path: root/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/tex-overview/tex-overview.tex

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\begin{document}
\savegeometry{normal}
\begin{abstract}
{\centering \Large \hyperref[textextview]{Link for the impatient.}\\[2ex]}
In the world of \TeX, there are many developments and ambiguous names. This paper tries to give an overview of the development of \TeX\ and related programs. Contributions are very welcome!\footnote{The current source code of this document is availble at \url{http://github.com/alt/tex-overview}. Please feel free to patch there or mail me any suggestions and comments. I'll be happy to extend and correct this document!}
\end{abstract}

\section*{Introduction}
This document is for people that have stumbled upon different term icluding something related to \TeX\ and are confused by the many different terms – at least I was, so mabye others are, too … 

The base frame and main idea for this overview was taken from the article \textit{A brief history of \TeX,~volume~II} by Arthur Reutenauer in the proceedings of \textsf{EuroBacho\TeX 2007} and his talk there (see~references on page~\pageref{sec:refs}). Additional information is taken from original documentations and some review articles. For old, historic information, the \textsf{historic~archive} maintained by Ulrik Vieth and hosted on \url{ftp.tug.org} (see~refs) was very useful, especially in the reconstruction of \LaTeX\ versions. Many thanks for that great archive!

All information is up to the date of this generated PDF and up to the information I found. Everything here is without guarantee – this is just to get an overview. Consult the references for further (and/or~correct) information! 

In the tree views, every node has a tooltip that shows up when you hover the mouse over it. For the case that your PDF viewer does not support this, there is a list of all the descriptions on page~\pageref{sec:text}.

\setlength{\columnsep}{1.5cm}
\newpage
\tableofcontents


\section*{How to read this document}
This document consists of several graphs showing the development of software more or less directly related to \TeX. The graphs try to show the time  development (downwards), as well as dependencies, changes, etc.

I tried to make the graphs more readable by using colors for different categories. The decisions about what is important and what is “normal” reflect my personal opinion only.

\begin{description}
\item[{\let\nodecolor\normalimportant \tikz \node[coolnode]{normal};}] That is, not very important in my opinion, no huge user group, but still maybe important for special needs. Was used by a major community at least some time back, but is not of great impact nowadays.

\item[{\let\nodecolor\vip \tikz \node[coolnode]{important};}] Engines or formats that had or have a great impact on (everyday) typesetting for a large community.

\item[{\let\nodecolor\experimental \tikz \node[coolnode]{experimental};}] Developments that might still be under construction or were never used by a large community. Nevertheless, these might be very important to the development of other engines or for use of special typesetting.

\item[{\let\nodecolor\planned \tikz \node[coolnode]{planned};}] Things that are planned to raise one day and are in the phase of preparation, i.\,e. there may be some code but not in the final form yet.

\item[{\let\nodecolor\package \tikz \node[coolnode]{package};}] \LaTeX-packages or single \TeX-files (useable as packages or modules) that seemed worth mentioning. There won't be many of this; most very important packages won’t be mentioned.

\item[{\let\nodecolor\distro \tikz \node[coolnode]{distribution};}] Software bundles that bring \TeX\ and friends to the normal user.

\item[{\let\nodecolor\histdistro \tikz \node[coolnode]{hist. dist.};}] Historical distributions that have no use today but were important for bringing TeX to older computer systems.

\item[{\let\nodecolor\program \tikz \node[coolnode]{program};}] Programs that are not directly connected to \TeX\ (but interesting in the context of using \TeX) or are separate helper programs.

\item[{\let\nodecolor\fonttechnology \tikz \node[coolnode]{font};}] Something related to a font. Neither a program nor libraries that provide access to fonts nor the actual files, but rather the abstract definition or specification.

\end{description}

Some of the graphs are quite complex, which is the reason why there are two versions of them: A short one mentioning only the most important things and a full version with everything I could find.

In most cases I did not mention the authors of the programs/packages. This is not to diminish their effort but only for brevity (long names make things harder to read). I did not write any of the below-mentioned programs or packages. The authors are given in the documents linked in the references.

\section{The Difference Between Engine, Format and Distribution}
There are three kinds of terms that are often confused especially by new users. This will try to explain them very shortly:
\begin{description}
\item[engine] This is the program that does all the actual work. The original program is \TeX, a famous development is pdf\TeX, while Lua\TeX\ is the latest successor.
\item[format] A format is a (large) collection of abbreviations (macros) that make the life easy when working with \TeX. The most commonly used formats are \LaTeX, Con\TeX t and plain\TeX. The latter one is a minimal set of macros provided by Don Knuth. Formats can be combined with different engines, exploiting the special abilities of these engines. A format is first a collection of text files, but can be compiled into a binary format that can be read in faster by the engine.
\item[distribution] In addition to formats, a large set of suppelmentary files can be used to work with \TeX, called \emph{packages} for \LaTeX, \emph{modules} for Con\TeX t etc. To get all needed files in a convinient way, there are distributions that contain everything and are (or should be) easy to install. Examples are MiKTeX and \TeX~live.
\end{description}

\section{How to contribute}
I hope one day this document would become the standard reference for questions like ”What program do I need for …?“, ”What's the difference between …\TeX\ and …\TeX?“, ”Why is it called …?“ etc.

To get to this point, I need some help of people who know more about the \TeX\ world than I do. At the moment, special help is needed for:
\begin{itemize}
\item font technologies
\item METAFONT and succesors
\item Bib\TeX\ and successors/alternatives
\item information about e-p\TeX\ and p\BibTeX, as the only documentation I found is japanese. If you know japanese, I'd be happy about a translation!
\end{itemize}

It is up to you to contribute texts, references, links, descriptions, hints etc. I'll be happy about anything I can add here. Also, if you have suggestions about the layout, let me know.

\section{Problems with PDF viewers}
As this document makes heavy use of PDF-features, some PDF viewers are not able to show everything correct and as intended. My experiences with viewers are as follows:

\begin{description}
\item[evince] Shows the document correct and complete. Tested using Linux.

\item[Acrobat Reader] will show all the information but might hide some text of very long tooltips (at least that's the case on my machine). Also, it draws annoying green boxes around the tooltips which do not belong there.

\item[TeXworks] The built-in PDF viewer of the TeXworks editor does not break lines of tooltips, therefore long annotations are not shown completely.

\item[okular] also does not break the lines.

\item[xpdf] shows only very short tooltips. Most of the information is not visible in the graphs.

\item[gv] shows no tooltips, but the annoying green boxes. (Linux)
\end{description}

\subsection*{About this document}
This document is typeset in the \TeX\ Gyre Pagella font using the Lua\LaTeXe\ format with \verb|expl3| and \verb|xpackages| based on Lua\TeX\ 0.\the\luatexversion.\luatexrevision.

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%% go on with the rare formats
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%%%% formats %%%%
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}

%%% Lollipop %%%
\tograph(\tostruct(1)[Lollipop]{Lollipop}){
	\tonode(lollipop09)(0,0)<First release, October 1992.>{Lollipop 0.9}
	\steplayer
	\tonode(lollipop095)(0,0)<Latest, unofficial, release, January 1993.>{Lollipop 0.95}
}

%%% MacroTeX %%%
\tograph(\tostruct(1)[Macro\TeX]{Macro\TeX}){
	\tonode(macrotex)(0,0)<Information needed.>{Macro\TeX}
}

%%% PHYS(E) %%%
\tograph(\tostruct(1)[PHYS(E)]{PHYS(E)}){
	\tonode(physe)(0,0)<Documentation says: “The TeX formats PHYSE and PHYS are extensions of the PLAIN format
and should simplify the writing of physics papers.” Latest version I found is from 1986. PHYS is for german, PHYSE for english usage.>{PHYS(E)}
}

%%% PHYZZX %%%
\tograph(\tostruct(1)[PHYZZX]{PHYZZX}){
	\tonode(phyzzx)(0,0)<Documentation says: “PHYZZX is a macropackage which is designed to make typing papers destined for Physical Review or Nuclear Physics as simple as possible.” Created 1984, latest version I found is from 1988.>{PHYZZX}
}

%%% StarTeX %%%
\tograph(\tostruct(1)[Star\TeX]{Star\TeX\ – Starter's \TeX}){
	\tonode(startex)(0,0)<A format designed to help students with short documents. Using html-like notation: <command> instead of \ command>{Star\TeX}
}

%%% Texinfo %%%
\tograph(\tostruct(1)[Texinfo]{Texinfo}[\normalimportant]){
	\tonode(texinfo)(0,0)<The official documentation format of the GNU project. Uses TeX to provide documentations.>{Texinfo}
}

%%% XMLTeX %%%
\tograph(\tostruct(1)[XML\TeX]{XML\TeX}){
  \tonode(xmltex)(0,\layer)<A format (based on machines like pdfTeX, XeTeX and maybe LuaTeX) that converts XML input to DVI or PDF output. Can also be based on other formats when parsed at format-building time.>{XML\TeX}
}

%%% YTeX %%%
\tograph(\tostruct(1)[Y\TeX]{Y\TeX}[\experimental]){
	\tonode(ytex)(0,0)<A macro package developed at MIT. Pronounced “why-TeX”, “upsilon-TeX” or “oops-TeX”. Tries to offer an easy structure for novices as well as a powerfull macro libraries for experienced users.>{Y\TeX}
}

%%% ZzTeX %%%
\tograph(\tostruct(1)[Zz\TeX]{Zz\TeX}[\normalimportant]){
	\tonode(zztex)(0,0)<“a macro package for producing books, jour-
nals, and technical documentation”, named “after a rock group from Texas.” The author Paul C. Anagnostopoulos found LaTeX too unflexible. Appeared around 1992.
>{Zz\TeX}
}

\clearpage

\tostruct[Distributions]{Distributions}[\distro]
\parbox{\textwidth}{\normalsize
This section will feature the main distributions of \TeX\ and related programs. Of course, not every Linux Distribution's \TeX\ package can be listed here, but only official upstream distributions.
}

\ExplSyntaxOn
\fp_gset:Nn\layerdist{-1.5}
\ExplSyntaxOff

\tograph(\tostruct(1)[\TeX\ live]{\TeX\ live}){
	\tonode(web2c)(0,\layer)<An Implementation and Distribution of TeX which translates the original WEB sources to a C code.>{Web2C}
	\steplayer
%% PCTeX? (Breitenloher) [need more information]
%% True TeX (MS DOS) [need more information]

	\tonode[\histdistro](emtex)(3,\layer)<Eberhard Mattes' TeX Distribution for MS-DOS and OS2.>{em\TeX} %% d-latex, latex … (trennmuster)
	\todraw.(web2c)(emtex)
	\steplayer

	\tonode[\histdistro](tetex)(3,\layer)<Maintained by Thomas Esser (hence the te in teTeX) from 1994 to May 2006.>{te\TeX}
	\tonode[\histdistro](4alltexcd)(-3,\layer)<The (vague) past ... (?)>{4All\TeX CD }
	\todraw.(web2c)(tetex)
	\todraw.(web2c)(4alltexcd)
	\steplayer

	\tonode(fptex)(3,\layer)<A free TeX distribution for Win32 based on teTeX, by Fabrice Popineau. Still active, provides up-to-date binaries for Windows. Special support for Japanese Typesetting.>{fp\TeX}
	\todraw(fptex)(tetex)
	\steplayer[-2.5]

	\tonode[\histdistro](xemtex)(4,\layer)<A TeX distribution for Windows, based on fpTeX with XEmacs/AucTeX as IDE for (La)TeX. XemTeX was sponsored by the French government.>{XEm\TeX}
	\todraw(xemtex)(fptex)

	\tonode[\histdistro](tlpre2008)(0,\layer)<First version 1996 (UNIX only, later also Windows binaries), and then a long story of ongoing work – see the documentation for a detailed history. Some of the binaries (still) identify themselfes as *TeXk. The “k” stands for “Karl” meaning that they were compiled with kpathsea.>{\TeX\ live 1996\,–\,2007}
	\todraw(tetex)(tlpre2008)
	\todraw(4alltexcd)(tlpre2008)
	\todraw.(web2c)(tlpre2008)
	\steplayer

	\tonode(tl2008)(0,\layer)<A new package manager and network installer are available. So installation via the net is possible as well as package updates. Missing packages are not installed on-the-fly. The last of the modern machines is added: LuaTeX>{\TeX\ live2008}
	\todraw.(tl2008)(tlpre2008)

	\tonode[\histdistro](gwtex)(5,\layer)<A (re)distribution for Mac OS based on TeX live (earlier on teTeX) by Gerben Wierda. Provides TeX-related packages for the i-Installer. Unsupported from 2007 on.>{gw\TeX}
	\todraw(tlpre2008)(gwtex)

	\steplayer

	\tonode(tl2009)(0,\layer)<Dropped Omega and Lambda. Aleph and Lamed are kept.>{\TeX\ live2009}
	\todraw(tl2009)(tl2008)
	\steplayer

	\tonode(tl2010)(0,\layer)<Release of 2010.>{\TeX\ live2010}
	\todraw(tl2010)(tl2009)


	\tonode(tlcontrib)(-5,\layer)<An extension to TeX live that contains packages that TeX live cannot hold because: not-free lizence, binary update, not on CTAN or intermediate release. Useable via the TeX live manager.>{TLContrib}
	\todraw.(tl2010)(tlcontrib)
	\steplayer

	\tonode(tl2011)(0,\layer)<Latest release of TeX live, available since July 2011.>{\TeX\ live2011}
	\todraw(tl2011)(tl2010)
	\todraw.(tl2011)(tlcontrib)

	\tonode(mactex)(5,\layer)<Once based on teTeX, MacTeX is now TeX live-based. For Mac OS X only, it provides a native installer, the TeXShop editor and Mac-specific tools.>{Mac\TeX}
	\todraw(tl2011)(mactex)
}

\tograph(\tostruct(1)[MiK\TeX]{MiK\TeX}){
	\tonode(mt)(0,\layer)<MiKTeX is a TeX distribution originally for Windows only. Copyright by Christian Schenk goes back to 2001. Regarding the name, the author stated: “mik used to be my login name. It is an acronym for: Micro-kid. Hence the capital K in MiKTeX.”>{MiK\TeX}
	\steplayer

	\tonode(mt26)(0,\layer)<Windows only. featuring  pdftex 1.40.4, mpost 1.000>{MiK\TeX\ 2.6}
	\todraw(mt)(mt26)
	\steplayer

	\tonode(mt27)(0,\layer)<Windows only. featuring  XeTeX 0.999.6, pdftex 1.40.9, mpost 1.005>{MiK\TeX\ 2.7}
	\todraw(mt27)(mt26)
	\steplayer

	\tonode(mt28)(0,\layer)<Windows only. featuring  XeTeX 0.9995.1, pdftex 1.40.10, mpost 1.005>{MiK\TeX\ 2.8}
	\todraw(mt28)(mt27)
	\steplayer

	\tonode(mt29)(0,\layer)<Windows only (stable version). Beta version for GNU/Linux available. Featuring XeTeX 0.9997.4, pdftex 1.40.11, LuaTeX 0.60.2, mpost 1.211. Offers both LaTeX and ConTeXt (Mk IV) formats.>{MiK\TeX\ 2.9}
	\todraw(mt29)(mt28)
	\steplayer	
	
	\tonode(protext)(2,\layer)<A distribution based on MiKTeX (since 2004) with a comfortable install procedure, Editor etc. Provides an easy installation for a full (La)TeX environment.>{ProTeXt}
	\todraw(protext)(mt29)
}

\tograph(\tostruct(1)[\TeX\ collection]{\TeX\ collection}){
	\tonode(texcollection)(0,\layer)<A meta-distribution. Provided on DVD by the TUG, this distribution ships with TeX live, MacTeX and ProTeX as well as with a full CTAN snapshot.>{\TeX\ Collection}

}

\tograph(\tostruct(1)[Con\TeX t minimals]{Con\TeX t minimals}){
	\tonode(minimals)(0,\layer)<ConTeXt minimals provides a distribution of latest (beta and stable) ConTeXt versions with binaries and formats. Efficient upgrading is possible as well as parallel use with another TeX distribution.>{Con\TeX t minimals}
	\steplayer
	\tonode(standalone)(0,\layer)<Renaming of minimals in 2011.>{Con\TeX t standalone}
	\todraw(minimals)(standalone)
}

\tograph(\tostruct(1)[W32\TeX]{W32\TeX}){
	\tonode(w32tex)(0,\layer)<A distributon to provide binaries for MS Windows, with special support for Japanese. First version (up to the changelog): 2009/08/02. Still up-to-date.>{W32\TeX}
}

\tograph(\tostruct(1)[OzTeX]{OzTeX}){
	\tonode[\histdistro](oztex)(0,\layer)<A commercial distribution for Mac OS. No longer supported.>{Oz\TeX}
}

\tograph(\tostruct(1)[For Amiga]{For Amiga}){
	\tonode[\histdistro](amigatex)(-2,\layer)<By Thomas Rockicki and Radical Eye Software. Commercial distribution for Amiga.>{Amiga-TeX}
	\tonode[\histdistro](pastex)(2,\layer)<A free distribution for Amiga. Distributed as 5 floppy disks (TeX) plus 2 floppy disks (Metafont). Available from the Aminet.>{pasTeX}
}

\tograph(\tostruct(1)[N\TeX]{N\TeX}){
	\tonode[\histdistro](ntex)(0,\layer)<A distribution for Linux and other Unix systems. Latest version is 2.3.2, released at 23-Aug-1998. No longer developed.>{N\TeX}
}

\newpage
\ExplSyntaxOn
  \dim_set:Nn\pdfpagewidth{13cm}       %% make a smaller paper so the header won’t feel so alone on the big, cold paper
  \dim_set:Nn\pdfpageheight{6cm}
\newgeometry{left=1cm,top=1cm,width=11cm}
\ExplSyntaxOff
\newpage
\tostruct[Pandora's Box]{Pandora's Box}
\parbox{\textwidth}{\normalsize
The following pages will be a hodge-podge of many things that are related to \TeX\ and used in the process of generating documents in different file formats, i.\,e. conversion tools, bibliography tools etc. Feel free to contribute, I'll choose case-by-case if I'll add something or won't include it. Text editors or viewers will \emph{not} be included!
}
  \restoregeometry
\ExplSyntaxOn
  \dim_set:Nn\pdfpagewidth{21cm}     %% back to a4
  \dim_set:Nn\pdfpageheight{29.7cm}
\ExplSyntaxOff

%%% META* %%%
\tograph(\tostruct(1)[META*]{META*}[\program]){
	\tonode(metafont)(0,\layer)<The program for creating the fonts originally used by TeX.>{METAFONT}
	\steplayer

	\tonode(metafog)(3,\layer)<A program to convert metafont shapes to Type1 contours. Uses mathematically correct transformations instead of autotracing.>{Metafog}
	\todraw(metafog)(metafont)

	\tonode(metatype1)(-3,\layer)<A program to produce Type1 fonts from metafont source code.>{MetaType1}
	\todraw(metatype1)(metafont)

	\tonode(metapost)(0,\layer)<A graphic generating program written by John Hobby, inspired by METAFONT. MetaPost can produce PostScript graphics as well as SVG. Latest (experimental) version is 1.750 as of spring 2011.>{MetaPost}
	\todraw(metapost)(metafont)
	\steplayer[-3]

	\tonode[\experimental](megapost)(0,\layer)<A planned extension of MetaPost “that will extend the range
and precision of the internal data types.”>{MegaPost}
	\todraw(metapost)(megapost)

	\tonode[\normalimportant]%% to indicate that it is a format rather than a program …
			(metafun)(3,\layer)<“MetaFun is Hans Hagen's extension to (or module for) the MetaPost language.” A format for MetaPost that is useable with ConTeXt.>{MetaFun}
	\todraw(metafun)(metapost)
}

%%% BIBTEX %%%
\tograph(\tostruct(1)[Bib\TeX]{Bib\TeX}){
	\tonode(bibtex)(0,0)<A helper program to sort a bibliography list.>{\BibTeX}
	\steplayer[-1]

	\tonode(nbibtex)(4,\layer)<“NbibTeX helps authors take better advantage of BibTeX data” says the homepage.>{NbibTeX}
	\todraw(nbibtex)(bibtex)
	\steplayer[-0.5]

	\tonode(bibtex8)(0,\layer)<The documentation says: “An 8-bit Implementation of BibTeX 0.99 with a Very Large Capacity”>{\BibTeX8}
	\todraw(bibtex8)(bibtex)

	\tonode(mlbibtex)(-4,\layer)<Mentioned in the kpathsea-manual. No idea what it is – BibTeX for MLTeX?>{MlBibTeX}
	\todraw(mlbibtex)(bibtex)
	\steplayer
	
	\tonode(bibtexu)(0,\layer)<A Unicode-aware version of BibTeX>{\BibTeX u}
	\todraw(bibtex8)(bibtexu)

	\tonode(pbibtex)(-4,\layer)<No sure information found; a BibTeX-successor for pTeX?>{p\BibTeX}
	\todraw(bibtex8)(pbibtex)

	\tonode(pybtex)(3,\layer)<A python implementation of BibTeX.>{Pybtex}
	\todraw(pybtex)(bibtexu)
	\steplayer
	
	\tonode(biber)(0,\layer)<A perl implementation of a BibTeX-like program, designed as backend for BibLaTeX. “biber” is an animal handling bibliographies. (german for “beaver”, hence the beaver in the biber logo)>{biber}
	\todraw(bibtexu)(biber)
	
	\tonode[\package](biblatex)(3,\layer)<A LaTeX package as frontend for biber (can also be used with BibTeXu/8).>{Bib\LaTeX}
	\todraw(biber)(biblatex)
	\todraw(bibtexu)(biblatex)
	\steplayer

	\tonode[\package](librarian)(5,\layer)<A TeX file (useable with all formats) that typesets BibTeX-style bibliographies without the need of BibTeX. Therefore, it provides a format-independent typesetting of bibliographies.>{Librarian}
}

%%% dvipdfm and  similar ones %%%
\tograph(\tostruct(1)[{(x)dvipdf(m)(x)}]{(x)dvipdf(m)(x)}){
	\tonode(dvipdf)(0,0)<A shellscript from Ghostscript that uses dvips and and gs for converting.>{dvipdf}
	\tonode(xdv2pdf)(4,0)<No idea so far what this is, but it is mentioned in the fontspec manual as possible driver for XeTeX.>{xdv2pdf}
	\steplayer

	\tonode(dvipdfm)(0,\layer)<Converts DVI files to PDF files. Does /not/ build on dvipdf, but is an independent implementation.>{dvipdfm}
	\steplayer

	\tonode(dvipdfmx)(0,\layer)<Extended version of dvipdfm. Support for multi-byte encodings and more pdfTeX features. Still active. Combined work of dvipdfm-jpn and dvipdfm-kor.>{dvipdfmx}
	\todraw(dvipdfm)(dvipdfmx)
	\steplayer

	\tonode(xdvipdfmx)(0,\layer)<Converts XDVI files produced by XeTeX to PDF files. Normally always executed after a XeTeX run, so the user won't notice that an xdvi document was created in between.>{xdvipdfmx}
	\todraw(dvipdfmx)(xdvipdfmx)
}

\tograph(\tostruct(1)[Fonts]{Fonts}[\fonttechnology]
\parbox{\textwidth}{\large
This section tries to cover the development of fonts – the most important thing for a typesetting system is it's font mechanism …\\[4ex]}
){
	\tonode(bitmap)(0,\layer)<Bitmap fonts contain the shape of the letters as a number of dots. If you zoom in, a bitmap letter will show pixels. Hence one needs a special version for every resolution.>{Bitmap fonts}
	\steplayer[-3]

	\tonode(type1)(-2,\layer)<Outline font. The shape of a letter is described as mathematical curves so the letter can be made arbitrarely large without getting pixeled.>{PostScript Type 1}
	\tonode(truetype)(2,\layer)<Available on Windows and Mac OS. Outline font technology with quadratic B splines.>{TrueType}
	\tonode(freetype)(6,\layer)<TrueType implementation for Unix.>{FreeType}
	\todraw(freetype)(truetype)
	\steplayer[-3]

	\tonode(gx)(6,\layer)<“Graphis eXtension”. A font format only available for Mac OS.>{TrueType GX}
	\todraw(truetype)(gx)
	\steplayer[-3]

	\tonode(opentype)(-2,\layer)<Extension of the TrueType font format, adding support for PostScript font data. Developed by Microsoft and Adobe.>{OpenType}
	\todraw(truetype)(opentype)
	\todraw(type1)(opentype)

	\tonode(aat)(6,\layer)<“Apple Advanced Typography” fonts are succesors of the GX fonts. Only available for Mac OS, too.>{AAT}
	\todraw(aat)(gx)
}

\topart{Text Views}
\label{sec:text}

\large
\addtokomafont{section}{\huge}
\addtokomafont{subsection}{\LARGE}
\addtokomafont{subsubsection}{\Large}

\newgeometry{margin=1.5cm,twocolumn} %% a bit more space for text views, but not too much …
\settextviews  %% these are generated automatically by the code above, see the -aux.tex document
\addtocontents{toc}{\string\end{multicols}}
\onecolumn

\appendix
\topart{Appendix}

%%
%% I've chosen to typeset the bibliography “by hand” for full control of formatting and behaviour. Also, I can choose my own syntax ☺
%%
\tostruct{References}
\label{sec:refs}
\obeylines\flushleft  %% centering was still active until here

The references are in order of occurance in the above document. i.\,e. if you want information about Lua\TeX, it will be below e.\,g. $\epsilon$\TeX. Everything that is not listet as ”book“ is freely available on the internet.

	\tobibsection{Books}
	\tobib{D.E. Knuth, D.~Bibby, and I.~Makai. \textit{The \TeX book}\\ Addison-Wesley Reading, MA, 1986.}
	\tobib{F.~Mittelbach, M.~Goossens, J.~Braams, D.~Carlisle, C.~Rowley, C.~Detig, and
	  J.~Schrod. \textit{The \LaTeX\ companion.} \\ Addison-Wesley, 2004.}

	\tobibsection{Overview Articles}
	\tobib{Arthur Reutenauer. \textit{A Brief History of \TeX}. Talk at EuroBacho\TeX\ 2007.}%
	  <http://www.gust.org.pl/bachotex/EuroBachoTeX2007/presentations/bhot.pdf/view>
	\tobib{\textit{A Brief History of \LaTeX}}<http://www.xent.com/FoRK-archive/feb98/0307.html>
	\tobib{Hans Hagen: \textit{16 years of Con\TeX t}. Article in TUGboat Vol. 32, Number 1, 2011.}
	\tobib{Short Article About Omega And Aleph}<http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=omegaleph>
	\tobib{Interviews with Will Robertson, Hans Hagen et.\,al.}<http://www.tug.org/interviews>
	
	\tobibsection{Archives}
	\tobib{CTAN – Comprehensive \TeX\ Archive Network:}<http://www.ctan.org>
	\tobib{Historic Archive of \TeX\ Distributions:}<ftp://ftp.tug.org/historic>

	\tobibsection{Engines}
	\tobib{ANT project page}<http://ant.berlios.de>
	\tobib{Yasuki S AITO. Report on JTEX: A Japanese TEX. TUGboat 8 (1987), no. 2, 103\,–\,116.}%
		<http://www.tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb08-2/tb18saito.pdf>
	\tobib{p\TeX\ sources and documentation}<http://dante.ctan.org/tex-archive/help/Catalogue/entries/ptex.html>
	\tobib{enc\TeX\ page}<http://www.olsak.net/enctex.html>
	\tobib{ML\TeX\ source (CH file)}<http://www.tex.ac.uk/tex-archive/systems/generic/mltex/mltex.ch>
	\tobib{pdf\TeX\ project page}<http://tug.org/applications/pdftex/>
	\tobib{\NTS\ project page}<http://nts.tug.org>
	\tobib{V\TeX\ – official homepage of micropress-inc}<http://www.micropress-inc.com/>	
	\tobib{\XeTeX\ project page}<http://tug.org/XeTeX/>
	\tobib{$\epsilon\chi$\TeX\ project page}<http://www.extex.org>	
	\tobib{ee\TeX\ project page}<http://tex.aanhet.net/eetex>	
	\tobib{Lua\TeX\ project page}<http://www.luatex.org>
	\tobib{i\TeX\ announcement by Don Knuth at the TUG 2010}<http://river-valley.tv/tug-2010/an-earthshaking-announcement>
	
	\tobibsection{Formats}
	\tobib{Eplain homepage}<http://www.tug.org/eplain/>
	\tobib{EC plain on CTAN}<http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/ec-plain>
	\tobib{\LaTeX\ project page}<http://www.latex-project.org>
	\tobib{\AMS\LaTeX: Documentation on CTAN}<http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/amstex/doc/>
	\tobib{\LaTeX2.2 – mail from Philipp Stephani on LuaLaTeX-dev list (last paragraph)}<http://tug.org/pipermail/lualatex-dev/2011-January/001033.html>
	\tobib{\LaTeX3 project}<http://www.latex-project.org/latex3.html>
	\tobib{\ConTeXt\ wiki}<http://wiki.contextgarden.net>
	\tobib{A\LaTeX: Discussion in TUGboat Vol. 16 (1995), No. 3, p. 269ff.}<http://www.tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb16-3/tb48swif.pdf>
	\tobib{BLUe on CTAN}<http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/blu>
	\tobib{\AMS-\TeX\ on CTAN}<http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/amstex>
	\tobib{INRS\TeX\ on CTAN}<http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/inrstex>
	\tobib{L\AMS\TeX: Short description}<http://www.tex.ac.uk/tex-archive/digests/texline/no13/lamstex>
	\tobib{HP \TeX\ on CTAN}<http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/hptex>
	\tobib{Jade\TeX\ project page}<http://jadetex.sourceforge.net>
	\tobib{PHYSE and PHYS on CTAN}<http://ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/physe>
	\tobib{PHYZZX on CTAN}<http://ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/phyzzx>
	\tobib{Star\TeX\ on CTAN}<http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/startex>
	\tobib{Texinfo project page}<http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo>
	\tobib{XML\TeX\ manual}<http://www.dcarlisle.demon.co.uk/xmltex/manual.html>
	\tobib{Y\TeX\ on CTAN}<http://tug.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/ytex>
	\tobib{Zz\TeX: Article in TUGboat 13 (1992), No. 4}<http://www.tug.org/TUGboat/tb13-4/tb37anag.pdf>

	\tobibsection{Distributions}
	\tobib{fp\TeX: Announcment at TUG 1999}<http://www.tug.org/tug99/program/node39.html>
	\tobib{\TeX\ live development history}<http://tug.org/texlive/doc/texlive-en/texlive-en.html>
	\tobib{gw\TeX\ project page}<http://ii2.sourceforge.net/tex-index.html>
	\tobib{Brief History of gwTeX}<http://www.tug.org/twg/mactex/award/2007/gerben/aboutgwtex.html>
	\tobib{TLContrib project page}<http://tlcontrib.metatex.org/>
	\tobib{Mac\TeX\ project page}<http://www.tug.org/mactex>
	\tobib{MiKTeX project page}<http://miktex.org/>
	\tobib{Christian Schenk about the name of MiKTeX (mailing list archive)}<http://sourceforge.net/mailarchive/message.php?msg_id=26826076>
	\tobib{Pro\TeX t project page}<http://www.tug.org/protext>
	\tobib{\TeX Collection page}<http://www.tug.org/texcollection>
	\tobib{Con\TeX t minimals on Con\TeX t garden wiki}<http://wiki.contextgarden.net/ConTeXt_Minimals>
	\tobib{Win32 project page}<http://w32tex.org/>
	\tobib{Oz\TeX\ project page}<http://www.trevorrow.com/oztex>
	\tobib{\TeX\ on Amiga}<http://serpens.de/~zza/amigafaq/AmigaFAQg_49.html>
	\tobib{N\TeX\ project page}<http://www.langbein.org/software/ntex>

	\tobibsection{Fonts}
	\tobib{Type1 Fonts specifications}<http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/en/font/T1_SPEC.PDF>
	\tobib{The FreeType project}<http://freetype.org/index2.html>
	\tobib{OpenType specifications}<http://www.microsoft.com/typography/otspec/default.htm>

	\tobibsection{Everything Else}
	\tobib{MetaPost developments in TUGboat Vol. 29 (2008), No. 3, p. 380ff.}<http://www.tug.org/TUGboat/Contents/contents29-3.html>
	\tobib{dvipdfmx project page}<http://project.ktug.or.kr/dvipdfmx/>

\clearpage
\section{List of Contributors}
I have to thank some people for helping me to improve this document. Of course I thank all the people provinding the above-mentioned programs and references.

\begin{itemize}
\item Paul Isambert, for usefull discussions and testing.
\item Heiko Oberdiek, for solving a bug that broke the document with Acrobat Reader.
\item Peter Dyballa, for detailed historic information.
\item Many people that stumbled upon my questions on different mailinglist, mostly texhax.
\end{itemize}
\end{document}