path: root/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/linguex/ps-trees-doc.tex

%% ps-trees-doc.tex version 2 
%% Author: Wolfgang.Sternefeld@uni-tuebingen.de
%% filedate 99/05/04
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{ps-trees}
\parindent0pt\sloppy
\parskip\bigskipamount
\raggedbottom
%\overfullrule2pt

\begin{document}
\title{ps-trees.sty Documentation}
\author{Wolfgang Sternefeld\\
      Version 2 --- May 1998}
\maketitle

Experimenting with a number of tree-macros I found that complex 
real-life examples often lead to problems with controlling the 
positioning of nodes in a tree.  I therefore decided to use 
tree-dvips.sty (by Emma Pease), where the user has full control 
over the position of nodes by putting them into a table.  The present 
macro inputs tree-dvips.sty and presupposes knowledge of its 
node-commands.

One of the shortcomings of tree-dvips.sty is that it does not control 
the correct use of the names for nodes.  This means that in case of a 
user error, no warning will appear and no output will be printed.  
The basic idea of the present macro is to regain control 
over the use of names by using them as an encoding of the structure of 
a tree.  More specifically, for a node named $x$ to be connected with 
a node named $y$ (i.e.  $x$ and $y$ are the first arguments of the 
command \verb|\node|) $y$ must have the form $cx$, where $x$ and $y$ 
are strings of characters and $c$ is exactly one character.  For 
ordinary branching trees, this makes the specification of 
\verb.\nodeconnect{#1}{#2}.  superfluous.  Consider the following 
example and compare the printed file with the .tex-source of this 
file:

\begin{treetab}{*4c}
             &\Node{}{IP}           \\[3ex]
\Node{l}{D}  &                      &\Node{r}{VP}\\[3ex]
\Node{ml}{She}&\Node{lr}{V}          &           &\Node{rr}{D}\\[3ex]
             &\Node{mlr}{exonerated}&           &\Node{mrr}{him}
\end{treetab}
%
\hspace*{\fill}
\begin{minipage}{.7\textwidth}
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{treetab}{*4c}
&\Node{}{IP}\\[3ex]
\Node{l}{D}&&\Node{r}{VP}\\[3ex]
\Node{ml}{She}&\Node{lr}{V}&&\Node{rr}{D}\\[3ex]
&\Node{mlr}{exonerated}&&\Node{mrr}{him}
\end{treetab}
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}\hfill
%

\verb.\begin{treetab}. is defined in terms of \verb.\begin{tabular}..  
The actual execution of the node connections (based on the node names 
as specified by the first argument of \verb|\Node|) is performed as a part of 
\verb.\end{treetab}.. In case a node cannot be interpreted as a node 
in a tree, a warning will be typed out. 

The remaining problem is to gain control over the width of columns in 
a table.  This is often tedious, but the effort seems worthwhile as 
evidenced by the poor results of macros that calculate the position of 
nodes automatically.  Being essentially an aesthetic problem, the 
present macro offers only limited support towards a uniform solution.  
The following, however, might be helpful.

First of all, the effects of \verb.\tabcolsep.  and \verb.\nodemargin.  
on a precise positioning of nodes are disturbing, so both values are 
set to zero by \verb.\begin{treetab}..  In order to achieve a minimum 
of symmetry of branchings, a first idea would be that all rows should 
have the same width, implying that the width of each node should be 
determined by the widest leave.  Since individual nodes that come 
later in a table might determine the size of previous nodes, it might 
be a good idea to put all relevant nodes (by default: all leaves) into 
boxes before starting the table.  The minimal size of all nodes (or 
columns) can then be determined by the command \verb.\NodeWidthNo{n}., 
where $n$ is the number of the box, whose width should become the 
minimal width of all other columns.  \verb.\NodeWidthNo.  is defined 
as follows:
\begin{verbatim}
\newcommand{\NodeWidthNo}[1]{\setlength{\MinNodeWidth}{\the\wd#1}}	
\end{verbatim}
The length \verb|\MinNodeWidth| will subsequently be used to 
determine the minimal width of each node. (In order to give an 
individual node the width of a particular  prespecified box 
$n$, the node command can take an optional argument 
\verb|\Node[n]{...}{...}|).

For example, if we let the word \textit{exonerate} determine the size 
of all nodes, the result is the following:

\begin{verbatim}
\setbox1=\hbox{She}
\setbox2=\hbox{exonerated}
\setbox3=\hbox{him}
\NodeWidthNo2
%
\begin{treetab}{*4c}
&\Node{}{IP}\\[3ex]
\Node{l} {DP}&&\Node{r}{VP}\\[3ex]
\NodeNo1{ml}&\Node{lr}{V}&&\Node{rr} {DP}\\[3ex]
&\NodeNo2{mlr}&&\NodeNo3{mrr}
\end{treetab}
\end{verbatim}
\setbox1=\hbox{She}
\setbox2=\hbox{exonerated}
\setbox3=\hbox{him}
\NodeWidthNo2
%
\begin{treetab}{*4c}
&\Node{}{IP}\\[3ex]
\Node{l} {DP}&&\Node{r}{VP}\\[3ex]
\NodeNo1{ml}&\Node{lr}{V}&&\Node{rr} {DP}\\[3ex]
&\NodeNo2{mlr}&&\NodeNo3{mrr}
\end{treetab}

But now the space between box2 and box3 might strike one as too wide, 
being seperated by the box of the VP. One possibility would be to 
specify VPs node as \verb|\Node[0]{r}{VP}| which puts VP into a box 
whose width is \verb|\wd0|, which is zero because box0 has not yet 
been used.  A more general way would be to place the VP node right 
into the middle between two columns.  This saves us one column in the 
table; the command \verb.\NodeZ. makes a box of width zero and puts it 
at the right edge of a column (i.e.  ``between'' two columns): %
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{treetab}{ccc}
&\Node{}{IP}\\[3ex]
\Node{l} {DP}&\NodeZ{r}{VP}\\[3ex]
\NodeNo1{ml}&\Node{lr}{V}&\Node{rr} {DP}\\[3ex]
&\NodeNo2{mlr}&\NodeNo3{mrr}
\end{treetab}
\end{verbatim}
\setbox1=\hbox{She}
\setbox2=\hbox{exonerated}
\setbox3=\hbox{him}
\NodeWidthNo2
%
\begin{treetab}{ccc}
&\Node{}{IP}\\[3ex]
\Node{l} {DP}&\NodeZ{r}{VP}\\[3ex]
\NodeNo1{ml}&\Node{lr}{V}&\Node{rr} {DP}\\[3ex]
&\NodeNo2{mlr}&\NodeNo3{mrr}
\end{treetab}

But now we got an asymmetry of the branches at the top level, which 
can be fixed by shifting the IP to the left.  This can be done by 
replacing \verb|\Node{}{IP}| by \verb|\NodeZ{}{IP}\hspace*{0.75\wd2}|:

\setbox1=\hbox{She}
\setbox2=\hbox{exonerated}
\setbox3=\hbox{him}
\NodeWidthNo2
\begin{treetab}{ccc}
&\NodeZ{}{IP}\hspace*{0.75\wd2}\\[3ex]
\Node{l} {DP}&\NodeZ{r}{VP}\\[3ex]
\NodeNo1{ml}&\Node{lr}{V}&\Node{rr} {DP}\\[3ex]
&\NodeNo2{mlr}&\NodeNo3{mrr}
\end{treetab}

For larger trees these asymmetries have to be  levelled out 
consecutively, as shown in the next tree (an example from real life):  

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\let\N=\Node
\let\NZ=\NodeZ
\let\NNo=\NodeNo
\let\NTNo=\NodeTNo
\let\MNW=\MinNodeWidth
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
\newcommand{\End}{\\[4ex]}
\newcommand{\trivtab}[2]{\hbox{\begin{tabular}[t]{@{}c@{}}#1\\
               #2\end{tabular}}}
\newcommand{\twotab}[2]{\hbox{\begin{tabular}[t]{@{}ll@{}}#1\\
               #2\end{tabular}}}
%
\tabcolsep2pt
\setbox0=\twotab{mit & wem$_i$}{with & who}
\setbox1=\trivtab{glaubst}{think}
\setbox2=\trivtab{du}{you}
\setbox3=\hbox{t$_j$}
\setbox4=\hbox{t$_i$}
\setbox5=\trivtab{dass}{that}
\setbox6=\trivtab{Maria}{Maria} 
\setbox7=\hbox{t$_i$}
\setbox8=\twotab{gesprochen & hat}{spoken & has}

%
\NodeWidthNo1%
\newcommand{\adjustA}{\hspace*{.75\MNW}}
\newcommand{\adjustB}{\hspace*{.625\MNW}}
\newcommand{\adjustC}{\hspace*{.5625\MNW}}
\newcommand{\adjustD}{\hspace*{.53125\MNW}}
\newcommand{\adjustE}{\hspace*{.515625\MNW}}
%
\begin{treetab}{*9{c}}
\rlap{\hspace*{.25\wd0}\adjustA\makebox[0pt]{\N{}{CP}}}\End 
\N{l}{Spec}&&\N{r}{C$'$}\End 
\NTNo0{ml}&\N{lr}{C$^0$}&&\N{rr}{IP}\End
&\NNo1[6]{mlr}&\N{lrr}{DP}&&\NZ{rrr}{V}\adjustE\End
&&\NNo2{mlrr}&\N{lrrr}{V}&&\NZ{rrrr}{CP}\adjustD\End
&&&\NNo3{mlrrr}&\N{lrrrr}{Spec}&&\NZ{rrrrr}{C$'$}\adjustC\End
&&&&\NNo4{mlrrrr}&\N{lrrrrr}{C$^0$}&&\NZ{rrrrrr}{IP}\adjustB\End
&&&&&\NNo5{mlrrrrr}&\N{lrrrrrr}{DP}&&\NZ{rrrrrrr}{V}\adjustA\End
&&&&&&\NNo6{mlrrrrrr}&\N{lrrrrrrr}{PP}&\hspace{\wd1}\NZ{rrrrrrrr}{V}\End
&&&&&&&\NNo7{mlrrrrrrr}&\NodeTZNo8{mrrrrrrrr}
\end{treetab}

We first define a number of shortcuts which will keep the table 
managable:
\begin{verbatim}
\let\N=\Node
\let\NZ=\NodeZ
\let\NNo=\NodeNo
\let\NTNo=\NodeTNo
\let\MNW=\MinNodeWidth
\newcommand{\adjustA}{\hspace*{.75\MNW}}
\newcommand{\adjustB}{\hspace*{.625\MNW}}
\newcommand{\adjustC}{\hspace*{.5625\MNW}}
\newcommand{\adjustD}{\hspace*{.53125\MNW}}
\newcommand{\adjustE}{\hspace*{.515625\MNW}}
\newcommand{\End}{\\[4ex]}
\newcommand{\trivtab}[2]{\hbox{\begin{tabular}[t]{@{}c@{}}#1\\
               #2\end{tabular}}}
\newcommand{\twotab}[2]{\hbox{\begin{tabular}[t]{@{}ll@{}}#1\\
               #2\end{tabular}}}
\end{verbatim}
%
Next we put all leaves into boxes:
\begin{verbatim}
\tabcolsep2pt
\setbox0=\twotab{mit & wem$_i$}{with & who}
\setbox1=\trivtab{glaubst}{think}
\setbox2=\trivtab{du}{you}
\setbox3=\hbox{t$_j$}
\setbox4=\hbox{t$_i$}
\setbox5=\trivtab{dass}{that}
\setbox6=\trivtab{Maria}{Maria} 
\setbox7=\hbox{t$_i$}
\setbox8=\twotab{gesprochen & hat}{spoken & has}
\end{verbatim}
And finially we specify the minimal node width and construct the table:
\begin{small}\begin{verbatim}
\NodeWidthNo1
\begin{treetab}{*9{c}}
&\N{}{CP}\End
\N{l}{Spec}&&\N{r}{C$'$}\End 
\NTNo0{ml}&\N{lr}{C$^0$}&&\N{rr}{IP}\End
&\NNo1[6]{mlr}&\N{lrr}{DP}&&\NZ{rrr}{V}\adjustE\End
&&\NNo2{mlrr}&\N{lrrr}{V}&&\NZ{rrrr}{CP}\adjustD\End
&&&\NNo3{mlrrr}&\N{lrrrr}{Spec}&&\NZ{rrrrr}{C$'$}\adjustC\End
&&&&\NNo4{mlrrrr}&\N{lrrrrr}{C$^0$}&&\NZ{rrrrrr}{IP}\adjustB\End
&&&&&\NNo5{mlrrrrr}&\N{lrrrrrr}{DP}&&\NZ{rrrrrrr}{V}\adjustA\End
&&&&&&\NNo6{mlrrrrrr}&\N{lrrrrrrr}{PP}&\hspace{\wd1}\NZ{rrrrrrrr}{V}\End
&&&&&&&\NNo7{mlrrrrrrr}&\NodeTZNo8{mrrrrrrrr}
\end{treetab}
\end{verbatim}\end{small}

Note that box0 is wider than box1, therefore the root should not be in 
the middle of box1 but should appear 
exactly in the middle between box0 and box2. We therefore have to 
replace the first line of the table by 
\begin{verbatim}
\rlap{\hspace*{.25\wd0}\adjustA\makebox[0pt]{\N{}{CP}}}\End 
\end{verbatim}


Here is another real life example from  phonology: 

\setbox1=\hbox{mn}
\NodeWidthNo1
\begin{treetab}[t]{*4c}
\nodeZ{l}{$\sigma$}&&\nodeZ{r}{$\sigma$}\End
\Node{ll}{V}&\Node{rl}{C}\nodeZ{xx}{=}&\Node{gr}{C}&\Node{lr}{V}\End
\Node{mll}{e}&\NodeZ{mrl}{b}&&\Node{mlr}{e}
\end{treetab}
\nodeconnect{gr}{mrl}
     
The main point to be observed is that the first line cannot contain 
\verb|\Node|'s (but must contain \verb|\node|'s), otherwise the macro 
will complain that it cannot find the root of a tree: 

\begin{verbatim}
	\setbox1=\hbox{mn}
\NodeWidthNo1
\begin{treetab}[t]{*4c}
\nodeZ{l}{$\sigma$}&&\nodeZ{r}{$\sigma$}\End
\Node{ll}{V}&\Node{rl}{C}\nodeZ{xx}{=}&\Node{gr}{C}&\Node{lr}{V}\End
\Node{mll}{e}&\NodeZ{mrl}{b}&&\Node{mlr}{e}
\end{treetab}
\nodeconnect{gr}{mrl}

\end{verbatim}
One final warning: It seems to me that \TeX\ internally uses certain 
boxes to construct its tables.  This means that the width of a box 
might have changed by \TeX\ internally to zero before you come to the 
point where you want to use the lenght prespecified by \verb|\setbox|.  It 
might therefore be necessary to store this lenght as soon as possible; 
e.g.  by saying \verb|\NodeWidthNo{n}| immediately after having defined 
\verb|\setboxn|.
\end{document}