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<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>Kpathsea: A library for path searching</title>
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<body>
<h1 class="settitle">Kpathsea: A library for path searching</h1>
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Top"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Introduction">Introduction</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#dir">(dir)</a>
</div>
<h2 class="unnumbered">Kpathsea library</h2>
<p>This manual documents how to install and use the Kpathsea library for
filename lookup. It corresponds to version 3.5.6,
released in January 2007.
<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#Introduction">Introduction</a>: Overview.
<li><a accesskey="2" href="#Installation">Installation</a>: Compilation, installation, and bug reporting.
<li><a accesskey="3" href="#Path-searching">Path searching</a>: How filename lookups work.
<li><a accesskey="4" href="#TeX-support">TeX support</a>: Special support for TeX-related file lookups.
<li><a accesskey="5" href="#Programming">Programming</a>: How to use Kpathsea features in your program.
<li><a accesskey="6" href="#Index">Index</a>: General index.
</ul>
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Introduction"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Installation">Installation</a>,
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Top">Top</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>
</div>
<h2 class="chapter">1 Introduction</h2>
<p><a name="index-introduction-1"></a><a name="index-fundamental-purpose-of-Kpathsea-2"></a>
This manual corresponds to version 3.5.6 of the Kpathsea
library, released in January 2007.
<p>The library's fundamental purpose is to return a filename from a list of
directories specified by the user, similar to what shells do when
looking up program names to execute.
<p><a name="index-programs-using-the-library-3"></a>The following software, all of which we maintain, uses this library:
<ul>
<li>Dviljk (see the `<samp><span class="samp">dvilj</span></samp>' man page)
<li>Dvipsk (see <a href="dvips.html#Top">Introduction</a>)
<li>GNU font utilities (see <a href="fontu.html#Top">Introduction</a>)
<li>Web2c (see <a href="web2c.html#Top">Introduction</a>)
<li>Xdvik (see the `<samp><span class="samp">xdvi</span></samp>' man page)
</ul>
<p class="noindent">Other software that we do not maintain also uses it.
<p><a name="index-interface_002c-not-frozen-4"></a><a name="index-comments_002c-making-5"></a><a name="index-suggestions_002c-making-6"></a>We are still actively maintaining the library (and probably always will
be, despite our hopes). If you have comments or suggestions, please send
them to us (see <a href="#Reporting-bugs">Reporting bugs</a>).
<p><a name="index-conditions-for-use-7"></a><a name="index-license-for-using-the-library-8"></a><a name="index-GNU-General-Public-License-9"></a>We distribute the library under the GNU Library General Public License
(LGPL). In short, this means if you write a program using the library,
you must (offer to) distribute the source to the library, along with any
changes you have made, and allow anyone to modify the library source and
distribute their modifications. It does not mean you have to distribute
the source to your program, although we hope you will. See the files
<samp><span class="file">GPL</span></samp> and <samp><span class="file">LGPL</span></samp> for the text of the GNU licenses.
<p><a name="index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d-Users-Group-10"></a>If you know enough about TeX to be reading this manual, then you (or
your institution) should consider joining the TeX Users Group (if
you're already a member, great!). TUG produces the periodical
<cite>TUGboat</cite>, sponsors an annual meeting and publishes the
proceedings, and arranges courses on TeX for all levels of users
throughout the world. Anyway, here is the address:
<p><a name="index-tug_0040_0040tug_002eorg-11"></a>
<pre class="display"> TeX Users Group
P.O. Box 2311
Portland OR 97208-2311
USA
phone: +1 503 223-9994
fax: +1 503 223-3960
email: <a href="mailto:tug@tug.org">tug@tug.org</a>
</pre>
<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#History">History</a>
</ul>
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="History"></a>
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Introduction">Introduction</a>
</div>
<h3 class="section">1.1 History</h3>
<p><a name="index-history-of-Kpathsea-12"></a>
<a name="index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e-13"></a>(This section is for those people who are curious about how the library
came about.) (If you like to read historical accounts of software, we
urge you to seek out the GNU Autoconf manual and the “Errors of
TeX” paper by Don Knuth, published in <cite>Software—Practice and
Experience</cite> 19(7), July 1989.)
<p><a name="index-Morgan_002c-Tim-14"></a><a name="index-Rokicki_002c-Tom-15"></a><a name="index-Berry_002c-Karl-16"></a><a name="index-VAX-11_002f750-17"></a><a name="index-Sun-2-18"></a><a name="index-pxp-_0040r_007bPascal-preprocessor_007d-19"></a><a name="index-pc-_0040r_007bPascal-compiler_007d-20"></a>[Karl writes.] My first ChangeLog entry for Web2c seems to be February
1990, but I may have done some work before then. In any case, Tim
Morgan and I were jointly maintaining it for a time. (I should mention
here that Tim had made Web2c into a real distribution long before I had
ever used it or even heard of it, and Tom Rokicki did the original
implementation. I was using <code>pxp</code> and <code>pc</code> on VAX 11/750's
and the hot new Sun 2 machines.)
<p>It must have been later in 1990 and 1991 that I started working on
<cite>TeX for the Impatient</cite>. Dvips, Xdvi, Web2c, and the GNU
fontutils (which I was also writing at the time) all used different
environment variables, and, more importantly, had different bugs in
their path searching. This became extremely painful, as I was stressing
everything to the limit working on the book. I also desperately wanted
to implement subdirectory searching, since I couldn't stand putting
everything in one big directory, and also couldn't stand having to
explicitly specify <samp><span class="file">cm</span></samp>, <samp><span class="file">pandora</span></samp>, <small class="dots">...</small> in a path.
<p><a name="index-Vojta_002c-Paul-21"></a>In the first incarnation, I just hacked separately on each
program—that was the original subdirectory searching code in both Xdvi
and Dvips, though I think Paul Vojta has completely rewritten Xdvi's
support by now. That is, I tried to go with the flow in each program,
rather than changing the program's calling sequences to conform to
common routines.
<p>Then, as bugs inevitably appeared, I found I was fixing the same thing
three times (Web2c and fontutils were always sharing code, since I
maintained those—there was no Dvipsk or Xdvik or Dviljk at this
point). After a while, I finally started sharing source files. They
weren't yet a library, though. I just kept things up to date with shell
scripts. (I was developing on a 386 running ISC 2.2 at the time, and so
didn't have symbolic links. An awful experience.)
<p><a name="index-MacKenzie_002c-David-22"></a>The ChangeLogs for Xdvik and Dvipsk record initial releases of those
distributions in May and June 1992. I think it was because I was tired
of the different configuration strategies of each program, not so much
because of the path searching. (Autoconf was being developed by David
MacKenzie and others, and I was adapting it to TeX and friends.)
<p><a name="index-zuhn_002c-david-23"></a>I started to make a separate library that other programs could link with
on my birthday in April 1993, according to the ChangeLog. I don't
remember exactly why I finally took the time to make it a separate
library; a conversation with david zuhn that initiated it. Just seemed
like it was time.
<p><a name="index-Walsh_002c-Norman-24"></a><a name="index-Neumann_002c-Gustaf-25"></a>Dviljk got started in March 1994 after I bought a Laserjet 4. (Kpathsea
work got suspended while Norm Walsh and I, with Gustaf Neumann's help,
implemented a way for TeX to get at all those neat builtin LJ4 fonts
<small class="dots">...</small> such a treat to have something to typeset in besides Palatino!)
<p>By spring of 1995, I had implemented just about all the path-searching
features in Kpathsea that I plan to, driven beyond my initial goals by
Thomas Esser and others. I then started to integrate Web2c with
Kpathsea. After the release of a stable Web2c, I hope to be able to stop
development, and turn most of my attention back to making fonts for GNU.
(Always assuming Micros**t hasn't completely obliterated Unix by then,
or that software patents haven't stopped software development by anybody
smaller than a company with a million-dollar-a-year legal budget. Which
is actually what I think is likely to happen, but that's another
story<small class="dots">...</small>)
<p><a name="index-Weber_002c-Olaf-26"></a>[Olaf writes.] At the end of 1997, UNIX is still alive and kicking,
individuals still develop software, and Web2c development still
continues. Karl had been looking for some time for someone to take up
part of the burden, and I volunteered.
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Installation"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Path-searching">Path searching</a>,
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Introduction">Introduction</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>
</div>
<h2 class="chapter">2 Installation</h2>
<p><a name="index-installation-27"></a><a name="index-configuration-28"></a><a name="index-compilation-29"></a>
(A copy of this chapter is in the distribution file <samp><span class="file">kpathsea/INSTALL</span></samp>.)
<p>The procedure for Kpathsea (and Web2c, etc.) configuration and
installation follows. If you encounter trouble, see <a href="#Common-problems">Common problems</a>, a copy of which is in the file <samp><span class="file">kpathsea/BUGS</span></samp>.
<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#Simple-installation">Simple installation</a>: If you just want to do it.
<li><a accesskey="2" href="#Custom-installation">Custom installation</a>: If you want to change things around.
<li><a accesskey="3" href="#Security">Security</a>: Who can write what files, etc.
<li><a accesskey="4" href="#TeX-directory-structure">TeX directory structure</a>: Managing the horde of TeX input files.
<li><a accesskey="5" href="#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a>: Getting software via FTP, on CD-ROM, or on tape.
<li><a accesskey="6" href="#Reporting-bugs">Reporting bugs</a>: Where and how to report bugs.
</ul>
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Simple-installation"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Custom-installation">Custom installation</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Installation">Installation</a>
</div>
<h3 class="section">2.1 Simple installation</h3>
<p><a name="index-simple-installation-30"></a><a name="index-installation_002c-simple-31"></a>
<a name="index-precompiled-executables_002c-instead-of-installation-32"></a><a name="index-installation_002c-getting-executables-instead-of-33"></a>Installing TeX and friends for the first time can be a daunting
experience. Thus, you may prefer to skip this whole thing and just get
precompiled executables: see <a href="#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a>.
<p>This section explains what to do if you wish to take the defaults for
everything, and generally to install in the simplest possible way. Most
steps here refer to corresponding subsection in the next section which
explains how to override defaults and generally gives more details.
<p>By default everything will be installed under <samp><span class="file">/usr/local</span></samp> and the
following discussion assumes this. However, if you already have TeX
installed, its location is used to derive the directory under which
everything is to be installed.
<ol type=1 start=1>
<li>Be sure you have enough disk space: approximately 8 megabytes for the
compressed archives, 15MB for sources, 50MB for compilation, 40MB for
the (initial) installed system (including library files). See <a href="#Disk-space">Disk space</a>.
<li>Retrieve these distribution archives:
<dl>
<dt><a href="ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/texk.tar.gz">ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/texk.tar.gz</a><dd>These are the sources, which you will be compiling.
<br><dt><a href="ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/texklib.tar.gz">ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/texklib.tar.gz</a><dd>This is a basic set of input files. You should unpack it in the
directory <samp><span class="file">/usr/local/share</span></samp>; doing so will create a <samp><span class="file">texmf</span></samp>
subdirectory there.
</dl>
<p>These archives are mirrored on the CTAN hosts, in the
<samp><span class="file">systems/web2c</span></samp> directory.
<p class="noindent">See <a href="#Kpathsea-application-distributions">Kpathsea application distributions</a>.
<li>When using the default search paths, there is no need to edit any
distribution files. See <a href="#Changing-search-paths">Changing search paths</a>.
<li>At the top level of the distribution, run `<samp><span class="samp">sh configure</span></samp>'. (If you
have the GNU Bash shell installed, run `<samp><span class="samp">bash configure</span></samp>'.)
See <a href="#Running-configure">Running configure</a>.
<li>`<samp><span class="samp">make</span></samp>'. See <a href="#Running-make">Running make</a>. If you are using a BSD 4.4 system
such as FreeBSD or NetBSD, you may have to use GNU make (often installed
in <samp><span class="file">/usr/local/bin</span></samp>), not the BSD make.
<li>`<samp><span class="samp">make install</span></samp>'. See <a href="#Installing-files">Installing files</a>.
<li>`<samp><span class="samp">make distclean</span></samp>'. See <a href="#Cleaning-up">Cleaning up</a>.
<li>Set up a cron job to rebuild the filename database that makes searching
faster. This line will rebuild it every midnight:
<pre class="example"> 0 0 * * * cd /usr/local/share/texmf && <var>/bindir</var>/mktexlsr
</pre>
<p>See <a href="#Filename-database-generation">Filename database generation</a>, and <a href="#Filename-database">Filename database</a>.
<li><a name="index-printer-configuration-files-34"></a><a name="index-PostScript-fonts_002c-additional-35"></a><a name="index-color-printers_002c-configuring-36"></a>If you're installing Dvips, you also need to set up configuration files
for your printers and make any additional PostScript fonts available.
See <a href="dvips.html#Installation">Installation</a>. If you have any color printers,
see <a href="dvips.html#Color-device-configuration">Color device configuration</a>.
<li>The first time you run a DVI driver, a bunch of PK fonts will be built
by Metafont via <code>mktexpk</code> (and added to the filename database).
This will take some time. Don't be alarmed; they will created only this
first time (unless something is wrong with your path definitions).
<p>By default, <code>mktexpk</code> will create these fonts in a hierarchy
under <samp><span class="file">/var/tmp/texfonts</span></samp>; it simply assumes that <samp><span class="file">/var/tmp</span></samp>
exists and is globally writable. If you need a different arrangement,
see <a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a>.
<p>See <a href="#mktex-scripts">mktex scripts</a>.
<li><a name="index-fonts_002c-being-created-37"></a><a name="index-mktexpk-_0040r_007b_002c-initial-runs_007d-38"></a><a name="index-tests_002c-simple-39"></a>For some simple tests, try `<samp><span class="samp">tex story \\bye</span></samp>' and `<samp><span class="samp">latex
sample2e</span></samp>'. Then run <samp><span class="file">xdvi story</span></samp> or <samp><span class="file">dvips sample2e</span></samp> on the
resulting DVI files to preview/print the documents. See <a href="#Installation-testing">Installation testing</a>.
</ol>
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Custom-installation"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Security">Security</a>,
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Simple-installation">Simple installation</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Installation">Installation</a>
</div>
<h3 class="section">2.2 Custom installation</h3>
<p><a name="index-custom-installation-40"></a><a name="index-installation_002c-customized-41"></a>
Most sites need to modify the default installation procedure in some
way, perhaps merely changing the prefix from `<samp><span class="samp">/usr/local</span></samp>', perhaps
adding extra compiler or loader options to work around <code>configure</code>
bugs. This section explains how to override default choices. For
additional distribution-specific information:
<ul>
<li><samp><span class="file">dviljk/INSTALL</span></samp>.
<li>See <a href="dvips.html#Installation">Installation</a>.
<li>See <a href="web2c.html#Installation">Installation</a>.
<li><samp><span class="file">xdvik/INSTALL</span></samp>.
</ul>
<p><a name="index-non_002dUnix-operating-systems-42"></a><a name="index-Amiga-support-43"></a><a name="index-DOS-support-44"></a><a name="index-OS_002f2-support-45"></a><a name="index-VMS-support-46"></a>These instructions are for Unix systems. Other operating-system
specific distributions have their own instructions. The code base
itself supports Amiga, DOS, OS/2, and VMS.
<p>Following are the same steps as in the previous section (which describes
the simplest installation), but with much more detail.
<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#Disk-space">Disk space</a>
<li><a accesskey="2" href="#Kpathsea-application-distributions">Kpathsea application distributions</a>
<li><a accesskey="3" href="#Changing-search-paths">Changing search paths</a>
<li><a accesskey="4" href="#Running-configure">Running configure</a>
<li><a accesskey="5" href="#Running-make">Running make</a>
<li><a accesskey="6" href="#Installing-files">Installing files</a>
<li><a accesskey="7" href="#Cleaning-up">Cleaning up</a>
<li><a accesskey="8" href="#Filename-database-generation">Filename database generation</a>
<li><a accesskey="9" href="#mktex-scripts">mktex scripts</a>
<li><a href="#Installation-testing">Installation testing</a>
</ul>
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Disk-space"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Kpathsea-application-distributions">Kpathsea application distributions</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Custom-installation">Custom installation</a>
</div>
<h4 class="subsection">2.2.1 Disk space</h4>
<p><a name="index-disk-space_002c-needed-47"></a><a name="index-total-disk-space-48"></a><a name="index-size-of-distribution-archives-49"></a>Here is a table showing the disk space needed for each distribution
(described in the next section). The `(totals)' line reflects the
`<samp><span class="samp">texk</span></samp>' source distribution and `<samp><span class="samp">texklib</span></samp>'; the individual
distributions don't enter into it. Sizes are in megabytes. All numbers
are approximate.
<p><table summary=""><tr align="left"><td valign="top">Distribution </td><td valign="top">.tar.gz </td><td valign="top">Unpacked </td><td valign="top">Compiled </td><td valign="top">Installed
<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top">dviljk </td><td valign="top">.9 </td><td valign="top">3.8 </td><td valign="top">
<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top">dvipsk </td><td valign="top">.9 </td><td valign="top">3.2 </td><td valign="top">
<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top">xdvik </td><td valign="top">.7 </td><td valign="top">2.5 </td><td valign="top">
<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top">web2c </td><td valign="top">1.3 </td><td valign="top">5.0 </td><td valign="top">
<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top">web </td><td valign="top">1.9 </td><td valign="top">6.5 </td><td valign="top">- </td><td valign="top">-
<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top">texk </td><td valign="top">7.5 </td><td valign="top">32.1 </td><td valign="top">95.3 </td><td valign="top">33.5
<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top">texklib </td><td valign="top">6.3 </td><td valign="top">15.0 </td><td valign="top">- </td><td valign="top">15.0
<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top">(totals) </td><td valign="top">14.6 </td><td valign="top">47.1 </td><td valign="top">95.3 </td><td valign="top">48.5
<br></td></tr></table>
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Kpathsea-application-distributions"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Changing-search-paths">Changing search paths</a>,
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Disk-space">Disk space</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Custom-installation">Custom installation</a>
</div>
<h4 class="subsection">2.2.2 Kpathsea application distributions</h4>
<p><a name="index-distributions_002c-compiling-simultaneously-50"></a><a name="index-version-number_002c-of-Kpathsea-51"></a><a name="index-Kpathsea-version-number-52"></a>
<a name="index-distributions_002c-not-compiling-53"></a><a name="index-NeXT_002c-lacking-X11-54"></a><a name="index-X11_002c-lacking-on-NeXT-55"></a>The archive <a href="ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/texk.tar.gz">ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/texk.tar.gz</a> contains all of the
Kpathsea applications I maintain, and the library itself. For example,
since NeXT does not generally support X11, you'd probably want to skip
`<samp><span class="samp">xdvik</span></samp>' (or simply remove it after unpacking <samp><span class="file">texk.tar.gz</span></samp>.
If you are not interested in all of them, you can also retrieve them
separately:
<p><a name="index-DVI-drivers-56"></a>
<dl>
<dt><samp><span class="file">dviljk.tar.gz</span></samp><dd><a name="index-PCL-driver-57"></a><a name="index-LaserJet-drive-58"></a>DVI to PCL, for LaserJet printers.
<br><dt><samp><span class="file">dvipsk.tar.gz</span></samp><dd><a name="index-PDF-generation-59"></a><a name="index-PostScript-driver-60"></a>DVI to PostScript, for previewers, printers, or PDF generation.
<br><dt><samp><span class="file">web2c.tar.gz</span></samp><dd>The software needed to compile TeX and friends.
<br><dt><samp><span class="file">web.tar.gz</span></samp><dd>The original WEB source files, also used in compilation.
<br><dt><samp><span class="file">xdvik.tar.gz</span></samp><dd><a name="index-X11-previewer-61"></a>DVI previewing under the X window system.
</dl>
<p><a name="index-Babel-62"></a><a name="index-non_002dEnglish-typesetting-63"></a>If you want to use the Babel LaTeX package for support of non-English
typesetting, you may need to retrieve additional files. See the file
<samp><span class="file">install.txt</span></samp> in the Babel distribution.
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Changing-search-paths"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Running-configure">Running configure</a>,
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Kpathsea-application-distributions">Kpathsea application distributions</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Custom-installation">Custom installation</a>
</div>
<h4 class="subsection">2.2.3 Changing search paths</h4>
<p><a name="index-search-paths_002c-changing-default-64"></a><a name="index-paths_002c-changing-default-65"></a><a name="index-texmf_002ein_0040r_007b_002c-editing_007d-66"></a>If the search paths for your installation differ from the standard
TeX directory structure (see <a href="tds.html#Top">Introduction</a>), edit the file <samp><span class="file">kpathsea/texmf.in</span></samp>
as desired, before running <code>configure</code>. For example, if you have
all your fonts or macros in one big directory.
<p>You may also wish to edit the file <samp><span class="file">mktex.cnf</span></samp>, either before or
after installation, to control various aspects of <code>mktexpk</code> and
friends. See <a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a>.
<p>You do not need to edit <samp><span class="file">texmf.in</span></samp> to change the default
top-level or other installation <em>directories</em> (only the paths).
You can and should do that when you run <code>configure</code> (next step).
<p>You also do not need to edit <samp><span class="file">texmf.in</span></samp> if you are willing to
rely on <samp><span class="file">texmf.cnf</span></samp> at runtime to define the paths, and let the
compile-time default paths be incorrect. Usually there is no harm in
doing this.
<p>The section below explains default generation in more detail.
<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#Default-path-features">Default path features</a>
<li><a accesskey="2" href="#Default-path-generation">Default path generation</a>
</ul>
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Default-path-features"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Default-path-generation">Default path generation</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Changing-search-paths">Changing search paths</a>
</div>
<h5 class="subsubsection">2.2.3.1 Default path features</h5>
<p><a name="index-default-path-features-67"></a><a name="index-features_002c-of-default-paths-68"></a>
The purpose of having all the different files described in the section
above is to avoid having the same information in more than one place. If
you change the installation directories or top-level prefix at
<code>configure</code>-time, those changes will propagate through the whole
sequence. And if you change the default paths in <samp><span class="file">texmf.in</span></samp>,
those changes are propagated to the compile-time defaults.
<p>The Make definitions are all repeated in several <tt>Makefile</tt>'s; but
changing the top-level <samp><span class="file">Makefile</span></samp> should suffice, as it passes down
all the variable definitions, thus overriding the submakes. (The
definitions are repeated so you can run Make in the subdirectories, if
you should have occasion to.)
<p><a name="index-MAKETEX_005fMODE-69"></a><a name="index-paths_002c-device-name-included-in-70"></a>By default, the bitmap font paths end with `<samp><span class="samp">/$MAKETEX_MODE</span></samp>', thus
including the device name (usually a Metafont mode name such as
`<samp><span class="samp">ljfour</span></samp>'). This distinguishes two different devices with the same
resolution—a write/white from a write/black 300<span class="dmn">dpi</span> printer, for
example.
<p><a name="index-kpse_005finit_005fprog_0040r_007b_002c-and-_0040code_007bMAKETEX_005fMODE_007d_007d-71"></a><a name="index-proginit_002ec-72"></a>However, since most sites don't have this complication, Kpathsea
(specifically, the <code>kpse_init_prog</code> function in
<samp><span class="file">kpathsea/proginit.c</span></samp>) has a special case: if the mode has not been
explicitly set by the user (or in a configuration file), it sets
<code>MAKETEX_MODE</code> to <code>/</code>. This makes the default PK path, for
example, expand into <code>.../pk//</code>, so fonts will be found even if
there is no subdirectory for the mode (if you arranged things that way
because your site has only one printer, for example) or if the program
is mode-independent (e.g., <code>pktype</code>).
<p>To make the paths independent of the mode, simply edit
<samp><span class="file">texmf.in</span></samp> before installation, or the installed
<samp><span class="file">texmf.cnf</span></samp>, and remove the `<samp><span class="samp">$MAKETEX_MODE</span></samp>'.
<p>See <a href="#mktex-script-arguments">mktex script arguments</a>, for how this interacts with <code>mktexpk</code>.
<p><a name="index-HIER-73"></a><a name="index-kpathsea_002fHIER-74"></a>See <a href="#TeX-directory-structure">TeX directory structure</a>, for a
description of the default arrangement of the input files that comprise
the TeX system. The file <samp><span class="file">kpathsea/HIER</span></samp> is a copy of that
section.
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Default-path-generation"></a>
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Default-path-features">Default path features</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Changing-search-paths">Changing search paths</a>
</div>
<h5 class="subsubsection">2.2.3.2 Default path generation</h5>
<p><a name="index-default-paths_002c-changing-75"></a><a name="index-paths_002c-changing-default-76"></a><a name="index-installation_002c-changing-default-directories-77"></a><a name="index-directories_002c-changing-default-installation-78"></a>
This section describes how the default paths are constructed.
<p>You may wish to ignore the whole mess and simply edit <samp><span class="file">texmf.cnf</span></samp>
after it is installed, perhaps even copying it into place beforehand so
you can complete the installation, if it seems necessary.
<p><a name="index-default-paths_002c-how-they_0027re-made-79"></a>To summarize the chain of events that go into defining the default paths:
<ol type=1 start=1>
<li>`<samp><span class="samp">configure</span></samp>' creates a <samp><span class="file">Makefile</span></samp> from each <samp><span class="file">Makefile.in</span></samp>.
<li><a name="index-texmf_002esed-80"></a>When Make runs in the <samp><span class="file">kpathsea</span></samp> directory, it creates a file
<samp><span class="file">texmf.sed</span></samp> that substitutes the Make value of <code>$(var)</code> for a
string <code>@var@</code>. The variables in question are the one that
define the installation directories.
<li><a name="index-texmf_002ein-81"></a><a name="index-texmf_002ecnf_0040r_007b_002c-generated_007d-82"></a><samp><span class="file">texmf.sed</span></samp> (together with a little extra magic—see
<samp><span class="file">kpathsea/Makefile</span></samp>) is applied to <samp><span class="file">texmf.in</span></samp> to generate
<samp><span class="file">texmf.cnf</span></samp>. This is the file that will eventually be installed
and used.
<li><a name="index-paths_002eh-83"></a>The definitions in <samp><span class="file">texmf.cnf</span></samp> are recast as C <code>#define</code>'s in
<samp><span class="file">paths.h</span></samp>. These values will be the compile-time defaults; they
are not used at runtime unless no <samp><span class="file">texmf.cnf</span></samp> file can be found.
<p>(That's a lie: the compile-time defaults are what any extra <tt>:</tt>'s in
<samp><span class="file">texmf.cnf</span></samp> expand into; but the paths as distributed have no extra
<tt>:</tt>'s, and there's no particular reason for them to.)
</ol>
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Running-configure"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Running-make">Running make</a>,
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Changing-search-paths">Changing search paths</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Custom-installation">Custom installation</a>
</div>
<h4 class="subsection">2.2.4 Running <code>configure</code></h4>
<p><a name="index-configure_0040r_007b_002c-running_007d-84"></a><a name="index-c_002dauto_002ein-85"></a><a name="index-Makefile_002ein-86"></a><a name="index-ac_005finclude_0040r_007b_002c-Autoconf-extension_007d-87"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040_0040_0040var_007bvar_007d_0040_0040-substitutions-88"></a><a name="index-system-dependencies-89"></a>Run <code>sh configure </code><var>options</var> (in the top-level directory, the
one containing <samp><span class="file">kpathsea/</span></samp>), possibly using a shell other than
<code>sh</code> (see <a href="#configure-shells">configure shells</a>).
<p><code>configure</code> adapts the source distribution to the present system
via <code>#define</code>'s in <samp><span class="file">*/c-auto.h</span></samp>, which are created from the
corresponding <samp><span class="file">c-auto.in</span></samp>. It also creates a <samp><span class="file">Makefile</span></samp> from
the corresponding <samp><span class="file">Makefile.in</span></samp>, doing `<samp><span class="samp">@</span><var>var</var><span class="samp">@</span></samp>' and
`<samp><span class="samp">ac_include</span></samp>' substitutions).
<p><a name="index-README_002eCONFIGURE-90"></a><a name="index-kpathsea_002fREADME_002eCONFIGURE-91"></a><code>configure</code> is the best place to control the configuration,
compilation, and installed location of the software, either via
command-line options, or by setting environment variables before
invoking it. For example, you can disable <code>mktexpk</code> by default
with the option `<samp><span class="samp">--disable-mktexpk</span></samp>'.
See <a href="#configure-options">configure options</a>.
<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#configure-shells">configure shells</a>
<li><a accesskey="2" href="#configure-options">configure options</a>
<li><a accesskey="3" href="#configure-environment">configure environment</a>
<li><a accesskey="4" href="#configure-scenarios">configure scenarios</a>
<li><a accesskey="5" href="#Shared-library">Shared library</a>
</ul>
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="configure-shells"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#configure-options">configure options</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Running-configure">Running configure</a>
</div>
<h5 class="subsubsection">2.2.4.1 <code>configure</code> shells</h5>
<p><a name="index-shells-and-_0040code_007bconfigure_007d-92"></a><a name="index-bash_0040r_007b_002c-recommended-for-running-_0040code_007bconfigure_007d_007d-93"></a>
Considerable effort has gone into trying to ensure that the
<code>configure</code> scripts can be run by most Bourne shell variants.
If <code>sh</code> runs into trouble, your best bet is to use Bash, the GNU
Bourne-again shell (see <a href="bash.html#Top">Top</a>).
<p>Bourne shell variants for which problems have been reported in the past
are:
<dl>
<dt><code>ksh</code><dd><a name="index-ksh_0040r_007b_002c-losing-with-_0040code_007bconfigure_007d_007d-94"></a><a name="index-bsh_0040r_007b_002c-ok-with-_0040code_007bconfigure_007d_007d-95"></a><a name="index-Korn-shell_0040r_007b_002c-losing-with-_0040code_007bconfigure_007d_007d-96"></a><a name="index-AIX-shells-and-_0040code_007bconfigure_007d-97"></a>Old versions of the Korn shell may fail to handle the scripts. The Korn
shell may be installed as <samp><span class="file">/bin/sh</span></samp> on AIX, in which case
<samp><span class="file">/bin/bsh</span></samp> may serve instead.
<br><dt><code>ash</code><dd><a name="index-ash_0040r_007b_002c-losing-with-_0040code_007bconfigure_007d_007d-98"></a><a name="index-NetBSD-shells-and-_0040code_007bconfigure_007d-99"></a><a name="index-FreeBSD-shells-and-_0040code_007bconfigure_007d-100"></a><a name="index-Linux-shells-and-_0040code_007bconfigure_007d-101"></a>Old versions of ash are unable to handle the scripts. Ash is sometimes
installed as <samp><span class="file">/bin/sh</span></samp> on NetBSD, FreeBSD, and Linux systems.
<samp><span class="file">/bin/bash</span></samp> should be available for those systems, but might not be
part of a default installation.
<br><dt><span class="roman">Ultrix</span><code> /bin/sh</code><dd><a name="index-DEC-shells-and-_0040code_007bconfigure_007d-102"></a><a name="index-Ultrix-shells-and-_0040code_007bconfigure_007d-103"></a><a name="index-sh5_0040r_007b_002c-ok-with-_0040code_007bconfigure_007d_007d-104"></a><samp><span class="file">/bin/sh</span></samp> under Ultrix is a DEC-grown shell that is notably
deficient in many ways. <samp><span class="file">/bin/sh5</span></samp> may be necessary.
</dl>
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="configure-options"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#configure-environment">configure environment</a>,
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#configure-shells">configure shells</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Running-configure">Running configure</a>
</div>
<h5 class="subsubsection">2.2.4.2 <code>configure</code> options</h5>
<p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bconfigure_007d-options-105"></a>
For a complete list of all <code>configure</code> options, run `<samp><span class="samp">configure
--help</span></samp>' or see <a href="autoconf.html#Invoking-configure">Running <code>configure</code> scripts</a>, (a copy is in the file <samp><span class="file">kpathsea/README.CONFIGURE</span></samp>).
The generic options are listed first in the `<samp><span class="samp">--help</span></samp>' output, and
the package-specific options come last. The environment variables
<code>configure</code> pays attention to are listed below.
<p>Options particularly likely to be useful are `<samp><span class="samp">--prefix</span></samp>',
`<samp><span class="samp">--datadir</span></samp>', and the like; see <a href="#configure-scenarios">configure scenarios</a>.
<p><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dwith-_0040r_007boptions_007d-106"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002denable-_0040r_007boptions_007d-107"></a><a name="index-configuration-of-optional-features-108"></a><a name="index-options-to-_0040code_007bconfigure_007d-109"></a>This section gives pointers to descriptions of the `<samp><span class="samp">--with</span></samp>' and
`<samp><span class="samp">--enable</span></samp>' options to <code>configure</code> that Kpathsea-using programs
accept.
<dl>
<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">--without-mktexmf-default</span></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">--without-mktexpk-default</span></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">--without-mktextfm-default</span></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">--with-mktextex-default</span></samp>'<dd>Enable or disable the dynamic generation programs. See <a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a>.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">--enable-shared</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002d_002denable_002dshared-110"></a>Build Kpathsea as a shared library, and link against it. Also build the
usual static library. See <a href="#Shared-library">Shared library</a>.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">--disable-static</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002d_002ddisable_002dstatic-111"></a>Build only the shared library. Implies `<samp><span class="samp">--enable-shared</span></samp>'.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">--enable-maintainer-mode</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002d_002denable_002dmaintainer_002dmode-112"></a>Enables make targets that are useful for the maintainer and likely to be
a pain for anyone else; the makefiles created when this option is
enabled may not work at all for you. You have been warned.
</dl>
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="configure-environment"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#configure-scenarios">configure scenarios</a>,
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#configure-options">configure options</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Running-configure">Running configure</a>
</div>
<h5 class="subsubsection">2.2.4.3 <code>configure</code> environment</h5>
<p><code>configure</code> uses the value of the following environment variables in
determining your system's characteristics, and substitutes for them in
<tt>Makefile</tt>'s:
<dl>
<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">CC</span></samp>'<a name="index-CC-113"></a><dd><a name="index-gcc_0040r_007b_002c-compiling-with_007d-114"></a><a name="index-cc_0040r_007b_002c-compiling-with_007d-115"></a>The compiler to use: default is <code>gcc</code> if it's installed, otherwise
<code>cc</code>.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">CFLAGS</span></samp>'<a name="index-CFLAGS-116"></a><dd><a name="index-compiler-options_002c-specifying-117"></a>Options to give the compiler: default is `<samp><span class="samp">-g -O2</span></samp>' for <code>gcc</code>,
`<samp><span class="samp">-g</span></samp>' otherwise. <code>CFLAGS</code> comes after any other options. You
may need to include <code>-w</code> here if your compilations commonly have
useless warnings (e.g., <code>NULL redefined</code>), or <code>configure</code> may
fail to detect the presence of header files (it takes the messages on
standard error to mean the header file doesn't exist).
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">CPPFLAGS</span></samp>'<a name="index-CPPFLAGS-118"></a><dd><a name="index-configuration-compiler-options-119"></a>Options to pass to the compiler preprocessor; this matters most for
configuration, not the actual source compilation. The <code>configure</code>
script often does only preprocessing (e.g., to check for the existence
of <tt>#include</tt> files), and <code>CFLAGS</code> is not used for this. You may
need to set this to something like
`<samp><span class="samp">-I/usr/local/include/wwwhatever</span></samp>' if you have the libwww library
installed for hyper-xdvik (see <samp><span class="file">xdvik/INSTALL</span></samp>).
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">DEFS</span></samp>'<a name="index-DEFS-120"></a><dd><a name="index-preprocessor-options-121"></a>Additional preprocessor options, but not used by <code>configure</code>.
Provided for enabling or disabling program features, as documented in
the various program-specific installation instructions. <code>DEFS</code>
comes before any compiler options included by the distribution
<samp><span class="file">Makefile</span></samp>s or by <code>configure</code>.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">LDFLAGS</span></samp>'<a name="index-LDFLAGS-122"></a><dd><a name="index-loader-options-123"></a>Additional options to give to the loader. <code>LDFLAGS</code> comes before
any other linker options.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">LIBS</span></samp>'<a name="index-LIBS-124"></a><dd><a name="index-libraries_002c-specifying-additional-125"></a>Additional libraries to link with.
</dl>
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="configure-scenarios"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Shared-library">Shared library</a>,
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#configure-environment">configure environment</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Running-configure">Running configure</a>
</div>
<h5 class="subsubsection">2.2.4.4 <code>configure</code> scenarios</h5>
<p>Here are some common installation scenarios:
<ul>
<li>Including X support in Metafont. This is disabled by default, since
many sites have no use for it, and it's a leading cause of configuration
problems.
<pre class="example"> configure --with-x
</pre>
<li><a name="index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d-hierarchy_002c-one-126"></a>Putting the binaries, TeX files, GNU info files, etc. into a single
TeX hierarchy, say <samp><span class="file">/here/texmf</span></samp>, requires overriding defaults in
<code>configure</code>:
<pre class="example"> configure --prefix=/here/texmf --datadir=/here
</pre>
<li><a name="index-multiple-architectures_002c-compiling-on-127"></a><a name="index-architectures_002c-compiling-multiple-128"></a><a name="index-symbolic-link-trees_002c-for-multiple-architectures-129"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dsrcdir_0040r_007b_002c-for-building-multiple-architectures_007d-130"></a><a name="index-lndir-_0040r_007bfor-building-symlink-trees_007d-131"></a>You can compile on multiple architectures simultaneously either by
building symbolic link trees with the <code>lndir</code> script from the X11
distribution, or with the `<samp><span class="samp">--srcdir</span></samp>' option:
<pre class="example"> configure --srcdir=<var>srcdir</var>
</pre>
<li><a name="index-multiple-architectures_002c-directories-for-132"></a>If you are installing binaries for multiple architectures into a single
hierarchy, you will probably want to override the default <samp><span class="file">bin</span></samp> and
<samp><span class="file">lib</span></samp> directories, something like this:
<pre class="example"> configure --prefix=<var>texmf</var> --datadir=<var>texmf</var> \
--bindir=<var>texmf</var>/<var>arch</var>/bin --libdir=<var>texmf</var>/<var>arch</var>/lib
make texmf=<var>texmf</var>
</pre>
<p><a name="index-depot-133"></a><a name="index-automounter_002c-and-configuration-134"></a>(Unless you make provisions for architecture-specific files in
other ways, e.g., with Depot or an automounter.)
<li><a name="index-g_t_002dO_0040r_007b_002c-compiling-with_007d-135"></a><a name="index-g_t_002dg_0040r_007b_002c-compiling-without_007d-136"></a><a name="index-optimization_002c-enabling-137"></a><a name="index-debugging-with-_0040samp_007b_002dg_007d_002c-disabling-138"></a>To compile with optimization (to compile without debugging, remove the
`<samp><span class="samp">-g</span></samp>'):
<pre class="example"> env CFLAGS="-g -O" sh configure ...
</pre>
<p class="noindent">For a potential problem if you optimize, see <a href="#TeX-or-Metafont-failing">TeX or Metafont failing</a>.
</ul>
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Shared-library"></a>
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#configure-scenarios">configure scenarios</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Running-configure">Running configure</a>
</div>
<h5 class="subsubsection">2.2.4.5 Shared library</h5>
<p><a name="index-shared-library_002c-making-139"></a>
<a name="index-g_t_002d_002denable_002dshared-140"></a>You can compile Kpathsea as a shared library on a few systems, by
specifying the option `<samp><span class="samp">--enable-shared</span></samp>' when you run
`<samp><span class="samp">configure</span></samp>'.
<p><a name="index-code-sharing-141"></a>The main advantage in doing this is that the executables can then share
the code, thus decreasing memory and disk space requirements.
<p>On some systems, you can record the location of shared libraries in a
binary, usually by giving certain options to the linker. Then
individual users do not need to set their system's environment variable
(e.g., <code>LD_LIBRARY_PATH</code>) to find shared libraries. If you want to
do this, you will need to add the necessary options to <code>LDFLAGS</code>
yourself; for example, on Solaris, include something like
`<samp><span class="samp">-R${prefix}/lib</span></samp>', on IRIX or Linux, use
`<samp><span class="samp">-rpath${prefix}/lib</span></samp>'. (Unfortunately, making this happen by
default is very difficult, because of interactions with an existing
installed shared library.)
<p>Currently, shared library support is implemented only on Linux, SunOS 4
(Solaris 1), SunOS 5 (Solaris 2), IRIX 5, and IRIX 6. If you're
interested and willing in adding support for other systems, please see
the `<samp><span class="samp">configure</span></samp>' mode in the <samp><span class="file">klibtool</span></samp> script, especially the
host-specific case statement around line 250.
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Running-make"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Installing-files">Installing files</a>,
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Running-configure">Running configure</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Custom-installation">Custom installation</a>
</div>
<h4 class="subsection">2.2.5 Running <code>make</code></h4>
<p><a name="index-make_0040r_007b_002c-running_007d-142"></a>
<a name="index-texmf_002ecnf_0040r_007b_002c-creating_007d-143"></a><a name="index-paths_002eh_0040r_007b_002c-creating_007d-144"></a><code>make</code> (still in the top-level directory). This also creates the
<samp><span class="file">texmf.cnf</span></samp> and <samp><span class="file">paths.h</span></samp> files that define the default search
paths, and (by default) the `<samp><span class="samp">plain</span></samp>' and `<samp><span class="samp">latex</span></samp>' TeX formats.
<p><a name="index-fallback-resolutions_002c-overriding-145"></a>You can override directory names and other values at <code>make</code>-time.
<samp><span class="file">make/paths.make</span></samp> lists the variables most commonly reset. For
example, `<samp><span class="samp">make default_texsizes=600</span></samp>' changes the list of fallback
resolutions.
<p>You can also override each of <code>configure</code>'s environment variables
(see <a href="#configure-environment">configure environment</a>). The Make variables have the same names.
<p>Finally, you can supply additional options via the following variables.
(<code>configure</code> does not use these.)
<dl>
<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">XCPPFLAGS</span></samp>'<a name="index-XCPPFLAGS-146"></a><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">XDEFS</span></samp>'<a name="index-XDEFS-147"></a><dd><a name="index-preprocessor-options_002c-additional-148"></a>Preprocessor options.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">XCFLAGS</span></samp>'<a name="index-XCFLAGS-149"></a><dd><a name="index-compiler-options_002c-additional-150"></a>Compiler options.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">XLDFLAGS</span></samp>'<a name="index-XLDFLAGS-151"></a><dd><a name="index-loader-options_002c-initial-152"></a>Loader options (included at beginning of link commands).
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">XLOADLIBES</span></samp>'<a name="index-XLOADLIBES-153"></a><dd><a name="index-loader-options_002c-final-154"></a>More loader options (included at end of link commands).
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">XMAKEARGS</span></samp>'<a name="index-XMAKEARGS-155"></a><dd><a name="index-Make-arguments_002c-additional-156"></a>Additional Make arguments passed to all sub-<code>make</code>'s. You may need
to include assignments to the other variables here via <code>XMAKEARGS</code>;
for example: `<samp><span class="samp">make XMAKEARGS="CFLAGS=-O XDEFS=-DA4"</span></samp>'.
</dl>
<p><a name="index-compiler_002c-changing-157"></a><a name="index-libraries_002c-changing-158"></a>It's generally a bad idea to use a different compiler (`<samp><span class="samp">CC</span></samp>') or
libraries (<code>LIBS</code>) for compilation than you did for configuration,
since the values <code>configure</code> determined may then be incorrect.
<p><a name="index-universe_002c-BSD-vs_002e_0040_003a-system-V-159"></a><a name="index-BSD-universe-160"></a><a name="index-system-V-universe-161"></a><a name="index-Solaris-BSD-compatibility_002c-not-162"></a><a name="index-libucb_0040r_007b_002c-avoiding_007d-163"></a><a name="index-ucbinclude_0040r_007b_002c-avoiding_007d-164"></a>Adding compiler options to change the “universe” you are using
(typically BSD vs. system V) is generally a cause of trouble. It's
best to use the native environment, whatever that is; <code>configure</code>
and the software usually adapt best to that. In particular, under
Solaris 2.x, you should not use the BSD-compatibility library
(<samp><span class="file">libucb</span></samp>) or include files (<samp><span class="file">ucbinclude</span></samp>).
<p><a name="index-Babel-165"></a>If you want to use the Babel LaTeX package for support of non-English
typesetting, you need to modify some files before making the LaTeX
format. See the file <samp><span class="file">install.txt</span></samp> in the Babel distribution.
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Installing-files"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Cleaning-up">Cleaning up</a>,
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Running-make">Running make</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Custom-installation">Custom installation</a>
</div>
<h4 class="subsection">2.2.6 Installing files</h4>
<p><a name="index-installing-files-166"></a>
The basic command is the usual <code>make install</code>. For security
issues, see <a href="#Security">Security</a>.
<p>The first time you install any manual in the GNU Info system, you should
add a line (you choose where) to the file <samp><span class="file">dir</span></samp> in your
`<samp><span class="samp">$(infodir)</span></samp>' directory. Sample text for this is given near the top
of the Texinfo source files (<samp><span class="file">kpathsea/kpathsea.texi</span></samp>,
<samp><span class="file">dvipsk/dvips.texi</span></samp>, and <samp><span class="file">web2c/doc/web2c.texi</span></samp>).
If you have a recent version of the GNU Texinfo distribution installed
(<a href="ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu/texinfo-3.9.tar.gz">ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu/texinfo-3.9.tar.gz</a> or later), this
should happen automatically.
<p>On the offchance that this is your first Info installation, the
<samp><span class="file">dir</span></samp> file I use is included in the distribution as
<samp><span class="file">etc/dir-example</span></samp>.
<p><a name="index-multiple-architectures_002c-installing-on-167"></a><a name="index-architecture_002d_0028in_0029dependent-files_002c-installing-only-168"></a><a name="index-installation_002c-architecture_002d_0028in_0029dependent-files-only-169"></a>You may wish to use one of the following targets, especially if you are
installing on multiple architectures:
<ul>
<li><a name="index-install_002dexec-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-170"></a><code>make install-exec</code> to install in architecture-dependent
directories, i.e., ones that depend on the <code>$(exec_prefix)</code> Make
variable. This includes links to binaries, libraries, etc., not just
“executables”.
<li><a name="index-install_002ddata-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-171"></a><code>make install-data</code> to install in architecture-independent
directories, such as documentation, configuration files, pool files, etc.
</ul>
<p><a name="index-AFS-172"></a><a name="index-Andrew-File-System_002c-installing-with-173"></a><a name="index-g_t_002fafs_002f_0040dots_007b_007d-_0040r_007b_002c-installing-into_007d-174"></a>If you use the Andrew File System, the normal path (e.g.,
<var>prefix</var>/bin) only gets you to a read-only copy of the files, and
you must specify a different path for installation. The best way to do this
is by setting the `<samp><span class="samp">prefix</span></samp>' variable on the <code>make</code> command
line. The sequence becomes something like this:
<pre class="example"> configure --prefix=/whatever
make
make install prefix=/afs/.<var>system.name</var>/system/1.3/@sys/whatever
</pre>
<p><a name="index-ls_002dR-_0040r_007band-AFS_007d-175"></a><a name="index-relative-filenames-in-_0040file_007bls_002dR_007d-176"></a>With AFS, you will definitely want to use relative filenames in
<samp><span class="file">ls-R</span></samp> (see <a href="#Filename-database">Filename database</a>), not absolute filenames. This
is done by default, but check anyway.
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Cleaning-up"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Filename-database-generation">Filename database generation</a>,
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Installing-files">Installing files</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Custom-installation">Custom installation</a>
</div>
<h4 class="subsection">2.2.7 Cleaning up</h4>
<p><a name="index-distclean-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-177"></a>The basic command is <code>make distclean</code>. This removes all files
created by the build.
<p>Alternatively,
<ul>
<li><a name="index-mostlyclean-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-178"></a><code>make mostlyclean</code> if you intend to compile on another
architecture. For Web2C, since the generated C files are portable,
they are not removed. If the <code>lex</code> vs. <code>flex</code> situation
is going to be different on the next machine, <code>rm
web2c/lex.yy.c</code>.
<li><a name="index-clean-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-179"></a><code>make clean</code> to remove files created by compiling, but leave
configuration files and Makefiles.
<li><a name="index-maintainer_002dclean-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-180"></a><code>make maintainer-clean</code> to remove everything that the Makefiles can
rebuild. This is more than `<samp><span class="samp">distclean</span></samp>' removes, and you should
only use it if you are thoroughly conversant with (and have the necessary
versions of) Autoconf.
<li><a name="index-extraclean-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-181"></a><code>make extraclean</code> to remove other junk, e.g., core files, log
files, patch rejects. This is independent of the other `<samp><span class="samp">clean</span></samp>'
targets.
</ul>
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Filename-database-generation"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#mktex-scripts">mktex scripts</a>,
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Cleaning-up">Cleaning up</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Custom-installation">Custom installation</a>
</div>
<h4 class="subsection">2.2.8 Filename database generation</h4>
<p><a name="index-filename-database-generation-182"></a><a name="index-generation-of-filename-database-183"></a>
You will probably want to set up a <code>cron</code> entry on the appropriate
machine(s) to rebuild the filename database nightly or so, as in:
<pre class="example"> 0 0 * * * cd <var>texmf</var> && <var>/bindir</var>/mktexlsr
</pre>
<p class="noindent">See <a href="#Filename-database">Filename database</a>.
<p>Although the <code>mktex...</code> scripts make every effort to add
newly-created files on the fly, it can't hurt to make sure you get a
fresh version every so often.
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="mktex-scripts"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Installation-testing">Installation testing</a>,
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Filename-database-generation">Filename database generation</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Custom-installation">Custom installation</a>
</div>
<h4 class="subsection">2.2.9 <samp><span class="file">mktex</span></samp> scripts</h4>
<p><a name="index-g_t_0040file_007bmktex_007d-scripts-184"></a><a name="index-scripts-for-file-creation-185"></a>
<a name="index-font-set_002c-infinite-186"></a><a name="index-dynamic-creation-of-files-187"></a><a name="index-Sauter-fonts_002c-and-dynamic-source-creation-188"></a><a name="index-EC-fonts_002c-and-dynamic-source-creation-189"></a>If Kpathsea cannot otherwise find a file, for some file types it is
configured by default to invoke an external program to create it
dynamically (see <a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a>). This is most useful for
fonts (bitmaps, TFM's, and arbitrarily-sizable Metafont sources such as
the Sauter and EC fonts), since any given document can use fonts never
before referenced. Trying to build all fonts in advance is therefore
impractical, if not impossible.
<p>The script is passed the name of the file to create and possibly other
arguments, as explained below. It must echo the full pathname of the
file it created (and nothing else) to standard output; it can write
diagnostics to standard error.
<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a>
<li><a accesskey="2" href="#mktex-script-names">mktex script names</a>
<li><a accesskey="3" href="#mktex-script-arguments">mktex script arguments</a>
</ul>
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="mktex-configuration"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#mktex-script-names">mktex script names</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#mktex-scripts">mktex scripts</a>
</div>
<h5 class="subsubsection">2.2.9.1 <samp><span class="file">mktex</span></samp> configuration</h5>
<p><a name="index-g_t_0040file_007bmktex_007d-script-configuration-190"></a><a name="index-configuration-of-_0040file_007bmktex_007d-scripts-191"></a><a name="index-enabling-_0040file_007bmktex_007d-scripts-192"></a><a name="index-disabling-_0040file_007bmktex_007d-scripts-193"></a>
The following file types can run an external program to create missing
files: <samp><span class="file">pk</span></samp>, <samp><span class="file">tfm</span></samp>, <samp><span class="file">mf</span></samp>, <samp><span class="file">tex</span></samp>; the scripts are
named <samp><span class="file">mktexpk</span></samp>, <samp><span class="file">mktextfm</span></samp>, <samp><span class="file">mktexmf</span></samp>, and
<samp><span class="file">mktextex</span></samp>.
<p>In the absence of <code>configure</code> options specifying otherwise,
everything but <samp><span class="file">mktextex</span></samp> will be enabled by default. The
<code>configure</code> options to change the defaults are:
<p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bconfigure_007d-options-for-_0040file_007bmktex_007d-scripts-194"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dwithout_002dmktexmf_002ddefault-195"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dwithout_002dmktexpk_002ddefault-196"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dwithout_002dmktextfm_002ddefault-197"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dwith_002dmktextex_002ddefault-198"></a>
<pre class="example"> --without-mktexmf-default
--without-mktexpk-default
--without-mktextfm-default
--with-mktextex-default
</pre>
<p>The <code>configure</code> setting is overridden if the environment variable
or configuration file value named for the script is set; e.g.,
<samp><span class="file">MKTEXPK</span></samp> (see <a href="#mktex-script-arguments">mktex script arguments</a>).
<p><a name="index-mktex_002ecnf-199"></a><a name="index-site-overrides-for-_0040code_007bmktex_0040dots_007b_007d_007d-200"></a>As distributed, all the scripts source a file
<samp><span class="file">texmf/web2c/mktex.cnf</span></samp> if it exists, so you can override
various defaults. See <samp><span class="file">mktex.opt</span></samp>, for instance, which defines
the default mode, resolution, some special directory names, etc. If you
prefer not to change the distributed scripts, you can simply create
<samp><span class="file">mktex.cnf</span></samp> with the appropriate definitions (you do not need to
create it if you have nothing to put in it). <samp><span class="file">mktex.cnf</span></samp> has no
special syntax; it's an arbitrary Bourne shell script. The distribution
contains a sample <samp><span class="file">mktex.cnf</span></samp> for you to copy and modify as you
please (it is not installed anywhere).
<p><a name="index-mktex_002eopt-201"></a><a name="index-MT_005fFEATURES-202"></a>In addition, you can configure a number of features with the
<code>MT_FEATURES</code> variable, which you can define:
<ul>
<li>in <samp><span class="file">mktex.opt</span></samp>, as just mentioned;
<li>by editing the file <samp><span class="file">mktex.opt</span></samp>, either before `<samp><span class="samp">make
install</span></samp>' (in the source hierarchy) or after (in the installed
hierarchy);
<li>or in the environment.
</ul>
<p>If none of the options below are enabled, <code>mktexpk</code>,
<code>mktextfm</code>, and <code>mktexmf</code> follow the following procedure to
decide where fonts should be installed. Find the tree where the font's
sources are, and test the permissions of the `<samp><span class="samp">fonts</span></samp>' directory of
that tree to determine whether it is writable. If it is, put the files
in the tree in appropriate locations. If it isn't writable, see whether
the tree is a system tree (named in <code>SYSTEXMF</code>). If so, the
<code>VARTEXFONTS</code> tree is used. In all other cases the working
directory is used.
<p>The `<samp><span class="samp">appendonlydir</span></samp>' option is enabled by default.
<dl>
<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">appendonlydir</span></samp>'<a name="index-appendonlydir-203"></a><dd><a name="index-directories_002c-making-append_002donly-204"></a><a name="index-mktexdir-205"></a>Tell <code>mktexdir</code> to create directories append-only, i.e., set
their sticky bit (see <a href="coreutils.html#Mode-Structure">Mode Structure</a>). This feature is silently ignored on non-Unix platforms
(e.g. Windows/NT and MS-DOS) which don't support similar functionality.
This feature is enabled by default.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">dosnames</span></samp>'<a name="index-dosnames-206"></a><dd><a name="index-g_t8_002e3-filenames_002c-using-207"></a><a name="index-DOS-compatible-names-208"></a><a name="index-dpi_0040var_007bnnn_007d-directories-209"></a>Use 8.3 names; e.g., <samp><span class="file">dpi600/cmr10.pk</span></samp> instead of
<samp><span class="file">cmr10.600pk</span></samp>. Note that this feature only affects filenames that
would otherwise clash with other TeX-related filenames; <samp><span class="file">mktex</span></samp>
scripts do nothing about filenames which exceed the 8+3 MS-DOS limits
but remain unique when truncated (by the OS) to these limits, and nether
do the scripts care about possible clashes with files which aren't
related with TeX. For example, <samp><span class="file">cmr10.600pk</span></samp> would clash with
<samp><span class="file">cmr10.600gf</span></samp> and is therefore changed when `<samp><span class="samp">dosnames</span></samp>' is in
effect, but <samp><span class="file">mf.pool</span></samp> and <samp><span class="file">mp.base</span></samp> don't clash with any
TeX-related files and are therefore unchanged.
<p>This feature is turned on by default on MS-DOS. If you do not wish
`<samp><span class="samp">dosnames</span></samp>' to be set on an MS-DOS platform, you need to set the
<code>MT_FEATURES</code> environment variable to a value that doesn't include
`<samp><span class="samp">dosnames</span></samp>'. You can also change the default setting by editing
<samp><span class="file">mktex.opt</span></samp>, but only if you use the <samp><span class="file">mktex</span></samp> shell scripts;
the emulation programs don't consult <samp><span class="file">mktex.opt</span></samp>.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">fontmaps</span></samp>'<a name="index-fontmaps-210"></a><dd><a name="index-fontmaps-211"></a><a name="index-fontname-212"></a>Instead of deriving the location of a font in the destination tree from
the location of the sources, the aliases and directory names from the
Fontname distribution are used. (see <a href="fontname.html#Top">Introduction</a>).
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">nomfdrivers</span></samp>'<a name="index-nomfdrivers-213"></a><dd><a name="index-metafont-driver-files-214"></a>Let mktexpk and mktextfm create metafont driver files in a temporary
directory. These will be used for just one metafont run and not
installed permanently.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">nomode</span></samp>'<a name="index-nomode-215"></a><dd><a name="index-mode-directory_002c-omitting-216"></a>Omit the directory level for the mode name; this is fine as long as
you generate fonts for only one mode.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">stripsupplier</span></samp>'<a name="index-stripsupplier-217"></a><dd><a name="index-supplier-directory_002c-omitting-218"></a>Omit the font supplier name directory level.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">striptypeface</span></samp>'<a name="index-striptypeface-219"></a><dd><a name="index-typeface-directory_002c-omitting-220"></a>Omit the font typeface name directory level.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">strip</span></samp>'<a name="index-strip-221"></a><dd><a name="index-supplier-directory_002c-omitting-222"></a><a name="index-typeface-directory_002c-omitting-223"></a>Omit the font supplier and typeface name directory levels. This feature
is deprecated in favour of `<samp><span class="samp">stripsupplier</span></samp>' and `<samp><span class="samp">striptypeface</span></samp>'.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">varfonts</span></samp>'<a name="index-varfonts-224"></a><dd><a name="index-g_t_002fvar_002ftmp_002ftexfonts-225"></a><a name="index-VARTEXFONTS-226"></a><a name="index-Linux-File-System-Standard-227"></a>When this option is enabled, fonts that would otherwise be written in
system texmf tree go to the <code>VARTEXFONTS</code> tree instead. The
default value in <samp><span class="file">kpathsea/Makefile.in</span></samp> is
<samp><span class="file">/var/tmp/texfonts</span></samp>. The <cite>Linux File System Standard</cite>
recommends <samp><span class="file">/var/tex/fonts</span></samp>.
<p><a name="index-USE_005fVARTEXFONTS-228"></a>The `<samp><span class="samp">varfonts</span></samp>' setting in <code>MT_FEATURES</code> is overridden by the
<code>USE_VARTEXFONTS</code> environment variable: if set to `<samp><span class="samp">1</span></samp>', the
feature is enabled, and if set to `<samp><span class="samp">0</span></samp>', the feature is disabled.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">texmfvar</span></samp>'<a name="index-texmfvar-229"></a><dd><a name="index-TEXMFVAR-230"></a>Force generated files that would go into a system tree (as defined by
<code>SYSTEXMF</code>) into <code>TEXMFVAR</code>. Starting with teTeX-3.0, the
variable <code>TEXMFVAR</code> is always set. The `<samp><span class="samp">varfonts</span></samp>' feature takes
precedence if also set.
<p><a name="index-USE_005fTEXMFVAR-231"></a>The `<samp><span class="samp">texmfvar</span></samp>' setting in <code>MT_FEATURES</code> is overridden by the
<code>USE_TEXMFVAR</code> environment variable: if set to `<samp><span class="samp">1</span></samp>', the
feature is enabled, and if set to `<samp><span class="samp">0</span></samp>', the feature is disabled.
</dl>
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="mktex-script-names"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#mktex-script-arguments">mktex script arguments</a>,
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#mktex-scripts">mktex scripts</a>
</div>
<h5 class="subsubsection">2.2.9.2 <samp><span class="file">mktex</span></samp> script names</h5>
<p><a name="index-g_t_0040file_007bmktex_007d-script-names-232"></a><a name="index-names-for-_0040file_007bmktex_007d-scripts-233"></a>
<a name="index-tex_002dmake_002ec-234"></a><a name="index-kpse_005fmake_005fspecs-235"></a>The following table shows the default name of the script for each
possible file types. (The source is the variable <code>kpse_make_specs</code>
in <samp><span class="file">kpathsea/tex-make.c</span></samp>.)
<dl>
<dt><samp><span class="file">mktexpk</span></samp><dd><a name="index-mktexpk-236"></a>Glyph fonts.
<br><dt><samp><span class="file">mktextex</span></samp><dd><a name="index-mktextex-237"></a>TeX input files.
<br><dt><samp><span class="file">mktexmf</span></samp><dd><a name="index-mktexmf-238"></a>Metafont input files.
<br><dt><samp><span class="file">mktextfm</span></samp><dd><a name="index-mktextfm-239"></a>TFM files.
</dl>
<p><a name="index-DVIPSMAKEPK-240"></a><a name="index-XDVIMAKEPK-241"></a><a name="index-DVILJMAKEPK-242"></a>These names are overridden by an environment variable specific
to the program—for example, <code>DVIPSMAKEPK</code> for Dvipsk.
<!-- next two paragraphs are repeated in dvips.texi -->
<p><a name="index-missfont_002elog-243"></a><a name="index-failed-_0040code_007bmktex_0040dots_007b_007d_007d-script-invocation-244"></a>If a <code>mktex...</code> script fails, the invocation is appended to a
file <samp><span class="file">missfont.log</span></samp> (by default) in the current directory. You can
then execute the log file to create the missing files after fixing the
problem.
<p><a name="index-TEXMFOUTPUT-245"></a><a name="index-MISSFONT_005fLOG-246"></a>If the current directory is not writable and the environment variable or
configuration file value <code>TEXMFOUTPUT</code> is set, its value is
used. Otherwise, nothing is written. The name `<samp><span class="samp">missfont.log</span></samp>' is
overridden by the <code>MISSFONT_LOG</code> environment variable or
configuration file value.
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="mktex-script-arguments"></a>
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#mktex-script-names">mktex script names</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#mktex-scripts">mktex scripts</a>
</div>
<h5 class="subsubsection">2.2.9.3 <samp><span class="file">mktex</span></samp> script arguments</h5>
<p><a name="index-arguments-to-_0040file_007bmktex_007d-247"></a>
The first argument to a <samp><span class="file">mktex</span></samp> script is always the name
of the file to be created.
<p>In the default <samp><span class="file">mktexpk</span></samp> implementation, additional arguments may
also be passed:
<dl>
<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">--dpi </span><var>num</var></samp>'<dd>Sets the resolution of the generated font to <var>num</var>.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">--mfmode </span><var>name</var></samp>'<dd>Sets the Metafont mode to <var>name</var>.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">--bdpi </span><var>num</var></samp>'<dd>Sets the the “base dpi” for the font. This must match the mode being
used.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">--mag </span><var>string</var></samp>'<dd>A “magstep” string suitable for the Metafont <code>mag</code> variable.
This must match the combination of <var>bdpi</var> and <var>dpi</var> being used.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">--destdir </span><var>string</var></samp>'<dd>A directory name. If the directory is absolute, it is used as-is.
Otherwise, it is appended to the root destination directory set in the
script.
</dl>
<!-- The feature mentioned here doesn't seem to be implemented. -->
<!-- Worse, the variable name clashed with the "switch" used to select -->
<!-- whether a mktex program is run at all. However, a dearth of -->
<!-- complains suggests that no-one was using it anyway. -->
<!-- @vindex MKTEXPK @r{environment variable} -->
<!-- @cindex specification for @code{mktexpk} -->
<!-- You can change the specification for the arguments passed to the -->
<!-- external script by setting the environment variable named as the script -->
<!-- name, but all capitals-@code{MKTEXPK}, for example. If you've -->
<!-- changed the script name by setting (say) @code{DVIPSMAKEPK} to -->
<!-- @samp{foo}, then the spec is taken from the environment variable -->
<!-- @code{FOO}. -->
<!-- The spec can contain any variable references, to the above variables or -->
<!-- any others. As an example, the default spec for @code{mktexpk} is: -->
<!-- @example -->
<!-- $KPATHSEA_DPI $MAKETEX_BASE_DPI $MAKETEX_MAG $MAKETEX_MODE -->
<!-- @end example -->
<!-- @noindent The convention of passing the name of the file to be created -->
<!-- as the first argument cannot be changed. -->
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Installation-testing"></a>
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#mktex-scripts">mktex scripts</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Custom-installation">Custom installation</a>
</div>
<h4 class="subsection">2.2.10 Installation testing</h4>
<p><a name="index-testing_002c-post_002dinstallation-248"></a><a name="index-installation-testing-249"></a>
Besides the tests listed in <a href="#Simple-installation">Simple installation</a>, you can try
running `<samp><span class="samp">make check</span></samp>'. This includes the torture tests (trip, trap,
and mptrap) that come with Web2c (see <a href="web2c.html#Triptrap">Triptrap</a>).
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Security"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#TeX-directory-structure">TeX directory structure</a>,
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Custom-installation">Custom installation</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Installation">Installation</a>
</div>
<h3 class="section">2.3 Security</h3>
<p><a name="index-security-considerations-250"></a>
None of the programs in the TeX system require any special system
privileges, so there's no first-level security concern of people gaining
illegitimate root access.
<p><a name="index-trojan-horse-attack-251"></a><a name="index-g_t_002erhosts_0040r_007b_002c-writable-by-_0040TeX_007b_007d_007d-252"></a>A TeX document, however, can write to arbitrary files, e.g.,
<samp><span class="file">~/.rhosts</span></samp>, and thus an unwitting user who runs TeX on a random
document is vulnerable to a trojan horse attack. This loophole is
closed by default, but you can be permissive if you so desire in
<samp><span class="file">texmf.cnf</span></samp>. See <a href="web2c.html#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a>. MetaPost has
the same issue.
<p>Dvips, Xdvi, and TeX can also execute shell commands under some
circumstances. To disable this, see the `<samp><span class="samp">-R</span></samp>' option in <a href="dvips.html#Option-details">Option details</a>, the xdvi man page, and <a href="web2c.html#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a>, respectively.
<p><a name="index-local-cache-of-fonts-253"></a><a name="index-cache-of-fonts_002c-local-254"></a>Another security issue arises because it's very useful—almost
necessary—to make arbitrary fonts on user demand with <code>mktexpk</code>
and friends. Where do these files get installed? By default, the
<code>mktexpk</code> distributed with Kpathsea assumes a world-writable
<samp><span class="file">/var/tmp</span></samp> directory; this is a simple and convenient approach, but
it may not suit your situation because it means that a local cache of
fonts is created on every machine.
<p><a name="index-globally-writable-directories-255"></a>To avoid this duplication, many people consider a shared, globally
writable font tree desirable, in spite of the potential security
problems. To do this you should change the value of <code>VARTEXFONTS</code>
in <samp><span class="file">texmf.cnf</span></samp> to refer to some globally known directory.
See <a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a>.
<p><a name="index-append_002donly-directories-and-_0040code_007bmktexpk_007d-256"></a>The first restriction you can apply is to make newly-created directories
under <samp><span class="file">texmf</span></samp> be append-only with an option in <samp><span class="file">mktex.cnf</span></samp>.
See <a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a>.
<p><a name="index-group_002dwritable-directories-257"></a><a name="index-setgid-scripts-258"></a>Another approach is to establish a group (or user) for TeX files,
make the <samp><span class="file">texmf</span></samp> tree writable only to that group (or user), and
make <code>mktexpk</code> et al. setgid to that group (or setuid to that
user). Then users must invoke the scripts to install things. (If
you're worried about the inevitable security holes in scripts, then you
could write a C wrapper to exec the script.)
<p><a name="index-file-permissions-259"></a><a name="index-permissions_002c-file-260"></a>The <samp><span class="file">mktex...</span></samp> scripts install files with the same read and
write permissions as the directory they are installed in. The
executable, sgid, suid, and sticky bits are always cleared.
<p><a name="index-directory-permissions-261"></a><a name="index-permissions_002c-directory-262"></a>Any directories created by the <samp><span class="file">mktex...</span></samp> scripts have the
same permissions as their parent directory, unless the
<code>appendonlydir</code> feature is used, in which case the sticky bit is
always set.
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="TeX-directory-structure"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a>,
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Security">Security</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Installation">Installation</a>
</div>
<h3 class="section">2.4 TeX directory structure</h3>
<p><a name="index-TEXMF-263"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d-directory-structure-264"></a><a name="index-directory-structure_002c-for-_0040TeX_007b_007d-files-265"></a><a name="index-skeleton-_0040TeX_007b_007d-directory-266"></a><a name="index-TDS-267"></a>
This section describes the default installation hierarchy of the
distribution. It conforms to both the GNU coding standards and the
TeX directory structure (TDS) standard. For rationale and further
explanation, please see those documents. The GNU standard is available
as <a href="ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu/standards/standards.texi">ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu/standards/standards.texi</a> and
mirrors. The TDS document is available from
<samp><var>CTAN:</var><span class="file">/tex-archive/tds</span></samp> (see <a href="#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a>).
<p>You can change the default paths in many ways (see <a href="#Changing-search-paths">Changing search paths</a>). One common desire is to put everything (binaries and all)
under a single top-level directory such as <samp><span class="file">/usr/local/texmf</span></samp> or
<samp><span class="file">/opt/texmf</span></samp>—in the terms used below, make <var>prefix</var> and
<var>texmf</var> the same. For specific instructions on doing that,
see <a href="#configure-scenarios">configure scenarios</a>.
<p>Here is a skeleton of the default directory structure, extracted from
the TDS document:
<pre class="example"> <var>prefix</var>/ <span class="roman">installation root (<samp>/usr/local</samp> by default)</span>
bin/ <span class="roman">executables</span>
man/ <span class="roman">man pages</span>
include/ <span class="roman">C header files</span>
info/ <span class="roman">GNU info files</span>
lib/ <span class="roman">libraries (<samp>libkpathsea.*</samp>)</span>
share/ <span class="roman">architecture-independent files</span>
texmf/ <span class="roman">TDS root</span>
bibtex/ <span class="roman">BibTeX input files</span>
bib/ <span class="roman">BibTeX databases</span>
base/ <span class="roman">base distribution (e.g., `<samp>xampl.bib</samp>')</span>
misc/ <span class="roman">single-file databases</span>
<var>pkg</var>/ <span class="roman">name of a package</span>
bst/ <span class="roman">BibTeX style files</span>
base/ <span class="roman">base distribution (e.g., `<samp>plain.bst</samp>', `<samp>acm.bst</samp>')</span>
misc/ <span class="roman">single-file styles</span>
<var>pkg</var>/ <span class="roman">name of a package</span>
doc/ <span class="roman">additional documentation</span>
dvips/ <span class="roman">`<samp>.pro</samp>', `<samp>.ps</samp>', `<samp>psfonts.map</samp>'</span>
fonts/ <span class="roman">font-related files</span>
<var>type</var>/ <span class="roman">file type (e.g., `<samp>tfm</samp>', `<samp>pk</samp>')</span>
<var>mode</var>/ <span class="roman">type of output device (types `<samp>pk</samp>' and `<samp>gf</samp>' only)</span>
<var>supplier</var>/ <span class="roman">name of a font supplier (e.g., `<samp>public</samp>')</span>
<var>typeface</var>/ <span class="roman">name of a typeface (e.g., `<samp>cm</samp>')</span>
dpi<var>nnn</var>/ <span class="roman">font resolution (types `<samp>pk</samp>' and `<samp>gf</samp>' only)</span>
metafont/ <span class="roman">Metafont (non-font) input files</span>
base/ <span class="roman">base distribution (e.g., `<samp>plain.mf</samp>')</span>
misc/ <span class="roman">single-file packages (e.g., `<samp>modes.mf</samp>')</span>
<var>pkg</var>/ <span class="roman">name of a package (e.g., `<samp>mfpic</samp>')</span>
metapost/ <span class="roman">MetaPost input files</span>
base/ <span class="roman">base distribution (e.g., `<samp>plain.mp</samp>')</span>
misc/ <span class="roman">single-file packages</span>
<var>pkg</var>/ <span class="roman">name of a package</span>
support/ <span class="roman">support files for MetaPost-related utilities (e.g., `<samp>trfonts.map</samp>')</span>
mft/ <span class="roman">`<samp>MFT</samp>' inputs (e.g., `<samp>plain.mft</samp>')</span>
tex/ <span class="roman">TeX input files</span>
<var>format</var>/ <span class="roman">name of a format (e.g., `<samp>plain</samp>')</span>
base/ <span class="roman">base distribution for </span><var>format</var><span class="roman"> (e.g., `<samp>plain.tex</samp>')</span>
misc/ <span class="roman">single-file packages (e.g., `<samp>webmac.tex</samp>')</span>
local/ <span class="roman">local additions to or local configuration files for </span><var>format</var>
<var>pkg</var>/ <span class="roman">name of a package (e.g., `<samp>graphics</samp>', `<samp>mfnfss</samp>')</span>
generic/ <span class="roman">format-independent packages</span>
hyphen/ <span class="roman">hyphenation patterns (e.g., `<samp>hyphen.tex</samp>')</span>
images/ <span class="roman">image input files (e.g., Encapsulated PostScript)</span>
misc/ <span class="roman">single-file format-independent packages (e.g., `<samp>null.tex</samp>').</span>
<var>pkg</var>/ <span class="roman">name of a package (e.g., `<samp>babel</samp>')</span>
web2c/ <span class="roman">implementation-dependent files (<samp>.pool</samp>, <samp>.fmt</samp>, <samp>texmf.cnf</samp>, etc.)</span>
</pre>
<p>Some concrete examples for most file types:
<pre class="example"> /usr/local/bin/tex
/usr/local/man/man1/xdvi.1
/usr/local/info/kpathsea.info
/usr/local/lib/libkpathsea.a
/usr/local/share/texmf/bibtex/bst/base/plain.bst
/usr/local/share/texmf/fonts/pk/ljfour/public/cm/cmr10.600pk
/usr/local/share/texmf/fonts/source/public/pandora/pnr10.mf
/usr/local/share/texmf/fonts/tfm/public/cm/cmr10.tfm
/usr/local/share/texmf/fonts/type1/adobe/utopia/putr.pfa
/usr/local/share/texmf/metafont/base/plain.mf
/usr/local/share/texmf/metapost/base/plain.mp
/usr/local/share/texmf/tex/plain/base/plain.tex
/usr/local/share/texmf/tex/generic/hyphen/hyphen.tex
/usr/local/share/texmf/web2c/tex.pool
/usr/local/share/texmf/web2c/tex.fmt
/usr/local/share/texmf/web2c/texmf.cnf
</pre>
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="unixtex.ftp"></a>
<a name="unixtex_002eftp"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Reporting-bugs">Reporting bugs</a>,
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#TeX-directory-structure">TeX directory structure</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Installation">Installation</a>
</div>
<h3 class="section">2.5 <samp><span class="file">unixtex.ftp</span></samp>: Obtaining TeX</h3>
<p><a name="index-obtaining-_0040TeX_007b_007d-268"></a><a name="index-retrieving-_0040TeX_007b_007d-269"></a>
<a name="index-unixtex_002eftp-270"></a><a name="index-tug_002eorg-271"></a><a name="index-www_002etug_002eorg-272"></a><a name="index-ftp_002etug_002eorg-273"></a>This
is <a href="ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/unixtex.ftp">ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/unixtex.ftp</a>, last updated 26 December
2003. Also available as <a href="http://www.tug.org/unixtex.ftp">http://www.tug.org/unixtex.ftp</a>. The
IP address is currently <code>[130.225.2.178]</code>. It is also in
Kpathsea source distributions as <samp><span class="file">etc/unixtex.ftp</span></samp> (although the
network version is usually newer). Mail <a href="mailto:tex-k@mail.tug.org">tex-k@mail.tug.org</a>
with comments or questions.
<p>Following are general instructions for Unix or other sites who wish to
acquire the Web2c distribution, (plain) TeX, LaTeX (2e),
BibTeX, Metafont, MetaPost, DVI processors for the X window system,
PostScript, the PCL language in the HP LaserJet, and related programs.
They are oriented towards building from the original sources, though
some information on alternative packages is included in the last
section. See also <a href="http://www.tug.org/web2c/">http://www.tug.org/web2c/</a>, the Web2c and
Kpathsea home page.
<p>Please note that the Web2c distribution is a bare-bones distribution
in source form, and building a complete installation from it is a
non-trivial matter. For most uses, it is a better idea to install a
distribution with pre-packaged binaries for your platform. The
principal example of such a distribution is TeX Live
(<a href="http://www.tug.org/texlive/">http://www.tug.org/texlive/</a>), which is based on the
Web2c sources.
<p>Please consider joining the TeX Users Group (TUG) or another user
group of your choice to help support the maintenance and development
of the programs you retrieve. See <a href="http://www.tug.org/join.html">http://www.tug.org/join.html</a>
for information and the membership registration form, and
<a href="http://www.tug.org/usergroups.html">http://www.tug.org/usergroups.html</a> for a listing of all user groups.
<p>For actual installation instructions after obtaining the necessary
sources, see <a href="#Installation">Installation</a>. A copy is in the distribution file
<samp><span class="file">kpathsea/INSTALL</span></samp>.
<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#Electronic-distribution">Electronic distribution</a>: CTAN and so forth.
<li><a accesskey="2" href="#CD_002dROM-distribution">CD-ROM distribution</a>
<li><a accesskey="3" href="#Other-TeX-packages">Other TeX packages</a>
</ul>
<!-- * Tape distribution:: -->
<!-- used to be in this menu. -->
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Electronic-distribution"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#CD_002dROM-distribution">CD-ROM distribution</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a>
</div>
<h4 class="subsection">2.5.1 Electronic distribution</h4>
<p><a name="index-ftp-retrieval-274"></a><a name="index-obtaining-Web2c-by-ftp-275"></a><a name="index-distributions_002c-via-ftp-276"></a>
<a name="index-CTAN_002c-defined-277"></a><a name="index-backbone-of-CTAN-278"></a>In many places we refer to <var>CTAN:</var>. This is <em>both</em> a host name
and a directory name. Here are the primary locations:
<pre class="example"> <a href="ftp://ctan.tug.org/tex-archive/">ftp://ctan.tug.org/tex-archive/</a> <span class="roman">(Vermont, USA)</span>
<a href="ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/">ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/</a> <span class="roman">(Germany)</span>
<a href="ftp://ftp.tex.ac.uk/tex-archive/">ftp://ftp.tex.ac.uk/tex-archive/</a> <span class="roman">(England)</span>
</pre>
<p class="noindent"><a name="index-README_002emirrors-279"></a><a name="index-CTAN_002esites-280"></a><a name="index-mirrors_002c-FTP-281"></a>CTAN has many mirrors worldwide; see the top-level file
<samp><span class="file">README.mirrors</span></samp> from one of the sites above or see
<a href="http://www.tug.org/CTAN.sites">http://www.tug.org/CTAN.sites</a>.
<p><a name="index-World-Wide-Web-CTAN-access-282"></a><a name="index-email-CTAN-access-283"></a><a name="index-NFS-CTAN-access-284"></a>You can also access CTAN via the World Wide Web, electronic
mail, or NFS. The same <samp><span class="file">README.mirrors</span></samp> file explains how.
<p><a name="index-binary-mode_002c-for-file-transfers-285"></a>You will need to retrieve some or all of the following archives,
depending on your needs (don't forget to set binary mode for file
transfers):
<dl>
<dt><samp><var>CTAN:</var><span class="file">/systems/web2c/web.tar.gz</span></samp><dd><a name="index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e_002c-original-author-286"></a>The original WEB source files, written primarily by Don Knuth. Required
unless you already have this <samp><span class="file">web</span></samp> version. (The WEB sources
change irregularly with respect to Web2c itself.) Unpacks into
<samp><span class="file">web2c-</span><var>version</var></samp>.
<br><dt><samp><var>CTAN:</var><span class="file">/systems/web2c/web2c.tar.gz</span></samp><dd>The Web2c system. Required. Also unpacks into
<samp><span class="file">web2c-</span><var>version</var></samp>.
<br><dt><samp><var>CTAN:</var><span class="file">/systems/web2c/web2c-etex.tar.gz</span></samp><dd>Additions to the Web2c system for building e-TeX. Optional. Unpacks
into <samp><span class="file">web2c-</span><var>version</var></samp>.
<br><dt><samp><var>CTAN:</var><span class="file">/systems/web2c/etexlib.tar.gz</span></samp><dd>Additions to the texmf tree needed to build e-TeX. Optional.
Unpacks into <samp><span class="file">texmf/</span></samp>.
<br><dt><samp><var>CTAN:</var><span class="file">/systems/web2c/etexdoc.tar.gz</span></samp><dd>Documentation for e-TeX as an addition to the texmf tree. Optional.
Unpacks into <samp><span class="file">texmf/</span></samp>.
<br><dt><samp><var>CTAN:</var><span class="file">/systems/web2c/web2c-omega.tar.gz</span></samp><dd>Additions to the Web2c system for building Omega. Optional. Unpacks
into <samp><span class="file">web2c-</span><var>version</var></samp>.
<br><dt><samp><var>CTAN:</var><span class="file">/systems/web2c/omegalib.tar.gz</span></samp><dd>Additions to the texmf tree needed to build Omega. Optional. Unpacks
into <samp><span class="file">texmf/</span></samp>.
<br><dt><samp><var>CTAN:</var><span class="file">/systems/web2c/omegadoc.tar.gz</span></samp><dd>Documentation for Omega as an addition to the texmf tree. Optional.
Unpacks into <samp><span class="file">texmf/</span></samp>.
<br><dt><samp><var>CTAN:</var><span class="file">/systems/web2c/web2c-pdftex.tar.gz</span></samp><dd>Additions to the Web2c system for building pdfTeX. Optional.
Unpacks into <samp><span class="file">web2c-</span><var>version</var></samp>.
<br><dt><samp><var>CTAN:</var><span class="file">/systems/web2c/pdftexlib.tar.gz</span></samp><dd>Additions to the texmf tree needed to build pdfTeX. Optional.
Unpacks into <samp><span class="file">texmf/</span></samp>.
<br><dt><samp><var>CTAN:</var><span class="file">/dviware/xdvik/xdvik.tar.gz</span></samp><dd>X window system DVI previewer. Unpacks into <samp><span class="file">xdvik-</span><var>version</var></samp>.
Optional.
</dl>
<p>Additional drivers, macro files, and other support are needed to build
a working system. These are available in teTeX.
<p>All that said, the originating host for the software above is
<samp><span class="file">ftp.tug.org</span></samp>. You can retrieve these distributions (but not much
else) from the <samp><span class="file">tex/</span></samp> directory on that host.
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="CD-ROM-distribution"></a>
<a name="CD_002dROM-distribution"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Other-TeX-packages">Other TeX packages</a>,
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Electronic-distribution">Electronic distribution</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a>
</div>
<h4 class="subsection">2.5.2 CD-ROM distribution</h4>
<p><a name="index-CD_002dROM-distributions-287"></a><a name="index-obtaining-Web2c-on-CD_002dROM-288"></a><a name="index-distributions_002c-on-CD_002dROM-289"></a>
Numerous organizations distribute various TeX CD-ROM's (and DVD's):
<ul>
<li><a name="index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d-Live-CD_002dROM-290"></a>Virtually all the TeX user groups collaborate to produce the
<cite>TeX Live</cite> distribution once a year; see
<a href="http://www.tug.org/texlive/">http://www.tug.org/texlive/</a> for more information.
<li><a name="index-Free-Software-Foundation-291"></a><a name="index-FSF-Source-Code-CD_002dROM-292"></a>The Free Software Foundation's <cite>Source Code CD-ROM</cite> contains the
minimal TeX source distribution described in the previous section
(i.e., enough to print GNU documentation); email
<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org">gnu@gnu.org</a>.
<!-- Commented out: the information is outdated in way or another. -->
<!-- @item -->
<!-- The Gateway@! CD-ROM set contains a runnable NetBSD/Amiga distribution -->
<!-- and sources; see @url{http://www.netbsd.org/Sites/cdroms.html}. -->
<!-- @item -->
<!-- The InfoMagic CD-ROM is a copy of CTAN (see previous section); see -->
<!-- @url{http://www.infomagic.com}. -->
<!-- @item -->
<!-- @cindex 4all@TeX{} Live CD-ROM -->
<!-- @cindex NTG -->
<!-- NTG (Dutch-speaking @TeX{} user group) produced the 4all@TeX{} CD-ROM; -->
<!-- email @email{ntg@@nic.surfnet.nl}, or see -->
<!-- @url{http://www.ntg.nl/4allcd/}. This is a runnable system. -->
<!-- @item -->
<!-- @cindex Prime Time @TeX{}cetera CD-ROM -->
<!-- The Prime Time @TeX{}cetera CD-ROM is also a copy of CTAN; email -->
<!-- @email{ptf@@ctcl.com} or see @url{http://www.ptf.com/ptf/}. -->
<!-- @item -->
<!-- @cindex Walnut Creek @TeX{} CD-ROM -->
<!-- Walnut Creek's @TeX{} CD-ROM is also a copy of CTAN; email -->
<!-- @email{info@@cdrom.com} or see -->
<!-- @url{http://www.cdrom.com:/titles/tex.html}. -->
<li><a name="index-Linux_002c-using-Web2c-293"></a>Most Linux distributions include some TeX package based on
Web2c; see the Linux documentation file `<samp><span class="samp">Distribution-HOWTO</span></samp>' for a
comparison of Linux distributions, available (for example) via
<a href="http://www.linux.org">http://www.linux.org</a>.
</ul>
<p>If you know of additional TeX distributions to add to this
list, please inform <a href="mailto:tex-k@mail.tug.org">tex-k@mail.tug.org</a>.
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Other-TeX-packages"></a>
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#CD_002dROM-distribution">CD-ROM distribution</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a>
</div>
<h4 class="subsection">2.5.3 Other TeX packages</h4>
<p><a name="index-other-_0040TeX_007b_007d-distributions-294"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d-distributions-besides-Web2c-295"></a>
<a name="index-Amiga-_0040TeX_007b_007d-implementations-296"></a><a name="index-Acorn-_0040TeX_007b_007d-implementations-297"></a><a name="index-VMS-_0040TeX_007b_007d-implementations-298"></a><a name="index-Macintosh-_0040TeX_007b_007d-implementations-299"></a><a name="index-DOS-_0040TeX_007b_007d-implementations-300"></a><a name="index-Windows-_0040TeX_007b_007d-implementations-301"></a>Many other TeX implementations are available in
<samp><var>CTAN:</var><span class="file">/systems</span></samp>, including ready-to-run distributions for
Unix, Amiga, Acorn, VMS, Macintosh, DOS, and Windows (in various forms).
Although Web2c has support in the source code for many operating
systems, and in fact some of the other distributions are based on it,
it's unlikely to work as distributed on anything but Unix. (Please
contribute improvements!)
<p><a name="index-te_0040TeX_007b_007d-302"></a><a name="index-precompiled-Unix-binaries-303"></a>The principal user-oriented Unix distribution based on Web2c is the
teTeX distribution. It includes complete sources, and runs on
all modern Unix variants, including Linux. It contains many
TeX-related programs besides those in the core Web2c.
<p><a name="index-labrea_002estanford_002eedu-304"></a><a name="index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e_002c-archive-of-programs-by-305"></a>The host <tt>labrea.stanford.edu</tt> is the original source for the files
for which Donald Knuth is directly responsible: <samp><span class="file">tex.web</span></samp>,
<samp><span class="file">plain.tex</span></samp>, etc. However, unless you want to build your TeX
library tree ab initio, it is more reliable and less work to retrieve
these files as part of the above packages. In any case, <tt>labrea</tt> is
not the canonical source for anything except what was created by
Stanford TeX project, so do not rely on all the files available at
that ftp site being up-to-date.
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Reporting-bugs"></a>
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Installation">Installation</a>
</div>
<h3 class="section">2.6 Reporting bugs</h3>
<p><a name="index-reporting-bugs-306"></a><a name="index-bugs_002c-reporting-307"></a>
(A copy of this chapter is in the file <samp><span class="file">kpathsea/BUGS</span></samp>.)
<p><a name="index-tex_002dk_0040_0040mail_002etug_002eorg-_0040r_007b_0028bug-address_0029_007d-308"></a><a name="index-bug-address-309"></a>If you have problems or suggestions, please report them to
<a href="mailto:tex-k@mail.tug.org">tex-k@mail.tug.org</a> using the bug checklist below.
<p>Please report bugs in the documentation; not only factual errors or
inconsistent behavior, but unclear or incomplete explanations, typos,
wrong fonts, <small class="dots">...</small>
<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#Bug-checklist">Bug checklist</a>: What to include in a good bug report.
<li><a accesskey="2" href="#Mailing-lists">Mailing lists</a>: Joining the bugs or announcements mailing lists.
<li><a accesskey="3" href="#Debugging">Debugging</a>: Analyzing runtime problems.
<li><a accesskey="4" href="#Logging">Logging</a>: Recording searches.
<li><a accesskey="5" href="#Common-problems">Common problems</a>: When things go wrong.
</ul>
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Bug-checklist"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Mailing-lists">Mailing lists</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Reporting-bugs">Reporting bugs</a>
</div>
<h4 class="subsection">2.6.1 Bug checklist</h4>
<p><a name="index-checklist-for-bug-reports-310"></a><a name="index-bug-checklist-311"></a>
Before reporting a bug, please check below to be sure it isn't already
known (see <a href="#Common-problems">Common problems</a>).
<p>Bug reports should be sent via electronic mail to
<a href="mailto:tex-k@mail.tug.org">tex-k@mail.tug.org</a>, or by postal mail to 135 Center Hill Road /
Plymouth, MA 02360 / USA.
<p>The general principle is that a good bug report includes all the
information necessary for reproduction. Therefore, to enable
investigation, your report should include the following:
<ul>
<li><a name="index-version-numbers_002c-determining-312"></a>The version number(s) of the program(s) involved, and of Kpathsea
itself. You can get the former by giving a sole option `<samp><span class="samp">--version</span></samp>'
to the program, and the latter by running `<samp><span class="samp">kpsewhich --version</span></samp>'.
The <samp><span class="file">NEWS</span></samp> and <samp><span class="file">ChangeLog</span></samp> files also contain the version
number.
<li><a name="index-uname-313"></a>The hardware, operating system (including version number), compiler, and
<code>make</code> program you are using (the output of <code>uname -a</code> is a
start on the first two, though often incomplete). If the bug involves
the X window system, include X version and supplier information as well
(examples: X11R6 from MIT; X11R4 from HP; OpenWindows 3.3 bundled with
SunOS 4.1.4).
<li><a name="index-config_002elog-314"></a>Any options you gave to <code>configure</code>. This is recorded in the
<samp><span class="file">config.status</span></samp> files.
<p><a name="index-configuration-bugs-315"></a><a name="index-config_002estatus-316"></a>If you are reporting a bug in `<samp><span class="samp">configure</span></samp>' itself, it's probably
system-dependent, and it will be unlikely the maintainers can do
anything useful if you merely report that thus-and-such is broken.
Therefore, you need to do some additional work: for some bugs, you can
look in the file <samp><span class="file">config.log</span></samp> where the test that failed should
appear, along with the compiler invocation and source program in
question. You can then compile it yourself by hand, and discover why
the test failed. Other `<samp><span class="samp">configure</span></samp>' bugs do not involve the
compiler; in that case, the only recourse is to inspect the
<code>configure</code> shell script itself, or the Autoconf macros that
generated <code>configure</code>.
<li>The log of all debugging output, if the bug is in path searching. You
can get this by setting the environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code>
to `<samp><span class="samp">-1</span></samp>' before running the program. Please look at the log
yourself to make sure the behavior is really a bug before reporting it;
perhaps “old” environment variable settings are causing files not to
be found, for example.
<li>The contents of any input files necessary to reproduce the bug. For
bugs in DVI-reading programs, for example, this generally means a DVI
file (and any EPS or other files it uses)—TeX source files are
helpful, but the DVI file is necessary, because that's the actual
program input.
<p><a name="index-shar_0040r_007b_002c-recommended_007d-317"></a>GNU <code>shar</code>, available from <a href="ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu">ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu</a> is
a convenient way of packaging multiple (possibly binary) files for
electronic mail. If you feel your input files are too big to send by
email, you can ftp them to <a href="ftp://ftp.tug.org/incoming">ftp://ftp.tug.org/incoming</a> (that
directory is writable, but not readable).
<li><a name="index-context-diff-318"></a><a name="index-sending-patches-319"></a><a name="index-ChangeLog-_0040r_007bentry_007d-320"></a>If you are sending a patch (do so if you can!), please do so in the form
of a context diff (`<samp><span class="samp">diff -c</span></samp>') against the original distribution
source. Any other form of diff is either not as complete or harder for
me to understand. Please also include a <samp><span class="file">ChangeLog</span></samp> entry.
<li><a name="index-stack-trace-321"></a><a name="index-debugger-322"></a><a name="index-crashes_002c-reporting-323"></a><a name="index-core-dumps_002c-reporting-324"></a><a name="index-null-pointers_002c-dereferencing-325"></a><a name="index-gdb_0040r_007b_002c-recommended_007d-326"></a>If the bug involved is an actual crash (i.e., core dump), it is easy and
useful to include a stack trace from a debugger (I recommend the GNU
debugger GDB, available from <a href="ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu">ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu</a>). If
the cause is apparent (a <code>NULL</code> value being dereferenced, for
example), please send the details along. If the program involved is
TeX or Metafont, and the crash is happening at apparently-sound code,
however, the bug may well be in the compiler, rather than in the program
or the library (see <a href="#TeX-or-Metafont-failing">TeX or Metafont failing</a>).
<li>Any additional information that will be helpful in reproducing,
diagnosing, or fixing the bug.
</ul>
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Mailing-lists"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Debugging">Debugging</a>,
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Bug-checklist">Bug checklist</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Reporting-bugs">Reporting bugs</a>
</div>
<h4 class="subsection">2.6.2 Mailing lists</h4>
<p><a name="index-mailing-lists-327"></a><a name="index-bug-mailing-list-328"></a><a name="index-announcement-mailing-list-329"></a>
Web2c and Kpathsea in general are discussed on the mailing list
<a href="mailto:tex-k@mail.tug.org">tex-k@mail.tug.org</a>.
<a name="index-tex_002dk_002drequest_0040_0040mail_002etug_002eorg-330"></a>To join, email <a href="mailto:tex-k-request@mail.tug.org">tex-k-request@mail.tug.org</a> with a line
consisting of
<pre class="example"> subscribe <var>you</var>@<var>your.preferred.email.address</var>
</pre>
<p class="noindent">in the body of the message.
<p>You do not need to join to submit a report, nor will it affect whether
you get a response. There is no Usenet newsgroup equivalent (if you can
be the one to set this up, email `<samp><span class="samp">tex-k-request</span></samp>'). Traffic on the
list is fairly light, and is mainly bug reports and enhancement requests
to the software. The best way to decide if you want to join or not is
read some of the archives from <a href="ftp://ftp.tug.org/mail/archives/tex-k/">ftp://ftp.tug.org/mail/archives/tex-k/</a>.
<p>Be aware that large data files are sometimes included in bug reports.
If this is a problem for you, do not join the list.
<p><a name="index-tex_002darchive_0040_0040math_002eutah_002eedu-331"></a><a name="index-announcement-mailing-list-332"></a>If you only want announcements of new releases, not bug reports and
discussion, join <a href="mailto:tex-archive@math.utah.edu">tex-archive@math.utah.edu</a> (via mail to
<a href="mailto:tex-archive-request@math.utah.edu">tex-archive-request@math.utah.edu</a>).
<p><a name="index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d-help-mailing-list-333"></a><a name="index-La_0040TeX_007b_007d-help-mailing-list-334"></a><a name="index-Usenet-_0040TeX_007b_007d-newsgroup-335"></a><a name="index-newsgroup-for-_0040TeX_007b_007d-336"></a><a name="index-help_002c-mailing-list-for-general-_0040TeX_007b_007d-337"></a><a name="index-info_002dtex_0040_0040shsu_002eedu-338"></a><a name="index-comp_002etext_002etex-339"></a>If you are looking for general TeX help, such as how to use LaTeX,
please use the mailing list <a href="mailto:info-tex@shsu.edu">info-tex@shsu.edu</a> mailing list,
which is gatewayed to the `<samp><span class="samp">comp.text.tex</span></samp>' Usenet newsgroup (or post
to the newsgroup; the gateway is bidirectional).
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Debugging"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Logging">Logging</a>,
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Mailing-lists">Mailing lists</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Reporting-bugs">Reporting bugs</a>
</div>
<h4 class="subsection">2.6.3 Debugging</h4>
<p><a name="index-debugging-340"></a><a name="index-runtime-debugging-341"></a><a name="index-options-for-debugging-342"></a>
<a name="index-kpathsea_005fdebug-343"></a><a name="index-debug_002eh-344"></a>Kpathsea provides a number of runtime debugging options, detailed below
by their names and corresponding numeric values. When the files you
expect aren't being found, the thing to do is enable these options and
examine the output.
<p>You can set these with some runtime argument (e.g., `<samp><span class="samp">-d</span></samp>') to the
program; in that case, you should use the numeric values described in
the program's documentation (which, for Dvipsk and Xdvik, are different
than those below). It's best to give the `<samp><span class="samp">-d</span></samp>' (or whatever) option
first, for maximal output. Dvipsk and Xdvik have additional
program-specific debugging options as well.
<p><a name="index-KPATHSEA_005fDEBUG-345"></a><a name="index-kpathsea_005fdebug-346"></a>You can also set the environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code>; in this
case, you should use the numbers below. If you run the program under a
debugger and set the variable <code>kpathsea_debug</code>, also use the numbers
below.
<p><a name="index-g_t_002d1-_0040r_007bdebugging-value_007d-347"></a>In any case, by far the simplest value to use is `<samp><span class="samp">-1</span></samp>', which will
turn on all debugging output. This is usually better than guessing
which particular values will yield the output you need.
<p><a name="index-debugging-output-348"></a><a name="index-standard-error-and-debugging-output-349"></a>Debugging output always goes to standard error, so you can redirect it
easily. For example, in Bourne-compatible shells:
<pre class="example"> dvips -d -1 ... 2>/tmp/debug
</pre>
<p><a name="index-Kpsewhich_002c-and-debugging-350"></a>It is sometimes helpful to run the standalone Kpsewhich utility
(see <a href="#Invoking-kpsewhich">Invoking kpsewhich</a>), instead of the original program.
<p><a name="index-numeric-debugging-values-351"></a>In any case, you can <em>not</em> use the <em>names</em> below; you must
always use somebody's numbers. (Sorry.) To set more than one
option, just sum the corresponding numbers.
<dl>
<dt><code>KPSE_DEBUG_STAT </code><span class="roman">(1)</span><a name="index-KPSE_005fDEBUG_005fSTAT-_0040r_007b_00281_0029_007d-352"></a><dd>Report `<samp><span class="samp">stat</span></samp>'(2) calls. This is useful for verifying that your
directory structure is not forcing Kpathsea to do many additional file
tests (see <a href="#Slow-path-searching">Slow path searching</a>, and see <a href="#Subdirectory-expansion">Subdirectory expansion</a>). If you are using an up-to-date <samp><span class="file">ls-R</span></samp> database
(see <a href="#Filename-database">Filename database</a>), this should produce no output unless a
nonexistent file that must exist is searched for.
<br><dt><code>KPSE_DEBUG_HASH </code><span class="roman">(2)</span><a name="index-KPSE_005fDEBUG_005fHASH-_0040r_007b_00282_0029_007d-353"></a><dd>Report lookups in all hash tables: <samp><span class="file">ls-R</span></samp> and <samp><span class="file">aliases</span></samp>
(see <a href="#Filename-database">Filename database</a>); font aliases (see <a href="#Fontmap">Fontmap</a>); and config
file values (see <a href="#Config-files">Config files</a>). Useful when expected values are not
being found, e.g.., file searches are looking at the disk instead of
using <samp><span class="file">ls-R</span></samp>.
<br><dt><code>KPSE_DEBUG_FOPEN </code><span class="roman">(4)</span><a name="index-KPSE_005fDEBUG_005fFOPEN-_0040r_007b_00284_0029_007d-354"></a><dd><a name="index-fopen_0040r_007b_002c-redefined_007d-355"></a>Report file openings and closings. Especially useful when your system's
file table is full, for seeing which files have been opened but never
closed. In case you want to set breakpoints in a debugger: this works by
redefining `<samp><span class="samp">fopen</span></samp>' (`<samp><span class="samp">fclose</span></samp>') to be `<samp><span class="samp">kpse_fopen_trace</span></samp>'
(`<samp><span class="samp">kpse_fclose_trace</span></samp>').
<br><dt><code>KPSE_DEBUG_PATHS </code><span class="roman">(8)</span><a name="index-KPSE_005fDEBUG_005fPATHS-_0040r_007b_00288_0029_007d-356"></a><dd><a name="index-kpse_005fformat_005finfo_005ftype-357"></a>Report general path information for each file type Kpathsea is asked to
search. This is useful when you are trying to track down how a
particular path got defined—from <samp><span class="file">texmf.cnf</span></samp>, <samp><span class="file">config.ps</span></samp>,
an environment variable, the compile-time default, etc. This is the
contents of the <code>kpse_format_info_type</code> structure defined in
<samp><span class="file">tex-file.h</span></samp>.
<br><dt><code>KPSE_DEBUG_EXPAND </code><span class="roman">(16)</span><a name="index-KPSE_005fDEBUG_005fEXPAND-_0040r_007b_002816_0029_007d-358"></a><dd>Report the directory list corresponding to each path element Kpathsea
searches. This is only relevant when Kpathsea searches the disk, since
<samp><span class="file">ls-R</span></samp> searches don't look through directory lists in this way.
<br><dt><code>KPSE_DEBUG_SEARCH </code><span class="roman">(32)</span><a name="index-KPSE_005fDEBUG_005fSEARCH-_0040r_007b_002832_0029_007d-359"></a><dd>Report on each file search: the name of the file searched for, the path
searched in, whether or not the file must exist (when drivers search for
<samp><span class="file">cmr10.vf</span></samp>, it need not exist), and whether or not we are
collecting all occurrences of the file in the path (as with, e.g.,
<samp><span class="file">texmf.cnf</span></samp> and <samp><span class="file">texfonts.map</span></samp>), or just the first (as with
most lookups). This can help you correlate what Kpathsea is doing with
what is in your input file.
<br><dt><code>KPSE_DEBUG_VARS </code><span class="roman">(64)</span><a name="index-KPSE_005fDEBUG_005fVARS-_0040r_007b_002864_0029_007d-360"></a><dd>Report the value of each variable Kpathsea looks up. This is useful for
verifying that variables do indeed obtain their correct values.
<br><dt><code>GSFTOPK_DEBUG </code><span class="roman">(128)</span><a name="index-GSFTOPK_005fDEBUG-_0040r_007b_0028128_0029_007d-361"></a><dd>Activates debugging printout specific to <code>gsftopk</code> program.
<br><dt><code>MAKETEX_DEBUG </code><span class="roman">(512)</span><a name="index-MAKETEX_005fDEBUG-_0040r_007b_0028512_0029_007d-362"></a><dd>If you use the optional <code>mktex</code> programs instead of the
traditional shell scripts, this will report the name of the site file
(<samp><span class="file">mktex.cnf</span></samp> by default) which is read, directories created by
<code>mktexdir</code>, the full path of the <samp><span class="file">ls-R</span></samp> database built by
<code>mktexlsr</code>, font map searches, <code>MT_FEATURES</code> in effect,
parameters from <code>mktexnam</code>, filenames added by
<code>mktexupd</code>, and some subsidiary commands run by the programs.
<br><dt><code>MAKETEX_FINE_DEBUG </code><span class="roman">(1024)</span><a name="index-MAKETEX_005fFINE_005fDEBUG-_0040r_007b_00281024_0029_007d-363"></a><dd>When the optional <code>mktex</code> programs are used, this will print
additional debugging info from functions internal to these programs.
</dl>
<p><a name="index-g_t_0040samp_007bkdebug_003a_007d-364"></a><a name="index-hash_005fsummary_005fonly-_0040r_007bvariable-for-debugging_007d-365"></a><a name="index-hash-table-buckets_002c-printing-366"></a>Debugging output from Kpathsea is always written to standard error, and
begins with the string `<samp><span class="samp">kdebug:</span></samp>'. (Except for hash table buckets,
which just start with the number, but you can only get that output
running under a debugger. See comments at the <code>hash_summary_only</code>
variable in <samp><span class="file">kpathsea/db.c</span></samp>.)
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Logging"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Common-problems">Common problems</a>,
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Debugging">Debugging</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Reporting-bugs">Reporting bugs</a>
</div>
<h4 class="subsection">2.6.4 Logging</h4>
<p><a name="index-log-file-367"></a>
<a name="index-logging-successful-searches-368"></a><a name="index-recording-successful-searches-369"></a><a name="index-usage-patterns_002c-finding-370"></a><a name="index-disk-usage_002c-reducing-371"></a>Kpathsea can record the time and filename found for each successful
search. This may be useful in finding good candidates for deletion when
your filesystem is full, or in discovering usage patterns
at your site.
<p><a name="index-TEXMFLOG-372"></a>To do this, define the environment or config file variable
<code>TEXMFLOG</code>. The value is the name of the file to append the
information to. The file is created if it doesn't exist, and appended
to if it does.
<p><a name="index-epoch_002c-seconds-since-373"></a><a name="index-time-_0040r_007bsystem-call_007d-374"></a>Each successful search turns into one line in the log file: two words
separated by a space. The first word is the time of the search, as the
integer number of seconds since “the epoch”, i.e., UTC midnight 1
January 1970 (more precisely, the result of the <code>time</code> system
call). The second word is the filename.
<p>For example, after <code>setenv TEXMFLOG /tmp/log</code>, running Dvips on
<samp><span class="file">story.dvi</span></samp> appends the following lines:
<pre class="example"> 774455887 /usr/local/share/texmf/dvips/config.ps
774455887 /usr/local/share/texmf/dvips/psfonts.map
774455888 /usr/local/share/texmf/dvips/texc.pro
774455888 /usr/local/share/texmf/fonts/pk/ljfour/public/cm/cmbx10.600pk
774455889 /usr/local/share/texmf/fonts/pk/ljfour/public/cm/cmsl10.600pk
774455889 /usr/local/share/texmf/fonts/pk/ljfour/public/cm/cmr10.600pk
774455889 /usr/local/share/texmf/dvips/texc.pro
</pre>
<p><a name="index-privacy_002c-semblance-of-375"></a>Only filenames that are absolute are recorded, to preserve
some semblance of privacy.
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Common-problems"></a>
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Logging">Logging</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Reporting-bugs">Reporting bugs</a>
</div>
<h4 class="subsection">2.6.5 Common problems</h4>
<p><a name="index-common-problems-376"></a><a name="index-problems_002c-common-377"></a><a name="index-FAQ_002c-Kpathsea-378"></a>
Here are some common problems with configuration, compilation, linking,
execution, <small class="dots">...</small>
<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#Unable-to-find-files">Unable to find files</a>: If your program can't find fonts (or whatever).
<li><a accesskey="2" href="#Slow-path-searching">Slow path searching</a>: If it takes forever to find anything.
<li><a accesskey="3" href="#Unable-to-generate-fonts">Unable to generate fonts</a>: If mktexpk fails.
<li><a accesskey="4" href="#TeX-or-Metafont-failing">TeX or Metafont failing</a>: Likely compiler bugs.
<li><a accesskey="5" href="#Empty-Makefiles">Empty Makefiles</a>: When configure produces empty makefiles.
<li><a accesskey="6" href="#XtStrings">XtStrings</a>: When _XtStrings is undefined.
<li><a accesskey="7" href="#dlopen">dlopen</a>: When dlopen is undefined.
<li><a accesskey="8" href="#ShellWidgetClass">ShellWidgetClass</a>: For dynamic linking troubles under OpenWindows.
<li><a accesskey="9" href="#Pointer-combination-warnings">Pointer combination warnings</a>: For old compilers that don't grok char *.
</ul>
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Unable-to-find-files"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Slow-path-searching">Slow path searching</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Common-problems">Common problems</a>
</div>
<h5 class="subsubsection">2.6.5.1 Unable to find files</h5>
<p><a name="index-unable-to-find-files-379"></a><a name="index-files_002c-unable-to-find-380"></a>
If a program complains it cannot find fonts (or other input files), any
of several things might be wrong. In any case, you may find the
debugging options helpful. See <a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a>.
<ul>
<li>Perhaps you simply haven't installed all the necessary files; the basic
fonts and input files are distributed separately from the programs.
See <a href="#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a>.
<li><a name="index-g_t_002fetc_002fprofile-381"></a><a name="index-environment-variables_002c-old-382"></a>You have (perhaps unknowingly) told Kpathsea to use search paths that
don't reflect where the files actually are. One common cause is having
environment variables set from a previous installation, thus overriding
what you carefully set in <samp><span class="file">texmf.cnf</span></samp> (see <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a>). System <samp><span class="file">/etc/profile</span></samp> or other files such may be the
culprit.
<li><a name="index-symbolic-links-not-found-383"></a><a name="index-leaf-directories-wrongly-guessed-384"></a>Your files reside in a directory that is only pointed to via a symbolic
link, in a leaf directory and is not listed in <samp><span class="file">ls-R</span></samp>.
<p>Unfortunately, Kpathsea's subdirectory searching has an irremediable
deficiency: If a directory <var>d</var> being searched for subdirectories
contains plain files and symbolic links to other directories, but no
true subdirectories, <var>d</var> will be considered a leaf directory, i.e.,
the symbolic links will not be followed. See <a href="#Subdirectory-expansion">Subdirectory expansion</a>.
<p>You can work around this problem by creating an empty dummy subdirectory
in <var>d</var>. Then <var>d</var> will no longer be a leaf, and the symlinks will
be followed.
<p>The directory immediately followed by the `<samp><span class="samp">//</span></samp>' in the path
specification, however, is always searched for subdirectories, even if
it is a leaf. Presumably you would not have asked for the directory to
be searched for subdirectories if you didn't want it to be.
<li>If the fonts (or whatever) don't already exist, <code>mktexpk</code> (or
<code>mktexmf</code> or <code>mktextfm</code>) will try to create them. If
these rather complicated shell scripts fail, you'll eventually get an
error message saying something like `<samp><span class="samp">Can't find font
</span><var>fontname</var></samp>'. The best solution is to fix (or at least report) the
bug in <code>mktexpk</code>; the workaround is to generate the necessary
fonts by hand with Metafont, or to grab them from a CTAN site
(see <a href="#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a>).
<li>There is a bug in the library. See <a href="#Reporting-bugs">Reporting bugs</a>.
</ul>
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Slow-path-searching"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Unable-to-generate-fonts">Unable to generate fonts</a>,
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Unable-to-find-files">Unable to find files</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Common-problems">Common problems</a>
</div>
<h5 class="subsubsection">2.6.5.2 Slow path searching</h5>
<p><a name="index-excessive-startup-time-385"></a><a name="index-slow-startup-time-386"></a><a name="index-startup-time_002c-excessive-387"></a>
If your program takes an excessively long time to find fonts or other
input files, but does eventually succeed, here are some possible culprits:
<ul>
<li>Most likely, you just have a lot of directories to search, and that
takes a noticeable time. The solution is to create and maintain a
separate <samp><span class="file">ls-R</span></samp> file that lists all the files in your main TeX
hierarchy. See <a href="#Filename-database">Filename database</a>. Kpathsea always uses <samp><span class="file">ls-R</span></samp>
if it's present; there's no need to recompile or reconfigure any of the
programs.
<li>Your recursively-searched directories (e.g.,
<samp><span class="file">/usr/local/share/texmf/fonts//</span></samp>), contain a mixture of files and
directories. This prevents Kpathsea from using a useful optimization
(see <a href="#Subdirectory-expansion">Subdirectory expansion</a>).
<p>It is best to have only directories (and perhaps a <samp><span class="file">README</span></samp>) in the
upper levels of the directory structure, and it's very important to have
<em>only</em> files, and no subdirectories, in the leaf directories where
the dozens of TFM, PK, or whatever files reside.
</ul>
<p>In any case, you may find the debugging options helpful in determining
precisely when the disk or network is being pounded. See <a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a>.
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Unable-to-generate-fonts"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#TeX-or-Metafont-failing">TeX or Metafont failing</a>,
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Slow-path-searching">Slow path searching</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Common-problems">Common problems</a>
</div>
<h5 class="subsubsection">2.6.5.3 Unable to generate fonts</h5>
<p><a name="index-unable-to-generate-fonts-388"></a><a name="index-font-generation-failures-389"></a>
Metafont outputs fonts in bitmap format, tuned for a particular
device at a particular resolution, in order to allow for the
highest-possible quality of output. Some DVI-to-whatever programs,
such as Dvips, try to generate these on the fly when they are needed,
but this generation may fail in several cases.
<p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bmktexpk_007d-can_0027t-guess-mode-390"></a>If <code>mktexpk</code> runs, but fails with this error:
<pre class="example"> mktexpk: Can't guess mode for <var>nnn</var> dpi devices.
mktexpk: Use a config file to specify the mode, or update me.
</pre>
<p>you need to ensure the resolution and mode match; just
specifying the resolution, as in <code>-D 360</code>, is not enough.
<p>You can specify the mode name with the <code>-mode</code> option on the
Dvips command line, or in a Dvips configuration file (see <a href="dvips.html#Config-files">Config files</a>), such as <samp><span class="file">config.ps</span></samp> in your document
directory, <samp><span class="file">~/.dvipsrc</span></samp> in your home directory, or in a system
directory (again named <samp><span class="file">config.ps</span></samp>). (Other drivers use other
files, naturally.)
<p>For example, if you need 360<span class="dmn">dpi</span> fonts, you could include this in
a configuration file:
<pre class="example"> D 360
M lqmed
</pre>
<p><a name="index-Metafont-using-the-wrong-device-391"></a><a name="index-device_002c-wrong-392"></a>If Metafont runs, but generates fonts at the wrong resolution or for
the wrong device, most likely <code>mktexpk</code>'s built-in guess for the
mode is wrong, and you should override it as above.
<p>See <a href="ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/modes.mf">ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/modes.mf</a> for a list of resolutions and
mode names for most devices (additional submissions are welcome).
<p><a name="index-g_t_002e2602gf-393"></a><a name="index-g_t2602gf-394"></a><a name="index-Metafont-making-too_002dlarge-fonts-395"></a><a name="index-proof-mode-396"></a><a name="index-online-Metafont-display_002c-spurious-397"></a>If Metafont runs but generates fonts at a resolution of 2602<span class="dmn">dpi</span>
(and prints out the name of each character as well as just a character
number, and maybe tries to display the characters), then your Metafont
base file probably hasn't been made properly. (It's using the default
<code>proof</code> mode, instead of an actual device mode.) To make a proper
<samp><span class="file">plain.base</span></samp>, assuming the local mode definitions are contained in
a file <samp><span class="file">modes.mf</span></samp>, run the following command (assuming Unix):
<pre class="example"> inimf "plain; input modes; dump"
</pre>
<p class="noindent"><a name="index-plain_002ebase-398"></a>Then copy the <samp><span class="file">plain.base</span></samp> file from the current directory to where
the base files are stored on your system
(<samp><span class="file">/usr/local/share/texmf/web2c</span></samp> by default), and make a link
(either hard or soft) from <samp><span class="file">plain.base</span></samp> to <samp><span class="file">mf.base</span></samp> in that
directory.
See <a href="web2c.html#inimf-invocation">inimf invocation</a>.
<p><a name="index-Metafont-installation-399"></a>If <code>mf</code> is a command not found at all by <code>mktexpk</code>, then you
need to install Metafont (see <a href="#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a>).
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="TeX-or-Metafont-failing"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Empty-Makefiles">Empty Makefiles</a>,
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Unable-to-generate-fonts">Unable to generate fonts</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Common-problems">Common problems</a>
</div>
<h5 class="subsubsection">2.6.5.4 TeX or Metafont failing</h5>
<p><a name="index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d-failures-400"></a><a name="index-Metafont-failures-401"></a><a name="index-compiler-bugs-402"></a>If TeX or Metafont get a segmentation fault or otherwise fail while
running a normal input file, the problem is usually a compiler bug
(unlikely as that may sound). Even if the trip and trap tests are
passed, problems may lurk. Optimization occasionally causes trouble in
programs other than TeX and Metafont themselves, too.
<p>Insufficient swap space may also cause core dumps or other erratic
behavior.
<p><a name="index-optimization-caveat-403"></a>For a workaround, if you enabled any optimization flags, it's best to
omit optimization entirely. In any case, the way to find the facts is
to run the program under the debugger and see where it's failing.
<p><a name="index-GNU-C-compiler-bugs-404"></a><a name="index-system-C-compiler-bugs-405"></a>Also, if you have trouble with a system C compiler, I advise trying the
GNU C compiler. And vice versa, unfortunately; but in that case I also
recommend reporting a bug to the GCC mailing list; see <a href="gcc.html#Bugs">Bugs</a>.
<p><a name="index-compiler-bugs_002c-finding-406"></a>To report compiler bugs effectively requires perseverance and
perspicacity: you must find the miscompiled line, and that usually
involves delving backwards in time from the point of error, checking
through TeX's (or whatever program's) data structures. Things are
not helped by all-too-common bugs in the debugger itself. Good luck.
<p><a name="index-ANSI-C-407"></a><a name="index-HP_002dUX_002c-compiling-on-408"></a><a name="index-compiling-on-HP_002dUX-409"></a>One known cause of trouble is the way arrays are handled. Some of the
Pascal arrays have a lower index other than 0, and the C code will take
the pointer to the allocated memory, subtract the lower index, and use
the resulting pointer for the array. While this trick often works, ANSI
C doesn't guarantee that it will. It it known to fail on HP-UX 10
mchines when the native compiler is used, unless the `<samp><span class="samp">+u</span></samp>' compiler
switch was specified. Using GCC will work on this platform as well.
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Empty-Makefiles"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#XtStrings">XtStrings</a>,
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#TeX-or-Metafont-failing">TeX or Metafont failing</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Common-problems">Common problems</a>
</div>
<h5 class="subsubsection">2.6.5.5 Empty Makefiles</h5>
<p><a name="index-Makefiles_002c-empty-410"></a><a name="index-sed-_0040r_007berror-from-_0040code_007bconfigure_007d_007d-411"></a><a name="index-configure-_0040r_007berror-from-_0040code_007bsed_007d_007d-412"></a><a name="index-NetBSD-_0040code_007bconfigure_007d-error-413"></a><a name="index-FreeBSD-_0040code_007bconfigure_007d-error-414"></a><a name="index-Mach10-_0040code_007bconfigure_007d-error-415"></a><a name="index-AIX-4_002e1-_0040code_007bconfigure_007d-error-416"></a><a name="index-NeXT-_0040code_007bsed_007d-error-417"></a>
On some systems (NetBSD, FreeBSD, AIX 4.1, and Mach10), <code>configure</code>
may fail to properly create the Makefiles. Instead, you get an error
which looks something like this:
<pre class="example"> prompt$ ./configure
...
creating Makefile
sed: 1: "\\@^ac_include make/pat ...": \ can not be used as a string delimiter
</pre>
<p>So far as I know, the bug here is in <code>/bin/sh</code> on these systems. I
don't have access to a machine running any of them, so if someone can
find a workaround that avoids the quoting bug, I'd be most
grateful. (Search for <code>ac_include</code> in the <code>configure</code> script
to get to the problematic code.)
<p>It should work to run <code>bash configure</code>, instead of using
<code>/bin/sh</code>. You can get Bash from
<a href="ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu">ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu</a> and mirrors.
<p>Another possible cause (reported for NeXT) is a bug in the <code>sed</code>
command. In that case the error may look like this:
<pre class="example"> Unrecognized command: \@^ac_include make/paths.make@r make/paths.make
</pre>
<p>In this case, installing GNU <code>sed</code> should solve the problem. You
can get GNU <code>sed</code> from the same places as Bash.
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="XtStrings"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#dlopen">dlopen</a>,
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Empty-Makefiles">Empty Makefiles</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Common-problems">Common problems</a>
</div>
<h5 class="subsubsection">2.6.5.6 <code>XtStrings</code></h5>
<p><a name="index-XtStrings-418"></a>You may find that linking X programs results in an error from the linker
that `<samp><span class="samp">XtStrings</span></samp>' is undefined, something like this:
<pre class="example"> gcc -o virmf ...
.../x11.c:130: undefined reference to `XtStrings'
</pre>
<p>This generally happens because of a mismatch between the X include files
with which you compiled and the X libraries with which you linked;
often, the include files are from MIT and the libraries from Sun.
<p>The solution is to use the same X distribution for compilation and
linking. Probably `<samp><span class="samp">configure</span></samp>' was unable to guess the proper
directories from your installation. You can use the <code>configure</code>
options `<samp><span class="samp">--x-includes=</span><var>path</var></samp>' and
`<samp><span class="samp">--x-libraries=</span><var>path</var></samp>' to explicitly specify them.
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="dlopen"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#ShellWidgetClass">ShellWidgetClass</a>,
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#XtStrings">XtStrings</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Common-problems">Common problems</a>
</div>
<h5 class="subsubsection">2.6.5.7 <code>dlopen</code></h5>
<p><a name="index-static-linking-and-_0040code_007bdlsym_007d-419"></a><a name="index-dlopen-420"></a><a name="index-dlsym-421"></a><a name="index-dlclose-422"></a><a name="index-wcstombs-423"></a><a name="index-libdl_002ea-424"></a>(This section adapted from the file <samp><span class="file">dlsym.c</span></samp> in the X distribution.)
<p>The <code>Xlib</code> library uses the standard C function <code>wcstombs</code>.
Under SunOS 4.1, <code>wcstombs</code> uses the `<samp><span class="samp">dlsym</span></samp>' interface defined
in <samp><span class="file">libdl.so</span></samp>. Unfortunately, the SunOS 4.1 distribution does not
include a static `<samp><span class="samp">libdl.a</span></samp>' library.
<p>As a result, if you try to link an X program statically under SunOS, you
may get undefined references to <code>dlopen</code>, <code>dlsym</code>, and
<code>dlclose</code>. One workaround is to include these definitions
when you link:
<pre class="example"> void *dlopen() { return 0; }
void *dlsym() { return 0; }
int dlclose() { return -1; }
</pre>
<p><a name="index-dlsym_002ec-425"></a>These are contained in the <samp><span class="file">dlsym.c</span></samp> file in the MIT X
distribution.
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="ShellWidgetClass"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Pointer-combination-warnings">Pointer combination warnings</a>,
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#dlopen">dlopen</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Common-problems">Common problems</a>
</div>
<h5 class="subsubsection">2.6.5.8 <code>ShellWidgetClass</code></h5>
<p><a name="index-dynamic-linking-problems-with-OpenWin-libraries-426"></a><a name="index-OpenWin-libraries_002c-dynamic-linking-problems-427"></a><a name="index-get_005fwmShellWidgetClass-428"></a><a name="index-get_005fapplicationShellWidgetClass-429"></a>
<a name="index-comp_002esys_002esun_002eadmin-_0040r_007bFAQ_007d-430"></a><a name="index-FAQ_002c-_0040t_007bcomp_002esys_002esun_002eadmin_007d-431"></a>(This section adapted from the <tt>comp.sys.sun.admin</tt> FAQ.)
<p>If you are linking with Sun's OpenWindows libraries in SunOS 4.1.x, you
may get undefined symbols <code>_get_wmShellWidgetClass</code> and
<code>_get_applicationShellWidgetClass</code> when linking. This problem does
not arise using the standard MIT X libraries under SunOS.
<p><a name="index-Xmu-_0040r_007blibrary-problems_007d-432"></a>The cause is bugs in the <code>Xmu</code> shared library as shipped from Sun.
There are several fixes:
<ul>
<li>Install the free MIT distribution from `<samp><span class="samp">ftp.x.org</span></samp>' and mirrors.
<li>Get the OpenWindows patches listed below.
<li>Statically link the <code>Xmu</code> library into the executable.
<li>Avoid using <code>Xmu</code> at all. If you are compiling
Metafont, see <a href="web2c.html#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a>. If you are
compiling Xdvi, see the <code>-DNOTOOL</code> option in <samp><span class="file">xdvik/INSTALL</span></samp>.
<li>Ignore the errors. The binary runs fine regardless.
</ul>
<p><a name="index-Sun-OpenWin-patches-433"></a><a name="index-patches_002c-Sun-OpenWin-434"></a>Here is the information for getting the two patches:
<pre class="display"> Patch ID: 100512-02
Bug ID's: 1086793, 1086912, 1074766
Description: 4.1.x OpenWindows 3.0 <code>libXt</code> jumbo patch
Patch ID: 100573-03
Bug ID: 1087332
Description: 4.1.x OpenWindows 3.0 undefined symbols when using shared <code>libXmu</code>.
</pre>
<p><a name="index-static-linking-435"></a>The way to statically link with <code>libXmu</code> depends on whether you are
using a Sun compiler (e.g., <code>cc</code>) or <code>gcc</code>. If the latter,
alter the <code>x_libs</code> Make variable to include
<p><a name="index-g_t_002dstatic-436"></a><a name="index-g_t_002ddynamic-437"></a>
<pre class="example"> -static -lXmu -dynamic
</pre>
<p><a name="index-g_t_002dBstatic-438"></a><a name="index-g_t_002dBdynamic-439"></a>If you are using the Sun compiler, use `<samp><span class="samp">-Bstatic</span></samp>' and `<samp><span class="samp">-Bdynamic</span></samp>'.
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Pointer-combination-warnings"></a>
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#ShellWidgetClass">ShellWidgetClass</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Common-problems">Common problems</a>
</div>
<h5 class="subsubsection">2.6.5.9 Pointer combination warnings</h5>
<p><a name="index-warnings_002c-pointer-combinations-440"></a><a name="index-pointer-combination-warnings-441"></a><a name="index-illegal-pointer-combination-warnings-442"></a><a name="index-cc-_0040r_007bwarnings_007d-443"></a>When compiling with old C compilers, you may get some warnings about
“illegal pointer combinations”. These are spurious; just ignore them.
I decline to clutter up the source with casts to get rid of them.
<!-- This isn't worth including any more, OSF 1.x is too old. -->
<!-- The other XtInherit problem (R4 Xlib on Suns) should never come up, -->
<!-- but the answer from the X faq is included anyway. -->
<!-- @node XtInherit -->
<!-- @subsubsection @code{XtInherit} -->
<!-- @findex XtInherit @r{bug on OSF/1} -->
<!-- @cindex OSF/1 loader bug and @code{XtInherit} -->
<!-- @cindex Alpha OSF/1 loader bug and @code{XtInherit} -->
<!-- On DEC OSF/1 1.x systems, the loader has a bug that manifests itself in -->
<!-- the following error (all on one line, but for the sake of the paper -->
<!-- width it's broken here): -->
<!-- @example -->
<!-- xdvik/xdvi: /sbin/loader: Fatal Error: search_for_undefineds: -->
<!-- symbol _XtInherit should not have any relocation entry -->
<!-- @end example -->
<!-- @noindent According to Michael Rickabaugh @code{<mjr@@quarry.enet.dec.com>}: -->
<!-- @quotation -->
<!-- This is a bug fixed in DEC OSF/1 2.0. -->
<!-- If you know how, installing @file{/sbin/loader} from a 2.0 system onto a -->
<!-- 1.3 system will work. Make sure that @file{/usr} is @emph{not} mounted -->
<!-- when you do this. (If you forget about umounting @code{/usr}, it is -->
<!-- possible most of your filesystems will become corrupted.) -->
<!-- Otherwise, I suggest getting a later CD and running -->
<!-- @file{/usr/sbin/installupdate}. -->
<!-- @end quotation -->
<!-- Alternatively, you may be able to use the freely available X11 libraries -->
<!-- that come with the MIT distribution (on @file{ftp.x.org}, for example). -->
<!-- Linking statically, perhaps only with some of the X libraries, may also -->
<!-- work. -->
<!-- The Sun XtInherit weirdness, from the comp.windows.x FAQ: -->
<!-- Subject: 126)! What are these problems with "*_XtInherit* not found" on the Sun? -->
<!-- When I link a X program that I wrote on a SunOS 4.0.3 or 4.1 machine I get the -->
<!-- error "ld.so: symbol not found *_XtInherit*". -->
<!-- What you are seeing is a side-effect of a kludge in the R4 libXt.a to -->
<!-- get Sun shared libraries working. Apparently, you can't share a function that -->
<!-- is both called and compared, as *_XtInherit* is. This was handled by putting -->
<!-- *_XtInherit* in the same file as a function that is always used, thereby -->
<!-- guaranteeing that it would be loaded - that is, in Initialize.c, where -->
<!-- XtToolkitInitialize() and XtInitialize() reside. These routines would normally -->
<!-- be called. -->
<!-- You are probably seeing this error because your program is not a normal -->
<!-- Xt-based program and does not call XtToolkitInitialize() anywhere. -->
<!-- 1) it may be a program that uses Xt functions but never opens a -->
<!-- connection to the X server. [OSF/Motif's 1.1.0 UIL had this problem; it called -->
<!-- XtMalloc() and other Xt functions.] The solution is to add the call to your -->
<!-- program; the function does not have to be executed, just linked in. -->
<!-- 2) alternatively, your program doesn't need any Xt functions and is -->
<!-- correct in not calling XtToolkitInitialize() - it may be an Xlib or XView -->
<!-- program. In this case, you can remove -lXt from your link command. -->
<!-- It should not be necessary to link the shared libraries statically, -->
<!-- although this will certainly solve the problem. -->
<!-- * Empty Makefiles:: If configure gives you sed errors. -->
<!-- * wchar_t:: For wchar_t difficulties. -->
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Path-searching"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#TeX-support">TeX support</a>,
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Installation">Installation</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>
</div>
<h2 class="chapter">3 Path searching</h2>
<p><a name="index-path-searching-444"></a>
This chapter describes the generic path searching mechanism Kpathsea
provides. For information about searching for particular file types
(e.g., TeX fonts), see the next chapter.
<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a>: Basic scheme for searching.
<li><a accesskey="2" href="#Path-sources">Path sources</a>: Where search paths can be defined.
<li><a accesskey="3" href="#Path-expansion">Path expansion</a>: Special constructs in search paths.
<li><a accesskey="4" href="#Filename-database">Filename database</a>: Using an externally-built list to search.
<li><a accesskey="5" href="#Invoking-kpsewhich">Invoking kpsewhich</a>: Standalone path lookup.
</ul>
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Searching-overview"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Path-sources">Path sources</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Path-searching">Path searching</a>
</div>
<h3 class="section">3.1 Searching overview</h3>
<p><a name="index-searching-overview-445"></a><a name="index-path-searching_002c-overview-446"></a><a name="index-overview-of-path-searching-447"></a>
<a name="index-search-path_002c-defined-448"></a>A <dfn>search path</dfn> is a colon-separated list of <dfn>path elements</dfn>,
which are directory names with a few extra frills. A search path can
come from (a combination of) many sources; see below. To look up a file
`<samp><span class="samp">foo</span></samp>' along a path `<samp><span class="samp">.:/dir</span></samp>', Kpathsea checks each element of
the path in turn: first <samp><span class="file">./foo</span></samp>, then <samp><span class="file">/dir/foo</span></samp>, returning
the first match (or possibly all matches).
<p><a name="index-magic-characters-449"></a><a name="index-g_t_003a-_0040r_007bmay-not-be-_003a_007d-450"></a><a name="index-g_t_002f-_0040r_007bmay-not-be-_002f_007d-451"></a>The “colon” and “slash” mentioned here aren't necessarily `<samp><span class="samp">:</span></samp>'
and `<samp><span class="samp">/</span></samp>' on non-Unix systems. Kpathsea tries to adapt to other
operating systems' conventions.
<p><a name="index-database-search-452"></a><a name="index-searching-the-database-453"></a>To check a particular path element <var>e</var>, Kpathsea first sees if a
prebuilt database (see <a href="#Filename-database">Filename database</a>) applies to <var>e</var>, i.e.,
if the database is in a directory that is a prefix of <var>e</var>. If so,
the path specification is matched against the contents of the database.
<p><a name="index-floating-directories-454"></a><a name="index-filesystem-search-455"></a><a name="index-disk-search-456"></a><a name="index-searching-the-disk-457"></a>If the database does not exist, or does not apply to this path element,
or contains no matches, the filesystem is searched (if this was not
forbidden by the specification with `<samp><span class="samp">!!</span></samp>' and if the file being
searched for must exist). Kpathsea constructs the list of directories
that correspond to this path element, and then checks in each for the
file being searched for. (To help speed future lookups of files in the
same directory, the directory in which a file is found is floated to the
top of the directory list.)
<p><a name="index-must-exist-458"></a><a name="index-VF-files_002c-not-found-459"></a><a name="index-cmr10_002evf-460"></a><a name="index-g_t_005copenin-461"></a>The “file must exist” condition comes into play with VF files and
input files read by the TeX `<samp><span class="samp">\openin</span></samp>' command. These files may
not exist (consider <samp><span class="file">cmr10.vf</span></samp>), and so it would be wrong to search
the disk for them. Therefore, if you fail to update <samp><span class="file">ls-R</span></samp> when
you install a new VF file, it will never be found.
<p>Each path element is checked in turn: first the database, then the disk.
If a match is found, the search stops and the result is returned. This
avoids possibly-expensive processing of path specifications that are
never needed on a particular run. (Unless the search explicitly
requested all matches.)
<p><a name="index-expansion_002c-path-element-462"></a>Although the simplest and most common path element is a directory name,
Kpathsea supports additional features in search paths: layered default
values, environment variable names, config file values, users' home
directories, and recursive subdirectory searching. Thus, we say that
Kpathsea <dfn>expands</dfn> a path element, meaning transforming all the
magic specifications into the basic directory name or names. This
process is described in the sections below. It happens in the same
order as the sections.
<p><a name="index-absolute-filenames-463"></a><a name="index-relative-filenames-464"></a><a name="index-explicitly-relative-filenames-465"></a><a name="index-filenames_002c-absolute-or-explicitly-relative-466"></a>Exception to all of the above: If the filename being searched for is
absolute or explicitly relative, i.e., starts with `<samp><span class="samp">/</span></samp>' or `<samp><span class="samp">./</span></samp>'
or `<samp><span class="samp">../</span></samp>', Kpathsea simply checks if that file exists.
<p><a name="index-permission-denied-467"></a><a name="index-unreadable-files-468"></a><a name="index-access-warnings-469"></a><a name="index-warnings_002c-file-access-470"></a><a name="index-lost_002bfound-_0040r_007bdirectory_007d-471"></a><a name="index-TEX_005fHUSH-472"></a>Ordinarily, if Kpathsea tries to access a file or directory that cannot
be read, it gives a warning. This is so you will be alerted to
directories or files that accidentally lack read permission (for
example, a <samp><span class="file">lost+found</span></samp>). If you prefer not to see these warnings,
include the value `<samp><span class="samp">readable</span></samp>' in the <code>TEX_HUSH</code> environment
variable or config file value.
<p>This generic path searching algorithm is implemented in
<samp><span class="file">kpathsea/pathsearch.c</span></samp>. It is employed by a higher-level
algorithm when searching for a file of a particular type (see <a href="#File-lookup">File lookup</a>, and <a href="#Glyph-lookup">Glyph lookup</a>).
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Path-sources"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Path-expansion">Path expansion</a>,
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Path-searching">Path searching</a>
</div>
<h3 class="section">3.2 Path sources</h3>
<p><a name="index-path-sources-473"></a><a name="index-sources-for-search-paths-474"></a>
A search path can come from many sources. In the order in which
Kpathsea uses them:
<ol type=1 start=1>
<li><a name="index-environment-variable_002c-source-for-path-475"></a>A user-set environment variable, e.g., <code>TEXINPUTS</code>.
Environment variables with an underscore and the program name appended
override; for example, <code>TEXINPUTS_latex</code> overrides <code>TEXINPUTS</code>
if the program being run is named `<samp><span class="samp">latex</span></samp>'.
<li>A program-specific configuration file, e.g., an `<samp><span class="samp">S /a:/b</span></samp>' line in
Dvips' <samp><span class="file">config.ps</span></samp> (see <a href="dvips.html#Config-files">Config files</a>).
<li><a name="index-configuration-file_002c-source-for-path-476"></a><a name="index-Kpathsea-config-file_002c-source-for-path-477"></a><a name="index-texmf_002ecnf_0040r_007b_002c-source-for-path_007d-478"></a>A line in a Kpathsea configuration file <samp><span class="file">texmf.cnf</span></samp>, e.g.,
`<samp><span class="samp">TEXINPUTS=/c:/d</span></samp>' (see below).
<li><a name="index-compilation-value_002c-source-for-path-479"></a>The compile-time default (specified in <samp><span class="file">kpathsea/paths.h</span></samp>).
</ol>
<p>You can see each of these values for a given search path by using the
debugging options (see <a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a>).
<p>These sources may be combined via default expansion (see <a href="#Default-expansion">Default expansion</a>).
<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#Config-files">Config files</a>: Kpathsea's runtime config files (texmf.cnf).
</ul>
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Config-files"></a>
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Path-sources">Path sources</a>
</div>
<h4 class="subsection">3.2.1 Config files</h4>
<p><a name="index-config-files-480"></a><a name="index-texmf_002ecnf_0040r_007b_002c-definition-for_007d-481"></a>
<a name="index-runtime-configuration-files-482"></a><a name="index-TEXMFCNF-483"></a>As mentioned above, Kpathsea reads <dfn>runtime configuration files</dfn>
named <samp><span class="file">texmf.cnf</span></samp> for search path and other definitions. The
search path used to look for these configuration files is named
<code>TEXMFCNF</code>, and is constructed in the usual way, as described
above, except that configuration files cannot be used to define the
path, naturally; also, an <samp><span class="file">ls-R</span></samp> database is not used to search for
them.
<p>Kpathsea reads <em>all</em> <samp><span class="file">texmf.cnf</span></samp> files in the search path, not
just the first one found; definitions in earlier files override those in
later files. Thus, if the search path is `<samp><span class="samp">.:$TEXMF</span></samp>', values from
<samp><span class="file">./texmf.cnf</span></samp> override those from <samp><span class="file">$TEXMF/texmf.cnf</span></samp>.
<p>While (or instead of) reading this description, you may find it helpful
to look at the distributed <samp><span class="file">texmf.cnf</span></samp>, which uses or at least
mentions most features. The format of <samp><span class="file">texmf.cnf</span></samp> files follows:
<ul>
<li><a name="index-comments_002c-in-_0040file_007btexmf_002ecnf_007d-484"></a>Comments start with `<samp><span class="samp">%</span></samp>' and continue to the end of the line.
<li><a name="index-blank-lines_002c-in-_0040file_007btexmf_002ecnf_007d-485"></a>Blank lines are ignored.
<li><a name="index-backslash_002dnewline-486"></a><a name="index-continuation-character-487"></a><a name="index-whitespace_002c-not-ignored-on-continuation-lines-488"></a><a name="index-g_t_005c_0040r_007b_002c-line-continuation-in-_0040file_007btexmf_002ecnf_007d_007d-489"></a>A `<samp><span class="samp">\</span></samp>' at the end of a line acts as a continuation character, i.e.,
the next line is appended. Whitespace at the beginning of continuation
lines is not ignored.
<li>Each remaining line must look like
<pre class="example"> <var>variable</var> <span class="roman">[</span>. <var>progname</var><span class="roman">]</span> <span class="roman">[</span>=<span class="roman">]</span> <var>value</var>
</pre>
<p class="noindent">where the `<samp><span class="samp">=</span></samp>' and surrounding whitespace is optional.
<li><a name="index-identifiers_002c-characters-valid-in-490"></a>The <var>variable</var> name may contain any character other than whitespace,
`<samp><span class="samp">=</span></samp>', or `<samp><span class="samp">.</span></samp>', but sticking to `<samp><span class="samp">A-Za-z_</span></samp>' is safest.
<li>If `<samp><span class="samp">.</span><var>progname</var></samp>' is present, the definition only
applies if the program that is running is named (i.e., the last
component of <code>argv[0]</code> is) <var>progname</var> or
<samp><var>progname</var><span class="file">.exe</span></samp>. This allows different flavors of TeX to
have different search paths, for example.
<li><a name="index-right_002dhand-side-of-variable-assignments-491"></a><var>value</var> may contain any characters except `<samp><span class="samp">%</span></samp>' and `<samp><span class="samp">@</span></samp>'.
(These restrictions are only necessary because of the processing done on
<samp><span class="file">texmf.cnf</span></samp> at build time, so you can stick those characters in
after installation if you have to.) The `<samp><span class="samp">$</span><var>var</var><span class="samp">.</span><var>prog</var></samp>'
feature is not available on the right-hand side; instead, you must use
an additional variable (see below for example). A `<samp><span class="samp">;</span></samp>' in
<var>value</var> is translated to `<samp><span class="samp">:</span></samp>' if running under Unix; this is
useful to write a single <samp><span class="file">texmf.cnf</span></samp> which can be used under both
Unix and NT.
<li>All definitions are read before anything is expanded, so you can
use variables before they are defined (like Make, unlike most other
programs).
</ul>
<p class="noindent">Here is a configuration file fragment illustrating most of
these points:
<pre class="example"> % TeX input files -- i.e., anything to be found by \input or \openin ...
latex209_inputs = .:$TEXMF/tex/latex209//:$TEXMF/tex//
latex2e_inputs = .:$TEXMF/tex/latex//:$TEXMF/tex//
TEXINPUTS = .:$TEXMF/tex//
TEXINPUTS.latex209 = $latex209_inputs
TEXINPUTS.latex2e = $latex2e_inputs
TEXINPUTS.latex = $latex2e_inputs
</pre>
<p><a name="index-shell-scripts-as-configuration-files-492"></a><a name="index-configuration-files-as-shell-scripts_002e-493"></a>Although this format has obvious similarities to Bourne shell
scripts—change the comment character to <code>#</code>, disallow spaces
around the <code>=</code>, and get rid of the <code>.</code><var>name</var> convention,
and it could be run through the shell. But there seemed little
advantage to doing this, since all the information would have to passed
back to Kpathsea and parsed there anyway, since the <code>sh</code> process
couldn't affect its parent's environment.
<p><a name="index-cnf_002ec-494"></a>The implementation of all this is in <samp><span class="file">kpathsea/cnf.c</span></samp>.
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Path-expansion"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Filename-database">Filename database</a>,
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Path-sources">Path sources</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Path-searching">Path searching</a>
</div>
<h3 class="section">3.3 Path expansion</h3>
<p><a name="index-path-expansion-495"></a><a name="index-expansion_002c-search-path-496"></a>
Kpathsea recognizes certain special characters and constructions in
search paths, similar to that in shells. As a general example:
`<samp><span class="samp">~$USER/{foo,bar}//baz</span></samp>' expands to all subdirectories under
directories <samp><span class="file">foo</span></samp> and <samp><span class="file">bar</span></samp> in <tt>$USER</tt>'s home directory that
contain a directory or file <samp><span class="file">baz</span></samp>. These expansions are explained
in the sections below.
<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#Default-expansion">Default expansion</a>: a: or :a or a::b expands to a default.
<li><a accesskey="2" href="#Variable-expansion">Variable expansion</a>: $foo and ${foo} expand to environment values.
<li><a accesskey="3" href="#Tilde-expansion">Tilde expansion</a>: ~ and ~user expand to home directories.
<li><a accesskey="4" href="#Brace-expansion">Brace expansion</a>: a{foo,bar}b expands to afoob abarb.
<li><a accesskey="5" href="#KPSE_005fDOT-expansion">KPSE_DOT expansion</a>: . is replaced with $KPSE_DOT if it is defined.
<li><a accesskey="6" href="#Subdirectory-expansion">Subdirectory expansion</a>: a// and a//b recursively expand to subdirs.
</ul>
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Default-expansion"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Variable-expansion">Variable expansion</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Path-expansion">Path expansion</a>
</div>
<h4 class="subsection">3.3.1 Default expansion</h4>
<p><a name="index-g_t_003a_003a-_0040r_007bexpansion_007d-497"></a><a name="index-doubled-colons-498"></a><a name="index-leading-colons-499"></a><a name="index-trailing-colons-500"></a><a name="index-extra-colons-501"></a><a name="index-default-expansion-502"></a><a name="index-expansion_002c-default-503"></a>
If the highest-priority search path (see <a href="#Path-sources">Path sources</a>) contains an
<dfn>extra colon</dfn> (i.e., leading, trailing, or doubled), Kpathsea
inserts at that point the next-highest-priority search path that is
defined. If that inserted path has an extra colon, the same happens
with the next-highest. (An extra colon in the compile-time default
value has unpredictable results, so installers beware.)
<p>For example, given an environment variable setting
<pre class="example"> setenv TEXINPUTS /home/karl:
</pre>
<p class="noindent">and a <code>TEXINPUTS</code> value from <samp><span class="file">texmf.cnf</span></samp> of
<pre class="example"> .:$TEXMF//tex
</pre>
<p class="noindent">then the final value used for searching will be:
<pre class="example"> /home/karl:.:$TEXMF//tex
</pre>
<p>Put another way, default expansion works on “formats” (search
paths), and not directly on environment variables. Example, showing
the trailing `<samp><span class="samp">:</span></samp>' ignored in the first case and expanded in the second:
<pre class="example"> $ env TTFONTS=/tmp: kpsewhich --expand-path '$TTFONTS'
/tmp
$ env TTFONTS=/tmp: kpsewhich --show-path=.ttf
/tmp:.:/home/olaf/texmf/fonts/truetype//:...
</pre>
<p>Since Kpathsea looks for multiple configuration files, it would be
natural to expect that (for example) an extra colon in
<samp><span class="file">./texmf.cnf</span></samp> would expand to the path in <samp><span class="file">$TEXMF/texmf.cnf</span></samp>.
Or, with Dvips' configuration files, that an extra colon in
<samp><span class="file">config.$PRINTER</span></samp> would expand to the path in <samp><span class="file">config.ps</span></samp>.
This doesn't happen. It's not clear this would be desirable in all
cases, and trying to devise a way to specify the path to which the extra
colon should expand seemed truly baroque.
<a name="index-Bach_002c-Johann-Sebastian-504"></a>
Technicality: Since it would be useless to insert the default value in
more than one place, Kpathsea changes only one extra `<samp><span class="samp">:</span></samp>' and leaves
any others in place (they will eventually be ignored). Kpathsea checks
first for a leading `<samp><span class="samp">:</span></samp>', then a trailing `<samp><span class="samp">:</span></samp>', then a doubled
`<samp><span class="samp">:</span></samp>'.
<p><a name="index-kdefault_002ec-505"></a>You can trace this by debugging “paths” (see <a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a>).
Default expansion is implemented in the source file
<samp><span class="file">kpathsea/kdefault.c</span></samp>.
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Variable-expansion"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Tilde-expansion">Tilde expansion</a>,
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Default-expansion">Default expansion</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Path-expansion">Path expansion</a>
</div>
<h4 class="subsection">3.3.2 Variable expansion</h4>
<p><a name="index-g_t_0024-_0040r_007bexpansion_007d-506"></a><a name="index-environment-variables-in-paths-507"></a><a name="index-variable-expansion-508"></a><a name="index-expansion_002c-variable-509"></a><a name="index-texmf_002ecnf_0040r_007b_002c-and-variable-expansion_007d-510"></a>
`<samp><span class="samp">$foo</span></samp>' or `<samp><span class="samp">${foo}</span></samp>' in a path element is replaced by (1) the
value of an environment variable `<samp><span class="samp">foo</span></samp>' (if defined); (2) the value
of `<samp><span class="samp">foo</span></samp>' from <samp><span class="file">texmf.cnf</span></samp> (if defined); (3) the empty string.
<p>If the character after the `<samp><span class="samp">$</span></samp>' is alphanumeric or `<samp><span class="samp">_</span></samp>', the
variable name consists of all consecutive such characters. If the
character after the `<samp><span class="samp">$</span></samp>' is a `<samp><span class="samp">{</span></samp>', the variable name consists
of everything up to the next `<samp><span class="samp">}</span></samp>' (braces may not be nested around
variable names). Otherwise, Kpathsea gives a warning and ignores the
`<samp><span class="samp">$</span></samp>' and its following character.
<p><a name="index-quoting-variable-values-511"></a><a name="index-shell-variables-512"></a>You must quote the <tt>$</tt>'s and braces as necessary for your shell.
<em>Shell</em> variable values cannot be seen by Kpathsea, i.e., ones
defined by <code>set</code> in C shells and without <code>export</code> in Bourne
shells.
<p>For example, given
<pre class="example"> setenv tex /home/texmf
setenv TEXINPUTS .:$tex:${tex}prev
</pre>
<p class="noindent">the final <code>TEXINPUTS</code> path is the three directories:
<pre class="example"> .:/home/texmf:/home/texmfprev
</pre>
<p>The `<samp><span class="samp">.</span><var>progname</var></samp>' suffix on variables and
`<samp><span class="samp">_</span><var>progname</var></samp>' on environment variable names are not implemented
for general variable expansions. These are only recognized when search
paths are initialized (see <a href="#Path-sources">Path sources</a>).
<p><a name="index-variable_002ec-513"></a>Variable expansion is implemented in the source file
<samp><span class="file">kpathsea/variable.c</span></samp>.
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Tilde-expansion"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Brace-expansion">Brace expansion</a>,
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Variable-expansion">Variable expansion</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Path-expansion">Path expansion</a>
</div>
<h4 class="subsection">3.3.3 Tilde expansion</h4>
<p><a name="index-g_t_007e-_0040r_007bexpansion_007d-514"></a><a name="index-home-directories-in-paths-515"></a><a name="index-tilde-expansion-516"></a><a name="index-expansion_002c-tilde-517"></a>
<a name="index-HOME_0040r_007b_002c-as-_007e-expansion_007d-518"></a>A leading `<samp><span class="samp">~</span></samp>' in a path element is replaced by the value of the
environment variable <code>HOME</code>, or <samp><span class="file">.</span></samp> if <code>HOME</code> is not set.
<p>A leading `<samp><span class="samp">~</span><var>user</var></samp>' in a path element is replaced by
<var>user</var>'s home directory from the system <samp><span class="file">passwd</span></samp> database.
<p>For example,
<pre class="example"> setenv TEXINPUTS ~/mymacros:
</pre>
<p class="noindent">will prepend a directory <samp><span class="file">mymacros</span></samp> in your home
directory to the default path.
<p><a name="index-g_t_0040t_007broot_007d-user-519"></a><a name="index-trailing-_0040samp_007b_002f_007d-in-home-directory-520"></a><a name="index-g_t_002f_0040r_007b_002c-trailing-in-home-directory_007d-521"></a>As a special case, if a home directory ends in `<samp><span class="samp">/</span></samp>', the trailing
slash is dropped, to avoid inadvertently creating a `<samp><span class="samp">//</span></samp>' construct
in the path. For example, if the home directory of the user `<samp><span class="samp">root</span></samp>'
is `<samp><span class="samp">/</span></samp>', the path element `<samp><span class="samp">~root/mymacros</span></samp>' expands to just
`<samp><span class="samp">/mymacros</span></samp>', not `<samp><span class="samp">//mymacros</span></samp>'.
<p><a name="index-tilde_002ec-522"></a>Tilde expansion is implemented in the source file <samp><span class="file">kpathsea/tilde.c</span></samp>.
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Brace-expansion"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#KPSE_005fDOT-expansion">KPSE_DOT expansion</a>,
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Tilde-expansion">Tilde expansion</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Path-expansion">Path expansion</a>
</div>
<h4 class="subsection">3.3.4 Brace expansion</h4>
<p><a name="index-g_t_0040_007b-_0040r_007bexpansion_007d-523"></a><a name="index-brace-expansion-524"></a>
`<samp><span class="samp">x{</span><var>a</var><span class="samp">,</span><var>b</var><span class="samp">}y</span></samp>' expands to `<samp><span class="samp">x</span><var>a</var><span class="samp">y:x</span><var>b</var><span class="samp">y</span></samp>'.
For example:
<pre class="example"> foo/{1,2}/baz
</pre>
<p class="noindent">expands to `<samp><span class="samp">foo/1/baz:foo/2/baz</span></samp>'. `<samp><span class="samp">:</span></samp>' is the path
separator on the current system; e.g., on a DOS system, it's `<samp><span class="samp">;</span></samp>'.
<p>Braces can be nested; for example, `<samp><span class="samp">x{A,B{1,2}}y</span></samp>' expands to
`<samp><span class="samp">xAy:xB1y:xB2y</span></samp>'.
<p>Multiple non-nested braces are expanded from right to left; for example,
`<samp><span class="samp">x{A,B}{1,2}y</span></samp>' expands to `<samp><span class="samp">x{A,B}1y:x{A,B}2y</span></samp>', which
expands to `<samp><span class="samp">xA1y:xB1y:xA2y:xB2y</span></samp>'.
<p><a name="index-multiple-_0040TeX_007b_007d-hierarchies-525"></a>This feature can be used to implement multiple TeX hierarchies, by
assigning a brace list to <code>$TEXMF</code>, as mentioned in
<samp><span class="file">texmf.in</span></samp>.
<p>You can also use the path separator in stead of the comma. The last
example could have been written `<samp><span class="samp">x{A:B}{1:2}y</span></samp>'.
<p><a name="index-expand_002ec-526"></a>Brace expansion is implemented in the source file
<samp><span class="file">kpathsea/expand.c</span></samp>. It is a modification of the Bash sources, and
is thus covered by the GNU General Public License, rather than the
Library General Public License that covers the rest of Kpathsea.
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="KPSE_DOT-expansion"></a>
<a name="KPSE_005fDOT-expansion"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Subdirectory-expansion">Subdirectory expansion</a>,
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Brace-expansion">Brace expansion</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Path-expansion">Path expansion</a>
</div>
<h4 class="subsection">3.3.5 <code>KPSE_DOT</code> expansion</h4>
<p><a name="index-KPSE_005fDOT-_0040r_007bexpansion_007d-527"></a>
When <code>KPSE_DOT</code> is defined in the environment, it names a directory
that should be considered the current directory for the purpose of
looking up files in the search paths. This feature is needed by the
`<samp><span class="samp">mktex...</span></samp>' scripts <a href="#mktex-scripts">mktex scripts</a>, because these
change the working directory. You should not ever define it yourself.
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Subdirectory-expansion"></a>
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#KPSE_005fDOT-expansion">KPSE_DOT expansion</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Path-expansion">Path expansion</a>
</div>
<h4 class="subsection">3.3.6 Subdirectory expansion</h4>
<p><a name="index-g_t_002f_002f-528"></a><a name="index-subdirectory-searching-529"></a><a name="index-expansion_002c-subdirectory-530"></a>
<a name="index-alphabetical-order_002c-not-531"></a>Two or more consecutive slashes in a path element following a directory
<var>d</var> is replaced by all subdirectories of <var>d</var>: first those
subdirectories directly under <var>d</var>, then the subsubdirectories under
those, and so on. At each level, the order in which the directories are
searched is unspecified. (It's “directory order”, and definitely not
alphabetical.)
<p>If you specify any filename components after the `<samp><span class="samp">//</span></samp>', only
subdirectories which match those components are included. For example,
`<samp><span class="samp">/a//b</span></samp>' would expand into directories <samp><span class="file">/a/1/b</span></samp>, <samp><span class="file">/a/2/b</span></samp>,
<samp><span class="file">/a/1/1/b</span></samp>, and so on, but not <samp><span class="file">/a/b/c</span></samp> or <samp><span class="file">/a/1</span></samp>.
<p>You can include multiple `<samp><span class="samp">//</span></samp>' constructs in the path.
<p>`<samp><span class="samp">//</span></samp>' at the beginning of a path is ignored; you didn't really want
to search every directory on the system, did you?
<p><a name="index-trick-for-detecting-leaf-directories-532"></a><a name="index-leaf-directory-trick-533"></a><a name="index-Farwell_002c-Matthew-534"></a><a name="index-MacKenzie_002c-David-535"></a>I should mention one related implementation trick, which I took from GNU
find. Matthew Farwell suggested it, and David MacKenzie implemented it.
<p><a name="index-st_005fnlink-536"></a>The trick is that in every real Unix implementation (as opposed to the
POSIX specification), a directory which contains no subdirectories will
have exactly two links (namely, one for <samp><span class="file">.</span></samp> and one for <samp><span class="file">..</span></samp>).
That is to say, the <code>st_nlink</code> field in the `<samp><span class="samp">stat</span></samp>' structure
will be two. Thus, we don't have to stat everything in the bottom-level
(leaf) directories—we can just check <code>st_nlink</code>, notice it's two,
and do no more work.
<p>But if you have a directory that contains a single subdirectory and 500
regular files, <code>st_nlink</code> will be 3, and Kpathsea has to stat every
one of those 501 entries. Therein lies slowness.
<p><a name="index-UNIX_005fST_005fLINK-537"></a>You can disable the trick by undefining <code>UNIX_ST_LINK</code> in
<samp><span class="file">kpathsea/config.h</span></samp>. (It is undefined by default except under Unix.)
<p><a name="index-elt_002ddirs_002ec-538"></a>Unfortunately, in some cases files in leaf directories are
<code>stat</code>'d: if the path specification is, say,
`<samp><span class="samp">$TEXMF/fonts//pk//</span></samp>', then files in a subdirectory
`<samp><span class="samp">.../pk</span></samp>', even if it is a leaf, are checked. The reason cannot
be explained without reference to the implementation, so read
<samp><span class="file">kpathsea/elt-dirs.c</span></samp> (search for `<samp><span class="samp">may descend</span></samp>') if you are
curious. And if you can find a way to <em>solve</em> the problem, please
let me know.
<p><a name="index-elt_002ddirs_002ec-539"></a>Subdirectory expansion is implemented in the source file
<samp><span class="file">kpathsea/elt-dirs.c</span></samp>.
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Filename-database"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Invoking-kpsewhich">Invoking kpsewhich</a>,
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Path-expansion">Path expansion</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Path-searching">Path searching</a>
</div>
<h3 class="section">3.4 Filename database (<code>ls-R</code>)</h3>
<p><a name="index-filename-database-540"></a><a name="index-database_002c-for-filenames-541"></a><a name="index-externally_002dbuilt-filename-database-542"></a>
Kpathsea goes to some lengths to minimize disk accesses for searches
(see <a href="#Subdirectory-expansion">Subdirectory expansion</a>). Nevertheless, at installations with
enough directories, searching each possible directory for a given file
can take an excessively long time (depending on the speed of the disk,
whether it's NFS-mounted, how patient you are, etc.).
<p>In practice, a font tree containing the standard PostScript and PCL
fonts is large enough for searching to be noticeably slow on typical
systems these days. Therefore, Kpathsea can use an externally-built
“database” file named <samp><span class="file">ls-R</span></samp> that maps files to directories, thus
avoiding the need to exhaustively search the disk.
<p>A second database file <samp><span class="file">aliases</span></samp> allows you to give additional
names to the files listed in <samp><span class="file">ls-R</span></samp>. This can be helpful to adapt
to “8.3” filename conventions in source files.
<p>The <samp><span class="file">ls-R</span></samp> and <samp><span class="file">aliases</span></samp> features are implemented in the
source file <samp><span class="file">kpathsea/db.c</span></samp>.
<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#ls_002dR">ls-R</a>: The main filename database.
<li><a accesskey="2" href="#Filename-aliases">Filename aliases</a>: Aliases for those names.
<li><a accesskey="3" href="#Database-format">Database format</a>: Syntax details of the database file.
</ul>
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="ls-R"></a>
<a name="ls_002dR"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Filename-aliases">Filename aliases</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Filename-database">Filename database</a>
</div>
<h4 class="subsection">3.4.1 <samp><span class="file">ls-R</span></samp></h4>
<p><a name="index-ls_002dR-_0040r_007bdatabase-file_007d-543"></a><a name="index-TEXMFDBS-544"></a>
As mentioned above, you must name the main filename database
<samp><span class="file">ls-R</span></samp>. You can put one at the root of each TeX installation
hierarchy you wish to search (<code>$TEXMF</code> by default); most sites have
only one hierarchy. Kpathsea looks for <samp><span class="file">ls-R</span></samp> files along the
<code>TEXMFDBS</code> path, so that should presumably match the list of
hierarchies.
<p>The recommended way to create and maintain `<samp><span class="samp">ls-R</span></samp>' is to run the
<code>mktexlsr</code> script, which is installed in `<samp><span class="samp">$(bindir)</span></samp>'
(<samp><span class="file">/usr/local/bin</span></samp> by default). That script goes to some trouble to
follow symbolic links as necessary, etc. It's also invoked by the
distributed `<samp><span class="samp">mktex...</span></samp>' scripts.
<p><a name="index-ls_002dR_0040r_007b_002c-simplest-build_007d-545"></a>At its simplest, though, you can build <samp><span class="file">ls-R</span></samp> with the command
<pre class="example"> cd <var>/your/texmf/root</var> && ls -LAR ./ >ls-R
</pre>
<p class="noindent"><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dcolor_003dtty-546"></a><a name="index-g_t_002fetc_002fprofile-_0040r_007band-aliases_007d-547"></a>presuming your <code>ls</code> produces the right output format (see the
section below). GNU <code>ls</code>, for example, outputs in this format.
Also presuming your <code>ls</code> hasn't been aliased in a system file
(e.g., <samp><span class="file">/etc/profile</span></samp>) to something problematic, e.g., `<samp><span class="samp">ls
--color=tty</span></samp>'. In that case, you will have to disable the alias before
generating <samp><span class="file">ls-R</span></samp>. For the precise definition of the file format,
see <a href="#Database-format">Database format</a>.
<p>Regardless of whether you use the supplied script or your own, you will
almost certainly want to invoke it via <code>cron</code>, so when you make
changes in the installed files (say if you install a new LaTeX
package), <samp><span class="file">ls-R</span></samp> will be automatically updated.
<p><a name="index-g_t_002dA-_0040r_007boption-to-_0040code_007bls_007d_007d-548"></a><a name="index-dot-files-549"></a><a name="index-g_t_002e-_0040r_007bfiles_007d-550"></a><a name="index-g_t_002e-_0040r_007bdirectories_002c-ignored_007d-551"></a><a name="index-g_t_002etex-_0040r_007bfile_002c-included-in-_0040file_007bls_002dR_007d_007d-552"></a>The `<samp><span class="samp">-A</span></samp>' option to <code>ls</code> includes files beginning with `<samp><span class="samp">.</span></samp>'
(except for <samp><span class="file">.</span></samp> and <samp><span class="file">..</span></samp>), such as the file <samp><span class="file">.tex</span></samp>
included with the LaTeX tools package. (On the other hand,
<em>directories</em> whose names begin with `<samp><span class="samp">.</span></samp>' are always ignored.)
<p><a name="index-symbolic-links_002c-and-_0040file_007bls_002dR_007d-553"></a><a name="index-g_t_002dL-_0040r_007boption-to-_0040code_007bls_007d_007d-554"></a>If your system does not support symbolic links, omit the `<samp><span class="samp">-L</span></samp>'.
<p><a name="index-automounter_002c-and-_0040file_007bls_002dR_007d-555"></a><a name="index-NFS-and-_0040file_007bls_002dR_007d-556"></a><code>ls -LAR </code><var>/your/texmf/root</var> will also work. But using
`<samp><span class="samp">./</span></samp>' avoids embedding absolute pathnames, so the hierarchy can be
easily transported. It also avoids possible trouble with automounters
or other network filesystem conventions.
<p><a name="index-warning-about-unusable-_0040file_007bls_002dR_007d-557"></a><a name="index-unusable-_0040file_007bls_002dR_007d-warning-558"></a>Kpathsea warns you if it finds an <samp><span class="file">ls-R</span></samp> file, but the file does
not contain any usable entries. The usual culprit is running plain
`<samp><span class="samp">ls -R</span></samp>' instead of `<samp><span class="samp">ls -LR ./</span></samp>' or `<samp><span class="samp">ls -R
</span><var>/your/texmf/root</var></samp>'. Another possibility is some system directory
name starting with a `<samp><span class="samp">.</span></samp>' (perhaps if you are using AFS); Kpathsea
ignores everything under such directories.
<p><a name="index-g_t_0021_0021-_0040r_007bin-path-specifications_007d-559"></a><a name="index-disk-searching_002c-avoiding-560"></a>Because the database may be out-of-date for a particular run, if a file
is not found in the database, by default Kpathsea goes ahead and
searches the disk. If a particular path element begins with `<samp><span class="samp">!!</span></samp>',
however, <em>only</em> the database will be searched for that element,
never the disk. If the database does not exist, nothing will be
searched. Because this can surprise users (“I see the font
<samp><span class="file">foo.tfm</span></samp> when I do an <code>ls</code>; why can't Dvips find it?”), it
is not in any of the default search paths.
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Filename-aliases"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Database-format">Database format</a>,
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#ls_002dR">ls-R</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Filename-database">Filename database</a>
</div>
<h4 class="subsection">3.4.2 Filename aliases</h4>
<p><a name="index-filename-aliases-561"></a><a name="index-aliases_002c-for-filenames-562"></a>
In some circumstances, you may wish to find a file under several names.
For example, suppose a TeX document was created using a DOS system
and tries to read <samp><span class="file">longtabl.sty</span></samp>. But now it's being run on a Unix
system, and the file has its original name, <samp><span class="file">longtable.sty</span></samp>. The
file won't be found. You need to give the actual file
<samp><span class="file">longtable.sty</span></samp> an alias `<samp><span class="samp">longtabl.sty</span></samp>'.
<!-- As another example, suppose you are creating a @TeX{} distribution on a -->
<!-- CD-ROM or a DOS system; then the file @file{mf.base} gets stored as -->
<!-- @file{mf.bas}. But Metafont on Unix wants to find @file{mf.base}. Here -->
<!-- you need to give the actual file @file{mf.bas} an alias @samp{mf.base}. -->
<p>You can handle this by creating a file <samp><span class="file">aliases</span></samp> as a companion to
the <samp><span class="file">ls-R</span></samp> for the hierarchy containing the file in question. (You
must have an <samp><span class="file">ls-R</span></samp> for the alias feature to work.)
<p>The format of <samp><span class="file">aliases</span></samp> is simple: two whitespace-separated words
per line; the first is the real name <samp><span class="file">longtable.sty</span></samp>, and second is
the alias (<samp><span class="file">longtabl.sty</span></samp>). These must be base filenames, with no
directory components. <samp><span class="file">longtable.sty</span></samp> must be in the sibling
<samp><span class="file">ls-R</span></samp>.
<p>Also, blank lines and lines starting with `<samp><span class="samp">%</span></samp>' or `<samp><span class="samp">#</span></samp>' are
ignored in <samp><span class="file">aliases</span></samp>, to allow for comments.
<p>If a real file <samp><span class="file">longtabl.sty</span></samp> exists, it is used regardless of any
aliases.
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Database-format"></a>
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Filename-aliases">Filename aliases</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Filename-database">Filename database</a>
</div>
<h4 class="subsection">3.4.3 Database format</h4>
<p><a name="index-format-of-external-database-563"></a><a name="index-database_002c-format-of-564"></a>
The “database” read by Kpathsea is a line-oriented file of plain
text. The format is that generated by GNU (and most other) <code>ls</code>
programs given the `<samp><span class="samp">-R</span></samp>' option, as follows.
<ul>
<li>Blank lines are ignored.
<li>If a line begins with `<samp><span class="samp">/</span></samp>' or `<samp><span class="samp">./</span></samp>' or `<samp><span class="samp">../</span></samp>' and ends with
a colon, it's the name of a directory. (`<samp><span class="samp">../</span></samp>' lines aren't useful,
however, and should not be generated.)
<li>All other lines define entries in the most recently seen directory.
<tt>/</tt>'s in such lines will produce possibly-strange results.
<li>Files with no preceding directory line are ignored.
</ul>
<p>For example, here's the first few lines of <samp><span class="file">ls-R</span></samp> (which totals
about 30K bytes) on my system:
<pre class="example"> bibtex
dvips
fonts
ls-R
metafont
metapost
tex
web2c
./bibtex:
bib
bst
doc
./bibtex/bib:
asi.bib
btxdoc.bib
...
</pre>
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Invoking-kpsewhich"></a>
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Filename-database">Filename database</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Path-searching">Path searching</a>
</div>
<h3 class="section">3.5 <code>kpsewhich</code>: Standalone path searching</h3>
<p><a name="index-kpsewhich-565"></a><a name="index-path-searching_002c-standalone-566"></a><a name="index-standalone-path-searching-567"></a>
The Kpsewhich program exercises the path searching functionality
independent of any particular application. This can also be useful as a
sort of <code>find</code> program to locate files in your TeX hierarchies,
perhaps in administrative scripts. It is used heavily in the
distributed `<samp><span class="samp">mktex...</span></samp>' scripts.
<p>Synopsis:
<pre class="example"> kpsewhich <var>option</var>... <var>filename</var>...
</pre>
<p>The options and filename(s) to look up can be intermixed.
Options can start with either `<samp><span class="samp">-</span></samp>' or `<samp><span class="samp">--</span></samp>', and any unambiguous
abbreviation is accepted.
<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#Path-searching-options">Path searching options</a>: Changing the mode, resolution, etc.
<li><a accesskey="2" href="#Auxiliary-tasks">Auxiliary tasks</a>: Path and variable expansion.
<li><a accesskey="3" href="#Standard-options">Standard options</a>: --help and --version.
</ul>
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Path-searching-options"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Auxiliary-tasks">Auxiliary tasks</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Invoking-kpsewhich">Invoking kpsewhich</a>
</div>
<h4 class="subsection">3.5.1 Path searching options</h4>
<p><a name="index-path-searching-options-568"></a>
Kpsewhich looks up each non-option argument on the command line as a
filename, and returns the first file found. There is no option to
return all the files with a particular name (you can run the Unix
`<samp><span class="samp">find</span></samp>' utility for that, see <a href="findutils.html#Invoking-find">Invoking find</a>).
<p>Various options alter the path searching behavior:
<dl>
<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">--dpi=</span><var>num</var></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002d_002ddpi_003d_0040var_007bnum_007d-569"></a><a name="index-g_t_002dD-_0040var_007bnum_007d-570"></a><a name="index-resolution_002c-setting-571"></a>Set the resolution to <var>num</var>; this only affects `<samp><span class="samp">gf</span></samp>' and
`<samp><span class="samp">pk</span></samp>' lookups. `<samp><span class="samp">-D</span></samp>' is a synonym, for compatibility with
Dvips. Default is 600.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">--engine=</span><var>name</var></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dengine_003d_0040var_007bname_007d-572"></a><a name="index-engine-name-573"></a>Set the engine name to <var>name</var>. By default it is not set. The
engine name is used in some search paths to allow files with the same
name but used by different engines to coexist.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">--format=</span><var>name</var></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dformat_003d_0040var_007bname_007d-574"></a>Set the format for lookup to <var>name</var>. By default, the format is
guessed from the filename, with `<samp><span class="samp">tex</span></samp>' being used if nothing else
fits. The recognized filename extensions (including any leading
`<samp><span class="samp">.</span></samp>') are also allowable <var>name</var>s.
<p>All formats also have a name, which is the only way to specify formats
with no associated suffix. For example, for Dvips configuration files
you can use `<samp><span class="samp">--format="dvips config"</span></samp>'. (The quotes are for the
sake of the shell.)
<p>Here's the current list of recognized names and the associated suffixes.
See <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a>, for more information on each of these.
<pre class="example"> gf: gf
pk: pk
bitmap font
afm: .afm
base: .base
bib: .bib
bst: .bst
cnf: .cnf
ls-R: ls-R
fmt: .fmt
map: .map
mem: .mem
mf: .mf
mfpool: .pool
mft: .mft
mp: .mp
mppool: .pool
MetaPost support
ocp: .ocp
ofm: .ofm .tfm
opl: .opl
otp: .otp
ovf: .ovf
ovp: .ovp
graphic/figure: .eps .epsi
tex: .tex
TeX system documentation
texpool: .pool
TeX system sources
PostScript header/font: .pro
Troff fonts
tfm: .tfm
type1 fonts: .pfa .pfb
vf: .vf
dvips config
ist: .ist
truetype fonts: .ttf .ttc
type42 fonts
web2c files
other text files
other binary files
misc fonts
web: .web
cweb: .w .web
enc: .enc
cmap: .cmap
sfd: .sfd
opentype fonts
pdftex config
lig files: .lig
texmfscripts
</pre>
<p>This option and `<samp><span class="samp">--path</span></samp>' are mutually exclusive.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">--interactive</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dinteractive-575"></a><a name="index-interactive-query-576"></a>After processing the command line, read additional filenames to look up
from standard input.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-mktex=</span><var>filetype</var></samp>'<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">-no-mktex=</span><var>filetype</var></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dmktex_003d_0040var_007bfiletype_007d-577"></a><a name="index-g_t_002dno_002dmktex_003d_0040var_007bfiletype_007d-578"></a>Turn on or off the `<samp><span class="samp">mktex</span></samp>' script associated with <var>filetype</var>.
The only values that make sense for <var>filetype</var> are `<samp><span class="samp">pk</span></samp>',
`<samp><span class="samp">mf</span></samp>', `<samp><span class="samp">tex</span></samp>', and `<samp><span class="samp">tfm</span></samp>'. By default, all are off in
Kpsewhich. See <a href="#mktex-scripts">mktex scripts</a>.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">--mode=</span><var>string</var></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dmode_003d_0040var_007bstring_007d-579"></a>Set the mode name to <var>string</var>; this also only affects `<samp><span class="samp">gf</span></samp>' and
`<samp><span class="samp">pk</span></samp>' lookups. No default: any mode will be found. See <a href="#mktex-script-arguments">mktex script arguments</a>.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">--must-exist</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dmust_002dexist-580"></a>Do everything possible to find the files, notably including searching
the disk. By default, only the <samp><span class="file">ls-R</span></samp> database is checked, in the
interest of efficiency.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">--path=</span><var>string</var></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dpath_003d_0040var_007bstring_007d-581"></a>Search along the path <var>string</var> (colon-separated as usual), instead
of guessing the search path from the filename. `<samp><span class="samp">//</span></samp>' and all the
usual expansions are supported (see <a href="#Path-expansion">Path expansion</a>). This option
and `<samp><span class="samp">--format</span></samp>' are mutually exclusive. To output the complete
directory expansion of a path, instead of doing a one-shot lookup, see
`<samp><span class="samp">--expand-path</span></samp>' in the following section.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">--progname=</span><var>name</var></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dprogname_003d_0040var_007bname_007d-582"></a>Set the program name to <var>name</var>; default is `<samp><span class="samp">kpsewhich</span></samp>'. This
can affect the search paths via the `<samp><span class="samp">.</span><var>prognam</var></samp>' feature in
configuration files (see <a href="#Config-files">Config files</a>).
</dl>
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Auxiliary-tasks"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Standard-options">Standard options</a>,
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Path-searching-options">Path searching options</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Invoking-kpsewhich">Invoking kpsewhich</a>
</div>
<h4 class="subsection">3.5.2 Auxiliary tasks</h4>
<p><a name="index-auxiliary-tasks-583"></a>
Kpsewhich provides some additional features not strictly related to path
lookup:
<ul>
<li><a name="index-g_t_002d_002ddebug_003d_0040var_007bnum_007d-584"></a>`<samp><span class="samp">--debug=</span><var>num</var></samp>' sets the debugging options to <var>num</var>.
See <a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a>.
<li><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dvar_002dvalue_003d_0040var_007bvariable_007d-585"></a>`<samp><span class="samp">--var-value=</span><var>variable</var></samp>' output the value of <var>variable</var>.
<li><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dexpand_002dbraces_003d_0040var_007bstring_007d-586"></a>`<samp><span class="samp">--expand-braces=</span><var>string</var></samp>' outputs the variable and brace
expansion of <var>string</var>. See <a href="#Path-expansion">Path expansion</a>.
<li><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dexpand_002dvar_003d_0040var_007bstring_007d-587"></a>`<samp><span class="samp">--expand-var=</span><var>string</var></samp>' outputs the variable expansion of
<var>string</var>. For example, the `<samp><span class="samp">mktex...</span></samp>' scripts run
`<samp><span class="samp">kpsewhich --expand-var='$TEXMF'</span></samp>' to find the root of the TeX system
hierarchy. See <a href="#Path-expansion">Path expansion</a>.
<li><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dexpand_002dpath_003d_0040var_007bstring_007d-588"></a>`<samp><span class="samp">--expand-path=</span><var>string</var></samp>' outputs the complete expansion of
<var>string</var> as a colon-separated path. This is useful to construct a
search path for a program that doesn't accept recursive subdirectory
specifications. Nonexistent directories are culled from the output:
<pre class="example"> $ kpsewhich --expand-path '/tmp'
=> /tmp
$ kpsewhich --expand-path '/nonesuch'
=>
</pre>
<p>For one-shot uses of an arbitrary (not built in to Kpathsea) path, see
`<samp><span class="samp">--path</span></samp>' in the previous section.
<li><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dshow_002dpath_003d_0040var_007bname_007d-589"></a>`<samp><span class="samp">--show-path=</span><var>name</var></samp>' shows the path that would be used for file
lookups of file type <var>name</var>. Either a filename extension
(`<samp><span class="samp">pk</span></samp>', `<samp><span class="samp">.vf</span></samp>', etc.) or an integer can be used, just as with
`<samp><span class="samp">--format</span></samp>', described in the previous section.
</ul>
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Standard-options"></a>
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Auxiliary-tasks">Auxiliary tasks</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Invoking-kpsewhich">Invoking kpsewhich</a>
</div>
<h4 class="subsection">3.5.3 Standard options</h4>
<p><a name="index-standard-options-590"></a>
Kpsewhich accepts the standard GNU options:
<ul>
<li><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dhelp-591"></a>`<samp><span class="samp">--help</span></samp>' prints a help message on standard output and exits.
<li><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dversion-592"></a>`<samp><span class="samp">--version</span></samp>' prints the Kpathsea version number and exits.
</ul>
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="TeX-support"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Programming">Programming</a>,
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Path-searching">Path searching</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>
</div>
<h2 class="chapter">4 TeX support</h2>
<p><a name="index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d-support-593"></a>
Although the basic features in Kpathsea can be used for any type of path
searching, it came about (like all libraries) with a specific
application in mind: I wrote Kpathsea specifically for TeX system
programs. I had been struggling with the programs I was using (Dvips,
Xdvi, and TeX itself) having slightly different notions of how to
specify paths; and debugging was painful, since no code was shared.
<p>Therefore, Kpathsea provides some TeX-specific formats and features.
Indeed, many of the supposedly generic path searching features were
provided because they seemed useful in that conTeXt (font lookup,
particularly).
<p>Kpathsea provides a standard way to search for files of any of the
supported file types; glyph fonts are a bit different than all the rest.
Searches are based solely on filenames, not file contents—if a GF
file is named <samp><span class="file">cmr10.600pk</span></samp>, it will be found as a PK file.
<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a>: File types Kpathsea knows about.
<li><a accesskey="2" href="#File-lookup">File lookup</a>: Searching for most kinds of files.
<li><a accesskey="3" href="#Glyph-lookup">Glyph lookup</a>: Searching for bitmap fonts.
<li><a accesskey="4" href="#Suppressing-warnings">Suppressing warnings</a>: Avoiding warnings via TEX_HUSH.
</ul>
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Supported-file-formats"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#File-lookup">File lookup</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#TeX-support">TeX support</a>
</div>
<h3 class="section">4.1 Supported file formats</h3>
<p><a name="index-supported-file-formats-594"></a><a name="index-file-formats_002c-supported-595"></a>
<a name="index-environment-variables-for-_0040TeX_007b_007d-596"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d-environment-variables-597"></a>
Kpathsea has support for a number of file types. Each file type has a
list of environment and config file variables that are checked to define
the search path, and most have a default suffix that plays a role in
finding files (see the next section). Some also define additional
suffixes, and/or a program to be run to create missing files on the fly.
<p><a name="index-program_002dvarying-paths-598"></a>Since environment variables containing periods, such as
`<samp><span class="samp">TEXINPUTS.latex</span></samp>', are not allowed on some systems, Kpathsea looks
for environment variables with an underscore, e.g.,
`<samp><span class="samp">TEXINPUTS_latex</span></samp>' (see <a href="#Config-files">Config files</a>).
<p>The following table lists the above information.
<dl>
<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">afm</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002eafm-599"></a><a name="index-AFMFONTS-600"></a>(Adobe font metrics, see <a href="dvips.html#Metric-files">Metric files</a>)
<code>AFMFONTS</code>;
suffix `<samp><span class="samp">.afm</span></samp>'.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">base</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002ebase-601"></a><a name="index-MFBASES-602"></a><a name="index-TEXMFINI-603"></a>(Metafont memory dump, see <a href="web2c.html#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>)
<code>MFBASES</code>, <code>TEXMFINI</code>;
suffix `<samp><span class="samp">.base</span></samp>'.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">bib</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002ebib-604"></a><a name="index-BIBINPUTS-605"></a><a name="index-TEXBIB-606"></a>(BibTeX bibliography source, see <a href="web2c.html#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a>)
<code>BIBINPUTS</code>, <code>TEXBIB</code>;
suffix `<samp><span class="samp">.bib</span></samp>'.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">bst</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002ebst-607"></a><a name="index-BSTINPUTS-608"></a>(BibTeX style file, see <a href="web2c.html#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">Basic BibTeX style files</a>)
<code>BSTINPUTS</code>;
suffix `<samp><span class="samp">.bst</span></samp>'.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">cmap</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002ecmap-609"></a><a name="index-CMAPFONTS-610"></a>(character map files)
<code>CMAPFONTS</code>;
suffix `<samp><span class="samp">.cmap</span></samp>'.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">cnf</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002ecnf-611"></a><a name="index-TEXMFCNF-612"></a>(Runtime configuration files, see <a href="#Config-files">Config files</a>)
<code>TEXMFCNF</code>;
suffix `<samp><span class="samp">.cnf</span></samp>'.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">cweb</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002ew-613"></a><a name="index-g_t_002eweb-614"></a><a name="index-CWEBINPUTS-615"></a>(CWEB input files)
<code>CWEBINPUTS</code>;
suffixes `<samp><span class="samp">.w</span></samp>', `<samp><span class="samp">.web</span></samp>';
additional suffix `<samp><span class="samp">.ch</span></samp>'.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">dvips config</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-TEXCONFIG-616"></a><a name="index-config_002eps_0040r_007b_002c-search-path-for_007d-617"></a>(Dvips `<samp><span class="samp">config.*</span></samp>' files, such as <samp><span class="file">config.ps</span></samp>, see <a href="dvips.html#Config-files">Config files</a>)
<code>TEXCONFIG</code>.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">enc files</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002eenc-618"></a><a name="index-ENCFONTS-619"></a>(encoding vectors)
<code>ENCFONTS</code>;
suffix `<samp><span class="samp">.enc</span></samp>'.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">fmt</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002efmt-620"></a><a name="index-TEXFORMATS-621"></a><a name="index-TEXMFINI-622"></a>(TeX memory dump, see <a href="web2c.html#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>)
<code>TEXFORMATS</code>, <code>TEXMFINI</code>;
suffix `<samp><span class="samp">.fmt</span></samp>'.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">gf</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-gf-623"></a><a name="index-GFFONTS-624"></a><a name="index-GLYPHFONTS-625"></a><a name="index-TEXFONTS-626"></a>(generic font bitmap, see <a href="dvips.html#Glyph-files">Glyph files</a>)
<var>program</var><code>FONTS</code>, <code>GFFONTS</code>, <code>GLYPHFONTS</code>, <code>TEXFONTS</code>;
suffix `<samp><span class="samp">gf</span></samp>'.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">graphic/figure</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002eeps-627"></a><a name="index-g_t_002eepsi-628"></a><a name="index-TEXPICTS-629"></a><a name="index-TEXINPUTS-630"></a>(Encapsulated PostScript figures, see <a href="dvips.html#PostScript-figures">PostScript figures</a>)
<code>TEXPICTS</code>, <code>TEXINPUTS</code>;
additional suffixes: `<samp><span class="samp">.eps</span></samp>', `<samp><span class="samp">.epsi</span></samp>'.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">ist</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002eist-631"></a><a name="index-TEXINDEXSTYLE-632"></a><a name="index-INDEXSTYLE-633"></a>(makeindex style files)
<code>TEXINDEXSTYLE</code>, <code>INDEXSTYLE</code>;
suffix `<samp><span class="samp">.ist</span></samp>'.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">lig files</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002elig-634"></a><a name="index-LIGFONTS-635"></a>(ligature definition files)
<code>LIGFONTS</code>;
suffix `<samp><span class="samp">.lig</span></samp>'.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">ls-R</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-ls_002dR-636"></a><a name="index-TEXMFDBS-637"></a>(Filename databases, see <a href="#Filename-database">Filename database</a>)
<code>TEXMFDBS</code>.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">map</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002emap-638"></a><a name="index-TEXFONTMAPS-639"></a>(Fontmaps, see <a href="#Fontmap">Fontmap</a>)
<code>TEXFONTMAPS</code>;
suffix `<samp><span class="samp">.map</span></samp>'.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">mem</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002emem-640"></a><a name="index-MPMEMS-641"></a><a name="index-TEXMFINI-642"></a>(MetaPost memory dump, see <a href="web2c.html#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>)
<code>MPMEMS</code>, <code>TEXMFINI</code>;
suffix `<samp><span class="samp">.mem</span></samp>'.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">MetaPost support</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-MPSUPPORT-643"></a>(MetaPost support files, used by DMP; see <a href="web2c.html#dmp-invocation">dmp invocation</a>)
<code>MPSUPPORT</code>.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">mf</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002emf-644"></a><a name="index-MFINPUTS-645"></a>(Metafont source, see <a href="web2c.html#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a>)
<code>MFINPUTS</code>;
suffix `<samp><span class="samp">.mf</span></samp>';
dynamic creation program: <code>mktexmf</code>.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">mfpool</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002epool-646"></a><a name="index-MFPOOL-647"></a>(Metafont program strings, see <a href="web2c.html#pooltype-invocation">pooltype invocation</a>)
<code>MFPOOL</code>, <code>TEXMFINI</code>;
suffix `<samp><span class="samp">.pool</span></samp>'.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">mft</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002emft-648"></a><a name="index-MFTINPUTS-649"></a>(<code>MFT</code> style file, see <a href="web2c.html#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a>)
<code>MFTINPUTS</code>;
suffix `<samp><span class="samp">.mft</span></samp>'.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">misc fonts</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-MISCFONTS-650"></a>(font-related files that don't fit the other categories)
<code>MISCFONTS</code>
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">mp</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002emp-651"></a><a name="index-MPINPUTS-652"></a>(MetaPost source, see <a href="web2c.html#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a>)
<code>MPINPUTS</code>;
suffix `<samp><span class="samp">.mp</span></samp>'.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">mppool</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002epool-653"></a><a name="index-MPPOOL-654"></a>(MetaPost program strings, see <a href="web2c.html#pooltype-invocation">pooltype invocation</a>)
<code>MPPOOL</code>, <code>TEXMFINI</code>;
suffix `<samp><span class="samp">.pool</span></samp>'.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">ocp</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002eocp-655"></a><a name="index-OCPINPUTS-656"></a>(Omega compiled process files)
<code>OCPINPUTS</code>; <br>
suffix `<samp><span class="samp">.ocp</span></samp>';
dynamic creation program: <code>MakeOmegaOCP</code>.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">ofm</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002eofm-657"></a><a name="index-OFMFONTS-658"></a>(Omega font metrics)
<code>OFMFONTS</code>, <code>TEXFONTS</code>; <br>
suffixes `<samp><span class="samp">.ofm</span></samp>', `<samp><span class="samp">.tfm</span></samp>';
dynamic creation program: <code>MakeOmegaOFM</code>.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">opentype fonts</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-OPENTYPEFONTS-659"></a>(OpenType fonts)
<code>OPENTYPEFONTS</code>.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">opl</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002eopl-660"></a>(Omega property lists)
<code>OPLFONTS</code>, <code>TEXFONTS</code>;
suffix `<samp><span class="samp">.opl</span></samp>'.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">otp</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002eotp-661"></a><a name="index-OTPINPUTS-662"></a>(Omega translation process files)
<code>OTPINPUTS</code>;
suffix `<samp><span class="samp">.otp</span></samp>'.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">ovf</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002eovf-663"></a><a name="index-OVFFONTS-664"></a>(Omega virtual fonts)
<code>OVFFONTS</code>, <code>TEXFONTS</code>;
suffix `<samp><span class="samp">.ovf</span></samp>'.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">ovp</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002eovp-665"></a><a name="index-OVPFONTS-666"></a>(Omega virtual property lists)
<code>OVPFONTS</code>, <code>TEXFONTS</code>;
suffix `<samp><span class="samp">.ovp</span></samp>'.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">pdftex config</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-PDFTEXCONFIG-667"></a>(PDFTeX-specific configuration files)
<code>PDFTEXCONFIG</code>.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">pk</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002epk-668"></a><a name="index-PKFONTS-669"></a><a name="index-TEXPKS-670"></a><a name="index-GLYPHFONTS-671"></a><a name="index-TEXFONTS-672"></a>(packed bitmap fonts, see <a href="dvips.html#Glyph-files">Glyph files</a>)
<var>PROGRAM</var><code>FONTS</code> (<var>program</var> being `<samp><span class="samp">XDVI</span></samp>', etc.),
<code>PKFONTS</code>, <code>TEXPKS</code>, <code>GLYPHFONTS</code>, <code>TEXFONTS</code>;
suffix `<samp><span class="samp">pk</span></samp>';
dynamic creation program: <code>mktexpk</code>.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">PostScript header</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002epro-673"></a><a name="index-TEXPSHEADERS-674"></a><a name="index-PSHEADERS-675"></a>(downloadable PostScript, see <a href="dvips.html#Header-files">Header files</a>)
<code>TEXPSHEADERS</code>, <code>PSHEADERS</code>;
additional suffix `<samp><span class="samp">.pro</span></samp>'.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">subfont definition files</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002esfd-676"></a><a name="index-SFDFONTS-677"></a>(subfont definition files)
<code>SFDFONTS</code>
suffix `<samp><span class="samp">.sfd</span></samp>'.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">tex</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002etex-678"></a><a name="index-TEXINPUTS-679"></a>(TeX source, see <a href="web2c.html#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a>)
<code>TEXINPUTS</code>;
suffix `<samp><span class="samp">.tex</span></samp>';
additional suffixes: none, because such a list cannot be complete;
dynamic creation program: <code>mktextex</code>.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">TeX system documentation</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-doc-files-680"></a><a name="index-TEXDOCS-681"></a>(Documentation files for the TeX system)
<code>TEXDOCS</code>.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">TeX system sources</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-source-files-682"></a><a name="index-TEXSOURCES-683"></a>(Source files for the TeX system)
<code>TEXSOURCES</code>.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">texmfscripts</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-TEXMFSCRIPTS-684"></a>(Architecture-independent executables distributed in the texmf tree)
<code>TEXMFSCRIPTS</code>.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">texpool</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002epool-685"></a><a name="index-TEXPOOL-686"></a>(TeX program strings, see <a href="web2c.html#pooltype-invocation">pooltype invocation</a>)
<code>TEXPOOL</code>, <code>TEXMFINI</code>;
suffix `<samp><span class="samp">.pool</span></samp>'.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">tfm</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002etfm-687"></a><a name="index-TFMFONTS-688"></a><a name="index-TEXFONTS-689"></a>(TeX font metrics, see <a href="dvips.html#Metric-files">Metric files</a>)
<code>TFMFONTS</code>, <code>TEXFONTS</code>;
suffix `<samp><span class="samp">.tfm</span></samp>';
dynamic creation program: <code>mktextfm</code>.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">Troff fonts</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-TRFONTS-690"></a>(Troff fonts, used by DMP; see <a href="web2c.html#DMP-invocation">DMP invocation</a>)
<code>TRFONTS</code>.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">truetype fonts</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002ettf-691"></a><a name="index-g_t_002ettc-692"></a><a name="index-TTFONTS-693"></a>(TrueType outline fonts) <code>TTFONTS</code>; suffixes `<samp><span class="samp">.ttf</span></samp>',
`<samp><span class="samp">.ttc</span></samp>'.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">type1 fonts</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002epfa-694"></a><a name="index-g_t_002epfb-695"></a><a name="index-T1FONTS-696"></a><a name="index-T1INPUTS-697"></a><a name="index-TEXPSHEADERS-698"></a><a name="index-DVIPSHEADERS-699"></a>(Type 1 PostScript outline fonts, see <a href="dvips.html#Glyph-files">Glyph files</a>)
<code>T1FONTS</code>, <code>T1INPUTS</code>, <code>TEXPSHEADERS</code>, <code>DVIPSHEADERS</code>;
suffixes `<samp><span class="samp">.pfa</span></samp>', `<samp><span class="samp">.pfb</span></samp>'.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">type42 fonts</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-T42FONTS-700"></a>(Type 42 PostScript outline fonts) <code>T42FONTS</code>.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">vf</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002evf-701"></a><a name="index-VFFONTS-702"></a><a name="index-TEXFONTS-703"></a>(virtual fonts, see <a href="dvips.html#Virtual-fonts">Virtual fonts</a>)
<code>VFFONTS</code>, <code>TEXFONTS</code>;
suffix `<samp><span class="samp">.vf</span></samp>'.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">web</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-g_t_002eweb-704"></a><a name="index-WEBINPUTS-705"></a>(WEB input files)
<code>WEBINPUTS</code>;
suffix `<samp><span class="samp">.web</span></samp>';
additional suffix `<samp><span class="samp">.ch</span></samp>'.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">web2c files</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-WEB2C-706"></a>(files specific to the web2c implementation)
<code>WEB2C</code>.
</dl>
<p>There are two special cases, because the paths and environment variables
always depend on the name of the program: the variable name is
constructed by converting the program name to upper case, and then
appending `<samp><span class="samp">INPUTS</span></samp>'. Assuming the program is called `<samp><span class="samp">foo</span></samp>',
this gives us the following table.
<dl>
<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">other text files</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-FOOINPUTS-707"></a>(text files used by `<samp><span class="samp">foo</span></samp>')
<code>FOOINPUTS</code>.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">other binary files</span></samp>'<dd><a name="index-FOOINPUTS-708"></a>(binary files used by `<samp><span class="samp">foo</span></samp>')
<code>FOOINPUTS</code>.
</dl>
<p>If an environment variable by these names are set, the corresponding
<samp><span class="file">texmf.cnf</span></samp> definition won't be looked at (unless, as usual, the
environment variable value has an extra `<samp><span class="samp">:</span></samp>'). See <a href="#Default-expansion">Default expansion</a>.
<p>For the font variables, the intent is that:
<ul>
<li><code>TEXFONTS</code> is the default for everything.
<li><code>GLYPHFONTS</code> is the default for bitmap (or, more precisely,
non-metric) files.
<li>Each font format has a variable of its own.
<li><a name="index-XDVIFONTS-709"></a><a name="index-DVIPSFONTS-710"></a>Each program has its own font override path as well; e.g.,
<code>DVIPSFONTS</code> for Dvipsk. Again, this is for bitmaps, not metrics.
</ul>
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="File-lookup"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Glyph-lookup">Glyph lookup</a>,
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#TeX-support">TeX support</a>
</div>
<h3 class="section">4.2 File lookup</h3>
<p><a name="index-file-lookup-711"></a><a name="index-searching-for-files-712"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d-file-lookup-713"></a>
This section describes how Kpathsea searches for most files (bitmap font
searches are the exception, as described in the next section).
<p>Here is the search strategy for a file <var>name</var>:
<ol type=1 start=1>
<li>If the file format defines default suffixes, and the suffix of
<var>name</var> name is not already a known suffix for that format, try the
name with each default appended, and use alternative names found in the
fontmaps if necessary. We postpone searching the disk as long as
possible. Example: given `<samp><span class="samp">foo.sty</span></samp>', look for `<samp><span class="samp">foo.sty.tex</span></samp>'
before `<samp><span class="samp">foo.sty</span></samp>'. This is unfortunate, but allows us to find
`<samp><span class="samp">foo.bar.tex</span></samp>' before `<samp><span class="samp">foo.bar</span></samp>' if both exist and we were given
`<samp><span class="samp">foo.bar</span></samp>'.
<li>Search for <var>name</var>, and if necessary for alternative names found in
the fontmaps. Again we avoid searching the disk if possible. Example:
given `<samp><span class="samp">foo</span></samp>', we look for `<samp><span class="samp">foo</span></samp>'.
<li>If the file format defines a program to invoke to create missing files,
run it (see <a href="#mktex-scripts">mktex scripts</a>).
</ol>
<p><a name="index-tex_002dfile_002ec-714"></a><a name="index-kpse_005ffind_005ffile-715"></a>This is implemented in the routine <code>kpse_find_file</code> in
<samp><span class="file">kpathsea/tex-file.c</span></samp>. You can watch it in action with the
debugging options (see <a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a>).
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Glyph-lookup"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Suppressing-warnings">Suppressing warnings</a>,
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#File-lookup">File lookup</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#TeX-support">TeX support</a>
</div>
<h3 class="section">4.3 Glyph lookup</h3>
<p><a name="index-glyph-lookup-716"></a><a name="index-searching-for-glyphs-717"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d-glyph-lookup-718"></a>
This section describes how Kpathsea searches for a bitmap font in GF or
PK format (or either) given a font name (e.g., `<samp><span class="samp">cmr10</span></samp>') and a
resolution (e.g., 600).
<p>Here is an outline of the search strategy (details in the sections
below) for a file <var>name</var> at resolution <var>dpi</var>. The search stops
at the first successful lookup.
<ol type=1 start=1>
<li>Look for an existing file <var>name</var>.<var>dpi</var><var>format</var> in the
specified format(s).
<li>If <var>name</var> is an alias for a file <var>f</var> in the fontmap
file <samp><span class="file">texfonts.map</span></samp>, look for <var>f</var>.<var>dpi</var>.
<li>Run an external program (typically named `<samp><span class="samp">mktexpk</span></samp>') to
generate the font (see <a href="#mktex-scripts">mktex scripts</a>)
<li>Look for <var>fallback</var>.<var>dpi</var>, where <var>fallback</var> is some
last-resort font (typically `<samp><span class="samp">cmr10</span></samp>').
</ol>
<p><a name="index-tex_002dglyph_002ec-719"></a><a name="index-kpse_005ffind_005fglyph_005fformat-720"></a>This is implemented in <code>kpse_find_glyph_format</code> in
<samp><span class="file">kpathsea/tex-glyph.c</span></samp>.
<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#Basic-glyph-lookup">Basic glyph lookup</a>: Features common to all glyph lookups.
<li><a accesskey="2" href="#Fontmap">Fontmap</a>: Aliases for fonts.
<li><a accesskey="3" href="#Fallback-font">Fallback font</a>: Resolutions and fonts of last resort.
</ul>
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Basic-glyph-lookup"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Fontmap">Fontmap</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Glyph-lookup">Glyph lookup</a>
</div>
<h4 class="subsection">4.3.1 Basic glyph lookup</h4>
<p><a name="index-basic-glyph-lookup-721"></a><a name="index-common-features-in-glyph-lookup-722"></a>
When Kpathsea looks for a bitmap font <var>name</var> at resolution <var>dpi</var>
in a format <var>format</var>, it first checks each directory in the search
path for a file `<samp><var>name</var><span class="samp">.</span><var>dpi</var><var>format</var></samp>'; for example,
`<samp><span class="samp">cmr10.600pk</span></samp>'. Kpathsea looks for a PK file first, then a GF file.
<p>If that fails, Kpathsea looks for
`<samp><span class="samp">dpi</span><var>dpi</var><span class="samp">/</span><var>name</var><span class="samp">.</span><var>format</var></samp>'; for example,
`<samp><span class="samp">dpi600/cmr10.pk</span></samp>'. This is how fonts are typically stored on
filesystems (such as DOS) that permit only three-character extensions.
<p><a name="index-tolerance-for-glyph-lookup-723"></a><a name="index-glyph-lookup-bitmap-tolerance-724"></a><a name="index-KPSE_005fBITMAP_005fTOLERANCE-725"></a>If that fails, Kpathsea looks for a font with a close-enough <var>dpi</var>.
“Close enough” is defined by the macro <code>KPSE_BITMAP_TOLERANCE</code> in
<samp><span class="file">kpathsea/tex-glyph.h</span></samp> to be <var>dpi</var><code> / 500 + 1</code>. This is
slightly more than the 0.2% minimum allowed by the DVI standard
(<a href="<var>CTAN:</var>/dviware/driv-standard/level-0"><var>CTAN:</var>/dviware/driv-standard/level-0</a>).
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Fontmap"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Fallback-font">Fallback font</a>,
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Basic-glyph-lookup">Basic glyph lookup</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Glyph-lookup">Glyph lookup</a>
</div>
<h4 class="subsection">4.3.2 Fontmap</h4>
<p><a name="index-fontmap-files-726"></a><a name="index-font-alias-files-727"></a><a name="index-aliases-for-fonts-728"></a>
<a name="index-texfonts_002emap-729"></a>If a bitmap font or metric file is not found with the original name (see
the previous section), Kpathsea looks through any <dfn>fontmap</dfn> files
for an <dfn>alias</dfn> for the original font name. These files are named
<samp><span class="file">texfonts.map</span></samp> and searched for along the <code>TEXFONTMAPS</code>
environment/config file variable. All <samp><span class="file">texfonts.map</span></samp> files that
are found are read; earlier definitions override later ones.
<p>This feature is intended to help in two respects:
<ol type=1 start=1>
<li><a name="index-fontnames_002c-arbitrary-length-730"></a>An alias name is limited in length only by available memory, not by your
filesystem. Therefore, if you want to ask for `<samp><span class="samp">Times-Roman</span></samp>'
instead of <samp><span class="file">ptmr</span></samp>, you can (you get `<samp><span class="samp">ptmr8r</span></samp>').
<li><a name="index-circle-fonts-731"></a><a name="index-lcircle10-732"></a>A few fonts have historically had multiple names: specifically,
LaTeX's “circle font” has variously been known as <samp><span class="file">circle10</span></samp>,
<samp><span class="file">lcircle10</span></samp>, and <samp><span class="file">lcirc10</span></samp>. Aliases can make all the names
equivalent, so that it no longer matters what the name of the installed
file is; TeX documents will find their favorite name.
</ol>
<p>The format of fontmap files is straightforward:
<a name="index-comments_002c-in-fontmap-files-733"></a>
<ul><li>Comments start with `<samp><span class="samp">%</span></samp>' and continue to the end of the line.
<a name="index-whitespace_002c-in-fontmap-files-734"></a><li>Blank lines are ignored.
<li>Each nonblank line is broken up into a series of <dfn>words</dfn>:
a sequence of non-whitespace characters.
<a name="index-include-_0040r_007bfontmap-directive_007d-735"></a><li>If the first word is `<samp><span class="samp">include</span></samp>', the second word is used as
a filename, and it is searched for and read.
<li>Otherwise, the first word on each line is the true filename;
<li>the second word is the alias;
<li>subsequent words are ignored.
</ul>
<p>If an alias has an extension, it matches only those files with that
extension; otherwise, it matches anything with the same root, regardless
of extension. For example, an alias `<samp><span class="samp">foo.tfm</span></samp>' matches only when
<samp><span class="file">foo.tfm</span></samp> is being searched for; but an alias `<samp><span class="samp">foo</span></samp>' matches
<samp><span class="file">foo.vf</span></samp>, <samp><span class="file">foo.600pk</span></samp>, etc.
<p>As an example, here is an excerpt from the <samp><span class="file">texfonts.map</span></samp> in the
Web2c distribution. It makes the circle fonts equivalent and includes
automatically generated maps for most PostScript fonts available from
various font suppliers.
<pre class="example"> circle10 lcircle10
circle10 lcirc10
lcircle10 circle10
lcircle10 lcirc10
lcirc10 circle10
lcirc10 lcircle10
...
include adobe.map
include apple.map
include bitstrea.map
...
</pre>
<p>Fontmaps are implemented in the file <samp><span class="file">kpathsea/fontmap.c</span></samp>.
The Fontname distribution has much more information on font naming
(see <a href="fontname.html#Introduction">Introduction</a>).
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Fallback-font"></a>
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Fontmap">Fontmap</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Glyph-lookup">Glyph lookup</a>
</div>
<h4 class="subsection">4.3.3 Fallback font</h4>
<p><a name="index-fallback-font-736"></a><a name="index-fallback-resolutions-737"></a><a name="index-font-of-last-resort-738"></a><a name="index-resolutions_002c-last_002dresort-739"></a><a name="index-last_002dresort-font-740"></a>
<a name="index-DVIPSSIZES-741"></a><a name="index-XDVISIZES-742"></a><a name="index-DVILJSIZES-743"></a><a name="index-TEXSIZES-744"></a><a name="index-default_005ftexsizes-745"></a>If a bitmap font cannot be found or created at the requested size,
Kpathsea looks for the font at a set of <dfn>fallback resolutions</dfn>. You
specify these resolutions as a colon-separated list (like search paths).
Kpathsea looks first for a program-specific environment variable (e.g.,
<code>DVIPSSIZES</code> for Dvipsk), then the environment variable
<code>TEXSIZES</code>, then a default specified at compilation time (the Make
variable <code>default_texsizes</code>). You can set this list to be empty if
you prefer to find fonts at their stated size or not at all.
<p><a name="index-cmr10_0040r_007b_002c-as-fallback-font_007d-746"></a><a name="index-kpse_005ffallback_005ffont-747"></a>Finally, if the font cannot be found even at the fallback resolutions,
Kpathsea looks for a fallback font, typically <samp><span class="file">cmr10</span></samp>. Programs
must enable this feature by assigning to the global variable
<code>kpse_fallback_font</code> or calling <code>kpse_init_prog</code>
(see <a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a>); the default is no fallback font.
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Suppressing-warnings"></a>
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Glyph-lookup">Glyph lookup</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#TeX-support">TeX support</a>
</div>
<h3 class="section">4.4 Suppressing warnings</h3>
<p><a name="index-warnings_002c-suppressing-748"></a><a name="index-suppressing-warnings-749"></a>
<a name="index-TEX_005fHUSH-750"></a>Kpathsea provides a way to suppress selected usually-harmless warnings;
this is useful at large sites where most users are not administrators,
and thus the warnings are merely a source of confusion, not a help. To
do this, you set the environment variable or configuration file value
<code>TEX_HUSH</code> to a colon-separated list of values. Here are the
possibilities:
<dl>
<dt>`<samp><span class="samp">all</span></samp>'<a name="index-all-751"></a><dd>Suppress everything possible.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">checksum</span></samp>'<a name="index-checksum-752"></a><dd><a name="index-mismatched-checksum-warnings-753"></a>Suppress mismatched font checksum warnings.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">lostchar</span></samp>'<a name="index-lostchar-754"></a><dd><a name="index-missing-character-warnings-755"></a>Suppress warnings when a character is missing from a font that a DVI or
VF file tries to typeset.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">none</span></samp>'<a name="index-none-756"></a><dd>Don't suppress any warnings.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">readable</span></samp>'<a name="index-readable-757"></a><dd><a name="index-unreadable-file-warnings-758"></a>Suppress warnings about attempts to access a file whose permissions
render it unreadable.
<br><dt>`<samp><span class="samp">special</span></samp>'<a name="index-special-759"></a><dd><a name="index-unknown-special-warnings-760"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cspecial_0040r_007b_002c-suppressing-warnings-about_007d-761"></a>Suppresses warnings about an unimplemented or unparsable
`<samp><span class="samp">\special</span></samp>' command.
</dl>
<p class="noindent"><samp><span class="file">tex-hush.c</span></samp> defines the function that checks the
variable value. Each driver implements its own checks where
appropriate.
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Programming"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Index">Index</a>,
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#TeX-support">TeX support</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>
</div>
<h2 class="chapter">5 Programming</h2>
<p>This chapter is for programmers who wish to use Kpathsea.
See <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a>, for the conditions under which you may do so.
<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#Programming-overview">Overview</a>: Introduction.
<li><a accesskey="2" href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a>: Specifics of what to call.
<li><a accesskey="3" href="#Program_002dspecific-files">Program-specific files</a>: How to handle these.
<li><a accesskey="4" href="#Programming-with-config-files">Config</a>: Getting info from texmf.cnf.
</ul>
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Programming-overview"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Programming">Programming</a>
</div>
<h3 class="section">5.1 Programming overview</h3>
<p><a name="index-programming-overview-762"></a><a name="index-overview-of-programming-with-Kpathsea-763"></a>
Aside from this manual, your best source of information is the source to
the programs I've modified to use Kpathsea (see <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a>). Of
those, Dviljk is probably the simplest, and hence a good place to start.
Xdvik adds VF support and the complication of X resources. Dvipsk adds
the complication of its own config files. Web2c is source code I also
maintain, so it uses Kpathsea rather straightforwardly, but is of course
complicated by the Web to C translation. Finally, Kpsewhich is a small
utility program whose sole purpose is to exercise the main
path-searching functionality.
<p><a name="index-pathsearch_002eh-764"></a><a name="index-tex_002dfile_002eh-765"></a><a name="index-tex_002dglyph_002eh-766"></a><a name="index-kpathsea_002eh-767"></a>Beyond these examples, the <samp><span class="file">.h</span></samp> files in the Kpathsea source
describe the interfaces and functionality (and of course the <samp><span class="file">.c</span></samp>
files define the actual routines, which are the ultimate documentation).
<samp><span class="file">pathsearch.h</span></samp> declares the basic searching routine.
<samp><span class="file">tex-file.h</span></samp> and <samp><span class="file">tex-glyph.h</span></samp> define the interfaces for
looking up particular kinds of files. In view of the way the headers
depend on each other, it is recommended to use <code>#include
<kpathsea/kpathsea.h></code>, which includes every Kpathsea header.
<p><a name="index-config_002eh-768"></a><a name="index-c_002dauto_002eh-769"></a>If you want to include only specific headers, you should still consider
including <samp><span class="file">kpathsea/config.h</span></samp> before including any other Kpathsea
header, as it provides symbols used in the other headers. Note that
<samp><span class="file">kpathsea/config.h</span></samp> includes <samp><span class="file">kpathsea/c-auto.h</span></samp>, which is
generated by Autoconf.
<p><a name="index-file-types_002c-registering-new-770"></a>The library provides no way for an external program to register new file
types: <samp><span class="file">tex-file.[ch]</span></samp> must be modified to do this. For example,
Kpathsea has support for looking up Dvips config files, even though no
program other than Dvips will likely ever want to do so. I felt this
was acceptable, since along with new file types should also come new
defaults in <samp><span class="file">texmf.cnf</span></samp> (and its descendant <samp><span class="file">paths.h</span></samp>), since
it's simplest for users if they can modify one configuration file for
all kinds of paths.
<p>Kpathsea does not parse any formats itself; it barely opens any files.
Its primary purpose is to return filenames. The GNU font utilities does
contain libraries to read TFM, GF, and PK files, as do the programs
above, of course.
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Calling-sequence"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Program_002dspecific-files">Program-specific files</a>,
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Programming-overview">Programming overview</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Programming">Programming</a>
</div>
<h3 class="section">5.2 Calling sequence</h3>
<p><a name="index-programming-with-Kpathsea-771"></a><a name="index-calling-sequence-772"></a>
The typical way to use Kpathsea in your program goes something like this:
<ol type=1 start=1>
<li><a name="index-kpse_005fset_005fprogram_005fname-773"></a><a name="index-argv_005b0_005d-774"></a>Call <code>kpse_set_program_name</code> with <code>argv[0]</code> as the first
argument; the second argument is a string or <code>NULL</code>. The second
argument is used by Kpathsea as the program name for the
<code>.</code><var>program</var> feature of config files (see <a href="#Config-files">Config files</a>).
If the second argument is <code>NULL</code>, the value of the first argument
is used. This function must be called before any other use of the
Kpathsea library.
<p><a name="index-program_005finvocation_005fname-775"></a><a name="index-program_005finvocation_005fshort_005fname-776"></a><a name="index-kpse_005fprogram_005fname-777"></a><a name="index-KPATHSEA_005fDEBUG-778"></a><a name="index-SELFAUTOLOC-779"></a><a name="index-SELFAUTODIR-780"></a><a name="index-SELFAUTOPARENT-781"></a><a name="index-error-message-macros-782"></a><a name="index-symlinks_002c-resolving-783"></a><a name="index-expanding-symlinks-784"></a>If necessary, <code>kpse_set_program_name</code> sets the global variables
<code>program_invocation_name</code> and <code>program_invocation_short_name</code>.
These variables are used in the error message macros defined in
<samp><span class="file">kpathsea/lib.h</span></samp>. It sets the global variable
<code>kpse_program_name</code> to the program name it uses. It also
initializes debugging options based on the environment variable
<code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> (if that is set). Finally, it sets the variables
<code>SELFAUTOLOC</code>, <code>SELFAUTODIR</code> and <code>SELFAUTOPARENT</code> to the
location, parent and grandparent directory of the executable, removing
<samp><span class="file">.</span></samp> and <samp><span class="file">..</span></samp> path elements and resolving symbolic links.
These are used in the default configuration file to allow people to
invoke TeX from anywhere, specifically from a mounted CD-ROM. (You can
use `<samp><span class="samp">--expand-var=\$SELFAUTOLOC</span></samp>', etc., to see the values finds.)
<li><a name="index-kpse_005fset_005fprogname-785"></a><a name="index-argv_005b0_005d-786"></a>The <code>kpse_set_progname</code> is deprecated. A call to
<code>kpse_set_progname</code> with <code>argv[0]</code> is equivalent to a call of
<code>kpse_set_program_name</code> with first argument <code>argv[0]</code> and
second argument <code>NULL</code>. The function is deprecated because it
cannot ensure that the <code>.</code><var>program</var> feature of config files
will always work (see <a href="#Config-files">Config files</a>).
<li><a name="index-kpathsea_005fdebug-_0040r_007bvariable_007d-787"></a><a name="index-debugging-options_002c-in-Kpathsea_002dusing-program-788"></a>Set debugging options. See <a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a>. If your program doesn't have a
debugging option already, you can define one and set
<code>kpathsea_debug</code> to the number that the user supplies (as in Dviljk
and Web2c), or you can just omit this altogether (people can always set
<code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code>). If you do have runtime debugging already, you
need to merge Kpathsea's options with yours (as in Dvipsk and Xdvik).
<li><a name="index-client_005fpath-_0040r_007bin-_0040code_007bkpse_005fformat_005finfo_007d_007d-789"></a><a name="index-kpse_005fformat_005finfo-790"></a><a name="index-resident_002ec-791"></a><a name="index-config-files_002c-for-Kpathsea_002dusing-programs-792"></a>If your program has its own configuration files that can define search
paths, you should assign those paths to the <code>client_path</code> member in
the appropriate element of the <code>kpse_format_info</code> array. (This
array is indexed by file type; see <samp><span class="file">tex-file.h</span></samp>.) See
<samp><span class="file">resident.c</span></samp> in Dvipsk for an example.
<li><a name="index-kpse_005finit_005fprog-793"></a><a name="index-proginit_002eh-794"></a>Call <code>kpse_init_prog</code> (see <samp><span class="file">proginit.c</span></samp>). It's useful for the
DVI drivers, at least, but for other programs it may be simpler to
extract the parts of it that actually apply. This does not initialize
any paths, it just looks for (and sets) certain environment variables
and other random information. (A search path is always initialized at
the first call to find a file of that type; this eliminates much useless
work, e.g., initializing the BibTeX search paths in a DVI driver.)
<li><a name="index-kpse_005ffind_005f_002a-795"></a><a name="index-kpse_005ffind_005ffile-796"></a>The routine to actually find a file of type <var>format</var> is
<code>kpse_find_</code><var>format</var>, defined in <samp><span class="file">tex-file.h</span></samp>. These are
macros that expand to a call to <samp><span class="file">kpse_find_file</span></samp>. You can call,
say, <code>kpse_find_tfm</code> after doing only the first of the
initialization steps above—Kpathsea automatically reads the
<samp><span class="file">texmf.cnf</span></samp> generic config files, looks for environment variables,
and does expansions at the first lookup.
<li>To find PK and/or GF bitmap fonts, the routines are <code>kpse_find_pk</code>,
<code>kpse_find_gf</code> and <code>kpse_find_glyph</code>, defined in
<samp><span class="file">tex-glyph.h</span></samp>. These return a structure in addition to the
resultant filename, because fonts can be found in so many ways. See the
documentation in the source.
<li><a name="index-kpse_005fopen_005ffile-797"></a>To actually open a file, not just return a filename, call
<code>kpse_open_file</code>. This function takes the name to look up and a
Kpathsea file format as arguments, and returns the usual <code>FILE *</code>.
It always assumes the file must exist, and thus will search the disk if
necessary (unless the search path specified `<samp><span class="samp">!!</span></samp>', etc.). In other
words, if you are looking up a VF or some other file that need not
exist, don't use this.
</ol>
<p><a name="index-hash-table-routines-798"></a><a name="index-memory-allocation-routines-799"></a><a name="index-string-routines-800"></a><a name="index-reading-arbitrary_002dlength-lines-801"></a><a name="index-input-lines_002c-reading-802"></a><a name="index-lines_002c-reading-arbitrary_002dlength-803"></a>Kpathsea also provides many utility routines. Some are generic: hash
tables, memory allocation, string concatenation and copying, string
lists, reading input lines of arbitrary length, etc. Others are
filename-related: default path, tilde, and variable expansion,
<code>stat</code> calls, etc. (Perhaps someday I'll move the former to a
separate library.)
<p><a name="index-c_002d_002a_002eh-804"></a><a name="index-autoconf_0040r_007b_002c-recommended_007d-805"></a>The <samp><span class="file">c-*.h</span></samp> header files can also help your program adapt to many
different systems. You will almost certainly want to use Autoconf for
configuring your software if you use Kpathsea; I strongly recommend
using Autoconf regardless. It is available from
<a href="ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu/">ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu/</a>.
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Program-specific-files"></a>
<a name="Program_002dspecific-files"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Programming-with-config-files">Programming with config files</a>,
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Programming">Programming</a>
</div>
<h3 class="section">5.3 Program-specific files</h3>
<p>Many programs will need to find some configuration files. Kpathsea
contains some support to make it easy to place them in their own
directories. The Standard TeX directory structure (see <a href="tds.html#Top">Introduction</a>), specifies
that such files should go into a subdirectory named after the program,
like `<samp><span class="samp">texmf/ttf2pk</span></samp>'.
<p>Two special formats, `<samp><span class="samp">kpse_program_text_format</span></samp>' and
`<samp><span class="samp">kpse_program_binary_format</span></samp>' exist, which use
<code>.:$TEXMF/</code><var>program</var><code>//</code> as their compiled-in search path. To
override this default, you can use the variable
<var>PROGRAM</var><code>INPUTS</code> in the environment and/or `<samp><span class="samp">texmf.cnf</span></samp>'.
That is to say, the name of the variable is constructed by converting
the name of the program to upper case, and appending <code>INPUTS</code>.
<p>The only difference between these two formats is whether
<code>kpse_open_file</code> will open the files it finds in text or binary
mode.
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Programming-with-config-files"></a>
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Program_002dspecific-files">Program-specific files</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Programming">Programming</a>
</div>
<h3 class="section">5.4 Programming with config files</h3>
<p><a name="index-programming-with-config-files-806"></a><a name="index-config-files_002c-programming-with-807"></a>
You can (and probably should) use the same <code>texmf.cnf</code>
configuration file that Kpathsea uses for your program. This helps
installers by keeping all configuration in one place.
<p><a name="index-kpse_005fvar_005fvalue-808"></a><a name="index-variable_002eh-809"></a><a name="index-shell_005fescape_0040r_007b_002c-example-for-code_007d-810"></a>To retrieve a value <var>var</var> from config files, the best way is to call
<code>kpse_var_value</code> on the string <var>var</var>. This will look
first for an environment variable <var>var</var>, then a config file value.
The result will be the value found or `<samp><span class="samp">NULL</span></samp>'. This function is
declared in <samp><span class="file">kpathsea/variable.h</span></samp>. For an example, see the
<code>shell_escape</code> code in <samp><span class="file">web2c/lib/texmfmp.c</span></samp>.
<p>The routine to do variable expansion in the context of a search path (as
opposed to simply retrieving a value) is <code>kpse_var_expand</code>, also
declared in <samp><span class="file">kpathsea/variable.h</span></samp>. It's generally only necessary
to set the search path structure components as explained in the previous
section, rather than using this yourself.
<p><a name="index-kpse_005fcnf_005fget-811"></a><a name="index-cnf_002eh-812"></a>If for some reason you want to retrieve a value <em>only</em> from a
config file, not automatically looking for a corresponding environment
variable, call <code>kpse_cnf_get</code> (declared in <samp><span class="file">kpathsea/cnf.h</span></samp>)
with the string <var>var</var>.
<p>No initialization calls are needed.
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Index"></a>
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Programming">Programming</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>
</div>
<h2 class="unnumbered">Index</h2>
<ul class="index-cp" compact>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0021_0021-_0040r_007bin-path-specifications_007d-559"><code>!! </code><span class="roman">in path specifications</span></a>: <a href="#ls_002dR">ls-R</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0024-_0040r_007bexpansion_007d-506"><code>$ </code><span class="roman">expansion</span></a>: <a href="#Variable-expansion">Variable expansion</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dcolor_003dtty-546"><code>--color=tty</code></a>: <a href="#ls_002dR">ls-R</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002ddebug_003d_0040var_007bnum_007d-584"><code>--debug=</code><var>num</var></a>: <a href="#Auxiliary-tasks">Auxiliary tasks</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002ddisable_002dstatic-111"><code>--disable-static</code></a>: <a href="#configure-options">configure options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002ddpi_003d_0040var_007bnum_007d-569"><code>--dpi=</code><var>num</var></a>: <a href="#Path-searching-options">Path searching options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002denable-_0040r_007boptions_007d-107"><code>--enable </code><span class="roman">options</span></a>: <a href="#configure-options">configure options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002denable_002dmaintainer_002dmode-112"><code>--enable-maintainer-mode</code></a>: <a href="#configure-options">configure options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002denable_002dshared-140"><code>--enable-shared</code></a>: <a href="#Shared-library">Shared library</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002denable_002dshared-110"><code>--enable-shared</code></a>: <a href="#configure-options">configure options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dengine_003d_0040var_007bname_007d-572"><code>--engine=</code><var>name</var></a>: <a href="#Path-searching-options">Path searching options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dexpand_002dbraces_003d_0040var_007bstring_007d-586"><code>--expand-braces=</code><var>string</var></a>: <a href="#Auxiliary-tasks">Auxiliary tasks</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dexpand_002dpath_003d_0040var_007bstring_007d-588"><code>--expand-path=</code><var>string</var></a>: <a href="#Auxiliary-tasks">Auxiliary tasks</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dexpand_002dvar_003d_0040var_007bstring_007d-587"><code>--expand-var=</code><var>string</var></a>: <a href="#Auxiliary-tasks">Auxiliary tasks</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dformat_003d_0040var_007bname_007d-574"><code>--format=</code><var>name</var></a>: <a href="#Path-searching-options">Path searching options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dhelp-591"><code>--help</code></a>: <a href="#Standard-options">Standard options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dinteractive-575"><code>--interactive</code></a>: <a href="#Path-searching-options">Path searching options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dmode_003d_0040var_007bstring_007d-579"><code>--mode=</code><var>string</var></a>: <a href="#Path-searching-options">Path searching options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dmust_002dexist-580"><code>--must-exist</code></a>: <a href="#Path-searching-options">Path searching options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dpath_003d_0040var_007bstring_007d-581"><code>--path=</code><var>string</var></a>: <a href="#Path-searching-options">Path searching options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dprogname_003d_0040var_007bname_007d-582"><code>--progname=</code><var>name</var></a>: <a href="#Path-searching-options">Path searching options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dshow_002dpath_003d_0040var_007bname_007d-589"><code>--show-path=</code><var>name</var></a>: <a href="#Auxiliary-tasks">Auxiliary tasks</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dsrcdir_0040r_007b_002c-for-building-multiple-architectures_007d-130"><code>--srcdir</code><span class="roman">, for building multiple architectures</span></a>: <a href="#configure-scenarios">configure scenarios</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dvar_002dvalue_003d_0040var_007bvariable_007d-585"><code>--var-value=</code><var>variable</var></a>: <a href="#Auxiliary-tasks">Auxiliary tasks</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dversion-592"><code>--version</code></a>: <a href="#Standard-options">Standard options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dwith-_0040r_007boptions_007d-106"><code>--with </code><span class="roman">options</span></a>: <a href="#configure-options">configure options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dwith_002dmktextex_002ddefault-198"><code>--with-mktextex-default</code></a>: <a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dwithout_002dmktexmf_002ddefault-195"><code>--without-mktexmf-default</code></a>: <a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dwithout_002dmktexpk_002ddefault-196"><code>--without-mktexpk-default</code></a>: <a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dwithout_002dmktextfm_002ddefault-197"><code>--without-mktextfm-default</code></a>: <a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d1-_0040r_007bdebugging-value_007d-347"><code>-1 </code><span class="roman">debugging value</span></a>: <a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dA-_0040r_007boption-to-_0040code_007bls_007d_007d-548"><code>-A </code><span class="roman">option to </span><code>ls</code></a>: <a href="#ls_002dR">ls-R</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dBdynamic-439"><code>-Bdynamic</code></a>: <a href="#ShellWidgetClass">ShellWidgetClass</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dBstatic-438"><code>-Bstatic</code></a>: <a href="#ShellWidgetClass">ShellWidgetClass</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dD-_0040var_007bnum_007d-570"><code>-D </code><var>num</var></a>: <a href="#Path-searching-options">Path searching options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002ddynamic-437"><code>-dynamic</code></a>: <a href="#ShellWidgetClass">ShellWidgetClass</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dg_0040r_007b_002c-compiling-without_007d-136"><code>-g</code><span class="roman">, compiling without</span></a>: <a href="#configure-scenarios">configure scenarios</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dL-_0040r_007boption-to-_0040code_007bls_007d_007d-554"><code>-L </code><span class="roman">option to </span><code>ls</code></a>: <a href="#ls_002dR">ls-R</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dmktex_003d_0040var_007bfiletype_007d-577"><code>-mktex=</code><var>filetype</var></a>: <a href="#Path-searching-options">Path searching options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dno_002dmktex_003d_0040var_007bfiletype_007d-578"><code>-no-mktex=</code><var>filetype</var></a>: <a href="#Path-searching-options">Path searching options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dO_0040r_007b_002c-compiling-with_007d-135"><code>-O</code><span class="roman">, compiling with</span></a>: <a href="#configure-scenarios">configure scenarios</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dstatic-436"><code>-static</code></a>: <a href="#ShellWidgetClass">ShellWidgetClass</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002e-_0040r_007bdirectories_002c-ignored_007d-551"><code>. </code><span class="roman">directories, ignored</span></a>: <a href="#ls_002dR">ls-R</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002e-_0040r_007bfiles_007d-550"><code>. </code><span class="roman">files</span></a>: <a href="#ls_002dR">ls-R</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002e2602gf-393"><code>.2602gf</code></a>: <a href="#Unable-to-generate-fonts">Unable to generate fonts</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002eafm-599"><code>.afm</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002ebase-601"><code>.base</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002ebib-604"><code>.bib</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002ebst-607"><code>.bst</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002ecmap-609"><code>.cmap</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002ecnf-611"><code>.cnf</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002eenc-618"><code>.enc</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002eeps-627"><code>.eps</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002eepsi-628"><code>.epsi</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002efmt-620"><code>.fmt</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002eist-631"><code>.ist</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002elig-634"><code>.lig</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002emap-638"><code>.map</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002emem-640"><code>.mem</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002emf-644"><code>.mf</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002emft-648"><code>.mft</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002emp-651"><code>.mp</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002eocp-655"><code>.ocp</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002eofm-657"><code>.ofm</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002eopl-660"><code>.opl</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002eotp-661"><code>.otp</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002eovf-663"><code>.ovf</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002eovp-665"><code>.ovp</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002epfa-694"><code>.pfa</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002epfb-695"><code>.pfb</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002epk-668"><code>.pk</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002epool-646"><code>.pool</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002epro-673"><code>.pro</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002erhosts_0040r_007b_002c-writable-by-_0040TeX_007b_007d_007d-252"><code>.rhosts</code><span class="roman">, writable by TeX</span></a>: <a href="#Security">Security</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002esfd-676"><code>.sfd</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002etex-678"><code>.tex</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002etex-_0040r_007bfile_002c-included-in-_0040file_007bls_002dR_007d_007d-552"><code>.tex </code><span class="roman">file, included in <samp>ls-R</samp></span></a>: <a href="#ls_002dR">ls-R</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002etfm-687"><code>.tfm</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002ettc-692"><code>.ttc</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002ettf-691"><code>.ttf</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002evf-701"><code>.vf</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002ew-613"><code>.w</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002eweb-614"><code>.web</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002f-_0040r_007bmay-not-be-_002f_007d-451"><code>/ </code><span class="roman">may not be /</span></a>: <a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002f_0040r_007b_002c-trailing-in-home-directory_007d-521"><code>/</code><span class="roman">, trailing in home directory</span></a>: <a href="#Tilde-expansion">Tilde expansion</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002f_002f-528"><code>//</code></a>: <a href="#Subdirectory-expansion">Subdirectory expansion</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002fafs_002f_0040dots_007b_007d-_0040r_007b_002c-installing-into_007d-174"><code>/afs/... </code><span class="roman">, installing into</span></a>: <a href="#Installing-files">Installing files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002fetc_002fprofile-381"><code>/etc/profile</code></a>: <a href="#Unable-to-find-files">Unable to find files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002fetc_002fprofile-_0040r_007band-aliases_007d-547"><code>/etc/profile </code><span class="roman">and aliases</span></a>: <a href="#ls_002dR">ls-R</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002fvar_002ftmp_002ftexfonts-225"><code>/var/tmp/texfonts</code></a>: <a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t2602gf-394"><code>2602gf</code></a>: <a href="#Unable-to-generate-fonts">Unable to generate fonts</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t8_002e3-filenames_002c-using-207">8.3 filenames, using</a>: <a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003a-_0040r_007bmay-not-be-_003a_007d-450"><code>: </code><span class="roman">may not be :</span></a>: <a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003a_003a-_0040r_007bexpansion_007d-497"><code>:: </code><span class="roman">expansion</span></a>: <a href="#Default-expansion">Default expansion</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040_0040_0040var_007bvar_007d_0040_0040-substitutions-88">@<var>var</var>@ substitutions</a>: <a href="#Running-configure">Running configure</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_0040r_007b_002c-line-continuation-in-_0040file_007btexmf_002ecnf_007d_007d-489"><code>\</code><span class="roman">, line continuation in <samp>texmf.cnf</samp></span></a>: <a href="#Config-files">Config files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005copenin-461"><code>\openin</code></a>: <a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cspecial_0040r_007b_002c-suppressing-warnings-about_007d-761"><code>\special</code><span class="roman">, suppressing warnings about</span></a>: <a href="#Suppressing-warnings">Suppressing warnings</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-absolute-filenames-463">absolute filenames</a>: <a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-ac_005finclude_0040r_007b_002c-Autoconf-extension_007d-87"><code>ac_include</code><span class="roman">, Autoconf extension</span></a>: <a href="#Running-configure">Running configure</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-access-warnings-469">access warnings</a>: <a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Acorn-_0040TeX_007b_007d-implementations-297">Acorn TeX implementations</a>: <a href="#Other-TeX-packages">Other TeX packages</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-AFMFONTS-600"><code>AFMFONTS</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-AFS-172">AFS</a>: <a href="#Installing-files">Installing files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-AIX-4_002e1-_0040code_007bconfigure_007d-error-416">AIX 4.1 <code>configure</code> error</a>: <a href="#Empty-Makefiles">Empty Makefiles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-AIX-shells-and-_0040code_007bconfigure_007d-97">AIX shells and <code>configure</code></a>: <a href="#configure-shells">configure shells</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-aliases-for-fonts-728">aliases for fonts</a>: <a href="#Fontmap">Fontmap</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-aliases_002c-for-filenames-562">aliases, for filenames</a>: <a href="#Filename-aliases">Filename aliases</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-all-751"><code>all</code></a>: <a href="#Suppressing-warnings">Suppressing warnings</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-alphabetical-order_002c-not-531">alphabetical order, not</a>: <a href="#Subdirectory-expansion">Subdirectory expansion</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Amiga-support-43">Amiga support</a>: <a href="#Custom-installation">Custom installation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Amiga-_0040TeX_007b_007d-implementations-296">Amiga TeX implementations</a>: <a href="#Other-TeX-packages">Other TeX packages</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Andrew-File-System_002c-installing-with-173">Andrew File System, installing with</a>: <a href="#Installing-files">Installing files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-announcement-mailing-list-329">announcement mailing list</a>: <a href="#Mailing-lists">Mailing lists</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-ANSI-C-407">ANSI C</a>: <a href="#TeX-or-Metafont-failing">TeX or Metafont failing</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-append_002donly-directories-and-_0040code_007bmktexpk_007d-256">append-only directories and <code>mktexpk</code></a>: <a href="#Security">Security</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-appendonlydir-203"><code>appendonlydir</code></a>: <a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-architecture_002d_0028in_0029dependent-files_002c-installing-only-168">architecture-(in)dependent files, installing only</a>: <a href="#Installing-files">Installing files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-architectures_002c-compiling-multiple-128">architectures, compiling multiple</a>: <a href="#configure-scenarios">configure scenarios</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-arguments-to-_0040file_007bmktex_007d-247">arguments to <samp><span class="file">mktex</span></samp></a>: <a href="#mktex-script-arguments">mktex script arguments</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-argv_005b0_005d-774"><code>argv[0]</code></a>: <a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-ash_0040r_007b_002c-losing-with-_0040code_007bconfigure_007d_007d-98"><code>ash</code><span class="roman">, losing with </span><code>configure</code></a>: <a href="#configure-shells">configure shells</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-autoconf_0040r_007b_002c-recommended_007d-805"><code>autoconf</code><span class="roman">, recommended</span></a>: <a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-automounter_002c-and-configuration-134">automounter, and configuration</a>: <a href="#configure-scenarios">configure scenarios</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-automounter_002c-and-_0040file_007bls_002dR_007d-555">automounter, and <samp><span class="file">ls-R</span></samp></a>: <a href="#ls_002dR">ls-R</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-auxiliary-tasks-583">auxiliary tasks</a>: <a href="#Auxiliary-tasks">Auxiliary tasks</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Babel-165">Babel</a>: <a href="#Running-make">Running make</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Babel-62">Babel</a>: <a href="#Kpathsea-application-distributions">Kpathsea application distributions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Bach_002c-Johann-Sebastian-504">Bach, Johann Sebastian</a>: <a href="#Default-expansion">Default expansion</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-backbone-of-CTAN-278">backbone of CTAN</a>: <a href="#Electronic-distribution">Electronic distribution</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-backslash_002dnewline-486">backslash-newline</a>: <a href="#Config-files">Config files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-bash_0040r_007b_002c-recommended-for-running-_0040code_007bconfigure_007d_007d-93"><code>bash</code><span class="roman">, recommended for running </span><code>configure</code></a>: <a href="#configure-shells">configure shells</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-basic-glyph-lookup-721">basic glyph lookup</a>: <a href="#Basic-glyph-lookup">Basic glyph lookup</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Berry_002c-Karl-16">Berry, Karl</a>: <a href="#History">History</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-BIBINPUTS-605"><code>BIBINPUTS</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-binary-mode_002c-for-file-transfers-285">binary mode, for file transfers</a>: <a href="#Electronic-distribution">Electronic distribution</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-blank-lines_002c-in-_0040file_007btexmf_002ecnf_007d-485">blank lines, in <samp><span class="file">texmf.cnf</span></samp></a>: <a href="#Config-files">Config files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-brace-expansion-524">brace expansion</a>: <a href="#Brace-expansion">Brace expansion</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-BSD-universe-160">BSD universe</a>: <a href="#Running-make">Running make</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-bsh_0040r_007b_002c-ok-with-_0040code_007bconfigure_007d_007d-95"><code>bsh</code><span class="roman">, ok with </span><code>configure</code></a>: <a href="#configure-shells">configure shells</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-BSTINPUTS-608"><code>BSTINPUTS</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-bug-address-309">bug address</a>: <a href="#Reporting-bugs">Reporting bugs</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-bug-checklist-311">bug checklist</a>: <a href="#Bug-checklist">Bug checklist</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-bug-mailing-list-328">bug mailing list</a>: <a href="#Mailing-lists">Mailing lists</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-bugs_002c-reporting-307">bugs, reporting</a>: <a href="#Reporting-bugs">Reporting bugs</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-c_002d_002a_002eh-804"><code>c-*.h</code></a>: <a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-c_002dauto_002eh-769"><code>c-auto.h</code></a>: <a href="#Programming-overview">Programming overview</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-c_002dauto_002ein-85"><code>c-auto.in</code></a>: <a href="#Running-configure">Running configure</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-cache-of-fonts_002c-local-254">cache of fonts, local</a>: <a href="#Security">Security</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-calling-sequence-772">calling sequence</a>: <a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-CC-113"><code>CC</code></a>: <a href="#configure-environment">configure environment</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-cc-_0040r_007bwarnings_007d-443"><code>cc </code><span class="roman">warnings</span></a>: <a href="#Pointer-combination-warnings">Pointer combination warnings</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-cc_0040r_007b_002c-compiling-with_007d-115"><code>cc</code><span class="roman">, compiling with</span></a>: <a href="#configure-environment">configure environment</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-CD_002dROM-distributions-287">CD-ROM distributions</a>: <a href="#CD_002dROM-distribution">CD-ROM distribution</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-CFLAGS-116"><code>CFLAGS</code></a>: <a href="#configure-environment">configure environment</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-ChangeLog-_0040r_007bentry_007d-320"><code>ChangeLog </code><span class="roman">entry</span></a>: <a href="#Bug-checklist">Bug checklist</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-checklist-for-bug-reports-310">checklist for bug reports</a>: <a href="#Bug-checklist">Bug checklist</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-checksum-752"><code>checksum</code></a>: <a href="#Suppressing-warnings">Suppressing warnings</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-circle-fonts-731">circle fonts</a>: <a href="#Fontmap">Fontmap</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-clean-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-179"><code>clean </code><span class="roman">Make target</span></a>: <a href="#Cleaning-up">Cleaning up</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-client_005fpath-_0040r_007bin-_0040code_007bkpse_005fformat_005finfo_007d_007d-789"><code>client_path </code><span class="roman">in </span><code>kpse_format_info</code></a>: <a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-CMAPFONTS-610"><code>CMAPFONTS</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-cmr10_0040r_007b_002c-as-fallback-font_007d-746"><code>cmr10</code><span class="roman">, as fallback font</span></a>: <a href="#Fallback-font">Fallback font</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-cmr10_002evf-460"><code>cmr10.vf</code></a>: <a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-cnf_002ec-494"><code>cnf.c</code></a>: <a href="#Config-files">Config files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-cnf_002eh-812"><code>cnf.h</code></a>: <a href="#Programming-with-config-files">Programming with config files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-code-sharing-141">code sharing</a>: <a href="#Shared-library">Shared library</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-color-printers_002c-configuring-36">color printers, configuring</a>: <a href="#Simple-installation">Simple installation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-comments_002c-in-fontmap-files-733">comments, in fontmap files</a>: <a href="#Fontmap">Fontmap</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-comments_002c-in-_0040file_007btexmf_002ecnf_007d-484">comments, in <samp><span class="file">texmf.cnf</span></samp></a>: <a href="#Config-files">Config files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-comments_002c-making-5">comments, making</a>: <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-common-features-in-glyph-lookup-722">common features in glyph lookup</a>: <a href="#Basic-glyph-lookup">Basic glyph lookup</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-common-problems-376">common problems</a>: <a href="#Common-problems">Common problems</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-comp_002esys_002esun_002eadmin-_0040r_007bFAQ_007d-430"><code>comp.sys.sun.admin </code><span class="roman">FAQ</span></a>: <a href="#ShellWidgetClass">ShellWidgetClass</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-comp_002etext_002etex-339"><code>comp.text.tex</code></a>: <a href="#Mailing-lists">Mailing lists</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-compilation-29">compilation</a>: <a href="#Installation">Installation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-compilation-value_002c-source-for-path-479">compilation value, source for path</a>: <a href="#Path-sources">Path sources</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-compiler-bugs-402">compiler bugs</a>: <a href="#TeX-or-Metafont-failing">TeX or Metafont failing</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-compiler-bugs_002c-finding-406">compiler bugs, finding</a>: <a href="#TeX-or-Metafont-failing">TeX or Metafont failing</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-compiler-options_002c-additional-150">compiler options, additional</a>: <a href="#Running-make">Running make</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-compiler-options_002c-specifying-117">compiler options, specifying</a>: <a href="#configure-environment">configure environment</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-compiler_002c-changing-157">compiler, changing</a>: <a href="#Running-make">Running make</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-compiling-on-HP_002dUX-409">compiling on HP-UX</a>: <a href="#TeX-or-Metafont-failing">TeX or Metafont failing</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-conditions-for-use-7">conditions for use</a>: <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-config-files-480">config files</a>: <a href="#Config-files">Config files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-config-files_002c-for-Kpathsea_002dusing-programs-792">config files, for Kpathsea-using programs</a>: <a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-config-files_002c-programming-with-807">config files, programming with</a>: <a href="#Programming-with-config-files">Programming with config files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-config_002eh-768"><code>config.h</code></a>: <a href="#Programming-overview">Programming overview</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-config_002elog-314"><code>config.log</code></a>: <a href="#Bug-checklist">Bug checklist</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-config_002eps_0040r_007b_002c-search-path-for_007d-617"><code>config.ps</code><span class="roman">, search path for</span></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-config_002estatus-316"><code>config.status</code></a>: <a href="#Bug-checklist">Bug checklist</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-configuration-28">configuration</a>: <a href="#Installation">Installation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-configuration-bugs-315">configuration bugs</a>: <a href="#Bug-checklist">Bug checklist</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-configuration-compiler-options-119">configuration compiler options</a>: <a href="#configure-environment">configure environment</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-configuration-file_002c-source-for-path-476">configuration file, source for path</a>: <a href="#Path-sources">Path sources</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-configuration-files-as-shell-scripts_002e-493">configuration files as shell scripts.</a>: <a href="#Config-files">Config files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-configuration-of-_0040file_007bmktex_007d-scripts-191">configuration of <samp><span class="file">mktex</span></samp> scripts</a>: <a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-configuration-of-optional-features-108">configuration of optional features</a>: <a href="#configure-options">configure options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-configure-_0040r_007berror-from-_0040code_007bsed_007d_007d-412"><code>configure </code><span class="roman">error from </span><code>sed</code></a>: <a href="#Empty-Makefiles">Empty Makefiles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040code_007bconfigure_007d-options-105"><code>configure</code> options</a>: <a href="#configure-options">configure options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040code_007bconfigure_007d-options-for-_0040file_007bmktex_007d-scripts-194"><code>configure</code> options for <samp><span class="file">mktex</span></samp> scripts</a>: <a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-configure_0040r_007b_002c-running_007d-84"><code>configure</code><span class="roman">, running</span></a>: <a href="#Running-configure">Running configure</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-context-diff-318">context diff</a>: <a href="#Bug-checklist">Bug checklist</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-continuation-character-487">continuation character</a>: <a href="#Config-files">Config files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-core-dumps_002c-reporting-324">core dumps, reporting</a>: <a href="#Bug-checklist">Bug checklist</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-CPPFLAGS-118"><code>CPPFLAGS</code></a>: <a href="#configure-environment">configure environment</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-crashes_002c-reporting-323">crashes, reporting</a>: <a href="#Bug-checklist">Bug checklist</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-CTAN_002c-defined-277">CTAN, defined</a>: <a href="#Electronic-distribution">Electronic distribution</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-CTAN_002esites-280"><code>CTAN.sites</code></a>: <a href="#Electronic-distribution">Electronic distribution</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-custom-installation-40">custom installation</a>: <a href="#Custom-installation">Custom installation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-CWEBINPUTS-615"><code>CWEBINPUTS</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-database-search-452">database search</a>: <a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-database_002c-for-filenames-541">database, for filenames</a>: <a href="#Filename-database">Filename database</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-database_002c-format-of-564">database, format of</a>: <a href="#Database-format">Database format</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-debug_002eh-344"><code>debug.h</code></a>: <a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-debugger-322">debugger</a>: <a href="#Bug-checklist">Bug checklist</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-debugging-340">debugging</a>: <a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-debugging-options_002c-in-Kpathsea_002dusing-program-788">debugging options, in Kpathsea-using program</a>: <a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-debugging-output-348">debugging output</a>: <a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-debugging-with-_0040samp_007b_002dg_007d_002c-disabling-138">debugging with `<samp><span class="samp">-g</span></samp>', disabling</a>: <a href="#configure-scenarios">configure scenarios</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-DEC-shells-and-_0040code_007bconfigure_007d-102">DEC shells and <code>configure</code></a>: <a href="#configure-shells">configure shells</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-default-expansion-502">default expansion</a>: <a href="#Default-expansion">Default expansion</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-default-path-features-67">default path features</a>: <a href="#Default-path-features">Default path features</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-default-paths_002c-changing-75">default paths, changing</a>: <a href="#Default-path-generation">Default path generation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-default-paths_002c-how-they_0027re-made-79">default paths, how they're made</a>: <a href="#Default-path-generation">Default path generation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-default_005ftexsizes-745"><code>default_texsizes</code></a>: <a href="#Fallback-font">Fallback font</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-DEFS-120"><code>DEFS</code></a>: <a href="#configure-environment">configure environment</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-depot-133"><code>depot</code></a>: <a href="#configure-scenarios">configure scenarios</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-device_002c-wrong-392">device, wrong</a>: <a href="#Unable-to-generate-fonts">Unable to generate fonts</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-directories_002c-changing-default-installation-78">directories, changing default installation</a>: <a href="#Default-path-generation">Default path generation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-directories_002c-making-append_002donly-204">directories, making append-only</a>: <a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-directory-permissions-261">directory permissions</a>: <a href="#Security">Security</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-directory-structure_002c-for-_0040TeX_007b_007d-files-265">directory structure, for TeX files</a>: <a href="#TeX-directory-structure">TeX directory structure</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-disabling-_0040file_007bmktex_007d-scripts-193">disabling <samp><span class="file">mktex</span></samp> scripts</a>: <a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-disk-search-456">disk search</a>: <a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-disk-searching_002c-avoiding-560">disk searching, avoiding</a>: <a href="#ls_002dR">ls-R</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-disk-space_002c-needed-47">disk space, needed</a>: <a href="#Disk-space">Disk space</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-disk-usage_002c-reducing-371">disk usage, reducing</a>: <a href="#Logging">Logging</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-distclean-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-177"><code>distclean </code><span class="roman">Make target</span></a>: <a href="#Cleaning-up">Cleaning up</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-distributions_002c-compiling-simultaneously-50">distributions, compiling simultaneously</a>: <a href="#Kpathsea-application-distributions">Kpathsea application distributions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-distributions_002c-not-compiling-53">distributions, not compiling</a>: <a href="#Kpathsea-application-distributions">Kpathsea application distributions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-distributions_002c-on-CD_002dROM-289">distributions, on CD-ROM</a>: <a href="#CD_002dROM-distribution">CD-ROM distribution</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-distributions_002c-via-ftp-276">distributions, via ftp</a>: <a href="#Electronic-distribution">Electronic distribution</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-dlclose-422"><code>dlclose</code></a>: <a href="#dlopen">dlopen</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-dlopen-420"><code>dlopen</code></a>: <a href="#dlopen">dlopen</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-dlsym-421"><code>dlsym</code></a>: <a href="#dlopen">dlopen</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-dlsym_002ec-425"><code>dlsym.c</code></a>: <a href="#dlopen">dlopen</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-doc-files-680"><code>doc files</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-DOS-compatible-names-208">DOS compatible names</a>: <a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-DOS-support-44">DOS support</a>: <a href="#Custom-installation">Custom installation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-DOS-_0040TeX_007b_007d-implementations-300">DOS TeX implementations</a>: <a href="#Other-TeX-packages">Other TeX packages</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-dosnames-206"><code>dosnames</code></a>: <a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-dot-files-549">dot files</a>: <a href="#ls_002dR">ls-R</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-doubled-colons-498">doubled colons</a>: <a href="#Default-expansion">Default expansion</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-dpi_0040var_007bnnn_007d-directories-209"><code>dpi</code><var>nnn</var><code> directories</code></a>: <a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-DVI-drivers-56">DVI drivers</a>: <a href="#Kpathsea-application-distributions">Kpathsea application distributions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-DVILJMAKEPK-242"><code>DVILJMAKEPK</code></a>: <a href="#mktex-script-names">mktex script names</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-DVILJSIZES-743"><code>DVILJSIZES</code></a>: <a href="#Fallback-font">Fallback font</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-DVIPSFONTS-710"><code>DVIPSFONTS</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-DVIPSHEADERS-699"><code>DVIPSHEADERS</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-DVIPSMAKEPK-240"><code>DVIPSMAKEPK</code></a>: <a href="#mktex-script-names">mktex script names</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-DVIPSSIZES-741"><code>DVIPSSIZES</code></a>: <a href="#Fallback-font">Fallback font</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-dynamic-creation-of-files-187">dynamic creation of files</a>: <a href="#mktex-scripts">mktex scripts</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-dynamic-linking-problems-with-OpenWin-libraries-426">dynamic linking problems with OpenWin libraries</a>: <a href="#ShellWidgetClass">ShellWidgetClass</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-EC-fonts_002c-and-dynamic-source-creation-189">EC fonts, and dynamic source creation</a>: <a href="#mktex-scripts">mktex scripts</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-elt_002ddirs_002ec-538"><code>elt-dirs.c</code></a>: <a href="#Subdirectory-expansion">Subdirectory expansion</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-email-CTAN-access-283">email CTAN access</a>: <a href="#Electronic-distribution">Electronic distribution</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-enabling-_0040file_007bmktex_007d-scripts-192">enabling <samp><span class="file">mktex</span></samp> scripts</a>: <a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-ENCFONTS-619"><code>ENCFONTS</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-engine-name-573">engine name</a>: <a href="#Path-searching-options">Path searching options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-environment-variable_002c-source-for-path-475">environment variable, source for path</a>: <a href="#Path-sources">Path sources</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-environment-variables-for-_0040TeX_007b_007d-596">environment variables for TeX</a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-environment-variables-in-paths-507">environment variables in paths</a>: <a href="#Variable-expansion">Variable expansion</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-environment-variables_002c-old-382">environment variables, old</a>: <a href="#Unable-to-find-files">Unable to find files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-epoch_002c-seconds-since-373">epoch, seconds since</a>: <a href="#Logging">Logging</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-error-message-macros-782">error message macros</a>: <a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-excessive-startup-time-385">excessive startup time</a>: <a href="#Slow-path-searching">Slow path searching</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-expand_002ec-526"><code>expand.c</code></a>: <a href="#Brace-expansion">Brace expansion</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-expanding-symlinks-784">expanding symlinks</a>: <a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-expansion_002c-default-503">expansion, default</a>: <a href="#Default-expansion">Default expansion</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-expansion_002c-path-element-462">expansion, path element</a>: <a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-expansion_002c-search-path-496">expansion, search path</a>: <a href="#Path-expansion">Path expansion</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-expansion_002c-subdirectory-530">expansion, subdirectory</a>: <a href="#Subdirectory-expansion">Subdirectory expansion</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-expansion_002c-tilde-517">expansion, tilde</a>: <a href="#Tilde-expansion">Tilde expansion</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-expansion_002c-variable-509">expansion, variable</a>: <a href="#Variable-expansion">Variable expansion</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-explicitly-relative-filenames-465">explicitly relative filenames</a>: <a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-externally_002dbuilt-filename-database-542">externally-built filename database</a>: <a href="#Filename-database">Filename database</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-extra-colons-501">extra colons</a>: <a href="#Default-expansion">Default expansion</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-extraclean-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-181"><code>extraclean </code><span class="roman">Make target</span></a>: <a href="#Cleaning-up">Cleaning up</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-failed-_0040code_007bmktex_0040dots_007b_007d_007d-script-invocation-244">failed <code>mktex...</code> script invocation</a>: <a href="#mktex-script-names">mktex script names</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-fallback-font-736">fallback font</a>: <a href="#Fallback-font">Fallback font</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-fallback-resolutions-737">fallback resolutions</a>: <a href="#Fallback-font">Fallback font</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-fallback-resolutions_002c-overriding-145">fallback resolutions, overriding</a>: <a href="#Running-make">Running make</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-FAQ_002c-_0040t_007bcomp_002esys_002esun_002eadmin_007d-431">FAQ, <tt>comp.sys.sun.admin</tt></a>: <a href="#ShellWidgetClass">ShellWidgetClass</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-FAQ_002c-Kpathsea-378">FAQ, Kpathsea</a>: <a href="#Common-problems">Common problems</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Farwell_002c-Matthew-534">Farwell, Matthew</a>: <a href="#Subdirectory-expansion">Subdirectory expansion</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-features_002c-of-default-paths-68">features, of default paths</a>: <a href="#Default-path-features">Default path features</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-file-formats_002c-supported-595">file formats, supported</a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-file-lookup-711">file lookup</a>: <a href="#File-lookup">File lookup</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-file-permissions-259">file permissions</a>: <a href="#Security">Security</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-file-types_002c-registering-new-770">file types, registering new</a>: <a href="#Programming-overview">Programming overview</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-filename-aliases-561">filename aliases</a>: <a href="#Filename-aliases">Filename aliases</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-filename-database-540">filename database</a>: <a href="#Filename-database">Filename database</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-filename-database-generation-182">filename database generation</a>: <a href="#Filename-database-generation">Filename database generation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-filenames_002c-absolute-or-explicitly-relative-466">filenames, absolute or explicitly relative</a>: <a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-files_002c-unable-to-find-380">files, unable to find</a>: <a href="#Unable-to-find-files">Unable to find files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-filesystem-search-455">filesystem search</a>: <a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-floating-directories-454">floating directories</a>: <a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-font-alias-files-727">font alias files</a>: <a href="#Fontmap">Fontmap</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-font-generation-failures-389">font generation failures</a>: <a href="#Unable-to-generate-fonts">Unable to generate fonts</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-font-of-last-resort-738">font of last resort</a>: <a href="#Fallback-font">Fallback font</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-font-set_002c-infinite-186">font set, infinite</a>: <a href="#mktex-scripts">mktex scripts</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-fontmap-files-726">fontmap files</a>: <a href="#Fontmap">Fontmap</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-fontmaps-210"><code>fontmaps</code></a>: <a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-fontname-212">fontname</a>: <a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-fontnames_002c-arbitrary-length-730">fontnames, arbitrary length</a>: <a href="#Fontmap">Fontmap</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-fonts_002c-being-created-37">fonts, being created</a>: <a href="#Simple-installation">Simple installation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-FOOINPUTS-707"><code>FOOINPUTS</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-fopen_0040r_007b_002c-redefined_007d-355"><code>fopen</code><span class="roman">, redefined</span></a>: <a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-format-of-external-database-563">format of external database</a>: <a href="#Database-format">Database format</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Free-Software-Foundation-291">Free Software Foundation</a>: <a href="#CD_002dROM-distribution">CD-ROM distribution</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-FreeBSD-_0040code_007bconfigure_007d-error-414">FreeBSD <code>configure</code> error</a>: <a href="#Empty-Makefiles">Empty Makefiles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-FreeBSD-shells-and-_0040code_007bconfigure_007d-100">FreeBSD shells and <code>configure</code></a>: <a href="#configure-shells">configure shells</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-FSF-Source-Code-CD_002dROM-292">FSF Source Code CD-ROM</a>: <a href="#CD_002dROM-distribution">CD-ROM distribution</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-ftp-retrieval-274">ftp retrieval</a>: <a href="#Electronic-distribution">Electronic distribution</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-ftp_002etug_002eorg-273"><code>ftp.tug.org</code></a>: <a href="#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-fundamental-purpose-of-Kpathsea-2">fundamental purpose of Kpathsea</a>: <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-gcc_0040r_007b_002c-compiling-with_007d-114"><code>gcc</code><span class="roman">, compiling with</span></a>: <a href="#configure-environment">configure environment</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-gdb_0040r_007b_002c-recommended_007d-326"><code>gdb</code><span class="roman">, recommended</span></a>: <a href="#Bug-checklist">Bug checklist</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-generation-of-filename-database-183">generation of filename database</a>: <a href="#Filename-database-generation">Filename database generation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-get_005fapplicationShellWidgetClass-429"><code>get_applicationShellWidgetClass</code></a>: <a href="#ShellWidgetClass">ShellWidgetClass</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-get_005fwmShellWidgetClass-428"><code>get_wmShellWidgetClass</code></a>: <a href="#ShellWidgetClass">ShellWidgetClass</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-gf-623"><code>gf</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-GFFONTS-624"><code>GFFONTS</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-globally-writable-directories-255">globally writable directories</a>: <a href="#Security">Security</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-glyph-lookup-716">glyph lookup</a>: <a href="#Glyph-lookup">Glyph lookup</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-glyph-lookup-bitmap-tolerance-724">glyph lookup bitmap tolerance</a>: <a href="#Basic-glyph-lookup">Basic glyph lookup</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-GLYPHFONTS-625"><code>GLYPHFONTS</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-GNU-C-compiler-bugs-404">GNU C compiler bugs</a>: <a href="#TeX-or-Metafont-failing">TeX or Metafont failing</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-GNU-General-Public-License-9">GNU General Public License</a>: <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-group_002dwritable-directories-257">group-writable directories</a>: <a href="#Security">Security</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-GSFTOPK_005fDEBUG-_0040r_007b_0028128_0029_007d-361"><code>GSFTOPK_DEBUG </code><span class="roman">(128)</span></a>: <a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-hash-table-buckets_002c-printing-366">hash table buckets, printing</a>: <a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-hash-table-routines-798">hash table routines</a>: <a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-hash_005fsummary_005fonly-_0040r_007bvariable-for-debugging_007d-365"><code>hash_summary_only </code><span class="roman">variable for debugging</span></a>: <a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-help_002c-mailing-list-for-general-_0040TeX_007b_007d-337">help, mailing list for general TeX</a>: <a href="#Mailing-lists">Mailing lists</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-HIER-73"><code>HIER</code></a>: <a href="#Default-path-features">Default path features</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-history-of-Kpathsea-12">history of Kpathsea</a>: <a href="#History">History</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-home-directories-in-paths-515">home directories in paths</a>: <a href="#Tilde-expansion">Tilde expansion</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-HOME_0040r_007b_002c-as-_007e-expansion_007d-518"><code>HOME</code><span class="roman">, as ~ expansion</span></a>: <a href="#Tilde-expansion">Tilde expansion</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-HP_002dUX_002c-compiling-on-408">HP-UX, compiling on</a>: <a href="#TeX-or-Metafont-failing">TeX or Metafont failing</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-identifiers_002c-characters-valid-in-490">identifiers, characters valid in</a>: <a href="#Config-files">Config files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-illegal-pointer-combination-warnings-442">illegal pointer combination warnings</a>: <a href="#Pointer-combination-warnings">Pointer combination warnings</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-include-_0040r_007bfontmap-directive_007d-735"><code>include </code><span class="roman">fontmap directive</span></a>: <a href="#Fontmap">Fontmap</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-INDEXSTYLE-633"><code>INDEXSTYLE</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-info_002dtex_0040_0040shsu_002eedu-338"><code>info-tex@shsu.edu</code></a>: <a href="#Mailing-lists">Mailing lists</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-input-lines_002c-reading-802">input lines, reading</a>: <a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-install_002ddata-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-171"><code>install-data </code><span class="roman">Make target</span></a>: <a href="#Installing-files">Installing files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-install_002dexec-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-170"><code>install-exec </code><span class="roman">Make target</span></a>: <a href="#Installing-files">Installing files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-installation-27">installation</a>: <a href="#Installation">Installation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-installation-testing-249">installation testing</a>: <a href="#Installation-testing">Installation testing</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-installation_002c-architecture_002d_0028in_0029dependent-files-only-169">installation, architecture-(in)dependent files only</a>: <a href="#Installing-files">Installing files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-installation_002c-changing-default-directories-77">installation, changing default directories</a>: <a href="#Default-path-generation">Default path generation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-installation_002c-customized-41">installation, customized</a>: <a href="#Custom-installation">Custom installation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-installation_002c-getting-executables-instead-of-33">installation, getting executables instead of</a>: <a href="#Simple-installation">Simple installation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-installation_002c-simple-31">installation, simple</a>: <a href="#Simple-installation">Simple installation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-installing-files-166">installing files</a>: <a href="#Installing-files">Installing files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-interactive-query-576">interactive query</a>: <a href="#Path-searching-options">Path searching options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-interface_002c-not-frozen-4">interface, not frozen</a>: <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-introduction-1">introduction</a>: <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040samp_007bkdebug_003a_007d-364">`<samp><span class="samp">kdebug:</span></samp>'</a>: <a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-kdefault_002ec-505"><code>kdefault.c</code></a>: <a href="#Default-expansion">Default expansion</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e-13">Knuth, Donald E.</a>: <a href="#History">History</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e_002c-archive-of-programs-by-305">Knuth, Donald E., archive of programs by</a>: <a href="#Other-TeX-packages">Other TeX packages</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e_002c-original-author-286">Knuth, Donald E., original author</a>: <a href="#Electronic-distribution">Electronic distribution</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Korn-shell_0040r_007b_002c-losing-with-_0040code_007bconfigure_007d_007d-96">Korn shell<span class="roman">, losing with </span><code>configure</code></a>: <a href="#configure-shells">configure shells</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Kpathsea-config-file_002c-source-for-path-477">Kpathsea config file, source for path</a>: <a href="#Path-sources">Path sources</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Kpathsea-version-number-52">Kpathsea version number</a>: <a href="#Kpathsea-application-distributions">Kpathsea application distributions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-kpathsea_002eh-767"><code>kpathsea.h</code></a>: <a href="#Programming-overview">Programming overview</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-kpathsea_002fHIER-74"><code>kpathsea/HIER</code></a>: <a href="#Default-path-features">Default path features</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-kpathsea_002fREADME_002eCONFIGURE-91"><code>kpathsea/README.CONFIGURE</code></a>: <a href="#Running-configure">Running configure</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-KPATHSEA_005fDEBUG-778"><code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code></a>: <a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-kpathsea_005fdebug-346"><code>kpathsea_debug</code></a>: <a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-KPATHSEA_005fDEBUG-345"><code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code></a>: <a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-kpathsea_005fdebug-343"><code>kpathsea_debug</code></a>: <a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-kpathsea_005fdebug-_0040r_007bvariable_007d-787"><code>kpathsea_debug </code><span class="roman">variable</span></a>: <a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-KPSE_005fBITMAP_005fTOLERANCE-725"><code>KPSE_BITMAP_TOLERANCE</code></a>: <a href="#Basic-glyph-lookup">Basic glyph lookup</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-kpse_005fcnf_005fget-811"><code>kpse_cnf_get</code></a>: <a href="#Programming-with-config-files">Programming with config files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-KPSE_005fDEBUG_005fEXPAND-_0040r_007b_002816_0029_007d-358"><code>KPSE_DEBUG_EXPAND </code><span class="roman">(16)</span></a>: <a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-KPSE_005fDEBUG_005fFOPEN-_0040r_007b_00284_0029_007d-354"><code>KPSE_DEBUG_FOPEN </code><span class="roman">(4)</span></a>: <a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-KPSE_005fDEBUG_005fHASH-_0040r_007b_00282_0029_007d-353"><code>KPSE_DEBUG_HASH </code><span class="roman">(2)</span></a>: <a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-KPSE_005fDEBUG_005fPATHS-_0040r_007b_00288_0029_007d-356"><code>KPSE_DEBUG_PATHS </code><span class="roman">(8)</span></a>: <a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-KPSE_005fDEBUG_005fSEARCH-_0040r_007b_002832_0029_007d-359"><code>KPSE_DEBUG_SEARCH </code><span class="roman">(32)</span></a>: <a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-KPSE_005fDEBUG_005fSTAT-_0040r_007b_00281_0029_007d-352"><code>KPSE_DEBUG_STAT </code><span class="roman">(1)</span></a>: <a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-KPSE_005fDEBUG_005fVARS-_0040r_007b_002864_0029_007d-360"><code>KPSE_DEBUG_VARS </code><span class="roman">(64)</span></a>: <a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-KPSE_005fDOT-_0040r_007bexpansion_007d-527"><code>KPSE_DOT </code><span class="roman">expansion</span></a>: <a href="#KPSE_005fDOT-expansion">KPSE_DOT expansion</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-kpse_005ffallback_005ffont-747"><code>kpse_fallback_font</code></a>: <a href="#Fallback-font">Fallback font</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-kpse_005ffind_005f_002a-795"><code>kpse_find_*</code></a>: <a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-kpse_005ffind_005ffile-796"><code>kpse_find_file</code></a>: <a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-kpse_005ffind_005ffile-715"><code>kpse_find_file</code></a>: <a href="#File-lookup">File lookup</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-kpse_005ffind_005fglyph_005fformat-720"><code>kpse_find_glyph_format</code></a>: <a href="#Glyph-lookup">Glyph lookup</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-kpse_005fformat_005finfo-790"><code>kpse_format_info</code></a>: <a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-kpse_005fformat_005finfo_005ftype-357"><code>kpse_format_info_type</code></a>: <a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-kpse_005finit_005fprog-793"><code>kpse_init_prog</code></a>: <a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-kpse_005finit_005fprog_0040r_007b_002c-and-_0040code_007bMAKETEX_005fMODE_007d_007d-71"><code>kpse_init_prog</code><span class="roman">, and </span><code>MAKETEX_MODE</code></a>: <a href="#Default-path-features">Default path features</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-kpse_005fmake_005fspecs-235"><code>kpse_make_specs</code></a>: <a href="#mktex-script-names">mktex script names</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-kpse_005fopen_005ffile-797"><code>kpse_open_file</code></a>: <a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-kpse_005fprogram_005fname-777"><code>kpse_program_name</code></a>: <a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-kpse_005fset_005fprogname-785"><code>kpse_set_progname</code></a>: <a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-kpse_005fset_005fprogram_005fname-773"><code>kpse_set_program_name</code></a>: <a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-kpse_005fvar_005fvalue-808"><code>kpse_var_value</code></a>: <a href="#Programming-with-config-files">Programming with config files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-kpsewhich-565"><code>kpsewhich</code></a>: <a href="#Invoking-kpsewhich">Invoking kpsewhich</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Kpsewhich_002c-and-debugging-350">Kpsewhich, and debugging</a>: <a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-ksh_0040r_007b_002c-losing-with-_0040code_007bconfigure_007d_007d-94"><code>ksh</code><span class="roman">, losing with </span><code>configure</code></a>: <a href="#configure-shells">configure shells</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-labrea_002estanford_002eedu-304"><code>labrea.stanford.edu</code></a>: <a href="#Other-TeX-packages">Other TeX packages</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-LaserJet-drive-58">LaserJet drive</a>: <a href="#Kpathsea-application-distributions">Kpathsea application distributions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-last_002dresort-font-740">last-resort font</a>: <a href="#Fallback-font">Fallback font</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-La_0040TeX_007b_007d-help-mailing-list-334">LaTeX help mailing list</a>: <a href="#Mailing-lists">Mailing lists</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-lcircle10-732"><code>lcircle10</code></a>: <a href="#Fontmap">Fontmap</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-LDFLAGS-122"><code>LDFLAGS</code></a>: <a href="#configure-environment">configure environment</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-leading-colons-499">leading colons</a>: <a href="#Default-expansion">Default expansion</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-leaf-directories-wrongly-guessed-384">leaf directories wrongly guessed</a>: <a href="#Unable-to-find-files">Unable to find files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-leaf-directory-trick-533">leaf directory trick</a>: <a href="#Subdirectory-expansion">Subdirectory expansion</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-libdl_002ea-424"><code>libdl.a</code></a>: <a href="#dlopen">dlopen</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-libraries_002c-changing-158">libraries, changing</a>: <a href="#Running-make">Running make</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-libraries_002c-specifying-additional-125">libraries, specifying additional</a>: <a href="#configure-environment">configure environment</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-LIBS-124"><code>LIBS</code></a>: <a href="#configure-environment">configure environment</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-libucb_0040r_007b_002c-avoiding_007d-163"><code>libucb</code><span class="roman">, avoiding</span></a>: <a href="#Running-make">Running make</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-license-for-using-the-library-8">license for using the library</a>: <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-LIGFONTS-635"><code>LIGFONTS</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-lines_002c-reading-arbitrary_002dlength-803">lines, reading arbitrary-length</a>: <a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Linux-File-System-Standard-227">Linux File System Standard</a>: <a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Linux-shells-and-_0040code_007bconfigure_007d-101">Linux shells and <code>configure</code></a>: <a href="#configure-shells">configure shells</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Linux_002c-using-Web2c-293">Linux, using Web2c</a>: <a href="#CD_002dROM-distribution">CD-ROM distribution</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-lndir-_0040r_007bfor-building-symlink-trees_007d-131"><code>lndir </code><span class="roman">for building symlink trees</span></a>: <a href="#configure-scenarios">configure scenarios</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-loader-options-123">loader options</a>: <a href="#configure-environment">configure environment</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-loader-options_002c-final-154">loader options, final</a>: <a href="#Running-make">Running make</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-loader-options_002c-initial-152">loader options, initial</a>: <a href="#Running-make">Running make</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-local-cache-of-fonts-253">local cache of fonts</a>: <a href="#Security">Security</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-log-file-367">log file</a>: <a href="#Logging">Logging</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-logging-successful-searches-368">logging successful searches</a>: <a href="#Logging">Logging</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-lost_002bfound-_0040r_007bdirectory_007d-471"><code>lost+found </code><span class="roman">directory</span></a>: <a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-lostchar-754"><code>lostchar</code></a>: <a href="#Suppressing-warnings">Suppressing warnings</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-ls_002dR-636"><code>ls-R</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-ls_002dR-_0040r_007band-AFS_007d-175"><code>ls-R </code><span class="roman">and AFS</span></a>: <a href="#Installing-files">Installing files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-ls_002dR-_0040r_007bdatabase-file_007d-543"><code>ls-R </code><span class="roman">database file</span></a>: <a href="#ls_002dR">ls-R</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-ls_002dR_0040r_007b_002c-simplest-build_007d-545"><code>ls-R</code><span class="roman">, simplest build</span></a>: <a href="#ls_002dR">ls-R</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Mach10-_0040code_007bconfigure_007d-error-415">Mach10 <code>configure</code> error</a>: <a href="#Empty-Makefiles">Empty Makefiles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Macintosh-_0040TeX_007b_007d-implementations-299">Macintosh TeX implementations</a>: <a href="#Other-TeX-packages">Other TeX packages</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-MacKenzie_002c-David-535">MacKenzie, David</a>: <a href="#Subdirectory-expansion">Subdirectory expansion</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-MacKenzie_002c-David-22">MacKenzie, David</a>: <a href="#History">History</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-magic-characters-449">magic characters</a>: <a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-mailing-lists-327">mailing lists</a>: <a href="#Mailing-lists">Mailing lists</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-maintainer_002dclean-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-180"><code>maintainer-clean </code><span class="roman">Make target</span></a>: <a href="#Cleaning-up">Cleaning up</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Make-arguments_002c-additional-156">Make arguments, additional</a>: <a href="#Running-make">Running make</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-make_0040r_007b_002c-running_007d-142"><code>make</code><span class="roman">, running</span></a>: <a href="#Running-make">Running make</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Makefile_002ein-86"><code>Makefile.in</code></a>: <a href="#Running-configure">Running configure</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Makefiles_002c-empty-410">Makefiles, empty</a>: <a href="#Empty-Makefiles">Empty Makefiles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-MAKETEX_005fDEBUG-_0040r_007b_0028512_0029_007d-362"><code>MAKETEX_DEBUG </code><span class="roman">(512)</span></a>: <a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-MAKETEX_005fFINE_005fDEBUG-_0040r_007b_00281024_0029_007d-363"><code>MAKETEX_FINE_DEBUG </code><span class="roman">(1024)</span></a>: <a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-MAKETEX_005fMODE-69"><code>MAKETEX_MODE</code></a>: <a href="#Default-path-features">Default path features</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-memory-allocation-routines-799">memory allocation routines</a>: <a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-metafont-driver-files-214">metafont driver files</a>: <a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Metafont-failures-401">Metafont failures</a>: <a href="#TeX-or-Metafont-failing">TeX or Metafont failing</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Metafont-installation-399">Metafont installation</a>: <a href="#Unable-to-generate-fonts">Unable to generate fonts</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Metafont-making-too_002dlarge-fonts-395">Metafont making too-large fonts</a>: <a href="#Unable-to-generate-fonts">Unable to generate fonts</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Metafont-using-the-wrong-device-391">Metafont using the wrong device</a>: <a href="#Unable-to-generate-fonts">Unable to generate fonts</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-MFBASES-602"><code>MFBASES</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-MFINPUTS-645"><code>MFINPUTS</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-MFPOOL-647"><code>MFPOOL</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-MFTINPUTS-649"><code>MFTINPUTS</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-mirrors_002c-FTP-281">mirrors, FTP</a>: <a href="#Electronic-distribution">Electronic distribution</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-MISCFONTS-650"><code>MISCFONTS</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-mismatched-checksum-warnings-753">mismatched checksum warnings</a>: <a href="#Suppressing-warnings">Suppressing warnings</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-missfont_002elog-243"><code>missfont.log</code></a>: <a href="#mktex-script-names">mktex script names</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-MISSFONT_005fLOG-246"><code>MISSFONT_LOG</code></a>: <a href="#mktex-script-names">mktex script names</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-missing-character-warnings-755">missing character warnings</a>: <a href="#Suppressing-warnings">Suppressing warnings</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040file_007bmktex_007d-script-configuration-190"><samp><span class="file">mktex</span></samp> script configuration</a>: <a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040file_007bmktex_007d-script-names-232"><samp><span class="file">mktex</span></samp> script names</a>: <a href="#mktex-script-names">mktex script names</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040file_007bmktex_007d-scripts-184"><samp><span class="file">mktex</span></samp> scripts</a>: <a href="#mktex-scripts">mktex scripts</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-mktex_002ecnf-199"><code>mktex.cnf</code></a>: <a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-mktex_002eopt-201"><code>mktex.opt</code></a>: <a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-mktexdir-205"><code>mktexdir</code></a>: <a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-mktexmf-238"><code>mktexmf</code></a>: <a href="#mktex-script-names">mktex script names</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-mktexpk-236"><code>mktexpk</code></a>: <a href="#mktex-script-names">mktex script names</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-mktexpk-_0040r_007b_002c-initial-runs_007d-38"><code>mktexpk </code><span class="roman">, initial runs</span></a>: <a href="#Simple-installation">Simple installation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040code_007bmktexpk_007d-can_0027t-guess-mode-390"><code>mktexpk</code> can't guess mode</a>: <a href="#Unable-to-generate-fonts">Unable to generate fonts</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-mktextex-237"><code>mktextex</code></a>: <a href="#mktex-script-names">mktex script names</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-mktextfm-239"><code>mktextfm</code></a>: <a href="#mktex-script-names">mktex script names</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-mode-directory_002c-omitting-216">mode directory, omitting</a>: <a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Morgan_002c-Tim-14">Morgan, Tim</a>: <a href="#History">History</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-mostlyclean-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-178"><code>mostlyclean </code><span class="roman">Make target</span></a>: <a href="#Cleaning-up">Cleaning up</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-MPINPUTS-652"><code>MPINPUTS</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-MPMEMS-641"><code>MPMEMS</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-MPPOOL-654"><code>MPPOOL</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-MPSUPPORT-643"><code>MPSUPPORT</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-MT_005fFEATURES-202"><code>MT_FEATURES</code></a>: <a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-multiple-architectures_002c-compiling-on-127">multiple architectures, compiling on</a>: <a href="#configure-scenarios">configure scenarios</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-multiple-architectures_002c-directories-for-132">multiple architectures, directories for</a>: <a href="#configure-scenarios">configure scenarios</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-multiple-architectures_002c-installing-on-167">multiple architectures, installing on</a>: <a href="#Installing-files">Installing files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-multiple-_0040TeX_007b_007d-hierarchies-525">multiple TeX hierarchies</a>: <a href="#Brace-expansion">Brace expansion</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-must-exist-458">must exist</a>: <a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-names-for-_0040file_007bmktex_007d-scripts-233">names for <samp><span class="file">mktex</span></samp> scripts</a>: <a href="#mktex-script-names">mktex script names</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-NetBSD-_0040code_007bconfigure_007d-error-413">NetBSD <code>configure</code> error</a>: <a href="#Empty-Makefiles">Empty Makefiles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-NetBSD-shells-and-_0040code_007bconfigure_007d-99">NetBSD shells and <code>configure</code></a>: <a href="#configure-shells">configure shells</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Neumann_002c-Gustaf-25">Neumann, Gustaf</a>: <a href="#History">History</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-newsgroup-for-_0040TeX_007b_007d-336">newsgroup for TeX</a>: <a href="#Mailing-lists">Mailing lists</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-NeXT-_0040code_007bsed_007d-error-417">NeXT <code>sed</code> error</a>: <a href="#Empty-Makefiles">Empty Makefiles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-NeXT_002c-lacking-X11-54">NeXT, lacking X11</a>: <a href="#Kpathsea-application-distributions">Kpathsea application distributions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-NFS-and-_0040file_007bls_002dR_007d-556">NFS and <samp><span class="file">ls-R</span></samp></a>: <a href="#ls_002dR">ls-R</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-NFS-CTAN-access-284">NFS CTAN access</a>: <a href="#Electronic-distribution">Electronic distribution</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-nomfdrivers-213"><code>nomfdrivers</code></a>: <a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-nomode-215"><code>nomode</code></a>: <a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-non_002dEnglish-typesetting-63">non-English typesetting</a>: <a href="#Kpathsea-application-distributions">Kpathsea application distributions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-non_002dUnix-operating-systems-42">non-Unix operating systems</a>: <a href="#Custom-installation">Custom installation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-none-756"><code>none</code></a>: <a href="#Suppressing-warnings">Suppressing warnings</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-null-pointers_002c-dereferencing-325">null pointers, dereferencing</a>: <a href="#Bug-checklist">Bug checklist</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-numeric-debugging-values-351">numeric debugging values</a>: <a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-obtaining-_0040TeX_007b_007d-268">obtaining TeX</a>: <a href="#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-obtaining-Web2c-by-ftp-275">obtaining Web2c by ftp</a>: <a href="#Electronic-distribution">Electronic distribution</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-obtaining-Web2c-on-CD_002dROM-288">obtaining Web2c on CD-ROM</a>: <a href="#CD_002dROM-distribution">CD-ROM distribution</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-OCPINPUTS-656"><code>OCPINPUTS</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-OFMFONTS-658"><code>OFMFONTS</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-online-Metafont-display_002c-spurious-397">online Metafont display, spurious</a>: <a href="#Unable-to-generate-fonts">Unable to generate fonts</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-OPENTYPEFONTS-659"><code>OPENTYPEFONTS</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-OpenWin-libraries_002c-dynamic-linking-problems-427">OpenWin libraries, dynamic linking problems</a>: <a href="#ShellWidgetClass">ShellWidgetClass</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-optimization-caveat-403">optimization caveat</a>: <a href="#TeX-or-Metafont-failing">TeX or Metafont failing</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-optimization_002c-enabling-137">optimization, enabling</a>: <a href="#configure-scenarios">configure scenarios</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-options-for-debugging-342">options for debugging</a>: <a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-options-to-_0040code_007bconfigure_007d-109">options to <code>configure</code></a>: <a href="#configure-options">configure options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-OS_002f2-support-45">OS/2 support</a>: <a href="#Custom-installation">Custom installation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-other-_0040TeX_007b_007d-distributions-294">other TeX distributions</a>: <a href="#Other-TeX-packages">Other TeX packages</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-OTPINPUTS-662"><code>OTPINPUTS</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-overview-of-path-searching-447">overview of path searching</a>: <a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-overview-of-programming-with-Kpathsea-763">overview of programming with Kpathsea</a>: <a href="#Programming-overview">Programming overview</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-OVFFONTS-664"><code>OVFFONTS</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-OVPFONTS-666"><code>OVPFONTS</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-patches_002c-Sun-OpenWin-434">patches, Sun OpenWin</a>: <a href="#ShellWidgetClass">ShellWidgetClass</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-path-expansion-495">path expansion</a>: <a href="#Path-expansion">Path expansion</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-path-searching-444">path searching</a>: <a href="#Path-searching">Path searching</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-path-searching-options-568">path searching options</a>: <a href="#Path-searching-options">Path searching options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-path-searching_002c-overview-446">path searching, overview</a>: <a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-path-searching_002c-standalone-566">path searching, standalone</a>: <a href="#Invoking-kpsewhich">Invoking kpsewhich</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-path-sources-473">path sources</a>: <a href="#Path-sources">Path sources</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-paths_002c-changing-default-76">paths, changing default</a>: <a href="#Default-path-generation">Default path generation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-paths_002c-changing-default-65">paths, changing default</a>: <a href="#Changing-search-paths">Changing search paths</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-paths_002c-device-name-included-in-70">paths, device name included in</a>: <a href="#Default-path-features">Default path features</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-paths_002eh-83"><code>paths.h</code></a>: <a href="#Default-path-generation">Default path generation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-paths_002eh_0040r_007b_002c-creating_007d-144"><code>paths.h</code><span class="roman">, creating</span></a>: <a href="#Running-make">Running make</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-pathsearch_002eh-764"><code>pathsearch.h</code></a>: <a href="#Programming-overview">Programming overview</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-pc-_0040r_007bPascal-compiler_007d-20"><code>pc </code><span class="roman">Pascal compiler</span></a>: <a href="#History">History</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-PCL-driver-57">PCL driver</a>: <a href="#Kpathsea-application-distributions">Kpathsea application distributions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-PDF-generation-59">PDF generation</a>: <a href="#Kpathsea-application-distributions">Kpathsea application distributions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-PDFTEXCONFIG-667"><code>PDFTEXCONFIG</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-permission-denied-467">permission denied</a>: <a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-permissions_002c-directory-262">permissions, directory</a>: <a href="#Security">Security</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-permissions_002c-file-260">permissions, file</a>: <a href="#Security">Security</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-PKFONTS-669"><code>PKFONTS</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-plain_002ebase-398"><code>plain.base</code></a>: <a href="#Unable-to-generate-fonts">Unable to generate fonts</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-pointer-combination-warnings-441">pointer combination warnings</a>: <a href="#Pointer-combination-warnings">Pointer combination warnings</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-PostScript-driver-60">PostScript driver</a>: <a href="#Kpathsea-application-distributions">Kpathsea application distributions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-PostScript-fonts_002c-additional-35">PostScript fonts, additional</a>: <a href="#Simple-installation">Simple installation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-precompiled-executables_002c-instead-of-installation-32">precompiled executables, instead of installation</a>: <a href="#Simple-installation">Simple installation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-precompiled-Unix-binaries-303">precompiled Unix binaries</a>: <a href="#Other-TeX-packages">Other TeX packages</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-preprocessor-options-121">preprocessor options</a>: <a href="#configure-environment">configure environment</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-preprocessor-options_002c-additional-148">preprocessor options, additional</a>: <a href="#Running-make">Running make</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-printer-configuration-files-34">printer configuration files</a>: <a href="#Simple-installation">Simple installation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-privacy_002c-semblance-of-375">privacy, semblance of</a>: <a href="#Logging">Logging</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-problems_002c-common-377">problems, common</a>: <a href="#Common-problems">Common problems</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-proginit_002ec-72"><code>proginit.c</code></a>: <a href="#Default-path-features">Default path features</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-proginit_002eh-794"><code>proginit.h</code></a>: <a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-program_002dvarying-paths-598">program-varying paths</a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-program_005finvocation_005fname-775"><code>program_invocation_name</code></a>: <a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-program_005finvocation_005fshort_005fname-776"><code>program_invocation_short_name</code></a>: <a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-programming-overview-762">programming overview</a>: <a href="#Programming-overview">Programming overview</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-programming-with-config-files-806">programming with config files</a>: <a href="#Programming-with-config-files">Programming with config files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-programming-with-Kpathsea-771">programming with Kpathsea</a>: <a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-programs-using-the-library-3">programs using the library</a>: <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-proof-mode-396">proof mode</a>: <a href="#Unable-to-generate-fonts">Unable to generate fonts</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-PSHEADERS-675"><code>PSHEADERS</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-pxp-_0040r_007bPascal-preprocessor_007d-19"><code>pxp </code><span class="roman">Pascal preprocessor</span></a>: <a href="#History">History</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-quoting-variable-values-511">quoting variable values</a>: <a href="#Variable-expansion">Variable expansion</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-readable-757"><code>readable</code></a>: <a href="#Suppressing-warnings">Suppressing warnings</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-reading-arbitrary_002dlength-lines-801">reading arbitrary-length lines</a>: <a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-README_002eCONFIGURE-90"><code>README.CONFIGURE</code></a>: <a href="#Running-configure">Running configure</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-README_002emirrors-279"><code>README.mirrors</code></a>: <a href="#Electronic-distribution">Electronic distribution</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-recording-successful-searches-369">recording successful searches</a>: <a href="#Logging">Logging</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-relative-filenames-464">relative filenames</a>: <a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-relative-filenames-in-_0040file_007bls_002dR_007d-176">relative filenames in <samp><span class="file">ls-R</span></samp></a>: <a href="#Installing-files">Installing files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-reporting-bugs-306">reporting bugs</a>: <a href="#Reporting-bugs">Reporting bugs</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-resident_002ec-791"><code>resident.c</code></a>: <a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-resolution_002c-setting-571">resolution, setting</a>: <a href="#Path-searching-options">Path searching options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-resolutions_002c-last_002dresort-739">resolutions, last-resort</a>: <a href="#Fallback-font">Fallback font</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-retrieving-_0040TeX_007b_007d-269">retrieving TeX</a>: <a href="#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-right_002dhand-side-of-variable-assignments-491">right-hand side of variable assignments</a>: <a href="#Config-files">Config files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Rokicki_002c-Tom-15">Rokicki, Tom</a>: <a href="#History">History</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040t_007broot_007d-user-519"><tt>root</tt> user</a>: <a href="#Tilde-expansion">Tilde expansion</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-runtime-configuration-files-482">runtime configuration files</a>: <a href="#Config-files">Config files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-runtime-debugging-341">runtime debugging</a>: <a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Sauter-fonts_002c-and-dynamic-source-creation-188">Sauter fonts, and dynamic source creation</a>: <a href="#mktex-scripts">mktex scripts</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-scripts-for-file-creation-185">scripts for file creation</a>: <a href="#mktex-scripts">mktex scripts</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-search-path_002c-defined-448">search path, defined</a>: <a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-search-paths_002c-changing-default-64">search paths, changing default</a>: <a href="#Changing-search-paths">Changing search paths</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-searching-for-files-712">searching for files</a>: <a href="#File-lookup">File lookup</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-searching-for-glyphs-717">searching for glyphs</a>: <a href="#Glyph-lookup">Glyph lookup</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-searching-overview-445">searching overview</a>: <a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-searching-the-database-453">searching the database</a>: <a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-searching-the-disk-457">searching the disk</a>: <a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-security-considerations-250">security considerations</a>: <a href="#Security">Security</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-sed-_0040r_007berror-from-_0040code_007bconfigure_007d_007d-411"><code>sed </code><span class="roman">error from </span><code>configure</code></a>: <a href="#Empty-Makefiles">Empty Makefiles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-SELFAUTODIR-780">SELFAUTODIR</a>: <a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-SELFAUTOLOC-779">SELFAUTOLOC</a>: <a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-SELFAUTOPARENT-781">SELFAUTOPARENT</a>: <a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-sending-patches-319">sending patches</a>: <a href="#Bug-checklist">Bug checklist</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-setgid-scripts-258">setgid scripts</a>: <a href="#Security">Security</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-SFDFONTS-677"><code>SFDFONTS</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-sh5_0040r_007b_002c-ok-with-_0040code_007bconfigure_007d_007d-104"><code>sh5</code><span class="roman">, ok with </span><code>configure</code></a>: <a href="#configure-shells">configure shells</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-shar_0040r_007b_002c-recommended_007d-317">shar<span class="roman">, recommended</span></a>: <a href="#Bug-checklist">Bug checklist</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-shared-library_002c-making-139">shared library, making</a>: <a href="#Shared-library">Shared library</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-shell-scripts-as-configuration-files-492">shell scripts as configuration files</a>: <a href="#Config-files">Config files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-shell-variables-512">shell variables</a>: <a href="#Variable-expansion">Variable expansion</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-shell_005fescape_0040r_007b_002c-example-for-code_007d-810"><code>shell_escape</code><span class="roman">, example for code</span></a>: <a href="#Programming-with-config-files">Programming with config files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-shells-and-_0040code_007bconfigure_007d-92">shells and <code>configure</code></a>: <a href="#configure-shells">configure shells</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-simple-installation-30">simple installation</a>: <a href="#Simple-installation">Simple installation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-site-overrides-for-_0040code_007bmktex_0040dots_007b_007d_007d-200">site overrides for <code>mktex...</code></a>: <a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-size-of-distribution-archives-49">size of distribution archives</a>: <a href="#Disk-space">Disk space</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-skeleton-_0040TeX_007b_007d-directory-266">skeleton TeX directory</a>: <a href="#TeX-directory-structure">TeX directory structure</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-slow-startup-time-386">slow startup time</a>: <a href="#Slow-path-searching">Slow path searching</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Solaris-BSD-compatibility_002c-not-162">Solaris BSD compatibility, not</a>: <a href="#Running-make">Running make</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-source-files-682"><code>source files</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-sources-for-search-paths-474">sources for search paths</a>: <a href="#Path-sources">Path sources</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-special-759"><code>special</code></a>: <a href="#Suppressing-warnings">Suppressing warnings</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-st_005fnlink-536"><code>st_nlink</code></a>: <a href="#Subdirectory-expansion">Subdirectory expansion</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-stack-trace-321">stack trace</a>: <a href="#Bug-checklist">Bug checklist</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-standalone-path-searching-567">standalone path searching</a>: <a href="#Invoking-kpsewhich">Invoking kpsewhich</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-standard-error-and-debugging-output-349">standard error and debugging output</a>: <a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-standard-options-590">standard options</a>: <a href="#Standard-options">Standard options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-startup-time_002c-excessive-387">startup time, excessive</a>: <a href="#Slow-path-searching">Slow path searching</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-static-linking-435">static linking</a>: <a href="#ShellWidgetClass">ShellWidgetClass</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-static-linking-and-_0040code_007bdlsym_007d-419">static linking and <code>dlsym</code></a>: <a href="#dlopen">dlopen</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-string-routines-800">string routines</a>: <a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-strip-221"><code>strip</code></a>: <a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-stripsupplier-217"><code>stripsupplier</code></a>: <a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-striptypeface-219"><code>striptypeface</code></a>: <a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-subdirectory-searching-529">subdirectory searching</a>: <a href="#Subdirectory-expansion">Subdirectory expansion</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-suggestions_002c-making-6">suggestions, making</a>: <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Sun-2-18">Sun 2</a>: <a href="#History">History</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Sun-OpenWin-patches-433">Sun OpenWin patches</a>: <a href="#ShellWidgetClass">ShellWidgetClass</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-supplier-directory_002c-omitting-218">supplier directory, omitting</a>: <a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-supported-file-formats-594">supported file formats</a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-suppressing-warnings-749">suppressing warnings</a>: <a href="#Suppressing-warnings">Suppressing warnings</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-symbolic-link-trees_002c-for-multiple-architectures-129">symbolic link trees, for multiple architectures</a>: <a href="#configure-scenarios">configure scenarios</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-symbolic-links-not-found-383">symbolic links not found</a>: <a href="#Unable-to-find-files">Unable to find files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-symbolic-links_002c-and-_0040file_007bls_002dR_007d-553">symbolic links, and <samp><span class="file">ls-R</span></samp></a>: <a href="#ls_002dR">ls-R</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-symlinks_002c-resolving-783">symlinks, resolving</a>: <a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-system-C-compiler-bugs-405">system C compiler bugs</a>: <a href="#TeX-or-Metafont-failing">TeX or Metafont failing</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-system-dependencies-89">system dependencies</a>: <a href="#Running-configure">Running configure</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-system-V-universe-161">system V universe</a>: <a href="#Running-make">Running make</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-T1FONTS-696"><code>T1FONTS</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-T1INPUTS-697"><code>T1INPUTS</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-T42FONTS-700"><code>T42FONTS</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-TDS-267">TDS</a>: <a href="#TeX-directory-structure">TeX directory structure</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-testing_002c-post_002dinstallation-248">testing, post-installation</a>: <a href="#Installation-testing">Installation testing</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-tests_002c-simple-39">tests, simple</a>: <a href="#Simple-installation">Simple installation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-te_0040TeX_007b_007d-302">teTeX</a>: <a href="#Other-TeX-packages">Other TeX packages</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d-directory-structure-264">TeX directory structure</a>: <a href="#TeX-directory-structure">TeX directory structure</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d-distributions-besides-Web2c-295">TeX distributions besides Web2c</a>: <a href="#Other-TeX-packages">Other TeX packages</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d-environment-variables-597">TeX environment variables</a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d-failures-400">TeX failures</a>: <a href="#TeX-or-Metafont-failing">TeX or Metafont failing</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d-file-lookup-713">TeX file lookup</a>: <a href="#File-lookup">File lookup</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d-glyph-lookup-718">TeX glyph lookup</a>: <a href="#Glyph-lookup">Glyph lookup</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d-help-mailing-list-333">TeX help mailing list</a>: <a href="#Mailing-lists">Mailing lists</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d-hierarchy_002c-one-126">TeX hierarchy, one</a>: <a href="#configure-scenarios">configure scenarios</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d-Live-CD_002dROM-290">TeX Live CD-ROM</a>: <a href="#CD_002dROM-distribution">CD-ROM distribution</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d-support-593">TeX support</a>: <a href="#TeX-support">TeX support</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d-Users-Group-10">TeX Users Group</a>: <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-tex_002darchive_0040_0040math_002eutah_002eedu-331"><code>tex-archive@math.utah.edu</code></a>: <a href="#Mailing-lists">Mailing lists</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-tex_002dfile_002ec-714"><code>tex-file.c</code></a>: <a href="#File-lookup">File lookup</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-tex_002dfile_002eh-765"><code>tex-file.h</code></a>: <a href="#Programming-overview">Programming overview</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-tex_002dglyph_002ec-719"><code>tex-glyph.c</code></a>: <a href="#Glyph-lookup">Glyph lookup</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-tex_002dglyph_002eh-766"><code>tex-glyph.h</code></a>: <a href="#Programming-overview">Programming overview</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-tex_002dk_002drequest_0040_0040mail_002etug_002eorg-330"><code>tex-k-request@mail.tug.org</code></a>: <a href="#Mailing-lists">Mailing lists</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-tex_002dk_0040_0040mail_002etug_002eorg-_0040r_007b_0028bug-address_0029_007d-308"><code>tex-k@mail.tug.org </code><span class="roman">(bug address)</span></a>: <a href="#Reporting-bugs">Reporting bugs</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-tex_002dmake_002ec-234"><code>tex-make.c</code></a>: <a href="#mktex-script-names">mktex script names</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-TEX_005fHUSH-750"><code>TEX_HUSH</code></a>: <a href="#Suppressing-warnings">Suppressing warnings</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-TEX_005fHUSH-472"><code>TEX_HUSH</code></a>: <a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-TEXBIB-606"><code>TEXBIB</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-TEXCONFIG-616"><code>TEXCONFIG</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-TEXDOCS-681"><code>TEXDOCS</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-TEXFONTMAPS-639"><code>TEXFONTMAPS</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-TEXFONTS-626"><code>TEXFONTS</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-texfonts_002emap-729"><code>texfonts.map</code></a>: <a href="#Fontmap">Fontmap</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-TEXFORMATS-621"><code>TEXFORMATS</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-TEXINDEXSTYLE-632"><code>TEXINDEXSTYLE</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-TEXINPUTS-630"><code>TEXINPUTS</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-TEXMF-263"><code>TEXMF</code></a>: <a href="#TeX-directory-structure">TeX directory structure</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-texmf_002ecnf_0040r_007b_002c-and-variable-expansion_007d-510"><code>texmf.cnf</code><span class="roman">, and variable expansion</span></a>: <a href="#Variable-expansion">Variable expansion</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-texmf_002ecnf_0040r_007b_002c-creating_007d-143"><code>texmf.cnf</code><span class="roman">, creating</span></a>: <a href="#Running-make">Running make</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-texmf_002ecnf_0040r_007b_002c-definition-for_007d-481"><code>texmf.cnf</code><span class="roman">, definition for</span></a>: <a href="#Config-files">Config files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-texmf_002ecnf_0040r_007b_002c-generated_007d-82"><code>texmf.cnf</code><span class="roman">, generated</span></a>: <a href="#Default-path-generation">Default path generation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-texmf_002ecnf_0040r_007b_002c-source-for-path_007d-478"><code>texmf.cnf</code><span class="roman">, source for path</span></a>: <a href="#Path-sources">Path sources</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-texmf_002ein-81"><code>texmf.in</code></a>: <a href="#Default-path-generation">Default path generation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-texmf_002ein_0040r_007b_002c-editing_007d-66"><code>texmf.in</code><span class="roman">, editing</span></a>: <a href="#Changing-search-paths">Changing search paths</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-texmf_002esed-80"><code>texmf.sed</code></a>: <a href="#Default-path-generation">Default path generation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-TEXMFCNF-612"><code>TEXMFCNF</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-TEXMFCNF-483"><code>TEXMFCNF</code></a>: <a href="#Config-files">Config files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-TEXMFDBS-637"><code>TEXMFDBS</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-TEXMFDBS-544"><code>TEXMFDBS</code></a>: <a href="#ls_002dR">ls-R</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-TEXMFINI-603"><code>TEXMFINI</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-TEXMFLOG-372"><code>TEXMFLOG</code></a>: <a href="#Logging">Logging</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-TEXMFOUTPUT-245"><code>TEXMFOUTPUT</code></a>: <a href="#mktex-script-names">mktex script names</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-TEXMFSCRIPTS-684"><code>TEXMFSCRIPTS</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-TEXMFVAR-230"><code>TEXMFVAR</code></a>: <a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-texmfvar-229"><code>texmfvar</code></a>: <a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-TEXPICTS-629"><code>TEXPICTS</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-TEXPKS-670"><code>TEXPKS</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-TEXPOOL-686"><code>TEXPOOL</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-TEXPSHEADERS-674"><code>TEXPSHEADERS</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-TEXSIZES-744"><code>TEXSIZES</code></a>: <a href="#Fallback-font">Fallback font</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-TEXSOURCES-683"><code>TEXSOURCES</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-TFMFONTS-688"><code>TFMFONTS</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-tilde-expansion-516">tilde expansion</a>: <a href="#Tilde-expansion">Tilde expansion</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-tilde_002ec-522"><code>tilde.c</code></a>: <a href="#Tilde-expansion">Tilde expansion</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-time-_0040r_007bsystem-call_007d-374"><code>time </code><span class="roman">system call</span></a>: <a href="#Logging">Logging</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-tolerance-for-glyph-lookup-723">tolerance for glyph lookup</a>: <a href="#Basic-glyph-lookup">Basic glyph lookup</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-total-disk-space-48">total disk space</a>: <a href="#Disk-space">Disk space</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-trailing-_0040samp_007b_002f_007d-in-home-directory-520">trailing `<samp><span class="samp">/</span></samp>' in home directory</a>: <a href="#Tilde-expansion">Tilde expansion</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-trailing-colons-500">trailing colons</a>: <a href="#Default-expansion">Default expansion</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-TRFONTS-690"><code>TRFONTS</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-trick-for-detecting-leaf-directories-532">trick for detecting leaf directories</a>: <a href="#Subdirectory-expansion">Subdirectory expansion</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-trojan-horse-attack-251">trojan horse attack</a>: <a href="#Security">Security</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-TTFONTS-693"><code>TTFONTS</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-tug_002eorg-271"><code>tug.org</code></a>: <a href="#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-tug_0040_0040tug_002eorg-11"><code>tug@tug.org</code></a>: <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-typeface-directory_002c-omitting-220">typeface directory, omitting</a>: <a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-ucbinclude_0040r_007b_002c-avoiding_007d-164"><code>ucbinclude</code><span class="roman">, avoiding</span></a>: <a href="#Running-make">Running make</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Ultrix-shells-and-_0040code_007bconfigure_007d-103">Ultrix shells and <code>configure</code></a>: <a href="#configure-shells">configure shells</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-unable-to-find-files-379">unable to find files</a>: <a href="#Unable-to-find-files">Unable to find files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-unable-to-generate-fonts-388">unable to generate fonts</a>: <a href="#Unable-to-generate-fonts">Unable to generate fonts</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-uname-313"><code>uname</code></a>: <a href="#Bug-checklist">Bug checklist</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-universe_002c-BSD-vs_002e_0040_003a-system-V-159">universe, BSD vs. system V</a>: <a href="#Running-make">Running make</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-UNIX_005fST_005fLINK-537"><code>UNIX_ST_LINK</code></a>: <a href="#Subdirectory-expansion">Subdirectory expansion</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-unixtex_002eftp-270"><code>unixtex.ftp</code></a>: <a href="#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-unknown-special-warnings-760">unknown special warnings</a>: <a href="#Suppressing-warnings">Suppressing warnings</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-unreadable-file-warnings-758">unreadable file warnings</a>: <a href="#Suppressing-warnings">Suppressing warnings</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-unreadable-files-468">unreadable files</a>: <a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-unusable-_0040file_007bls_002dR_007d-warning-558">unusable <samp><span class="file">ls-R</span></samp> warning</a>: <a href="#ls_002dR">ls-R</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-usage-patterns_002c-finding-370">usage patterns, finding</a>: <a href="#Logging">Logging</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-USE_005fTEXMFVAR-231"><code>USE_TEXMFVAR</code></a>: <a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-USE_005fVARTEXFONTS-228"><code>USE_VARTEXFONTS</code></a>: <a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Usenet-_0040TeX_007b_007d-newsgroup-335">Usenet TeX newsgroup</a>: <a href="#Mailing-lists">Mailing lists</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-varfonts-224"><code>varfonts</code></a>: <a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-variable-expansion-508">variable expansion</a>: <a href="#Variable-expansion">Variable expansion</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-variable_002ec-513"><code>variable.c</code></a>: <a href="#Variable-expansion">Variable expansion</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-variable_002eh-809"><code>variable.h</code></a>: <a href="#Programming-with-config-files">Programming with config files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-VARTEXFONTS-226"><code>VARTEXFONTS</code></a>: <a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-VAX-11_002f750-17">VAX 11/750</a>: <a href="#History">History</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-version-number_002c-of-Kpathsea-51">version number, of Kpathsea</a>: <a href="#Kpathsea-application-distributions">Kpathsea application distributions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-version-numbers_002c-determining-312">version numbers, determining</a>: <a href="#Bug-checklist">Bug checklist</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-VF-files_002c-not-found-459">VF files, not found</a>: <a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-VFFONTS-702"><code>VFFONTS</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-VMS-support-46">VMS support</a>: <a href="#Custom-installation">Custom installation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-VMS-_0040TeX_007b_007d-implementations-298">VMS TeX implementations</a>: <a href="#Other-TeX-packages">Other TeX packages</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Vojta_002c-Paul-21">Vojta, Paul</a>: <a href="#History">History</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Walsh_002c-Norman-24">Walsh, Norman</a>: <a href="#History">History</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-warning-about-unusable-_0040file_007bls_002dR_007d-557">warning about unusable <samp><span class="file">ls-R</span></samp></a>: <a href="#ls_002dR">ls-R</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-warnings_002c-file-access-470">warnings, file access</a>: <a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-warnings_002c-pointer-combinations-440">warnings, pointer combinations</a>: <a href="#Pointer-combination-warnings">Pointer combination warnings</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-warnings_002c-suppressing-748">warnings, suppressing</a>: <a href="#Suppressing-warnings">Suppressing warnings</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-wcstombs-423"><code>wcstombs</code></a>: <a href="#dlopen">dlopen</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-WEB2C-706"><code>WEB2C</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Weber_002c-Olaf-26">Weber, Olaf</a>: <a href="#History">History</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-WEBINPUTS-705"><code>WEBINPUTS</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-whitespace_002c-in-fontmap-files-734">whitespace, in fontmap files</a>: <a href="#Fontmap">Fontmap</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-whitespace_002c-not-ignored-on-continuation-lines-488">whitespace, not ignored on continuation lines</a>: <a href="#Config-files">Config files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Windows-_0040TeX_007b_007d-implementations-301">Windows TeX implementations</a>: <a href="#Other-TeX-packages">Other TeX packages</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-World-Wide-Web-CTAN-access-282">World Wide Web CTAN access</a>: <a href="#Electronic-distribution">Electronic distribution</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-www_002etug_002eorg-272"><code>www.tug.org</code></a>: <a href="#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-X11-previewer-61">X11 previewer</a>: <a href="#Kpathsea-application-distributions">Kpathsea application distributions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-X11_002c-lacking-on-NeXT-55">X11, lacking on NeXT</a>: <a href="#Kpathsea-application-distributions">Kpathsea application distributions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-XCFLAGS-149"><code>XCFLAGS</code></a>: <a href="#Running-make">Running make</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-XCPPFLAGS-146"><code>XCPPFLAGS</code></a>: <a href="#Running-make">Running make</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-XDEFS-147"><code>XDEFS</code></a>: <a href="#Running-make">Running make</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-XDVIFONTS-709"><code>XDVIFONTS</code></a>: <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-XDVIMAKEPK-241"><code>XDVIMAKEPK</code></a>: <a href="#mktex-script-names">mktex script names</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-XDVISIZES-742"><code>XDVISIZES</code></a>: <a href="#Fallback-font">Fallback font</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-XLDFLAGS-151"><code>XLDFLAGS</code></a>: <a href="#Running-make">Running make</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-XLOADLIBES-153"><code>XLOADLIBES</code></a>: <a href="#Running-make">Running make</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-XMAKEARGS-155"><code>XMAKEARGS</code></a>: <a href="#Running-make">Running make</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Xmu-_0040r_007blibrary-problems_007d-432"><code>Xmu </code><span class="roman">library problems</span></a>: <a href="#ShellWidgetClass">ShellWidgetClass</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-XtStrings-418"><code>XtStrings</code></a>: <a href="#XtStrings">XtStrings</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-zuhn_002c-david-23">zuhn, david</a>: <a href="#History">History</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040_007b-_0040r_007bexpansion_007d-523"><code>{ </code><span class="roman">expansion</span></a>: <a href="#Brace-expansion">Brace expansion</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_007e-_0040r_007bexpansion_007d-514"><code>~ </code><span class="roman">expansion</span></a>: <a href="#Tilde-expansion">Tilde expansion</a></li>
</ul>
<div class="contents">
<h2>Table of Contents</h2>
<ul>
<li><a name="toc_Top" href="#Top">Kpathsea library</a>
<li><a name="toc_Introduction" href="#Introduction">1 Introduction</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#History">1.1 History</a>
</li></ul>
<li><a name="toc_Installation" href="#Installation">2 Installation</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#Simple-installation">2.1 Simple installation</a>
<li><a href="#Custom-installation">2.2 Custom installation</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#Disk-space">2.2.1 Disk space</a>
<li><a href="#Kpathsea-application-distributions">2.2.2 Kpathsea application distributions</a>
<li><a href="#Changing-search-paths">2.2.3 Changing search paths</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#Default-path-features">2.2.3.1 Default path features</a>
<li><a href="#Default-path-generation">2.2.3.2 Default path generation</a>
</li></ul>
<li><a href="#Running-configure">2.2.4 Running <code>configure</code></a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#configure-shells">2.2.4.1 <code>configure</code> shells</a>
<li><a href="#configure-options">2.2.4.2 <code>configure</code> options</a>
<li><a href="#configure-environment">2.2.4.3 <code>configure</code> environment</a>
<li><a href="#configure-scenarios">2.2.4.4 <code>configure</code> scenarios</a>
<li><a href="#Shared-library">2.2.4.5 Shared library</a>
</li></ul>
<li><a href="#Running-make">2.2.5 Running <code>make</code></a>
<li><a href="#Installing-files">2.2.6 Installing files</a>
<li><a href="#Cleaning-up">2.2.7 Cleaning up</a>
<li><a href="#Filename-database-generation">2.2.8 Filename database generation</a>
<li><a href="#mktex-scripts">2.2.9 <samp><span class="file">mktex</span></samp> scripts</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#mktex-configuration">2.2.9.1 <samp><span class="file">mktex</span></samp> configuration</a>
<li><a href="#mktex-script-names">2.2.9.2 <samp><span class="file">mktex</span></samp> script names</a>
<li><a href="#mktex-script-arguments">2.2.9.3 <samp><span class="file">mktex</span></samp> script arguments</a>
</li></ul>
<li><a href="#Installation-testing">2.2.10 Installation testing</a>
</li></ul>
<li><a href="#Security">2.3 Security</a>
<li><a href="#TeX-directory-structure">2.4 TeX directory structure</a>
<li><a href="#unixtex_002eftp">2.5 <samp><span class="file">unixtex.ftp</span></samp>: Obtaining TeX</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#Electronic-distribution">2.5.1 Electronic distribution</a>
<li><a href="#CD_002dROM-distribution">2.5.2 CD-ROM distribution</a>
<li><a href="#Other-TeX-packages">2.5.3 Other TeX packages</a>
</li></ul>
<li><a href="#Reporting-bugs">2.6 Reporting bugs</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#Bug-checklist">2.6.1 Bug checklist</a>
<li><a href="#Mailing-lists">2.6.2 Mailing lists</a>
<li><a href="#Debugging">2.6.3 Debugging</a>
<li><a href="#Logging">2.6.4 Logging</a>
<li><a href="#Common-problems">2.6.5 Common problems</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#Unable-to-find-files">2.6.5.1 Unable to find files</a>
<li><a href="#Slow-path-searching">2.6.5.2 Slow path searching</a>
<li><a href="#Unable-to-generate-fonts">2.6.5.3 Unable to generate fonts</a>
<li><a href="#TeX-or-Metafont-failing">2.6.5.4 TeX or Metafont failing</a>
<li><a href="#Empty-Makefiles">2.6.5.5 Empty Makefiles</a>
<li><a href="#XtStrings">2.6.5.6 <code>XtStrings</code></a>
<li><a href="#dlopen">2.6.5.7 <code>dlopen</code></a>
<li><a href="#ShellWidgetClass">2.6.5.8 <code>ShellWidgetClass</code></a>
<li><a href="#Pointer-combination-warnings">2.6.5.9 Pointer combination warnings</a>
</li></ul>
</li></ul>
</li></ul>
<li><a name="toc_Path-searching" href="#Path-searching">3 Path searching</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#Searching-overview">3.1 Searching overview</a>
<li><a href="#Path-sources">3.2 Path sources</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#Config-files">3.2.1 Config files</a>
</li></ul>
<li><a href="#Path-expansion">3.3 Path expansion</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#Default-expansion">3.3.1 Default expansion</a>
<li><a href="#Variable-expansion">3.3.2 Variable expansion</a>
<li><a href="#Tilde-expansion">3.3.3 Tilde expansion</a>
<li><a href="#Brace-expansion">3.3.4 Brace expansion</a>
<li><a href="#KPSE_005fDOT-expansion">3.3.5 <code>KPSE_DOT</code> expansion</a>
<li><a href="#Subdirectory-expansion">3.3.6 Subdirectory expansion</a>
</li></ul>
<li><a href="#Filename-database">3.4 Filename database (<code>ls-R</code>)</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#ls_002dR">3.4.1 <samp><span class="file">ls-R</span></samp></a>
<li><a href="#Filename-aliases">3.4.2 Filename aliases</a>
<li><a href="#Database-format">3.4.3 Database format</a>
</li></ul>
<li><a href="#Invoking-kpsewhich">3.5 <code>kpsewhich</code>: Standalone path searching</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#Path-searching-options">3.5.1 Path searching options</a>
<li><a href="#Auxiliary-tasks">3.5.2 Auxiliary tasks</a>
<li><a href="#Standard-options">3.5.3 Standard options</a>
</li></ul>
</li></ul>
<li><a name="toc_TeX-support" href="#TeX-support">4 TeX support</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#Supported-file-formats">4.1 Supported file formats</a>
<li><a href="#File-lookup">4.2 File lookup</a>
<li><a href="#Glyph-lookup">4.3 Glyph lookup</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#Basic-glyph-lookup">4.3.1 Basic glyph lookup</a>
<li><a href="#Fontmap">4.3.2 Fontmap</a>
<li><a href="#Fallback-font">4.3.3 Fallback font</a>
</li></ul>
<li><a href="#Suppressing-warnings">4.4 Suppressing warnings</a>
</li></ul>
<li><a name="toc_Programming" href="#Programming">5 Programming</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#Programming-overview">5.1 Programming overview</a>
<li><a href="#Calling-sequence">5.2 Calling sequence</a>
<li><a href="#Program_002dspecific-files">5.3 Program-specific files</a>
<li><a href="#Programming-with-config-files">5.4 Programming with config files</a>
</li></ul>
<li><a name="toc_Index" href="#Index">Index</a>
</li></ul>
</div>
</body></html>
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