to describe keystrokes is identical to the notation used within
the Emacs manual, and the GNU Readline manual.  See <a href="emacs.html#User-Input">User Input (the GNU Emacs Manual)</a>, if you are unfamiliar with the
notation.<a rel="footnote" href="#fn-4" name="fnd-4"><sup>4</sup></a>

   <p>The following table lists the basic cursor movement commands in Info. 
Each entry consists of the key sequence you should type to execute the
cursor movement, the <code>M-x</code><a rel="footnote" href="#fn-5" name="fnd-5"><sup>5</sup></a> command name (displayed in parentheses), and a short
description of what the command does.  All of the cursor motion commands
can take a <dfn>numeric</dfn> argument (see <a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands"><code>universal-argument</code></a>.  With a
numeric argument, the motion commands are simply executed that
many times; for example, a numeric argument of 4 given to
<code>next-line</code> causes the cursor to move down 4 lines.  With a
negative numeric argument, the motion is reversed; an argument of -4
given to the <code>next-line</code> command would cause the cursor to move
<em>up</em> 4 lines.

     <dl>
<dt>&lt;C-n&gt; (<code>next-line</code>)<dt>&lt;DOWN&gt; (an arrow key)<dd><a name="index-C_002dn-39"></a><a name="index-DOWN-_0028an-arrow-key_0029-40"></a><a name="index-next_002dline-41"></a>Move the cursor down to the next line.

     <br><dt>&lt;C-p&gt; (<code>prev-line</code>)<dt>&lt;UP&gt; (an arrow key)<dd><a name="index-C_002dp-42"></a><a name="index-UP-_0028an-arrow-key_0029-43"></a><a name="index-prev_002dline-44"></a>Move the cursor up to the previous line.

     <br><dt>&lt;C-a&gt; (<code>beginning-of-line</code>)<dt>&lt;Home&gt; (on DOS/Windows only)<dd><a name="index-C_002da_002c-in-Info-windows-45"></a><a name="index-Home-46"></a><a name="index-beginning_002dof_002dline-47"></a>Move the cursor to the start of the current line.

     <br><dt>&lt;C-e&gt; (<code>end-of-line</code>)<dt>&lt;End&gt; (on DOS/Windows only)<dd><a name="index-C_002de_002c-in-Info-windows-48"></a><a name="index-End-49"></a><a name="index-end_002dof_002dline-50"></a>Move the cursor to the end of the current line.

     <br><dt>&lt;C-f&gt; (<code>forward-char</code>)<dt>&lt;RIGHT&gt; (an arrow key)<dd><a name="index-C_002df_002c-in-Info-windows-51"></a><a name="index-RIGHT-_0028an-arrow-key_0029-52"></a><a name="index-forward_002dchar-53"></a>Move the cursor forward a character.

     <br><dt>&lt;C-b&gt; (<code>backward-char</code>)<dt>&lt;LEFT&gt; (an arrow key)<dd><a name="index-C_002db_002c-in-Info-windows-54"></a><a name="index-LEFT-_0028an-arrow-key_0029-55"></a><a name="index-backward_002dchar-56"></a>Move the cursor backward a character.

     <br><dt>&lt;M-f&gt; (<code>forward-word</code>)<dt><kbd>C-&lt;RIGHT&gt;</kbd> (on DOS/Windows only)<dd><a name="index-M_002df_002c-in-Info-windows-57"></a><a name="index-C_002dRIGHT-58"></a><a name="index-forward_002dword-59"></a>Move the cursor forward a word.

     <br><dt>&lt;M-b&gt; (<code>backward-word</code>)<dt><kbd>C-&lt;LEFT&gt;</kbd> (on DOS/Windows only)<dd><a name="index-M_002db_002c-in-Info-windows-60"></a><a name="index-C_002dLEFT-61"></a><a name="index-backward_002dword-62"></a>Move the cursor backward a word.

     <br><dt>&lt;M-&lt;&gt; (<code>beginning-of-node</code>)<dt>&lt;C-&lt;Home&gt;&gt; (on DOS/Windows only)<dt>&lt;b&gt;<dt>&lt;M-b&gt;, vi-like operation<dd><a name="index-b_002c-in-Info-windows-63"></a><a name="index-M_002d_003c-64"></a><a name="index-C_002dHome-65"></a><a name="index-M_002db_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-66"></a><a name="index-beginning_002dof_002dnode-67"></a>Move the cursor to the start of the current node.

     <br><dt>&lt;M-&gt;&gt; (<code>end-of-node</code>)<dt>&lt;C-&lt;End&gt;&gt; (on DOS/Windows only)<dt>&lt;e&gt;<dd><a name="index-M_002d_003e-68"></a><a name="index-e_002c-in-Info-windows-69"></a><a name="index-C_002dEnd-70"></a><a name="index-end_002dof_002dnode-71"></a>Move the cursor to the end of the current node.

     <br><dt>&lt;M-r&gt; (<code>move-to-window-line</code>)<dd><a name="index-M_002dr-72"></a><a name="index-move_002dto_002dwindow_002dline-73"></a>Move the cursor to a specific line of the window.  Without a numeric
argument, <code>M-r</code> moves the cursor to the start of the line in the
center of the window.  With a numeric argument of <var>n</var>, <code>M-r</code>
moves the cursor to the start of the <var>n</var>th line in the window. 
</dl>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Scrolling-Commands"></a>Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Node-Commands">Node Commands</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Cursor-Commands">Cursor Commands</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>
<br>
</div>

<h2 class="chapter">4 Moving Text Within a Window</h2>

<p><a name="index-scrolling-74"></a>
Sometimes you are looking at a screenful of text, and only part of the
current paragraph you are reading is visible on the screen.  The
commands detailed in this section are used to shift which part of the
current node is visible on the screen.

   <p>Scrolling commands are bound differently when <span class="samp">--vi-keys</span> operation
is in effect (see <a href="#_002d_002dvi_002dkeys">&ndash;vi-keys</a>).  These key bindings are designated
with &ldquo;vi-like operation&rdquo;.

     <dl>
<dt>&lt;SPC&gt; (<code>scroll-forward</code>)<dd><a name="index-SPC_002c-in-Info-windows-75"></a><a name="index-scroll_002dforward-76"></a>Shift the text in this window up.  That is, show more of the node which
is currently below the bottom of the window.  With a numeric argument,
show that many more lines at the bottom of the window; a numeric
argument of 4 would shift all of the text in the window up 4 lines
(discarding the top 4 lines), and show you four new lines at the bottom
of the window.  Without a numeric argument, &lt;SPC&gt; takes the bottom
two lines of the window and places them at the top of the window,
redisplaying almost a completely new screenful of lines.  If you are at
the end of a node, &lt;SPC&gt; takes you to the &ldquo;next&rdquo; node, so that you can
read an entire manual from start to finish by repeating &lt;SPC&gt;.

     <p>The default scroll size is one screen-full, but it can be changed by
invoking the (<code>scroll-forward-page-only-set-window</code>) command,
<span class="samp">z</span> under <span class="samp">--vi-keys</span>, with a numeric argument.

     <br><dt>&lt;NEXT&gt; (an arrow key) (<code>scroll-forward-page-only</code>)<dt>&lt;C-v&gt;<dt>&lt;C-f&gt;, vi-like operation<dt>&lt;f&gt;, vi-like operation<dt>&lt;M-SPC&gt;, vi-like operation<dd><a name="index-NEXT-77"></a><a name="index-C_002dv-78"></a><a name="index-C_002df_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-79"></a><a name="index-f_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-80"></a><a name="index-M_002dSPC_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-81"></a><a name="index-scroll_002dforward_002dpage_002donly-82"></a>Shift the text in this window up.  This is identical to the &lt;SPC&gt;
operation above, except that it never scrolls beyond the end of the
current node.

     <p><a name="index-PageDown-83"></a>The &lt;NEXT&gt; key is known as the &lt;PageDown&gt; key on some
keyboards.

     <br><dt>&lt;z&gt; (<code>scroll-forward-page-only-set-window</code>, vi-like operation)<dd><a name="index-z_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-84"></a><a name="index-scroll_002dforward_002dpage_002donly_002dset_002dwindow-85"></a>Scroll forward, like with &lt;NEXT&gt;, but if a numeric argument is
specified, it becomes the default scroll size for subsequent
<code>scroll-forward</code> and <code>scroll-backward</code> commands and their
ilk.

     <br><dt>&lt;DEL&gt; (<code>scroll-backward</code>)<dd><a name="index-DEL_002c-in-Info-windows-86"></a><a name="index-scroll_002dbackward-87"></a>Shift the text in this window down.  The inverse of
<code>scroll-forward</code>. 
If you are at the start of a node, &lt;DEL&gt; takes you to the
&ldquo;previous&rdquo; node, so that you can read an entire manual from finish to
start by repeating &lt;DEL&gt;.  The default scroll size can be changed by
invoking the (<code>scroll-backward-page-only-set-window</code>) command,
<span class="samp">w</span> under <span class="samp">--vi-keys</span>, with a numeric argument.

     <dt>&lt;PREVIOUS&gt; (arrow key) (<code>scroll-backward-page-only</code>)<dt>&lt;PRIOR&gt; (arrow key)<dt>&lt;M-v&gt;<dt>&lt;b&gt;, vi-like operation<dt>&lt;C-b&gt;, vi-like operation<dd><a name="index-PREVIOUS-88"></a><a name="index-M_002dv-89"></a><a name="index-b_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-90"></a><a name="index-C_002db_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-91"></a><a name="index-scroll_002dbackward_002dpage_002donly-92"></a>Shift the text in this window down.  The inverse of
<code>scroll-forward-page-only</code>.  Does not scroll beyond the start of
the current node.  The default scroll size can be changed by invoking
the(<code>scroll-backward-page-only-set-window</code>) command, <span class="samp">w</span> under
<span class="samp">--vi-keys</span>, with a numeric argument.

     <br><dt>&lt;w&gt; (<code>scroll-backward-page-only-set-window</code>, vi-like operation)<dd><a name="index-w_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-93"></a><a name="index-scroll_002dbackward_002dpage_002donly_002dset_002dwindow-94"></a>Scroll backward, like with &lt;PREVIOUS&gt;, but if a numeric argument is
specified, it becomes the default scroll size for subsequent
<code>scroll-forward</code> and <code>scroll-backward</code> commands.

     <br><dt>&lt;C-n&gt; (<code>down-line</code>, vi-like operation)<dt>&lt;C-e&gt;, vi-like operation<dt>&lt;RET&gt;, vi-like operation<dt>&lt;LFD&gt;, vi-like operation<dt>&lt;DOWN&gt;, vi-like operation<dd><a name="index-C_002dn_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-95"></a><a name="index-C_002de_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-96"></a><a name="index-RET_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-97"></a><a name="index-LFD_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-98"></a><a name="index-DOWN_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-99"></a><a name="index-down_002dline-100"></a>Scroll forward by one line.  With a numeric argument, scroll forward
that many lines.

     <br><dt>&lt;C-p&gt; (<code>up-line</code>, vi-like operation)<dt>&lt;UP&gt;, vi-like operation<dt>&lt;y&gt;, vi-like operation<dt>&lt;k&gt;, vi-like operation<dt>&lt;C-k&gt;, vi-like operation<dt>&lt;C-y&gt;, vi-like operation<dd><a name="index-C_002dp_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-101"></a><a name="index-UP_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-102"></a><a name="index-y_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-103"></a><a name="index-k_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-104"></a><a name="index-C_002dk_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-105"></a><a name="index-C_002dy_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-106"></a><a name="index-up_002dline-107"></a>Scroll backward one line.  With a numeric argument, scroll backward that
many lines.

     <br><dt>&lt;d&gt; (<code>scroll-half-screen-down</code>, vi-like operation)<dt>&lt;C-d&gt;, vi-like operation<dd><a name="index-d_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-108"></a><a name="index-C_002dd_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-109"></a><a name="index-scroll_002dhalf_002dscreen_002ddown-110"></a>Scroll forward by half of the screen size.  With a numeric argument,
scroll that many lines.  If an argument is specified, it becomes the new
default number of lines to scroll for subsequent <span class="samp">d</span> and <span class="samp">u</span>
commands.

     <br><dt>&lt;u&gt; (<code>scroll-half-screen-up</code>, vi-like operation)<dt>&lt;C-u&gt;, vi-like operation<dd><a name="index-u_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-111"></a><a name="index-C_002du_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-112"></a><a name="index-scroll_002dhalf_002dscreen_002dup-113"></a>Scroll back by half of the screen size.  With a numeric argument,
scroll that many lines.  If an argument is specified, it becomes the new
default number of lines to scroll for subsequent <span class="samp">u</span> and <span class="samp">d</span>
commands. 
</dl>

   <p><a name="index-scrolling-through-node-structure-114"></a>The <code>scroll-forward</code> and <code>scroll-backward</code> commands can also
move forward and backward through the node structure of the file.  If
you press &lt;SPC&gt; while viewing the end of a node, or &lt;DEL&gt; while
viewing the beginning of a node, what happens is controlled by the
variable <code>scroll-behavior</code>.  See <a href="#Variables"><code>scroll-behavior</code></a>, for more information.

   <p>The <code>scroll-forward-page-only</code> and <code>scroll-backward-page-only</code>
commands never scroll beyond the current node.

   <p><a name="index-PageUp-115"></a>The &lt;PREVIOUS&gt; key is the &lt;PageUp&gt; key on many keyboards.  Emacs
refers to it by the name &lt;PRIOR&gt;.  When you use &lt;PRIOR&gt; or
&lt;PageUp&gt; to scroll, Info never scrolls beyond the beginning of the
current node.

   <p><a name="index-BS-_0028backspace_0029-116"></a>If your keyboard lacks the &lt;DEL&gt; key, look for a key called
&lt;BS&gt;, or <span class="samp">BackSpace</span>, sometimes designated with an arrow which
points to the left, which should perform the same function.

     <dl>
<dt>&lt;C-l&gt; (<code>redraw-display</code>)<dd><a name="index-C_002dl-117"></a><a name="index-redraw_002ddisplay-118"></a>Redraw the display from scratch, or shift the line containing the cursor
to a specified location.  With no numeric argument, <span class="samp">C-l</span> clears
the screen, and then redraws its entire contents.  Given a numeric
argument of <var>n</var>, the line containing the cursor is shifted so that
it is on the <var>n</var>th line of the window.

     <br><dt><kbd>C-x &lt;w&gt;</kbd> (<code>toggle-wrap</code>)<dd><a name="index-C_002dw-119"></a><a name="index-toggle_002dwrap-120"></a>Toggles the state of line wrapping in the current window.  Normally,
lines which are longer than the screen width <dfn>wrap</dfn>, i.e., they are
continued on the next line.  Lines which wrap have a <span class="samp">\</span> appearing
in the rightmost column of the screen.  You can cause such lines to be
terminated at the rightmost column by changing the state of line
wrapping in the window with <code>C-x w</code>.  When a line which needs more
space than one screen width to display is displayed, a <span class="samp">$</span> appears
in the rightmost column of the screen, and the remainder of the line is
invisible.  When long lines are truncated, the modeline displays the
<span class="samp">$</span> character near its left edge. 
</dl>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Node-Commands"></a>Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Searching-Commands">Searching Commands</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Scrolling-Commands">Scrolling Commands</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>
<br>
</div>

<h2 class="chapter">5 Selecting a Node</h2>

<p><a name="index-nodes_002c-selection-of-121"></a>
This section details the numerous Info commands which select a new node
to view in the current window.

   <p>The most basic node commands are <span class="samp">n</span>, <span class="samp">p</span>, <span class="samp">u</span>, and
<span class="samp">l</span>.  Note that the commands to select nodes are mapped differently
when <span class="samp">--vi-keys</span> is in effect; these keybindings are designated
below as &ldquo;vi-like operation&rdquo;.

   <p>When you are viewing a node, the top line of the node contains some Info
<dfn>pointers</dfn> which describe where the next, previous, and up nodes
are.  Info uses this line to move about the node structure of the file
when you use the following commands:

     <dl>
<dt>&lt;n&gt; (<code>next-node</code>)<dt><kbd>C-&lt;NEXT&gt;</kbd> (on DOS/Windows only)<dt><kbd>C-x &lt;n&gt;</kbd>, vi-like operation<dd><a name="index-n-122"></a><a name="index-C_002dNEXT-123"></a><a name="index-C_002dx-n_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-124"></a><a name="index-next_002dnode-125"></a>Select the `Next' node.

     <p><a name="index-C_002dPgDn-126"></a>The &lt;NEXT&gt; key is known as the &lt;PgDn&gt; key on some
keyboards.

     <br><dt>&lt;p&gt; (<code>prev-node</code>)<dt><kbd>C-&lt;PREVIOUS&gt;</kbd> (on DOS/Windows only)<dd><a name="index-p-127"></a><a name="index-C_002dPREVIOUS-128"></a><a name="index-prev_002dnode-129"></a>Select the `Prev' node.

     <p><a name="index-C_002dPgUp-130"></a>The &lt;PREVIOUS&gt; key is known as the &lt;PgUp&gt; key on some
keyboards.

     <br><dt>&lt;u&gt; (<code>up-node</code>)<dt><kbd>C-&lt;UP&gt;</kbd> (an arrow key on DOS/Windows only)<dt><kbd>C-x &lt;u&gt;</kbd>, vi-like operation<dd><a name="index-u-131"></a><a name="index-C_002dUP-132"></a><a name="index-C_002dx-u_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-133"></a><a name="index-up_002dnode-134"></a>Select the `Up' node. 
</dl>

   <p>You can easily select a node that you have already viewed in this window
by using the <span class="samp">l</span> command &ndash; this name stands for "last", and
actually moves backwards through the history of visited nodes for this
window.  This is handy when you followed a reference to another node,
possibly to read about a related issue, and would like then to resume
reading at the same place where you started the excursion.

   <p>Each node where you press <span class="samp">l</span> is discarded from the history.  Thus,
by the time you get to the first node you visited in a window, the
entire history of that window is discarded.

     <dl>
<dt>&lt;l&gt; (<code>history-node</code>)<dt>&lt;C-&lt;CENTER&gt;&gt; (on DOS/Windows only)<dt>&lt;'&gt;, vi-like operation<dd><a name="index-l-135"></a><a name="index-C_002dCENTER-136"></a><a name="index-_0027_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-137"></a><a name="index-history_002dnode-138"></a>Pop the most recently selected node in this window from the node
history. 
</dl>

   <p>Two additional commands make it easy to select the most commonly
selected nodes; they are <span class="samp">t</span> and <span class="samp">d</span>.

     <dl>
<dt>&lt;t&gt; (<code>top-node</code>)<dt>&lt;M-t&gt;, vi-like operation<dd><a name="index-t-139"></a><a name="index-M_002dt_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-140"></a><a name="index-top_002dnode-141"></a>Select the node <span class="samp">Top</span> in the current Info file.

     <br><dt>&lt;d&gt; (<code>dir-node</code>)<dt>&lt;M-d&gt;, vi-like operation<dd><a name="index-d-142"></a><a name="index-M_002dd_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-143"></a><a name="index-dir_002dnode-144"></a>Select the directory node (i.e., the node <span class="samp">(dir)</span>). 
</dl>

   <p>Here are some other commands which immediately result in the selection
of a different node in the current window:

     <dl>
<dt>&lt;&lt;&gt; (<code>first-node</code>)<dt>&lt;g&gt;, vi-like operation<dd><a name="index-_003c-145"></a><a name="index-g_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-146"></a><a name="index-first_002dnode-147"></a>Selects the first node which appears in this file.  This node is most
often <span class="samp">Top</span>, but it does not have to be.  With a numeric argument
<var>N</var>, select the <var>N</var>th node (the first node is node 1).  An
argument of zero is the same as the argument of 1.

     <br><dt>&lt;&gt;&gt; (<code>last-node</code>)<dt>&lt;G&gt;, vi-like operation<dd><a name="index-_003e-148"></a><a name="index-G_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-149"></a><a name="index-last_002dnode-150"></a>Select the last node which appears in this file.  With a numeric argument
<var>N</var>, select the <var>N</var>th node (the first node is node 1).  An
argument of zero is the same as no argument, i.e., it selects the last
node.

     <br><dt>&lt;]&gt; (<code>global-next-node</code>)<dd><a name="index-_005d-151"></a><a name="index-global_002dnext_002dnode-152"></a>Move forward or down through node structure.  If the node that you are
currently viewing has a <span class="samp">Next</span> pointer, that node is selected. 
Otherwise, if this node has a menu, the first menu item is selected.  If
there is no <span class="samp">Next</span> and no menu, the same process is tried with the
<span class="samp">Up</span> node of this node.

     <br><dt>&lt;[&gt; (<code>global-prev-node</code>)<dd><a name="index-_005b-153"></a><a name="index-global_002dprev_002dnode-154"></a>Move backward or up through node structure.  If the node that you are
currently viewing has a <span class="samp">Prev</span> pointer, that node is selected. 
Otherwise, if the node has an <span class="samp">Up</span> pointer, that node is selected,
and if it has a menu, the last item in the menu is selected. 
</dl>

   <p>You can get the same behavior as <code>global-next-node</code> and
<code>global-prev-node</code> while simply scrolling through the file with
&lt;SPC&gt; and &lt;DEL&gt;; See <a href="#Variables"><code>scroll-behavior</code></a>, for
more information.

     <dl>
<a name="goto_002dnode"></a>
<dt>&lt;g&gt; (<code>goto-node</code>)<dt><kbd>C-x &lt;g&gt;</kbd>, vi-like operation<dd><a name="index-g-155"></a><a name="index-C_002dx-g_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-156"></a><a name="index-goto_002dnode-157"></a>Read the name of a node and select it.  While reading the node name,
completion (see <a href="#The-Echo-Area">completion</a>) is only done for the
nodes which reside in one of the Info files that were loaded in the
current Info session; if the desired node resides in some other file,
you must type the node exactly as it appears in that Info file, and you
must include the Info file of the other file.  For example,

     <pre class="example">          <code>g(emacs)Buffers</code>
     </pre>
     <p>finds the node <span class="samp">Buffers</span> in the Info file <span class="file">emacs</span>.

     <p><a name="goto_002dinvocation"></a>
<br><dt>&lt;O&gt; (<code>goto-invocation</code><dt>&lt;I&gt;<dd><a name="index-O-158"></a><a name="index-I-159"></a><a name="index-goto_002dinvocation-160"></a><a name="index-finding-the-Invocation-node-161"></a>Read the name of a program and look for a node in the current Info file
which describes the invocation and the command-line options for that
program.  The default program name is derived from the name of the
current Info file.  This command does the same as the
<span class="samp">--show-options</span> command-line option (see <a href="#_002d_002dshow_002doptions">&ndash;show-options</a>), but
it also allows to specify the program name; this is important for those
manuals which describe several programs.

     <p>If you need to find the Invocation node of a program that is documented
in another Info file, you need to visit that file before invoking
<span class="samp">I</span>.  For example, if you are reading the Emacs manual and want to
see the command-line options of the <code>makeinfo</code> program, type <kbd>g
(texinfo) &lt;RET&gt;</kbd> and then <kbd>I makeinfo &lt;RET&gt;</kbd>.  If you don't
know what Info file documents the command, or if invoking <span class="samp">I</span>
doesn't display the right node, go to the <span class="samp">(dir)</span> node (using the
<span class="samp">d</span> command) and invoke <span class="samp">I</span> from there.

     <br><dt>&lt;G&gt; (<code>menu-sequence</code>)<dd><a name="index-G-162"></a><a name="index-menu_002dsequence-163"></a><a name="index-menu_002c-following_002c-from-inside-Info-164"></a>Read a sequence of menu entries and follow it.  Info prompts for a
sequence of menu items separated by commas.  (Since commas are not
allowed in a node name, they are a natural choice for a delimiter in a
list of menu items.)  Info then looks up the first item in the menu of
the node <span class="samp">(dir)</span> (if the <span class="samp">(dir)</span> node cannot be found, Info
uses <span class="samp">Top</span>).  If such an entry is found, Info goes to the node it
points to and looks up the second item in the menu of that node, etc. 
In other words, you can specify a complete path which descends through
the menu hierarchy of a particular Info file starting at the
<span class="samp">(dir)</span> node.  This has the same effect as if you typed the menu
item sequence on Info's command line, see <a href="#command_002dline-menu-items">Info command-line arguments processing</a>.  For example,

     <pre class="example">           <kbd>G Texinfo,Overview,Reporting Bugs &lt;RET&gt;</kbd>
     </pre>
     <p class="noindent">displays the node <span class="samp">Reporting Bugs</span> in the Texinfo manual.  (You
don't actually need to type the menu items in their full length, or in
their exact letter-case.  However, if you do type the menu items
exactly, Info will find it faster.)

     <p>If any of the menu items you type are not found, Info stops at the last
entry it did find and reports an error.

     <br><dt><kbd>C-x &lt;k&gt;</kbd> (<code>kill-node</code>)<dd><a name="index-C_002dx-k-165"></a><a name="index-kill_002dnode-166"></a>Kill a node.  The node name is prompted for in the echo area, with a
default of the current node.  <dfn>Killing</dfn> a node means that Info tries
hard to forget about it, removing it from the list of history nodes kept
for the window where that node is found.  Another node is selected in
the window which contained the killed node.

     <br><dt><kbd>C-x C-f</kbd> (<code>view-file</code>)<dd><a name="index-C_002dx-C_002df-167"></a><a name="index-view_002dfile-168"></a>Read the name of a file and selects the entire file.  The command
     <pre class="example">          <code>C-x C-f </code><var>filename</var>
     </pre>
     <p>is equivalent to typing
     <pre class="example">          <code>g(</code><var>filename</var><code>)*</code>
     </pre>
     <br><dt><kbd>C-x C-b</kbd> (<code>list-visited-nodes</code>)<dd><a name="index-C_002dx-C_002db-169"></a><a name="index-list_002dvisited_002dnodes-170"></a>Make a window containing a menu of all of the currently visited nodes. 
This window becomes the selected window, and you may use the standard
Info commands within it.

     <br><dt><kbd>C-x &lt;b&gt;</kbd> (<code>select-visited-node</code>)<dd><a name="index-C_002dx-b-171"></a><a name="index-select_002dvisited_002dnode-172"></a>Select a node which has been previously visited in a visible window. 
This is similar to <span class="samp">C-x C-b</span> followed by <span class="samp">m</span>, but no window is
created. 
</dl>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Searching-Commands"></a>Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Xref-Commands">Xref Commands</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Node-Commands">Node Commands</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>
<br>
</div>

<h2 class="chapter">6 Searching an Info File</h2>

<p><a name="index-searching-173"></a>
GNU Info allows you to search for a sequence of characters throughout an
entire Info file, search through the indices of an Info file, or find
areas within an Info file which discuss a particular topic.

     <dl>
<dt>&lt;s&gt; (<code>search</code>)<dt>&lt;/&gt;<dd><a name="index-s-174"></a><a name="index-_002f-175"></a><a name="index-search-176"></a>Read a string in the echo area and search for it.  If the string
includes upper-case characters, the Info file is searched
case-sensitively; otherwise Info ignores the letter case.  With a
numeric argument of <var>N</var>, search for <var>N</var>th occurrence of the
string.  Negative arguments search backwards.

     <br><dt>&lt;?&gt; (<code>search-backward</code>, vi-like operation)<dd><a name="index-_003f_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-177"></a><a name="index-search_002dbackward-178"></a>Read a string in the echo area and search backward through the Info file
for that string.  If the string includes upper-case characters, the Info
file is searched case-sensitively; otherwise Info ignores the letter
case.  With a numeric argument of <var>N</var>, search for <var>N</var>th
occurrence of the string.  Negative arguments search forward.

     <br><dt>&lt;S&gt; (<code>search-case-sensitively</code><dd><a name="index-S-179"></a><a name="index-search_002dcase_002dsensitively-180"></a><a name="index-search_002c-case_002dsensitive-181"></a><a name="index-case_002dsensitive-search-182"></a>Read a string in the echo area and search for it case-sensitively, even
if the string includes only lower-case letters.  With a numeric argument
of <var>N</var>, search for <var>N</var>th occurrence of the string.  Negative
arguments search backwards.

     <br><dt><kbd>C-x &lt;n&gt;</kbd> (<code>search-next</code>)<dt>&lt;n&gt;, vi-like operation<dd><a name="index-C_002dx-n-183"></a><a name="index-n_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-184"></a><a name="index-search_002dnext-185"></a><a name="index-repeated-search-186"></a>Search for the same string used in the last search command, in the same
direction, and with the same case-sensitivity option.  With a numeric
argument of <var>N</var>, search for <var>N</var>th next occurrence.

     <br><dt><kbd>C-x &lt;N&gt;</kbd> (<code>search-previous</code>)<dt>&lt;N&gt;, vi-like operation<dd><a name="index-C_002dx-N-187"></a><a name="index-n_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-188"></a><a name="index-search_002dprevious-189"></a>Search for the same string used in the last search command, and with the
same case-sensitivity option, but in the reverse direction.  With a
numeric argument of <var>N</var>, search for <var>N</var>th previous occurrence.

     <br><dt>&lt;C-s&gt; (<code>isearch-forward</code>)<dd><a name="index-C_002ds-190"></a><a name="index-isearch_002dforward-191"></a><a name="index-incremental-search-192"></a>Interactively search forward through the Info file for a string as you
type it.  If the string includes upper-case characters, the search is
case-sensitive; otherwise Info ignores the letter case.

     <br><dt>&lt;C-r&gt; (<code>isearch-backward</code>)<dd><a name="index-C_002dr-193"></a><a name="index-isearch_002dbackward-194"></a>Interactively search backward through the Info file for a string as
you type it.  If the string includes upper-case characters, the search
is case-sensitive; otherwise Info ignores the letter case.

     <br><dt>&lt;i&gt; (<code>index-search</code>)<dd><a name="index-i-195"></a><a name="index-index_002dsearch-196"></a><a name="index-index_002c-searching-197"></a><a name="index-searching_002c-in-the-indices-198"></a>Look up a string in the indices for this Info file, and select a node
to which the found index entry points.

     <br><dt>&lt;,&gt; (<code>next-index-match</code>)<dd><a name="index-_002c-199"></a><a name="index-next_002dindex_002dmatch-200"></a>Move to the node containing the next matching index item from the last
<span class="samp">i</span> command.

     <br><dt><kbd>M-x index-apropos</kbd><dd><a name="index-index_002dapropos-201"></a>Grovel the indices of all the known Info files on your system for a
string, and build a menu of the possible matches. 
</dl>

   <p>The most basic searching command is <span class="samp">s</span> or <span class="samp">/</span>
(<code>search</code>).  The <span class="samp">s</span> command prompts you for a string in the
echo area, and then searches the remainder of the Info file for an
occurrence of that string.  If the string is found, the node containing
it is selected, and the cursor is left positioned at the start of the
found string.  Subsequent <span class="samp">s</span> commands show you the default search
string within <span class="samp">[</span> and <span class="samp">]</span>; pressing &lt;RET&gt; instead of
typing a new string will use the default search string.  Under
<span class="samp">--vi-keys</span> (see <a href="#_002d_002dvi_002dkeys">&ndash;vi-keys</a>), using the <span class="samp">n</span> or <span class="samp">N</span>
commands is a faster way of searching for the same string.

   <p><dfn>Incremental searching</dfn> is similar to basic searching, but the
string is looked up while you are typing it, instead of waiting until
the entire search string has been specified.

   <p><a name="index-search_002c-and-case_002dsensitivity-202"></a><a name="index-case_002dsensitivity_002c-and-search-203"></a>Both incremental and non-incremental search by default ignore the case
of letters when comparing the Info file text with the search string. 
However, an uppercase letter in the search string makes the search
case-sensitive.  You can force a case-sensitive non-incremental search,
even for a string that includes only lower-case letters, by using the
<span class="samp">S</span> command (<code>search-case-sensitively</code>).  The <span class="samp">n</span> and
<span class="samp">N</span> commands operate case-sensitively if the last search command
was <span class="samp">S</span>.

   <p>The most efficient means of finding something quickly in a manual is
the <span class="samp">i</span> command (<code>index-search</code>).  This command prompts for
a string, and then looks for that string in all the indices of the
current Info manual.  If it finds a matching index entry, it displays
the node to which that entry refers and prints the full text of the
entry in the echo area.  You can press <span class="samp">,</span>
(<code>next-index-match</code>) to find more matches.  A good Info manual
has all of its important concepts indexed, so the <span class="samp">i</span> command
lets you use a manual as a reference.

   <p>If you don't know what manual documents something, try the <kbd>M-x
index-apropos</kbd> command.  It prompts for a string and then looks up
that string in all the indices of all the Info documents installed on
your system.  It can also be invoked from the command line; see
<a href="#_002d_002dapropos">&ndash;apropos</a>.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Xref-Commands"></a>Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Window-Commands">Window Commands</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Searching-Commands">Searching Commands</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>
<br>
</div>

<h2 class="chapter">7 Selecting Cross References</h2>

<p>We have already discussed the <span class="samp">Next</span>, <span class="samp">Prev</span>, and <span class="samp">Up</span>
pointers which appear at the top of a node.  In addition to these
pointers, a node may contain other pointers which refer you to a
different node, perhaps in another Info file.  Such pointers are called
<dfn>cross references</dfn>, or <dfn>xrefs</dfn> for short.

<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#Parts-of-an-Xref">Parts of an Xref</a>:             What a cross reference is made of. 
<li><a accesskey="2" href="#Selecting-Xrefs">Selecting Xrefs</a>:              Commands for selecting menu or note items. 
</ul>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Parts-of-an-Xref"></a>Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Selecting-Xrefs">Selecting Xrefs</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Xref-Commands">Xref Commands</a>
<br>
</div>

<h3 class="section">7.1 Parts of an Xref</h3>

<p>Cross references have two major parts: the first part is called the
<dfn>label</dfn>; it is the name that you can use to refer to the cross
reference, and the second is the <dfn>target</dfn>; it is the full name of
the node that the cross reference points to.

   <p>The target is separated from the label by a colon <span class="samp">:</span>; first the
label appears, and then the target.  For example, in the sample menu
cross reference below, the single colon separates the label from the
target.

<pre class="example">     * Foo Label: Foo Target.        More information about Foo.
</pre>
   <p>Note the <span class="samp">.</span> which ends the name of the target.  The <span class="samp">.</span> is
not part of the target; it serves only to let Info know where the target
name ends.

   <p>A shorthand way of specifying references allows two adjacent colons to
stand for a target name which is the same as the label name:

<pre class="example">     * Foo Commands::                Commands pertaining to Foo.
</pre>
   <p>In the above example, the name of the target is the same as the name of
the label, in this case <code>Foo Commands</code>.

   <p>You will normally see two types of cross reference while viewing nodes:
<dfn>menu</dfn> references, and <dfn>note</dfn> references.  Menu references
appear within a node's menu; they begin with a <span class="samp">*</span> at the beginning
of a line, and continue with a label, a target, and a comment which
describes what the contents of the node pointed to contains.

   <p>Note references appear within the body of the node text; they begin with
<code>*Note</code>, and continue with a label and a target.

   <p>Like <span class="samp">Next</span>, <span class="samp">Prev</span>, and <span class="samp">Up</span> pointers, cross references
can point to any valid node.  They are used to refer you to a place
where more detailed information can be found on a particular subject. 
Here is a cross reference which points to a node within the Texinfo
documentation:  See <a href="texinfo.html#xref">Writing an Xref (the Texinfo Manual)</a>, for more information on creating your own texinfo cross
references.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Selecting-Xrefs"></a>Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Parts-of-an-Xref">Parts of an Xref</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Xref-Commands">Xref Commands</a>
<br>
</div>

<h3 class="section">7.2 Selecting Xrefs</h3>

<p>The following table lists the Info commands which operate on menu items.

     <dl>
<dt>&lt;1&gt; (<code>menu-digit</code>)<dt>&lt;2&gt; <small class="dots">...</small> &lt;9&gt;<dt>&lt;M-1&gt;, vi-like operation<dt>&lt;M-2&gt; <small class="dots">...</small> &lt;M-9&gt;, vi-like operation<dd><a name="index-1-_0040dots_007b_007d-9_002c-in-Info-windows-204"></a><a name="index-M_002d1-_0040dots_007b_007d-M_002d9_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-205"></a><a name="index-1-_0040dots_007b_007d-9_002c-in-Info-windows-206"></a><a name="index-M_002d1-_0040dots_007b_007d-M_002d9_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-207"></a><a name="index-menu_002ddigit-208"></a>Within an Info window, pressing a single digit, (such as <span class="samp">1</span>),
selects that menu item, and places its node in the current window. 
For convenience, there is one exception; pressing <span class="samp">0</span> selects the
<em>last</em> item in the node's menu.  When <span class="samp">--vi-keys</span> is in
effect, digits set the numeric argument, so these commands are remapped
to their <span class="samp">M-</span> varieties.  For example, to select the last menu
item, press &lt;M-0&gt;.

     <br><dt>&lt;0&gt; (<code>last-menu-item</code>)<dt>&lt;M-0&gt;, vi-like operation<dd><a name="index-0_002c-in-Info-windows-209"></a><a name="index-M_002d0_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-210"></a><a name="index-last_002dmenu_002ditem-211"></a>Select the last item in the current node's menu.

     <br><dt>&lt;m&gt; (<code>menu-item</code>)<dd><a name="index-m-212"></a><a name="index-menu_002ditem-213"></a>Reads the name of a menu item in the echo area and selects its node. 
Completion is available while reading the menu label.  See <a href="#The-Echo-Area">completion</a>.

     <br><dt><kbd>M-x find-menu</kbd><dd><a name="index-find_002dmenu-214"></a>Move the cursor to the start of this node's menu. 
</dl>

   <p>This table lists the Info commands which operate on cross references.

     <dl>
<dt>&lt;f&gt; (<code>xref-item</code>)<dt>&lt;r&gt;<br><dt>&lt;M-f&gt;, vi-like operation<dt><kbd>C-x &lt;r&gt;</kbd>, vi-like operation<dd><a name="index-f-215"></a><a name="index-r-216"></a><a name="index-M_002df_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-217"></a><a name="index-C_002dx-r_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-218"></a><a name="index-xref_002ditem-219"></a>Reads the name of a note cross reference in the echo area and selects
its node.  Completion is available while reading the cross reference
label.  See <a href="#The-Echo-Area">completion</a>. 
</dl>

   <p>Finally, the next few commands operate on menu or note references alike:

     <dl>
<dt>&lt;TAB&gt; (<code>move-to-next-xref</code>)<dd><a name="index-TAB_002c-in-Info-windows-220"></a><a name="index-move_002dto_002dnext_002dxref-221"></a>Move the cursor to the start of the next nearest menu item or note
reference in this node.  You can then use &lt;RET&gt;
(<code>select-reference-this-line</code>) to select the menu or note reference.

     <br><dt>&lt;M-TAB&gt; (<code>move-to-prev-xref</code>)<dt>&lt;Shift-&lt;TAB&gt;&gt; (on DOS/Windows only)<dd><a name="index-M_002dTAB_002c-in-Info-windows-222"></a><a name="index-move_002dto_002dprev_002dxref-223"></a>Move the cursor the start of the nearest previous menu item or note
reference in this node.

     <p><a name="index-Shift_002dTAB_002c-in-Info-windows-224"></a><a name="index-BackTab_002c-in-Info-windows-225"></a>On DOS/Windows only, the <kbd>Shift-&lt;TAB&gt;</kbd> key is an alias for
<kbd>M-&lt;TAB&gt;</kbd>.  This key is sometimes called <span class="samp">BackTab</span>.

     <br><dt>&lt;RET&gt; (<code>select-reference-this-line</code>)<dt>&lt;M-g&gt;, vi-like operation<dd><a name="index-RET_002c-in-Info-windows-226"></a><a name="index-M_002dg_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-227"></a><a name="index-select_002dreference_002dthis_002dline-228"></a>Select the menu item or note reference appearing on this line. 
</dl>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Window-Commands"></a>Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Printing-Nodes">Printing Nodes</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Xref-Commands">Xref Commands</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>
<br>
</div>

<h2 class="chapter">8 Manipulating Multiple Windows</h2>

<p><a name="index-windows_002c-manipulating-229"></a>
A <dfn>window</dfn> is a place to show the text of a node.  Windows have a
view area where the text of the node is displayed, and an associated
<dfn>mode line</dfn>, which briefly describes the node being viewed.

   <p>GNU Info supports multiple windows appearing in a single screen; each
window is separated from the next by its modeline.  At any time, there
is only one <dfn>active</dfn> window, that is, the window in which the cursor
appears.  There are commands available for creating windows, changing
the size of windows, selecting which window is active, and for deleting
windows.

<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#The-Mode-Line">The Mode Line</a>:                What appears in the mode line? 
<li><a accesskey="2" href="#Basic-Windows">Basic Windows</a>:                Manipulating windows in Info. 
<li><a accesskey="3" href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a>:                Used for displaying errors and reading input. 
</ul>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="The-Mode-Line"></a>Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Basic-Windows">Basic Windows</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Window-Commands">Window Commands</a>
<br>
</div>

<h3 class="section">8.1 The Mode Line</h3>

<p>A <dfn>mode line</dfn> is a line of inverse video which appears at the bottom
of an Info window.  It describes the contents of the window just above
it; this information includes the name of the file and node appearing in
that window, the number of screen lines it takes to display the node,
and the percentage of text that is above the top of the window.  It can
also tell you if the indirect tags table for this Info file needs to be
updated, and whether or not the Info file was compressed when stored on
disk.

   <p>Here is a sample mode line for a window containing an uncompressed file
named <span class="file">dir</span>, showing the node <span class="samp">Top</span>.

<pre class="example">     -----Info: (dir)Top, 40 lines --Top-------------------------------------
                 ^^   ^   ^^^        ^^
               (file)Node #lines    where
</pre>
   <p>When a node comes from a file which is compressed on disk, this is
indicated in the mode line with two small <span class="samp">z</span>'s.  In addition, if
the Info file containing the node has been split into subfiles, the name
of the subfile containing the node appears in the modeline as well:

<pre class="example">     --zz-Info: (emacs)Top, 291 lines --Top-- Subfile: emacs-1.Z-------------
</pre>
   <p>Truncation of long lines (as opposed to wrapping them to the next
display line, see <a href="#Scrolling-Commands">toggle-wrap</a>) is indicated by a
<span class="samp">$</span> at the left edge of the mode line:

<pre class="example">     --$--Info: (texinfo)Top, 480 lines --Top-- Subfile: texinfo-1-----------
</pre>
   <p>When Info makes a node internally, such that there is no corresponding
info file on disk, the name of the node is surrounded by asterisks
(<span class="samp">*</span>).  The name itself tells you what the contents of the window
are; the sample mode line below shows an internally constructed node
showing possible completions:

<pre class="example">     -----Info: *Completions*, 7 lines --All---------------------------------
</pre>
   <div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Basic-Windows"></a>Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#The-Mode-Line">The Mode Line</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Window-Commands">Window Commands</a>
<br>
</div>

<h3 class="section">8.2 Window Commands</h3>

<p>It can be convenient to view more than one node at a time.  To allow
this, Info can display more than one <dfn>window</dfn>.  Each window has its
own mode line (see <a href="#The-Mode-Line">The Mode Line</a>) and history of nodes viewed in that
window (see <a href="#Node-Commands"><code>history-node</code></a>).

     <dl>
<dt><kbd>C-x &lt;o&gt;</kbd> (<code>next-window</code>)<dd><a name="index-windows_002c-selecting-230"></a><a name="index-C_002dx-o-231"></a><a name="index-next_002dwindow-232"></a>Select the next window on the screen.  Note that the echo area can only be
selected if it is already in use, and you have left it temporarily. 
Normally, <span class="samp">C-x o</span> simply moves the cursor into the next window on
the screen, or if you are already within the last window, into the first
window on the screen.  Given a numeric argument, <span class="samp">C-x o</span> moves over
that many windows.  A negative argument causes <span class="samp">C-x o</span> to select
the previous window on the screen.

     <br><dt><kbd>M-x prev-window</kbd><dd><a name="index-prev_002dwindow-233"></a>Select the previous window on the screen.  This is identical to
<span class="samp">C-x o</span> with a negative argument.

     <br><dt><kbd>C-x &lt;2&gt;</kbd> (<code>split-window</code>)<dd><a name="index-windows_002c-creating-234"></a><a name="index-C_002dx-2-235"></a><a name="index-split_002dwindow-236"></a>Split the current window into two windows, both showing the same node. 
Each window is one half the size of the original window, and the cursor
remains in the original window.  The variable <code>automatic-tiling</code>
can cause all of the windows on the screen to be resized for you
automatically, please see <a href="#Variables">automatic-tiling</a> for more
information.

     <br><dt><kbd>C-x &lt;0&gt;</kbd> (<code>delete-window</code>)<dd><a name="index-windows_002c-deleting-237"></a><a name="index-C_002dx-0-238"></a><a name="index-delete_002dwindow-239"></a>Delete the current window from the screen.  If you have made too many
windows and your screen appears cluttered, this is the way to get rid of
some of them.

     <br><dt><kbd>C-x &lt;1&gt;</kbd> (<code>keep-one-window</code>)<dd><a name="index-C_002dx-1-240"></a><a name="index-keep_002done_002dwindow-241"></a>Delete all of the windows excepting the current one.

     <br><dt><kbd>ESC &lt;C-v&gt;</kbd> (<code>scroll-other-window</code>)<dd><a name="index-ESC-C_002dv_002c-in-Info-windows-242"></a><a name="index-scroll_002dother_002dwindow-243"></a>Scroll the other window, in the same fashion that <span class="samp">C-v</span> might
scroll the current window.  Given a negative argument, scroll the
"other" window backward.

     <br><dt><kbd>C-x &lt;^&gt;</kbd> (<code>grow-window</code>)<dd><a name="index-C_002dx-_005e-244"></a><a name="index-grow_002dwindow-245"></a>Grow (or shrink) the current window.  Given a numeric argument, grow
the current window that many lines; with a negative numeric argument,
shrink the window instead.

     <br><dt><kbd>C-x &lt;t&gt;</kbd> (<code>tile-windows</code>)<dd><a name="index-tiling-246"></a><a name="index-C_002dx-t-247"></a><a name="index-tile_002dwindows-248"></a>Divide the available screen space among all of the visible windows. 
Each window is given an equal portion of the screen in which to display
its contents.  The variable <code>automatic-tiling</code> can cause
<code>tile-windows</code> to be called when a window is created or deleted. 
See <a href="#Variables"><code>automatic-tiling</code></a>. 
</dl>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="The-Echo-Area"></a>Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Basic-Windows">Basic Windows</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Window-Commands">Window Commands</a>
<br>
</div>

<h3 class="section">8.3 The Echo Area</h3>

<p><a name="index-echo-area-249"></a>
The <dfn>echo area</dfn> is a one line window which appears at the bottom of
the screen.  It is used to display informative or error messages, and to
read lines of input from you when that is necessary.  Almost all of the
commands available in the echo area are identical to their Emacs
counterparts, so please refer to that documentation for greater depth of
discussion on the concepts of editing a line of text.  The following
table briefly lists the commands that are available while input is being
read in the echo area:

     <dl>
<dt>&lt;C-f&gt; (<code>echo-area-forward</code>)<dt>&lt;RIGHT&gt; (an arrow key)<dt>&lt;M-h&gt;, vi-like operation<dd><a name="index-C_002df_002c-in-the-echo-area-250"></a><a name="index-RIGHT_002c-in-the-echo-area-251"></a><a name="index-M_002dh_002c-in-the-echo-area_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-252"></a><a name="index-echo_002darea_002dforward-253"></a>Move forward a character.

     <br><dt>&lt;C-b&gt; (<code>echo-area-backward</code>)<dt>&lt;LEFT&gt; (an arrow key)<dt>&lt;M-l&gt;, vi-like operation<dd><a name="index-LEFT_002c-in-the-echo-area-254"></a><a name="index-C_002db_002c-in-the-echo-area-255"></a><a name="index-M_002dl_002c-in-the-echo-area_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-256"></a><a name="index-echo_002darea_002dbackward-257"></a>Move backward a character.

     <br><dt>&lt;C-a&gt; (<code>echo-area-beg-of-line</code>)<dt>&lt;M-0&gt;, vi-like operation<dd><a name="index-C_002da_002c-in-the-echo-area-258"></a><a name="index-M_002d0_002c-in-the-echo-area_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-259"></a><a name="index-echo_002darea_002dbeg_002dof_002dline-260"></a>Move to the start of the input line.

     <br><dt>&lt;C-e&gt; (<code>echo-area-end-of-line</code>)<dt>&lt;M-$&gt;, vi-like operation<dd><a name="index-C_002de_002c-in-the-echo-area-261"></a><a name="index-M_002d_0024_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-262"></a><a name="index-echo_002darea_002dend_002dof_002dline-263"></a>Move to the end of the input line.

     <br><dt>&lt;M-f&gt; (<code>echo-area-forward-word</code>)<dt>&lt;C-&lt;RIGHT&gt;&gt; (DOS/Windows only)<dt>&lt;M-w&gt;, vi-like operation<dd><a name="index-M_002df_002c-in-the-echo-area-264"></a><a name="index-M_002dw_002c-in-the-echo-area_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-265"></a><a name="index-echo_002darea_002dforward_002dword-266"></a>Move forward a word.

     <p><a name="index-C_002dRIGHT_002c-in-the-echo-area-267"></a>On DOS/Windows, <kbd>C-&lt;RIGHT&gt;</kbd> moves forward by words.

     <br><dt>&lt;M-b&gt; (<code>echo-area-backward-word</code>)<dt>&lt;C-&lt;LEFT&gt;&gt; (DOS/Windows only)<dd><a name="index-M_002db_002c-in-the-echo-area-268"></a><a name="index-echo_002darea_002dbackward_002dword-269"></a>Move backward a word.

     <p><a name="index-C_002dLEFT_002c-in-the-echo-area-270"></a>On DOS/Windows, <kbd>C-&lt;LEFT&gt;</kbd> moves backward by words.

     <br><dt>&lt;C-d&gt; (<code>echo-area-delete</code>)<dt>&lt;M-x&gt;, vi-like operation<dd><a name="index-C_002dd_002c-in-the-echo-area-271"></a><a name="index-M_002dx_002c-in-the-echo-area_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-272"></a><a name="index-echo_002darea_002ddelete-273"></a>Delete the character under the cursor.

     <br><dt>&lt;DEL&gt; (<code>echo-area-rubout</code>)<dd><a name="index-DEL_002c-in-the-echo-area-274"></a><a name="index-echo_002darea_002drubout-275"></a>Delete the character behind the cursor.

     <p>On some keyboards, this key is designated &lt;BS&gt;, for
<span class="samp">BackSpace</span>.  Those keyboards will usually bind &lt;DEL&gt; in the
echo area to <code>echo-area-delete</code>.

     <br><dt>&lt;C-g&gt; (<code>echo-area-abort</code>)<dt>&lt;C-u&gt;, vi-like operation<dd><a name="index-C_002dg_002c-in-the-echo-area-276"></a><a name="index-C_002du_002c-in-the-echo-area_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-277"></a><a name="index-echo_002darea_002dabort-278"></a>Cancel or quit the current operation.  If completion is being read, this
command discards the text of the input line which does not match any
completion.  If the input line is empty, it aborts the calling function.

     <br><dt>&lt;RET&gt; (<code>echo-area-newline</code>)<dd><a name="index-RET_002c-in-the-echo-area-279"></a><a name="index-echo_002darea_002dnewline-280"></a>Accept (or forces completion of) the current input line.

     <br><dt>&lt;C-q&gt; (<code>echo-area-quoted-insert</code>)<dt>&lt;C-v&gt;, vi-like operation<dd><a name="index-C_002dq_002c-in-the-echo-area-281"></a><a name="index-C_002dv_002c-in-the-echo-area_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-282"></a><a name="index-echo_002darea_002dquoted_002dinsert-283"></a>Insert the next character verbatim.  This is how you can insert control
characters into a search string, for example, or the <span class="samp">?</span> character
when Info prompts with completion.

     <br><dt><var>printing character</var> (<code>echo-area-insert</code>)<dd><a name="index-printing-characters_002c-in-the-echo-area-284"></a><a name="index-echo_002darea_002dinsert-285"></a>Insert the character.  Characters that have their 8th bit set, and not
bound to <span class="samp">M-</span> commands, are also inserted verbatim; this is useful
for terminals which support Latin scripts.

     <br><dt>&lt;M-TAB&gt; (<code>echo-area-tab-insert</code>)<dt>&lt;Shift-&lt;TAB&gt;&gt; (on DOS/Windows only)<dd><a name="index-M_002dTAB_002c-in-the-echo-area-286"></a><a name="index-Shift_002dTAB_002c-in-the-echo-area-287"></a><a name="index-echo_002darea_002dtab_002dinsert-288"></a>Insert a TAB character.

     <p><a name="index-Shift_002dTAB_002c-in-the-echo-area-289"></a><a name="index-BackTab_002c-in-the-echo-area-290"></a>On DOS/Windows only, the <kbd>Shift-&lt;TAB&gt;</kbd> key is an alias for
<kbd>M-&lt;TAB&gt;</kbd>.  This key is sometimes called <span class="samp">BackTab</span>.

     <br><dt>&lt;C-t&gt; (<code>echo-area-transpose-chars</code>)<dd><a name="index-C_002dt_002c-in-the-echo-area-291"></a><a name="index-echo_002darea_002dtranspose_002dchars-292"></a>Transpose the characters at the cursor. 
</dl>

   <p>The next group of commands deal with <dfn>killing</dfn>, and <dfn>yanking</dfn>
text<a rel="footnote" href="#fn-6" name="fnd-6"><sup>6</sup></a>.   For an in-depth discussion of killing and
yanking, see <a href="emacs.html#Killing">Killing and Deleting (the GNU Emacs Manual)</a>.

     <dl>
<dt>&lt;M-d&gt; (<code>echo-area-kill-word</code>)<dt>&lt;M-X&gt;, vi-like operation<dd><a name="index-M_002dd_002c-in-the-echo-area-293"></a><a name="index-M_002dX_002c-in-the-echo-area_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-294"></a><a name="index-echo_002darea_002dkill_002dword-295"></a>Kill the word following the cursor.

     <br><dt>&lt;M-DEL&gt; (<code>echo-area-backward-kill-word</code>)<dt>&lt;M-&lt;BS&gt;&gt;<dd><a name="index-M_002dDEL_002c-in-the-echo-area-296"></a><a name="index-echo_002darea_002dbackward_002dkill_002dword-297"></a>Kill the word preceding the cursor.

     <p><a name="index-M_002dBS_002c-in-the-echo-area-298"></a>On some keyboards, the <code>Backspace</code> key is used instead of
<code>DEL</code>, so <code>M-&lt;Backspace&gt;</code> has the same effect as
<code>M-&lt;DEL&gt;</code>.

     <br><dt>&lt;C-k&gt; (<code>echo-area-kill-line</code>)<dd><a name="index-C_002dk_002c-in-the-echo-area-299"></a><a name="index-echo_002darea_002dkill_002dline-300"></a>Kill the text from the cursor to the end of the line.

     <br><dt><kbd>C-x &lt;DEL&gt;</kbd> (<code>echo-area-backward-kill-line</code>)<dd><a name="index-C_002dx-DEL_002c-in-the-echo-area-301"></a><a name="index-echo_002darea_002dbackward_002dkill_002dline-302"></a>Kill the text from the cursor to the beginning of the line.

     <br><dt>&lt;C-y&gt; (<code>echo-area-yank</code>)<dd><a name="index-C_002dy_002c-in-the-echo-area-303"></a><a name="index-echo_002darea_002dyank-304"></a>Yank back the contents of the last kill.

     <br><dt>&lt;M-y&gt; (<code>echo-area-yank-pop</code>)<dd><a name="index-M_002dy_002c-in-the-echo-area-305"></a><a name="index-echo_002darea_002dyank_002dpop-306"></a>Yank back a previous kill, removing the last yanked text first. 
</dl>

   <p><a name="index-completion-307"></a>Sometimes when reading input in the echo area, the command that needed
input will only accept one of a list of several choices.  The choices
represent the <dfn>possible completions</dfn>, and you must respond with one
of them.  Since there are a limited number of responses you can make,
Info allows you to abbreviate what you type, only typing as much of the
response as is necessary to uniquely identify it.  In addition, you can
request Info to fill in as much of the response as is possible; this
is called <dfn>completion</dfn>.

   <p>The following commands are available when completing in the echo area:

     <dl>
<dt>&lt;TAB&gt; (<code>echo-area-complete</code>)<dt>&lt;SPC&gt;<dd><a name="index-TAB_002c-in-the-echo-area-308"></a><a name="index-SPC_002c-in-the-echo-area-309"></a><a name="index-echo_002darea_002dcomplete-310"></a>Insert as much of a completion as is possible.

     <br><dt>&lt;?&gt; (<code>echo-area-possible-completions</code>)<dd><a name="index-_003f_002c-in-the-echo-area-311"></a><a name="index-echo_002darea_002dpossible_002dcompletions-312"></a>Display a window containing a list of the possible completions of what
you have typed so far.  For example, if the available choices are:

     <pre class="example">          bar
          foliate
          food
          forget
     </pre>
     <p class="noindent">and you have typed an <span class="samp">f</span>, followed by <span class="samp">?</span>, Info will pop up a
window showing a node called <span class="samp">*Completions*</span> which lists the
possible completions like this:

     <pre class="example">          3 completions:
          foliate         food
          forget
     </pre>
     <p class="noindent">i.e., all of the choices which begin with <span class="samp">f</span>.  Pressing &lt;SPC&gt;
or &lt;TAB&gt; would result in <span class="samp">fo</span> appearing in the echo area, since
all of the choices which begin with <span class="samp">f</span> continue with <span class="samp">o</span>. 
Now, typing <span class="samp">l</span> followed by <span class="samp">TAB</span> results in <span class="samp">foliate</span>
appearing in the echo area, since that is the only choice which begins
with <span class="samp">fol</span>.

     <br><dt>&lt;ESC C-v&gt; (<code>echo-area-scroll-completions-window</code>)<dd><a name="index-ESC-C_002dv_002c-in-the-echo-area-313"></a><a name="index-echo_002darea_002dscroll_002dcompletions_002dwindow-314"></a>Scroll the completions window, if that is visible, or the "other"
window if not. 
</dl>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Printing-Nodes"></a>Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Window-Commands">Window Commands</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>
<br>
</div>

<h2 class="chapter">9 Printing Nodes</h2>

<p><a name="index-printing-315"></a>
In general, we recommend that you use TeX to format the document and
print sections of it, by running <code>tex</code> on the Texinfo source file. 
However, you may wish to print out the contents of a node as a quick
reference document for later use, or if you don't have TeX installed. 
Info provides you with a command for doing this.

     <dl>
<dt><kbd>M-x print-node</kbd><dd><a name="index-print_002dnode-316"></a><a name="index-INFO_005fPRINT_005fCOMMAND_002c-environment-variable-317"></a>Pipe the contents of the current node through the command in the
environment variable <code>INFO_PRINT_COMMAND</code>.  If the variable does not
exist, the node is simply piped to <code>lpr</code> (on DOS/Windows, the
default is to print the node to the local printer device, <span class="file">PRN</span>).

     <p><a name="index-printing-nodes-to-the-local-printer-318"></a><a name="index-local-printer-device-319"></a>The value of <code>INFO_PRINT_COMMAND</code> may begin with the <span class="samp">&gt;</span>
character, as in <span class="samp">&gt;/dev/printer</span>, in which case Info treats the
rest as the name of a file or a device.  Instead of piping to a command,
Info opens the file, writes the node contents, and closes the file,
under the assumption that text written to that file will be printed by
the underlying OS. 
</dl>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Miscellaneous-Commands"></a>Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Variables">Variables</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Printing-Nodes">Printing Nodes</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>
<br>
</div>

<h2 class="chapter">10 Miscellaneous Commands</h2>

<p>GNU Info contains several commands which self-document GNU Info:

     <dl>
<dt><kbd>M-x describe-command</kbd><dd><a name="index-functions_002c-describing-320"></a><a name="index-commands_002c-describing-321"></a><a name="index-describe_002dcommand-322"></a>Read the name of an Info command in the echo area and then display a
brief description of what that command does.

     <br><dt><kbd>M-x describe-key</kbd><dd><a name="index-keys_002c-describing-323"></a><a name="index-describe_002dkey-324"></a>Read a key sequence in the echo area, and then display the name and
documentation of the Info command that the key sequence invokes.

     <br><dt><kbd>M-x describe-variable</kbd><dd>Read the name of a variable in the echo area and then display a brief
description of what the variable affects.

     <br><dt><kbd>M-x where-is</kbd><dd><a name="index-where_002dis-325"></a>Read the name of an Info command in the echo area, and then display
a key sequence which can be typed in order to invoke that command.

     <br><dt>&lt;C-h&gt; (<code>get-help-window</code>)<dt>&lt;?&gt;<dt>&lt;F1&gt; (on DOS/Windows only)<dt>h, vi-like operation<dd><a name="index-C_002dh-326"></a><a name="index-_003f_002c-in-Info-windows-327"></a><a name="index-F1-328"></a><a name="index-h_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-329"></a><a name="index-get_002dhelp_002dwindow-330"></a>Create (or Move into) the window displaying <code>*Help*</code>, and place
a node containing a quick reference card into it.  This window displays
the most concise information about GNU Info available.

     <br><dt>&lt;h&gt; (<code>get-info-help-node</code>)<dt>&lt;M-h&gt;, vi-like operation<dd><a name="index-h-331"></a><a name="index-M_002dh_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-332"></a><a name="index-get_002dinfo_002dhelp_002dnode-333"></a>Try hard to visit the node <code>(info)Help</code>.  The Info file
<span class="file">info.texi</span> distributed with GNU Info contains this node.  Of
course, the file must first be processed with <code>makeinfo</code>, and then
placed into the location of your Info directory. 
</dl>

   <p>Here are the commands for creating a numeric argument:

     <dl>
<dt>&lt;C-u&gt; (<code>universal-argument</code>)<dd><a name="index-numeric-arguments-334"></a><a name="index-C_002du-335"></a><a name="index-universal_002dargument-336"></a>Start (or multiply by 4) the current numeric argument.  <span class="samp">C-u</span> is
a good way to give a small numeric argument to cursor movement or
scrolling commands; <span class="samp">C-u C-v</span> scrolls the screen 4 lines, while
<span class="samp">C-u C-u C-n</span> moves the cursor down 16 lines.  <span class="samp">C-u</span> followed
by digit keys sets the numeric argument to the number thus typed:
<kbd>C-u 1 2 0</kbd> sets the argument to 120.

     <br><dt>&lt;M-1&gt; (<code>add-digit-to-numeric-arg</code>)<dt>&lt;1&gt;, vi-like operation<dt>&lt;M-2&gt; <small class="dots">...</small> &lt;M-9&gt;<dt>&lt;2&gt; <small class="dots">...</small> &lt;9&gt;, vi-like operation<dt>&lt;M-0&gt;<dt>&lt;0&gt;, vi-like operation<dd><a name="index-M_002d0-_0040dots_007b_007d-M_002d9-337"></a><a name="index-0-_0040dots_007b_007d-9_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-338"></a><a name="index-add_002ddigit_002dto_002dnumeric_002darg-339"></a>Add the digit value of the invoking key to the current numeric
argument.  Once Info is reading a numeric argument, you may just type
the digits of the argument, without the Meta prefix.  For example, you
might give <span class="samp">C-l</span> a numeric argument of 32 by typing:

     <pre class="example">          <kbd>C-u 3 2 C-l</kbd>
     </pre>
     <p class="noindent">or

     <pre class="example">          <kbd>M-3 2 C-l</kbd>
     </pre>
     <br><dt>&lt;M&ndash;&gt; (<code>add-digit-to-numeric-arg</code><dt>&lt;-&gt;<dd><a name="index-M_002d_002d-340"></a><a name="index-_002d-341"></a><a name="index-negative-arguments-342"></a><a name="index-arguments_002c-negative-343"></a><a name="index-numeric-arguments_002c-negative-344"></a>To make a negative argument, type <kbd>-</kbd>.  Typing <kbd>-</kbd> alone makes a
negative argument with a value of -1.  If you continue to type digit or
Meta-digit keys after <kbd>-</kbd>, the result is a negative number produced
by those digits.

     <p><kbd>-</kbd> doesn't work when you type in the echo area, because you need to
be able to insert the <span class="samp">-</span> character itself; use <kbd>M--</kbd> instead,
if you need to specify negative arguments in the echo area. 
</dl>

   <p><span class="samp">C-g</span> is used to abort the reading of a multi-character key
sequence, to cancel lengthy operations (such as multi-file searches) and
to cancel reading input in the echo area.

     <dl>
<dt>&lt;C-g&gt; (<code>abort-key</code>)<dt>&lt;C-u&gt;, vi-like operation<dd><a name="index-cancelling-typeahead-345"></a><a name="index-cancelling-the-current-operation-346"></a><a name="index-C_002dg_002c-in-Info-windows-347"></a><a name="index-C_002du-cancels-typeahead_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-348"></a><a name="index-abort_002dkey-349"></a>Cancel current operation. 
</dl>

   <p>The <span class="samp">q</span> command of Info simply quits running Info.  Under
<span class="samp">--vi-keys</span> (see <a href="#_002d_002dvi_002dkeys">&ndash;vi-keys</a>), you can also exit with <span class="samp">:q</span>
or <span class="samp">ZZ</span>.

     <dl>
<dt>&lt;q&gt; (<code>quit</code>)<dt><kbd>C-x C-c</kbd><dt><kbd>:q</kbd>, vi-like operation<dt><kbd>ZZ</kbd>, vi-like operation<dd><a name="index-quitting-350"></a><a name="index-q-351"></a><a name="index-C_002dx-C_002dc-352"></a><a name="index-ZZ_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-353"></a><a name="index-quit-354"></a>Exit GNU Info. 
</dl>

   <p>If the operating system tells GNU Info that the screen is 60 lines tall,
and it is actually only 40 lines tall, here is a way to tell Info that
the operating system is correct.

     <dl>
<dt><kbd>M-x set-screen-height</kbd><dd><a name="index-set_002dscreen_002dheight-355"></a><a name="index-screen_002c-changing-the-height-of-356"></a>Read a height value in the echo area and set the height of the
displayed screen to that value. 
</dl>

   <p>On MS-DOS/MS-Windows, this command actually tries to change the
dimensions of the visible screen to the value you type in the echo
area.

   <p>Finally, Info provides a convenient way to display footnotes which might
be associated with the current node that you are viewing:

     <dl>
<dt>&lt;ESC C-f&gt; (<code>show-footnotes</code>)<dd><a name="index-ESC-C_002df-357"></a><a name="index-show_002dfootnotes-358"></a><a name="index-footnotes_002c-displaying-359"></a>Show the footnotes (if any) associated with the current node in another
window.  You can have Info automatically display the footnotes
associated with a node when the node is selected by setting the variable
<code>automatic-footnotes</code>.  See <a href="#Variables"><code>automatic-footnotes</code></a>. 
</dl>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Variables"></a>Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Custom-Key-Bindings">Custom Key Bindings</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>
<br>
</div>

<h2 class="chapter">11 Manipulating Variables</h2>

<p>GNU Info contains several <dfn>variables</dfn> whose values are looked at by
various Info commands.  You can change the values of these variables,
and thus change the behavior of Info to more closely match your
environment and Info file reading manner.

   <p>There are two ways to set the value of a variable: interactively, using
the <code>set-variable</code> command described below, or in the <code>#var</code>
section of the <code>.infokey</code> file.  See <a href="#Custom-Key-Bindings">Custom Key Bindings</a>.

     <dl>
<dt><kbd>M-x set-variable</kbd><dd><a name="index-variables_002c-setting-360"></a><a name="index-set_002dvariable-361"></a>Read the name of a variable, and the value for it, in the echo area and
then set the variable to that value.  Completion is available when
reading the variable name (see <a href="#The-Echo-Area">completion</a>); often,
completion is available when reading the value to give to the variable,
but that depends on the variable itself.  If a variable does <em>not</em>
supply multiple choices to complete over, it expects a numeric value.

     <br><dt><kbd>M-x describe-variable</kbd><dd><a name="index-variables_002c-describing-362"></a><a name="index-describe_002dvariable-363"></a>Read the name of a variable in the echo area and then display a brief
description of what the variable affects. 
</dl>

   <p>Here is a list of the variables that you can set in Info.

     <dl>
<dt><code>automatic-footnotes</code><dd><a name="index-automatic_002dfootnotes-364"></a>When set to <code>On</code>, footnotes appear and disappear automatically;
else, they appear at the bottom of the node text.  This variable is
<code>Off</code> by default.  When a node is selected, a window containing
the footnotes which appear in that node is created, and the footnotes
are displayed within the new window.  The window that Info creates to
contain the footnotes is called <span class="samp">*Footnotes*</span>.  If a node is
selected which contains no footnotes, and a <span class="samp">*Footnotes*</span> window
is on the screen, the <span class="samp">*Footnotes*</span> window is deleted.  Footnote
windows created in this fashion are not automatically tiled so that
they can use as little of the display as is possible.

     <br><dt><code>automatic-tiling</code><dd><a name="index-automatic_002dtiling-365"></a>When set to <code>On</code>, creating or deleting a window resizes other
windows.  This variable is <code>Off</code> by default.  Normally, typing
<span class="samp">C-x 2</span> divides the current window into two equal parts.  When
<code>automatic-tiling</code> is set to <code>On</code>, all of the windows are
resized automatically, keeping an equal number of lines visible in each
window.  There are exceptions to the automatic tiling; specifically, the
windows <span class="samp">*Completions*</span> and <span class="samp">*Footnotes*</span> are <em>not</em>
resized through automatic tiling; they remain their original size.

     <br><dt><code>errors-ring-bell</code><dd><a name="index-errors_002dring_002dbell-366"></a>When set to <code>On</code>, errors cause the bell to ring.  The default
setting of this variable is <code>On</code>.

     <br><dt><code>gc-compressed-files</code><dd><a name="index-gc_002dcompressed_002dfiles-367"></a>When set to <code>On</code>, Info garbage collects files which had to be
uncompressed.  The default value of this variable is <code>Off</code>. 
Whenever a node is visited in Info, the Info file containing that node
is read into core, and Info reads information about the tags and nodes
contained in that file.  Once the tags information is read by Info, it
is never forgotten.  However, the actual text of the nodes does not need
to remain in core unless a particular Info window needs it.  For
non-compressed files, the text of the nodes does not remain in core when
it is no longer in use.  But de-compressing a file can be a time
consuming operation, and so Info tries hard not to do it twice. 
<code>gc-compressed-files</code> tells Info it is okay to garbage collect the
text of the nodes of a file which was compressed on disk.

     <br><dt><code>ISO-Latin</code><dd><a name="index-ISO-Latin-characters-368"></a><a name="index-ISO_002dLatin-369"></a>When set to <code>On</code>, Info accepts and displays ISO Latin characters. 
By default, Info assumes an ASCII character set.  <code>ISO-Latin</code> tells
Info that it is running in an environment where the European standard
character set is in use, and allows you to input such characters to
Info, as well as display them.

     <br><dt><code>scroll-behavior</code><dd><a name="index-scroll_002dbehavior-370"></a>Control what happens when forward scrolling is requested at the end of
a node, or when backward scrolling is requested at the beginning of a
node.  The default value for this variable is <code>Continuous</code>.  There
are three possible values for this variable:

          <dl>
<dt><code>Continuous</code><dd>Try to get the first item in this node's menu, or failing that, the
<span class="samp">Next</span> node, or failing that, the <span class="samp">Next</span> of the <span class="samp">Up</span>. 
This behavior is identical to using the <span class="samp">]</span>
(<code>global-next-node</code>) and <span class="samp">[</span> (<code>global-prev-node</code>)
commands.

          <br><dt><code>Next Only</code><dd>Only try to get the <span class="samp">Next</span> node.

          <br><dt><code>Page Only</code><dd>Simply give up, changing nothing.  If <code>scroll-behavior</code> is
<code>Page Only</code>, no scrolling command can change the node that is being
viewed. 
</dl>

     <br><dt><code>scroll-step</code><dd><a name="index-scroll_002dstep-371"></a>The number of lines to scroll when the cursor moves out of the window. 
Scrolling happens automatically if the cursor has moved out of the
visible portion of the node text when it is time to display.  Usually
the scrolling is done so as to put the cursor on the center line of the
current window.  However, if the variable <code>scroll-step</code> has a
nonzero value, Info attempts to scroll the node text by that many lines;
if that is enough to bring the cursor back into the window, that is what
is done.  The default value of this variable is 0, thus placing the
cursor (and the text it is attached to) in the center of the window. 
Setting this variable to 1 causes a kind of "smooth scrolling" which
some people prefer.

     <br><dt><code>show-index-match</code><dd><a name="index-show_002dindex_002dmatch-372"></a>When set to <code>On</code>, the portion of the matched search string is
highlighted in the message which explains where the matched search
string was found.  The default value of this variable is <code>On</code>. 
When Info displays the location where an index match was found,
(see <a href="#Searching-Commands"><code>next-index-match</code></a>), the portion of the
string that you had typed is highlighted by displaying it in the inverse
case from its surrounding characters.

     <br><dt><code>visible-bell</code><dd><a name="index-visible_002dbell-373"></a>When set to <code>On</code>, GNU Info attempts to flash the screen instead of
ringing the bell.  This variable is <code>Off</code> by default.  Of course,
Info can only flash the screen if the terminal allows it; in the case
that the terminal does not allow it, the setting of this variable has no
effect.  However, you can make Info perform quietly by setting the
<code>errors-ring-bell</code> variable to <code>Off</code>.

   </dl>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Custom-Key-Bindings"></a>Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Copying-This-Manual">Copying This Manual</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Variables">Variables</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>
<br>
</div>

<h2 class="chapter">12 Customizing Key Bindings and Variables</h2>

<p><a name="index-default-key-bindings_002c-overriding-374"></a><a name="index-overriding-default-key-bindings-375"></a><a name="index-customizing-key-bindings-376"></a><a name="index-key-bindings_002c-customizing-377"></a><a name="index-infokey-378"></a><a name="index-_002einfo-379"></a><a name="index-_002einfokey-380"></a><a name="index-_005finfo-file-_0028MS_002dDOS_0029-381"></a>
For those whose editor/pager of choice is not Emacs and who are not
entirely satisfied with the &ndash;vi-keys option (see <a href="#_002d_002dvi_002dkeys">&ndash;vi-keys</a>), GNU
Info provides a way to define different key-to-command bindings and
variable settings from the defaults described in this document.

   <p>On startup, GNU Info looks for a configuration file in the invoker's
HOME directory called <span class="file">.info</span><a rel="footnote" href="#fn-7" name="fnd-7"><sup>7</sup></a>.  If it is present, and
appears to contain Info configuration data, and was created with the
current version of the <code>infokey</code> command, then Info adopts the
key bindings and variable settings contained therein.

   <p>The <span class="file">.info</span> file contains compact, non-textual data for reasons of
efficiency and because its design was lifted wholesale from the GNU Less
program, which also does it that way.  It must be created by compiling a
textual source file using the <code>infokey</code> command.

<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#Invoking-infokey">Invoking infokey</a>
<li><a accesskey="2" href="#infokey-source-format">infokey source format</a>
</ul>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Invoking-infokey"></a>Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#infokey-source-format">infokey source format</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Custom-Key-Bindings">Custom Key Bindings</a>
<br>
</div>

<h3 class="section">12.1 Invoking <span class="command">infokey</span></h3>

<p><a name="index-invoking-infokey-382"></a><a name="index-infokey_002c-invoking-383"></a><a name="index-_005finfokey-file-_0028MS_002dDOS_0029-384"></a>
<span class="command">infokey</span> compiles a source file
(<span class="file">$HOME/.infokey</span><a rel="footnote" href="#fn-8" name="fnd-8"><sup>8</sup></a> by default) containing Info customizations
into a binary format (<span class="file">$HOME/.info</span> by default).  GNU Info reads
the binary file at startup to override the default key bindings and
variable definitions.  Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     infokey [<var>option</var>...] [<var>input-file</var>]
</pre>
   <p>Besides the standard <span class="option">--help</span> and <span class="option">--version</span>, the only
option is <span class="option">--output </span><var>file</var>.  This tells <span class="command">infokey</span> to
write the binary data to <var>file</var> instead of <span class="file">$HOME/.info</span>.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="infokey-source-format"></a>Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Invoking-infokey">Invoking infokey</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Custom-Key-Bindings">Custom Key Bindings</a>
<br>
</div>

<h3 class="section">12.2 <span class="command">infokey</span> source format</h3>

<p><a name="index-infokey-source-format-385"></a><a name="index-_002einfokey-source-format-386"></a><a name="index-format-of-_002einfokey-source-387"></a>
The format of the source file read by <span class="command">infokey</span> is most easily
illustrated by example.  For instance, here is a sample <span class="file">.infokey</span>
source file suitable for aficionados of <span class="command">vi</span> or <span class="command">less</span>:

<pre class="example">     #info
     j       next-line
     k       prev-line
     l       forward-char
     h       backward-char
     \kd     next-line
     \ku     prev-line
     \kr     forward-char
     \kl     backward-char
     \       scroll-forward
     \kD     scroll-forward-page-only
     b       scroll-backward
     \kU     scroll-backward-page-only
     g       beginning-of-node
     \kh     beginning-of-node
     G       end-of-node
     \ke     end-of-node
     \t      select-reference-this-line
     -       history-node
     n       next-node
     p       prev-node
     u       up-node
     t       top-node
     d       dir-node
     #var
     scroll-step=1
</pre>
   <p>The source file consists of one or more <dfn>sections</dfn>. 
Each section starts with a line that identifies the type of section. 
Possible sections are:

     <dl>
<dt><code>#info</code><dd>Key bindings for Info windows. 
The start of this section is indicated by a line containing just
<code>#info</code> by itself.  If this is the first section in the source
file, the <code>#info</code> line can be omitted.  The rest of this section
consists of lines of the form:

     <pre class="example">          <var>string</var> whitespace <var>action</var> [ whitespace [ # comment ] ] newline
     </pre>
     <p>Whitespace is any sequence of one or more spaces and/or tabs.  Comment
is any sequence of any characters, excluding newline.  <var>string</var> is
the key sequence which invokes the action.  <var>action</var> is the name of
an Info command.  The characters in <var>string</var> are interpreted
literally or prefixed by a caret (<code>^</code>) to indicate a control
character.  A backslash followed by certain characters specifies input
keystrokes as follows:

          <dl>
<dt><code>\b</code><dd>Backspace
<br><dt><code>\e</code><dd>Escape (ESC)
<br><dt><code>\n</code><dd>Newline
<br><dt><code>\r</code><dd>Return
<br><dt><code>\t</code><dd>Tab
<br><dt><code>\ku</code><dd>Up arrow
<br><dt><code>\kd</code><dd>Down arrow
<br><dt><code>\kl</code><dd>Left arrow
<br><dt><code>\kr</code><dd>Right arrow
<br><dt><code>\kU</code><dd>Page Up
<br><dt><code>\kD</code><dd>Page Down
<br><dt><code>\kh</code><dd>HOME
<br><dt><code>\ke</code><dd>END
<br><dt><code>\kx</code><dd>Delete (DEL)
<br><dt><code>\m</code><var>x</var><dd>Meta-<var>x</var> where <var>x</var> is any character as described above. 
</dl>

     <p>Backslash followed by any other character indicates that character is to
be taken literally.  Characters which must be preceded by a backslash
include caret, space, tab, and backslash itself.

     <br><dt><code>#echo-area</code><dd>Key bindings for the echo area. 
The start of this section is indicated by a line containing just
<code>#echo-area</code> by itself.  The rest of this section has a syntax
identical to that for the key definitions for the Info area, described
above.

     <br><dt><code>#var</code><dd>Variable initializations. 
The start of this section is indicated by a line containing just
<code>#var</code> by itself.  Following this line is a list of variable
assignments, one per line.  Each line consists of a variable name
(See <a href="#Variables">Variables</a>,) followed by <code>=</code> followed by a value. 
There may be no white space between the variable name and the <code>=</code>,
and all characters following the <code>=</code>, including white space,
are included in the value. 
</dl>

   <p>Blank lines and lines starting with <code>#</code> are ignored, except for
the special section header lines.

   <p>Key bindings defined in the <span class="file">.info</span> file take precedence over GNU
Info's default key bindings, whether or not <span class="samp">--vi-keys</span> is used.  A
default key binding may be disabled by overriding it in the <span class="file">.info</span>
file with the action <code>invalid</code>.  In addition, <em>all</em> default
key bindings can be disabled by adding this line <em>anywhere</em> in the
relevant section:

<pre class="example">     #stop
</pre>
   <p>This will cause GNU Info to ignore all the default key commands for that
section.

   <p>Beware: <code>#stop</code> can be dangerous.  Since it disables all default
key bindings, you must supply enough new key bindings to enable all
necessary actions.  Failure to bind any key to the <code>quit</code> command,
for example, can lead to frustration.

   <p>The order in which key bindings are defined in the <span class="file">.info</span> file is
not important, except that the command summary produced by the
<code>get-help-window</code> command only displays the <em>first</em> key that
is bound to each command.

<!-- the following is incomplete -->
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Copying-This-Manual"></a>Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Index">Index</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Custom-Key-Bindings">Custom Key Bindings</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>
<br>
</div>

<h2 class="appendix">Appendix A Copying This Manual</h2>

<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#GNU-Free-Documentation-License">GNU Free Documentation License</a>:   License for copying this manual. 
</ul>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="GNU-Free-Documentation-License"></a>Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Copying-This-Manual">Copying This Manual</a>
<br>
</div>

<h3 class="appendixsec">A.1 GNU Free Documentation License</h3>

<p><a name="index-FDL_002c-GNU-Free-Documentation-License-388"></a><div align="center">Version 1.2, November 2002</div>

<pre class="display">     Copyright &copy; 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
     59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307, USA
     
     Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
     of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
</pre>
     <ol type=1 start=0>
<li>PREAMBLE

     <p>The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
functional and useful document <dfn>free</dfn> in the sense of freedom: to
assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. 
Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way
to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible
for modifications made by others.

     <p>This License is a kind of &ldquo;copyleft&rdquo;, which means that derivative
works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.  It
complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
license designed for free software.

     <p>We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
software, because free software needs free documentation: a free
program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
software does.  But this License is not limited to software manuals;
it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
whether it is published as a printed book.  We recommend this License
principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.

     <li>APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS

     <p>This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that
contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be
distributed under the terms of this License.  Such a notice grants a
world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that
work under the conditions stated herein.  The &ldquo;Document&rdquo;, below,
refers to any such manual or work.  Any member of the public is a
licensee, and is addressed as &ldquo;you&rdquo;.  You accept the license if you
copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission
under copyright law.

     <p>A &ldquo;Modified Version&rdquo; of the Document means any work containing the
Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
modifications and/or translated into another language.

     <p>A &ldquo;Secondary Section&rdquo; is a named appendix or a front-matter section
of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall
subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall
directly within that overall subject.  (Thus, if the Document is in
part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain
any mathematics.)  The relationship could be a matter of historical
connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,
commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
them.

     <p>The &ldquo;Invariant Sections&rdquo; are certain Secondary Sections whose titles
are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice
that says that the Document is released under this License.  If a
section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not
allowed to be designated as Invariant.  The Document may contain zero
Invariant Sections.  If the Document does not identify any Invariant
Sections then there are none.

     <p>The &ldquo;Cover Texts&rdquo; are certain short passages of text that are listed,
as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that
the Document is released under this License.  A Front-Cover Text may
be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.

     <p>A &ldquo;Transparent&rdquo; copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
represented in a format whose specification is available to the
general public, that is suitable for revising the document
straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of
pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available
drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or
for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input
to text formatters.  A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file
format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart
or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. 
An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount
of text.  A copy that is not &ldquo;Transparent&rdquo; is called &ldquo;Opaque&rdquo;.

     <p>Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
<span class="sc">ascii</span> without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input
format, <acronym>SGML</acronym> or <acronym>XML</acronym> using a publicly available
<acronym>DTD</acronym>, and standard-conforming simple <acronym>HTML</acronym>,
PostScript or <acronym>PDF</acronym> designed for human modification.  Examples
of transparent image formats include <acronym>PNG</acronym>, <acronym>XCF</acronym> and
<acronym>JPG</acronym>.  Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be
read and edited only by proprietary word processors, <acronym>SGML</acronym> or
<acronym>XML</acronym> for which the <acronym>DTD</acronym> and/or processing tools are
not generally available, and the machine-generated <acronym>HTML</acronym>,
PostScript or <acronym>PDF</acronym> produced by some word processors for
output purposes only.

     <p>The &ldquo;Title Page&rdquo; means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material
this License requires to appear in the title page.  For works in
formats which do not have any title page as such, &ldquo;Title Page&rdquo; means
the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title,
preceding the beginning of the body of the text.

     <p>A section &ldquo;Entitled XYZ&rdquo; means a named subunit of the Document whose
title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following
text that translates XYZ in another language.  (Here XYZ stands for a
specific section name mentioned below, such as &ldquo;Acknowledgements&rdquo;,
&ldquo;Dedications&rdquo;, &ldquo;Endorsements&rdquo;, or &ldquo;History&rdquo;.)  To &ldquo;Preserve the Title&rdquo;
of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a
section &ldquo;Entitled XYZ&rdquo; according to this definition.

     <p>The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which
states that this License applies to the Document.  These Warranty
Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this
License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has
no effect on the meaning of this License.

     <li>VERBATIM COPYING

     <p>You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies
to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other
conditions whatsoever to those of this License.  You may not use
technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further
copying of the copies you make or distribute.  However, you may accept
compensation in exchange for copies.  If you distribute a large enough
number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.

     <p>You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and
you may publicly display copies.

     <li>COPYING IN QUANTITY

     <p>If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have
printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the
Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the
copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover
Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on
the back cover.  Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify
you as the publisher of these copies.  The front cover must present
the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and
visible.  You may add other material on the covers in addition. 
Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve
the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated
as verbatim copying in other respects.

     <p>If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
pages.

     <p>If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent
copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy
a computer-network location from which the general network-using
public has access to download using public-standard network protocols
a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. 
If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps,
when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure
that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an
Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that
edition to the public.

     <p>It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give
them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.

     <li>MODIFICATIONS

     <p>You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release
the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified
Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution
and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy
of it.  In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:

          <ol type=A start=1>
<li>Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions
(which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section
of the Document).  You may use the same title as a previous version
if the original publisher of that version gives permission.

          <li>List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified
Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the
Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five),
unless they release you from this requirement.

          <li>State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
Modified Version, as the publisher.

          <li>Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.

          <li>Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
adjacent to the other copyright notices.

          <li>Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.

          <li>Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections
and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.

          <li>Include an unaltered copy of this License.

          <li>Preserve the section Entitled &ldquo;History&rdquo;, Preserve its Title, and add
to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page.  If
there is no section Entitled &ldquo;History&rdquo; in the Document, create one
stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as
given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
Version as stated in the previous sentence.

          <li>Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise
the network locations given in the Document for previous versions
it was based on.  These may be placed in the &ldquo;History&rdquo; section. 
You may omit a network location for a work that was published at
least four years before the Document itself, or if the original
publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.

          <li>For any section Entitled &ldquo;Acknowledgements&rdquo; or &ldquo;Dedications&rdquo;, Preserve
the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the
substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or
dedications given therein.

          <li>Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
unaltered in their text and in their titles.  Section numbers
or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.

          <li>Delete any section Entitled &ldquo;Endorsements&rdquo;.  Such a section
may not be included in the Modified Version.

          <li>Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled &ldquo;Endorsements&rdquo; or
to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.

          <li>Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
          </ol>

     <p>If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all
of these sections as invariant.  To do this, add their titles to the
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     <li>COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS

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     <p>You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute
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     <p>If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
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     <li>FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE

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        </ol>

<h4 class="appendixsubsec">A.1.1 ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents</h4>

<p>To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
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license notices just after the title page:

<pre class="smallexample">       Copyright (C)  <var>year</var>  <var>your name</var>.
       Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
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       or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
       with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
       Texts.  A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
       Free Documentation License''.
</pre>
   <p>If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,
replace the &ldquo;with...Texts.&rdquo; line with this:

<pre class="smallexample">         with the Invariant Sections being <var>list their titles</var>, with
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</pre>
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<h2 class="appendix">Appendix B Index</h2>

<ul class="index-cp" compact>
<li><a href="#index-_0027_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-137"><code>', vi-like operation</code></a>: <a href="#Node-Commands">Node Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-_002c-199"><code>,</code></a>: <a href="#Searching-Commands">Searching Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-_002d-341"><code>-</code></a>: <a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-_0040code_007b_002d_002dsubnodes_007d_002c-command-line-option-30"><code>--subnodes</code>, command line option</a>: <a href="#Invoking-Info">Invoking Info</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-_002einfo-379">.info</a>: <a href="#Custom-Key-Bindings">Custom Key Bindings</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-_002einfokey-380">.infokey</a>: <a href="#Custom-Key-Bindings">Custom Key Bindings</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-_002einfokey-source-format-386">.infokey source format</a>: <a href="#infokey-source-format">infokey source format</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-_002f-175"><code>/</code></a>: <a href="#Searching-Commands">Searching Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-0-_0040dots_007b_007d-9_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-338"><code>0 ... 9, vi-like operation</code></a>: <a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-0_002c-in-Info-windows-209"><code>0, in Info windows</code></a>: <a href="#Selecting-Xrefs">Selecting Xrefs</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-1-_0040dots_007b_007d-9_002c-in-Info-windows-204">1 <small class="dots">...</small> 9, in Info windows</a>: <a href="#Selecting-Xrefs">Selecting Xrefs</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-_003c-145"><code>&lt;</code></a>: <a href="#Node-Commands">Node Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-_003e-148"><code>&gt;</code></a>: <a href="#Node-Commands">Node Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-_003f_002c-in-Info-windows-327"><code>?, in Info windows</code></a>: <a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-_003f_002c-in-the-echo-area-311"><code>?, in the echo area</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-_003f_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-177"><code>?, vi-like operation</code></a>: <a href="#Searching-Commands">Searching Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-_005b-153"><code>[</code></a>: <a href="#Node-Commands">Node Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-_005d-151"><code>]</code></a>: <a href="#Node-Commands">Node Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-_005finfo-file-_0028MS_002dDOS_0029-381">_info file (MS-DOS)</a>: <a href="#Custom-Key-Bindings">Custom Key Bindings</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-_005finfokey-file-_0028MS_002dDOS_0029-384">_infokey file (MS-DOS)</a>: <a href="#Invoking-infokey">Invoking infokey</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-abort_002dkey-349"><code>abort-key</code></a>: <a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-add_002ddigit_002dto_002dnumeric_002darg-339"><code>add-digit-to-numeric-arg</code></a>: <a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-ANSI-escape-sequences-in-documents-25">ANSI escape sequences in documents</a>: <a href="#Invoking-Info">Invoking Info</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Apropos_0040r_007b_002c-in-Info-files_007d-8">Apropos<span class="roman">, in Info files</span></a>: <a href="#Invoking-Info">Invoking Info</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-arguments_002c-command-line-5">arguments, command line</a>: <a href="#Invoking-Info">Invoking Info</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-arguments_002c-negative-343">arguments, negative</a>: <a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-automatic_002dfootnotes-364"><code>automatic-footnotes</code></a>: <a href="#Variables">Variables</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-automatic_002dtiling-365"><code>automatic-tiling</code></a>: <a href="#Variables">Variables</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-b_002c-in-Info-windows-63"><code>b, in Info windows</code></a>: <a href="#Cursor-Commands">Cursor Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-b_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-90"><code>b, vi-like operation</code></a>: <a href="#Scrolling-Commands">Scrolling Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-BackTab_002c-in-Info-windows-225"><code>BackTab, in Info windows</code></a>: <a href="#Selecting-Xrefs">Selecting Xrefs</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-BackTab_002c-in-the-echo-area-290"><code>BackTab, in the echo area</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-backward_002dchar-56"><code>backward-char</code></a>: <a href="#Cursor-Commands">Cursor Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-backward_002dword-62"><code>backward-word</code></a>: <a href="#Cursor-Commands">Cursor Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-beginning_002dof_002dline-47"><code>beginning-of-line</code></a>: <a href="#Cursor-Commands">Cursor Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-beginning_002dof_002dnode-67"><code>beginning-of-node</code></a>: <a href="#Cursor-Commands">Cursor Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-BS-_0028backspace_0029-116"><code>BS (backspace)</code></a>: <a href="#Scrolling-Commands">Scrolling Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002da_002c-in-Info-windows-45"><code>C-a, in Info windows</code></a>: <a href="#Cursor-Commands">Cursor Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002da_002c-in-the-echo-area-258"><code>C-a, in the echo area</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002db_002c-in-Info-windows-54"><code>C-b, in Info windows</code></a>: <a href="#Cursor-Commands">Cursor Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002db_002c-in-the-echo-area-255"><code>C-b, in the echo area</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002db_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-91"><code>C-b, vi-like operation</code></a>: <a href="#Scrolling-Commands">Scrolling Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002dCENTER-136"><code>C-CENTER</code></a>: <a href="#Node-Commands">Node Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002dd_002c-in-the-echo-area-271"><code>C-d, in the echo area</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002dd_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-109"><code>C-d, vi-like operation</code></a>: <a href="#Scrolling-Commands">Scrolling Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002de_002c-in-Info-windows-48"><code>C-e, in Info windows</code></a>: <a href="#Cursor-Commands">Cursor Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002de_002c-in-the-echo-area-261"><code>C-e, in the echo area</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002de_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-96"><code>C-e, vi-like operation</code></a>: <a href="#Scrolling-Commands">Scrolling Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002dEnd-70"><code>C-End</code></a>: <a href="#Cursor-Commands">Cursor Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002df_002c-in-Info-windows-51"><code>C-f, in Info windows</code></a>: <a href="#Cursor-Commands">Cursor Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002df_002c-in-the-echo-area-250"><code>C-f, in the echo area</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002df_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-79"><code>C-f, vi-like operation</code></a>: <a href="#Scrolling-Commands">Scrolling Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002dg_002c-in-Info-windows-347"><code>C-g, in Info windows</code></a>: <a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002dg_002c-in-the-echo-area-276"><code>C-g, in the echo area</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002dh-326"><code>C-h</code></a>: <a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002dHome-65"><code>C-Home</code></a>: <a href="#Cursor-Commands">Cursor Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002dk_002c-in-the-echo-area-299"><code>C-k, in the echo area</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002dk_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-105"><code>C-k, vi-like operation</code></a>: <a href="#Scrolling-Commands">Scrolling Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002dl-117"><code>C-l</code></a>: <a href="#Scrolling-Commands">Scrolling Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002dLEFT-61"><code>C-LEFT</code></a>: <a href="#Cursor-Commands">Cursor Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002dLEFT_002c-in-the-echo-area-270"><code>C-LEFT, in the echo area</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002dn-39"><code>C-n</code></a>: <a href="#Cursor-Commands">Cursor Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002dn_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-95"><code>C-n, vi-like operation</code></a>: <a href="#Scrolling-Commands">Scrolling Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002dNEXT-123"><code>C-NEXT</code></a>: <a href="#Node-Commands">Node Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002dp-42"><code>C-p</code></a>: <a href="#Cursor-Commands">Cursor Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002dp_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-101"><code>C-p, vi-like operation</code></a>: <a href="#Scrolling-Commands">Scrolling Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002dPgDn-126"><code>C-PgDn</code></a>: <a href="#Node-Commands">Node Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002dPgUp-130"><code>C-PgUp</code></a>: <a href="#Node-Commands">Node Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002dPREVIOUS-128"><code>C-PREVIOUS</code></a>: <a href="#Node-Commands">Node Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002dq_002c-in-the-echo-area-281"><code>C-q, in the echo area</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002dr-193"><code>C-r</code></a>: <a href="#Searching-Commands">Searching Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002dRIGHT-58"><code>C-RIGHT</code></a>: <a href="#Cursor-Commands">Cursor Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002dRIGHT_002c-in-the-echo-area-267"><code>C-RIGHT, in the echo area</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002ds-190"><code>C-s</code></a>: <a href="#Searching-Commands">Searching Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002dt_002c-in-the-echo-area-291"><code>C-t, in the echo area</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002du-335"><code>C-u</code></a>: <a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002du-cancels-typeahead_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-348"><code>C-u cancels typeahead, vi-like operation</code></a>: <a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002du_002c-in-the-echo-area_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-277"><code>C-u, in the echo area, vi-like operation</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002du_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-112"><code>C-u, vi-like operation</code></a>: <a href="#Scrolling-Commands">Scrolling Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002dUP-132"><code>C-UP</code></a>: <a href="#Node-Commands">Node Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002dv-78"><code>C-v</code></a>: <a href="#Scrolling-Commands">Scrolling Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002dv_002c-in-the-echo-area_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-282"><code>C-v, in the echo area, vi-like operation</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002dw-119"><code>C-w</code></a>: <a href="#Scrolling-Commands">Scrolling Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002dx-0-238"><code>C-x 0</code></a>: <a href="#Basic-Windows">Basic Windows</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002dx-1-240"><code>C-x 1</code></a>: <a href="#Basic-Windows">Basic Windows</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002dx-2-235"><code>C-x 2</code></a>: <a href="#Basic-Windows">Basic Windows</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002dx-_005e-244"><code>C-x ^</code></a>: <a href="#Basic-Windows">Basic Windows</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002dx-b-171"><code>C-x b</code></a>: <a href="#Node-Commands">Node Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002dx-C_002db-169"><code>C-x C-b</code></a>: <a href="#Node-Commands">Node Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002dx-C_002dc-352"><code>C-x C-c</code></a>: <a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002dx-C_002df-167"><code>C-x C-f</code></a>: <a href="#Node-Commands">Node Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002dx-DEL_002c-in-the-echo-area-301"><code>C-x DEL, in the echo area</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002dx-g_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-156"><code>C-x g, vi-like operation</code></a>: <a href="#Node-Commands">Node Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002dx-k-165"><code>C-x k</code></a>: <a href="#Node-Commands">Node Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002dx-N-187"><code>C-x N</code></a>: <a href="#Searching-Commands">Searching Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002dx-n-183"><code>C-x n</code></a>: <a href="#Searching-Commands">Searching Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002dx-n_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-124"><code>C-x n, vi-like operation</code></a>: <a href="#Node-Commands">Node Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002dx-o-231"><code>C-x o</code></a>: <a href="#Basic-Windows">Basic Windows</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002dx-r_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-218"><code>C-x r, vi-like operation</code></a>: <a href="#Selecting-Xrefs">Selecting Xrefs</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002dx-t-247"><code>C-x t</code></a>: <a href="#Basic-Windows">Basic Windows</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002dx-u_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-133"><code>C-x u, vi-like operation</code></a>: <a href="#Node-Commands">Node Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002dy_002c-in-the-echo-area-303"><code>C-y, in the echo area</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C_002dy_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-106"><code>C-y, vi-like operation</code></a>: <a href="#Scrolling-Commands">Scrolling Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-cancelling-the-current-operation-346">cancelling the current operation</a>: <a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-cancelling-typeahead-345">cancelling typeahead</a>: <a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-case_002dsensitive-search-182">case-sensitive search</a>: <a href="#Searching-Commands">Searching Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-case_002dsensitivity_002c-and-search-203">case-sensitivity, and search</a>: <a href="#Searching-Commands">Searching Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-colors-in-documents-24">colors in documents</a>: <a href="#Invoking-Info">Invoking Info</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-command-line-options-3">command line options</a>: <a href="#Invoking-Info">Invoking Info</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-command_002dline-options_002c-how-to-find-27">command-line options, how to find</a>: <a href="#Invoking-Info">Invoking Info</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-commands_002c-describing-321">commands, describing</a>: <a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-completion-307">completion</a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-compressed-Info-files-16">compressed Info files</a>: <a href="#Invoking-Info">Invoking Info</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-cursor_002c-moving-37">cursor, moving</a>: <a href="#Cursor-Commands">Cursor Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-customizing-key-bindings-376">customizing key bindings</a>: <a href="#Custom-Key-Bindings">Custom Key Bindings</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-d-142"><code>d</code></a>: <a href="#Node-Commands">Node Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-d_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-108"><code>d, vi-like operation</code></a>: <a href="#Scrolling-Commands">Scrolling Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-default-key-bindings_002c-overriding-374">default key bindings, overriding</a>: <a href="#Custom-Key-Bindings">Custom Key Bindings</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-DEL_002c-in-Info-windows-86"><code>DEL, in Info windows</code></a>: <a href="#Scrolling-Commands">Scrolling Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-DEL_002c-in-the-echo-area-274"><code>DEL, in the echo area</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-delete_002dwindow-239"><code>delete-window</code></a>: <a href="#Basic-Windows">Basic Windows</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-describe_002dcommand-322"><code>describe-command</code></a>: <a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-describe_002dkey-324"><code>describe-key</code></a>: <a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-describe_002dvariable-363"><code>describe-variable</code></a>: <a href="#Variables">Variables</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-dir_002dnode-144"><code>dir-node</code></a>: <a href="#Node-Commands">Node Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-directory-path-9">directory path</a>: <a href="#Invoking-Info">Invoking Info</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-DOWN-_0028an-arrow-key_0029-40"><code>DOWN (an arrow key)</code></a>: <a href="#Cursor-Commands">Cursor Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-DOWN_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-99"><code>DOWN, vi-like operation</code></a>: <a href="#Scrolling-Commands">Scrolling Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-down_002dline-100"><code>down-line</code></a>: <a href="#Scrolling-Commands">Scrolling Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-e_002c-in-Info-windows-69"><code>e, in Info windows</code></a>: <a href="#Cursor-Commands">Cursor Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-echo-area-249">echo area</a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-echo_002darea_002dabort-278"><code>echo-area-abort</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-echo_002darea_002dbackward-257"><code>echo-area-backward</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-echo_002darea_002dbackward_002dkill_002dline-302"><code>echo-area-backward-kill-line</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-echo_002darea_002dbackward_002dkill_002dword-297"><code>echo-area-backward-kill-word</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-echo_002darea_002dbackward_002dword-269"><code>echo-area-backward-word</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-echo_002darea_002dbeg_002dof_002dline-260"><code>echo-area-beg-of-line</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-echo_002darea_002dcomplete-310"><code>echo-area-complete</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-echo_002darea_002ddelete-273"><code>echo-area-delete</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-echo_002darea_002dend_002dof_002dline-263"><code>echo-area-end-of-line</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-echo_002darea_002dforward-253"><code>echo-area-forward</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-echo_002darea_002dforward_002dword-266"><code>echo-area-forward-word</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-echo_002darea_002dinsert-285"><code>echo-area-insert</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-echo_002darea_002dkill_002dline-300"><code>echo-area-kill-line</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-echo_002darea_002dkill_002dword-295"><code>echo-area-kill-word</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-echo_002darea_002dnewline-280"><code>echo-area-newline</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-echo_002darea_002dpossible_002dcompletions-312"><code>echo-area-possible-completions</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-echo_002darea_002dquoted_002dinsert-283"><code>echo-area-quoted-insert</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-echo_002darea_002drubout-275"><code>echo-area-rubout</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-echo_002darea_002dscroll_002dcompletions_002dwindow-314"><code>echo-area-scroll-completions-window</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-echo_002darea_002dtab_002dinsert-288"><code>echo-area-tab-insert</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-echo_002darea_002dtranspose_002dchars-292"><code>echo-area-transpose-chars</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-echo_002darea_002dyank-304"><code>echo-area-yank</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-echo_002darea_002dyank_002dpop-306"><code>echo-area-yank-pop</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-End-49"><code>End</code></a>: <a href="#Cursor-Commands">Cursor Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-end_002dof_002dline-50"><code>end-of-line</code></a>: <a href="#Cursor-Commands">Cursor Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-end_002dof_002dnode-71"><code>end-of-node</code></a>: <a href="#Cursor-Commands">Cursor Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-errors_002dring_002dbell-366"><code>errors-ring-bell</code></a>: <a href="#Variables">Variables</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-ESC-C_002df-357"><code>ESC C-f</code></a>: <a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-ESC-C_002dv_002c-in-Info-windows-242"><code>ESC C-v, in Info windows</code></a>: <a href="#Basic-Windows">Basic Windows</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-ESC-C_002dv_002c-in-the-echo-area-313"><code>ESC C-v, in the echo area</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-f-215"><code>f</code></a>: <a href="#Selecting-Xrefs">Selecting Xrefs</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-f_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-80"><code>f, vi-like operation</code></a>: <a href="#Scrolling-Commands">Scrolling Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-F1-328"><code>F1</code></a>: <a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-FDL_002c-GNU-Free-Documentation-License-388">FDL, GNU Free Documentation License</a>: <a href="#GNU-Free-Documentation-License">GNU Free Documentation License</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-file-names_002c-relative-14">file names, relative</a>: <a href="#Invoking-Info">Invoking Info</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-file_002c-outputting-to-22">file, outputting to</a>: <a href="#Invoking-Info">Invoking Info</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-files_002c-compressed-17">files, compressed</a>: <a href="#Invoking-Info">Invoking Info</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-find_002dmenu-214"><code>find-menu</code></a>: <a href="#Selecting-Xrefs">Selecting Xrefs</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-finding-the-Invocation-node-161">finding the Invocation node</a>: <a href="#Node-Commands">Node Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-first_002dnode-147"><code>first-node</code></a>: <a href="#Node-Commands">Node Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-footnotes_002c-displaying-359">footnotes, displaying</a>: <a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-format-of-_002einfokey-source-387">format of .infokey source</a>: <a href="#infokey-source-format">infokey source format</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-forward_002dchar-53"><code>forward-char</code></a>: <a href="#Cursor-Commands">Cursor Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-forward_002dword-59"><code>forward-word</code></a>: <a href="#Cursor-Commands">Cursor Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-functions_002c-describing-320">functions, describing</a>: <a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g-155"><code>g</code></a>: <a href="#Node-Commands">Node Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-G-162"><code>G</code></a>: <a href="#Node-Commands">Node Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-G_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-149"><code>G, vi-like operation</code></a>: <a href="#Node-Commands">Node Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-146"><code>g, vi-like operation</code></a>: <a href="#Node-Commands">Node Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-gc_002dcompressed_002dfiles-367"><code>gc-compressed-files</code></a>: <a href="#Variables">Variables</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-get_002dhelp_002dwindow-330"><code>get-help-window</code></a>: <a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-get_002dinfo_002dhelp_002dnode-333"><code>get-info-help-node</code></a>: <a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-global_002dnext_002dnode-152"><code>global-next-node</code></a>: <a href="#Node-Commands">Node Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-global_002dprev_002dnode-154"><code>global-prev-node</code></a>: <a href="#Node-Commands">Node Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-goto_002dinvocation-160"><code>goto-invocation</code></a>: <a href="#Node-Commands">Node Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-goto_002dnode-157"><code>goto-node</code></a>: <a href="#Node-Commands">Node Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-grow_002dwindow-245"><code>grow-window</code></a>: <a href="#Basic-Windows">Basic Windows</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-h-331"><code>h</code></a>: <a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-h_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-329"><code>h, vi-like operation</code></a>: <a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-history_002dnode-138"><code>history-node</code></a>: <a href="#Node-Commands">Node Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Home-46"><code>Home</code></a>: <a href="#Cursor-Commands">Cursor Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-i-195"><code>i</code></a>: <a href="#Searching-Commands">Searching Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-I-159"><code>I</code></a>: <a href="#Node-Commands">Node Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-incremental-search-192">incremental search</a>: <a href="#Searching-Commands">Searching Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-index-search_002c-selecting-from-the-command-line-19">index search, selecting from the command line</a>: <a href="#Invoking-Info">Invoking Info</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-index_002c-searching-197">index, searching</a>: <a href="#Searching-Commands">Searching Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-index_002dapropos-201"><code>index-apropos</code></a>: <a href="#Searching-Commands">Searching Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-index_002dsearch-196"><code>index-search</code></a>: <a href="#Searching-Commands">Searching Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Info-file_002c-selecting-12">Info file, selecting</a>: <a href="#Invoking-Info">Invoking Info</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Info-files_002c-compressed-18">Info files, compressed</a>: <a href="#Invoking-Info">Invoking Info</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Info-files_002c-relative-15">Info files, relative</a>: <a href="#Invoking-Info">Invoking Info</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Info-files_0040r_007b_002c-searching-all-indices_007d-7">Info files<span class="roman">, searching all indices</span></a>: <a href="#Invoking-Info">Invoking Info</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Info-manual-location-34">Info manual location</a>: <a href="#Invoking-Info">Invoking Info</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Info_002c-invoking-1">Info, invoking</a>: <a href="#Invoking-Info">Invoking Info</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-INFO_005fPRINT_005fCOMMAND_002c-environment-variable-317">INFO_PRINT_COMMAND, environment variable</a>: <a href="#Printing-Nodes">Printing Nodes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-infokey-378">infokey</a>: <a href="#Custom-Key-Bindings">Custom Key Bindings</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-infokey-source-format-385">infokey source format</a>: <a href="#infokey-source-format">infokey source format</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-infokey_002c-invoking-383">infokey, invoking</a>: <a href="#Invoking-infokey">Invoking infokey</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-invocation-description_002c-how-to-find-28">invocation description, how to find</a>: <a href="#Invoking-Info">Invoking Info</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-invoking-Info-2">invoking Info</a>: <a href="#Invoking-Info">Invoking Info</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-invoking-infokey-382">invoking infokey</a>: <a href="#Invoking-infokey">Invoking infokey</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-isearch_002dbackward-194"><code>isearch-backward</code></a>: <a href="#Searching-Commands">Searching Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-isearch_002dforward-191"><code>isearch-forward</code></a>: <a href="#Searching-Commands">Searching Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-ISO-Latin-characters-368">ISO Latin characters</a>: <a href="#Variables">Variables</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-ISO_002dLatin-369"><code>ISO-Latin</code></a>: <a href="#Variables">Variables</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-k_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-104"><code>k, vi-like operation</code></a>: <a href="#Scrolling-Commands">Scrolling Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-keep_002done_002dwindow-241"><code>keep-one-window</code></a>: <a href="#Basic-Windows">Basic Windows</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-key-bindings_002c-customizing-377">key bindings, customizing</a>: <a href="#Custom-Key-Bindings">Custom Key Bindings</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-keys_002c-describing-323">keys, describing</a>: <a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-keystrokes_002c-recording-10">keystrokes, recording</a>: <a href="#Invoking-Info">Invoking Info</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-kill_002dnode-166"><code>kill-node</code></a>: <a href="#Node-Commands">Node Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-l-135"><code>l</code></a>: <a href="#Node-Commands">Node Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-last_002dmenu_002ditem-211"><code>last-menu-item</code></a>: <a href="#Selecting-Xrefs">Selecting Xrefs</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-last_002dnode-150"><code>last-node</code></a>: <a href="#Node-Commands">Node Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-LEFT-_0028an-arrow-key_0029-55"><code>LEFT (an arrow key)</code></a>: <a href="#Cursor-Commands">Cursor Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-LEFT_002c-in-the-echo-area-254"><code>LEFT, in the echo area</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Less_002dlike-key-bindings-33">Less-like key bindings</a>: <a href="#Invoking-Info">Invoking Info</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-LFD_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-98"><code>LFD, vi-like operation</code></a>: <a href="#Scrolling-Commands">Scrolling Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-list_002dvisited_002dnodes-170"><code>list-visited-nodes</code></a>: <a href="#Node-Commands">Node Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-local-printer-device-319">local printer device</a>: <a href="#Printing-Nodes">Printing Nodes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-m-212"><code>m</code></a>: <a href="#Selecting-Xrefs">Selecting Xrefs</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-M_002d_0024_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-262"><code>M-$, vi-like operation</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-M_002d_002d-340"><code>M--</code></a>: <a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-M_002d0-_0040dots_007b_007d-M_002d9-337"><code>M-0 ... M-9</code></a>: <a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-M_002d0_002c-in-the-echo-area_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-259"><code>M-0, in the echo area, vi-like operation</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-M_002d0_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-210"><code>M-0, vi-like operation</code></a>: <a href="#Selecting-Xrefs">Selecting Xrefs</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-M_002d1-_0040dots_007b_007d-M_002d9_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-205">M-1 <small class="dots">...</small> M-9, vi-like operation</a>: <a href="#Selecting-Xrefs">Selecting Xrefs</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-M_002d_003c-64"><code>M-&lt;</code></a>: <a href="#Cursor-Commands">Cursor Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-M_002d_003e-68"><code>M-&gt;</code></a>: <a href="#Cursor-Commands">Cursor Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-M_002db_002c-in-Info-windows-60"><code>M-b, in Info windows</code></a>: <a href="#Cursor-Commands">Cursor Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-M_002db_002c-in-the-echo-area-268"><code>M-b, in the echo area</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-M_002db_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-66"><code>M-b, vi-like operation</code></a>: <a href="#Cursor-Commands">Cursor Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-M_002dBS_002c-in-the-echo-area-298"><code>M-BS, in the echo area</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-M_002dd_002c-in-the-echo-area-293"><code>M-d, in the echo area</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-M_002dd_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-143"><code>M-d, vi-like operation</code></a>: <a href="#Node-Commands">Node Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-M_002dDEL_002c-in-the-echo-area-296"><code>M-DEL, in the echo area</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-M_002df_002c-in-Info-windows-57"><code>M-f, in Info windows</code></a>: <a href="#Cursor-Commands">Cursor Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-M_002df_002c-in-the-echo-area-264"><code>M-f, in the echo area</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-M_002df_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-217"><code>M-f, vi-like operation</code></a>: <a href="#Selecting-Xrefs">Selecting Xrefs</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-M_002dg_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-227"><code>M-g, vi-like operation</code></a>: <a href="#Selecting-Xrefs">Selecting Xrefs</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-M_002dh_002c-in-the-echo-area_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-252"><code>M-h, in the echo area, vi-like operation</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-M_002dh_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-332"><code>M-h, vi-like operation</code></a>: <a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-M_002dl_002c-in-the-echo-area_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-256"><code>M-l, in the echo area, vi-like operation</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-M_002dr-72"><code>M-r</code></a>: <a href="#Cursor-Commands">Cursor Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-M_002dSPC_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-81"><code>M-SPC, vi-like operation</code></a>: <a href="#Scrolling-Commands">Scrolling Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-M_002dt_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-140"><code>M-t, vi-like operation</code></a>: <a href="#Node-Commands">Node Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-M_002dTAB_002c-in-Info-windows-222"><code>M-TAB, in Info windows</code></a>: <a href="#Selecting-Xrefs">Selecting Xrefs</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-M_002dTAB_002c-in-the-echo-area-286"><code>M-TAB, in the echo area</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-M_002dv-89"><code>M-v</code></a>: <a href="#Scrolling-Commands">Scrolling Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-M_002dw_002c-in-the-echo-area_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-265"><code>M-w, in the echo area, vi-like operation</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-M_002dx_002c-in-the-echo-area_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-272"><code>M-x, in the echo area, vi-like operation</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-M_002dX_002c-in-the-echo-area_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-294"><code>M-X, in the echo area, vi-like operation</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-M_002dy_002c-in-the-echo-area-305"><code>M-y, in the echo area</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-menu_002c-following-36">menu, following</a>: <a href="#Invoking-Info">Invoking Info</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-menu_002c-following_002c-from-inside-Info-164">menu, following, from inside Info</a>: <a href="#Node-Commands">Node Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-menu_002ddigit-208"><code>menu-digit</code></a>: <a href="#Selecting-Xrefs">Selecting Xrefs</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-menu_002ditem-213"><code>menu-item</code></a>: <a href="#Selecting-Xrefs">Selecting Xrefs</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-menu_002dsequence-163"><code>menu-sequence</code></a>: <a href="#Node-Commands">Node Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-move_002dto_002dnext_002dxref-221"><code>move-to-next-xref</code></a>: <a href="#Selecting-Xrefs">Selecting Xrefs</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-move_002dto_002dprev_002dxref-223"><code>move-to-prev-xref</code></a>: <a href="#Selecting-Xrefs">Selecting Xrefs</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-move_002dto_002dwindow_002dline-73"><code>move-to-window-line</code></a>: <a href="#Cursor-Commands">Cursor Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-moving-the-cursor-38">moving the cursor</a>: <a href="#Cursor-Commands">Cursor Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-n-122"><code>n</code></a>: <a href="#Node-Commands">Node Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-n_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-184"><code>n, vi-like operation</code></a>: <a href="#Searching-Commands">Searching Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-negative-arguments-342">negative arguments</a>: <a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-NEXT-77"><code>NEXT</code></a>: <a href="#Scrolling-Commands">Scrolling Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-next_002dindex_002dmatch-200"><code>next-index-match</code></a>: <a href="#Searching-Commands">Searching Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-next_002dline-41"><code>next-line</code></a>: <a href="#Cursor-Commands">Cursor Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-next_002dnode-125"><code>next-node</code></a>: <a href="#Node-Commands">Node Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-next_002dwindow-232"><code>next-window</code></a>: <a href="#Basic-Windows">Basic Windows</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-node_002c-selecting-from-the-command-line-21">node, selecting from the command line</a>: <a href="#Invoking-Info">Invoking Info</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-nodes_002c-selection-of-121">nodes, selection of</a>: <a href="#Node-Commands">Node Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-numeric-arguments-334">numeric arguments</a>: <a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-numeric-arguments_002c-negative-344">numeric arguments, negative</a>: <a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-O-158"><code>O</code></a>: <a href="#Node-Commands">Node Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-online-help_002c-using-Info-as-20">online help, using Info as</a>: <a href="#Invoking-Info">Invoking Info</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-options_002c-command-line-4">options, command line</a>: <a href="#Invoking-Info">Invoking Info</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-outputting-to-a-file-23">outputting to a file</a>: <a href="#Invoking-Info">Invoking Info</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-overriding-default-key-bindings-375">overriding default key bindings</a>: <a href="#Custom-Key-Bindings">Custom Key Bindings</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-p-127"><code>p</code></a>: <a href="#Node-Commands">Node Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-PageDown-83"><code>PageDown</code></a>: <a href="#Scrolling-Commands">Scrolling Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-PageUp-115"><code>PageUp</code></a>: <a href="#Scrolling-Commands">Scrolling Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-prev_002dline-44"><code>prev-line</code></a>: <a href="#Cursor-Commands">Cursor Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-prev_002dnode-129"><code>prev-node</code></a>: <a href="#Node-Commands">Node Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-prev_002dwindow-233"><code>prev-window</code></a>: <a href="#Basic-Windows">Basic Windows</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-PREVIOUS-88"><code>PREVIOUS</code></a>: <a href="#Scrolling-Commands">Scrolling Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-print_002dnode-316"><code>print-node</code></a>: <a href="#Printing-Nodes">Printing Nodes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-printing-315">printing</a>: <a href="#Printing-Nodes">Printing Nodes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-printing-characters_002c-in-the-echo-area-284"><code>printing characters, in the echo area</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-printing-nodes-to-the-local-printer-318">printing nodes to the local printer</a>: <a href="#Printing-Nodes">Printing Nodes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-q-351"><code>q</code></a>: <a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-quit-354"><code>quit</code></a>: <a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-quitting-350">quitting</a>: <a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-r-216"><code>r</code></a>: <a href="#Selecting-Xrefs">Selecting Xrefs</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-redraw_002ddisplay-118"><code>redraw-display</code></a>: <a href="#Scrolling-Commands">Scrolling Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-relative-Info-file-names-13">relative Info file names</a>: <a href="#Invoking-Info">Invoking Info</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-remembering-user-keystrokes-11">remembering user keystrokes</a>: <a href="#Invoking-Info">Invoking Info</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-repeated-search-186">repeated search</a>: <a href="#Searching-Commands">Searching Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-replaying-recorded-keystrokes-26">replaying recorded keystrokes</a>: <a href="#Invoking-Info">Invoking Info</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-RET_002c-in-Info-windows-226"><code>RET, in Info windows</code></a>: <a href="#Selecting-Xrefs">Selecting Xrefs</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-RET_002c-in-the-echo-area-279"><code>RET, in the echo area</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-RET_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-97"><code>RET, vi-like operation</code></a>: <a href="#Scrolling-Commands">Scrolling Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-RIGHT-_0028an-arrow-key_0029-52"><code>RIGHT (an arrow key)</code></a>: <a href="#Cursor-Commands">Cursor Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-RIGHT_002c-in-the-echo-area-251"><code>RIGHT, in the echo area</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-S-179"><code>S</code></a>: <a href="#Searching-Commands">Searching Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-s-174"><code>s</code></a>: <a href="#Searching-Commands">Searching Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-screen_002c-changing-the-height-of-356">screen, changing the height of</a>: <a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-scroll_002dbackward-87"><code>scroll-backward</code></a>: <a href="#Scrolling-Commands">Scrolling Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-scroll_002dbackward_002dpage_002donly-92"><code>scroll-backward-page-only</code></a>: <a href="#Scrolling-Commands">Scrolling Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-scroll_002dbackward_002dpage_002donly_002dset_002dwindow-94"><code>scroll-backward-page-only-set-window</code></a>: <a href="#Scrolling-Commands">Scrolling Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-scroll_002dbehavior-370"><code>scroll-behavior</code></a>: <a href="#Variables">Variables</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-scroll_002dforward-76"><code>scroll-forward</code></a>: <a href="#Scrolling-Commands">Scrolling Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-scroll_002dforward_002dpage_002donly-82"><code>scroll-forward-page-only</code></a>: <a href="#Scrolling-Commands">Scrolling Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-scroll_002dforward_002dpage_002donly_002dset_002dwindow-85"><code>scroll-forward-page-only-set-window</code></a>: <a href="#Scrolling-Commands">Scrolling Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-scroll_002dhalf_002dscreen_002ddown-110"><code>scroll-half-screen-down</code></a>: <a href="#Scrolling-Commands">Scrolling Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-scroll_002dhalf_002dscreen_002dup-113"><code>scroll-half-screen-up</code></a>: <a href="#Scrolling-Commands">Scrolling Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-scroll_002dother_002dwindow-243"><code>scroll-other-window</code></a>: <a href="#Basic-Windows">Basic Windows</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-scroll_002dstep-371"><code>scroll-step</code></a>: <a href="#Variables">Variables</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-scrolling-74">scrolling</a>: <a href="#Scrolling-Commands">Scrolling Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-scrolling-through-node-structure-114">scrolling through node structure</a>: <a href="#Scrolling-Commands">Scrolling Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-search-176"><code>search</code></a>: <a href="#Searching-Commands">Searching Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-search_002c-and-case_002dsensitivity-202">search, and case-sensitivity</a>: <a href="#Searching-Commands">Searching Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-search_002c-case_002dsensitive-181">search, case-sensitive</a>: <a href="#Searching-Commands">Searching Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-search_002dbackward-178"><code>search-backward</code></a>: <a href="#Searching-Commands">Searching Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-search_002dcase_002dsensitively-180"><code>search-case-sensitively</code></a>: <a href="#Searching-Commands">Searching Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-search_002dnext-185"><code>search-next</code></a>: <a href="#Searching-Commands">Searching Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-search_002dprevious-189"><code>search-previous</code></a>: <a href="#Searching-Commands">Searching Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-searching-173">searching</a>: <a href="#Searching-Commands">Searching Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Searching-all-indices-6">Searching all indices</a>: <a href="#Invoking-Info">Invoking Info</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-searching_002c-in-the-indices-198">searching, in the indices</a>: <a href="#Searching-Commands">Searching Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-select_002dreference_002dthis_002dline-228"><code>select-reference-this-line</code></a>: <a href="#Selecting-Xrefs">Selecting Xrefs</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-select_002dvisited_002dnode-172"><code>select-visited-node</code></a>: <a href="#Node-Commands">Node Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-set_002dscreen_002dheight-355"><code>set-screen-height</code></a>: <a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-set_002dvariable-361"><code>set-variable</code></a>: <a href="#Variables">Variables</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Shift_002dTAB_002c-in-Info-windows-224"><code>Shift-TAB, in Info windows</code></a>: <a href="#Selecting-Xrefs">Selecting Xrefs</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Shift_002dTAB_002c-in-the-echo-area-287"><code>Shift-TAB, in the echo area</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-show_002dfootnotes-358"><code>show-footnotes</code></a>: <a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-show_002dindex_002dmatch-372"><code>show-index-match</code></a>: <a href="#Variables">Variables</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-SPC_002c-in-Info-windows-75"><code>SPC, in Info windows</code></a>: <a href="#Scrolling-Commands">Scrolling Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-SPC_002c-in-the-echo-area-309"><code>SPC, in the echo area</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-speech-synthesizers-29">speech synthesizers</a>: <a href="#Invoking-Info">Invoking Info</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-split_002dwindow-236"><code>split-window</code></a>: <a href="#Basic-Windows">Basic Windows</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-t-139"><code>t</code></a>: <a href="#Node-Commands">Node Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-TAB_002c-in-Info-windows-220"><code>TAB, in Info windows</code></a>: <a href="#Selecting-Xrefs">Selecting Xrefs</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-TAB_002c-in-the-echo-area-308"><code>TAB, in the echo area</code></a>: <a href="#The-Echo-Area">The Echo Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-tile_002dwindows-248"><code>tile-windows</code></a>: <a href="#Basic-Windows">Basic Windows</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-tiling-246">tiling</a>: <a href="#Basic-Windows">Basic Windows</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-toggle_002dwrap-120"><code>toggle-wrap</code></a>: <a href="#Scrolling-Commands">Scrolling Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-top_002dnode-141"><code>top-node</code></a>: <a href="#Node-Commands">Node Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-u-131"><code>u</code></a>: <a href="#Node-Commands">Node Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-u_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-111"><code>u, vi-like operation</code></a>: <a href="#Scrolling-Commands">Scrolling Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-universal_002dargument-336"><code>universal-argument</code></a>: <a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-UP-_0028an-arrow-key_0029-43"><code>UP (an arrow key)</code></a>: <a href="#Cursor-Commands">Cursor Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-UP_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-102"><code>UP, vi-like operation</code></a>: <a href="#Scrolling-Commands">Scrolling Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-up_002dline-107"><code>up-line</code></a>: <a href="#Scrolling-Commands">Scrolling Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-up_002dnode-134"><code>up-node</code></a>: <a href="#Node-Commands">Node Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-variables_002c-describing-362">variables, describing</a>: <a href="#Variables">Variables</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-variables_002c-setting-360">variables, setting</a>: <a href="#Variables">Variables</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-version-information-31">version information</a>: <a href="#Invoking-Info">Invoking Info</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-vi_002dlike-key-bindings-32">vi-like key bindings</a>: <a href="#Invoking-Info">Invoking Info</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-view_002dfile-168"><code>view-file</code></a>: <a href="#Node-Commands">Node Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-visible_002dbell-373"><code>visible-bell</code></a>: <a href="#Variables">Variables</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-w_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-93"><code>w, vi-like operation</code></a>: <a href="#Scrolling-Commands">Scrolling Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Where-is-an-Info-manual_003f-35">Where is an Info manual?</a>: <a href="#Invoking-Info">Invoking Info</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-where_002dis-325"><code>where-is</code></a>: <a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-windows_002c-creating-234">windows, creating</a>: <a href="#Basic-Windows">Basic Windows</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-windows_002c-deleting-237">windows, deleting</a>: <a href="#Basic-Windows">Basic Windows</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-windows_002c-manipulating-229">windows, manipulating</a>: <a href="#Window-Commands">Window Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-windows_002c-selecting-230">windows, selecting</a>: <a href="#Basic-Windows">Basic Windows</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-xref_002ditem-219"><code>xref-item</code></a>: <a href="#Selecting-Xrefs">Selecting Xrefs</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-y_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-103"><code>y, vi-like operation</code></a>: <a href="#Scrolling-Commands">Scrolling Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-z_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-84"><code>z, vi-like operation</code></a>: <a href="#Scrolling-Commands">Scrolling Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-ZZ_002c-vi_002dlike-operation-353"><code>ZZ, vi-like operation</code></a>: <a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
   </ul><div class="footnote">
<hr>
<a name="texinfo-footnotes-in-document"></a><h4>Footnotes</h4><p class="footnote"><small>[<a name="fn-1" href="#fnd-1">1</a>]</small> 
<span class="file">.info</span>, <span class="file">-info</span>, <span class="file">/index</span>, and <span class="file">.inf</span>.</p>

   <p class="footnote"><small>[<a name="fn-2" href="#fnd-2">2</a>]</small> The MS-DOS version allows for the Info
extension, such as <code>.inf</code>, and the short compressed file
extensions, such as <span class="file">.z</span> and <span class="file">.gz</span>, to be merged into a single
extension, since DOS doesn't allow more than a single dot in the
basename of a file.  Thus, on MS-DOS, if Info looks for <span class="file">bison</span>,
file names like <span class="file">bison.igz</span> and <span class="file">bison.inz</span> will be found and
decompressed by <code>gunzip</code>.</p>

   <p class="footnote"><small>[<a name="fn-3" href="#fnd-3">3</a>]</small> Of course, you can specify both the file and node
in a <code>--node</code> command; but don't forget to escape the open and
close parentheses and whitespace from the shell as in: <code>info --node
"(emacs)Buffers"</code>.</p>

   <p class="footnote"><small>[<a name="fn-4" href="#fnd-4">4</a>]</small> Here's a short summary.  <kbd>C-</kbd><var>x</var> means
press the <kbd>CTRL</kbd> key and the key <var>x</var>.  <kbd>M-</kbd><var>x</var> means
press the <kbd>META</kbd> key and the key <var>x</var>.  On many terminals th
<kbd>META</kbd> key is known as the <kbd>ALT</kbd> key.  <kbd>SPC</kbd> is the space
bar.  The other keys are usually called by the names imprinted on
them.</p>

   <p class="footnote"><small>[<a name="fn-5" href="#fnd-5">5</a>]</small> <code>M-x</code> is also a command; it
invokes <code>execute-extended-command</code>.  See <a href="emacs.html#M_002dx">Executing an extended command (the GNU Emacs Manual)</a>, for more detailed
information.</p>

   <p class="footnote"><small>[<a name="fn-6" href="#fnd-6">6</a>]</small> 
Some people are used to calling these operations <dfn>cut</dfn> and
<dfn>paste</dfn>, respectively.</p>

   <p class="footnote"><small>[<a name="fn-7" href="#fnd-7">7</a>]</small> Due to the limitations of
DOS filesystems, the MS-DOS version of Info looks for a file
<span class="file">_info</span> instead.  If the <span class="env">HOME</span> variable is not defined, Info
additionally looks in the current directory.</p>

   <p class="footnote"><small>[<a name="fn-8" href="#fnd-8">8</a>]</small> This file is named <span class="file">_infokey</span> in
the MS-DOS version, and is looked for in the current directory if
<span class="env">HOME</span> is undefined.</p>

   <p><hr></div>

</body></html>