summaryrefslogtreecommitdiff
path: root/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/oscola/oscola.tex
blob: 280268b86a446b3cd8618f28082f749dd97a2397 (plain)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043
2044
2045
2046
2047
2048
2049
2050
2051
2052
2053
2054
2055
2056
2057
2058
2059
2060
2061
2062
2063
2064
2065
2066
2067
2068
2069
2070
2071
2072
2073
2074
2075
2076
2077
2078
2079
2080
2081
2082
2083
2084
2085
2086
2087
2088
2089
2090
2091
2092
2093
2094
2095
2096
2097
2098
2099
2100
2101
2102
2103
2104
2105
2106
2107
2108
2109
2110
2111
2112
2113
2114
2115
2116
2117
2118
2119
2120
2121
2122
2123
2124
2125
2126
2127
2128
2129
2130
2131
2132
2133
2134
2135
2136
2137
2138
2139
2140
2141
2142
2143
2144
2145
2146
2147
2148
2149
2150
2151
2152
2153
2154
2155
2156
2157
2158
2159
2160
2161
2162
2163
2164
2165
2166
2167
2168
2169
2170
2171
2172
2173
2174
2175
2176
2177
2178
2179
2180
2181
2182
2183
2184
2185
2186
2187
2188
2189
2190
2191
2192
2193
2194
2195
2196
2197
2198
2199
2200
2201
2202
2203
2204
2205
2206
2207
2208
2209
2210
2211
2212
2213
2214
2215
2216
2217
2218
2219
2220
2221
2222
2223
2224
2225
2226
2227
2228
2229
2230
2231
2232
2233
2234
2235
2236
2237
2238
2239
2240
2241
2242
2243
2244
2245
2246
2247
2248
2249
2250
2251
2252
2253
2254
2255
2256
2257
2258
2259
2260
2261
2262
2263
2264
2265
2266
2267
2268
2269
2270
2271
2272
2273
2274
2275
2276
2277
2278
2279
2280
2281
2282
2283
2284
2285
2286
2287
2288
2289
2290
2291
2292
2293
2294
2295
2296
2297
2298
2299
2300
2301
2302
2303
2304
2305
2306
2307
2308
2309
2310
2311
2312
2313
2314
2315
2316
2317
2318
2319
2320
2321
2322
2323
2324
2325
2326
2327
2328
2329
2330
2331
2332
2333
2334
2335
2336
2337
2338
2339
2340
2341
2342
2343
2344
2345
2346
2347
2348
2349
2350
2351
2352
2353
2354
2355
2356
2357
2358
2359
2360
2361
2362
2363
2364
2365
2366
2367
2368
2369
2370
2371
2372
2373
2374
2375
2376
2377
2378
2379
2380
2381
2382
2383
2384
2385
2386
2387
2388
2389
2390
2391
2392
2393
2394
2395
2396
2397
2398
2399
2400
2401
2402
2403
2404
2405
2406
2407
2408
2409
2410
2411
2412
2413
2414
2415
2416
2417
2418
2419
2420
2421
2422
2423
2424
2425
2426
2427
2428
2429
2430
2431
2432
2433
2434
2435
2436
2437
2438
2439
2440
2441
2442
2443
2444
2445
2446
2447
2448
2449
2450
2451
2452
2453
2454
2455
2456
2457
2458
2459
2460
2461
2462
2463
2464
2465
2466
2467
2468
2469
2470
2471
2472
2473
2474
2475
2476
2477
2478
2479
2480
2481
2482
2483
2484
2485
2486
2487
2488
2489
2490
2491
2492
2493
2494
2495
2496
2497
2498
2499
2500
2501
2502
2503
2504
2505
2506
2507
2508
2509
2510
2511
2512
2513
2514
2515
2516
2517
2518
2519
2520
2521
2522
2523
2524
2525
2526
2527
2528
2529
2530
2531
2532
2533
2534
2535
2536
2537
2538
2539
2540
2541
2542
2543
2544
2545
2546
2547
2548
2549
2550
2551
2552
2553
2554
2555
2556
2557
2558
2559
2560
2561
2562
2563
2564
2565
2566
2567
2568
2569
2570
2571
2572
2573
2574
2575
2576
2577
2578
2579
2580
2581
2582
2583
2584
2585
2586
2587
2588
2589
2590
2591
2592
2593
2594
2595
2596
2597
2598
2599
2600
2601
2602
2603
2604
2605
2606
2607
2608
2609
2610
2611
2612
2613
2614
2615
2616
2617
2618
2619
2620
2621
2622
2623
2624
2625
2626
2627
2628
2629
2630
2631
2632
2633
2634
2635
2636
2637
2638
2639
2640
2641
2642
2643
2644
2645
2646
2647
2648
2649
2650
2651
2652
2653
2654
2655
2656
2657
2658
2659
2660
2661
2662
2663
2664
2665
2666
2667
2668
2669
2670
2671
2672
2673
2674
2675
2676
2677
2678
2679
2680
2681
2682
2683
2684
2685
2686
2687
2688
2689
2690
2691
2692
2693
2694
2695
2696
2697
2698
2699
2700
2701
2702
2703
2704
2705
2706
2707
2708
2709
2710
2711
2712
2713
2714
2715
2716
2717
2718
2719
2720
2721
2722
2723
2724
2725
2726
2727
2728
2729
2730
2731
2732
2733
2734
2735
2736
2737
2738
2739
2740
2741
2742
2743
2744
2745
2746
2747
2748
2749
2750
2751
2752
2753
2754
2755
2756
2757
2758
2759
2760
2761
2762
2763
2764
2765
2766
2767
2768
2769
2770
2771
2772
2773
2774
2775
2776
2777
2778
2779
2780
2781
2782
2783
2784
2785
2786
2787
2788
2789
2790
2791
2792
2793
2794
2795
2796
2797
2798
2799
2800
2801
2802
2803
2804
2805
2806
2807
2808
2809
2810
2811
2812
2813
2814
2815
2816
2817
2818
2819
2820
2821
2822
2823
2824
2825
2826
2827
2828
2829
2830
2831
2832
2833
2834
2835
2836
2837
2838
2839
2840
2841
2842
2843
2844
2845
2846
2847
2848
2849
2850
2851
2852
2853
2854
2855
2856
2857
2858
2859
2860
2861
2862
2863
2864
2865
2866
2867
2868
2869
2870
2871
2872
2873
2874
2875
2876
2877
2878
2879
2880
2881
2882
2883
2884
2885
2886
2887
2888
2889
2890
2891
2892
2893
2894
2895
2896
2897
2898
2899
2900
2901
2902
2903
2904
2905
2906
2907
2908
2909
2910
2911
2912
2913
2914
2915
2916
2917
2918
2919
2920
2921
2922
2923
2924
2925
2926
2927
2928
2929
2930
2931
2932
2933
2934
2935
2936
2937
2938
2939
2940
2941
2942
2943
2944
2945
2946
2947
2948
2949
2950
2951
2952
2953
2954
2955
2956
2957
2958
2959
2960
2961
2962
2963
2964
2965
2966
2967
2968
2969
2970
2971
2972
2973
2974
2975
2976
2977
2978
2979
2980
2981
2982
2983
2984
2985
2986
2987
2988
2989
2990
2991
2992
2993
2994
2995
2996
2997
2998
2999
3000
3001
3002
3003
3004
3005
3006
3007
3008
3009
3010
3011
3012
3013
3014
3015
3016
3017
3018
3019
3020
3021
3022
3023
3024
3025
3026
3027
3028
3029
3030
3031
3032
3033
3034
3035
3036
3037
3038
3039
3040
3041
3042
3043
3044
3045
3046
3047
3048
3049
3050
3051
3052
3053
3054
3055
3056
3057
3058
3059
3060
3061
3062
3063
3064
3065
3066
3067
3068
3069
3070
3071
3072
3073
3074
3075
3076
3077
3078
3079
3080
3081
3082
3083
3084
3085
3086
3087
3088
3089
3090
3091
3092
3093
3094
3095
3096
3097
3098
3099
3100
3101
3102
3103
3104
3105
3106
3107
3108
3109
3110
3111
3112
3113
3114
3115
3116
3117
3118
3119
3120
3121
3122
3123
3124
3125
3126
3127
3128
3129
3130
3131
3132
3133
3134
3135
3136
3137
3138
3139
3140
3141
3142
3143
3144
3145
3146
3147
3148
3149
3150
3151
3152
3153
3154
3155
3156
3157
3158
3159
3160
3161
3162
3163
3164
3165
3166
3167
3168
3169
3170
3171
3172
3173
3174
3175
3176
3177
3178
3179
3180
3181
3182
3183
3184
3185
3186
3187
3188
3189
3190
3191
3192
3193
3194
3195
3196
3197
3198
3199
3200
3201
3202
3203
3204
3205
3206
3207
3208
3209
3210
3211
3212
3213
3214
3215
3216
3217
3218
3219
3220
3221
3222
3223
3224
3225
3226
3227
3228
3229
3230
3231
3232
3233
3234
3235
3236
3237
3238
3239
3240
3241
3242
3243
3244
3245
3246
3247
3248
3249
3250
3251
3252
3253
3254
3255
3256
3257
3258
3259
3260
3261
3262
3263
3264
3265
3266
3267
3268
3269
3270
3271
3272
3273
3274
3275
3276
3277
3278
3279
3280
3281
3282
3283
3284
3285
3286
3287
3288
3289
3290
3291
3292
3293
3294
3295
3296
3297
3298
3299
3300
3301
3302
3303
3304
3305
3306
3307
3308
3309
3310
3311
3312
3313
3314
3315
3316
3317
3318
3319
3320
3321
3322
3323
3324
3325
3326
3327
3328
3329
3330
3331
3332
3333
3334
3335
3336
3337
3338
3339
3340
3341
3342
3343
3344
3345
3346
3347
3348
3349
3350
3351
3352
3353
3354
3355
3356
3357
3358
3359
3360
3361
3362
3363
3364
3365
3366
3367
3368
3369
3370
3371
3372
3373
3374
3375
3376
3377
3378
3379
3380
3381
3382
3383
3384
3385
3386
3387
3388
3389
3390
3391
3392
3393
3394
3395
3396
3397
3398
3399
3400
3401
3402
3403
3404
3405
3406
3407
3408
3409
3410
3411
3412
3413
3414
3415
3416
3417
3418
3419
3420
3421
3422
3423
3424
3425
3426
3427
3428
3429
3430
3431
3432
3433
3434
3435
3436
3437
3438
3439
3440
3441
3442
3443
3444
3445
3446
3447
3448
3449
3450
3451
3452
3453
3454
3455
3456
3457
3458
3459
3460
3461
3462
3463
3464
3465
3466
3467
3468
3469
3470
3471
3472
3473
3474
3475
3476
3477
3478
3479
3480
3481
3482
3483
3484
3485
3486
3487
3488
3489
3490
3491
3492
3493
3494
3495
3496
3497
3498
3499
3500
3501
3502
3503
3504
3505
3506
3507
3508
3509
3510
3511
3512
3513
3514
3515
3516
3517
3518
3519
3520
3521
3522
3523
3524
3525
3526
3527
3528
3529
3530
3531
3532
3533
3534
3535
3536
3537
3538
3539
3540
3541
3542
3543
3544
3545
3546
3547
3548
3549
3550
3551
3552
3553
3554
3555
3556
3557
3558
3559
3560
3561
3562
3563
3564
3565
3566
3567
3568
3569
3570
3571
3572
3573
3574
3575
3576
3577
3578
3579
3580
3581
3582
3583
3584
3585
3586
3587
3588
3589
3590
3591
3592
3593
3594
3595
3596
3597
3598
3599
3600
3601
3602
3603
3604
3605
3606
3607
3608
3609
3610
3611
3612
3613
3614
3615
3616
3617
3618
3619
3620
3621
3622
3623
3624
3625
3626
3627
3628
3629
3630
3631
3632
3633
3634
3635
3636
3637
3638
3639
3640
3641
3642
3643
3644
3645
3646
3647
3648
3649
3650
3651
3652
3653
3654
3655
3656
3657
3658
3659
3660
3661
3662
3663
3664
3665
3666
3667
3668
3669
3670
3671
3672
3673
3674
3675
3676
3677
3678
3679
3680
3681
3682
3683
3684
3685
3686
3687
3688
3689
3690
3691
3692
3693
3694
3695
3696
3697
3698
3699
3700
3701
3702
3703
3704
3705
3706
3707
3708
3709
3710
3711
3712
3713
3714
3715
3716
3717
3718
3719
3720
3721
3722
3723
3724
3725
3726
3727
3728
3729
3730
3731
3732
3733
3734
3735
3736
3737
3738
3739
3740
3741
3742
3743
3744
3745
3746
3747
3748
3749
3750
3751
3752
3753
3754
3755
3756
3757
3758
3759
3760
3761
3762
3763
3764
3765
3766
3767
3768
3769
3770
3771
3772
3773
3774
3775
3776
3777
3778
3779
3780
3781
3782
3783
3784
3785
3786
3787
3788
3789
3790
3791
3792
3793
3794
3795
3796
3797
3798
3799
3800
3801
3802
3803
3804
3805
3806
3807
3808
3809
3810
3811
3812
3813
3814
3815
3816
3817
3818
3819
3820
3821
3822
3823
3824
3825
3826
3827
3828
3829
3830
3831
3832
3833
3834
3835
3836
3837
3838
3839
3840
3841
3842
3843
3844
3845
3846
3847
3848
3849
3850
3851
3852
3853
3854
3855
3856
3857
3858
3859
3860
3861
3862
3863
3864
3865
3866
3867
3868
3869
3870
3871
3872
3873
3874
3875
3876
3877
3878
3879
3880
3881
3882
3883
3884
3885
3886
3887
3888
3889
3890
3891
3892
3893
3894
3895
3896
3897
3898
3899
3900
3901
3902
3903
3904
3905
3906
3907
3908
3909
3910
3911
3912
3913
3914
3915
3916
3917
3918
3919
3920
3921
3922
3923
3924
3925
3926
3927
3928
3929
3930
3931
3932
3933
3934
3935
3936
3937
3938
3939
3940
3941
3942
3943
3944
3945
3946
3947
3948
3949
3950
3951
3952
3953
3954
3955
3956
3957
3958
3959
3960
3961
3962
3963
3964
3965
3966
3967
3968
3969
3970
3971
3972
3973
3974
3975
3976
3977
3978
3979
3980
3981
3982
3983
3984
3985
3986
3987
3988
3989
3990
3991
3992
3993
3994
3995
3996
3997
3998
3999
4000
4001
4002
4003
4004
4005
4006
4007
4008
4009
4010
4011
4012
4013
4014
4015
4016
4017
4018
4019
4020
4021
4022
4023
4024
4025
4026
4027
4028
4029
4030
4031
4032
4033
4034
4035
4036
4037
4038
4039
4040
4041
4042
4043
4044
4045
4046
4047
4048
4049
4050
4051
4052
4053
4054
4055
4056
4057
4058
4059
4060
4061
4062
4063
4064
4065
4066
4067
4068
4069
4070
4071
4072
4073
4074
4075
4076
4077
4078
4079
4080
4081
4082
4083
4084
4085
4086
4087
4088
4089
4090
4091
4092
4093
4094
4095
4096
4097
4098
4099
4100
4101
4102
4103
4104
4105
4106
4107
4108
4109
4110
4111
4112
4113
4114
4115
4116
4117
4118
4119
4120
4121
4122
4123
4124
4125
4126
4127
4128
4129
4130
4131
4132
4133
4134
4135
4136
4137
4138
4139
4140
4141
4142
4143
4144
4145
4146
4147
4148
4149
4150
4151
4152
4153
4154
4155
4156
4157
4158
4159
4160
4161
4162
4163
4164
4165
4166
4167
4168
4169
4170
4171
4172
4173
4174
4175
4176
4177
4178
4179
4180
4181
4182
4183
4184
4185
4186
4187
4188
4189
4190
4191
4192
4193
4194
4195
4196
4197
4198
4199
4200
4201
4202
4203
4204
4205
4206
4207
4208
4209
4210
4211
4212
4213
4214
4215
4216
4217
4218
4219
4220
4221
4222
4223
4224
4225
4226
4227
4228
4229
4230
4231
4232
4233
4234
4235
4236
4237
4238
4239
4240
4241
4242
4243
4244
4245
4246
4247
4248
4249
4250
4251
4252
4253
4254
4255
4256
4257
4258
4259
4260
4261
4262
4263
4264
4265
4266
4267
4268
4269
4270
4271
4272
4273
4274
4275
4276
4277
4278
4279
4280
4281
4282
4283
4284
4285
4286
4287
4288
4289
4290
4291
4292
4293
4294
4295
4296
4297
4298
4299
4300
4301
4302
4303
4304
4305
4306
4307
4308
4309
4310
4311
4312
4313
4314
4315
4316
4317
4318
4319
4320
4321
4322
4323
4324
4325
4326
4327
4328
4329
4330
4331
4332
4333
4334
4335
4336
4337
4338
4339
4340
4341
4342
4343
4344
4345
4346
4347
4348
4349
4350
4351
4352
4353
4354
4355
4356
4357
4358
4359
4360
4361
4362
4363
4364
4365
4366
4367
4368
4369
4370
4371
4372
4373
4374
4375
4376
4377
4378
4379
4380
4381
4382
4383
4384
4385
4386
4387
4388
4389
4390
4391
4392
4393
4394
4395
4396
4397
4398
4399
4400
4401
4402
4403
4404
4405
4406
4407
4408
4409
4410
4411
4412
4413
4414
4415
4416
4417
4418
4419
4420
4421
4422
4423
4424
4425
4426
4427
4428
4429
4430
4431
4432
4433
4434
4435
4436
4437
4438
4439
4440
4441
4442
4443
4444
4445
4446
4447
4448
4449
4450
4451
4452
4453
4454
4455
4456
4457
4458
4459
4460
4461
4462
4463
4464
4465
4466
4467
4468
4469
4470
4471
4472
4473
4474
4475
4476
4477
4478
4479
4480
4481
4482
4483
4484
4485
4486
4487
4488
4489
4490
4491
4492
4493
4494
4495
4496
4497
4498
4499
4500
4501
4502
4503
4504
4505
4506
4507
4508
4509
4510
4511
4512
4513
4514
4515
4516
4517
4518
4519
4520
4521
4522
4523
4524
4525
4526
4527
4528
4529
4530
4531
4532
4533
4534
4535
4536
4537
4538
4539
4540
4541
4542
4543
4544
4545
4546
4547
4548
4549
4550
4551
4552
4553
4554
4555
4556
4557
4558
4559
4560
4561
4562
4563
4564
4565
4566
4567
4568
4569
4570
4571
4572
4573
4574
4575
4576
4577
4578
4579
4580
4581
4582
4583
4584
4585
4586
4587
4588
4589
4590
4591
4592
4593
4594
4595
4596
4597
4598
4599
4600
4601
4602
4603
4604
4605
4606
4607
4608
4609
4610
4611
4612
4613
4614
4615
4616
4617
4618
4619
4620
4621
4622
4623
4624
4625
4626
4627
4628
4629
4630
4631
4632
4633
4634
4635
4636
4637
4638
4639
4640
4641
4642
4643
4644
4645
4646
4647
4648
4649
4650
4651
4652
4653
4654
4655
4656
4657
4658
4659
4660
4661
4662
4663
4664
4665
4666
4667
4668
4669
4670
4671
4672
4673
4674
4675
4676
4677
4678
4679
4680
4681
4682
4683
4684
4685
4686
4687
4688
4689
4690
4691
4692
4693
4694
4695
4696
4697
4698
4699
4700
4701
4702
4703
4704
4705
4706
4707
4708
4709
4710
4711
4712
4713
4714
4715
4716
4717
4718
4719
4720
4721
4722
4723
4724
4725
4726
4727
4728
4729
4730
4731
4732
4733
4734
4735
4736
4737
4738
4739
4740
4741
4742
4743
4744
4745
4746
4747
4748
4749
4750
4751
4752
4753
4754
4755
4756
4757
4758
4759
4760
4761
4762
4763
4764
4765
4766
4767
4768
4769
4770
4771
4772
4773
4774
4775
4776
4777
4778
4779
4780
4781
4782
4783
4784
4785
4786
4787
4788
4789
4790
4791
4792
4793
4794
4795
4796
4797
4798
4799
4800
4801
4802
4803
4804
4805
4806
4807
4808
4809
4810
4811
4812
4813
4814
4815
4816
4817
4818
4819
4820
4821
4822
4823
4824
4825
4826
4827
4828
4829
4830
4831
4832
4833
4834
4835
4836
4837
4838
4839
4840
4841
4842
4843
4844
4845
4846
4847
4848
4849
4850
4851
4852
4853
4854
4855
4856
4857
4858
4859
4860
4861
4862
4863
4864
4865
4866
4867
4868
4869
4870
4871
4872
4873
4874
4875
4876
4877
4878
4879
4880
4881
4882
4883
4884
4885
4886
4887
4888
4889
4890
4891
4892
4893
4894
4895
4896
4897
4898
4899
4900
4901
4902
4903
4904
4905
4906
4907
4908
4909
4910
4911
4912
4913
4914
4915
4916
4917
4918
4919
4920
4921
4922
4923
4924
4925
4926
4927
4928
4929
4930
4931
4932
4933
4934
4935
4936
4937
4938
4939
4940
4941
4942
4943
4944
4945
4946
4947
4948
4949
4950
4951
4952
4953
4954
4955
4956
4957
4958
4959
4960
4961
4962
4963
4964
4965
4966
4967
4968
4969
4970
4971
4972
4973
4974
4975
4976
4977
4978
4979
4980
4981
4982
4983
4984
4985
4986
4987
4988
4989
4990
4991
4992
4993
4994
4995
4996
4997
4998
4999
5000
5001
5002
5003
5004
5005
5006
5007
5008
5009
5010
5011
5012
5013
5014
5015
5016
5017
5018
5019
5020
5021
5022
5023
5024
5025
5026
5027
5028
5029
5030
5031
5032
5033
5034
5035
5036
5037
5038
5039
5040
5041
5042
5043
5044
5045
5046
5047
5048
5049
5050
5051
5052
5053
5054
5055
5056
5057
5058
5059
5060
5061
5062
5063
5064
5065
5066
5067
5068
5069
5070
5071
5072
5073
5074
5075
5076
5077
5078
5079
5080
5081
5082
5083
5084
5085
5086
5087
5088
5089
5090
5091
5092
5093
5094
5095
5096
5097
5098
5099
5100
5101
5102
5103
5104
5105
5106
5107
5108
5109
5110
5111
5112
5113
5114
5115
5116
5117
5118
5119
5120
5121
5122
5123
5124
5125
5126
5127
5128
5129
5130
5131
5132
5133
5134
5135
5136
5137
5138
5139
5140
5141
5142
5143
5144
5145
5146
5147
5148
5149
5150
5151
5152
5153
5154
5155
5156
5157
5158
5159
5160
5161
5162
5163
5164
5165
5166
5167
5168
5169
5170
5171
5172
5173
5174
5175
5176
5177
5178
5179
5180
5181
5182
5183
5184
5185
5186
5187
5188
5189
5190
5191
5192
5193
5194
5195
5196
5197
5198
5199
5200
5201
5202
5203
5204
5205
5206
5207
5208
5209
5210
5211
5212
5213
5214
5215
5216
5217
5218
5219
5220
5221
5222
5223
5224
5225
5226
5227
5228
5229
5230
5231
5232
5233
5234
5235
5236
5237
5238
5239
5240
5241
5242
5243
5244
5245
5246
5247
5248
5249
5250
5251
5252
5253
5254
5255
5256
5257
5258
5259
5260
5261
5262
5263
5264
5265
5266
5267
5268
5269
5270
5271
5272
5273
5274
5275
5276
5277
5278
5279
5280
5281
5282
5283
5284
5285
5286
5287
5288
5289
5290
5291
5292
5293
5294
5295
5296
5297
5298
5299
5300
5301
5302
5303
5304
5305
5306
5307
5308
5309
5310
5311
5312
5313
5314
5315
5316
5317
5318
5319
5320
5321
5322
5323
5324
5325
5326
5327
5328
5329
5330
5331
5332
5333
5334
5335
5336
% This file documents the biblatex-oscola package. It is (c) Paul Stanley 2014-2017
% and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0-Unported License (CC BY 3.0). A copy of that
% license is available at
%   http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en_GB
%
% To compile: run 
% LaTeX <oscola>
% Biber <oscola>
% LaTeX <oscola> , LaTeX <oscola>
% splitindex <oscola> -- -s oscola.ist
% makeindex oscola-general
% LaTeX <oscola>, LaTeX <oscola>
%
%
\documentclass[a4paper,
               11pt,
	       DIV=1,			   
	       footinclude=false]
	      {scrartcl}

% SET VERSION NUMBER AND RELEASE DATE
\def\releasedate{1 April 2017}
\def\versionnumber{1.5}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\usepackage{geometry}
\geometry{a4paper,
          left=30mm, 
          top=27.4mm, 
          headsep=2\baselineskip, 
          textwidth=30pc, 
          marginparsep=1pc, 
          textheight=49\baselineskip,
          headheight=\baselineskip}

\usepackage[style=british]{csquotes}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}

\usepackage[style=oscola,
            indexing=cite,
            backend=biber,
            ecli=yes,
            babel=hyphen]{biblatex}

\usepackage[splitindex,
            nonewpage]{imakeidx}

\setcounter{secnumdepth}{3}

\usepackage{tabularx}

\usepackage[mono=false]{libertine}
\usepackage[scaled=0.8]{beramono}
\usepackage{microtype}
\usepackage{ragged2e}

\usepackage{enumitem}
\setlist[description]{%
   font=\ttfamily\mdseries,
   leftmargin=3.8cm,
   labelwidth=3.6cm,
   labelsep=0.2cm}

\usepackage{multicol}

\usepackage{booktabs}

\renewcommand{\linespread}{1.2}

% Various commands and environments specific to this document
\newcommand{\oscola}{\textsc{bl-oscola}}
\newcommand{\biblatex}{\textsc{biblatex}}
\newcommand{\oscolashort}{\textsc{oscola}\nocite{oscola}}
\newcounter{egcounter}\setcounter{egcounter}{0}

% TYPOGRAPHY
\usepackage{scrpage2}
\usepackage[dvipsnames]{xcolor}

% This code from Juanjo's answer at http://www.latex-community.org
% /viewtopic.php?f=&t=1437&sid30648b3e881b9dd8c033a7ed1b1f31fd&start=10
\newlength{\boxwidth}
\newsavebox{\boxcontainer}
\newenvironment{bibexample}[1][]
{%
  \medskip\par\noindent\ignorespaces
  \marginpar{[\refstepcounter{egcounter}\arabic{egcounter}]\label{#1}}%
  \setlength{\boxwidth}{0.95\linewidth}%
  \addtolength{\boxwidth}{-2\fboxsep}
  \addtolength{\boxwidth}{-2\fboxrule}
  \begin{lrbox}{\boxcontainer}
  \begin{minipage}[t]{\boxwidth}%
}
{%
  \end{minipage}\end{lrbox}%
  \colorbox{gray!30}{\usebox{\boxcontainer}}
  \par\medskip}

\newcommand{\egref}[1]{[\ref{#1}]}

\newcommand{\egcite}[1]{{\texttt{\textbackslash cite#1}}}
\newcommand\angledtext[1]{$\langle$\textit{#1}\/$\rangle$}

% HYPER REF

\usepackage[final=true,colorlinks=true]{hyperref}


% BIBLIOGRAPHIC RESOURCES
\addbibresource{oscola-examples.bib}

% HYPHENATION
\hyphenation{am-end-ed}
\hyphenation{nieu-wen-huis}
\hyphenation{sti-cht-ing}


% Some basic typographical settings
\deffootnote{1em}{1em}{\thefootnotemark\ }
\setcounter{secnumdepth}{-1}
\frenchspacing
\RaggedRight
\setlength{\parindent}{3ex}
\pagestyle{scrheadings}
\automark{section}
\renewcommand{\sectionmark}[1]{\markright{#1}}
\ifoot{\rightmark}
\ofoot{\pagemark}
\cfoot{}
\chead{}
\renewcommand{\footfont}{\upshape\scshape}
% INDEXES
\makeindex[name=ukcases, intoc=true,
           title={Table of UK Cases}]
\makeindex[name=eucasesa, intoc=true,
           title={Table of EU Cases (Alphabetical)}]
\makeindex[name=eucasesn, intoc=true,
           title={Table of EU Cases (Numerical)}]
\makeindex[name=intcases, intoc=true,
           title={Table of International Cases}]
\makeindex[name=ocases, intoc=true,
           title={Table of Cases from Other Jurisdictions}]
\makeindex[name=ukleg, intoc=true,
           title={Table of UK Legislation}]
\makeindex[name=euleg,intoc=true,
           title={Table EU Legislation and Treaties}]
\makeindex[name=treaties, intoc=true,
           title={Table of Treaties}]
\makeindex[name=pmats, intoc=true,
           title={Parliamentary Material and Draft Legislation}]
\makeindex[name=general,intoc=true,
           title={Index}]

\DeclareIndexAssociation{gbcases}{ukcases}
\DeclareIndexAssociation{encases}{ukcases}
\DeclareIndexAssociation{sccases}{ukcases}
\DeclareIndexAssociation{nicases}{ukcases}
\DeclareIndexAssociation{eucases}{eucasesa}
\DeclareIndexAssociation{eucasesnum}{eucasesn}
\DeclareIndexAssociation{echrcases}{intcases}
\DeclareIndexAssociation{echrcasescomm}{intcases}
\DeclareIndexAssociation{pilcases}{intcases}
\DeclareIndexAssociation{nzcases}{ocases}
\DeclareIndexAssociation{uscases}{ocases}
\DeclareIndexAssociation{aucases}{ocases}
\DeclareIndexAssociation{cacases}{ocases}
\DeclareIndexAssociation{othercases}{ocases}
\DeclareIndexAssociation{gbprimleg}{ukleg}
\DeclareIndexAssociation{gbsecleg}{ukleg}
\DeclareIndexAssociation{enprimleg}{ukleg}
\DeclareIndexAssociation{ensecleg}{ukleg}
\DeclareIndexAssociation{scprimleg}{ukleg}
\DeclareIndexAssociation{scsecleg}{ukleg}
\DeclareIndexAssociation{cyprimleg}{ukleg}
\DeclareIndexAssociation{cysecleg}{ukleg}
\DeclareIndexAssociation{niprimleg}{ukleg}
\DeclareIndexAssociation{nisecleg}{ukleg}
\DeclareIndexAssociation{enroc}{ukleg}
\DeclareIndexAssociation{eutreaty}{euleg}
\DeclareIndexAssociation{euregs}{euleg}
\DeclareIndexAssociation{eudirs}{euleg}
\DeclareIndexAssociation{eudecs}{euleg}
\DeclareIndexAssociation{piltreaty}{treaties}
\DeclareIndexAssociation{gbdraftleg}{pmats}
\DeclareIndexAssociation{gbparltmat}{pmats}
\begin{document}

\title{The OSCOLA Biblatex Style}
\subtitle{Version \versionnumber}

\author{Paul Stanley\thanks{pstanley@essexcourt.net}}

\date{\releasedate}

\maketitle

\tableofcontents

\clearpage

\section{Scope}

\index[general]{scope of package|(}The \oscola\ style for \biblatex\
is intended to implement more or less the whole of the standard for
legal citations set out in the fourth edition of
\oscolashort,\footcite{oscola} in a way that as far as possible
respects the idea that bibliography databases should be style
independent.\index[general]{scope of package|)} However, since it
makes extensive use of non-standard entry-types (such as
\texttt{@jurisdiction}, \texttt{@legislation} and \texttt{@legal}), it
cannot be guaranteed that it will be completely consistent with other
legal styles.\footnote{For instance, I believe that the German
  \textsc{jura-diss} style uses the \texttt{author} field for the
  court that decides a case, rather than the \texttt{institution}
  field, as \oscola\ does.}

This document should be read alongside the \oscolashort\ standard
itself.\footcite{oscola} Wherever possible I have taken examples from
\oscolashort.

\subsection{Omissions\label{scope}}

\index[general]{scope of package!international materials} The most
recent edition of \oscolashort\ does not contain rules for formatting
international law materials (other than \textsc{eu} materials and
cases decided by the European Court of Human Rights). The 3rd edition
contained extensive rules.\footcite[25--37]{oscola3} The \oscolashort\
package offers \emph{basic} functionality for citing treaties and cases
consistently with the third edition; but the package does not attempt
to grapple with all the complexities, and might not be sufficient for
a work with \emph{extensive} citation of public international law
materials.

This style\index[general]{scope of package!historical cases}
does not include citation forms for Yearbook or historical
cases\footcite[20--21]{oscola} (other than the \enquote{plain vanilla}
of the nominate reports and the English Reports). Nor does the package
contain rules for the citation of foreign legal\index[general]{scope
  of package!non-English materials} materials, other than US,
Canadian, Australian and New Zealand cases (which are cited
sufficiently often in English articles to justify including
them). There is no provision for citing legislation from those
countries.

To summarise:\index[general]{scope of package}
\begin{itemize}
\item The \oscola\ style provides full facilities for the citation of
  English, Scottish, Northern Irish, EU and European Convention cases,
  legislation and `official' materials.
\item The \oscola\ style provides full facilities for the citation
  of books, articles, encyclopaedias and looseleaf publications.
\item The \oscola\ style provides full coverage for the citation of
  materials such as online resources and private communications.
\item The \oscola\ style provides facilities for citing cases from
  the US, Australia, Canada and New Zealand, but not for citing
  legislation or `official' materials.
\item The \oscola\ style provides basic facilities for citing public
  international law treaties and case law, and at least many UN
  documents, but does not cover everything that the 3rd edition of
  \oscola\ specifies in relation to such materials.
\end{itemize}
I hope that the coverage is sufficient for most UK legal work; I
believe that only specialists in public international law or legal
history are likely to find it significantly deficient.

\subsection{Language}

\index[general]{language}Since \oscola\ is an English language
standard, the style has not been designed to support other
languages. Conversion to other languages would not necessarily be
unduly difficult; but it would involve making adjustments which are
likely to be troublesome except for very experienced users.

The style will, by default, set the \biblatex\ language option to
\texttt{english}.

\section{Some thanks, an apology, a warning, a promise}

\subsection{Thanks}

There are many people I should thank. \index[general]{Lehman,
  Philip}Philip Lehman and \index[general]{Kime, Philip}Philip Kime,
together with the current \biblatex\ maintainers Audrey Boruvka and
Joseph Wright -- without whom this would be impossible. Many members
of the community at
\TeX-StackExchange\footnote{\url{tex.stackexchange.com}} have helped
too, at first by answering my questions, and later by asking (and and
sometimes answering) their own. I've borrowed from more people than I
can remember. Daniel H\"ogger identified various important bugs, and
suggested improvements, particularly in relation to international law
materials.  Thanks to everyone.

\subsection{An apology}

Thanks \ldots\ and sorry. Sorry if you read the code, which is
sometimes muddled. Knowing what I know now, I would not start where I
started, or end where I ended. There's plenty of cleanup to be done,
but at least it works, and it seems better to release it, unpolished.

\subsection{A warning}

At least it works \ldots\ except when it doesn't. Of course there are
going to be problems: corner cases I haven't caught in testing, things
I've not thought about, decisions that turn out to be wrong. It's not
just not guaranteed not to be buggy, it's guaranteed to be
buggy.\index[general]{bugs!guaranteed}

\subsection{A promise}

It's guaranteed to be buggy \ldots\ but I promise to do what I
can. Not a legally binding promise, mind, but a promise binding in
honour that if something isn't working, and you need it working, I
will do my best to fix it as quickly as I can. Especially if you are
using this for serious work. Email
me. Really.\index[general]{bugs!reporting}

\section{For Absolute Beginners}

\index[general]{Biblatex!introduction
  to|(}\index[general]{Biber!introduction to|(}Few lawyers use \LaTeX,
so perhaps it would be reasonable to assume that those who do have a
fairly good idea of how it works. Nevertheless, this section gives a
\emph{very} short and simple introduction to using \biblatex, and
\textsc{biber} to create bibliographies. Infinitely more detail can be
found in the \biblatex\ documentation,\footcite{biblatex2} which is
essential reading.

The idea is this. You have two files: the file (or files) that
containing your document, and separate file(s) containing
bibliographical information about the works you may cite. Instead of
typing out a citation to the work in question, you use a simple
command to refer to it by a label you have selected and included in
your bibliography database. The system then takes care of all the
tedious details: formatting citations, keeping track of `ibid' or back
references to the first citation, giving full details in the
bibliography, making a table of cases and statutes, and so forth.

The work-flow is as follows:\index[general]{work-flow!in general} (1)
run \LaTeX, (2) run \textsc{biber}---the program that reads the files
produced by \LaTeX on its first run, and uses them to prepare
references in a digestible form for \LaTeX, (3) run \LaTeX\
again. Often you will also need (4) to run a program to construct
tables of cases and so forth, and (5) usually to run \LaTeX\ at least
once more to get everything in
order.\index[general]{Biblatex!introduction
  to|)}\index[general]{Biber!introduction to|)}

\subsection{What you need}

\index[general]{required files|see{prerequisites}}\index[general]{prerequisites|(}
Basic use of \oscola\ will require:
\begin{itemize}
\item The \textsc{biblatex} package. This is to be found in any modern
  \TeX\ distribution. You need version 2.0 (or higher).\index[general]{Biblatex!version 2.0 required}\index[general]{prerequisites!Biblatex}
\item The files \texttt{oscola.bbx}, \texttt{oscola.cbx} and
  \texttt{english-oscola.lbx}, installed where \LaTeX\ can find them.\index[general]{oscola.bbx@\texttt{oscola.bbx}}\index[general]{oscola.cbx@\texttt{oscola.cbx}}\index[general]{english-oscola.lbx@\texttt{english-oscola.lbx}}\index[general]{prerequisites!package files}
\item A working version of \textsc{biber}; this is also to be found in
  any modern \TeX\ distribution. You need version 1.0 (or higher).\index[general]{prerequisites!Biber}\index[general]{Biber!version 1.0 required}
\end{itemize}

If you intend to use the facilities that the package offers to produce
automatic tables of cases and legislation, you will also need:
\begin{itemize}
\item Certainly \textsc{makeindex}\index[general]{prerequisites!Makeindex}\index[general]{Makeindex!required if indexing} (which comes with any \TeX\ distribution).
\item Probably also \textsc{splitindex},\index[general]{prerequisites!Splitindex}\index[general]{Splitindex!recommended} since if you are producing
  more than one or two indexes this is likely to be essential. It
  comes with \TeX\ distributions; but I have found that you also need
  a working version of \textsc{Perl}.\index[general]{prerequisites!Splitindex!Perl} A Mac or Linux\slash Unix set up
  will almost certainly have this: a Windows machine will probably
  need to have it downloaded, but it's not hard to find.
\item The \textsc{imakeidx}\index[general]{Imakeidx!recommended}\index[general]{prerequisites!Imakeidx} package, which will either be in your
  \TeX\ distribution or easily obtainable.
\item If you want to use the index style file provided with \oscola,
  you will need to install it (\texttt{oscola.ist})\index[general]{oscola.ist@\texttt{oscola.ist}}\index[general]{prerequisites!package files} where
  \textsc{makeindex} can find it, for instance in the project
  directory.
\end{itemize}
\index[general]{prerequisites|)}

\subsection{Installation}

\index[general]{installation}
\index[general]{oscola.bbx@\texttt{oscola.bbx}}
\index[general]{oscola.cbx@\texttt{oscola.cbx}}
\index[general]{oscola.ist@\texttt{oscola.ist}}
\index[general]{english-oscola.ist@\texttt{english-oscola.ist}}
I would suggest installation in your (local) \TeX\ directory as follows:
\begin{description}
\item The operational files (that is \verb|oscola.bbx|, \verb|oscola.cbx|, \verb|english-oscola.lbx| and \verb|british-oscola.lbx| go with \LaTeX\ macros under \verb|.../tex/latex/oscola|.
\item The index style file \verb|oscola.idx| goes with other such files under \verb|.../makeindex/oscola|.
\item The documentation files (\verb|oscola.tex| and \verb|oscola.pdf| go under \verb|.../doc/latex/oscola|.
\end{description}

\section{Basic Use}

The \oscola\ package is not really a package, but a set of style files
specifically designed for \biblatex. To load them, therefore,
you simply load \biblatex, specifying the \oscola\ style:\index[general]{loading style}\index[general]{Biblatex!loading package}\index[general]{usepackage@\texttt{\textbackslash usepackage}}

\begin{bibexample}[loading]
\begin{verbatim}
\usepackage[style=oscola]{biblatex}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

You will also need to identify one or more bibliography files:\index[general]{addbibresource@\texttt{\textbackslash addbibresource}}
\begin{bibexample}[files]
\begin{verbatim}
\addbibresource{mybib.bib}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}
\noindent Where, of course, \texttt{mybib.bib} is the name of your own
bibliographic database.

To make quotation marks work properly,\index[general]{prerequisites!csquotes}\index[general]{csquotes}\index[general]{quotation marks!ensuring correct style} you also need to load the \textsc{csquotes} package, with the style \verb|british|.
\begin{verbatim}
\usepackage[style=british]{csquotes}
\end{verbatim}

\subsection{Customization}

\index[general]{customization|(}The \oscola\ style is not highly customisable. This
is by design. The intention is to provide a reasonably complete and
accurate implementation of a particular set of conventions, rather
than a foundation on which a large variety of distinct styles for
legal citation could be built. It permits \emph{limited} customisation
in areas where \oscola\ itself suggests alternative possibilities (for
instance whether `ibid' is used), and for certain typographical
features which might legitimately be under the control of the user. On
the very few occasions where I have consciously departed from the
\oscolashort\ standard, my revisions will only be used if they are
specifically switched on.

To switch options, include them in the list of options when loading
\biblatex. So, for example: 
\begin{bibexample}[optionseg]
\begin{verbatim} 
\usepackage[style=oscola,
            eutreaty=alternative, 
            ibidtracker=false]{biblatex} 
\end{verbatim} 
\end{bibexample}
\noindent will load \biblatex\ with the \oscola\ style, with the alternative option
for printing short references to the EU treaty, and without making use
of `ibid' in successive citations.

\begin{description}
\item[\texttt{eutreaty}]\index[general]{customization!EU treaties,
  shortened
  form}\index[general]{options!eu-treaty@\texttt{eu-treaty}}\index[general]{EU
  treaties!shortened citations} If\label{options} set to
  \texttt{alternative}, then shortened references to an EU treaty will
  be printed in the form `Art 23 TFEU' rather than `TFEU, Art 23'. The
  latter is, I think, strictly required by
  \oscolashort;\footcite[29]{oscola} but the alternative version is so
  common in writing by \textsc{eu} specialists that it seemed sensible
  to provide it as a possibility.
\item[\texttt{caseshorthands}]\index[general]{customization!shorthand
  case names}\index[general]{shorthands!case names,
  italic}\index[general]{options!casesshorthands@\texttt{casesshorthands}}
  As I read it, \oscolashort\ distinguishes between the short
  \emph{titles} of cases and abbreviations for cases (what we would
  call `shorthands') by printing short titles in italic, and
  abbreviations in roman type.\footcite[See `example 4'][15]{oscola}
  To my eye that looks odd. The option \texttt{caseshorthands=italic}
  will see to it that shorthand names for cases, like their short
  titles, will be printed in italic type.
\item[ecli]\index[general]{ECLI numbers}
  \index[general]{options!ecli@\texttt{ecli}} This option controls
  whether the EU's recently introduced ECLI numbers get
  printed. Options are: \verb|yes| (the default), which means they are
  printed when available in addition to the official report,
  \verb|no|, in which case they are never printed, or \verb|only|, in
  which case only ECLI numbers are used, with no printed report, in
  the current style of the CJEU itself (not yet officially accepted by
  the standard). Note that if the case is otherwise unreported, ECLI
  numbers will always be used if available.
\item[ibidstyle]\index[general]{customization!ibid}
                \index[general]{ibid!capitalization}
                \index[general]{options!ibidstyle@\texttt{ibidstyle}}
  The \oscolashort\ guide uses ibid in its lower-case form, even at
  the start of footnotes. If you prefer to use an upper-case form
  there, then set the \texttt{ibidstyle} option to \texttt{uc}. Please
  note that while this will work reliably with citations created using
  \verb|\footcite| or \verb|\autocite|, if you use the
  form\begin{verbatim}\footnote{\cite{ ... }}\end{verbatim}the need
  for a capital will not be `picked up' automatically. In such a case,
  if you are using capitals, you will need to insert the command
  \verb|\bibsentence| immediately before the \verb|\cite|. (This is a
  good reason to use \verb|\footcite| where you can.\label{ibidstyle})
\item[\texttt{ibidtracker}] \index[general]{customization!ibid}
  \index[general]{options!ibidtracker@\texttt{ibidtracker}}
  \index[general]{ibid!disabling use of} \textsc{Oscola} permits
  citations to use `ibid' where there is an unambiguous citation to a
  single authority in the preceding footnote, but it is not
  required.\footnote{`\ldots\ you \emph{can} generally use ``ibid''
    instead' (emphasis added) \cite[5]{oscola}.} By default,
  \oscola\ does use `ibid', where it is appropriate. But if you prefer
  to switch it off, you can do so using the \biblatex\ option
  \texttt{ibidtracker=false}.
\item[\texttt{citetracker}]
                 \index[general]{customization!shortened citations}
                 \index[general]{options!citetracker@\texttt{citetracker}}
                 \index[general]{references!shortened
    forms} \textsc{Oscola} permits you, in certain situations (notably
  when citing books, articles and cases within a reasonably short
  section) to use cross-references back to previous notes, instead of
  giving a full citation afresh, but it does not require you to do
  so.\footnote{\enquote{Note that it is also acceptable to give the
      full citation every time a source is cited, and some publishers
      and law schools may prefer this to the use of short forms.}
    \cite[5]{oscola}} If you want not to, you can do so using the
  \biblatex\ option \texttt{citetracker={}false}. The \oscolashort\
  standard requires full citations if the previous citation was
  in an earlier chapter, but \oscola\ will take care of that for
  you if you use an appropriate \texttt{refsegment} option.\footcite[57]{biblatex2}\index[general]{customization|)}

It is possible to use \enquote{ibid} without the
\verb|citetracker|. But turning the \verb|citetracker| off will affect
the treatment of shorthands, which will be disregarded.
\item[\texttt{citereset}] \index[general]{customization!shortened
    citations}
  \index[general]{options!citetracker@\texttt{citetracker}}
  \index[general]{references!shortened forms} This option allows you
  to reset the cross-references to previous notes. A sensible option
  is to use \texttt{citereset={}chapter} to make sure that no
  cross-references point to previous chapters.
\item[shortindex] By default, \oscola\ produces full citations for
  cases when printing indexes (see p \pageref{index:format} below). If
  you prefer a simpler format, where tables\slash indexes contain only
  the title and year of the case, use to option \texttt{shortindex}
  when loading \biblatex.
\end{description}

\section{The Bibliographic Database}

\subsection{Entry Types}

The \oscola\ style uses the standard bibliographical types such as
\texttt{@book}, \texttt{@article}, \texttt{@report} and so forth. It
also makes use of four uncommon types:
\begin{description}
\item[@jurisdiction] Used for cases from all jurisdictions.
\item[@legislation] Used for legislation, including the foundational \textsc{eu} treaties.
\item[@legal] Used for various other legal materials, including treaties and Hansard materials.
\item[@commentary] Used for certain works `of authority'.
\end{description}
The use of these types is described in more detail below.

In many cases, in addition to the entry types, \oscola\ requires you
to set the field \texttt{entrysubtype}, to give additional information
about the particular type of source. Again, details are given in the
individual sections below.

Another important aspect of the bibliographic database is the use of
the \texttt{keyword} field to include information about the particular
jurisdiction from which the source originates. This is described in
more detail at page \pageref{countries}.

\subsection{Entry Fields}

In addition to the usual entry fields, \oscola\ invites or requires
the use of various non-standard fields, such as
\texttt{reporter}. Internally these are mapped to standard (or
semi-standard) fields such as \texttt{journaltitle} or \texttt{usera}
and the like; but it is not only convenient but better to use the
non-standard fields in this case, because it may assist if you need to
use your database with a package which takes a different approach to
mapping.

The particular fields used for each type of source are described in
more detail in the sections of this document that deal with particular
sources.

\subsection{Specific Guidance}

\subsubsection{Periods}

\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!periods@periods}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!full stop@full stops}
When entering your bibliographical data, it is advisable to use place
periods in abbreviations, even though \oscolashort\ does not require
them. Where they are inappropriate, \oscola\ will strip them
out. There are two reasons why it is better to use periods:
\begin{itemize}
\item It's quite easy to strip them out, but very hard to know where
  to add them. Other legal styles---for instance the
  Bluebook---require periods. As and when styles which use \biblatex\
  to typeset data in such styles are developed, a database that
  already has them will be easy to use, whereas one which has been
  created without them will require substantial changes.
\item In the case of names, the addition of periods is essential to
  make sure that initials are recognised as such.
\end{itemize}

So, for instance, enter:
\begin{bibexample}[fullpoints]
\begin{verbatim}
...
title = {Hamble Fisheries Ltd. v. L Gardner \& Sons Ltd.}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\subsubsection{Names\label{namelists}}

\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!names}\index[general]{names!bibfile@in \texttt{.bib} file}
The \textsc{biber} program is pretty good at coping with names in a
variety of forms: `John Smith' or `Smith, John' will both end up being
correct. But be consistent.

There are three things you do need to watch:

\begin{itemize}
\item When giving the name of an institution as an author or editor, make sure that you enclose it in braces:
\begin{bibexample}[braces]
\begin{verbatim}
...
author = {{Department of Health}}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

If you don't do this then as far as \textsc{biber} is concerned this will get turned into `Health D of' for the purposes of constructing bibliography, which is not what you want!
\item When giving lists of names, separate them with `and' not commas:
  \begin{bibexample}[namelistseg]
\begin{verbatim}
author = {First Author and Second Author and Third Author}
\end{verbatim}
  \end{bibexample}
\item When giving initials, make sure you add a full stop and space after each initial, so that \textsc{biber} knows it's dealing with an initial and not a (very short) name:\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!initials}\index[general]{initials!bibfile@in \texttt{.bib} file}
  \begin{bibexample}[initialsstyle]
\begin{verbatim}
author = {Hart, H. L. A.}
\end{verbatim}
  \end{bibexample}
This will get \emph{printed} as HLA~Hart. If you forget the initials, it will end up being printed (wrongly) as H~L~A~Hart.
\end{itemize}

\subsubsection{Dates}

A
\label{dateformat}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!dates}
\index[general]{dates!bibfile@in \texttt{.bib} file} date should be entered in the form
\textsc{yyyy-mm-dd}, and a range of dates in the form
\textsc{yyyy-mm-dd}:

\begin{description}[labelwidth=5cm, leftmargin=5.3cm]
\item[{1970-04-02}] 4 February 1970
\item[{1990-01-03/1991-10-30}] 3 January 1990--30 October 1991
\end{description}

In many cases it is unnecessary to enter a complete date (though it is
always permissible to do so). Ranges are rarely required for
compliance with \oscolashort.\footcite[They are needed only when referring
to sessions of Parliament: see][40]{oscola}

\subsubsection{Pages}

\index[general]{pages field@\texttt{pages} field}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!pages field@\texttt{pages} field}
In most cases OSCOLA requires only the citation of the first page of
an article or case. But it is always permissible to include a full
range, separated by \verb|--|. In some cases the `page' is actually
not a page but a case number:\footcite[See, eg,][18]{oscola} it should
still be entered into the \texttt{pages} field.

\subsubsection{Pagination\label{pagination}}

\index[general]{pagination field@\texttt{pagination} field}
\index[general]{bib file@\texttt{.bib} file!pagination field@\texttt{pagination} field}
If your source is referred to by anything other than page number, it's a good idea to enter an appropriate \texttt{pagination} fields, to assist with pinpoint citations. Common examples are as follows:
\begin{description}
\item[paragraph] For references in the form `para 1'.
\item[{[]}] For references in the form [1] (used in cases).
\item[article] For references in the form `art 1'.
\item[section] For references in the form `s 1'.
\item[rule] For references in the form `r 1'.
\item[regulation] For references in the form `reg 1'
\end{description}

\subsubsection{Slashes}

\index[general]{slashes!bib file@in \texttt{.bib} file}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!slashes}
\index[general]{slash@\texttt{\textbackslash slash}}
\index[general]{line breaking!avoiding problems}
It is quite common for legal citations to include slashes
(\texttt{/}), for instance in \textsc{ecj} case numbers, \textsc{eu}
legislation numbers, statutory instrument numbers and the like.

There are two ways you can enter these, and the choice you make matters. If you enter them directly
\begin{bibexample}[slashes]
\begin{verbatim}
2001/2312
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}
\noindent then they will be treated as unbreakable. If you want them to be breakable, you should use the \verb|\slash| command instead:
\begin{bibexample}[slashes:2]
\begin{verbatim}
2001\slash 2312
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

Think carefully about this. Obviously, breaks are bad. But \emph{not
  breaking} can make it impossible to justify text. My general advice
is that you are `safe' using a simple \texttt{/} where the number are
short, but that for anything that is going to result in more than
about five characters of text, you are better off using the
\verb|\slash| command.

\subsubsection{Hyphenation}

\index[general]{hyphenation field}
\index[general]{line breaking!avoiding problems}
\index[general]{language}
Another difficulty you will find with making sure you get clean
linebreaks is hyphenation. You can do two things to help. First, add
explicit hyphenation in difficult cases. Secondly, if a citation is
predominantly in a non-English language, set the \texttt{hyphenation}
field in the entry to the relevant language. (You should, then, pass the option \texttt{hyphenation\allowbreak=\allowbreak babel} to \biblatex.)

\subsubsection{Quotations}

\index[general]{quotation marks}
\index[general]{enquote@\texttt{\textbackslash enquote}}
Occasionally a title contains material in quotation marks. To ensure
that whatever style of citation you are using this will get properly
printed, it is advisable to use the \verb|\enquote{}| macro from the
\textsc{csquotes} package rather than enter the quotation marks
directly. (Of course, for the \oscola\ style, which uses single
quotation marks and double within single (`Like ``this'' example'),
double quotation marks will do; but it's sensible to prepare your
database file to be usable with different styles. Example
\ref{craig05} demonstrates this.)

\section{Citation Commands}

\index[general]{citation commands|(}
As the standard makes clear, `\textsc{oscola} is a footnote style: all
citations appear in footnotes'.\footcite[3]{oscola} The \oscola\
package assumes you are following this approach.

The basic commands for citation are \verb|\cite| and
\verb|\footcite|. These work as set out in the \biblatex\
documentation.
\index[general]{cite@\texttt{\textbackslash cite}}
The format for \verb|\cite| is:
\begin{center}
\verb|\cite|$\langle$[\emph{prenote}]$\rangle \langle$[\emph{postnote}]$\rangle$\verb|{|\emph{label}\verb|}|
\end{center}
The \emph{prenote} is any material you want printed before the
citation (such as `See').
The \emph{postnote} is anything you want
printed after it -- usually the page or pages to which you are
referring. So long as it looks like a set of `pages', the package will
include any label or labels that ought to be added,\footnote{Based on the \texttt{pagination} field of the entry.} such as `para' or
`s' or `col', and (where possible) it is usually best to let it do
that (because it helps make sure the index is correct).

\begin{description}
\item[\egcite{\{oscola\}}]          \cite{oscola}
\item[\egcite{[3]\{oscola\}}]       \cite[3]{oscola} 
\item[\egcite{[See][3]\{oscola\}}]  \cite[See][3]{oscola}
\item[\egcite{[ch~1]\{oscola\}}]    \cite[ch~1]{oscola}
\end{description}

The \verb|\footcite| command works in just the same way, except that
it puts the whole of the citation (including the pre- and post-notes)
into a fotnote.
\index[general]{footcite@\texttt{\textbackslash footcite}}
You can also use the \verb|\cite| command in a
footnote, so \verb|\footcite[12]{oscola}| will usually produce the same output as
\verb|\footnote{\cite[12]{oscola}.}| But the \verb|\footcite| version usually leaves your source code easier to read.\footnote{If you are using \texttt{ibidstyle=uc} to have capitalized `Ibid' references, there is a further reason to use it. See page \pageref{ibidstyle}.}

If you prefer, you can use \verb|\autocite|, which will work in
practice more or less as \verb|\footcite| does.
\index[general]{autocite@\texttt{\textbackslash autocite}}
One of the best things about
\verb|\autocite| is that it is quite `clever' in the way that it moves
punctuation and spaces to make sure footnote references are correctly
placed.

Often you want multiple citations on one occasion. If that is the
case, you can use the \verb|\multicites| and \verb|\multifootcites|
commands, which are described in more detail in the \biblatex\
documentation.\index[general]{multicites@\texttt{\textbackslash{multicites}}}

The package supports the use of the \verb|\textcite| command, but it is not fully developed. It makes most sense for cases, where \verb|\textcite{boardman}| will produce a citation with the name of the case in the text, and the reference in the footnote, so that one can refer to \textcite{boardman} in running text. For books and articles it provides the author's name. For other material it is not guaranteed to produce useful results.


\index[general]{citation commands|)}

\subsection{Multiple postnotes}
\index[general]{citation commands!multiple postnotes}
\index[general]{English Reports}
\index[general]{rules of court}
\index[general]{parallel citations} In two cases, \oscola\ uses `multiple' postnotes. Consider the following citation:
\begin{center}
\cite[92|996]{henly28}
\end{center}
As you can see there are two separate `pinpoints'---{}page 92 (in the nominate report) and page 996 (in the English Reports){}---which need to be separately handled. Similar cases occur in relation to a citation to a rule of court such as
\begin{center}
\cite[11|6]{rsc}
\end{center} 

In such cases you need to divide the \texttt{postnote} into two. You do this by splitting the parts with the pipe character (\verb=|=). So the citation to \citetitle{henly28} was produced by
\begin{bibexample}[doublepostnote]
\begin{verbatim}
\cite[92|996]{henly28}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\section{Bibliography}
\index[general]{bibliography!printing|(}
\index[general]{bibliography!file|see{\texttt{.bib} file}}

In order to produce the bibliography, you use the usual
\verb|\printbibliography|.
\index[general]{printbibliography@\texttt{\textbackslash printbibliography}}
But there are likely to be complications;
because as it stands this will print \emph{everything} you have cited
including cases and statutes. You probably don't want this: the
likelihood is that you will want to put cases and statutes in indexed
tables, as described at page \pageref{indexing}.

\index[general]{bibliography!printing!type option@\texttt{type} option}
\index[general]{bibliography!printing!nottype option@\texttt{nottype} option}
So you need to exclude the unwanted material from the bibliography. To do that, make use either of the \texttt{type} or \texttt{nottype} options from \biblatex. A pretty typical set up would be along these lines:
\begin{bibexample}[bibliography]
\begin{verbatim}
\printbibliography[nottype=commentary,
                   nottype=jurisdiction,
                   nottype=legislation,
                   nottype=legal]
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}
This will exclude cases, legislation, treaties, commentaries, and
Hansard references from the bibliography.

Of course you can also use other options, such as your own keywords
and so on, to include or exclude entries from the bibliography. You
can also, if you wish to do so, set the option \verb|skipbib=true| on
an entry that you never want included. The package does not, however,
set this automatically, because I find it useful to be able to produce
a full bibliography when working with draft documents, even if it is
trimmed down once writing and proofing is complete.

Note that in the bibliography, first names are abbreviated in all cases to initials (as \oscolashort\ requires).\index[general]{bibliography!printing|)}

\section{Indexing\label{indexing}}
\index[general]{indexing|(}
\index[general]{table of cases|see {indexing}}

Although legal works usually have only one `index' as such, they can
have (and \oscolashort\ requires them to have) several
tables which are, in effect, indexes. \oscola\ helps to create those,
as far as possibly automatically.

The basic idea is this. When you cite a case or statute (or, in fact)
any other kind of work, \oscola\ tries to write a suitable piece of
information in an external file which will, with the help of another
\index[general]{Imakeidx!recommended}
\index[general]{Splitindex!recommended}
\index[general]{memoir!incompatibility}
package (\textsc{imakeidx} is the one I recommend) and an external
program or programs (I recommend \textsc{splitindex})\footnote{Why
\textsc{imakeidx} and \textsc{splitindex}? I like \textsc{splitindex}
because otherwise you are likely to be bitten by the fact that \LaTeX\
can only write a number of auxiliary files. I like \textsc{imakeidx}
because it provides a convenient method of using
\textsc{splitindex}. You cannot, in fact, use \textsc{splitindex}
directly with \oscola.} produce the necessary tables. If you are using the
\textsc{memoir} class, you \emph{must} load \textsc{imakeidx}, to avoid some
fundamental problems.

The complication is in the word `tries'. The difficulty is that it's
not obvious how many indexes you want. \textsc{Oscola} leaves you
with a fairly wide choice. A simple paper might require no more than a
table of legislation and a table of cases. A complex book might
require several different tables, including separate tables for
primary and secondary legislation, \textsc{eu} treaties, English,
\textsc{eu}, international and other cases. 

\subsection{Stage One: Turn Indexing On}

\index[general]{indexing!enabling}
\index[general]{options!indexing@\texttt{indexing}}
The first stage is to turn indexing on. To do that you need to do two
things: first, specify \texttt{indexing=cite} as an option when you
load \biblatex.
\begin{center}
\verb|\usepackage[...indexing=cite...]{biblatex}|
\end{center}

Next load a suitable indexing package: I'm going to assume \textsc{imakeidx}:\footnote{The package works with both \textsc{index} and \textsc{imakeidx}. It is not currently compatible with \textsc{multind}.}
\index[general]{imakeidx!recommended}
\index[general]{index (package)!compatible with style}
\index[general]{multind!incompatible with style}
\begin{center}
\verb|\usepackage{imakeidx}|
\end{center}
You should consult the \textsc{imakeidx} documentation for details of
the options you might pass to \textsc{imakeidx}. But if you are
planning to use \textsc{splitindex} you should always include the
|splitindex| documentation.

\subsection{Stage Two: Hook Up the Indexes}

\index[general]{indexing!setting up indexes|(}
Next you need to `hook up' your indexes. Unknown to you, \oscola\ is
creating a bunch of potential indexes every time it runs, but as
things stand you they are all directed into an index file called,
appropriately enough `trash', which is created for you. What you need
to do is `divert' them to useful indexes. Your task is to `connect'
these virtual indexes to particular index files. It's possible (indeed
common) to connect more than one `virtual' index to a single index
file.

First decide what indexes you are going to need. Let's suppose you
want two: a table of cases and a table of legislation. You need to set
up those indexes for \textsc{imakeidx}. In your preamble:
\index[general]{makeindex@\texttt{\textbackslash makeindex}}

\begin{bibexample}[makeindex]
\begin{verbatim}
\makeindex[name=cases, title={Table of Cases}]
\makeindex[name=legislation, title={Table of Legislation}]
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

Now you need to associate certain entries or entrytypes with your
indexes. You can do that on an entry-by-entry basis by specifying the
\index[general]{tabulate field@\texttt{tabulate} field}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!tabulate field@\texttt{tabulate} field}
index name in the \verb|tabulate| field (see page \pageref{tabulate}). But it's much more convenient,
usually, to make use of one of the pre-installed groupings.

\index[general]{DeclareIndexAssociation@\texttt{\textbackslash DeclareIndexAssociation}}
\index[general]{indexing!setting up indexes!DeclareIndexAssociation@\texttt{\textbackslash DeclareIndexAssociation}}
To do this, use the
\verb|\DeclareIndexAssociation{|\angledtext{category}\verb|}{|\angledtext{index}\verb|}|
macro. It takes two arguments. The first is the category of entries
you want included in the index, selected from the list in table
\ref{categories}. The second is the index you want to receive the data
in relation to that category of entry. So, for instance:
\begin{bibexample}[declareformat]
\begin{verbatim}
\DeclareIndexAssociation{gbcases}{cases}
\DeclareIndexAssociation{encases}{cases}
\DeclareIndexAssociation{sccases}{cases}
\DeclareIndexAssociation{nicases}{cases}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}
\noindent
would mean that UK, English, Scottish and Northern Irish cases are all
indexed in the `cases' index.

\begin{table}
\centering
\small
\index[general]{indexing!virtual indexes, list of}
\begin{tabular}{lll}
\toprule
source type                          & hook                  & order \\
\midrule
UK cases                             & \texttt{gbcases}      & alphabetical\\
English cases                        & \texttt{encases}      & alphabetical\\
Scottish cases                       & \texttt{sccases}      & alphabetical\\
Northern Irish cases                 & \texttt{nicases}      & alphabetical\\
EU cases                             & \texttt{eucases}      & alphabetical \\
                                     & \texttt{eucasesnum}   & by case number \\
ECHR cases                           & \texttt{echrcase}     & alphabetical \\
ECHR Commission decisions            & \texttt{echrcasescomm}& alphabetical \\
International cases                  & \texttt{pilcases}     & alphabetical \\
Australian cases					 & \texttt{aucases}      & alphabetical \\
New Zealand cases                    & \texttt{nzcass}       & alphabetical \\
US cases                             & \texttt{uscases}      & alphabetical \\
Canadian cases                       & \texttt{cases}        & alpabetical \\
Other cases                          & \texttt{othercases}   & alphabetical \\
UK primary legislation               & \texttt{gbprimleg}    & alphabetical \\
UK draft legislation                 & \texttt{gbdraftleg}   & alphabetical \\
English draft legislation            & \texttt{gbdraftleg}   & alphabetical \\
English primary legislation          & \texttt{enprimleg}    & alphabetical \\
Scottish primary legislation         & \texttt{scprimleg}    & alphabetical \\
Welsh primary legislation            & \texttt{cyprimleg}    & alphabetical \\
Northern Irish primary legislation   & \texttt{niprimleg}    & alphabetical \\
UK secondary legislation             & \texttt{gbsecleg}     & alphabetical \\
English secondary legislation        & \texttt{ensecleg}     & alphabetical \\
Rules of court                       & \texttt{enroc}        & alphabetical \\
Scottish secondary legislation       & \texttt{scsecleg}     & alphabetical \\
Welsh secondary legislation          & \texttt{cysecleg}     & alphabetical \\
Northern Irish secondary legislation & \texttt{nisecleg}     & alphabetical \\
EU Treaties                          & \texttt{eutreaty}     & alphabetical \\
ECHR Treaty                          & \texttt{echrtreaty}   & alphabetical \\
EU regulations                       & \texttt{euregs}       & numeric \\
EU directives                        & \texttt{eudirs}       & numeric \\
EU decisions                         & \texttt{eudecs}       & numeric \\
Other treaties                       & \texttt{piltreaty}    & alphabetical \\
English parliamentary material       & \texttt{gbparltmat}   & alphabetical \\
EU official documents                & \texttt{euoffdoc}     & alphabetical \\
Commentaries                         & \texttt{commentaries} & alphabetical 
                                                               by author \\
Names                                & \texttt{namesindex}   & alphabetical\\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\caption{Virtual Indexes\label{categories}}
\end{table}

Although\label{tabulate} the various hooks provided automatically
should often be enough, it is possible to define your own indices, if you
wish. To do so, set the \texttt{tabulate} field of any entry to the
name of the index that is to be used for it. So, for instance, if you
wanted US cases to be placed in an index called `uscases', you could
set each US case as follows:
\begin{bibexample}[tabulation]
\begin{verbatim}
...
tabulate = {uscases},
...
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}
There is a difference between an index set automatically and one set
using the \verb|tabulate| field. The automatic indexes are
virtual. They can be redirected, and will (unless you associate them)
be automatically directed to the trash index. But an index listed in
the \verb|tabulate| field is passed \emph{directly} to your index
command, and so if you set a tabulate field you need to make sure that
such an index is created, or you will see
errors.\index[general]{indexing!setting up indexes|)}


\subsection{Stage Three: Process and Print Indexes}

\index[general]{indexing!processing and printing|(}
The \textsc{imakeidx} package is, in theory, able to call external
programs in order to create indexes without the need for multiple
compilations. Unfortunately, it can only do so effectively if the
indexes are being printed right at the end of the document. This is
not the usual position for them in legal work.

If you do want your tables\slash indexes at the end of your text, then
you just use the ordinary \textsc{imakeidx} \verb|\printindex| command
\index[general]{printindex@\texttt{\textbackslash printindex}} in the
usual way. So a typical usage would look something like:
\begin{bibexample}[printindex:1]
\begin{verbatim}
\printindex[cases]
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

If you are operating \textsc{imakeidx} automatically, this will
generate fresh and accurate indexes on each run. If you are not using
the automatic facilities that package offers, you will need to run
\textsc{splitindex} or \textsc{makeindex} before finally re-running
\LaTeX\ to print the final index.

If you want your tables\slash indexes at the beginning of your text
(as is common in legal work), you have to take a slightly different
\index[general]{printindexearly@\texttt{\textbackslash printindexearly}}
tack. Instead of the \verb|\printindex| command offered by
\textsc{imakeidx}, you need to use the command
\verb|\printindexearly|. This functions just like \verb|\printindex|
(for instance it takes the same arguments), but it does not attempt to
generate an index file automatically: it cannot do so, because at an
early stage in the document's typesetting the relevant information is
not available.

In such a case, you will necessarily have to run \textsc{splitindex}
or \textsc{makeindex} yourself. So the workflow will be:
\begin{itemize}
\item Run \LaTeX\ on the source code.
\item Run \textsc{biber}.
\item Run \LaTeX\ again, twice (to make sure all cross-references are properly generated).
\item If you are using \textsc{splitindex}, run it on the master index
  file to generate the actual indexes ready for typesetting. If you
  are using \textsc{makeindex}, run it on each of the individual
  \texttt{.idx} files to generate the actual indexes ready for typesetting.
\item Run \LaTeX\ at least once more to typeset those indexes and
  generate the final copy.
\end{itemize}
\index[general]{indexing!processing and printing|)}

In most cases you will want tables of cases and legislation to be
formatted with dot leaders, rather than in the default style. To
achieve that you need to use the \verb|oscola.ist| style. There are
two ways of doing this:
\begin{itemize}
\item If you are using \textsc{makeindex}, then run it on each of the verb|.idx| files using the |-s oscola| option:
\begin{center}
  \texttt{makeindex} \angledtext{indexname} \texttt{-s oscola}
\end{center}
\item If you are using \textsc{splitindex}, run it with the option
  \verb|-m|, and then process each of the resulting sub-indices that
  you want formatted with leaders with the option \verb|-s oscola|.
\item Alternatively, run \textsc{splitindex} with the option \verb|-- -s oscola|, which will run \textsc{makeindex} on each file with the requisite style. In that case your \verb|.tex| source base name comes first, so that the overall command is
\begin{verbatim}
splitindex [BASENAME] -- -s oscola
\end{verbatim}
\end{itemize}

The only real annoyance is when you have multiple indexes and want
different formats. In such a case, the solution is to generate most of
the indexes as set out above, and then run \textsc{makeindex} on the
`oddballs' with appropriate options.

\subsection{Some finer points}

The basic method for producing indexes has been explained. There are,
however, a few subtle points that you may well encounter, especially
if your work is complicated.

\subsubsection{Titles}

\index[general]{indexing!adjusting what is printed}
\index[general]{indextitle field@\texttt{indextitle} field}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!indextitle field@\texttt{indextitle} field}
Most indexes are based on titles. But sometimes you want a slightly
different title in the index than in the text. A typical example would
be a case name that begins `Re'. You want this in textual citations as
\emph{Re Matter}, but in the index you want it listed as \emph{Matter,
  Re}. To do this you will need to set the \textsc{indextitle} field
to the form you want used in the index.

\subsubsection{Suppressing Indexing}

\index[general]{indexing!suppressing}
\index[general]{suppress indexing!for source}
There may be occasions when you want to suppress the indexing either
of a particular entry, or of a particular citation.\footnote{Of course, to suppress it in general, just don't use the \texttt{indexing} option at all!}

To suppress indexing of a particular entry whenever it is cited, set
its \texttt{tabulate} field to `trash'. This effectively means that it
will never find its way into any real index.\index[general]{tabulate field@\texttt{tabulate} field}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!tabulate field@\texttt{tabulate} field}

\index[general]{suppress indexing!for citation}
\index[general]{DNI@\texttt{\textbackslash DNI}}
To suppress indexing of a particular citation, put the command
\verb|\DNI| (which stands for `Do Not Index') immediately before the
citation. This is mostly useful when you are intending to provide
your own indexing entry for the citation, and need to suppress the one
that would be automatically provided.

\subsubsection{Adding index entries\label{trickyindexing}}

\index[general]{indexing!manual additions|(}
\index[general]{indexing!adding entries manually|(}
Finally there are two commands you can use to insert index entries yourself.

\index[general]{indexonly@\texttt{\textbackslash indexonly}}
The first is \verb|\indexonly|. This will simply insert an index
citation formatted exactly as if you had cited a particular source,
but without printing anything.

So, for instance, \verb|\indexonly[2]{ucta77}| will insert an index
entry for section 2 of the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 into the
index.

\index[general]{indexing!index command@\texttt{\textbackslash index} command}
The second is to use the \verb|\index| command directly. This can be
useful for more sophisticated things. You use it exactly as you would
use it on any other occasion. This is likely to be a rare occurrence:
its most common use will be for inserting a cross-reference (for
instance to a ship's name).

\index[general]{indexing!cross references}
\index[general]{index@\texttt{\textbackslash index}}
\index[general]{ships' names!adding to index}
For example, suppose you have the following case (which also
shows the use of additional reports for listing in the index):
\begin{bibexample}[antaios85]
\begin{verbatim}
@jurisdiction{antaios85,
  title          = {Antaios Compania Naviera S.A. v. 
                    Salen Rederierna A.B. (The Nema)},
  shorttitle     = {The Nema},
  date           = {1985},
  reporter       = {A.C.},
  pages          = {191},
  court          = {H.L.},
  additionalreports = {[1984] 3 WLR 592 and (1984) 128 SJ 564 
                       and [1984] 3 All ER 229 and 
                       [1984] 2 Lloyd's Rep 235},
  keywords       = {gb},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

This will produce an index entry of:
\begin{quote}
\citeinindex{antaios85}
\end{quote}\label{index:format}

But you also need to add an entry for its ship's name. To do that, assuming the relevant index is called \texttt{ukcases}, you would simply write:
\begin{verbatim}
\index[ukcases]{Nema, The@\emph{Nema,} The|see{Antaios 
                Compania Naviera SA v Salen Rederierna SA}}
\end{verbatim}
and the relevant entry would be produced.
\index[ukcases]{Nema, The@\emph{Nema,} The|see{Antaios Compania Naviera SA v Salen Rederierna SA}}\indexonly{antaios85}

\subsubsection{Legislation}

\index[general]{indexing!legislation}
\index[general]{legislation!indexing}
These techniques really come into their own when dealing with complex
references to statutes or treaties.

To see the problem, you have to understand how \oscola\ handles a
citation like \verb|\cite[2(1)]{ucta}|. First it tries to break down
the postnote (the pinpoint citation) into two parts: the first part
(equivalent to section) and the second (the subsection). Having done
that, it then inserts and entry into the index with a `depth' of
three: UCTA, s 1, (1). This is normally what one wants.

It copes perfectly well, also, with lists of references. If you had
entered a command like \verb|\cite[1(2), 2(3)]{ucta}| the package will
put in two references: one for section 1, subsection 2, and one for
section 2, subsection 3.

However, it has problems in two cases. First, with ranges. If you give
a range like \verb|\cite[1--3(1)]{ucta}|, the package has no way of
knowing how many intermediate parts are implicitly cited. In that
case, it is lazy: it automatically adds \emph{only the first} citation
to the index (in that case, section 1). If you want other parts added,
you should do it manually. For instance with:
\begin{bibexample}[adding:index]
\begin{verbatim}
\cite[1--3(1)]{ucta}  % Prints citation, indexes s 1
\indexonly[2]{ucta}   % Adds s 2 to the index 
\indexonly[3(1)]{ucta}% Adds s 3(1) to the index 
\end{verbatim} \end{bibexample}

The second, and more serious problem, is with references that are out
of the ordinary `run', for instance to schedules and
paragraphs. There's a good chance these will end up being sorted
incorrectly, and if so you really have no choice but to insert an
index entry entirely manually.

\index[general]{index@\texttt{\textbackslash index}}
This is a bit trickier. The basic pattern you will need is as follows:
\begin{bibexample}[rawindex:1]
\verb|\index[|\angledtext{index}\verb|]{%|\\
\angledtext{index title}\verb|%|\\
\verb|@\citeinindex {|\angledtext{key}\verb|}%|\\
\verb|!|\angledtext{sorting for sub level}\verb|@|\angledtext{printing for first level}\verb|%|\\
\verb|!|\angledtext{sorting for second sub level}\verb|@|\angledtext{printing for second sub level}\verb|}|
\end{bibexample}

As to the parts:
\begin{description}
\item[index title] The title as used to sort the index, eg
  \texttt{Human Rights Act 1998}
\item[\textbackslash citeinindex \{\}] This will print the title, and
  any other details, correctly for the index. Please observe the space
  between the command name and the brackets, which matters to ensure
  proper sorting.
\item[sorting] These are the keys for sorting the level. For instance,
  if you want to insert a reference to section 4A, and make sure it
  gets sorted before section 4, you might give the reference here as
  3.
\item[printing] This is what will get printed as the label at that `level'.
\end{description}

So, for instance
\begin{bibexample}[rawindex:2]
\begin{verbatim}
\index[statutes]{%
  Human Rights Act 1998%
  @\citeinindex {hra98}%
  !100@Sched 1%
  !1@para 1}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}
\noindent
would insert a reference to Human Rights Act 1998, Sched 1, para 1,
which would appear `as if' it were section 100 of the Act, i.e. after
all the other sections.
\index[general]{indexing!manual additions|)}
\index[general]{indexing!adding entries manually|)}

\section{Cases}
\index[general]{cases!in general|(}

\subsection{Fields}

\index[general]{cases!fields|(}
Cases should be entered into the bibliography database using the
\texttt{@jurisdiction} entrytype. Use the following fields:

\begin{description}
\item[\texttt{title}]
\index[general]{title field@\texttt{title} field!cases@in cases}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!title field@\texttt{title} field}
Mandatory. The full title of the case, as it
  should appear on first citation. Any periods (full stops) used in this field are stripped out automatically.
\item[\texttt{shorttitle}]
\index[general]{shorttitle field@\texttt{shorttitle} field!cases@in cases}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!shorttitle field@\texttt{shorttitle} field}
Optional. A shorter title of the case which
  will \emph{silently} replace the full title on second and subsequent
  citations in any reference section. So, for instance, \emph{R v
    Caldwell} would have its \texttt{shorttitle} set to
  \texttt{Caldwell}. Use this field for abbreviated case names which
  are those that any lawyer would naturally understand without
  explanation.
\item[\texttt{shorthand}]
\index[general]{shorthand field@\texttt{shorthand} field!cases@in cases}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!shorthand field@\texttt{shorthand} field}
Optional. A shorter title of the case which
  will be \emph{introduced} the first time the case is cited in any
  reference section, and thereafter used in place of the full title,
  and will be listed in any table of abbreviations. Use this field
  sparingly.
\item[\texttt{date}]
\index[general]{date field@\texttt{date} field!cases@in cases}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!date field@\texttt{date} field}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!dates}
Mandatory. The date which it is appropriate to
  use in the citation of the report you will be using, which may or
  may not be the actual date of the decision. Only the year is
  required (except for some unreported cases, where \oscolashort\
  requires a full date). See page \pageref{dateformat}
  for information about how to enter dates.
\item[\texttt{origdate}]
\index[general]{origdate field@\texttt{origdate} field!cases@in cases}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!origdate field@\texttt{origdate} field}
Optional. The date of the decision itself if
  it is different from the date being given in the \texttt{date}
  field, \emph{and sufficiently important to matter}.
\item[\texttt{number}]
\index[general]{number field@\texttt{number} field!cases@in cases}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!number field@\texttt{number} field}
\index[general]{neutralcite field@\texttt{neutralcite} field}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!neutralcite field@\texttt{neutralcite} field}
Optional, but sometimes required for correct
  citation. This field is used for any number which forms an essential
  part of the case's citation. Its exact use varies depending on the
  type of case. For English, Scottish, Australian and Canadian cases it is the full neutral
  citation, if there is one. For \textsc{eu} cases it is the case
  number; for US cases the docket number (Note that \texttt{neutralcite} may also be used: it
  functions as a synonym for number.)
\item[\texttt{keywords}]
\index[general]{keywords field@\texttt{keywords} field!cases@in cases}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!keywords field@\texttt{keywords} field}
Multiple keywords can be given; but the
keywords field\linebreak should always include at least one `country'
indication. For detail see page \pageref{countries}.
\item[\texttt{court}]
\index[general]{court field@\texttt{court} field}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!court field@\texttt{court} field}
\index[general]{institution field@\texttt{institution} field!cases@in cases}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!institution field@\texttt{institution} field}
Optional. This gives the court which decided the
  case. It is normally printed only if required.\footnote{Not quite
    true. The package is pretty good at working out whether it is
    required for English and European citations; but it `knows less'
    about non-English citations, and will generally use any
    information it is given when printing them.} For instance, in an
  English case which has a neutral citation the information will not
  be printed, since the neutral citation provides it anyway. Similarly
  with an \textsc{eu} case. (Note that internally \texttt{court} is a
  synonyn for the `institution' field, which you may use if you
  prefer.)
\item[\texttt{reporter}]
\index[general]{reporter field@\texttt{reporter} field!cases@in cases}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!reporter field@\texttt{reporter} field}
\index[general]{journaltitle field@\texttt{journaltitle} field!cases@in cases}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!journaltitle field@\texttt{journaltitle} field}
Mandatory, except for unreported
  cases. The title of the series of reports to which you are
  citing. (The \texttt{reporter}  field is a synonym for
  \texttt{journaltitle}, which you may use if you prefer.)
\item[\texttt{series}]
\index[general]{series field@\texttt{series} field!cases@in cases}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!series field@\texttt{series} field}
Optional. The series of the reports in
  question.
\item[\texttt{volume}]
\index[general]{volume field@\texttt{volume} field!cases@in cases}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!volume field@\texttt{volume} field}
The volume of the reports in which the case
  appears. If there is more than one volume then, of course, the field
  is essential.
\item[\texttt{pages}]
\index[general]{pages field@\texttt{pages} field!cases@in cases}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!pages field@\texttt{pages} field}
If the case is reported, you need to give a page
  reference. To comply with \oscolashort\ you only need to give
  the first page. A `completist' might want to make sure that all the
  pages are in the database, in case some other style is used
  later. That's fine: \oscola\ will simply ignore the extra
  information. (But it's probably a waste of time: I don't know
  \emph{any} citation style in law that uses this information.)
\item[\texttt{pagination}]
\index[general]{pagination field@\texttt{pagination} field!cases@in cases}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!pagination field@\texttt{pagination} field}
The type of pagination the report uses: see
  page \pageref{pagination} above for details: it defaults to page for
  all cases other than \textsc{eu} and \textsc{echr} cases, where it
  defaults to paragraph.
\item[\texttt{options}] 
\index[general]{options field@\texttt{options} field!cases@in cases}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!options field@\texttt{title} field}
\index[general]{options field@\texttt{options} field!year-essential@\texttt{year-essential}}
Only required in some cases. The option
  that you may need is \texttt{year-essential=true}
  for cases where it is not obvious that the year is an essential
  part of the citation, but it is. This is explained further in
  page \pageref{yearoptional} below.
\item[\texttt{note}]
\index[general]{note field@\texttt{note} field!cases@in cases}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!note field@\texttt{note} field}
An optional short note to be printed following the case
  citation. This is really intended for adding the word `note' in
  those cases where the \emph{Law Reports} contain a note rather than
  a report of a case.
\item[location]
\index[general]{location field@\texttt{location} field!cases@in cases}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!location field@\texttt{location} field}
The place where a court that decided a case sits. This
is not used for English cases. It is used in Canadian, US and
Australian cases where the location of the court may matter.
\item[\texttt{parreporter} etc]
\index[general]{parallel citations}
\index[general]{English Reports}
\index[general]{parreporter field@\texttt{parreporter} field}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!parreporter field@\texttt{parreporter} field}
\index[general]{parvolume field@\texttt{parvolume} field}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!parvolume field@\texttt{part} field}
\index[general]{parseries field@\texttt{parseries} field}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!parseries field@\texttt{parseries} field}
\index[general]{parpages field@\texttt{parpages} field}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!parpages field@\texttt{parpages} field}
Additional fields \texttt{parreporter},
\texttt{parseries}, \texttt{parvolume} and \texttt{parpages} are used
to give citation details to a second report, where it is necessary to
cite more than one reporter. See page \pageref{parallel:reports} for
further information.
\item[\texttt{additionalreports}]
\index[general]{indexing!additional reports}
\index[general]{parallel citations}
\index[general]{additionalreports field@\texttt{additionalreports} field}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!additionalreports field@\texttt{additionalreports} field}
This field is used to provide a list
of additional reports. The list is intended for use only in the index
or table of cases, and can be used if you want to provide
comprehensive details about all possible reports of a case. Items should be separated by `and': see example \ref{antaios85}. By default, a comma is printed between items. If you prefer some other delimiter, redefine \verb|\extracitedelim|.\index[general]{extracitedelim@\texttt{\textbackslash extracitesdelim}}
\end{description}
\index[general]{cases!fields|)}


Presented in that way, the information may seem rather daunting, but
it's actually fairly simple in practice.\index[general]{cases!fields!overview|(}
\begin{itemize}
\item The \texttt{title} and \texttt{shorttitle} fields are used to
  give the full title of the case (for first citation) and,
  optionally, a shortened title for subsequent citation. The
  \texttt{shorthand} field is available for those rare cases where you
  want to use a short title that is not obvious.
\item The \texttt{neutralcite} (or \texttt{number}) holds the case
number or neutral citation, for cases where
  there is one.
\item The \texttt{date}, \texttt{volume}, \texttt{series},
  \texttt{reporter} and \texttt{pages} fields hold the various
  parts of a reference to a report. In cases where you will need to
  include a second parallel citation, the \texttt{parvolume},
  \texttt{parseries}, \texttt{parreporter} and \texttt{parpages} field
  hold the equivalent infomration for the parallel report. (It is
  assumed that the date field can remain unchanged: I know of no case
  where parallel citations would take a form for which this is problematic.)
\item The \texttt{court}, \texttt{location} and \texttt{note} fields contain
  additional information about the case, sometimes useful for the
  reader.
\item The \texttt{additionalreports} field is intended to provide a
comprehensive list of alternative reports, only for citation in the index.
\item The \texttt{pagination}, \texttt{options} and \texttt{keywords}
  fields hold `metadata' that enables the \oscola\ package to get the
  citation correct.
\end{itemize}
\index[general]{cases!fields!overview}

It is important to appreciate that although the style cannot create
information you do not supply (1) it will do the best with the
information you do supply (so, for instance, if you don't supply a
\texttt{reporter} it will assume the case is unreported, and
format a citation accordingly) and (2) it will never use information
that the \oscolashort\ standard doesn't require, even if you
supply it. So you don't need to worry about whether to include
information about the institution deciding the case alongside a
neutral citation. If it's not needed (as in fact it
isn't\footcite[16]{oscola}) the package will simply not use it.

\subsection{[Year] or (Year)}

\index[general]{dates!whether year essential to citation}
In\label{yearoptional} many cases the correct citation of a case depends on whether the
year forms part of the citation (as it does in [1996] AC 155), or
merely provides additional information (as it does in (2001) 49
BMLR 1). In general, the \oscola\ style proceeds as follows (in
relation to cases and journal articles):
\begin{enumerate}
\item If no \texttt{volume} field is present, it \emph{assumes} that
  the year is an essential part of the citation, and prints it in
  brackets,\footnote{Except in Scottish cases, where the convention is for it to be printed without any adornment.} as [\textsc{year}].
\item If a \texttt{volume} field is present, it \emph{assumes}
  that the year is not an essential part of the citation and prints it
  in parentheses, as (\textsc{year}).
\end{enumerate}

\index[general]{options field@\texttt{options} field!year-essential@\texttt{year-essential}}You can override this choice by specifying the \texttt{option},
\texttt{year-essential=true}. You will always need to do this if the
report you are citing has both a year and a volume number, but the
year is an essential part of the citation, which should be printed in square brackets.

\subsection{Countries\label{countries}}

\index[general]{keywords field@\texttt{keywords} field!countries}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!keywords field@\texttt{keywords} field!countries}
\index[general]{countries!keywords@\texttt{keywords}}
\index[general]{jurisdictions|see {countries}}
The \texttt{keywords} field should be set to the jurisdiction from
which the case comes. The jurisdictions that \oscola\ recognises are
given in table \ref{juristable}. If no jurisdiction is specified, the
case will be assumed to be English.\footnote{It is, therefore,
  unnecessary to specify a jurisdiction for English cases or statutes;
  but it is good practice to do so. In particular, while it is
  acceptable to leave the keywords field blank, if there is
  \emph{any} keyword, then you need to make sure there is also a
  jurisdiction label, or the indexing will not work.}

The identification of the relevant jurisdiction is sometimes important
for formatting (\textsc{eu}, \textsc{echr} and Scottish cases are
formatted differently from English ones, as are American cases), but
it is always important if you are going to be using \oscola\ to create
complex tables of cases, so try to make sure it is right.

\begin{table}
\centering
\index[general]{keywords field@\texttt{keywords} field!countries, list of}
\index[general]{countries!list of}
\begin{tabular*}{10cm}{l p{8cm}}
\toprule
\texttt{gb}   & United Kingdom \\
\texttt{en}   & England \\
\texttt{cy}   & Wales \\
\texttt{sc}   & Scotland \\
\texttt{ni}   & Northern Ireland \\
\texttt{eu}   & European Union (including the \textsc{eec}, \textsc{ec},
	        \textsc{ecsc} and \textsc{euratom}) \\
\texttt{echr} & Organs of the Council of Europe dealing with the
	        European Convention on Human Rights \\
\texttt{int}  & (Public) international law cases and materials \\
\texttt{us}   & United States \\
\texttt{ca}   & Canada \\
\texttt{aus}  & Australia \\
\texttt{nz}   & New Zealand \\\bottomrule
\end{tabular*}
\caption{Jurisdiction Abbreviations\label{juristable}}
\end{table}

In some cases (notably American, Australian and Canadian states or
provinces) it may also be necessary to set the \texttt{location}
field, in order to ensure that citations are properly given.
\index[general]{cases!in general|)}

\subsection{Indexing}

\index[general]{indexing!cases}
\index[general]{cases!indexing}

With the sole exception of \textsc{eu} cases, which have slightly more
complex indexing methods, all cases are `sent' to an index ordered
alphabetically by \texttt{indexsorttitle}, \texttt{indextitle} or
\texttt{title}.

\section{English Cases}

\index[general]{cases!English}
English cases should be entered in the database using the fields
explained above. The keywords field should be set to
\texttt{en}, except in the case of House of Lords cases for which it should
technically be set to \texttt{gb}, though in practice it will do no
harm if it is set to \texttt{en}. Indeed, since \oscola\ will assume
that any case is English unless told different, you can if you like
omit it altogether.

\subsection{Some Basic Examples}

\index[general]{cases!English!examples|(}
The following two examples,\footcite[13]{oscola} show very basic
usage.
\begin{bibexample}[corr08]
\begin{verbatim}
@jurisdiction{corr08,
  title        = {Corr v. I.B.C. Vehicles Ltd.},
  keywords     = {gb},
  date         = {2008},
  number       = {[2008] UKHL 13},
  journaltitle = {A.C.},
  volume       = {1},
  pages        = {884},
  options      = {year-essential=true},
  institution  = {HL},
  shorttitle   = {Corr},
  pagination   = {[]},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{bibexample}[page96]
\begin{verbatim}
@jurisdiction{page96,
 title         = {Page v Smith},
 usera         = {gb},
 date          = {1996},
 journaltitle  = {AC},
 pages         = {155},
 institution   = {HL},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{description}
\item[\egcite{[11]\{corr08\}}] \cite[11]{corr08}
\item[\egcite{\{page96\}}] \cite{page96}
\end{description}

Note: (1) it was not necessary to specify that the year was essential
in example \ref{page96} because there is no volume number, so it can
be assumed to be essential, but it was necessary to do so in example
\ref{corr08}, because there is a volume number there, so \oscola\
cannot infer that the year is essential. (2) As explained above,
although there was information about the institution included in the
bibliography data for example \ref{corr08}, \oscola\ knew that it
could be ignored. It also correctly stripped out full points. (3) The
\texttt{pagination} field of example \ref{corr08} ensures that
pinpoints are correctly formatted.

Now let's look at a case where the year is not
essential.\footcite[14]{oscola}

\begin{bibexample}[barrett01a]
\begin{verbatim}
@jurisdiction{barrett01a,
  title        = {Barrett v Enfield LBC},
  date         = {2001},
  journaltitle = {BMLR},
  volume       = {49},
  pages        = {1},
  institution  = {HL},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}
\verb|\cite{barrett01a}| produces \cite{barrett01a}. As you can see,
since there is a volume number given, the package `knows' that the
year must be a non-essential part of the citation, and formats
accordingly.
\index[general]{cases!English!examples|)}

\subsection{Unreported Cases}

\index[general]{cases!English!unreported}
If you have a case that is unreported, just leave the
\texttt{reporter} field empty. How these cases will be formatted
will depend on whether there is a neutral citation in the
\texttt{number} field. (If there isn't a neutral
citation, \oscolashort\ requires you to give, if you can, a
precise date, not just a year: see example \ref{stubbs90}.)

\begin{bibexample}[stubbs90]
\begin{verbatim}
@jurisdiction{stubbs90,
  title        = {Stubbs v Sayer},
  institution  = {CA},
  date         = {1990-11-08},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{bibexample}[calvert02]
\begin{verbatim}
@jurisdiction{calvert02,
  title        = {Calvert v Gardiner},
  number       = {[2002] EWHC 1394 (QB)},
  institution  = {QB},
  date         = {2002-01-01},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{description}
\item[\egcite{\{stubbs90\}}] \cite{stubbs90}
\item[\egcite{\{calvert02\}}] \cite{calvert02}
\end{description}

You will notice that in this case I didn't bother to give a
\texttt{keywords} field---so \texttt{en} is assumed.

\subsection{Newspaper Reports}

\index[general]{cases!English!newspaper reports}
\index[general]{newspapers!case reports}
Reports in newspapers require only the \texttt{title},
\texttt{journaltitle}, \texttt{date} (which should be the date the
report was published, in full) and \texttt{institution}. To make sure
the formatting is as it should be, you need to enter an \texttt{entrysubtype} of \texttt{newspaper}.

\begin{bibexample}[powick93]
\begin{verbatim}
@jurisdiction{powick93,
  title        = {Powick v Malvern Wells Water Co},
  date         = {1993-09-28},
  journaltitle = {The Times},
  institution  = {QB},
  entrysubtype = {newspaper},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{description}
\item[\egcite{\{powick93\}}] \cite{powick93}
\end{description}
\noindent
(This is correct,\footcite[See][18]{oscola} though I
think it looks wrong. In other cases, OSCOLA requires that one put a
comma between different parts of a citation which are in text, even if
there are different fonts. I can't see why it doesn't
here:\footnote{In other forms of case citation a comma is unnecessary,
  because the (year) or [year] marks a clear division.} but it
doesn't.)

\subsection{Old cases reprinted in the English Reports\label{parallel:reports}}

\index[general]{English Reports|(}
\index[general]{cases!English!pre-1865|(}

Where a case appears in one of the old nominate reports and is also
reprinted in the English Reports or the Revised Reports, \oscolashort\
requires that you give references to both the original nominate report
and to the English Reports.\footcite[20--21]{oscola} So in such cases
you need to define two reports, and to use two pinpoints.

Complete all the usual fields for the report reference
(\texttt{reporter}, \texttt{volume}, \texttt{series} and so forth)
with the details of the original nominate report. Enter the `parallel'
citation to the English Reports as follows: \texttt{parvolume} holds the
report volume number; \texttt{parreporter} holds the report title;
\texttt{parseries} holds the series (if any) and \texttt{parpages} holds the
page reference.

If you simply want to cite the first page of the case, without any
pinpointing, then use the \verb|\cite{}| or \verb|\footcite{}| command
as usual, and the reference will be formatted as per \oscola, with two
references separated by commas.

If you want to give pinpoint citations, you need to specify them in
the \texttt{postnote} argument by separating them with the pipe character: \texttt{|}.\index[general]{parallel citations}

\begin{bibexample}[henly28]
\begin{verbatim}
@jurisdiction{henly28,
  title      = {Henly v Mayor of Lyme},
  date       = {1828},
  volume     = {5},
  reporter   = {Bing},
  pages      = {91},
  keywords   = {en},
  parvolume  = {130},
  parreporter= {ER},
  parpages   = {995},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{description}%[labelwidth=5cm,labelsep=0.3cm,leftmargin=5.3cm]
\item[\egcite{\{henly28\}}] \fullcite{henly28}
\item[\egcite{[93|995]\{henly28\}}] \cite[93|995]{henly28}
\end{description}

Cases with parallel citations will never be given in shortened form,
if there is a pinpoint citation, because the resulting citation (`(n
\emph{x}) 23; 40') would be confusing. Nor will `ibid' be used, for
the same reason

\index[general]{English Reports|)}
\index[general]{cases!English!pre-1865|)}

\section{Scottish Cases}

\index[general]{cases!Scottish|(}
For Scottish cases, follow the same pattern and basic fields as you
use for English cases, but setting \texttt{keywords} to \texttt{sc}.

Scottish cases will be formatted in the same way as English
cases,\footcite[See][22--23]{oscola} except that where the year is an
essential part of the citation it is set \emph{without brackets}
rather than with square brackets in the English style (but neutral
citations do have square brackets).

Decisions of the House of Lords and the Supreme Court should have
\texttt{keywords} set to \texttt{gb} (not \texttt{sc}), in order to
ensure correct indexing. This means, however, that if you cite to a
scottish report in which square brackets should not be used,
\oscola\ needs help (or it will assume that it should follow the
English style for such cases). In such a case use the option
\texttt{scottish-style = true}. Example \ref{davidson05} shows this.\index[general]{options field@\texttt{options} field!scottish-style@\texttt{scottish-style}}

\begin{bibexample}[hislop42]
\begin{verbatim}
@jurisdiction{hislop42,
  title        = {Hislop v Durham},
  date         = {1842},
  volume       = {4},
  reporter     = {D},
  pages        = {1168},
  keywords     = {sc},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{bibexample}[adams03]
\begin{verbatim}
@jurisdiction{adams03,
  title        = {Adams v Advocate General},
  date         = {2003},
  reporter     = {SC},
  pages        = {171},
  institution  = {OH},
  keywords     = {sc},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{bibexample}[dodds03]
\begin{verbatim}
@jurisdiction{dodds03,
  title        = {Dodds v HM Advocate},
  date         = {2003},
  reporter     = {JC},
  pages        = {8},
  keywords     = {sc},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

Example \ref{crofters02} shows a case report in the `Land Ct' series
of the SLT. I've chosen to put this in the \texttt{series}
field---though frankly it would make no difference to include it as
part of the \texttt{reporter}.

\begin{bibexample}[crofters02]
\begin{verbatim}
@jurisdiction{crofters02,
  title        = {Crofters Commission v. Scottish Ministers},
  date         = {2002},
  reporter     = {SLT},
  series       = {(Land Ct)},
  pages        = {19},
  keywords     = {sc},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

Note, in example \ref{davidson05} that the \texttt{option} of
\texttt{scottish-style} is set in order to prevent \oscola\ using the
default English style for a UK case.

\begin{bibexample}[davidson05]
\begin{verbatim}
@jurisdiction{davidson05,
  title        = {Davidson v. Scottish Ministers},
  date         = {2006},
  number       = {[2005] UKHL 74},
  reporter     = {SC (HL)},
  keywords     = {gb},
  options      = {scottish-style=true},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{bibexample}[smart06]
\begin{verbatim}
@jurisdiction{smart06,
  title        = {Smart v HM Advocate},
  number       = {[2006] HJAC 12},
  date         = {2006},
  journaltitle = {JC},
  pages        = {119},
  keywords     = {sc},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{description}
\item[\egcite{\{hislop42\}}] \cite{hislop42}
\item[\egcite{\{adams03\}}]  \cite{adams03}
\item[\egcite{\{dodds03\}}]  \cite{dodds03}
\item[\egcite{[25]\{crofters02\}}] \cite[25]{crofters02}
\item[\egcite{\{davidson05\}}] \cite{davidson05}
\item[\egcite{\{smart06\}}] \cite{smart06}
\end{description}

\index[general]{cases!Scottish|)}

\section{European Union Cases}
\index[general]{cases!European Union|(} 


\subsection{Decisions of the ECJ and the General Court}
\index[general]{cases!European Union!courts|(}
Decisions of the ECJ and the General Court should be entered in the
database using the \texttt{@jurisdiction} type. Use all the usual
fields described in relation to English cases, but
\begin{description}
\item[keywords] Must include \texttt{eu}.
\item[number]
  \index[general]{number field@\texttt{number} field!EU cases@in EU cases}
  \index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!number field@\texttt{number field}}
  \index[general]{cases!European Union!case number@\texttt{case number}}
  Enter the case number (or numbers) in the
  \texttt{number} field. Do not include `Case' or `Joined Cases' in the number field. This
  is the number given to the case by the court registry -- not the ECLI number given
  to the reported decision.
\item[type] If your case is an ordinary one (ie, `Case' or `Joined
  Cases') you need enter nothing here. If you need to specify
  something unusual (like \texttt{Opinion}) to precede the case
  number, use the \texttt{type} field.\index[general]{type field@\texttt{type} field}\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!type field@\texttt{type} field}
\item[options] It is not necessary to specify
  \texttt{year-essential=true} for decision in the European Court
  Reports (ECR) -- though it will do no harm to do so.
\item[reporter] If the case is not yet reported in the ECR (or
  some other full report) you can include a citation to the Official
  Journal. Follow the advice set out in relation to Commission
  decisions, below.
\item[ecli]\index[general]{ECLI number}
  The ECLI number for the case report. Note that whether the
  number is used depends on the setting of the option \verb|ecli| to
  \verb|yes| (the default), \verb|no|, or \verb|only|.
\item[pagination] You can, if you like, specify \texttt{paragraph};
  but if nothing is entered, paragraph will be assumed.
\end{description}

\index[general]{cases!European Union!case number}
Because, unless \texttt{type} is set, \oscola\ needs to analyse the
case number in order to decide whether to print `Case' or `Joined
Cases', the format of the number is important. If the number contains
a comma, an en-dash (\verb|--|), or the word `and', then the package
knows that there is more than one case. However, this does mean that
you can't use the en-dash in the case number, because if the package
sees \verb|C--2/98| it will think it is looking at more than one
case. There are two things you could do. Either use a single hypen in
case numbers (\texttt{C-2/98}) or use a special command\index[general]{textendash@\texttt{\textbackslash textendash}, in EU cases}
\verb|\textendash|, which will print an en-dash but will not lead
the package to make mistakes about the number of cases:
\verb|C\textendash/98|. As to the choice, \oscolashort\ itself seems to use
an en-dash, which looks typographically best to me; but the ECJ and
Community reports themselves use a hyphen, so it could certainly be
argued that a hyphen is correct, and it's simpler. Obviously, be
consistent.

\index[general]{cases!European Union!examples|(}
\subsubsection{Examples}
Examples \ref{abdhu} to \ref{C556/07} show the basic format for a
variety of simple reported cases.

\begin{bibexample}[abdhu]
\begin{verbatim}
@jurisdiction{adbhu,
  keywords        = {eu},
  title           = {Procureur de la R{\'e}publique v ADBHU},
  shorttitle      = {ADBHU},
  number          = {240/83},
  institution     = {ECJ},
  date            = {1985},
  journaltitle    = {ECR},
  pages           = {531},
  ecli            = {EU:C:1985:59},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

Example \ref{C430/93} shows how it can sometimes be a good idea to
include \texttt{hyphenation} information for \textsc{eu} cases, which
can help to ensure proper linebreaking.
\begin{bibexample}[C430/93]
\begin{verbatim}
@jurisdiction{C430/93,
  keywords       = {eu},
  title          = {Jereon van Schijndel v Stichting 
                    Pensioenfonds voor Fysiotherapeuten},
  shorttitle     = {van Schijndel},
  number         = {C-430/93--C-431/93},
  institution    = {ECJ},
  journaltitle   = {ECR},
  volume         = {I},
  pages          = {4705},
  hyphenation    = {dutch},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{bibexample}[Ex3]
\begin{verbatim}
@jurisdiction{T344/99,
  keywords      = {eu},
  title         = {Arne Mathisen AS v Council},
  shorttitle    = {Arne Mathisen},
  number        = {T-344/99},
  institution   = {CFI},
  journaltitle  = {ECR},
  volume        = {II},
  pages         = {2905},
  date          = {2002},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\index[general]{cases!European Union!unreported}
Example \ref{C556/07} shows a case that is not (yet) reported in the
ECR reports, but available only in the Official Journal. Although
\oscolashort\ suggests that in those circumstances the citation should
be to OJ, my own view would be that in such cases it is probably
better either to give an ECR reference with the pages set to 0000---as
is very common practice---leaving it to the reader to find the case
online, which is not difficult, or to give an online reference.

\begin{bibexample}[C556/07]
\begin{verbatim}
@jurisdiction{C556/07,
  keywords     = {eu},
  title        = {Commission v France},
  date         = {2009},
  journaltitle = {OJ},
  series       = {C},
  volume       = {102},
  pages        = {8},
  number       = {C-556/07},
  institution  = {ECJ},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{description}[leftmargin=3.6cm,labelwidth=3.4cm,labelsep=0.2cm]
\item[\egcite{\{adbhu\}}]\cite{adbhu}
{\sloppy\item[\egcite{\{C430/93\}}]\cite{C430/93}}
\item[\egcite{\{T344/99\}}]\cite{T344/99}
\item[\egcite{\{C556/07\}}]\cite{C556/07}
\end{description}

\index[general]{cases!European Union!examples|)}

Note, in example \ref{C176/03}, that even if pagination is not
defined, citations are to paragraphs as \oscolashort\footcite[30]{oscola}
requires. (This also illustrates the use of \verb|\textendash| in the
case number.)

\begin{bibexample}[C176/03]
\begin{verbatim}
@jurisdiction{C176/03,
  keywords     = {eu},
  title        = {Commission v Council},
  number       = {C\textendash176/03},
  date         = {2005},
  journaltitle = {ECR},
  volume       = {I},
  pages        = {7879},
  institution  = {ECJ},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{description}
\item[\egcite{[47--48]\{C176/03\}}]\cite[47--48]{C176/03} 
\end{description}

\subsubsection{Indexing}

\index[general]{cases!European Union!indexing}
\index[general]{indexing!EU cases}
Each citation of an \textsc{eu} case will produce an entry in two separate `virtual' indices: the \texttt{eucases} index, which is alphabetical, and produces citations in the form:
\begin{center}
\citeinindex{C176/03}
\end{center}
and the \texttt{eucasesnum} index, which orders cases numerically, and produces citations in the form
\begin{center}
\citeinindexnum{C176/03}
\end{center}
Obviously you will not want to mix these indexes together. The alphabetical type alone is appropriate for `mixing' with other case tables.

\index[general]{cases!European Union!courts|)}

\subsection{Commission Decisions}
\index[general]{cases!European Union!Commission decisions|(}

\subsubsection{Basic usage}

Commission Decisions\label{eudecisioncases} in competition and merger
matters are, according to \oscolashort,\footcite[30--31]{oscola} cited
as if they were cases. So, rather than treating them as legislation,
give them the entry type of \texttt{@jurisdiction} type.

The requirements here are a bit intricate:
\begin{itemize}
\item Such decisions have \emph{two} numbers: the `case number' and
  the formal number of the decision itself. Both are required. Put the
  formal decision number in the \texttt{number} field, and the
  Commission case number in the \texttt{userb} field.\index[general]{userb field@\texttt{userb} field}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!userb field@\texttt{userb} field}
\item The reference will usually be to the Official Journal (OJ). For
  such references, you need to set \texttt{journaltitle} as
  \texttt{OJ}, and then specify the series (as \texttt{L} or
  \texttt{C}) in the \texttt{series} field, the `issue' in the
  \texttt{volume} field or the \texttt{issue} field, and then give the
  page number.\index[general]{Official Journal!refences to}
\end{itemize}

\begin{bibexample}[alcatel]
\begin{verbatim}
@jurisdiction{alcatel,
  keywords     = {eu},
  title        = {Alcatel/Telettra},
  userb        = {IV/M.042},
  number       = {91\slash 251\slash EEC},
  institution  = {Commission},
  date         = {1991},
  journaltitle = {OJ},
  series       = {L},
  volume       = {122},
  pages        = {48},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{bibexample}[verkehrsorgani]
\begin{verbatim}
@jurisdiction{verkehrsorgani,
  keywords     = {eu},
  title        = {Georg Verkehrsorgani v Ferrovie 
                  dello Stato},
  userb        = {Case COMP\slash 37.685},
  number       = {2004\slash 33\slash EC},
  institution  = {Commission},
  year         = {2004},
  journaltitle = {OJ},
  series       = {L},
  issue        = {11},
  pages        = {17},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{description}
\item[\egcite{\{alcatel\}}] \cite{alcatel} \\
\item[\egcite{\{verkehrsorgani\}}] \cite{verkehrsorgani}
\end{description}


\index[general]{cases!European Union!Commission decisions|)}

\subsubsection{Indexing}
\index[general]{indexing!EU Commission decisions}

Commission decision which have been given the \texttt{@jurisdiction}
entry type are indexed in \texttt{eucases}, alphabetically by
title. They are \emph{not} indexed in the \texttt{eucasesnum} index
because the format of the numbers is so different from that of other
cases that it would only cause confusion. At present, there is no
facility to produce a numerically ordered table of Commission
decisions. This is, I am afraid, a missing feature. It might be added
to future updates of \oscola, if it seems to be required: but it is
not straightforward.

\index[general]{cases!European Union|)} 

\section{European Human Rights Cases}

\subsection{European Court of Human Rights}
\index[general]{cases!European Court of Human Rights|(}
\index[general]{European Convention on Human Rights!cases|(}

\textsc{Oscola} recommends\footcite[31]{oscola} that cases decided by the
European Court of Human Rights should be cited to either the official
reports (Series A, until 1998, and thereafter the ECHR), or to the
unofficial \emph{European Human Rights Reports}. Because the
formatting requirements for Series A and ECHR are rather unusual, the
package detects such references and formats accordingly. EHRR
citations follow the usual `English' pattern and are handled
accordingly. The \texttt{keywords} field should be set to \texttt{echr}.

Apart from that, the fields are the same as for English cases. If
citing Series A or the EHRR put the case identification number in the
\texttt{pages} field. (This is different from the \emph{application
  number}, which should be put in the \texttt{number} field---though
\oscola\ does not use it if the case is reported. Pagination will be
set to \texttt{paragraph} (so that pinpoint citations are to `para' or
`paras', as OSCOLA requires) unless you specify something different.

\begin{bibexample}[johnson86]
\begin{verbatim}
@jurisdiction{johnston86,
  title        = {Johnston v Ireland},
  reporter     = {Series A},
  pages        = {122},
  date         = {1986},
  institution  = {ECtHR},
  keywords     = {echr},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{bibexample}[osman98]
\begin{verbatim}
@jurisdiction{osman98,
  title        = {Osman v UK},
  reporter     = {ECHR},
  date         = {1998},
  volume       = {8},
  pages        = {3124},
  institution  = {ECtHR},
  keywords     = {echr},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{bibexample}[omojudi10]
\begin{verbatim}
@jurisdiction{omojudi10,
  title        = {Omojudi v UK},
  reporter     = {EHRR},
  date         = {2010},
  pages        = {10},
  volume       = {51},
  institution  = {ECtHR},
  keywords     = {echr},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{description}
\item[\egcite{\{johnston86\}}] \cite{johnston86}
\item[\egcite{\{osman98\}}] \cite{osman98} 
\item[\egcite{[10]\{omojudi10\}}] \cite[10]{omojudi10}
\end{description}

\index[general]{cases!European Court of Human Rights!unreported}
If a case is unreported, leave the \verb|reporter| blank in the usual
way. \textsc{Oscola} requires you to provide an application number in such cases which
should be entered in the \texttt{number} field \emph{without} `App no', which
will be added automatically. You should also provide a \emph{full}
date, and make sure that you have completed the \texttt{institution}
field. (When the case is subsequently reported you can simply add the
report details, without deleting the application number or changing
the date: \oscola\ will ignore the information to the extent that it
is no longer required.)

\begin{bibexample}[balogh04]
\begin{verbatim}
@jurisdiction{balogh04,
  title        = {Balogh v Hungary},
  number       = {47940/99},
  date         = {2004-07-20},
  institution  = {ECtHR},
  keywords     = {echr},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{description}
\item[\egcite{\{balogh04\}}] \cite{balogh04}
\end{description}

\index[general]{cases!European Court of Human Rights|)}

\subsection{Commission Decisions}
\index[general]{cases!European Commission on Human Rights|(}

Simply follow the instructions for cases decided by the European Court
of Human Rights, but specify the institution as
\texttt{Commission}. Whether this will be printed depends on whe\-ther
the report you have cited is one which is devoted to Commission
Decisions---the \emph{Decisions and Reports} (DR) and \emph{Collection
  of Decisions} (CD)---in which case it will be silently ignored, or
some other series of reports, in which case `Commission Decision'
will, as OSCOLA requires, be printed at the end of the citation.

\begin{bibexample}[x71]
\begin{verbatim}
@jurisdiction{x71,
  title        = {X v Netherlands},
  date         = {1971},
  volume       = {38},
  journaltitle = {CD},
  pages        = {9},
  institution  = {Commission},
  keywords     = {echr},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{bibexample}[ccsu87]
\begin{verbatim}
@jurisdiction{ccsu87,
  title        = {Council of Civil Service Unions v UK},
  date         = {1987},
  volume       = {10},
  journaltitle = {EHRR},
  pages        = {269},
  institution  = {Commission},
  keywords     = {echr},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{bibexample}[simpson86]
\begin{verbatim}
@jurisdiction{simpson86,
  title        = {Simpson v UK},
  date         = {1989},
  volume       = {64},
  journaltitle = {DR},
  pages        = {188},
  institution  = {Commission},
  keywords     = {echr},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{description}
\item[\egcite{\{x71\}}] \cite{x71} 
\item[\egcite{\{ccsu87\}}] \cite{ccsu87}
\item[\egcite{\{simpson86\}}] \cite{simpson86}
\end{description}

\index[general]{cases!European Commission on Human Rights|)}
\index[general]{European Convention on Human Rights!cases|)}

\section{Canadian Cases}

\index[general]{cases!Canadian}
For Canadian cases, use the same fields as you use for English
cases. The only `trick' is that you will need to be discerning about
giving court and location information. If provided these will be
printed, unless there is a neutral citation (in which case it is
assumed that the neutral citation information provides the necessary
information about court and location). The citations will essentially
be formatted in accordance with the McGill
guide,\footcite{mcgill:guide} except that whereas the McGill guide
prints the pinpoint after the neutral citation and before the report
citation, \oscola\ will follow the pattern it uses for English cases,
where the citation -- which, where there is a neutral citation, should
be to a paragraph -- will be printed after the report information;
there may also be fewer commas. So whereas McGill would
have \begin{center} \emph{Clearbrook Ironworks Ltd v Letorneau}, 2006
  FCA 42 \textbf{at para 3}, 46 CPR (4th) 241
\end{center} \oscola\ will produce \begin{center} \cite{clearbrook}, \textbf{para 3}
\end{center}

\begin{bibexample}[clearbrook]
\begin{verbatim}
@jurisdiction{clearbrook,
  title          = {Clearbrook Ironworks Ltd. v. Letorneau},
  number         = {2006 FCA 42},
  volume         = {46},
  reporter       = {C.P.R.},
  series         = {4th},
  pages          = {241},
  date           = {2006},
  pagination     = {paragraph},
  keywords       = {ca},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\section{Australian Cases}

\index[general]{cases!Australian|(}
Follow the same format as is used for English cases. You may use the \verb|location| field to identify the jurisdiction
from which the case comes. Note that neither court nor location
field should be used if the origin of the case is obvious from the
citation.\footnote{These examples are drawn from \cite[37]{melbourne}.}

\begin{bibexample}[tang]
\begin{verbatim}
@jurisdiction{tang,
  title          = {R. v. Tang},
  date           = {2008},
  volume         = {237},
  reporter       = {C.L.R.},
  pages          = {1},
  keywords       = {au},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{bibexample}[bakker]
\begin{verbatim}
@jurisdiction{bakker,
  title          = {Bakker v. Stewart},
  date           = {1980},
  reporter       = {V.R.},
  pages          = {17},
  keywords       = {au},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{description}
\item[\egcite{[7]\{tang\}}] \cite[7]{tang}
\item[\egcite{[22]\{bakker\}}] \cite[22]{bakker}
\end{description}
\index[general]{cases!Australian|)}

\section{New Zealand Cases}

\index[general]{cases!New Zealand}
Follow the same format as is used for English cases, but seeing the
\verb|keyword| as \verb|nz|.

\section{US Cases}

\index[general]{cases!United States}
Use the same fields as are used for English cases. Be careful about
specifying courts: apart from the US Supreme Court (where, if you cite
the US Reports, no court identifier will ever be printed), the court
and location fields will be used if present.

\index[general]{cases!United States!docket number}
\index[general]{number field@\texttt{number} field!US cases@in US cases}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!number field@\texttt{number} field}
For unreported cases, you may specify a \verb|number| (the docket
number) and optionally something in the \verb|eprint| field, which can
\index[general]{cases!United States!lexis number@\textsc{lexis} number}
\index[general]{cases!United States!westlaw number@WestLaw number}
\index[general]{eprint field@\texttt{eprint} field}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!eprint field@\texttt{eprint} field}
be used for a \textsc{Lexis} or WestLaw number: see example
\ref{operadora09}.

Although you could use the \verb|series| field for reports (as in
example \ref{western97})\footnote{In which case it will be printed in
  US style: 1st, 2d, 3d.} in my view it is often simpler just to make
the series part of the \verb|reporter| field, as in example
\ref{harbor91}. You might note also, there, that if you enter fields
using full points in the standard American way, the spacing is taken
care of automatically.

\begin{bibexample}[harbor91]
\begin{verbatim}
@jurisdiction{harbor91,
  title        = {Harbor Insurance Co. v. 
                  Tishman Construction Co.},
  volume       = {578},
  reporter     = {N.E.2d.},
  pages        = {1197},
  location     = {Ill.},
  court        = {App. Ct.},
  date         = {1991},
  keywords     = {us},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{bibexample}[western97]
\begin{verbatim}
@jurisdiction{western97,
  title        = {Western Alliance Insurance Co. v. 
                  Gill},
  volume       = {686},
  reporter     = {N.E.},
  series       = {2},
  pages        = {997},
  location     = {Mass.},
  date         = {1997},
  keywords     = {us},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{bibexample}[operadora09]
\begin{verbatim}
@jurisdiction{operadora09,
  title        = {Re Operadora D.B. Mexico S.A.},
  indextitle   = {Operadora D.B. Mexico S.A., Re},
  number       = {6:09-cv-383-Orl022GJK},
  eprint       = {2009 WL 2423138},
  court        = {M.D. Fla.},
  date         = {2009},
  keywords     = {us},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{description}
\item[\egcite{[1199]\{harbor91\}}] \cite[1199]{harbor91}
\item[\egcite{\{western97\}}] \cite{western97}
\item[\egcite{\{operadora\}}] {\sloppy\cite{operadora09}}
\end{description}
\index[general]{cases!United States|)}

\section{Public International Cases}

As explained at page \pageref{scope}, \oscola\ does not provide
fully comprehensive provisions for citing all possible forms of
international cases. However, it does include provision which should
be adequate for the decisions of the ICJ and for at least a reasonable
number of other public international law cases.

\subsection{Fields and usage}

\index[general]{cases!International|(}
\index[general]{Public International Law|see{International Law}}
\index[general]{International Law!cases|(}
The fields will mostly be familiar. You should set \texttt{keywords}
to include \texttt{int} to show an international case. The most
distinctive feature are the additional parts of the case title. The
parties to the case should be given in the \texttt{subtitle}
field.
\index[general]{subtitle field@\texttt{subtitle} field}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!subtitle field@\texttt{subtitle} field}
International cases often require additional explanation about
the nature of the decision (such as whether it relates to jurisdiction
or the merits): add this in the \texttt{titleaddon} field. Both
\texttt{subtitle} and \texttt{titleaddon} get printed in brackets
after the main citation: but whereas the \texttt{subtitle} field is
italic, the \texttt{titleaddon} field is in roman type.
\index[general]{titleaddon field@\texttt{titleaddon} field}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!titleaddon field@\texttt{titleaddon} field}
\index[general]{cases!International!subtitle field@use of \texttt{subtitle} field}
\index[general]{cases!International!titleaddon field@use of \texttt{titleaddon} field}

\index[general]{cases!International!PCIJ Reports}
\index[general]{PCIJ Reports}
In the case of decision in the PCIJ Reports, you need not specify
\texttt{Series A} or \texttt{Series A/B} in the \texttt{series} field,
just \texttt{A} or \texttt{A/B}. The number should go in the
\texttt{pages} field, since that is the purpose it really serves: but
you need not specify \texttt{No}---it will be added automatically.

\index[general]{cases!International!fields}
\begin{description}
\item[keywords] Include \texttt{int}.
\item[title] As in other cases.
\item[subtitle] Give the names of the parties.
\item[subtitleaddon] Give any additional information about the
  particular aspect of the case that is being reported, such as
  `merits' or `jurisdiction'.
\item[volume etc] As in other
  \texttt{@jurisdiction} types. Note the comments above concerning the
  reports of the PCIJ.
\item[institution] Can be used for institutions other than the
  ICJ. For the ICJ/PCIJ, the field will not be used so long as the report
  cited is the ICJ reports or the PCIJ reports.
\end{description}

\begin{bibexample}[corfu]
\begin{verbatim}
@jurisdiction{corfu,
 title         = {Corfu Channel Case},
 subtitle      = {UK v Albania},
 titleaddon    = {Merits},
 date          = {1949},
 journaltitle  = {ICJ Rep},
 pages         = {4},
 keywords      = {int},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{bibexample}[nicaragua]
\begin{verbatim}
@jurisdiction{nicaragua,
  title        = {Land, Island and Maritime Frontier
                  Case},
  subtitle     = {El Salvador\slash Hon\-duras, Nicaragua
                  intervening},
  titleaddon   = {Application for Intervention},
  date         = {1994},
  journaltitle = {ICJ Rep},
  pages        = {92},
  keywords     = {int},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{bibexample}[wall]
\begin{verbatim}
@jurisdiction{wall,
  title        = {Legal Consequences of the Construction
                  of a Wall},
  titleaddon   = {Advisory Opinion},
  date         = {2004},
  url          = {http://www.icj-cij.org/icjwww/imwp/imwpframe.htm},
  urldate      = {2005-07-21},
  pagination   = {[]},
  keywords     = {int},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{bibexample}[chorzow]
\begin{verbatim}
@jurisdiction{chorzow,
  title        = {Case Concerning the Factory at Chorz{\'o}w},
  indextitle   = {Chorz{\'o}w Factory Case},
  subtitle     = {Germany v Poland},
  titleaddon   = {Merits},
  journaltitle = {PCIJ Rep},
  series       = {A},
  pages        = {17},
  keywords     = {int},
  date         = {1929},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{description}
\item[\egcite{\{corfu\}}] \cite{corfu}
\item[\egcite{\{nicaragua\}}] \cite{nicaragua}
\item[\egcite{\{wall\}}] \cite{wall}\footnote{This is the \textsc{url} printed in \oscolashort. It is not correct!}
\item[\egcite{\{chorzow\}}] \cite{chorzow}
\end{description}

\subsection{Indexing}

\index[general]{cases!International!indexing}
\index[general]{indexing!International Law cases}
International cases are indexed alphabetically by title in the
\texttt{pilcases} virtual index. No attempt is made to further
sub-divide them, and in a complex work you might well want to make use
of the \texttt{tabulate} field to do so.

\section{Legislation}

\index[general]{legislation|(}
The \oscola\ style provides support for citing as `legislation' (a) UK
Acts of Parliament (and those of the Scottish and Welsh Assemblies and
the Northern Ireland Parliament), (b) secondary legislation (statutory
instruments) made in any part of the UK, (c) draft UK primary
legislation (bills), (d) the treaties establishing
the \textsc{eu}, (e) legislation made by the \textsc{eu}. It does not
provide facilities for citing non-UK or \textsc{eu}
legislation. Rules of Court, though technically legislation, are also
dealt with separately: see page \ref{courtrules}.

\subsection{UK Primary Legislation}

\index[general]{legislation!UK!fields|(}
\index[general]{legislation!English|see{UK}}
\index[general]{legislation!Scottish|see{UK}}
\index[general]{legislation!Welsh|see{UK}}
\index[general]{legislation!Northern Irish|see{UK}}
\subsubsection{Bibliographical data}
Primary legislation (that is, UK Acts of Parliament, and the
equivalent measures of the Scottish and Welsh Assemblies and the
Northern Ireland Parliament) are cited using the \texttt{@legislation}
type, setting the \texttt{entrysubtype} to \texttt{primary}. The
relevant fields are as follows.
\begin{description}
\item[entrysubtype] Should always be set to \texttt{primary} for
  primary legislation.
\item[keywords]
\index[general]{keywords field@\texttt{keywords} field}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!keywords field@\texttt{keywords} field}
Should be set to the relevant originating jurisdiction:
  \texttt{gb} or \texttt{en} for legislation made at Westminster,
  \texttt{sc} \texttt{cy} or \texttt{ni} for legislation made in
  Scotland, Wales or Northern Ireland.
\item[title]
\index[general]{title field@\texttt{title} field!legislation@in legislation}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!shorttitle field@\texttt{shorttitle} field} 
  Give the full title of the Act, if it has one, including
  the word `Act'.
\item[shorttitle]
\index[general]{shorttitle field@\texttt{shorttitle} field!legislation@in legislation}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!shorttitle field@\texttt{shorttitle} field}
Give any short title so obvious that you do not
  think it will need explanation. Include a year. (For legislation, I
  strongly recommend that you use the \texttt{shorthand} field
  instead.
\item[shorthand]
\index[general]{shorthand field@\texttt{shorthand} field!legislation@in legislation}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!shorthand field@\texttt{shorthand} field}
\index[general]{legislation!UK!shortened forms}
Give any short title that you want used in second and
  subsequent citations. Note that \oscolashort\ requires that this
  include a year. It is your job to include the
  year; the package will not add it for you.
\item[pagination]
\index[general]{pagination field@\texttt{pagination} field!legislation@in legislation}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!pagination field@\texttt{pagination} field}
Specify how the \emph{main body} of the legislation
  is cited (normally \texttt{section}, for primary legislation).
\item[number]
\index[general]{number field@\texttt{number} field!legislation@in legislation}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!number field@\texttt{number} field}
 Give the number of the legislation. This is only
  strictly required for acts that do not have a short title, and are
  therefore cited by number alone. (In practice that means a few very
  old acts.) For more recent legislation it will normally be
  ignored. It is also required for Scottish, Welsh or Northern Irish
  legislation.
\item[note]
\index[general]{note field@\texttt{note} field!legislation@in legislation}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!note field@\texttt{note} field}
This field can be used if you need to give additional
  explanations (for instance to record that the citation is to
  legislation as amended).
\end{description}
\index[general]{legislation!UK!fields|)}

\subsubsection{Citation}

\index[general]{legislation!citation commands|(}
\index[general]{citation commands!legislation}
Citation commands normally follow the usual pattern, so
\verb|\cite[2]{ucta}| could be used to cite section 2 of the Unfair
Contract Terms Act 1977 (see the examples below). There are, however,
a few complexities, all to do with maintaining a proper index.

First, always make sure that when you cite within the primary `run' of
an Act of Parliament or any other legislation, you cite using the automated addition of section
marks, as above, and not using \verb|\cite[s 2]{ucta}| The first reason
this matters is that \emph{alphabetically} `s 12' comes before `s
2': so a citation like that given above will produce a mis-ordered
index. The second reason is that unless you use the automated system,
the program has no way of extracting subsections to make sure that the
index is properly ordered not only by section but by subsection.

Still, there will be times when you find that you have to cite
something other than a section--for instance a paragraph in a
schedule, and in those cases you will have to format the
\texttt{postnote} manually. The unknown quantity is whether this will
produce a suitable index. If it's just one or two citations, you might
be lucky. If it's more, you will probably need to use \emph{two}
citations: one---easy---to print the citation without indexing it, and
separately a rather elaborate command to make sure the index is correct: see page \pageref{trickyindexing} above.
\index[general]{legislation!citation commands|)}

\subsubsection{Examples}
\index[general]{legislation!UK!examples|(}

\begin{bibexample}[ucta]
\begin{verbatim}
@legislation{ucta,
  title        = {Unfair Contract Terms Act},
  date         = {1977},
  entrysubtype = {primary},
  pagination   = {section},
  keywords     = {en},
  number       = {23 Eliz II, cap 23}}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{bibexample}[nia1965]
\begin{verbatim}
@legislation{nia1965,
  title        = {Nuclear Installations Act},
  date         = {1965},
  shorthand    = {NIA 1965},
  keywords     = {en},
  pagination   = {section},
  entrysubtype = {primary},
  keywords     = {en},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{description}
\item[\egcite{[2]\{ucta\}}] \cite[2]{ucta}
\item[\egcite{\{nia1965\}}] \cite{nia1965}
\item[\egcite{[4]\{nia1965\}}] \cite[4]{nia1965}
\end{description}

It is also possible to cite Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish legislation. Set the keywords appropriately, and include the correct reference in the number field.

\begin{bibexample}[learner08]
\begin{verbatim}
@legislation{learner08,
  title          = {Learner Travel (Wales) Measure},
  date           = {2008},
  number         = {nawm 2},
  keywords       = {cy},
  entrysubtype   = {primary},
  pagination     = {section},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{description}
\item[\egcite{\{learner08\}}] \cite{learner08}
\end{description}
\index[general]{legislation!UK!examples|)}


\subsubsection{Indexing}
\index[general]{indexing!legislation!primary}
\index[general]{legislation!indexing!UK}
Primary legislation is indexed through one of the five virtual indexes
(one each of England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, and one
for the UK) reserved for primary legislation. The indexing always
attempts to pick-up pinpoint citations and make individual entries
with sub-levels. The indexes are ordered alphabetically.

\subsection{UK Secondary Legislation}
\index[general]{legislation!UK|(}

\subsubsection{Bibliographic data}

Follow esssentially the same pattern as for UK primary legislation,
giving the SI number in the \texttt{number} field, but setting the
\texttt{entrysubtype} to \texttt{secondary}. Pay attention to
recording the pagination for the instrument in question, since there
is considerable variation.

\begin{bibexample}[disorderly]
\begin{verbatim}
@legislation{disorderly,
  title          = {Penalties for Disorderly Behaviour 
                    (Amendment of Minimum Age) Order},
  date           = {2004},
  entrysubtype   = {secondary},
  pagination     = {regulation},
  keywords       = {en},
  number         = {SI 2004\slash 3166},
  }
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{bibexample}[hollowware]
\begin{verbatim}
@legislation{hollowware,
  title          = {Hollow-ware and Galvanising Welfare Order},
  date           = {1921},
  number         = {SR~\&~O 1921\slash 2032},
  pagination     = {rule},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{bibexample}[eggs]
\begin{verbatim}
@legislation{eggs,
  title          = {Eggs and Chicks (England) Regulations},
  date           = {2009},
  number         = {SI 2009\slash 2163},
  pagination     = {regulation},
  keywords       = {en},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{description}
\item[\egcite{\{disorderly\}}] \cite{disorderly}
\item[\egcite{[2]\{hollowware\}}] \cite[2]{hollowware}
\item[\egcite{[6]\{eggs\}}] \cite[6]{eggs}
\end{description}

\subsubsection{Indexing}
\index[general]{indexing!legislation!secondary}
\index[general]{legislation!indexing!UK}
Secondary legislation is indexed through one of the five virtual indexes
(one each of England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, and one
for the UK) reserved for secondary legislation. The indexing always
attempts to pick-up pinpoint citations and make individual entries
with sub-levels. The indexes are ordered alphabetically.
\index[general]{legislation!UK|)}


\subsection{Draft Legislation}
\index[general]{legislation!draft!UK|(}
The package provides specific support for citation of draft UK (ie
`Westminster' primary legislation).

\subsubsection{Fields}

The fields are fairly self-explanatory. The date should be a range,
because it refers to a session of Parliament. The institution should
be set to HC or HL depending on the House in which the bill was
introduced. The number should be the printing. The only possibly
counterintuitive thing is that you should set the entrysubtype to
\verb|primary| not \verb|draft|, and include \verb|draft| as a
\emph{keyword}. (This is because it seems possible, in theory, that
one might need to recognise draft secondary legislation too.)

Note that you should enter the title simple as `X Bill'. The package
will take care of adding HL or HC, and of the particular requirements
that apply to specifying the printing, which differ as between the
House of Lords and the House of Commons.

\begin{bibexample}[confund]
\begin{verbatim}
@legislation{confund,
  title        = {Consolidated Fund Bill},
  date         = {2008/2009},
  institution  = {HC},
  number       = {5},
  keywords     = {gb, draft},
  entrysubtype = {primary},
  pagination   = {clause},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{bibexample}[confund2]
\begin{verbatim}
@legislation{confund2,
 title         = {Consolidated Fund Bill},
 date          = {2008/2009},
 institution   = {HC},
 number        = {34},
 keywords      = {gb, draft},
 entrysubtype  = {primary},
 pagination    = {clause},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{bibexample}[academies]
\begin{verbatim}
@legislation{academies,
  title        = {Academies Bill},
  date         = {2010/2011},
  institution  = {HL},
  number       = {1},
  keywords     = {gb, draft},
  entrysubtype = {primary},
  pagination   = {clause},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{description}
\item[\egcite{\{confund\}}] \cite{confund}
\item[\egcite{[3]\{confund2\}}] \cite[3]{confund2}
\item[\egcite{[8(2)]\{academies\}}] \cite[8(2)]{academies}
\end{description}

\index[general]{legislation!explanatory notes}
\textsc{Bl-oscola} also provides for the citation of explanatory notes on draft
legislation. Give this the entry type \verb|@legal|, and the
entrysubtype of \texttt{explanatory note}. It's usually advisable also
to specify an \texttt{indextitle}, so that the document gets indexed
by the Act to which it refers.
\index[general]{legislation!draft!UK}

\begin{bibexample}[charitiesnotes]
\begin{verbatim}
@legal{charitiesnotes,
 title         = {Explanatory Notes on the Charities Act 2006},
 indextitle    = {Charities Act 2006, Explanatory Note},
 pagination    = {paragraph},
 entrysubtype  = {explanatory note},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{description}
\item[\egcite{[10]\{charitiesnotes\}}] \cite[10]{charitiesnotes}
\end{description}

For advice on citing debates in Hansard, and in Parliamentary
committees, see page \ref{parliamentary}.

\index[general]{legislation!draft!Scottish}
The package does not provide specific facilities for referring to
Scottish or Welsh draft legislation. But if you do need to do this,
you should be able to use the \verb|misc| entry type, perhaps with
some special indexing. For instance:

\begin{bibexample}[spbill4]
\begin{verbatim}
@misc{spbill4,
  title        = {SP Bill 4 Abolition of Feudal Tenure etc 
                  (Scotland) Bill [as introduced] Session 1},
  date         = {1999},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{description}
\item[\egcite{\{spbill4\}}] \cite{spbill4}
\end{description}

\subsubsection{Indexing}

\index[general]{indexing!draft legislation}
\index[general]{legislation!draft!indexing}
{\sloppy All English and UK draft legislation, is sent to whatever index has been
associated with \verb|gbdraftleg|. Draft legislation is indexed with
sub-entries by clause and paragraph, as if it were
legislation. Explanatory notes are indexed in the \texttt{gbparltmat}
virtual index.\index[general]{legislation!explanatory notes!indexing}}

\subsection{EU Legislation}

\index[general]{legislation!EU|(}Like \oscolashort, \oscola\ includes the \textsc{eu} treaties as a
type of \textsc{eu} legislation. Nevertheless, there are small
differences, so that it is convenient to deal with treaties and other
legislation separately. Note that decisions in what might be called
\enquote{cases} are dealt with a case citations (see page
\pageref{eudecisioncases}).

\subsubsection{Treaties}
\index[general]{EU treaties!generally|see{treaties, European Union}}
\index[general]{treaties!European Union|(}

The \textsc{eu} treaty type is intended to be used for the
foundational treaties of the \textsc{eu}. Treaties to which the
\textsc{eu} is \emph{party} should be cited as international treaties
(following the instructions given in page \pageref{piltreaties}).

Provide the following information\label{eutreaties}:
\begin{description}
\item[\texttt{keywords}]
\index[general]{keywords field@\texttt{keywords} field!EU treaties@in EU treaties}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!keywords field@\texttt{keywords} field}
Should be set to \texttt{eu}.
\item[\texttt{entrysubtype}] Should be set to \texttt{eu-treaty}.
\index[general]{entrysubtype field@\texttt{entrysubtype} field!EU treaties@in EU treaties}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!entrysubtype field@\texttt{entrysubtype} field}
\item[\texttt{title}] The full title of the treaty in question.
\index[general]{title field@\texttt{title} field!EU treaties@in EU treaties}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!title field@\texttt{title} field}
\item[\texttt{date}] 
\index[general]{date field@\texttt{date} field!EU treaties@in EU treaties}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!date field@\texttt{date} field}
The date of publication in the source to which
  you are referring (usually and correctly the Official Journal).
\item[\texttt{journaltitle}]
\index[general]{journaltitle field@\texttt{journaltitle} field!EU treaties@in EU treaties}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!journaltitle field@\texttt{journaltitle} field}
 The publication in which the treaty appears
  (usually \texttt{OJ}).
\item[\texttt{series}]
\index[general]{series field@\texttt{series} field!EU treaties@in EU treaties}
\index[general]{series field@\texttt{series} field!Official Journal}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!series field@\texttt{series} field}
In the case of the Official Journal, whether
  the publication is in the L or C series (for treaties it will
  usually be in the C series; legislative acts will normally be in
  the L series).
\item[\texttt{volume} or \texttt{issue}]
\index[general]{volume field@\texttt{volume} field!EU treaties@in EU treaties}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!volume field@\texttt{volume} field} The volume of the series in
  question (in the case of the Official Journal you may also use
  \texttt{issue}).
\item[\texttt{pages}]
\index[general]{pages field@\texttt{pages} field!EU treaties@in EU treaties}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!pages field@\texttt{pages} field}
 At least the first page on which the document starts.
\item[\texttt{shorthand}]
\index[general]{shorthand field@\texttt{shorthand} field!EU treaties@in EU treaties}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!shorthand field@\texttt{shorthand} field}
Any short form of the document you will use
  for subsequent citation which you want explicitly introduced (eg
  \texttt{TEU} or \texttt{TFEU}). This is, of course, optional.
\item[\texttt{shorttitle}]
\index[general]{shorttitle field@\texttt{shorttitle} field!EU treaties@in EU treaties}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!shorttitle field@\texttt{shorttitle} field}
Any short form of the document you will use
  for subsequent citation that you \emph{do not} want to be explicitly
  introduced (more common for legislation than for treaties).
\item[\texttt{pagination}]
\index[general]{pagination field@\texttt{pagination} field!EU treaties@in EU treaties}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!pagination field@\texttt{pagination} field}
 The sort of `pagination' the document uses
  by default (usually \texttt{article} to produce `art' and `arts'.
\end{description}

\index[general]{treaties!European Union!example}
Thus:\footnote{\cite[29]{oscola}, updated to reflect the most recent
  publication of the consolidated version of the TEU.}
\begin{bibexample}[teu]
\begin{verbatim}
@legislation{teu,
  keywords       = {eu},
  entrysubtype   = {eu-treaty},
  title          = {Consolidated Version of the 
                    Treaty on European Union},
  date           = {2010},
  journaltitle   = {OJ},
  series         = {C},
  volume         = {83},
  pages          = {13},
  shorthand      = {TEU},
  pagination     = {article},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{description}
\item[\egcite{[3]\{teu\}}] \cite[3]{teu}
\end{description}
\index[general]{treaties!European Union|)}

\index[general]{EU treaties!shortened citations}
\index[general]{options!eu-treaty@\texttt{eu-treaty}}
In subsequent citations \oscola\ will, by default, produce `TEU, art
\emph{x}'. If you prefer the format `Art \emph{x} TEU' (very common in
specialist writing), use the bibliography option
\texttt{eutreaty={}alternative} when loading \biblatex. (See page
\pageref{options} above.)

\index[general]{treaties!European Union!indexing}
\index[general]{indexing!EU treaties}
References to \textsc{eu} treaties are indexed via the virtual index
\texttt{eutreaty}, organised alphabetically by title. Attempts are
made to pick postnotes apart so as to order references by article and
sub-article.

\subsubsection{Other EU legislation}

\index[general]{legislation!EU!regulations}\index[general]{legislation!EU!directives}\index[general]{legislation!EU!decisions}
Use the fields given for \textsc{eu} treaties in page
\pageref{eutreaties} above, with the following changes:

\begin{description}
  \item[title] 
  \index[general]{title field@\texttt{title} field!EU legislation@in EU legislation}
  \index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!title field@\texttt{title} field}
Ensure that the title includes the number and the
  enacting institution(s) and the date. Nice as it would be to
  `construct' the whole title from the other information, it is not
  possible because the institutions are not consistent in how they
  name instruments.
  \item[entrysubtype] 
  \index[general]{entrysubtype field@\texttt{entrysubtype} field!EU legislation@in EU legislation}
  \index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!entrysubtype field@\texttt{entrysubtype} field}
  May be set to \texttt{directive},
  \texttt{regulation} or \texttt{decision}. It will be used for
  indexing only, and need not be set unless you want the instrument to
  be indexed as something other than its apparent type, as
  given in the \texttt{type} field.
  \item[type]
  \index[general]{type field@\texttt{type} field!EU legislation@in EU legislation}
  \index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!type field@\texttt{type} field}  Set this to the type you want the instrument
  \emph{described as}
  in any short citation, eg \texttt{directive} for a directive. 
  (Note lower case.) There is no need to use abbreviations: these 
  will be handled automatically.
  \item[shorttitle] 
  \index[general]{shorttitle field@\texttt{shorttitle} field!EU legislation@in EU legislation}
  \index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!shorttitle field@\texttt{shorttitle} field}
  This is optional. If it is left blank,
  \oscola\ will construct a short reference using the type and number.
  \item[number] 
  \index[general]{number field!\texttt{number} field!EU legislation@in EU legislation}
  \index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!number field@\texttt{number} field}
  Include the number as it appears in the title of
  the instrument. It is needed to construct a short title, and, even
  if you provide your own, to make sure the instrument is properly
  indexed.
\end{description}

\index[general]{legislation!EU!type field@\texttt{type} field}
The reason there is a distinction between the \texttt{type} (which is used in
printing the citation) and the \texttt{entrysubtype} (used in indexing) is that
there are some instruments which are \emph{called} `Decisions' (or
something else) but function as if they were regulations: logic
dictates that they are indexed as regulations
nonetheless.\footcite[The curious can consult][763 n 502]{lenaerts2}

The first citation will produce the full title. Subsequent citations
will simply use a shorthand (if it has been defined) or short title
(if it has been defined), or will construct a title from the
\texttt{type} and \texttt{number}.

So, for example:
\begin{bibexample}[2002/60]
\begin{verbatim}
@legislation{2002/60,
  title           = {Council Directive 2002\slash 60\slash 
                     EC of 27 June 2002 laying down specific 
                     provisions for the control of African 
                     swine fever and amending Directive  
                     99\slash 119\slash EEC as regards Teschen  
                     disease and African swine fever},
  date            = {2002},
  origdate        = {2002-06-27},
  journaltitle    = {OJ},
  series          = {L},
  issue           = {192},
  pages           = {27},
  type            = {directive},
  number          = {2002/60/EC},
  pagination      = {article},
  keywords        = {eu},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

{\sloppy
\begin{description}
\item[\egcite{\{2002/60\}}] \cite{2002/60}
\item[\egcite{\{teu\}}] \cite{teu}
\item[\egcite{[2]\{2002/60\}}] \cite[2]{2002/60}
\end{description}}

\index[general]{indexing!EU legislation}
Separate virtual indices are produced for regulations (or
regulation-like instruments), directives (or directive-like
instruments) and decisions (or decision-like instruments). They are
ordered chronologically and by number.

\index[general]{legislation!draft!EU}
Draft \textsc{eu} legislation is cited using the \texttt{@report}
entry type, described at page \pageref{drafteu}.

\section{Court Rules}

\index[general]{court rules of@court, rules of|(}
\index[general]{rules of court|(}
\index[general]{procedure rules|(}
The\label{courtrules} \oscola\ standard allows you to cite court rules
(the Civil Procedure Rules, the Rules of the Supreme Court
and the County Court Rules) in a special way. (I'm not sure it's
mandatory to do so. And I don't see why the same couldn't apply the
the Crown Court Rules, but apparently it doesn't.)

In effect, the rules provide for four special cases, and the package
follows suit. It's probably best not to try to understand them. Just
know that if you do what you are told, you will get the right result.

The relevant entries should be defined in your bibliography database
as \texttt{legislation} with the \texttt{entrysubtype} set to
\texttt{procedure-rule}. In the case of the CPR and Practice
Directions made under them, citations are `naked' (without any `r' or
`para') and \texttt{pagination} is left blank. The RSC and CCR are
cited by rule, so pagination is set to \texttt{rule}:

\begin{bibexample}[cpr] 
\begin{verbatim}
@legislation{cpr, 
title        = {Civil Procedure Rules}, 
shorttitle   = {CPR}, 
keywords     = {en}, 
entrysubtype = {procedure-rule},
} 
\end{verbatim} \end{bibexample}
\begin{bibexample}[pd] 
\begin{verbatim} 
@legislation{pd, 
title         = {CPR Practice Direction}, 
shorttitle    = {PD}, 
keywords      = {en}, 
entrysubtype  = {procedure-rule},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}
\begin{bibexample}[rsc] 
\begin{verbatim} 
@legislation{rsc, 
title        = {Rules of the Supreme Court},
shorttitle   = {RSC}, 
keywords     = {en},
pagination   = {rule}, 
entrysubtype = {procedure-rule},
} 
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample} 
\begin{bibexample}[ccr] 
\begin{verbatim}
@legislation{ccr, 
title        = {County Court Rules}, 
shorttitle   = {CCR},
keywords     = {en}, 
pagination   = {rule}, 
entrysubtype = {procedure-rule}, }
\end{verbatim} \end{bibexample} Note that strictly speaking the
\texttt{title} field is not essential; it will not be printed in
citations (but will be used simply for indexing).

When you come to cite these sources, you need to use a slightly
different format from the usual. Your postnote should be divided into
two parts, separated by | if necessary, corresponding to the order (or
part of the CPR, or Practice Direction) and the rule (or paragraph)
you wish to cite.

\begin{description}
\item[\egcite{[7]\{cpr\}}] \cite[7]{cpr}
\item[\egcite{[24|14A]\{rsc\}}] \cite[24|14A]{rsc}
\item[\egcite{[17|11]\{ccr\}}] \cite[17|11]{ccr}
\item[\egcite{[6|4.1]\{pd\}}] \cite[6|4.1]{pd}
\end{description}

Using these postnote fields, rather than doing
\verb|\cite[Ord 11, r 1]{rsc}| makes sure that your references will
get indexed properly.

\index[general]{court rules of@court, rules of|)}
\index[general]{rules of court|)}
\index[general]{procedure rules|)}
\index[general]{legislation|)}

\section{Treaties\label{piltreaties}}
\index[general]{treaties|(}

\subsection{Basic use}

Treaties use the following fields:
\begin{description}
\item[entrysubtype]
\index[general]{entrysubtype field@\texttt{entrysubtype} field!treaties@public international law treaties}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!entrysubtype field@\texttt{entrysubtype} field}
This should be set to \texttt{piltreaty}.
\item[title] 
\index[general]{title field@\texttt{title} field!treaties@in treaties}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!title field@\texttt{title} field}
The full title of the treaty.
\item[shorttitle] 
\index[general]{shorttitle field@\texttt{shorttitle} field!treaties@in treaties}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!shorttitle field@\texttt{shorttitle} field}
A shorter title of the treaty for use in subsequent
  citations (optional).
\item[indextitle]
  \index[general]{indextitle field@\texttt{indextitle} field!treaties@in treaties}
  \index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!indextitle field@\texttt{indextitle} field}
  \index[general]{indexing!treaties}
  A different form of title for use in the index: for
  instance you might want to index `International Agreement on the
  Scheldt' as `Scheldt, International Agreement'. (This is, of course, a standard field, but it is likely to be particularly useful in relation to treaties.)
\item[parties]
  \index[general]{parties field@\texttt{parties} field}
  \index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!parties field@\texttt{parties} field} 
  A list of the States party to the treaty, separated by
  `and'. If there are more than three parties, they will not be
  printed.
\item[execution]
  \index[general]{execution field@\texttt{execution} field}
  \index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!execution field@\texttt{execution} field}
  Information about the various relevant dates: this is
  the only tricky thing about treaties, and is explained below.
\item[\textrm{report information}] The usual information about the
  \texttt{journaltitle}, \texttt{volume}, \texttt{series} and
  \texttt{pages}
\item[pagination] The way the document is referred to (usually
  \texttt{article}).
\item[note]
  \index[general]{note field@\texttt{note} field!treaties@in treaties}
  \index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!note field@\texttt{note} field}
  This can be used to give extra information, for instance
  to record that you are citing a treaty in its amended form.
\end{description}

\subsection{Dates}

\index[general]{dates!treaties@in treaties}
  \index[general]{execution field@\texttt{execution} field}
  \index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!execution field@\texttt{execution} field}
Treaties often need a variety of date references. This is done by
\emph{listing} relevant dates in the \texttt{execution} field. The
package recognises four possible types of date: 
\begin{description}
\item[signed]
\index[general]{treaties!date!signature@of signature}
The date of signature.  
\item[opened] 
\index[general]{treaties!date!opened for signature}
The date on which
a treaty was opened for signature.  
\item[adopted] 
\index[general]{treaties!date!adopted}
The date on which a
treaty was adopted.  
\item[inforce]
\index[general]{treaties!date!force@entered into force} 
The date on which a treaty entered
into force.  
\end{description} 
Give as many of these dates as you
wish, with \texttt{and} between them, in the following format:
\begin{center} \texttt{opened=2010-01-10 and inforce=2011-04-23}
\end{center}

The package is not `clever' about reordering dates: they will be
printed in the order you give them.

If a list of dates is included in the \texttt{execution} field, then
\oscola\ will not print anything from the \texttt{date} field, unless
the year is an essential part of the citation of the report. If the
\texttt{execution} field is empty, but there is a date, then the date
will be printed, without any narrative.

\subsection{Examples}
\index[general]{treaties!examples|(}

\begin{bibexample}[scheldt]
\begin{verbatim}
@legal{scheldt,
  title        = {International Agreement on the Scheldt},
  indextitle   = {Scheldt, International Agreement on}
  parties      = {Belgium and France and Netherlands},
  execution    = {signed=2002-12-01 and inforce=2005-12-01},
  pagination   = {article},
  volume       = {2351},
  journaltitle = {UNTS},
  pages        = {13},
  entrysubtype = {piltreaty},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{bibexample}[aaland]
\begin{verbatim}
@legal{aaland,
  title        = {Convention Relating to the Non-Fortification
                  and Neutralisation of the Aaland Islands},
  parties      = {{Aaaland Islands} and Germany and Denmark 
                  and Estonia and Finland and France},
  lista        = {opened=1921-10-02 and inforce=1922-12-06},
  pagination   = {article},
  volume       = {9},
  journaltitle = {LNTS},
  pages        = {211},
  entrysubtype = {piltreaty},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{bibexample}[mongolia]
\begin{verbatim}
@legal{mongolia,
  title       = {Agreement with Mongolia (Economic Co-operation)},
  shortitle   = {Mongolia Cooperation Agreement},
  journaltitle= {O.J.},
  series      = {L},
  issue       = {264},
  pages       = {1},
  date        = {1978},
  entrysubtype= {piltreaty},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{description}[leftmargin=3.6cm,labelwidth=3.4cm,labelsep=0.2cm]
\item[\egcite{\{scheldt\}}] {\sloppy \cite{scheldt}}
\item[\egcite{[1]\{aaland\}}] \cite[1]{aaland}
\item[\egcite{\{mongolia\}}] \cite{mongolia}
\end{description}
\index[general]{treaties!examples|)}

The `note' form can be used where it is necessary to give additional information, such as about amendments.

\index[general]{European Convention on Human Rights}
\index[general]{European Convention on Human Rights|see {also, European Court of Human Rights}}
\index[general]{ECHR|see {European Convention on Human Rights, European Court of Human Rights}}
\index[general]{treaties!European Convention on Human Rights}
\begin{bibexample}[echr:treaty]
\begin{verbatim}
@legal{echr:treaty,
  title        = {Convention for the Protection of Human Rights 
                  and Fundamental Freedoms},
  execution    = { opened=1950-11-04 and inforce=1953-09-03 },
  volume       = {213},
  reporter     = {U.N.T.S.},
  pages        = {221},
  note         = {as amended by Protocol No 14bis to the 
                  Convention for the Protection of Human Rights 
                  and Fundamental Freedoms 
                  (opened for signature 27 May 2009, 
                  entered into force1 September 2009) 
                  CETS No 204},
  shorthand    = {ECHR},
  entrysubtype = {piltreaty},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{description}[leftmargin=3.6cm,labelwidth=3.4cm,labelsep=0.2cm]
\item[\egcite{\{echr:treaty\}}] \cite{echr:treaty}
\end{description}

It's not, of course, ideal that details of amendments and the like are
not automatically formatted; but although this feature may be
introduced in a future release, for the present the approach taken
here will probably do in most cases.
\index[general]{treaties|)}

\section{Books}
\index[general]{books|(}

\subsection{Basic Use}

Books function exactly as in regular \biblatex. They should be given
the \texttt{@book} type. The most commonly used fields are as follows:
\begin{description}
\item[title] 
  \index[general]{title field@\texttt{title} field!books@in books}
  \index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!title field@\texttt{title} field}
  The title of the book. \textsc{Oscola} requires that this
  be given with significant words capitalized, and it is recommended
  that you enter it in this way in the database. (If other styles you
  use require only the first letter to be capitalized, the title can
  without too much difficulty be converted; but it is not practically
  possible partially to capitalize an initially uncapitalized title.)
\item[subtitle]
  \index[general]{subtitle field@\texttt{subtitle} field!books@in books}
  \index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!subtitle field@\texttt{subtitle} field}
  The subtitle, if any. This will be used only in the
  first or full citation (where it will be printed after the title,
  separated by a colon). (See example \ref{hart08}.)
\item[author]
  \index[general]{author field@\texttt{author} field!books@in books}
  \index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!author field@\texttt{author} field} 
  The author or authors of the work. If there is more than
  one author, their names should be given separated by `and'. It's up
  to you whether you prefer to use the form \texttt{Frederick Bloggs}
  or \texttt{Bloggs, Frederick}---either will work. Since
  \oscolashort\ requires full names, where available, to be given in
  citations, you should give the full name if you have it. No more than the required number of names will be printed;
  any surplus will be abbreviated to `and others', as
  \oscolashort\ requires.\footnote{You can also use `and others'
    yourself, if you like; but it's good practice to include as many
    names as you know, since different styles may have different ideas
    about when to abbreviate, and the database file is supposed to be
    agnostic about such matters.}
\item[editor]
  \index[general]{editor field@\texttt{editor} field!books@in books}
  \index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!editor field@\texttt{editor} field} 
  An editor or editors of the work, if there is one. In some cases,
  if there is only an editor but no author (for instance, the editor
  of a collection of essays) this is used as the alternative to the
  author, in other cases it is additional information. The formatting
  and printing requirements under \oscolashort\ are different, but the
  style takes care of that. Use the same format for names as in the
  \texttt{author} field.
\item[translator]
  \index[general]{translator field@\texttt{title} field}
  \index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!translator field@\texttt{translator} field} 
  Like the \texttt{editor} field, and used in the same
  way.
\item[date]
  \index[general]{date field@\texttt{date} field!books@in books}
  \index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!date field@\texttt{date} field} 
  The date of publication. Where you are using a modern edition of an old work, give the date of the edition to which you are referring: the original date of publication can be given in the \texttt{origdate} field.
\item[origdate]
  \index[general]{origdate field@\texttt{origdate} field}
  \index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!origdate field@\texttt{origdate} field} 
  Used where you are referring to a modern edition of an
  old work, and want to give the original date of publication in
  addition to the date of publication of the particular edition that
  you are citing.
\item[edition]
  \index[general]{edition field@\texttt{edition} field}
  \index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!edition field@\texttt{edition} field} 
  Where possible give the edition number as a number:
  \texttt{\{5\}} rather than \texttt{\{5th\}}.
\item[publisher]
  \index[general]{title field@\texttt{publisher} field}
  \index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!publisher field@\texttt{publisher} field} 
  One or more publishers (if there is more than one,
  separate them with \texttt{and}).
\item[location]
  \index[general]{location field@\texttt{location} field!books@in books}
  \index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!location field@\texttt{location} field}
  \index[general]{publication, place of} 
  The place(s) of publication. In general, this is not
  used if there is a publisher for works after 1800; for works
  before 1800 it is used in preference to the publisher. If you want
  to change the point at which this change occurs, change the value of
  \verb|\bibyearwatershed|.\index[general]{bibyearwatershed@\texttt{\textbackslash bibyearwatershed}} So, for
  instance,
  \begin{verbatim}
\renewcommand{\bibyearwatershed}{1900}
  \end{verbatim}will
  cause the location to be used in preference to the publisher for
  books before 1900.\footcite[35]{oscola}
\item[series]
  \index[general]{series field@\texttt{series} field!books@in books}
  \index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!series field@\texttt{series} field} 
  If the book is in a series, and you think the series
  information is sufficiently important to warrant printing (not, for
  instance, if it is just a series title adopted by the publisher for
  marketing reasons), give it here. 
\item[number]
  \index[general]{number field@\texttt{number} field!books@in books}
  \index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!number field@\texttt{number} field} 
  If the book is part of a series, and has a number (or
  some equivalent identifier), give the number here.
\item[volume]
  \index[general]{volume field@\texttt{volume} field!books@in books}
  \index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!volume field@\texttt{volume} field} 
  Use an \texttt{@book} type with \texttt{volume} where
  each volume is a separate publication (for instance, with a
  different date). For multi-volume reference works use the
  \texttt{@mvreference} type, discussed at page \pageref{mvreference} below.\footnote{The requirements of \oscolashort\ regarding volumes are not clear to me. I think that the position is that if the volume is, as it were, an `independent' publication, the volume is printed with the publication information -- but for multivolume reference works, it is treated separately. That, at any rate, is the approach I have taken: if you specify a volume for a book or collection, it will be printed as part of the volume information; if you specify it for a multi-volume reference, it gets printed afterwards.}
\item[pubstate] Use this field if you need to give information about
  the publication state of the book, such as `forthcoming'.
\item[note]
    \index[general]{note field@\texttt{note} field!books@in books}
  \index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!note field@\texttt{note} field} 
  Use this field for any additional notes you need to
  provide about the book.
\item[pagination]
  \index[general]{pagination field@\texttt{pagination} field!books@in books}
  \index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!pagination field@\texttt{pagination} field} 
  If references are to something other than pages
  (usually paragraphs), give the pagination scheme here (eg
  `paragraph': see example \ref{bar00} below.
\end{description}

The following examples\footnote{Drawn from \cite[34--35]{oscola}.}
show use of a variety of the basic fields.

\index[general]{books!examples|(}
\begin{bibexample}[endicott09]
\begin{verbatim}
@book{endicott09,
  author       = {Endicott, Timothy},
  title        = {Administrative Law},
  publisher    = {OUP},
  location     = {Oxford},
  date         = {2009},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{bibexample}[jones09]
\begin{verbatim}
@book{jones09,
  author      = {Jones, Gareth},
  title       = {Goff and Jones: 
                 The Law of Restitution},
  edition     = {1st Supp, 7th edn},
  publisher   = {{Sweet~\& Maxwell}},
  date        = {2009},
  location    = {London},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{bibexample}[bar00]
\begin{verbatim}
@book{bar00,
  author     = {von Bar, Christian},
  title      = {The Common European Law of Torts},
  volume     = {2},
  publisher  = {CH Beck},
  date       = {2000},
  pagination = {paragraph},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{description}
\item[\egcite{\{endicott09\}}] \cite{endicott09}
\item[\egcite{\{jones09\}}] \cite{jones09}
\item[\egcite{[234]\{bar00\}}] \cite[234]{bar00}
\end{description}
\index[general]{books!examples|)}

\subsection{Collections and edited works}

\index[general]{collections}
\index[general]{books!edited works}
\index[general]{books!collections of papers}
With collections or edited works, you can make use either of the
\texttt{@book} and \texttt{@inbook} types, or the \texttt{@collection}
and \texttt{@incollection} types. The package does not distinguish
between them.

The \texttt{@book} or \texttt{@collection} type is the correct choice
to enter details about a whole book, rather than just a particular
part of it such as an essay, paper or chapter. Similarly details of
things like translators and so on can be given, as examples
\ref{birks87} and \ref{kotz98} show.

\index[general]{books!examples|(}
\begin{bibexample}[horder00]
\begin{verbatim}
@book{horder00,
  editor     = {Horder, Jeremy},
  title      = {Oxford Essays in Jurisprudence: 
                Fourth Series},
  publisher  = {OUP},
  date       = {2000},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{bibexample}[birks87]
\begin{verbatim}
@book{birks87,
  translator = {Birks, Peter and McLeod, Grant},
  title      = {The Institutes of Justinian},
  indextitle = {Institutes of Justinian, The},
  publisher  = {Duckworth},
  date       = {1987},
  location   = {London},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{bibexample}[kotz98]
\begin{verbatim}
@book{kotz98,
  author     = {Zweigert, K. and K{\"o}tz, H.},
  title      = {An Introduction to Comparative 
                Law},
  translator = {Weir, Tony},
  edition    = {3},
  publisher  = {OUP},
  date       = {1998},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{bibexample}[hart08]
\begin{verbatim}
@book{hart08,
  author     = {Hart, H. L. A.},
  title      = {Punishment and Responsibility},
  subtitle   = {Essays in the Philosophy of Law},
  editor     = {Gardner, John},
  edition    = {2},
  publisher  = {OUP},
  date       = {2008},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{description}
\item[\egcite{\{horder00\}}]\cite{horder00}
\item[\egcite{\{birks87\}}] \cite{birks87}
\item[\egcite{\{kotz98\}}] \cite{kotz98}
\item[\egcite{\{hart08\}}] \cite{hart08}
\end{description}
\index[general]{books!examples|)}

\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!inbook type@\texttt{inbook} type}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!incollection type@\texttt{incollection} type}
The \texttt{@inbook} and \texttt{@incollection} types are intended to
contain records for component parts of a book---a single article or
chapter, for instance, that is self contained.

If you wish to define a single \texttt{@inbook}, without also defining
a separare entry for the larger book, then essentially the same fields
as are given in relation to books apply, but: 
\begin{description}
\item[author]
  \index[general]{author field@\texttt{author} field!books@in books}
  \index[general]{author field@\texttt{author} field!collections@in collections}
  \index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!author field@\texttt{author} field}
Refers to the author of the individual part, not the
collection as a whole.  
\item[editor] 
  \index[general]{editor field@\texttt{editor} field!books@in books}
  \index[general]{editor field@\texttt{editor} field!collections@in collections}
  \index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!editor field@\texttt{editor} field}
In the case of the
\texttt{@incollection} this refers to the editor of the collection
rather than the individual item. (It is assumed that individual items
do not have their own editors.  
\item[bookauthor] 
  \index[general]{bookauthor field@\texttt{bookauthor} field}
  \index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!bookauthor field@\texttt{bookauthor} field}
Refers to the author of the whole book, rather than the individual work.  
\item[booktitle]
  \index[general]{booktitle field@\texttt{booktitle} field}
  \index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!booktitle field@\texttt{booktitle} field}
Refers to the title of the main book, not the individual work.
\item[mainttitle] 
  \index[general]{maintitle field@\texttt{maintitle} field}
  \index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!maintitle field@\texttt{maintitle} field}
Refers to the title of the main book, not the
individual work.  
\end{description}
See example \ref{pila10} for an example.

\index[general]{crossref field@\texttt{crossref} field!books@in books}
It is often easier, as in examples \ref{castermans09} and \ref{cartwright09}, to define the main \texttt{@book} or
\texttt{@collection}, and then use cross references for individual
parts. In that case, all you are likely to need in the cross
references is the author and title (since \oscolashort\ does not
require page or chapter references).

\index[general]{books!examples|(}
\begin{bibexample}[pila10]
\begin{verbatim}
@inbook{pila10,
  author   = {Pila, Justine},
  editor   = {Dutton, William H. and Jeffreys, Paul W.},
  booktitle= {World Wide Research: Reshaping the 
              Sciences and Humanities in the 
              Century of Information},
  publisher= {MIT Press},
  date     = {2010},
  title    = {The Value of Authorship in the 
              Digital Environment},
  pages    = {210--231},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{bibexample}[castermans09]
\begin{verbatim}
@book{castermans09,
  editor   = {Castermans, AG and others},
  title    = {Ex Libris Hans Nieuwenhuis},
  publisher= {Kluwer},
  date     = {2009},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{bibexample}[cartwright09]
\begin{verbatim}
@inbook{cartwright09,
  author   = {Cartwright, John},
  title    = {The Fiction of the \enquote{Reasonable 
              Man}},
  crossref = {castermans09},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}


\begin{description}
\item[\egcite{\{pila10\}}] \cite{pila10}
\item[\egcite{\{cartwright09\}}] \cite{cartwright09}
\end{description}
\index[general]{books!examples|)}

\subsection{Older Works}

\index[general]{books!older works|(}
\index[general]{bibyearwatershed@\texttt{\textbackslash bibyearwatershed}}
For works before the date set by \verb|\bibyearwatershed| (by default,
1800) \oscola\ will use the \verb|location| field rather than the
\verb|publisher| field, if present. For works later than that, it will
prefer the \verb|publisher| field, and ignore the \verb|location|
field. You can change this by redefining \verb|\bibyearwatershed| --
or eliminate it altogether by defining \verb|\bibyearwatershed| as 0.

Secondly, for older works it may be useful to provide an
\verb|origdate|, giving the date of original publication as well as
the details of the particular edition you have
used.\footcite[35--36]{oscola}

\begin{bibexample}[hobbes]
\begin{verbatim}
@book{leviathan,
  author     = {Hobbes, Thomas},
  title      = {Leviathan},
  publisher  = {Penguin},
  date       = {1985},
  origdate   = {1651},
  location   = {Harmondsworth},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{description}
\item[\egcite{\{leviathan\}}] \cite{leviathan}
\end{description}
\index[general]{books!older works|)}

\subsection{Books of Authority}
\index[general]{books!authority@of authority|(}
\index[general]{institutional works}
\index[general]{Blackstone}

\textsc{Oscola} allows a special citation form for what it calls `books of authority' (certain English and
institutional commentators).\footcite[See][34]{oscola} It turns out
that there are really two different styles---one for English
commentators (where a short form is printed in Roman type), and one
for Scottish institutional writers, where the title is in italics;
this is detected using the keywords \texttt{en} or \texttt{sc}. Use
the \texttt{@commentary} type. In one case (Blackstone) the volume
number comes first. For this, abuse the prenote format.

Where it is available, the \texttt{shorttitle} will be used in the
text: the longer title will, however, be used in indexing.

\begin{bibexample}[stair]
\begin{verbatim}
@commentary{stair,
  author     = {Stair},
  title      = {Institutions},
  keywords   = {sc},
  }
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{bibexample}[colitt]
\begin{verbatim}
@commentary{colitt,
  author     = {Coke},
  title      = {Co Litt},
  keywords   = {en},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{bibexample}[blackstone]
\begin{verbatim}
@commentary{blackstone,
  author     = {Blackstone},
  title      = {Commentaries},
  shorttitle = {Bl Comm},
  keywords   = {en},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{description}
\item[\egcite{[3][254]\{blackstone\}}]\strut\\ \cite[3][254]{blackstone}
\item[\egcite{[135a]\{colitt\}}] \cite[135a]{colitt}
\item[\egcite{[I, 2, 14]\{stair\}}] \cite[I, 2, 14]{stair}
\end{description}
\index[general]{books!authority@of authority|)}

\subsection{Reference works\label{mvreference}}

\index[general]{books!reference works|(}
Reference works should be given the \texttt{@reference} type. Under
\oscolashort\ very little information gets printed about such a work:
really only the title, edition, date and publisher. It is intended
really for use in relation to works that are so well known as works of
reference that the identification of editors, authors and the like is
regarded as superfluous; in cases where that does not seem right, use
\texttt{@book} instead.

If you need to refer to a particular part of a reference work (such as
an article in an encyclopaedia), use that \texttt{@inreference} entry
type. In this case an author or editor may be printed. This can also
be a convenient way of referring to a particular volume of a reference
work without needing to enter a volume number every time, as example
\ref{halsbury5:57} shows.

\begin{bibexample}[halsbury5]
\begin{verbatim}
@reference{halsbury5,
  title       = {Halsbury's Laws},
  pagination  = {paragraph},
  edition     = {5},
  publisher   = {Butterworths},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{bibexample}[halsbury5:57]
\begin{verbatim}
@inreference{halsbury5:57,
  volume       = {57},
  date         = {2010},
  crossref     = {halsbury5},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{bibexample}[friedrich68]
\begin{verbatim}
@inreference{friedrich68,
  maintitle   = {International Encyclopaedia of the
                 Social Sciences III},
  date        = {1968}
  title       = {Constitutions and Constitutionalism},
  author      = {Friedrich, C. J.},
  pages       = 319, 
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{description}
\item[\egcite{[123]\{halsbury5:57\}}] \cite[123]{halsbury5:57}
\item[\egcite{\{friedrich68\}}] \cite{friedrich68}
\end{description}

(Note that, in example \ref{friedrich68} the `volume' of the
encyclopaedia was included in the title. This is a fudge, in order to
get the reference to appear as it does in
\oscolashort.\footcite[36]{oscola} It would have been perfectly
possible to give a volume reference here, but that would have produced
a slighly different format: correct, but not exactly as it is in the
Oscola handbook at this point.): \cite{friedrich68a})
\index[general]{books!reference works|)}
\index[general]{encyclopaedia|see {books, reference}}

\subsection{Looseleaf works}
\index[general]{books!looseleaf}
\index[general]{looseleaf publications}
The \oscolashort\ standard requires very minimal information for
looseleaf works. Give such works the entry type \texttt{reference} or
\texttt{mvreference}, and set the option \texttt{looseleaf=true}. You
will need to include the information required by \oscolashort\ (such
as the precise update of the page to which you refer) in your postnote
manually.

\begin{bibexample}[cross]
\begin{verbatim}
@reference{cross,
  title       = {Cross on Local Government Law},
  options     = {looseleaf}}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{description}
\item[\egcite{\{cross\}}] \cite[para 11]{cross}
\item[\egcite{[para 8--106 (R 30 July 2008)]\{cross\}}] \strut\\ \fullcite[para
  8--106 (R 30 July 2008)]{cross}
\end{description}
\index[general]{books|)}

\section{Articles}
\index[general]{articles|(}
\index[general]{journals!articles in|see {articles}}
\index[general]{periodical literature|see {articles}}

Citation of periodical literature using \oscola\ is essentially the
same as in standard \biblatex, with two truly special cases: articles
in newspapers and case notes. All should be given the entrytype
\texttt{@article}.

\begin{description}
\item[entrysubtype] 
\index[general]{entrysubtype field@\texttt{entrysubtype} field!articles@in articles}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!entrysubtype field@\texttt{entrysubtype} field}
Normally unnecessary, but might be set to \verb|newspaper| or \verb|casenote|: see pages~\pageref{newspaper:article} and \pageref{casenotes} below.
\item[author] The author(s) of the article, as a list of names (see page \pageref{namelists} for guidance).
\index[general]{author field@\texttt{author} field!articles@in articles}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!author field@\texttt{author} field}
\item[title] The title of the article.
\index[general]{title field@\texttt{title} field!articles@in articles}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!title field@\texttt{title} field}
\item[journaltitle] The name of the journal -- in most cases abbreviated.
\index[general]{journaltitle field@\texttt{journaltitle} field!articles@in articles}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!journaltitle field@\texttt{journaltitle} field}
\item[volume] 
\index[general]{volume field@\texttt{volume} field!articles@in articles}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!volume field@\texttt{volume} field}
The volume of the journal, if it has one. If it is properly referred to by year alone, then the volume should be omitted, and the date will then be printed in square brackets (see example \ref{craig05}). If you require both year and volume, then use the \verb|option| \texttt{year-essential}.\index[general]{options field@\texttt{options} field!year-essential@\texttt{year-essential}}
\item[issue\slash number] 
This is normally unnecessary, but you can give it in addition if it is required as part of the citation.
\item[date] The date of the relevant issue.
\index[general]{date field@\texttt{date} field!articles@in articles}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!date field@\texttt{date} field}
\item[pages] 
\index[general]{pages field@\texttt{pages} field!articles@in articles}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!pages field@\texttt{pages} field}
The first page (or the pages) of the relevant article. You can give a page range if you like, but only the first page will be used.
\item[crossref] Used in conjunction with the \verb|casenote| sub-type to indicate the case to which a note refers.
\index[general]{crossref field@\texttt{crossref} field!articles@in articles}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!crossref field@\texttt{crossref} field}
\item[options] You might need to set the option \texttt{year-essential}, if the year form an essential part of the citation but there is also a volume.
\end{description}

\index[general]{articles!periodical literature!examples|(}
\begin{bibexample}[craig05]
\begin{verbatim}
@article{craig05,
  author       = {Craig, Paul},
  title        = {Theory {\enquote{Pure Theory}} 
                  and Values in Public Law},
  date         = {2005},
  journaltitle = {P.L.},
  pages        = {440},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}
\begin{description}
\item[\egcite{[441]\{craig05\}}] \cite[441]{craig05}
\end{description}

\begin{bibexample}[young09]
\begin{verbatim}
@article{young09,
  author       = {Young, Alison L.},
  title        = {In Defence of Due Deference},
  date         = {2009},
  journaltitle = {MLR},
  volume       = {72},
  pages        = {554},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{description}
\item[\egcite{\{young09\}}] \cite{young09}
\end{description}

\begin{bibexample}[griffith01]
\begin{verbatim}
@article{griffith01,
  author       = {Griffith, J. A. G.},
  title        = {The Common Law and the Political Constitution},
  date         = {2001},
  journaltitle = {L.Q.R.},
  volume       = {117},
  pages        = {42},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{description}
\item[\egcite{\{griffith01\}}] \cite{griffith01}
\end{description}

\begin{bibexample}[waldron06]
\begin{verbatim}
@article{waldron06,
  author      = {Waldron, Jeremy},
  title       = {The Core of the Case against Judicial Review},
  date        = {2006},
  volume      = {115},
  journaltitle= {Yale L.J.},
  pages       = {1346},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{description}
\item[\egcite{[1350--54]\{waldron06\}}] \cite[1350--54]{waldron06}
\end{description}
\index[general]{articles!periodical literature!examples}

\subsection{Newspaper Articles\label{newspaper:article}}

\index[general]{articles!newspapers@in newspapers}
\index[general]{newspapers!articles}
Where an article has appeared in a newspaper, slightly different styling is required. In those circumstances, use the \verb|entrysubtype| of \verb|newspaper|. You may also need to set a \verb|location| field.
\index[general]{articles!entrysubtype field@\texttt{entrysubtype} field!newspaper@\texttt{newspaper}}

\begin{bibexample}[croft]
\begin{verbatim}
@article{croft,
  title        = {Supreme Court Warns on Quality},
  author       = {Jane Croft},
  journaltitle = {Financial Times},
  location     = {London},
  date         = {2010-07-01},
  pages        = {3},
  entrysubtype = {newspaper},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{description}
\item[\egcite{\{croft\}}] \cite{croft}
\end{description}

\subsection{Case Notes\label{casenotes}}

\index[general]{articles!case notes}
\index[general]{cases!notes on}
\index[general]{casenotes}
\index[general]{articles!entrysubtype field@\texttt{entrysubtype} field!casenote@\texttt{casenote}}
\index[general]{crossref field@\texttt{crossref field}!casenotes@in casenotes}
Case notes are short articles commenting on a particular case. They
are distinctive in three ways:\footcite[37]{oscola} (1) if cited immediately after the case
to which they refer and in the same footnote, they are printed merely
as `note' (with no title); (2) they can `inherit' their title from the
case to which they refer (in which case it will be printed in italics, with quotation marks); and (3) they are identified as notes
whenever cited.

All this will happen automatically if you use the \texttt{entrysubtype} of \texttt{casenote}, and set the \texttt{crossref} to the case referred to.
For instance, consider the following example:

\begin{bibexample}[jameel04]
\begin{verbatim}
@jurisdiction{jameel04,
  title        = {Jameel v. Wall Street Journal
                  Europe SPRL},
  shorttitle   = {Jameel v Wall Street Journal},
  number       = {[2006] UKHL 44},
  date         = {2007},
  volume       = {1},
  reporter     = {A.C.},
  pages        = {359},
  options      = {year-essential},
}
@article{rowbottom07,
  entrysubtype = {casenote},
  author       = {Rowbottom, Jacob},
  crossref     = {jameel04},
  date         = {2007},
  journaltitle = {C.L.J.},
  pages        = {8--11},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

If we just cite the note we get: \cite{rowbottom07}. If we cite both
case and note in a footnote, we get a different
format.\footnote{\cite{jameel04}; \cite[see][]{rowbottom07}.}
\index[general]{articles|)}

\section{Reports}
\index[general]{reports|(}

Reports are relatively straightforward:
\begin{itemize}
\item Some documents entitled `report' are actually books. If they
  have an \textsc{isbn} number they should be treated as books and
  entered into the database accordingly: see \oscolashort\ at
  39. In that case, even if the author is an institution, it should be
  entered in the \texttt{author} field. It is usually desirable, in
  such a case, to enter the \texttt{author} with an extra set of
  braces, to prevent it being turned into `Oxford, U of' in the bibliography!
\begin{bibexample}[franks66]
\begin{verbatim}
@book{franks66,
  author    =  {{University of Oxford}},
  title     =  {Report of Commission of Inquiry},
  date      =  {1966},
  publisher =  {OUP},
  shorthand =  {Franks Report},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}
\item Reports of parliamentary committees (see \cite[40]{oscola})
  require special treatment, which is provided by giving them an
  \texttt{entrysubtype} of \texttt{parliamentary}. Further details are
  given below.
\item Commission Documents (see \cite[41]{oscola}) also require
special treatment, which is provided by giving them an
\texttt{entrysubtype} of \texttt{comdoc}. See below.
\item Other reports---such as Command Papers and Law Commission
  Reports are simply given an \texttt{entrytype} of \texttt{\@report}. 
\end{itemize}

\subsection{The Basic Report}

\index[general]{author field@\texttt{author} field!reports@in reports}
\index[general]{reports!author}
\index[general]{institution field@\texttt{institution} field!reports@in reports}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!author field@\texttt{author} field}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!institution field@\texttt{institution} field}
Use either the \texttt{author} or the \texttt{institution} field for
the institution producing the report. There is a difference. In a full
citation, either will get printed as if the author, so
\begin{verbatim}
@report{bribery313,
  institution   =  {Law Commission},
  title         =  {Reforming Bribery}
  ...
}
\end{verbatim}
will produce `Law Commission, \emph{Reforming Bribery} \ldots, as will
\begin{verbatim}
@report{bribery313,
  author        =  {{Law Commission}},
  title         =  {Reforming Bribery}
  ...
}
\end{verbatim}
But on subsequent citations, whereas a report with an author will get
cited as `Author (n \emph{x})', one which has an institution will be
cited as `Title (n \emph{x})'. It's up to you which seems preferable
in any particular case.

If your report has a number (for instance it is a command paper) you
should include this as the \texttt{number}.\index[general]{number field@\texttt{number} field!reports@in reports}\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!number field@\texttt{number} field} It's up to you whether you
prefer to use the \texttt{series} field as well (for instance for
command papers), or to include the series information in the number
field.\index[general]{series field@\texttt{series} field!reports@in reports}\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!series field@\texttt{series} field} Either will work perfectly well so far as formatting is
concerned; a purist would probably prefer to separate number and
series. So
\index[general]{reports!command papers}
\index[general]{command papers|see {reports}}
\begin{bibexample}[capital]
\begin{verbatim}
@report{capital,
  institution   = {Home Office},
  title         = {Report of the Royal Commission on
                   Capital Punishment},
  series        = {Cmd},
  number        = {8932}
  ...
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}
\noindent will produce the same result as
\begin{bibexample}[capital2]
\begin{verbatim}
@report{capital,
  ...
  series        = {},
  number        = {Cmd 8932}
  ...
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\index[general]{type field@\texttt{type} field!reports@in reports}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!type field@\texttt{type} field}
\index[general]{reports!white papers}
\index[general]{reports!green papers}
\index[general]{white paper|see {reports}}
\index[general]{green paper|see {reports}}
If you need to specify the type of report (eg `Green Paper', or `White
Paper'), put it in the \texttt{type} field (see example \ref{eliminating:poverty}).

\subsubsection{Examples}

\index[general]{reports!examples|(}
\begin{bibexample}[rc:capital3]
\begin{verbatim}
@report{rc:capital,
  title        = {Report of the Royal Commission on 
                  Capital Punishment},
  institution  = {Home Office},
  series       = {Cmd},
  number       = {8932},
  date         = {1953},
  pagination   = {paragraph},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{description}
\item[\egcite{[53]\{rc:capital\}}] \cite[53]{rc:capital}
\end{description}

\begin{bibexample}[autumnperf]
\begin{verbatim}
@report{autumnperf,
  title        = {2008 Autumn Performance Report},
  institution  = {Department for Children, Schools 
                   and Families},
  series       = {Cm},
  number       = {7507},
  date         = {2008},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{description}
\item[\egcite{[20]\{autumnperf\}}] \cite[20]{autumnperf}
\end{description}

\begin{bibexample}[eliminating:poverty]
\begin{verbatim}
@report{eliminating:poverty,
  title        = {Eliminating World Poverty},
  subtitle     = {Building our Common Future},
  author       = {{Department for International 
                  Development}},
  number       = {Cm 7656},
  type         = {White Paper},
  date         = {2009},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

{\sloppy\begin{description}
\item[\egcite{[ch\~5]\{eliminating:poverty\}}] \strut\\\cite[ch~5]{eliminating:poverty}
\end{description}}

\begin{bibexample}[lawcom313]
\begin{verbatim}
@report{lawcom313,
  title        = {Reforming Bribery},
  institution  = {Law Commission},
  number       = {Law Com No 313},
  date         = {2008},
  pagination   = {paragraph},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{description}
\item[\egcite{[3.12--3.17]\{lawcom313\}}] \strut\\\cite[3.12--3.17]{lawcom313}
\end{description}

\begin{bibexample}[scotlawcom196]
\begin{verbatim}
@report{scotlawcom196,
  title        = {Damages for Psychiatric Injury},
  institution  = {Scottish Law Commission},
  number       = {Scot Law Com No 196},
  date         = {2004-11-11},
  pagination   = {paragraph},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{description}
\item[\egcite{\{scotlawcom196\}}] \cite{scotlawcom196}
\end{description}

\begin{bibexample}[lawcomcp121]
\begin{verbatim}
@report{lawcomcp121,
  title        = {Privity of Contract: Contracts for the Benefit
                  of Third Parties},
  author       = {{Law Commission}},
  number       = {Law Com CP No 121},
  date         = {1991},
  pagination   = {paragraph},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{description}
\item[\egcite{\{lawcomcp121\}}] \cite{lawcomcp121}
\end{description}
\index[general]{reports!examples|)}

\subsection{Parliamentary Reports\label{parliamentary}}

\index[general]{reports!parliamentary proceedings@of parliamentary proceedings|(}
You need to distinguish between reports of proceedings in Parliament
(Hansard)\footcite[See][39--40]{oscola} and reports of select and
joint committees.\footcite[See][40]{oscola} Hansard reports are dealt
with using the \texttt{legal} entrytype, and reports of select and
joint committees are dealt with using the \texttt{report} entrytype.

\subsubsection{Hansard}
\index[general]{Hansard}
\index[general]{reports!Hansard}

For proceedings on the floor of either house, the recommended method
of use is as follows.

First,\label{hansard:examples} set up `master' entries for
\emph{Hansard} in the House of Commons and the House of Lords.
\begin{bibexample}[hansardhc]
\begin{verbatim}
@legal{hansardhc,
  title        = {Official Report, House of Commons},
  shorttitle   = {HC Deb},
  entrysubtype = {parliamentary},
  pagination   = {column}
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

Now, for any individual debate that you want to reference, set up an
individual entry along the following lines (for the 2nd reading of the
Bill that became Freedom of Information Act 2000):
\begin{bibexample}[foia:2r]
\begin{verbatim}
@legal{foia:2r,
  volume       = {340},
  pages        = {714--98},
  date         = {1999-12-07},
  crossref     = {hansardhc},
  options      = {skipbib=true},
  
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{description}
\item[\egcite{[715]\{foia:2r\}}]\cite[715]{foia:2r}
\end{description}

Now you will be able to reference a particular debate, using
\verb|\cite{foia:2r}|. And if you choose to include Hansard in your
bibliography (you probably won't want to), you will not get each
debate printed separately, but just a single entry for
Hansard. Similarly, the index to hansard references will be correct,
with an entry for Hansard, and sub-entries by volume.

For reports of standing committees and joint committees, you will need
to set up a separate database entry, like this:

\begin{bibexample}[healthbill]
\begin{verbatim}
@legal{healthbill,
  title        = {Health Bill Deb},
  date         = {2007-01-30},
  pagination   = {column},
  entrysubtype = {parliamentary},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{description}
\item[\egcite{\{healthbill\}}] \cite{healthbill}
\end{description}

When parliamentary materials are cited, \emph{ibid} will be used, but
back references will not: the reference will always be repeated in
full to avoid ambiguity.

\index[general]{indexing!parliamentary materials}
Parliamentary materials are indexed via the \texttt{gbparltmat}
virtual index. If you set up your hansard references as suggested
above, then multiple references will all be placed under the relevant
official report, with sub-items for each volume cited.
\index[general]{reports!parliamentary proceedings@of parliamentary proceedings|)}

\subsubsection{Select and Joint Committee Reports}

\index[general]{reports!select committee}
\index[general]{reports!joint committee}
Select and Joint Committee reports should be entered using the
\texttt{report} entrytype. Use a single number (beginning \texttt{HC}
or \texttt{HL}) for committees of a single house, and both numbers,
separated by commas, for joint committees. The formatting requirements
in either case are rather different, but the package sorts this out.

Although the volume numbers will be printed in roman
numerals, they should be entered in arabic.

The date should be the \emph{session} of the house, given as a range
of dates divided by a slash, as shown in the examples below. The
package will compress the range to comply with the OSCOLA standard.

\subsubsection{Examples}

(For examples of Hansard, see \ref{hansard:examples} above.)

\begin{bibexample}[genomic]
\begin{verbatim}
@report{genomic,
  title        = {Genomic Medicine},
  author       = {Science and Technology Committee},
  entrysubtype = {parliamentary},
  number       = {HL 107},
  volume       = {1},
  date         = {2008/2009},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{bibexample}[equality]
\begin{verbatim}
@report{equality,
  title        = {Legislative Scrutiny: Equality Bill
                  (second report); Digital Economy Bill},
  institution  = {Joint Committee on Human Rights},
  entrysubtype = {parliamentary},
  date         = {2009/2010},
  number       = {HL 73, HC 425},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{bibexample}[patient]
\begin{verbatim}
@report{patient,
  title        = {Patient Safety},
  institution  = {Health Committee},
  entrysubtype = {parliamentary},
  date         = {2008/2009},
  volume       = {1},
  number       = {HC 151},
  pagination   = {paragraph},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{description}
{\sloppy\item[\egcite{\{genomic\}}] \cite{genomic}}
\item[\egcite{[173--75]\{patient\}}]\strut\\ \cite[173--75]{patient}
\item[\egcite{[14--16]\{equality\}}]\strut\\ \cite[14--16]{equality}. 
\end{description}

(Note that the formatting is different
for joint committees, but \oscola\ works that out from the number.)

Such reports are also placed in the \texttt{gbpartlmat} virtual index.

\subsection{EU Commission Documents\label{drafteu}}

\index[general]{comdoc@\textsc{comdoc}|see reports}
\index[general]{reports!comdocs@\textsc{comdoc}s|(}
\index[general]{legislation!draft!EU}
Enter Commission Documents exactly as reports, but with the
\texttt{entrysubtype} field set as \texttt{comdoc}.\index[general]{entrysubtypefield@\texttt{entrysubtype} field!comdocs@for\texttt{comdoc}s}\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!entrysubtype field@\texttt{entrysubtype} field} Subsequent
references will use simply the \textsc{com} number, as \oscolashort\ requires. If
you need to add a document description to be printed in brackets after
the title, include it in the \texttt{type} field.

The following are the examples from page 41 of \oscola.

\begin{bibexample}[com895]
\begin{verbatim}
@report{com895,
  title      = {Proposal for a Council Decision on the 
               conclusion, on behalf of the European Community, 
               of a Protocol on the Implementation of the Alpine 
               Convention in the Field of Transport 
               (Transport Protocol)},
  institution  = {Commission},
  number       = {COM (2008) 895 final},
  entrysubtype = {comdoc}
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{bibexample}[com13]
\begin{verbatim}
@report{com13,
  title        = {Action Plan on consumer access to justice 
                  and the settlement of disputes in the internal 
                  market},
  type         = {Communication},
  number       = {COM (96) 13 final},
  institution  = {Commission},
  entrysubtype = {comdoc}
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}


\begin{bibexample}[com348]
\begin{verbatim}
@report{com348,
  title        = {Proposal for a Council Regulation on 
                  jurisdiction and the recognition and 
                  enforcement of judgments in civil and 
                  commercial matters},
  number       = {COM (99) 348 final},
  institution  = {Commission},
  entrysubtype = {comdoc},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{description}
\item[\egcite{[ch~1, art~3]\{com895\}}]\strut\\ \cite[ch~1, art~3]{com895}
\item[\egcite{\{com13\}}] \cite{com13}
\item[\egcite{\{com348\}}] \cite{com348}
\end{description}

\index[general]{indexing!EU documents}
EU official documents with the \texttt{comdoc} subtype are currently
indexed by title via the virtual index \texttt{euoffdoc}. This is
likely to be replaced with a system under which they are indexed by
year and number.
\index[general]{reports!comdocs@\textsc{comdoc}s|)}
\index[general]{reports|)}

\section{UN Documents}

\index[general]{United Nations documents|(}
\index[general]{misc entrytype@\texttt{misc} entrytype!UN documents}
The guidance given on citation of \textsc{un} documents in the third edition of \oscolashort\ is
somewhat inconsistent.\footcite[See][32-36]{oscola3} The scheme adopted here has been suggested by Daniel H\"ogger.

United Nations documents should be given the \texttt{entrytype} of \texttt{misc}, and with the \texttt{entrysubtype} set to \texttt{undoc}.

The following fields are used:

\begin{description}
\index[general]{author field@\texttt{author} field!UN documents@in UN documents}
\index[general]{United Nations documents!author}
\index[general]{institution field@\texttt{institution} field!UN documents@in UN documents}
\index[general]{United Nations documents!institution}
\item[institution] The body producing the document (eg UNGA for the General Assembly). Use the \texttt{author} field only if you want to identify an individual author.
\item[title] The `long' title of an instrument, if it has one.
\index[general]{title field@\texttt{title} field!UN documents@in UN documents}
\index[general]{United Nations documents!title}
\item[instrument\_no] The number \emph{of the instrument} (eg Res 251/210). This is different from the
number of the \emph{document}. (Internally this equates to the \texttt{titleaddon} field, which may
by used as an alternative.)
\index[general]{instrument no field@\texttt{instrument\_no} field!UN documents@in UN documents}
\index[general]{United Nations documents!instrument no}
\item[doc\_no] The UN document number. Include the `UN Doc' (since not all documents seem to have it, and \oscola\ therefore
cannot guess when it should be added). Note that for some pre-1976 documents, the date is part of the official document number
and should be added here too. (Internally this equates to the \texttt{number} field, which may be used as an alternative.)
\index[general]{doc no field@\texttt{doc\_no} field!UN documents@in UN documents}
\index[general]{United Nations documents!doc no}
\item[date] The date of the instrument.
\end{description}

You can also use other common fields, such as \texttt{shorttitle}, \texttt{indextitle} and so on. (If you do not
specify a short title, \oscola\ will use the instrument number as the short title.) If you wish to cite a \textsc{un} document 
from a journal or collection (such as ILM), you may include \texttt{journaltitle}, \texttt{volume} and \texttt{pages} fields here.

It is not clear, from the examples given in \oscolashort\ (3rd edition) whether the 
titles of \textsc{un} instruments should be given in quotation marks or not.
By default, \oscola\ does not use quotation marks. But you may, if you wish, alter this. To do so,
include the following in your preamble:
\begin{verbatim}
\DeclareFieldFormat{untitle}{\mkbibquote{#1}}
\end{verbatim}

\index[general]{United Nations documents!examples}
\begin{bibexample}[Indep]
\begin{verbatim}
@misc{Indep,
  institution   = {UNGA},
  title         = {Declaration on the Granting of Independence 
                   to Colonial Countries and Peoples},
  instrument_no = {Res 1514 (XV)},
  date          = {1960-12-14},
  doc_no        = {UN~Doc A/4684 (1961)},
  shorttitle    = {Res 1514 (XV)},
  entrysubtype  = {undoc},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{bibexample}[res51_210]
\begin{verbatim}
@misc{res51_210,
  institution   = {UNGA},
  instrument_no = {Res 51/210},
  date          = {1996-12-17},
  doc_no        = {UN~Doc A/RES/51/210},
  entrysubtype  = {undoc},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{bibexample}[badinter4]
\begin{verbatim}
@misc{badinter4,
  author       = {{Badinter Commission}},
  title        = {Opinion No 4},
  indexttitle  = {Badinter Commission, Opinion No 4},
  year         = {1992},
  volume       = {31},
  journaltitle = {I.L.M.},
  pages        = {1501},
  entrysubtype = {undoc},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{description}
\item[\egcite{\{Indep\}}] \cite{Indep}
\item[\egcite{\{res51\_210\}}] \cite{res51_210}
\item[\egcite{\{badinter4\}}] \cite{badinter4}
\end{description}

No special index is provided for \textsc{un} documents, but you can use the \texttt{tabulate} field to direct them to an appropriate index if you choose to do so.
\index[general]{United Nations documents|)}


\section{Miscellaneous Other Resources}

There is also support for citation of theses, letters, conference
papers, emails and interviews in accordance with
\oscolashort.\footcite[42--43]{oscola} These hardly warrant detailed
consideration, and so a few examples should suffice.

\index[general]{thesis}
\begin{bibexample}[herberg89]
\begin{verbatim}
@thesis{herberg89,
 title         = {Injunctive Relief for Wrongful 
                  Termination of Employment},
 author        = {Herberg, Javan},
 date          = {1989},
 institution   = {{University of Oxford}},
 type          = {DPhil thesis},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{description}
\item[\egcite{\{herberg89\}}] \cite{herberg89}
\end{description}

\index[general]{letter}
\begin{bibexample}[brown:letter]
\begin{verbatim}
@misc{brown:letter,
  title        = {Letter from Gordon Brown 
                  to Lady Ashton},
  date         = {2009-11-20},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{bibexample}[amazon:email]
\begin{verbatim}
@misc{amazon:email,
  title        = {Email from Amazon.co.uk to author},
  date         = {2008-12-16},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{description}
\item[\egcite{\{brown:letter\}}] \cite{brown:letter}
\item[\egcite{\{amazon:email\}}] \cite{amazon:email}
\end{description}

\index[general]{interview}
\begin{bibexample}[honore:interview]
\begin{verbatim}
@misc{honore:interview,
  author       = {Endicott, Timothy and Gardner, John},
  title        = {Interview with Tony Honor{\'e}, 
                  Emeritus Regius Professor
                  of Civil Law, University of Oxford},
  location     = {Oxford},
  date         = {2007-07-17},
  shorttitle   = {Interview with Tony Honor\'e},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{description}
\item[\egcite{\{honore:interview\}}]\strut\\ \cite{honore:interview}
\end{description}

\index[general]{conference}
\index[general]{proceedings}
\index[general]{papers|see {article, conference}}
\begin{bibexample}[reliance]
\begin{verbatim}
@inproceedings{reliance,
  author       = {McFarlane, Ben and Nolan, Donal},
  title        = {Remedying Reliance: The Future Development 
                  of Promissory and Proprietary Estoppel in 
                  English Law},
  eventtitle   = {Obligations III conference},
  location     = {Brisbane},
  eventdate    = {2006-07-01},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{description}
\item[\egcite{\{reliance\}}] \cite{reliance}
\end{description}


\section{Online Materials\label{urls}}
\index[general]{online sources|(}
There are two aspects to the citation of online materials. The
\oscola\ package offers you a specific way of citing material such as
websites. It also offers you the opportunity of providing additional
online information in relation to some other material.

\subsection{Online sources}

For exclusively online material (such as
websites)\footcite[42]{oscola} use the \texttt{@online} entry type.

\begin{description}
\item[title] The title of the piece.
\index[general]{title field@\texttt{title} field!online@in online sources}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!title field@\texttt{title} field}
\item[journaltitle] The equivalent to the title of a journal, for instance the title of the website or blog.
\index[general]{journaltitle field@\texttt{journaltitle} field!online@in online sources}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!journaltitle field@\texttt{journaltitle} field}
\item[author] The author or authors of the piece.
\index[general]{author field@\texttt{author} field!online@in online sources}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!author field@\texttt{author} field}
\item[date] The date of the piece (assuming it is available).
\index[general]{date field@\texttt{date} field!online@in online sources}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!date field@\texttt{date} field}
\item[url] The \textsc{url} address.
\index[general]{url field@\texttt{url} field!online@in online sources}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!url field@\texttt{url} field}
\item[urldate] The date on which you last accessed that \textsc{url}.
\index[general]{urldate field@\texttt{urldate} field!online@in online sources}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!urldate field@\texttt{urldate} field}
\end{description} 

\begin{bibexample}[cole09]
\begin{verbatim}
@online{cole09,
  title        = {Virtual Friend Fires Employee},
  journaltitle = {Naked Law},
  date         = {2009-05-01},
  url          = {http://www.nakedlaw.com/2009/05/index.html},
  urldate      = {2009-11-09},
  author       = {Cole, Sarah},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{description}
\item[\egcite{\{cole09\}}] \cite{cole09}
\end{description}

\index[general]{journals!electronic}
For electronic journals, use instead the \texttt{@article} entry type,
giving in addition to the regular information the \texttt{url} and
\texttt{urldate}.  Since \oscolashort\ asks you to cite, as far as
possible, in the style adopted by the journal, you may sometimes need
to be `creative' in the way you use fields to get the citation
correct. For instance, while example \ref{greenleaf10} works out
perfectly using conventional fields, the particular preferences of the
\emph{Duke Law and Technology Review} (for a date without any
brackets, and an issue number with leading zeros) could only be met
by including this information in the \texttt{journaltitle}.

\begin{bibexample}[greenleaf10]
\begin{verbatim}
@article{greenleaf10,
  author       = {Greenleaf, Graham},
  title        = {The Global Development of Free Access 
                  to Legal Information},
  date         = {2010},
  url          = {http://ejlt.org/article/view/17},
  urldate      = {2010-07-10},
  journaltitle = {EJLT},
  volume       = {1},
  issue        = {1},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{bibexample}[boyle04]
\begin{verbatim}
@article{boyle04,
  author       = {Boyle, James},
  title        = {A Manifesto on WIPO and 
                  the Future of Intellectual 
                  Property},
  journaltitle = {2004 Duke L \& Tech Review 0009},
  url={http://dltr.law.duke.edu/2004/09/08/a-manifesto-on-
wipo-and-the-future-of-intellectual-property},
  urldate      = {2012-07-18},
  options      = {url=true},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{description}
\item[\egcite{\{greenleaf10\}}] \cite{greenleaf10}
\item[\egcite{\{boyle04\}}] \cite{boyle04}
\end{description}
\index[general]{online sources|)}

\subsection{URLs in other material}

\index[general]{urls@\textsc{url}s}
\index[general]{bibfile@\texttt{.bib} file!url field@\texttt{url} field}
In addition to the citation of material that is \emph{primarily}
internet-based, you can also add \textsc{url}s to books or articles,
in which case the \textsc{url} and date will be printed in addition to
the other information. You can also do so with international cases
(since \oscolashort\ expressly provides for this). There is not,
however, any facility for adding \textsc{url}s to other cases, because
even when they are unreported the case name and reference (including
the neutral citation) should enable the reader to look them up on any
of a number of electronic resources.

So, for instance, example \ref{melbourne} shows the citation of a book with a \textsc{url}, and example \ref{loader} shows an article.

\begin{bibexample}[melbourne]
\begin{verbatim}
@book{melbourne,
  title      = {Australian Guide to Legal Citation},
  author     = {{Melbourne University Law Review 
                 Association Inc}},
  publisher  = {Melbourne University Law Review 
                Association and 
                Melbourne Journal of International Law},
  edition    = {3},
  date       = {2010},
  url        = {http://mulr.law.unimelb.edu.au/go/aglc},
  urldate    = {2012-07-18},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{description}
\item[\egcite{\{melbourne\}}] \cite{melbourne}
\end{description}

\begin{bibexample}[loader]
\begin{verbatim}
@article{loader,
  title        = {The Great Victim of this Get Tough
                  Hyperactivity is Labour},
  author       = {Ian Loader},
  journaltitle = {The Guardian},
  location     = {London},
  date         = {2008-06-19},
  url={http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/jun/19
/justice.ukcrime},
  urldate      = {2009-11-19},
  entrysubtype = {newspaper},
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}

\begin{description}
\item[\egcite{\{loader\}}] \cite{loader}
\end{description}

\subsubsection{Controlling whether \textsc{url}s are printed}
\index[general]{urls@\textsc{url}s!controlling printing}
\index[general]{options!url@\texttt{url}}
\index[general]{options field@\texttt{options} field!url option@\texttt{url} option}
If you load \biblatex\ with the option \texttt{url=false}, then the
printing of \textsc{url}s will generally be supressed. However, they
will still be printed for sources that have been given the
\texttt{online} type, and you can also override this on an
item-by-item basis, by setting the \texttt{url} option for that
particular source. This is obviously recommended for any source which
does not have the \texttt{online} type, but is only available
electronically. You can see it in example \ref{boyle04}.

\subsection{Formatting of URLs}

\index[general]{urls@\textsc{url}s!formatting}
\index[general]{angled brackets}
\index[general]{legalstarturl@\texttt{\textbackslash legalstarturl}}
\index[general]{legalendurl@\texttt{\textbackslash legalendurl}}
The \oscolashort\ standard requires URLs to be placed in what are
described in the text as angled brackets\footcite[33]{oscola}, but
show not as angled brackets ($\langle\rangle$) but as greater-than and
less-than signs (\textless\textgreater). Since angled brackets are in fact
typographically better, this is what \oscola\ uses: but if you prefer
to do so, you can use other delimeters by redefining\linebreak
\verb|\legalstarturl| and \verb|\legalendurl|. So, for instance:
\begin{bibexample}[delims]
\begin{verbatim}
\renewcommand{\legalstarturl}{\textless}
\renewcommand{\legalendurl}{\textgreater}
\end{verbatim}
\end{bibexample}
will produce
{\begin{quote}
\renewcommand{\legalstarturl}{\textless}
\renewcommand{\legalendurl}{\textgreater}
\fullcite{loader}
\end{quote}}



\clearpage

\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Appendices}

\appendix

\section{Licence}

\subsection{Main Package}

The \oscola\ package for \biblatex\ consists of the following files:
\begin{itemize}
\item \texttt{oscola.bbx}
\item \texttt{oscola.cbx}
\item \texttt{english-oscola.lbx}
\item \texttt{oscola.ist}
\end{itemize}

This work may be distributed and\slash or modified under the conditions of the \LaTeX\ Project Public License, either version 1.3 of this license or (at your option) any later version. The latest version of the license is in
\begin{center}
\url{http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt}
\end{center}
and version 1.3 or later is part of all distributions of \LaTeX\ version 2005\slash 12\slash 01 or later.

This work has the LPPL maintenance status of `maintained'. The current maintainer of this work is Paul Stanley (\texttt{pstanley@essexcourt.net}).

\subsection{Documentation}

The documentation for this package, consists of the following files:
\begin{itemize}
\item \texttt{oscola.pdf}
\item \texttt{oscola-examples.bib}
\end{itemize}

These files are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0-Unported License (CC BY 3.0). A copy of that license is available at
\begin{center}
\url{http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en_GB}
\end{center}

\section{The Tabulation Scheme in this Document}

In order to assist in understanding how tabulation works, I explain here how I decided to produce the tables used in this document. They are deliberately not fully comprehensive, to show how one can select those tables that matter.

I started off by turning on indexing:

\begin{verbatim}
\usepackage[style=oscola,indexing=cite]{biblatex}
\end{verbatim}

I also loaded the package \textsc{imakeidx}, and since I intended to use \textsc{splitindex}, I did it with the appropriate option. Since I knew that my tables would be short, and I wanted to save space, I also used the option \verb|nonewpage|

\begin{verbatim}
\usepackage[splitindex,nonewpage]{imakeidx}
\end{verbatim}

I then decided what indexes I would create. I wanted reasonably comprehensive tables of cases -- a separate table for UK cases (including English, Scottish and Northern Irish cases), for EU cases (both alphabetical and by number), for international cases, and for other cases. I decided to send ECHR cases to the international cases index.

\begin{verbatim}
\makeindex[name=ukcases, intoc=true,
           title={Table of UK Cases}]
\makeindex[name=eucasesa, intoc=true,
           title={Table of EU Cases (Alphabetical)}]
\makeindex[name=eucasesn, intoc=true,
           title={Table of EU Cases (Numerical)}]
\makeindex[name=intcases, intoc=true,
           title={Table of International Cases}]
\makeindex[name=ocases, intoc=true,
           title={Table of Cases from Other Jurisdictions}]
\end{verbatim}

I decided to have just two tables of legislation: one for all UK legislation (primary and secondary, including court rules), and one for EU legislation.

\begin{verbatim}
\makeindex[name=ukleg, intoc=true,
           title={Table of UK Legislation}]
\makeindex[name=euleg, intoc=true,
           title={Table EU Legislation and Treaties}]
\end{verbatim}

I decided to have a table of treaties.
\begin{verbatim}
\makeindex[name=treaties, intoc=true,
           title={Table of Treaties}]
\end{verbatim}

And finally I decided to have a table of `Parliamentary Material', to which I would send draft legislation and all other UK Parliamentary material, such as Hansard.

\begin{verbatim}
\makeindex[name=pmats, intoc=true,
           title={Parliamentary Material and Draft Legislation}]
\end{verbatim}

With those indexes defined, I could not `hook them up'. All the UK cases go to the \texttt{ukcases} index.
\begin{verbatim}
\DeclareIndexAssociation{gbcases}{ukcases}% Supreme Court
\DeclareIndexAssociation{encases}{ukcases}% England
\DeclareIndexAssociation{sccases}{ukcases}% Scotland
\DeclareIndexAssociation{nicases}{ukcases}% Northern Ireland
\end{verbatim}

And the EU cases get sent to the alphabetically and numerically organised indexes as appropriate.
\begin{verbatim}
\DeclareIndexAssociation{eucases}{eucasesa}%    Alphabetical
\DeclareIndexAssociation{eucasesnum}{eucasesn}% Numeric
\end{verbatim}

ECHR and international cases are both sent to a single index, \texttt{intcases}
\begin{verbatim}
\DeclareIndexAssociation{echrcases}{intcases}%     ECHR
\DeclareIndexAssociation{echrcasescomm}{intcases}% ECHR Commission
\DeclareIndexAssociation{pilcases}{intcases}%      International
\end{verbatim}

And finally, all other cases (for instance US, Canadian, Australian) are sent to a fourth index.

\begin{verbatim}
\DeclareIndexAssociation{nzcases}{ocases}
\DeclareIndexAssociation{uscases}{ocases}
\DeclareIndexAssociation{aucases}{ocases}
\DeclareIndexAssociation{cacases}{ocases}
\DeclareIndexAssociation{othercases}{ocases}
\end{verbatim}

Then we have to deal with legislation. UK (including English, Northern Irish, Scottish and Welsh) legislation, both primary and secondary, is sent to a single index, as are English rules of court.
\begin{verbatim}
\DeclareIndexAssociation{gbprimleg}{ukleg}
\DeclareIndexAssociation{gbsecleg}{ukleg}
\DeclareIndexAssociation{enprimleg}{ukleg}
\DeclareIndexAssociation{ensecleg}{ukleg}
\DeclareIndexAssociation{scprimleg}{ukleg}
\DeclareIndexAssociation{scsecleg}{ukleg}
\DeclareIndexAssociation{cyprimleg}{ukleg}
\DeclareIndexAssociation{cysecleg}{ukleg}
\DeclareIndexAssociation{niprimleg}{ukleg}
\DeclareIndexAssociation{nisecleg}{ukleg}
\DeclareIndexAssociation{enroc}{ukleg}
\end{verbatim}

EU legislation and treaties is all sent to another index.
\begin{verbatim}
\DeclareIndexAssociation{eutreaty}{euleg}
\DeclareIndexAssociation{euregs}{euleg}
\DeclareIndexAssociation{eudirs}{euleg}
\DeclareIndexAssociation{eudecs}{euleg}
\end{verbatim}

Treaties (other than the EU foundational treaties) go to yet another index.

\begin{verbatim}
\DeclareIndexAssociation{piltreaty}{treaties}
\end{verbatim}

And lastly, parliamentary materials and draft legislation go to the final index.
\begin{verbatim}
\DeclareIndexAssociation{gbdraftleg}{pmats}
\DeclareIndexAssociation{gbparltmat}{pmats}
\end{verbatim}

With that, all the indexes we want are hooked up. Everything else is going to go to the trash index, which is not going to be printed. I did however make one change to my bibliography database, in order to make sure that example \ref{spbill4} got indexed properly, I set its \texttt{tabulate} field to \texttt{pmats}, and gave it the option \texttt{skipbib}, so that it won't appear in the bibliography.

That being done, the document simply contains \verb|\cite| commands, which do their work automatically --- apart from the one example of a ship's name that I add at page \pageref{antaios85}.

At the end of the document, we specify the indexes to be printed.

\begin{verbatim}
\printindex[ukleg]    % UK Legislation
\printindex[ukcases]  % UK Cases
\printindex[euleg]    % EU Legislation and treaties
\printindex[eucasesa] % EU Cases, alphabetical
\printindex[eucasesn] % EU Cases, numerical
\printindex[treaties] % Treaties
\printindex[intcases] % International cases
\printindex[ocases]   % All other cases
\printindex[pmats]    % UK parliamentary material and
\end{verbatim}

I then run \texttt{latex}, \texttt{biber}, \texttt{latex}, \texttt{splitindex} and finally \texttt{latex} again. The document's `general' index is generated separately using individual indexing commands. In order to deal with the styling, I run \textsc{splitindex} with the options \texttt{-- -s oscola} (which generates indexes with dot leaders), and then separately run \textsc{makeindex} on \texttt{oscola-documentation-general} to produce the general index.

\clearpage
\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Table of Examples}
{\def\indexname{Table of Examples}

\begin{theindex}

References are to examples, which are numbered in the margin.
\bigskip
\item act \ref{ucta}, \ref{nia1965}
\item article \ref{craig05}, \ref{young09}, \ref{griffith01}, \ref{waldron06}
\subitem casenote \ref{jameel04}
\subitem newspaper \ref{croft}
\item book \ref{endicott09}, \ref{jones09}, \ref{bar00}
  \subitem of `authority' \ref{stair}, \ref{colitt}, \ref{blackstone}
  \subitem chapter in collection, \ref{pila10}, \ref{cartwright09}
  \subitem collection \ref{horder00}, \ref{hart08}, \ref{castermans09}
  \subitem encyclopaedia, \ref{halsbury5}, \ref{cross}
  \subitem looseleaf \ref{cross}
  \subitem reference work \ref{halsbury5}, \ref{halsbury5:57}, \ref{friedrich68}
  \subitem reprint \ref{hobbes}
  \subitem translation \ref{birks87}, \ref{kotz98}
  \subitem volumes, multiple \ref{bar00}

\item case
 \subitem House of Lords \ref{corr08}, \ref{page96}, \ref{barrett01a}
 \subitem English
   \subsubitem English Reports \ref{henly28}
   \subsubitem in general \ref{corr08}, \ref{page96}, \ref{barrett01a}
   \subsubitem newspaper report \ref{powick93}
   \subsubitem unreported case \ref{stubbs90}, \ref{calvert02}
 \subitem Scottish \ref{hislop42}, \ref{adams03}, \ref{dodds03},
    \ref{crofters02}, \ref{davidson05}, \ref{smart06}
 \subitem Supreme Court \ref{davidson05}

\item{casenote} \ref{jameel04}

\item Civil Procedure Rules (CPR) \ref{cpr} \ref{pd}

\item COMDOC \ref{com13}, \ref{com348}

\item conference \ref{reliance}

\item County Court Rules (CCR) \ref{ccr}

\item email \ref{amazon:email}

\item electronic journal \ref{greenleaf10}, \ref{boyle04}

\item interview \ref{honore:interview}

\item legislation
\subitem draft \ref{confund}, \ref{confund2}, \ref{academies}, \ref{spbill4}, \ref{com895} 
\subitem explanatory notes \ref{charitiesnotes}
\subitem EU \ref{teu}, \ref{2002/60}
\subitem primary \ref{ucta}, \ref{nia1965}
\subsubitem welsh \ref{learner08}
\subitem secondary \ref{disorderly}, \ref{hollowware}, \ref{eggs}


\item letter \ref{brown:letter} \ref{amazon:email}

\item online material 
  \subitem book \ref{melbourne}
  \subitem electronic journal \ref{greenleaf10}, \ref{boyle04}
  \subitem newspaper article \ref{loader}
  \subitem website \ref{cole09}

\item practice direction \ref{pd}

\item procedure rules \ref{cpr}, \ref{rsc}, \ref{ccr}

\item report \ref{franks66}
\subitem command paper \ref{capital}, \ref{autumnperf}, \ref{eliminating:poverty}
\subitem Hansard \ref{hansardhc}, \ref{foia:2r}, \ref{healthbill}
\subitem Law Commission \ref{lawcom313}
\subitem parliamentary committees \ref{healthbill}, \ref{genomic}, \ref{equality}
\subitem Scottish Law Commission \ref{scotlawcom196}


\item rules of court \ref{cpr}, \ref{rsc}, \ref{ccr}

\item Rules of the Supreme Court \ref{rsc}

\item thesis \ref{herberg89}

\item treaty
  \subitem European Convention on Human Rights \ref{echr:treaty}
  \subitem European Union treaties \ref{teu}
  \subitem international treaties \ref{scheldt}, \ref{aaland}, \ref{mongolia}, \ref{echr:treaty}
  
\item UN documents
  \subitem by UN Doc number \ref{Indep}, \ref{res51_210}
  \subitem in ILM \ref{badinter4}

\item website \ref{cole09}
  

\end{theindex}
}



\clearpage\markright{Tables}\pagestyle{scrheadings}

\printindex[ukleg]

\printindex[ukcases]

\printindex[euleg]

\printindex[eucasesa]

\printindex[eucasesn]

\printindex[treaties]

\clearpage

\printindex[intcases]

\printindex[ocases]

\clearpage

\printindex[pmats]

\clearpage

\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Bibliography}

\printbibliography[nottype=jurisdiction,
                   nottype=legislation,
                   nottype=legal,
                   notsubtype=parliamentary,
                   nottype=commentary]

\clearpage

\pagestyle{scrheadings}
\printindex[general]

\end{document}