summaryrefslogtreecommitdiff
path: root/Master/texmf-dist/source/latex/elsarticle/contrib/elsdoc.tex
blob: 7be99f0b0fb27f970c8eb1457642a581bfe6d8a9 (plain)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
%%
%% This is file `elsdoc.tex',
%% generated with the docstrip utility.
%%
%% The original source files were:
%%
%% elsarticle.dtx  (with options: `mydoc')
%% 
%% Copyright 2007, 2008 Elsevier Ltd.
%% 
%% This file is part of the 'Elsarticle Bundle'.
%% -------------------------------------------
%% 
%% It may be distributed under the conditions of the LaTeX Project Public
%% License, either version 1.2 of this license or (at your option) any
%% later version.  The latest version of this license is in
%%    http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt
%% and version 1.2 or later is part of all distributions of LaTeX
%% version 1999/12/01 or later.
%% 
%% The list of all files belonging to the 'Elsarticle Bundle' is
%% given in the file `manifest.txt'.
%% 
\documentclass[a4paper,12pt]{article}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage[pdftex,screen,vpanel]{docscreen}

\panelwidth=5in
\vpanelheight=1.25in
\margins{1.5cm}{1cm}{1.25cm}{1.25cm}
\screensize{210mm}{297mm}
\vpaneloverlay{bg_body1.jpg}

\usepackage{pxfonts}
\usepackage{charter}
\usepackage[scaled=.9]{lfr}
\usepackage[scaled=.8]{prima}
\usepackage{xspace}
\usepackage{pdfwidgets}
\makeatletter
\def\bs{\expandafter\@gobble\string\\}
\def\lb{\expandafter\@gobble\string\{}
\def\rb{\expandafter\@gobble\string\}}
\def\@pdfauthor{C.V.Radhakrishnan}
\def\@pdftitle{elsarticle.cls -- A documentation}
\def\@pdfsubject{Document formatting with elsarticle.cls}
\def\@pdfkeywords{LaTeX, Elsevier Ltd., document class}
\def\file#1{\textsf{#1}\xspace}
\def\Hlink#1#2{\hyperlink{#1}{{\sffamily\color{brown}#2}}}

\def\LastPage{19}

\DeclareRobustCommand{\LaTeX}{L\kern-.26em%
        {\sbox\z@ T%
         \vbox to\ht\z@{\hbox{\check@mathfonts
           \fontsize\sf@size\z@
           \math@fontsfalse\selectfont
          A\,}%
         \vss}%
        }%
     \kern-.15em%
    \TeX}
\makeatother

\usepackage{doc-tooltips}

\begin{document}

\newbox\contbox
\global\setbox\contbox=\vbox{\hsize=108mm
  \color{orange}
  \begin{enumerate}[$\square$]
   \item \Hlink{introduction}{Introduction}
 \item \Hlink{majordifferences}{Major Differences}
 \item \Hlink{installation}{Installation}
 \item \Hlink{usage}{Usage}
 \item \Hlink{preamble}{Preamble}
 \item \Hlink{floats}{Floats}
 \item \Hlink{theorems}{Theorems}
 \item \Hlink{lists}{Lists}
 \item \Hlink{crossreferences}{Cross-references}
 \item \Hlink{math}{Mathematical Symbols and Formulae}
 \item \Hlink{bibliography}{Bibliography}
 \item \Hlink{final}{Final Print}
\end{enumerate}\par\vspace{45mm}
\footnotesize\parindent=0pt
\color{Olive}%
\copyright 2008, Elsevier Ltd.  Bugs, feature requests,
suggestions and comments shall be mailed to
\href{mailto:elsarticle@river-valley.com}
{\texttt{<elsarticle@river-valley.com>}}.
\file{elsarticle.\allowbreak [dtx,ins]}, related documentation
and supporting packages are released under \LaTeX{} Project
Public Licence, either version 1.2 or any later version. This
work has the LPPL maintenance status
`author-maintained'.\par\vskip6pt
\noindent
}

\def\testa{This is a specimen document. }
\def\testc{\testa\testa\testa\testa}
\def\testb{\testc\testc\testc\testc\testc}
\long\def\test{\testb\par\testb\par\testb\par}

\pinclude{\copy\contbox\printSq{\LastPage}}

\normalcolor

\section{Introduction}
\hypertarget{introduction}{}

\file{elsarticle.cls} is a thoroughly re-written document class
for formatting \LaTeX{} submissions to Elsevier journals.
The class uses the environments and commands defined in \LaTeX{} kernel
without change to the signature so that clashes with other
contributed \LaTeX{} packages like \file{hyperref.sty},
\file{preview-latex.sty}, etc., will be minimal.
\file{elsarticle.cls} is primarily built upon the default
\file{article.cls}.  The class depends on the following packages
for its proper functionality:

\begin{enumerate}[1.]

\item \file{pifont.sty} for openstar in the title footnotes.
\item \file{natbib.sty} for citation processing.
\item \file{geometry.sty} for margin settings.
\item \file{fleqn.clo} for left aligned equations.
\item \file{graphicx.sty} for graphics inclusion.
\item \file{txfonts.sty} optional font package, if document is to
  be formatted with Times and compatible math fonts.
\item \file{hyperref.sty} optional packages if hyper linking is
  required in the document.

\end{enumerate}

All the above packages are part of any standard \LaTeX{} installation.
Therefore, the users need not be bothered about downloading any
extra packages.  Further, users are free to make use of \textsc{ams}
math packages like, \file{amsmath.sty}, \file{amsthm.sty},
\file{amssymb.sty}, \file{amsfonts.sty}, etc., if they want.  All
these packages work in tandem with \file{elsarticle.cls} without
any problems.

\section{Major Differences}
\hypertarget{majordifferences}{}

Following are the major differences between \file{elsarticle.cls}
and its predecesor package, \file{elsart.cls}:

\begin{enumerate}[\textbullet]

\item \file{elsarticle.cls} is built upon \file{article.cls}
while \file{elsart.cls} is not. \file{elsart.cls} redefines
many of the commands in the \LaTeX{} classes/kernel, which can
possibly cause surprising clashes with other contributed
\LaTeX{} packages.

\item Provides preprint document formatting by default, and
optionally formats the document as per the final
style of models $1+$, $3+$ and $5+$ of Elsevier journals.

\item Some easier hooks for formatting \verb+list+ and
\verb+theorem+ environments are provided while people can still
use \file{amsthm.sty} package.

\item \file{natbib.sty} is the main citation processing package
  which can comprehensively handle all kinds of citations and
works perfectly with \file{hyperref.sty} in combination with
\file{hypernat.sty}.

\item Long title pages are processed correctly in preprint and
  final formats.

\end{enumerate}

\section{Installation}
\hypertarget{installation}{}

The package is available at
\url{http://www.elsevier.com/locate/latex}.
It can also be found in any of the nodes of the Comprehensive
\TeX{} Archive Network (\textsc{ctan}), one of the primary nodes
being
\url{http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/elsevier/}.
Please grab the \file{elsarticle.dtx} which is the composite
class with documentation and \file{elsarticle.ins} which is the
\LaTeX{} installer file. When we compile the
\file{elsarticle.ins} with \LaTeX{} it provides the class file,
\file{elsarticle.cls} by
stripping off all the documentation from the \verb+*.dtx+ file.
The class may be moved or copied to a place, usually,
\texttt{\$TEXMF/tex/latex/elsevier/}, or a folder which will be read
by \LaTeX{} during document compilation.  The \TeX{} file
database needs updation after moving/copying class file.  Usually,
we use commands like \verb+mktexlsr+ or \verb+texhash+ depending
upon the distribution and operating system.


\section{Usage}\label{sec:usage}
\hypertarget{usage}{}
The class should be loaded with the command:

\begin{vquote}
 \documentclass[<options>]{elsarticle}
\end{vquote}

where the \verb+options+ can be the following:

\begin{enumerate}[(1)]

\item \verb+preprint+ --- default options which formats the
  document for submission to Elsevier journals.

\item \verb+review+ --- similar to \verb+preprint+ option, but
  increases the baselineskip to facilitate easier review process.

\item \verb+1p+ --- formats to the look and feel of the final
  format of model 1+ journals. This is always single column style.

\item \verb+3p+ --- formats to the look and feel of the final
  format of model 3+ journals. If the journal is a two column
model use \verb+twocolumn+ option in combination.

\item \verb+5p+ --- formats for model 5+ journals. This is always
  two column style.

\item \verb+authoryear+ --- author-year citation style of
  \file{natbib.sty}. If you want to add extra options of
\file{natbib.sty}, you may use the options as a comma delimited
strings as argument to \verb+\biboptions+ command. An example
would be:
\end{enumerate}
\begin{vquote}
 \biboptions{longnamesfirst,angle,semicolon}
\end{vquote}

\begin{enumerate}[(1)] \setcounter{enumi}{6}
\item \verb+number+ --- numbered citation style. Extra options
  can be loaded with \verb+\biboptions+ command.

\item \verb+longtitle+ --- if front matter is unusually long, use
  this option to split the title page across pages with correct
placing of title and author footnotes in the first page.

\item \verb+times+ --- loads \file{txfonts.sty} if available in
  the system to use Times and compatible math fonts.

\item All options of \file{article.cls} can be used with this
  document class.

\item The default options loaded are \verb+a4paper+, \verb+10pt+,
  \verb+oneside+, \verb+onecolumn+ and \verb+preprint+.

\end{enumerate}

\section{Preamble}
\hypertarget{preamble}{}

There are two types of preamble coding --- (1) each author is
connected to an affiliation with a footnote marker; hence all
authors are grouped together and affiliations follow;  (2) authors
of same affiliations are grouped together and the relevant
affiliation follows this group. An example coding of the first
type is provided below:

\begin{vquote}
 \title{This is a specimen title\tnoteref{t1,t2}}
 \tnotetext[t1]{This document is a collaborative effort.}
 \tnotetext[t2]{The second title footnote which is a longer
    longer than the first one and with an intention to fill
    in up more than one line while formatting.}
\end{vquote}

\begin{vquote}
 \author[rvt]{C.V.~Radhakrishnan\corref{cor1}\fnref{fn1}}
 \ead{cvr@river-valley.com}

 \author[rvt,focal]{K.~Bazargan\fnref{fn2}}
 \ead{kaveh@river-valley.com}

 \author[els]{S.~Pepping\corref{cor2}\fnref{fn1,fn3}}
 \ead[url]{http://www.elsevier.com}
\end{vquote}

\begin{vquote}
 \cortext[cor1]{Corresponding author}
 \cortext[cor2]{Principal corresponding author}
 \fntext[fn1]{This is the specimen author footnote.}
 \fntext[fn2]{Another author footnote, but a little more longer.}
 \fntext[fn3]{Yet another author footnote. Indeed, you can have
    any number of author footnotes.}
\end{vquote}

\begin{vquote}

 \address[rvt]{River Valley Technologies, SJP Building,
    Cotton Hills, Trivandrum, Kerala, India 695014}
 \address[focal]{River Valley Technologies, 9, Browns Court,
    Kennford, Exeter, United Kingdom}
 \address[els]{Central Application Management,
    Elsevier, Radarweg 29, 1043 NX\\
    Amsterdam, Netherlands}

\end{vquote}

You can see the output in the panel to the right.
\mywidth=.7\panelwidth
\Sep=8pt
\def\rulewidth{.2pt}
\def\rulecolor{orange}
\npskip=8mm
\pinclude{\def\rulecolor{blue!80}%
   \includeclip[width=3.25in]{1}{130 84 484 676}{els1.pdf}%
 \def\rulecolor{orange}}

Most of the commands like \verb+\title+, \verb+\author+,
\verb+\address+ are self explanatory.  Various components are
linked each other by a label--reference mechanism, for
instance, title footnote is linked to the title with a footnote
mark generated by referring to the \verb+\label+ string of
the \verb=\tnotetext=.  We have used similar commands
like \verb=\tnoteref= (to link title note to title);
\verb=\corref= (to link corresponding author text to
corresponding author); \verb=\fnref= (to link footnote text to
the relevant author names).  \TeX{} needs two compilations to
resolve the footnote marks in the preamble part.  Given below are
the syntax of various note marks and note texts.

\begin{vquote}
  \tnoteref{<label(s)>}
  \corref{<label(s)>}
  \fnref{<label(s)>}
  \tnotetext[<label>]{<title note text>}
  \cortext[<label>]{<corresponding author note text>}
  \fntext[<label>]{<author footnote text>}
\end{vquote}

\noindent where \verb=<label(s)>= can be either one or more comma
delimited label strings. The optional arguments to the
\verb=\author= command holds the ref label(s) of the address(es)
to which the author is affiliated while each \verb=\address=
command can have an optional argument of a label. In the same
manner, \verb=\tnotetext=, \verb=\fntext=, \verb=\cortext= will
have optional arguments as their respective labels and note text
as their mandatory argument.

The following example code provides the markup of the second type
of author-affiliation as seen in the output given in the
box to the right.
\pinclude{\def\rulecolor{blue!80}
   \includeclip[width=3.25in]{1}{130 84 484 676}{els2.pdf}%
 \def\rulecolor{orange}}

\begin{vquote}
\author{C.V.~Radhakrishnan\corref{cor1}\fnref{fn1}}
 \ead{cvr@river-valley.com}
 \address{River Valley Technologies, SJP Building,
   Cotton Hills, Trivandrum, Kerala, India 695014}
\end{vquote}

\begin{vquote}
\author{K.~Bazargan\fnref{fn2}}
 \ead{kaveh@river-valley.com}
 \address{River Valley Technologies, 9, Browns Court, Kennford,
   Exeter, UK.}
\end{vquote}

\begin{vquote}
\author{S.~Pepping\fnref{fn1,fn3}}
 \ead[url]{http://www.elsevier.com}
 \address{Central Application Management,
   Elsevier, Radarweg 43, 1043 NX Amsterdam, Netherlands}
\end{vquote}

\begin{vquote}
\cortext[cor1]{Corresponding author}
\fntext[fn1]{This is the first author footnote.}
\fntext[fn2]{Another author footnote, this is a very long footnote and
  it should be a really long footnote. But this footnote is not yet
  sufficiently long enough to make two lines of footnote text.}
\fntext[fn3]{Yet another author footnote.}
\end{vquote}

The preamble part has further environments like
\verb+\begin{abstract}+ \dots \linebreak \verb+\end{abstract}+ and
\verb+\begin{keyword}+ \verb+...+ \verb+\end{keyword}+ which
contain the abstract and keywords respectively. Keywords can be
marked up in the following manner:

\begin{vquote}
 \begin{keyword}
  quadruple exiton \sep polariton \sep WGM

  \PACS 71.35.-y \sep 71.35.Lk \sep 71.36.+c
 \end{keyworkd}
\end{vquote}

\noindent Each keyword shall be separated by \verb+\sep+ command.
\textsc{pacs} and \textsc{msc} classifications shall be provided in
the keyword environment with the commands \verb+\PACS+ and
\verb+\MSC+ respectively.  \verb+\MSC+ accepts an optional
argument to accommodae future revisions.
eg., \verb=\MSC[2008]=. The default is 2000.

\npskip=0mm
\pinclude{\copy\contbox\printSq{\LastPage}}

\newpage

\section{Floats}
\hypertarget{floats}{}
\tooltip{Figures}{mytip6} may be included using the command,
\verb+\includegraphics+ in combination with or without its
several options to further control the graphic.
\verb+\includegraphics+ is provided by \file{graphic[s,x].sty}
which is part of any standard \LaTeX{} distribution.
\file{graphicx.sty} is loaded by default. \LaTeX{} accepts
figures in postscript format while pdf\LaTeX{} accepts
\file{*.pdf}, \file{*.mps} (metapost), \file{*.jpg} and
\file{*.png} formats.  pdf\LaTeX{} does not accept
graphic files in postscript format.

The \verb+table+ environment is handy for marking up tabular
material. If users want to use \file{multirow.sty},
\file{array.sty}, etc., to fine control/enhance the tables, they
are welcome to load any package of their choice and
\file{elsarticle.cls} will work in combination with all loaded
packages.

\section{Theorem and theorem like environments}
\hypertarget{theorems}{}
1
\file{elsarticle.cls} provides a few hooks to format theorems and
theorem like environments with ease. All commands the options
that are used with \verb+\newtheorem+ command will work exactly
in the same manner.  \file{elsarticle.cls} provides three
commands to format theorem or theorem like environments:

\begin{vquote}
 \newtheorem{thm}{Theorem}
 \newtheorem{lem}[thm]{Lemma}
 \newdefinition{rmk}{Remark}
 \newproof{pf}{Proof}
 \newproof{pot}{Proof of Theorem \ref{thm2}}
\end{vquote}

%%
%% mytip 1
%%
\begin{toolwrite}{15cm}
\let\la\lambda
\noindent\textbf{Remark 3.}\enspace
We remark that; when the ratio $h/\la$ tends to 0, the expression $\la
L(r,s)=-(s-r)/(4\left(\frac{h}{\la}\right)^2+(r-s)^2)$ tends to
$1/(r-s)$ which is a singular function. This means that the expression
$\la L(r,s)$ is not well behaved for the small values of
$h/\la$. Consequently, for the solution to converge, the integrals of
(10) and (11) must be evaluated with a large number of
nodes. In our numerical applications (cf. section 5), we
use 100 nodes to evaluate these integrals. With the smallest value of
$h/\la=0.02$, the convergence is good with $N=20$.
\end{toolwrite}

%%
%% mytip 2
%%
\begin{toolwrite}{15cm}
\noindent\textbf{Theorem 2.}\enspace\itshape
For system (8), consensus can be achieved with
$\|T_{\omega z}(s)\|_{\infty}<\gamma$ if there exist a symmetric
positive definite
 matrix $P\in \mathcal{R}^{(n-1)\times (n-1)}$ and a scalar $\mu>0$ satisfying
\setcounter{equation}{9}
\begin{eqnarray}\label{10}
\Gamma=\begin{bmatrix}
-\bar{L}^TP-P\bar{L}+U_1^TU_1+\mu \bar{E}&PU_1^TE_1&PU_1^T\\
E_1^TU_1P&-\mu I&0\\ U_1P&0&-\gamma^2I\end{bmatrix}<0,
\end{eqnarray}
where $\bar{L}=U_1^TLU_1$ and $\bar{E}=U_1^TE_2^TE_2U_1.$
\end{toolwrite}

%%
%% mytip 3
%%
\begin{toolwrite}{15cm}
\noindent\textbf{Proof of Theorem 2.}\enspace Proof follows
straightforward from Lemma 3 and Theorem 1. However, it should be
emphasized that all possible $\bar{L}_{\sigma(t)}$ should share a
common Lyapunov function $V(\delta)=\delta^T(t)P\delta(t)$ (see
the proof of Lemma 3 in Appendix A). \hfill$\square$
\end{toolwrite}

\tooltip{\ttfamily\bs newtheorem}{mytip2} command formats a
theorem in \LaTeX's default style with italicized font, bold font
for theorem heading, theorem number at the right hand side of the
theorem heading.  It also optionally accepts an argument which
will be printed as an extra heading in parentheses. You may roll
over your \tooltip{mouse here}{mytip2} to see how some text
enclosed between \verb+\begin{thm}+ \dots \verb+\end{thm}+ will
look like.

\tooltip{\ttfamily\bs newdefinition}{mytip1} command is same in
all respects as its \verb+\newtheorem+ counterpart except that
the font shape is roman instead of italic.  Both
\verb+\newdefinition+ and \verb+\newtheorem+ commands
automatically defines counters for the environments defined.
\tooltip{See the output of}{mytip1} of \verb+\begin{rmk}+ \dots
\verb+\end{rmk}+.

\tooltip{\ttfamily\bs newproof}{mytip3} command is for defining
proof environments with upright font shape.  No counters are
defined. \tooltip{See the output of}{mytip3} \verb+\begin{pot}+
\dots \verb+\end{pot}+.

Users can also make use of \verb+amsthm.sty+ which will override
all the default definitions described above.

\section{Enumerated and Itemized Lists}
\hypertarget{lists}{}
\file{elsarticle.cls} provides an extended list processing macros
which makes the usage a bit more user friendly than the default
\LaTeX{} list macros.   With an optional argument to the
\verb+\begin{enumerate}+ command, you can change the list counter
type and its attributes.

\begin{vquote}
 \begin{enumerate}[1.]
 \item The enumerate environment starts with an optional
   argument `1.' so that the item counter will be suffixed
   by a period.
 \item If you provide a closing parenthesis to the number in the
   optional argument, the output will have closing parenthesis
   for all the item counters.
 \item You can use `(a)' for alphabetical counter and '(i)' for
   roman counter.
\end{vquote}

\begin{vquote}
  \begin{enumerate}[a)]
    \item Another level of list with alphabetical counter.
    \item One more item before we start another.
    \begin{enumerate}[(i)]
     \item This item has roman numeral counter.
     \item Another one before we close the third level.
    \end{enumerate}
    \item Third item in second level.
  \end{enumerate}
 \item All list items conclude with this step.
 \end{enumerate}
\end{vquote}
%%
%% Mytool 4
%%
\begin{toolwrite}{15cm}
 \begin{enumerate}[1.]
 \item The enumerate environment starts with an optional
   argument `1.' so that the item counter will be suffixed
   by a period.
 \item If you provide  parentheses to the number, the
   output will have only one parentheses for all the item
   counters.
 \item You can use `(a)' for alphabetical counter and '(i)' for
   roman counter.
  \begin{enumerate}[a)]
    \item Another level of list with alphabetical counter.
    \item One more item before we start another.
    \begin{enumerate}[(i)]
     \item This item has roman numeral counter.
     \item Another one before we close the third level.
    \end{enumerate}
    \item Third item in second level.
  \end{enumerate}
 \item All list items conclude with this step.
\end{enumerate}
\end{toolwrite}

You can see the typeset copy of the above source code if you
roll over \tooltip{your mouse here}{mytip4}.

Further, the enhanced list environment allows one to prefix a
string like `step' to all the item numbers.  Take a look at the
example below:

\begin{vquote}
 \begin{enumerate}[Step 1.]
  \item This is the first step of the example list.
  \item Obviously this is the second step.
  \item The final step to wind up this example.
 \end{enumerate}
\end{vquote}

%%
%% mytool 5
%%
\begin{toolwrite}{10cm}
\lmrgn=4em
 \begin{enumerate}[Step 1.]
  \item This is the first step of the example list.
\item Obviously this is the second step.
\item The final step to wind up this example.
 \end{enumerate}
\end{toolwrite}

\tooltip{Here is the typeset output}{mytip5} of the above example code.

\section{Cross-references}
\hypertarget{crossreferences}{}

In electronic publications articles may be internally
hyperlinked. Hyperlinks are generated from proper
cross-references in the article.  For example, the words
\textcolor{black!80}{Fig.~1} will never be more than simple text,
whereas the proper cross-reference \verb+\ref{tiger}+ may be
turned into a hyperlink to the figure itself:
\tooltip{Fig.~1}{mytip6}.  In the same way,
the words \tooltip{Ref.~[1]}{mytip7} will fail to turn into a
hyperlink; the proper cross-reference is \verb+\cite{Knuth96}+.
Cross-referencing is possible in \LaTeX{} for sections,
subsections, formulae, figures, tables, and literature
references.

\section{Mathematical symbols and formulae}
\hypertarget{math}{}

Many physical/mathematical sciences authors require more
mathematical symbols than the few that are provided in standard
\LaTeX. A useful package for additional symbols is the
\file{amssymb} package, developed by the American Mathematical
Society. This package includes such oft used symbols as
\verb+\lesssim+ for $\lesssim$, \verb+\gtrsim+ for $\gtrsim$ or
\verb+\hbar+ for $\hbar$. Note that your \TeX{} system should
have the \file{msam} and \file{msbm} fonts installed. If you need
only a few symbols, such as \verb+\Box+ for $\square$, you might
try the package \file{latexsym}.

Another point which would require authors' attention is the
breaking of longer equations.  When you use
\file{elsarticle.cls} for formatting your submissions in
\verb+preprint+ mode, the document is formatted in single column
style with a text width of 384pt or 5.3in.  When this document is
formatted for final print and if the journal happens to be a double column
journal, the text width will be reduced to 224pt at for 3+
double column and 5+ journals respectively. All the nifty fine
tuning in equation breaking done by the author goes to waste in
such cases.  Therefore, authors are requested to check this
problem by typesetting their submissions in final format as well
just to see if their equations are broken at appropriate places,
by changing appropriate options in the document class loading
command, which is explained in section~\ref{sec:usage},
\nameref{sec:usage}. This allows authors to fix any equation breaking
problem before submission for publication.
\file{elsarticle.cls} supports formatting the author submission
in different types of final format.  This is further discussed in
section \ref{sec:final}, \nameref{sec:final}.

\section{Bibliography}
\hypertarget{bibliography}{}

Three bibliographic style files (\verb+*.bst+) are provided ---
\file{elsarticle-num.bst}, \file{elsarticle-num-names.bst} and
\file{elsarticle-harv.bst} --- the first one for numbered scheme, the
second for numbered with new options of \file{natbib.sty} and the
last one for author year scheme.

In \LaTeX{} literature references are listed in the
thebibliography environment.  Each reference is a
\verb+\bibitem+; each \verb+\bibitem+ is identified by a label,
by which it can be cited in the text:
\verb+\bibitem[Elson et al.(1996)]{ESG96}+ is cited as
\verb+\citet{ESG96}+. In connection with cross-referencing and
possible future hyperlinking it is not a good idea to collect
more that one literature item in one \verb+\bibitem+.  The
so-called Harvard or author-year style of referencing is enabled
by the \LaTeX{} package \file{natbib}. With this package the
literature can be cited as follows:

\begin{enumerate}[\textbullet]
\item Parenthetical: \verb+\citep{WB96}+ produces (Wettig \&
  Brown, 1996).
\item Textual: \verb+\citet{ESG96}+ produces Elson et al. (1996).
\item An affix and part of a reference:
\verb+\citep[e.g.][Ch. 2]{Gea97}+ produces (e.g. Governato et
al., 1997, Ch. 2).
\end{enumerate}

In the numbered scheme of citation, \verb+\cite{<label>}+ is used,
since \verb+\citep+ or \verb+\citet+ has no relevance in numbered
scheme.  \file{natbib} package is loaded by \file{elsarticle} with
\verb+numbers+ as default option.  You can change this to author-year
or harvard scheme by adding option \verb+authoryear+ in the class
loading command.  If you want to use more options of the \file{natbib}
package, you can do so with the \verb+\biboptions+ command, which is
described in section \ref{sec:usage}, \nameref{sec:usage}.  For
details of various options of the \file{natbib} package, please take a
look at the \file{natbib} documentation, which is part of any standard
\LaTeX{} installation.

\newpage

\section{Final print}\label{sec:final}
\hypertarget{final}{}

Authors can format their submission to the page size and margins
of their preferred journal.  \file{elsarticle} provides four
class options for the same:
\lmrgn=3em
\begin{enumerate}
\item [\texttt{1p}:] $1+$ journals with a text area of
384pt $\times$ 562pt or 13.5cm $\times$ 19.75cm or 5.3in $\times$
7.78in, single column style only.

\item [\texttt{3p}:] $3+$ journals with a text area of 468pt
$\times$ 622pt or 16.45cm $\times$ 21.9cm or 6.5in $\times$
8.6in, single column style.

\item [\texttt{3pd}:] $3+$ with the same text area as above,
double column style.

\item [\texttt{5p}:] $5+$ with text area of 522pt $\times$
682pt or 18.35cm $\times$ 24cm or 7.22in $\times$ 9.45in,
double column style only.
\end{enumerate}

Following pages have the clippings of different parts of
the first page of different journal models typeset in final
format.

\bigskip
\mywidth=14cm
\def\rulecolor{blue!70}
\src{Upper part of first page of a single column article}
\includeclip{1}{104 510 492 712}{els-1p.pdf}
\def\rulecolor{orange}

\newpage
\vspace*{-18pt}
\def\rulecolor{blue!70}
\src{Lower part of first page of a single column article}
\includeclip{1}{104 124 492 443}{els-1p.pdf}
\def\rulecolor{orange}

\medskip

\noindent
Model $1+$ and $3+$  will have the same look and
feel in the typeset copy when presented in this document. That is
also the case with the double column $3+$ and $5+$ journal article
pages. The only difference will be wider text width of
higher models.  Therefore we will look at the
different portions of a typical single column journal page and
that of a double column article in the final format.

\newpage
\vspace*{-18pt}
\def\rulecolor{blue!70}
\src{Upper part of first page of a typical double column article}
 \includeclip{1}{60 245 536 752}{els-3pd.pdf}
\def\rulecolor{orange}

\newpage\vspace*{-18pt}
\def\rulecolor{blue!70}
\src{Lower part of first page a typical double column article}
\includeclip{1}{60 93 536 600}{els-3pd.pdf}
\def\rulecolor{orange}

\subsection*{Displayed equations and double column journals}

Many Elsevier journals print their text in two columns. Because
the preprint layout uses a larger line width than such columns,
the formulas are too wide for the line width in print. Here is an
example of an equation  (see equation 6) which is perfect in
single column preprint format:

\bigskip
\src{See equation (6)}
\def\rulecolor{blue!70}
\includeclip{4}{134 391 483 594}{els1.pdf}
\def\rulecolor{orange}

\bigskip
\noindent When this document is typeset for publication in a
model 3+ journal with double columns, the equation will overlap
the second column text matter if the equation is not broken at
the appropriate location.

\newpage\vspace*{-18pt}
\def\rulecolor{blue!70}
\src{See equation (6) overprints into second column}
\includeclip{3}{61 531 532 734}{els-3pd.pdf}
\def\rulecolor{orange}

\medskip

\noindent The typesetter will try to break the equation which
need not necessarily be to the liking of the author or as it
happens, typesetter's break point may be semantically incorrect.
Therefore, authors may check their submissions for the incidence
of such long equations and break the equations at the correct
places so that the final typeset copy will be as they wish.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%
%% Tooltip 6
%%
\begin{toolwrite}{10cm}
\centering
 {\ttfamily\bs includegraphics[width=3in,angle=45]\lb
 tiger.pdf\rb}\\
 \hspace*{-1cm}
 \includegraphics[width=3in,angle=45,origin=c]{tiger.pdf}\\
 \raggedright
 \textbf{Fig.~1.}~~More details on the usage of {\ttfamily\bs
 includegraphics} can be found in the \textsf{grfguide.ps} of the
 \LaTeX{} documentation.
\end{toolwrite}

%%
%% tooltip 7
%%
\begin{toolwrite}{15cm}
\raggedright
\begin{enumerate}[{[1]}]
\item Knuth, D.E., \emph{TeX: The Program}, Computers \&
Typesetting; B., 1995, Addisson-Wesley Publishing Co., Inc., New
York.
\end{enumerate}
\end{toolwrite}

%%
%% tooltip 8
%%

 \end{document}

\endinput
%%
%% End of file `elsdoc.tex'.