summaryrefslogtreecommitdiff
path: root/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.txt
blob: e502e516666201e86e7f693b872553b9e5ab7fc0 (plain)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043
2044
2045
2046
2047
2048
2049
2050
2051
2052
2053
2054
2055
2056
2057
2058
2059
2060
2061
2062
2063
2064
2065
2066
2067
2068
2069
2070
2071
2072
2073
2074
2075
2076
2077
2078
2079
2080
2081
2082
2083
2084
2085
2086
2087
2088
2089
2090
2091
2092
2093
2094
2095
2096
2097
2098
2099
2100
2101
2102
2103
2104
2105
2106
2107
2108
2109
2110
2111
2112
2113
2114
2115
2116
2117
2118
2119
2120
2121
2122
2123
2124
2125
2126
2127
2128
2129
2130
2131
2132
2133
2134
2135
2136
2137
2138
2139
2140
2141
2142
2143
2144
2145
2146
2147
2148
2149
2150
2151
2152
2153
2154
2155
2156
2157
2158
2159
2160
2161
2162
2163
2164
2165
2166
2167
2168
2169
2170
2171
2172
2173
2174
2175
2176
2177
2178
2179
2180
2181
2182
2183
2184
2185
2186
2187
2188
2189
2190
2191
2192
2193
2194
2195
2196
2197
2198
2199
2200
2201
2202
2203
2204
2205
2206
2207
2208
2209
2210
2211
2212
2213
2214
2215
2216
2217
2218
2219
2220
2221
2222
2223
2224
2225
2226
2227
2228
2229
2230
2231
2232
2233
2234
2235
2236
2237
2238
2239
2240
2241
2242
2243
2244
2245
2246
2247
2248
2249
2250
2251
2252
2253
2254
2255
2256
2257
2258
2259
2260
2261
2262
2263
2264
2265
2266
2267
2268
2269
2270
2271
2272
2273
2274
2275
2276
2277
2278
2279
2280
2281
2282
2283
2284
2285
2286
2287
2288
2289
2290
2291
2292
2293
2294
2295
2296
2297
2298
2299
2300
2301
2302
2303
2304
2305
2306
2307
2308
2309
2310
2311
2312
2313
2314
2315
2316
2317
2318
2319
2320
2321
2322
2323
2324
2325
2326
2327
2328
2329
2330
2331
2332
2333
2334
2335
2336
2337
2338
2339
2340
2341
2342
2343
2344
2345
2346
2347
2348
2349
2350
2351
2352
2353
2354
2355
2356
2357
2358
2359
2360
2361
2362
2363
2364
2365
2366
2367
2368
2369
2370
2371
2372
2373
2374
2375
2376
2377
2378
2379
2380
2381
2382
2383
2384
2385
2386
2387
2388
2389
2390
2391
2392
2393
2394
2395
2396
2397
2398
2399
2400
2401
2402
2403
2404
2405
2406
2407
2408
2409
2410
2411
2412
2413
2414
2415
2416
2417
2418
2419
2420
2421
2422
2423
2424
2425
2426
2427
2428
2429
2430
2431
2432
2433
2434
2435
2436
2437
2438
2439
2440
2441
2442
2443
2444
2445
2446
2447
2448
2449
2450
2451
2452
2453
2454
2455
2456
2457
2458
2459
2460
2461
2462
2463
2464
2465
2466
2467
2468
2469
2470
2471
2472
2473
2474
2475
2476
2477
2478
2479
2480
2481
2482
2483
2484
2485
2486
2487
2488
2489
2490
2491
2492
2493
2494
2495
2496
2497
2498
2499
2500
2501
2502
2503
2504
2505
2506
2507
2508
2509
2510
2511
2512
2513
2514
2515
2516
2517
2518
2519
2520
2521
2522
2523
2524
2525
2526
2527
2528
2529
2530
2531
2532
2533
2534
2535
2536
2537
2538
2539
2540
2541
2542
2543
2544
2545
2546
2547
2548
2549
2550
2551
2552
2553
2554
2555
2556
2557
2558
2559
2560
2561
2562
2563
2564
2565
2566
2567
2568
2569
2570
2571
2572
2573
2574
2575
2576
2577
2578
2579
2580
2581
2582
2583
2584
2585
2586
2587
2588
2589
2590
2591
2592
2593
2594
2595
2596
2597
2598
2599
2600
2601
2602
2603
2604
2605
2606
2607
2608
2609
2610
2611
2612
2613
2614
2615
2616
2617
2618
2619
2620
2621
2622
2623
2624
2625
2626
2627
2628
2629
2630
2631
2632
2633
2634
2635
2636
2637
2638
2639
2640
2641
2642
2643
2644
2645
2646
2647
2648
2649
2650
2651
2652
2653
2654
2655
2656
2657
2658
2659
2660
2661
2662
2663
2664
2665
2666
2667
2668
2669
2670
2671
2672
2673
2674
2675
2676
2677
2678
2679
2680
2681
2682
2683
2684
2685
2686
2687
2688
2689
2690
2691
2692
2693
2694
2695
2696
2697
2698
2699
2700
2701
2702
2703
2704
2705
2706
2707
2708
2709
2710
2711
2712
2713
2714
2715
2716
2717
2718
2719
2720
2721
2722
2723
2724
2725
2726
2727
2728
2729
2730
2731
2732
2733
2734
2735
2736
2737
2738
2739
2740
2741
2742
2743
2744
2745
2746
2747
2748
2749
2750
2751
2752
2753
2754
2755
2756
2757
2758
2759
2760
2761
2762
2763
2764
2765
2766
2767
2768
2769
2770
2771
2772
2773
2774
2775
2776
2777
2778
2779
2780
2781
2782
2783
2784
2785
2786
2787
2788
2789
2790
2791
2792
2793
2794
2795
2796
2797
2798
2799
2800
2801
2802
2803
2804
2805
2806
2807
2808
2809
2810
2811
2812
2813
2814
2815
2816
2817
2818
2819
2820
2821
2822
2823
2824
2825
2826
2827
2828
2829
2830
2831
2832
2833
2834
2835
2836
2837
2838
2839
2840
2841
2842
2843
2844
2845
2846
2847
2848
2849
2850
2851
2852
2853
2854
2855
2856
2857
2858
2859
2860
2861
2862
2863
2864
2865
2866
2867
2868
2869
2870
2871
2872
2873
2874
2875
2876
2877
2878
2879
2880
2881
2882
2883
2884
2885
2886
2887
2888
2889
2890
2891
2892
2893
2894
2895
2896
2897
2898
2899
2900
2901
2902
2903
2904
2905
2906
2907
2908
2909
2910
2911
2912
2913
2914
2915
2916
2917
2918
2919
2920
2921
2922
2923
2924
2925
2926
2927
2928
2929
2930
2931
2932
2933
2934
2935
2936
2937
2938
2939
2940
2941
2942
2943
2944
2945
2946
2947
2948
2949
2950
2951
2952
2953
2954
2955
2956
2957
2958
2959
2960
2961
2962
2963
2964
2965
2966
2967
2968
2969
2970
2971
2972
2973
2974
2975
2976
2977
2978
2979
2980
2981
2982
2983
2984
2985
2986
2987
2988
2989
2990
2991
2992
2993
2994
2995
2996
2997
2998
2999
3000
3001
3002
3003
3004
3005
3006
3007
3008
3009
3010
3011
3012
3013
3014
3015
3016
3017
3018
3019
3020
3021
3022
3023
3024
3025
3026
3027
3028
3029
3030
3031
3032
3033
3034
3035
3036
3037
3038
3039
3040
3041
3042
3043
3044
3045
3046
3047
3048
3049
3050
3051
3052
3053
3054
3055
3056
3057
3058
3059
3060
3061
3062
3063
3064
3065
3066
3067
3068
3069
3070
3071
3072
3073
3074
3075
3076
3077
3078
3079
3080
3081
3082
3083
3084
3085
3086
3087
3088
3089
3090
3091
3092
3093
3094
3095
3096
3097
3098
3099
3100
3101
3102
3103
3104
3105
3106
3107
3108
3109
3110
3111
3112
3113
3114
3115
3116
3117
3118
3119
3120
3121
3122
3123
3124
3125
3126
3127
3128
3129
3130
3131
3132
3133
3134
3135
3136
3137
3138
3139
3140
3141
3142
3143
3144
3145
3146
3147
3148
3149
3150
3151
3152
3153
3154
3155
3156
3157
3158
3159
3160
3161
3162
3163
3164
3165
3166
3167
3168
3169
3170
3171
3172
3173
3174
3175
3176
3177
3178
3179
3180
3181
3182
3183
3184
3185
3186
3187
3188
3189
3190
3191
3192
3193
3194
3195
3196
3197
3198
3199
3200
3201
3202
3203
3204
3205
3206
3207
3208
3209
3210
3211
3212
3213
3214
3215
3216
3217
3218
3219
3220
3221
3222
3223
3224
3225
3226
3227
3228
3229
3230
3231
3232
3233
3234
3235
3236
3237
3238
3239
3240
3241
3242
3243
3244
3245
3246
3247
3248
3249
3250
3251
3252
3253
3254
3255
3256
3257
3258
3259
3260
3261
3262
3263
3264
3265
3266
3267
3268
3269
3270
3271
3272
3273
3274
3275
3276
3277
3278
3279
3280
3281
3282
3283
3284
3285
3286
3287
3288
3289
3290
3291
3292
3293
3294
3295
3296
3297
3298
3299
3300
3301
3302
3303
3304
3305
3306
3307
3308
3309
3310
3311
3312
3313
3314
3315
3316
3317
3318
3319
3320
3321
3322
3323
3324
3325
3326
3327
3328
3329
3330
3331
3332
3333
3334
3335
3336
3337
3338
3339
3340
3341
3342
3343
3344
3345
3346
3347
3348
3349
3350
3351
3352
3353
3354
3355
3356
3357
3358
3359
3360
3361
3362
3363
3364
3365
3366
3367
3368
3369
3370
3371
3372
3373
3374
3375
3376
3377
3378
3379
3380
3381
3382
3383
3384
3385
3386
3387
3388
3389
3390
3391
3392
3393
3394
3395
3396
3397
3398
3399
3400
3401
3402
3403
3404
3405
3406
3407
3408
3409
3410
3411
3412
3413
3414
3415
3416
3417
3418
3419
3420
3421
3422
3423
3424
3425
3426
3427
3428
3429
3430
3431
3432
3433
3434
3435
3436
3437
3438
3439
3440
3441
3442
3443
3444
3445
3446
3447
3448
3449
3450
3451
3452
3453
3454
3455
3456
3457
3458
3459
3460
3461
3462
3463
3464
3465
3466
3467
3468
3469
3470
3471
3472
3473
3474
3475
3476
3477
3478
3479
3480
3481
3482
3483
3484
3485
3486
3487
3488
3489
3490
3491
3492
3493
3494
3495
3496
3497
3498
3499
3500
3501
3502
3503
3504
3505
3506
3507
3508
3509
3510
3511
3512
3513
3514
3515
3516
3517
3518
3519
3520
3521
3522
3523
3524
3525
3526
3527
3528
3529
3530
3531
3532
3533
3534
3535
3536
3537
3538
3539
3540
3541
3542
3543
3544
3545
3546
3547
3548
3549
3550
3551
3552
3553
3554
3555
3556
3557
3558
3559
3560
3561
3562
3563
3564
3565
3566
3567
3568
3569
3570
3571
3572
3573
3574
3575
3576
3577
3578
3579
3580
3581
3582
3583
3584
3585
3586
3587
3588
3589
3590
3591
3592
3593
3594
3595
3596
3597
3598
3599
3600
3601
3602
3603
3604
3605
3606
3607
3608
3609
3610
3611
3612
3613
3614
3615
3616
3617
3618
3619
3620
3621
3622
3623
3624
3625
3626
3627
3628
3629
3630
3631
3632
3633
3634
3635
3636
3637
3638
3639
3640
3641
3642
3643
3644
3645
3646
3647
3648
3649
3650
3651
3652
3653
3654
3655
3656
3657
3658
3659
3660
3661
3662
3663
3664
3665
3666
3667
3668
3669
3670
3671
3672
3673
3674
3675
3676
3677
3678
3679
3680
3681
3682
3683
3684
3685
3686
3687
3688
3689
3690
3691
3692
3693
3694
3695
3696
3697
3698
3699
3700
3701
3702
3703
3704
3705
3706
3707
3708
3709
3710
3711
3712
3713
3714
3715
3716
3717
3718
3719
3720
3721
3722
3723
3724
3725
3726
3727
3728
3729
3730
3731
3732
3733
3734
3735
3736
3737
3738
3739
3740
3741
3742
3743
3744
3745
3746
3747
3748
3749
3750
3751
3752
3753
3754
3755
3756
3757
3758
3759
3760
3761
3762
3763
3764
3765
3766
3767
3768
3769
3770
3771
3772
3773
3774
3775
3776
3777
3778
3779
3780
3781
3782
3783
3784
3785
3786
3787
3788
3789
3790
3791
3792
3793
3794
3795
3796
3797
3798
3799
3800
3801
3802
3803
3804
3805
3806
3807
3808
3809
3810
3811
3812
3813
3814
3815
3816
3817
3818
3819
3820
3821
3822
3823
3824
3825
3826
3827
3828
3829
3830
3831
3832
3833
3834
3835
3836
3837
3838
3839
3840
3841
3842
3843
3844
3845
3846
3847
3848
3849
3850
3851
3852
3853
3854
3855
3856
3857
3858
3859
3860
3861
3862
3863
3864
3865
3866
3867
3868
3869
3870
3871
3872
3873
3874
3875
3876
3877
3878
3879
3880
3881
3882
3883
3884
3885
3886
3887
3888
3889
3890
3891
3892
3893
3894
3895
3896
3897
3898
3899
3900
3901
3902
3903
3904
3905
3906
3907
3908
3909
3910
3911
3912
3913
3914
3915
3916
3917
3918
3919
3920
3921
3922
3923
3924
3925
3926
3927
3928
3929
3930
3931
3932
3933
3934
3935
3936
3937
3938
3939
3940
3941
3942
3943
3944
3945
3946
3947
3948
3949
3950
3951
3952
3953
3954
3955
3956
3957
3958
3959
3960
3961
3962
3963
3964
3965
3966
3967
3968
3969
3970
3971
3972
3973
3974
3975
3976
3977
3978
3979
3980
3981
3982
3983
3984
3985
3986
3987
3988
3989
3990
3991
3992
3993
3994
3995
3996
3997
3998
3999
4000
4001
4002
4003
4004
4005
4006
4007
4008
4009
4010
4011
4012
4013
4014
4015
4016
4017
4018
4019
4020
4021
4022
4023
4024
4025
4026
4027
4028
4029
4030
4031
4032
4033
4034
4035
4036
4037
4038
4039
4040
4041
4042
4043
4044
4045
4046
4047
4048
4049
4050
4051
4052
4053
4054
4055
4056
4057
4058
4059
4060
4061
4062
4063
4064
4065
4066
4067
4068
4069
4070
4071
4072
4073
4074
4075
4076
4077
4078
4079
4080
4081
4082
4083
4084
4085
4086
4087
4088
4089
4090
4091
4092
4093
4094
4095
4096
4097
4098
4099
4100
4101
4102
4103
4104
4105
4106
4107
4108
4109
4110
4111
4112
4113
4114
4115
4116
4117
4118
4119
4120
4121
4122
4123
4124
4125
4126
4127
4128
4129
4130
4131
4132
4133
4134
4135
4136
4137
4138
4139
4140
4141
4142
4143
4144
4145
4146
4147
4148
4149
4150
4151
4152
4153
4154
4155
4156
4157
4158
4159
4160
4161
4162
4163
4164
4165
4166
4167
4168
4169
4170
4171
4172
4173
4174
4175
4176
4177
4178
4179
4180
4181
4182
4183
4184
4185
4186
4187
4188
4189
4190
4191
4192
4193
4194
4195
4196
4197
4198
4199
4200
4201
4202
4203
4204
4205
4206
4207
4208
4209
4210
4211
4212
4213
4214
4215
4216
4217
4218
4219
4220
4221
4222
4223
4224
4225
4226
4227
4228
4229
4230
4231
4232
4233
4234
4235
4236
4237
4238
4239
4240
4241
4242
4243
4244
4245
4246
4247
4248
4249
4250
4251
4252
4253
4254
4255
4256
4257
4258
4259
4260
4261
4262
4263
4264
4265
4266
4267
4268
4269
4270
4271
4272
4273
4274
4275
4276
4277
4278
4279
4280
4281
4282
4283
4284
4285
4286
4287
4288
4289
4290
4291
4292
4293
4294
4295
4296
4297
4298
4299
4300
4301
4302
4303
4304
4305
4306
4307
4308
4309
4310
4311
4312
4313
4314
4315
4316
4317
4318
4319
4320
4321
4322
4323
4324
4325
4326
4327
4328
4329
4330
4331
4332
4333
4334
4335
4336
4337
4338
4339
4340
4341
4342
4343
4344
4345
4346
4347
4348
4349
4350
4351
4352
4353
4354
4355
4356
4357
4358
4359
4360
4361
4362
4363
4364
4365
4366
4367
4368
4369
4370
4371
4372
4373
4374
4375
4376
4377
4378
4379
4380
4381
4382
4383
4384
4385
4386
4387
4388
4389
4390
4391
4392
4393
4394
4395
4396
4397
4398
4399
4400
4401
4402
4403
4404
4405
4406
4407
4408
4409
4410
4411
4412
4413
4414
4415
4416
4417
4418
4419
4420
4421
4422
4423
4424
4425
4426
4427
4428
4429
4430
4431
4432
4433
4434
4435
4436
4437
4438
4439
4440
4441
4442
4443
4444
4445
4446
4447
4448
4449
4450
4451
4452
4453
4454
4455
4456
4457
4458
4459
4460
4461
4462
4463
4464
4465
4466
4467
4468
4469
4470
4471
4472
4473
4474
4475
4476
4477
4478
4479
4480
4481
4482
4483
4484
4485
4486
4487
4488
4489
4490
4491
4492
4493
4494
4495
4496
4497
4498
4499
4500
4501
4502
4503
4504
4505
4506
4507
4508
4509
4510
4511
4512
4513
4514
4515
4516
4517
4518
4519
4520
4521
4522
4523
4524
4525
4526
4527
4528
4529
4530
4531
4532
4533
4534
4535
4536
4537
4538
4539
4540
4541
4542
4543
4544
4545
4546
4547
4548
4549
4550
4551
4552
4553
4554
4555
4556
4557
4558
4559
4560
4561
4562
4563
4564
4565
4566
4567
4568
4569
4570
4571
4572
4573
4574
4575
4576
4577
4578
4579
4580
4581
4582
4583
4584
4585
4586
4587
4588
4589
4590
4591
4592
4593
4594
4595
4596
4597
4598
4599
4600
4601
4602
4603
4604
4605
4606
4607
4608
4609
4610
4611
4612
4613
4614
4615
4616
4617
4618
4619
4620
4621
4622
4623
4624
4625
4626
4627
4628
4629
4630
4631
4632
4633
4634
4635
4636
4637
4638
4639
4640
4641
4642
4643
4644
4645
4646
4647
4648
4649
4650
4651
4652
4653
4654
4655
4656
4657
4658
4659
4660
4661
4662
4663
4664
4665
4666
4667
4668
4669
4670
4671
4672
4673
4674
4675
4676
4677
4678
4679
4680
4681
4682
4683
4684
4685
4686
4687
4688
4689
4690
4691
4692
4693
4694
4695
4696
4697
4698
4699
4700
4701
4702
4703
4704
4705
4706
4707
4708
4709
4710
4711
4712
4713
4714
4715
4716
4717
4718
4719
4720
4721
4722
4723
4724
4725
4726
4727
4728
4729
4730
4731
4732
4733
4734
4735
4736
4737
4738
4739
4740
4741
4742
4743
4744
4745
4746
4747
4748
4749
4750
4751
4752
4753
4754
4755
4756
4757
4758
4759
4760
4761
4762
4763
4764
4765
4766
4767
4768
4769
4770
4771
4772
4773
4774
4775
4776
4777
4778
4779
4780
4781
4782
4783
4784
4785
4786
4787
4788
4789
4790
4791
4792
4793
4794
4795
4796
4797
4798
4799
4800
4801
4802
4803
4804
4805
4806
4807
4808
4809
4810
4811
4812
4813
4814
4815
4816
4817
4818
4819
4820
4821
4822
4823
4824
4825
4826
4827
4828
4829
4830
4831
4832
4833
4834
4835
4836
4837
4838
4839
4840
4841
4842
4843
4844
4845
4846
4847
4848
4849
4850
4851
4852
4853
4854
4855
4856
4857
4858
4859
4860
4861
4862
4863
4864
4865
4866
4867
4868
4869
4870
4871
4872
4873
4874
4875
4876
4877
4878
4879
4880
4881
4882
4883
4884
4885
4886
4887
4888
4889
4890
4891
4892
4893
4894
4895
4896
4897
4898
4899
4900
4901
4902
4903
4904
4905
4906
4907
4908
4909
4910
4911
4912
4913
4914
4915
4916
4917
4918
4919
4920
4921
4922
4923
4924
4925
4926
4927
4928
4929
4930
4931
4932
4933
4934
4935
4936
4937
4938
4939
4940
4941
4942
4943
4944
4945
4946
4947
4948
4949
4950
4951
4952
4953
4954
4955
4956
4957
4958
4959
4960
4961
4962
4963
4964
4965
4966
4967
4968
4969
4970
4971
4972
4973
4974
4975
4976
4977
4978
4979
4980
4981
4982
4983
4984
4985
4986
4987
4988
4989
4990
4991
4992
4993
4994
4995
4996
4997
4998
4999
5000
5001
5002
5003
5004
5005
5006
5007
5008
5009
5010
5011
5012
5013
5014
5015
5016
5017
5018
5019
5020
5021
5022
5023
5024
5025
5026
5027
5028
5029
5030
5031
5032
5033
5034
5035
5036
5037
5038
5039
5040
5041
5042
5043
5044
5045
5046
5047
5048
5049
5050
5051
5052
5053
5054
5055
5056
5057
5058
5059
5060
5061
5062
5063
5064
5065
5066
5067
5068
5069
5070
5071
5072
5073
5074
5075
5076
5077
5078
5079
5080
5081
5082
5083
5084
5085
5086
5087
5088
5089
5090
5091
5092
5093
5094
5095
5096
5097
5098
5099
5100
5101
5102
5103
5104
5105
5106
5107
5108
5109
5110
5111
5112
5113
5114
5115
5116
5117
5118
5119
5120
5121
5122
5123
5124
5125
5126
5127
5128
5129
5130
5131
5132
5133
5134
5135
5136
5137
5138
5139
5140
5141
5142
5143
5144
5145
5146
5147
5148
5149
5150
5151
5152
5153
5154
5155
5156
5157
5158
5159
5160
5161
5162
5163
5164
5165
5166
5167
5168
5169
5170
5171
5172
5173
5174
5175
5176
5177
5178
5179
5180
5181
5182
5183
5184
5185
5186
5187
5188
5189
5190
5191
5192
5193
5194
5195
5196
5197
5198
5199
5200
5201
5202
5203
5204
5205
5206
5207
5208
5209
5210
5211
5212
5213
5214
5215
5216
5217
5218
5219
5220
5221
5222
5223
5224
5225
5226
5227
5228
5229
5230
5231
5232
5233
5234
5235
5236
5237
5238
5239
5240
5241
5242
5243
5244
5245
5246
5247
5248
5249
5250
5251
5252
5253
5254
5255
5256
5257
5258
5259
5260
5261
5262
5263
5264
5265
5266
5267
5268
5269
5270
5271
5272
5273
5274
5275
5276
5277
5278
5279
5280
5281
5282
5283
5284
5285
5286
5287
5288
5289
5290
5291
5292
5293
5294
5295
5296
5297
5298
5299
5300
5301
5302
5303
5304
5305
5306
5307
5308
5309
5310
5311
5312
5313
5314
5315
5316
5317
5318
5319
5320
5321
5322
5323
5324
5325
5326
5327
5328
5329
5330
5331
5332
5333
5334
5335
5336
5337
5338
5339
5340
5341
5342
5343
5344
5345
5346
5347
5348
5349
5350
5351
5352
5353
5354
5355
5356
5357
5358
5359
5360
5361
5362
5363
5364
5365
5366
5367
5368
5369
5370
5371
5372
5373
5374
5375
5376
5377
5378
5379
5380
5381
5382
5383
5384
5385
5386
5387
5388
5389
5390
5391
5392
5393
5394
5395
5396
5397
5398
5399
5400
5401
5402
5403
5404
5405
5406
5407
5408
5409
5410
5411
5412
5413
5414
5415
5416
5417
5418
5419
5420
5421
5422
5423
5424
5425
5426
5427
5428
5429
5430
5431
5432
5433
5434
5435
5436
5437
5438
5439
5440
5441
5442
5443
5444
5445
5446
5447
5448
5449
5450
5451
5452
5453
5454
5455
5456
5457
5458
5459
5460
5461
5462
5463
5464
5465
5466
5467
5468
5469
5470
5471
5472
5473
5474
5475
5476
5477
5478
5479
5480
5481
5482
5483
5484
5485
5486
5487
5488
5489
5490
5491
5492
5493
5494
5495
5496
5497
5498
5499
5500
5501
5502
5503
5504
5505
5506
5507
5508
5509
5510
5511
5512
5513
5514
5515
5516
5517
5518
5519
5520
5521
5522
5523
5524
5525
5526
5527
5528
5529
5530
5531
5532
5533
5534
5535
5536
5537
5538
5539
5540
5541
5542
5543
5544
5545
5546
5547
5548
5549
5550
5551
5552
5553
5554
5555
5556
5557
5558
5559
5560
5561
5562
5563
5564
5565
5566
5567
5568
5569
5570
5571
5572
5573
5574
5575
5576
5577
5578
5579
5580
5581
5582
5583
5584
5585
5586
5587
5588
5589
5590
5591
5592
5593
5594
5595
5596
5597
5598
5599
5600
5601
5602
5603
5604
5605
5606
5607
5608
5609
5610
5611
5612
5613
5614
5615
5616
5617
5618
5619
5620
5621
5622
5623
5624
5625
5626
5627
5628
5629
5630
5631
5632
5633
5634
5635
5636
5637
5638
5639
5640
5641
5642
5643
5644
5645
5646
5647
5648
5649
5650
5651
5652
5653
5654
5655
5656
5657
5658
5659
5660
5661
5662
5663
5664
5665
5666
5667
5668
5669
5670
5671
5672
5673
5674
5675
5676
5677
5678
5679
5680
5681
5682
5683
5684
5685
5686
5687
5688
5689
5690
5691
5692
5693
5694
5695
5696
5697
5698
5699
5700
5701
5702
5703
5704
5705
5706
5707
5708
5709
5710
5711
5712
5713
5714
5715
5716
5717
5718
5719
5720
5721
5722
5723
5724
5725
5726
5727
5728
5729
5730
5731
5732
5733
5734
5735
5736
5737
5738
5739
5740
5741
5742
5743
5744
5745
5746
5747
5748
5749
5750
5751
5752
5753
5754
5755
5756
5757
5758
5759
5760
5761
5762
5763
5764
5765
5766
5767
5768
5769
5770
5771
5772
5773
5774
5775
5776
5777
5778
5779
5780
5781
5782
5783
5784
5785
5786
5787
5788
5789
5790
5791
5792
5793
5794
5795
5796
5797
5798
5799
5800
5801
5802
5803
5804
5805
5806
5807
5808
5809
5810
5811
5812
5813
5814
5815
5816
5817
5818
5819
5820
5821
5822
5823
5824
5825
5826
5827
5828
5829
5830
5831
5832
5833
5834
5835
5836
5837
5838
5839
5840
5841
5842
5843
5844
5845
5846
5847
5848
5849
5850
5851
5852
5853
5854
5855
5856
5857
5858
5859
5860
5861
5862
5863
5864
5865
5866
5867
5868
5869
5870
5871
5872
5873
5874
5875
5876
5877
5878
5879
5880
5881
5882
5883
5884
5885
5886
5887
5888
5889
5890
5891
5892
5893
5894
5895
5896
5897
5898
5899
5900
5901
5902
5903
5904
5905
5906
5907
5908
5909
5910
5911
5912
5913
5914
5915
5916
5917
5918
5919
5920
5921
5922
5923
5924
5925
5926
5927
5928
5929
5930
5931
5932
5933
5934
5935
5936
5937
5938
5939
5940
5941
5942
5943
5944
5945
5946
5947
5948
5949
5950
5951
5952
5953
5954
5955
5956
5957
5958
5959
5960
5961
5962
5963
5964
5965
5966
5967
5968
5969
5970
5971
5972
5973
5974
5975
5976
5977
5978
5979
5980
5981
5982
5983
5984
5985
5986
5987
5988
5989
5990
5991
5992
5993
5994
5995
5996
5997
5998
5999
6000
6001
6002
6003
6004
6005
6006
6007
6008
6009
6010
6011
6012
6013
6014
6015
6016
6017
6018
6019
6020
6021
6022
6023
6024
6025
6026
6027
6028
6029
6030
6031
6032
6033
6034
6035
6036
6037
6038
6039
6040
6041
6042
6043
6044
6045
6046
6047
6048
6049
6050
6051
6052
6053
6054
6055
6056
6057
6058
6059
6060
6061
6062
6063
6064
6065
6066
6067
6068
6069
6070
6071
6072
6073
6074
6075
6076
6077
6078
6079
6080
6081
6082
6083
6084
6085
6086
6087
6088
6089
6090
6091
6092
6093
6094
6095
6096
6097
6098
6099
6100
6101
6102
6103
6104
6105
6106
6107
6108
6109
6110
6111
6112
6113
6114
6115
6116
6117
6118
6119
6120
6121
6122
6123
6124
6125
6126
6127
6128
6129
6130
6131
6132
6133
6134
6135
6136
6137
6138
6139
6140
6141
6142
6143
6144
6145
6146
6147
6148
6149
6150
6151
6152
6153
6154
6155
6156
6157
6158
6159
6160
6161
6162
6163
6164
6165
6166
6167
6168
6169
6170
6171
6172
6173
6174
6175
6176
6177
6178
6179
6180
6181
6182
6183
6184
6185
6186
6187
6188
6189
6190
6191
6192
6193
6194
6195
6196
6197
6198
6199
6200
6201
6202
6203
6204
6205
6206
6207
6208
6209
6210
6211
6212
6213
6214
6215
6216
6217
6218
6219
6220
6221
6222
6223
6224
6225
6226
6227
6228
6229
6230
6231
6232
6233
6234
6235
6236
6237
6238
6239
6240
6241
6242
6243
6244
6245
6246
6247
6248
6249
6250
6251
6252
6253
6254
6255
6256
6257
6258
6259
6260
6261
6262
6263
6264
6265
6266
6267
6268
6269
6270
6271
6272
6273
6274
6275
6276
6277
6278
6279
6280
6281
6282
6283
6284
6285
6286
6287
6288
6289
6290
6291
6292
6293
6294
6295
6296
6297
6298
6299
6300
6301
6302
6303
6304
6305
6306
6307
6308
6309
6310
6311
6312
6313
6314
6315
6316
6317
6318
6319
6320
6321
6322
6323
6324
6325
6326
6327
6328
6329
6330
6331
6332
6333
6334
6335
6336
6337
6338
6339
6340
6341
6342
6343
6344
6345
6346
6347
6348
6349
6350
6351
6352
6353
6354
6355
6356
6357
6358
6359
6360
6361
6362
6363
6364
6365
6366
6367
6368
6369
6370
6371
6372
6373
6374
6375
6376
6377
6378
6379
6380
6381
6382
6383
6384
6385
6386
6387
6388
6389
6390
6391
6392
6393
6394
6395
6396
6397
6398
6399
6400
6401
6402
6403
6404
6405
6406
6407
6408
6409
6410
6411
6412
6413
6414
6415
6416
6417
6418
6419
6420
6421
6422
6423
6424
6425
6426
6427
6428
6429
6430
6431
6432
6433
6434
6435
6436
6437
6438
6439
6440
6441
6442
6443
6444
6445
6446
6447
6448
6449
6450
6451
6452
6453
6454
6455
6456
6457
6458
6459
6460
6461
6462
6463
6464
6465
6466
6467
6468
6469
6470
6471
6472
6473
6474
6475
6476
6477
6478
6479
6480
6481
6482
6483
6484
6485
6486
6487
6488
6489
6490
6491
6492
6493
6494
6495
6496
6497
6498
6499
6500
6501
6502
6503
6504
6505
6506
6507
6508
6509
6510
6511
6512
6513
6514
6515
6516
6517
6518
6519
6520
6521
6522
6523
6524
6525
6526
6527
6528
6529
6530
6531
6532
6533
6534
6535
6536
6537
6538
6539
6540
6541
6542
6543
6544
6545
6546
6547
6548
6549
6550
6551
6552
6553
6554
6555
6556
6557
6558
6559
6560
6561
6562
6563
6564
6565
6566
6567
6568
6569
6570
6571
6572
6573
6574
6575
6576
6577
6578
6579
6580
6581
6582
6583
6584
6585
6586
6587
6588
6589
6590
6591
6592
6593
6594
6595
6596
6597
6598
6599
6600
6601
6602
6603
6604
6605
6606
6607
6608
6609
6610
6611
6612
6613
6614
6615
6616
6617
6618
6619
6620
6621
6622
6623
6624
6625
6626
6627
6628
6629
6630
6631
6632
6633
6634
6635
6636
6637
6638
6639
6640
6641
6642
6643
6644
6645
6646
6647
6648
6649
6650
6651
6652
6653
6654
6655
6656
6657
6658
6659
6660
6661
6662
6663
6664
6665
6666
6667
6668
6669
6670
6671
6672
6673
6674
6675
6676
6677
6678
6679
6680
6681
6682
6683
6684
6685
6686
6687
6688
6689
6690
6691
6692
6693
6694
6695
6696
6697
6698
6699
6700
6701
6702
6703
6704
6705
6706
6707
6708
6709
6710
6711
6712
6713
6714
6715
6716
6717
6718
6719
6720
6721
6722
6723
6724
6725
6726
6727
6728
6729
6730
6731
6732
6733
6734
6735
6736
6737
6738
6739
6740
6741
6742
6743
6744
6745
6746
6747
6748
6749
6750
6751
6752
6753
6754
6755
6756
6757
6758
6759
6760
6761
6762
6763
6764
6765
6766
6767
6768
6769
6770
6771
6772
6773
6774
6775
6776
6777
6778
6779
6780
6781
6782
6783
6784
6785
6786
6787
6788
6789
6790
6791
6792
6793
6794
6795
6796
6797
6798
6799
6800
6801
6802
6803
6804
6805
6806
6807
6808
6809
6810
6811
6812
6813
6814
6815
6816
6817
6818
6819
6820
6821
6822
6823
6824
6825
6826
6827
6828
6829
6830
6831
6832
6833
6834
6835
6836
6837
6838
6839
6840
6841
6842
6843
6844
6845
6846
6847
6848
6849
6850
6851
6852
6853
6854
6855
6856
6857
6858
6859
6860
6861
6862
6863
6864
6865
6866
6867
6868
6869
6870
6871
6872
6873
6874
6875
6876
6877
6878
6879
6880
6881
6882
6883
6884
6885
6886
6887
6888
6889
6890
6891
6892
6893
6894
6895
6896
6897
6898
6899
6900
6901
6902
6903
6904
6905
6906
6907
6908
6909
6910
6911
6912
6913
6914
6915
6916
6917
6918
6919
6920
6921
6922
6923
6924
6925
6926
6927
6928
6929
6930
6931
6932
6933
6934
6935
6936
6937
6938
6939
6940
6941
6942
6943
6944
6945
6946
6947
6948
6949
6950
6951
6952
6953
6954
6955
6956
6957
6958
6959
6960
6961
6962
6963
6964
6965
6966
6967
6968
6969
6970
6971
6972
6973
6974
6975
6976
6977
6978
6979
6980
6981
6982
6983
6984
6985
6986
6987
6988
6989
LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual
1 About this document
2 Overview of LaTeX
3 Document classes
4 Fonts
5 Layout
6 Sectioning
7 Cross references
8 Environments
9 Line breaking
10 Page breaking
11 Footnotes
12 Definitions
13 Counters
14 Lengths
15 Making paragraphs
16 Math formulas
17 Modes
18 Page styles
19 Spaces
20 Boxes
21 Special insertions
22 Splitting the input
23 Front/back matter
24 Letters
25 Terminal input/output
26 Command line
Appendix A Document templates
Concept Index
Command Index
LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual
1 About this document
2 Overview of LaTeX
  2.1 Starting and ending
  2.2 Output files
  2.3 TeX engines
  2.4 LaTeX command syntax
3 Document classes
  3.1 Document class options
4 Fonts
  4.1 Font styles
  4.2 Font sizes
  4.3 Low-level font commands
5 Layout
  5.1 '\onecolumn'
  5.2 '\twocolumn'
  5.3 '\flushbottom'
  5.4 '\raggedbottom'
  5.5 Page layout parameters
6 Sectioning
7 Cross references
  7.1 '\label'
  7.2 '\pageref{KEY}'
  7.3 '\ref{KEY}'
8 Environments
  8.1 'abstract'
  8.2 'array'
  8.3 'center'
    8.3.1 '\centering'
  8.4 'description'
  8.5 'displaymath'
  8.6 'document'
  8.7 'enumerate'
  8.8 'eqnarray'
  8.9 'equation'
  8.10 'figure'
  8.11 'filecontents': Create external files
  8.12 'flushleft'
    8.12.1 '\raggedright'
  8.13 'flushright'
    8.13.1 '\raggedleft'
  8.14 'itemize'
  8.15 'letter' environment: writing letters
  8.16 'list'
  8.17 'math'
  8.18 'minipage'
  8.19 'picture'
    8.19.1 '\circle'
    8.19.2 '\makebox'
    8.19.3 '\framebox'
    8.19.4 '\dashbox'
    8.19.5 '\frame'
    8.19.6 '\line'
    8.19.7 '\linethickness'
    8.19.8 '\thicklines'
    8.19.9 '\thinlines'
    8.19.10 '\multiput'
    8.19.11 '\oval'
    8.19.12 '\put'
    8.19.13 '\shortstack'
    8.19.14 '\vector'
  8.20 'quotation'
  8.21 'quote'
  8.22 'tabbing'
  8.23 'table'
  8.24 'tabular'
    8.24.1 '\multicolumn'
    8.24.2 '\cline'
    8.24.3 '\hline'
    8.24.4 '\vline'
  8.25 'thebibliography'
    8.25.1 '\bibitem'
    8.25.2 '\cite'
    8.25.3 '\nocite'
    8.25.4 Using BibTeX
  8.26 'theorem'
  8.27 'titlepage'
  8.28 'verbatim'
    8.28.1 '\verb'
  8.29 'verse'
9 Line breaking
  9.1 '\\'[*][MORESPACE]
  9.2 '\obeycr' & '\restorecr'
  9.3 '\newline'
  9.4 '\-' (discretionary hyphen)
  9.5 '\fussy'
  9.6 '\sloppy'
  9.7 '\hyphenation'
  9.8 '\linebreak' & '\nolinebreak'
10 Page breaking
  10.1 '\cleardoublepage'
  10.2 '\clearpage'
  10.3 '\newpage'
  10.4 '\enlargethispage'
  10.5 '\pagebreak' & '\nopagebreak'
11 Footnotes
  11.1 '\footnote'
  11.2 '\footnotemark'
  11.3 '\footnotetext'
  11.4 Symbolic footnotes
  11.5 Footnote parameters
12 Definitions
  12.1 '\newcommand' & '\renewcommand'
  12.2 '\newcounter'
  12.3 '\newlength'
  12.4 '\newsavebox'
  12.5 '\newenvironment' & '\renewenvironment'
  12.6 '\newtheorem'
  12.7 '\newfont'
  12.8 '\protect'
13 Counters
  13.1 '\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol': Printing counters
  13.2 '\usecounter{COUNTER}'
  13.3 '\value{COUNTER}'
  13.4 '\setcounter{COUNTER}{VALUE}'
  13.5 '\addtocounter{COUNTER}{VALUE}'
  13.6 '\refstepcounter{COUNTER}'
  13.7 '\stepcounter{COUNTER}'
  13.8 '\day \month \year': Predefined counters
14 Lengths
  14.1 '\setlength{\LEN}{VALUE}'
  14.2 \addtolength{\LEN}{AMOUNT}
  14.3 '\settodepth'
  14.4 '\settoheight'
  14.5 '\settowidth{\LEN}{TEXT}'
  14.6 Predefined lengths
15 Making paragraphs
  15.1 '\indent'
  15.2 '\noindent'
  15.3 '\parskip'
  15.4 Marginal notes
16 Math formulas
  16.1 Subscripts & superscripts
  16.2 Math symbols
  16.3 Math functions
  16.4 Math accents
  16.5 Spacing in math mode
  16.6 Math miscellany
17 Modes
18 Page styles
  18.1 '\maketitle'
  18.2 '\pagenumbering'
  18.3 '\pagestyle'
  18.4 '\thispagestyle{STYLE}'
19 Spaces
  19.1 '\hspace'
  19.2 '\hfill'
  19.3 '\SPACE': Normal interword space
  19.4 '\@': Force sentence-ending punctuation
  19.5 '\thinspace': Insert 1/6em
  19.6 '\/': Insert italic correction
  19.7 '\hrulefill'
  19.8 '\dotfill'
  19.9 '\addvspace'
  19.10 '\bigskip \medskip \smallskip'
  19.11 '\vfill'
  19.12 '\vspace[*]{LENGTH}'
20 Boxes
  20.1 '\mbox{TEXT}'
  20.2 '\fbox' and '\framebox'
  20.3 'lrbox'
  20.4 '\makebox'
  20.5 '\parbox'
  20.6 '\raisebox'
  20.7 '\savebox'
  20.8 '\sbox{\BOXCMD}{TEXT}'
  20.9 '\usebox{\BOXCMD}'
21 Special insertions
  21.1 Reserved characters
  21.2 Text symbols
  21.3 Accents
  21.4 Non-English characters
  21.5 '\rule'
  21.6 '\today'
22 Splitting the input
  22.1 '\include'
  22.2 \'includeonly'
  22.3 \input
23 Front/back matter
  23.1 Tables of contents
    23.1.1 \addcontentsline
    23.1.2 \addtocontents
  23.2 Glossaries
  23.3 Indexes
24 Letters
  24.1 \address{RETURN-ADDRESS}
  24.2 '\cc'
  24.3 '\closing'
  24.4 '\encl'
  24.5 '\location'
  24.6 '\makelabels'
  24.7 '\name'
  24.8 '\opening{TEXT}'
  24.9 '\ps'
  24.10 '\signature{TEXT}'
  24.11 '\startbreaks'
  24.12 '\stopbreaks'
  24.13 '\telephone'
25 Terminal input/output
  25.1 '\typein[CMD]{MSG}'
  25.2 '\typeout{MSG}'
26 Command line
Appendix A Document templates
  A.1 'beamer' template
  A.2 'book' template
  A.3 'tugboat' template
Concept Index
Command Index
LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual
***************************************

This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of May 2015)
for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system.

1 About this document
*********************

This is an unofficial reference manual for the LaTeX2e document
preparation system, which is a macro package for the TeX typesetting
program (*note Overview::).  This document's home page is
<http://home.gna.org/latexrefman>.  That page has links to the current
output in various formats, sources, mailing list archives and
subscriptions, and other infrastructure.

   In this document, we will mostly just use 'LaTeX' rather than
'LaTeX2e', since the previous version of LaTeX (2.09) was retired many
years ago.

   LaTeX is currently maintained by a group of volunteers
(<http://latex-project.org>).  The official documentation written by the
LaTeX project is available from their web site.  This document is
completely unofficial and has not been reviewed by the LaTeX
maintainers.  Do not send bug reports or anything else about this
document to them.  Instead, please send all comments to
<latexrefman-discuss@gna.org>.

   This document is a reference.  There is a vast array of other sources
of information about LaTeX, at all levels.  Here are a few
introductions.

<http://ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr>
     Two pages of recommended references to LaTeX documentation.

<http://ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc>
     Writing your first document, with a bit of both text and math.

<http://ctan.org/pkg/usrguide>
     The guide for document authors that is maintained as part of LaTeX;
     there are plenty of others available elsewhere.

<http://ctan.org/pkg/lshort>
     A short introduction to LaTeX, translated to many languages.

<http://tug.org/begin.html>
     Introduction to the TeX system, including LaTeX, with further
     references.

2 Overview of LaTeX
*******************

LaTeX is a system for typesetting documents.  It was originally created
by Leslie Lamport and is now maintained by a group of volunteers
(<http://latex-project.org>).  It is widely used, particularly for
complex and technical documents, such as those involving mathematics.

   A LaTeX user writes an input file containing text along with
interspersed commands, for instance commands describing how the text
should be formatted.  It is implemented as a set of related commands
that interface with Donald E. Knuth's TeX typesetting program (the
technical term is that LaTeX is a "macro package" for the TeX engine).
The user produces the output document by giving that file to the TeX
engine.

   The term LaTeX is also sometimes used to mean the language in which
the document is marked up, that is, to mean the set of commands
available to a LaTeX user.

   The name LaTeX is short for "Lamport TeX".  It is pronounced LAH-teck
or LAY-teck, or sometimes LAY-tecks.  Inside a document, produce the
logo with '\LaTeX'.  Where use of the logo is not sensible, such as in
plain text, write it as 'LaTeX'.

2.1 Starting and ending
=======================

LaTeX files have a simple global structure, with a standard starting and
ending.  Here is a "hello, world" example:

     \documentclass{article}
     \begin{document}
     Hello, \LaTeX\ world.
     \end{document}

Here, the 'article' is the so-called "document class", implemented in a
file 'article.cls'.  Any document class can be used.  A few document
classes are defined by LaTeX itself, and vast array of others are widely
available.  *Note Document classes::.

   You can include other LaTeX commands between the '\documentclass' and
the '\begin{document}' commands.  This area is called the "preamble".

   The '\begin{document} ... \end{document}' is a so-called
"environment"; the 'document' environment (and no others) is required in
all LaTeX documents.  LaTeX provides many environments itself, and many
more are defined separately.  *Note Environments::.

   The following sections discuss how to produce PDF or other output
from a LaTeX input file.

2.2 Output files
================

LaTeX produces a main output file and at least two accessory files.  The
main output file's name ends in either '.dvi' or '.pdf'.

'.dvi'
     If LaTeX is invoked with the system command 'latex' then it
     produces a DeVice Independent file, with extension '.dvi'.  You can
     view this file with a command such as 'xdvi', or convert it to a
     PostScript '.ps' file with 'dvips' or to a Portable Document Format
     '.pdf' file with 'dvipdfmx'.  The contents of the file can be
     dumped in human-readable form with 'dvitype'.  A vast array of
     other DVI utility programs are available
     (<http://mirror.ctan.org/tex-archive/dviware>).

'.pdf'
     If LaTeX is invoked via the system command 'pdflatex', among other
     commands (*note TeX engines::), then the main output is a Portable
     Document Format (PDF) file.  Typically this is a self-contained
     file, with all fonts and images included.

   LaTeX also produces at least two additional files.

'.log'
     This transcript file contains summary information such as a list of
     loaded packages.  It also includes diagnostic messages and perhaps
     additional information for any errors.

'.aux'
     Auxiliary information is used by LaTeX for things such as cross
     references.  For example, the first time that LaTeX finds a forward
     reference--a cross reference to something that has not yet appeared
     in the source--it will appear in the output as a doubled question
     mark '??'.  When the referred-to spot does eventually appear in the
     source then LaTeX writes its location information to this '.aux'
     file.  On the next invocation, LaTeX reads the location information
     from this file and uses it to resolve the reference, replacing the
     double question mark with the remembered location.

   LaTeX may produce yet more files, characterized by the filename
ending.  These include a '.lof' file that is used to make a list of
figures, a '.lot' file used to make a list of tables, and a '.toc' file
used to make a table of contents.  A particular class may create others;
the list is open-ended.

2.3 TeX engines
===============

LaTeX is defined to be a set of commands that are run by a TeX
implementation (*note Overview::).  This section gives a terse overview
of the main programs.

'latex'
'pdflatex'
     In TeX Live (<http://tug.org/texlive>, if LaTeX is invoked via
     either the system command 'latex' or 'pdflatex', then the pdfTeX
     engine is run (<http://ctan.org/pkg/pdftex>).  When invoked as
     'latex', the main output is a '.dvi' file; as 'pdflatex', the main
     output is a '.pdf' file.

     pdfTeX incorporates the e-TeX extensions to Knuth's original
     program (<http://ctan.org/pkg/etex>), including additional
     programming features and bi-directional typesetting, and has plenty
     of extensions of its own.  e-TeX is available on its own as the
     command 'etex', but this is plain TeX (and produces '.dvi').

     In other TeX distributions, 'latex' may invoke e-TeX rather than
     pdfTeX.  In any case, the e-TeX extensions can be assumed to be
     available in LaTeX.

'lualatex'
     If LaTeX is invoked via the system command 'lualatex', the LuaTeX
     engine is run (<http://ctan.org/pkg/luatex>).  This program allows
     code written in the scripting language Lua (<http://luatex.org>) to
     interact with TeX's typesetting.  LuaTeX handles UTF-8 Unicode
     input natively, can handle OpenType and TrueType fonts, and
     produces a '.pdf' file by default.  There is also 'dvilualatex' to
     produce a '.dvi' file, but this is rarely used.

'xelatex'
     If LaTeX is invoked with the system command 'xelatex', the XeTeX
     engine is run (<http://tug.org/xetex>).  Like LuaTeX, XeTeX also
     natively supports UTF-8 Unicode and TrueType and OpenType fonts,
     though the implementation is completely different, mainly using
     external libraries instead of internal code.  XeTeX produces a
     '.pdf' file as output; it does not support DVI output.

   Other variants of LaTeX and TeX exist, e.g., to provide additional
support for Japanese and other languages ([u]pTeX,
<http://ctan.org/pkg/ptex>, <http://ctan.org/pkg/uptex>).

2.4 LaTeX command syntax
========================

In the LaTeX input file, a command name starts with a '\'; the name
itself then consists of either (a) a string of letters or (b) a single
non-letter.

   A command may be followed by zero, one, or more arguments, either
required or optional.  Required arguments are contained in curly braces,
'{...}'.  Optional arguments are contained in square brackets, '[...]'.
Generally, but not universally, if the command accepts an optional
argument, it comes first, before any required arguments.

   Some commands have a '*' form that is related to the form without a
'*', such as '\chapter' and '\chapter*'.

   LaTeX commands are case sensitive; neither '\Begin{document}' nor
'\begin{Document}' will work.  Most commands are lowercase, but in any
event you must enter all commands in the same case as they are defined.

   This manual describes all accepted options and '*'-forms for the
commands it covers (barring unintentional omissions, a.k.a. bugs).

3 Document classes
******************

The document's overall class is defined with this command, which is
normally the first command in a LaTeX source file.

     \documentclass[OPTIONS]{CLASS}

   The following document CLASS names are built into LaTeX.  (Many other
document classes are available as separate packages; *note Overview::.)

'article'
     For a journal article, a presentation, and miscellaneous general
     use.

'book'
     Full-length books, including chapters and possibly including front
     matter, such as a preface, and back matter, such as an appendix
     (*note Front/back matter::).

'report'
     For documents of length between an 'article' and a 'book', such as
     technical reports or theses, which may contain several chapters.

'slides'
     For slide presentations--rarely used today.  In its place the
     'beamer' package is perhaps the most prevalent (*note beamer
     template::).

   Standard OPTIONS are described in the next section.

3.1 Document class options
==========================

You can specify so-called "global options" or "class options" to the
'\documentclass' command by enclosing them in square brackets.  To
specify more than one OPTION, separate them with a comma, as in:

     \documentclass[OPTION1,OPTION2,...]{CLASS}

   Here is the list of the standard class options.

   All of the standard classes except 'slides' accept the following
options for selecting the typeface size (default is '10pt'):

     10pt  11pt  12pt

   All of the standard classes accept these options for selecting the
paper size (default is 'letterpaper'):

     a4paper a5paper b5paper executivepaper legalpaper letterpaper

   Miscellaneous other options:

'draft'
'final'
     Mark ('draft') or do not mark ('final') overfull boxes with a black
     box in the margin; default is 'final'.

'fleqn'
     Put displayed formulas flush left; default is centered.

'landscape'
     Selects landscape format; default is portrait.

'leqno'
     Put equation numbers on the left side of equations; default is the
     right side.

'openbib'
     Use "open" bibliography format.

'titlepage'
'notitlepage'
     Specifies whether the title page is separate; default depends on
     the class.

   The following options are not available with the 'slides' class.

'onecolumn'
'twocolumn'
     Typeset in one or two columns; default is 'onecolumn'.

'oneside'
'twoside'
     Selects one- or two-sided layout; default is 'oneside', except that
     in the 'book' class the default is 'twoside'.

     For one-sided printing, the text is centered on the page.  For
     two-sided printing, the '\evensidemargin' ('\oddsidemargin')
     parameter determines the distance on even (odd) numbered pages
     between the left side of the page and the text's left margin, with
     '\oddsidemargin' being 40% of the difference between '\paperwidth'
     and '\textwidth', and '\evensidemargin' is the remainder.

'openright'
'openany'
     Determines if a chapter should start on a right-hand page; default
     is 'openright' for 'book', and 'openany' for 'report'.

   The 'slides' class offers the option 'clock' for printing the time at
the bottom of each note.

   Additional packages are loaded like this:

     \usepackage[OPTIONS]{PKG}

   To specify more than one package, you can separate them with a comma,
as in '\usepackage{PKG1,PKG2,...}', or use multiple '\usepackage'
commands.

   Any options given in the '\documentclass' command that are unknown by
the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with
'\usepackage'.

4 Fonts
*******

Two important aspects of selecting a "font" are specifying a size and a
style.  The LaTeX commands for doing this are described here.

4.1 Font styles
===============

The following type style commands are supported by LaTeX.

   This first group of commands is typically used with an argument, as
in '\textit{italic text}'.  In the table below, the corresponding
command in parenthesis is the "declaration form", which takes no
arguments.  The scope of the declaration form lasts until the next type
style command or the end of the current group.

   These commands, in both the argument form and the declaration form,
are cumulative; e.g., you can say either '\sffamily\bfseries' or
'\bfseries\sffamily' to get bold sans serif.

   You can alternatively use an environment form of the declarations;
for instance, '\begin{ttfamily}...\end{ttfamily}'.

   These font-switching commands automatically insert italic corrections
if needed.  (*Note \/::, for the details of italic corrections.)
Specifically, they insert the italic correction unless the following
character is in the list '\nocorrlist', which by default consists of a
period and a comma.  To suppress the automatic insertion of italic
correction, use '\nocorr' at the start or end of the command argument,
such as '\textit{\nocorr text}' or '\textsc{text \nocorr}'.

'\textrm (\rmfamily)'
     Roman.

'\textit (\itshape)'
     Italics.

'\emph'
     Emphasis (switches between '\textit' and '\textrm').

'\textmd (\mdseries)'
     Medium weight (default).

'\textbf (\bfseries)'
     Boldface.

'\textup (\upshape)'
     Upright (default).  The opposite of slanted.

'\textsl (\slshape)'
     Slanted.

'\textsf (\sffamily)'
     Sans serif.

'\textsc (\scshape)'
     Small caps.

'\texttt (\ttfamily)'
     Typewriter.

'\textnormal (\normalfont)'
     Main document font.

'\mathrm'
     Roman, for use in math mode.

'\mathbf'
     Boldface, for use in math mode.

'\mathsf'
     Sans serif, for use in math mode.

'\mathtt'
     Typewriter, for use in math mode.

'\mathit'
'(\mit)'
     Italics, for use in math mode.

'\mathnormal'
     For use in math mode, e.g.  inside another type style declaration.

'\mathcal'
     'Calligraphic' letters, for use in math mode.

   In addition, the command '\mathversion{bold}' can be used for
switching to bold letters and symbols in formulas.
'\mathversion{normal}' restores the default.

   Finally, the command '\oldstylenums{NUMERALS}' will typeset so-called
"old-style" numerals, which have differing heights and depths (and
sometimes widths) from the standard "lining" numerals.  LaTeX's default
fonts support this, and will respect '\textbf' (but not other styles;
there are no italic old-style numerals in Computer Modern).  Many other
fonts have old-style numerals also; sometimes the 'textcomp' package
must be loaded, and sometimes package options are provided to make them
the default.  FAQ entry:
<http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=osf>.

   LaTeX also provides the following commands, which unconditionally
switch to the given style, that is, are _not_ cumulative.  Also, they
are used differently than the above commands: '{\CMD ...}' instead of
'\CMD{...}'.  These are two unrelated constructs.

'\bf'
     Switch to bold face.

'\cal'
     Switch to calligraphic letters for math.

'\em'
     Emphasis (italics within roman, roman within italics).

'\it'
     Italics.

'\rm'
     Roman.

'\sc'
     Small caps.

'\sf'
     Sans serif.

'\sl'
     Slanted (oblique).

'\tt'
     Typewriter (monospace, fixed-width).

   Some people consider the unconditional font-switching commands, such
as '\tt', obsolete and _only_ the cumulative commands ('\texttt') should
be used.  I (Karl) do not agree.  There are perfectly reasonable
situations when an unconditional font switch is precisely what you need
to get the desired output; for one example, *note 'description':
description.  Both sets of commands have their place.

4.2 Font sizes
==============

The following standard type size commands are supported by LaTeX.  The
table shows the command name and the corresponding actual font size used
(in points) with the '10pt', '11pt', and '12pt' document size options,
respectively (*note Document class options::).

Command                   '10pt'  '11pt'  '12pt'
--------------------------------------------------
'\tiny'                   5       6       6
'\scriptsize'             7       8       8
'\footnotesize'           8       9       10
'\small'                  9       10      10.95
'\normalsize' (default)   10      10.95   12
'\large'                  12      12      14.4
'\Large'                  14.4    14.4    17.28
'\LARGE'                  17.28   17.28   20.74
'\huge'                   20.74   20.74   24.88
'\Huge'                   24.88   24.88   24.88

   The commands as listed here are "declaration forms".  The scope of
the declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the end
of the current group.  You can also use the environment form of these
commands; for instance, '\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}'.

4.3 Low-level font commands
===========================

These commands are primarily intended for writers of macros and
packages.  The commands listed here are only a subset of the available
ones.

'\fontencoding{enc}'
     Select font encoding.  Valid encodings include 'OT1' and 'T1'.

'\fontfamily{family}'
     Select font family.  Valid families include:

        * 'cmr' for Computer Modern Roman
        * 'cmss' for Computer Modern Sans Serif
        * 'cmtt' for Computer Modern Typewriter

     and numerous others.

'\fontseries{series}'
     Select font series.  Valid series include:

        * 'm' Medium (normal)
        * 'b' Bold
        * 'c' Condensed
        * 'bc' Bold condensed
        * 'bx' Bold extended

     and various other combinations.

'\fontshape{shape}'
     Select font shape.  Valid shapes are:

        * 'n' Upright (normal)
        * 'it' Italic
        * 'sl' Slanted (oblique)
        * 'sc' Small caps
        * 'ui' Upright italics
        * 'ol' Outline

     The two last shapes are not available for most font families.

'\fontsize{size}{skip}'
     Set font size.  The first parameter is the font size to switch to
     and the second is the line spacing to use; this is stored in a
     parameter named '\baselineskip'.  The unit of both parameters
     defaults to pt.  The default '\baselineskip' for the Computer
     Modern typeface is 1.2 times the '\fontsize'.

     The line spacing is also multiplied by the value of the
     '\baselinestretch' parameter when the type size changes; the
     default is 1.  However, the best way to "double space" a document,
     if you should be unlucky enough to have to produce such, is to use
     the 'setspace' package; see
     <http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=linespace>.

'\linespread{FACTOR}'
     Equivalent to '\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{FACTOR}', and
     therefore must be followed by '\selectfont' to have any effect.
     Best specified in the preamble, or use the 'setspace' package, as
     described just above.

     The changes made by calling the font commands described above do
     not come into effect until '\selectfont' is called.

'\usefont{enc}{family}{series}{shape}'
     The same as invoking '\fontencoding', '\fontfamily', '\fontseries'
     and '\fontshape' with the given parameters, followed by
     '\selectfont'.

5 Layout
********

Miscellaneous commands for controlling the general layout of the page.

5.1 '\onecolumn'
================

The '\onecolumn' declaration starts a new page and produces
single-column output.  This is the default.

5.2 '\twocolumn'
================

Synopsis:

     \twocolumn[TEXT1COL]

   The '\twocolumn' declaration starts a new page and produces
two-column output.  If the optional TEXT1COL argument is present, it is
typeset in one-column mode before the two-column typesetting starts.

   These parameters control typesetting in two-column output:

'\columnsep'
     The distance between columns (35pt by default).

'\columnseprule'
     The width of the rule between columns; the default is 0pt, so there
     is no rule.

'\columnwidth'
     The width of the current column; this is equal to '\textwidth' in
     single-column text.

   These parameters control float behavior in two-column output:

'\dbltopfraction'
     Maximum fraction at the top of a two-column page that may be
     occupied by floats.  Default '.7', can be usefully redefined to
     (say) '.9' to avoid going to float pages so soon.

'\dblfloatpagefraction'
     The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by
     floats, for a two-column float page.  Default '.5'.

'\dblfloatsep'
     Distance between floats at the top or bottom of a two-column float
     page.  Default '12pt plus2pt minus2pt' for '10pt' and '11pt'
     documents, '14pt plus2pt minus4pt' for '12pt'.

'\dbltextfloatsep'
     Distance between a multi-column float at the top or bottom of a
     page and the main text.  Default '20pt plus2pt minus4pt'.

5.3 '\flushbottom'
==================

The '\flushbottom' declaration makes all text pages the same height,
adding extra vertical space where necessary to fill out the page.

   This is the default if 'twocolumn' mode is selected (*note Document
class options::).

5.4 '\raggedbottom'
===================

The '\raggedbottom' declaration makes all pages the natural height of
the material on that page.  No rubber lengths will be stretched.

5.5 Page layout parameters
==========================

'\headheight'
     Height of the box that contains the running head.  Default is
     '30pt', except in the 'book' class, where it varies with the type
     size.

'\headsep'
     Vertical distance between the bottom of the header line and the top
     of the main text.  Default is '25pt', except in the 'book' class,
     where it varies with the type size.

'\footskip'
     Distance from the baseline of the last line of text to the baseline
     of the page footer.  Default is '30pt', except in the 'book' class,
     where it varies with the type size.

'\linewidth'
     Width of the current line, decreased for each nested 'list' (*note
     list::).  Specifically, it is smaller than '\textwidth' by the sum
     of '\leftmargin' and '\rightmargin' (*note itemize::).  The default
     varies with the font size, paper width, two-column mode, etc.  For
     an 'article' document in '10pt', it's set to '345pt'; in two-column
     mode, that becomes '229.5pt'.

'\textheight'
     The normal vertical height of the page body; the default varies
     with the font size, document class, etc.  For an 'article' or
     'report' document in '10pt', it's set to '43\baselineskip'; for
     'book', it's '41\baselineskip'.  For '11pt', it's '38\baselineskip'
     and for '12pt', '36\baselineskip'.

'\textwidth'
     The full horizontal width of the entire page body; the default
     varies as usual.  For an 'article' or 'report' document, it's
     '345pt' at '10pt', '360pt' at '11pt', and '390pt' at '12pt'.  For a
     'book' document, it's '4.5in' at '10pt', and '5in' at '11pt' or
     '12pt'.

     In multi-column output, '\textwidth' remains the width of the
     entire page body, while '\columnwidth' is the width of one column
     (*note \twocolumn::).

     In lists (*note list::), '\textwidth' remains the width of the
     entire page body (and '\columnwidth' the width of the entire
     column), while '\linewidth' may decrease for nested lists.

     Inside a minipage (*note minipage::) or '\parbox' (*note
     \parbox::), all the width-related parameters are set to the
     specified width, and revert to their normal values at the end of
     the 'minipage' or '\parbox'.

     For completeness: '\hsize' is the TeX primitive parameter used when
     text is broken into lines.  It should not be used in normal LaTeX
     documents.

'\topmargin'
     Space between the top of the TeX page (one inch from the top of the
     paper, by default) and the top of the header.  The default is
     computed based on many other parameters: '\paperheight - 2in -
     \headheight - \headsep - \textheight - \footskip', and then divided
     by two.

'\topskip'
     Minimum distance between the top of the page body and the baseline
     of the first line of text.  For the standard classes, the default
     is the same as the font size, e.g., '10pt' at '10pt'.

6 Sectioning
************

Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text into units:

'\part'
'\chapter'
     ('report' and 'book' class only)
'\section'
'\subsection'
'\subsubsection'
'\paragraph'
'\subparagraph'

   All sectioning commands take the same general form, e.g.,

     \chapter[TOCTITLE]{TITLE}

   In addition to providing the heading TITLE in the main text, the
section title can appear in two other places:

  1. The table of contents.
  2. The running head at the top of the page.

   You may not want the same text in these places as in the main text.
To handle this, the sectioning commands have an optional argument
TOCTITLE that, when given, specifies the text for these other places.

   Also, all sectioning commands have '*'-forms that print TITLE as
usual, but do not include a number and do not make an entry in the table
of contents.  For instance:

     \section*{Preamble}

   The '\appendix' command changes the way following sectional units are
numbered.  The '\appendix' command itself generates no text and does not
affect the numbering of parts.  The normal use of this command is
something like

     \chapter{A Chapter}
     ...
     \appendix
     \chapter{The First Appendix}

   The 'secnumdepth' counter controls printing of section numbers.  The
setting

     \setcounter{secnumdepth}{LEVEL}

suppresses heading numbers at any depth > LEVEL, where 'chapter' is
level zero.  (*Note \setcounter::.)

7 Cross references
******************

One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is to refer
the reader to them, as in "See Figure 3 for more details."

7.1 '\label'
============

Synopsis:

     \label{KEY}

   A '\label' command appearing in ordinary text assigns to KEY the
number of the current sectional unit; one appearing inside a numbered
environment assigns that number to KEY.

   A KEY name can consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or
punctuation characters.  Upper and lowercase letters are distinguished,
as usual.

   To avoid accidentally creating two labels with the same name, it is
common to use labels consisting of a prefix and a suffix separated by a
colon or period.  Some conventionally-used prefixes:

'ch'
     for chapters
'sec'
     for lower-level sectioning commands
'fig'
     for figures
'tab'
     for tables
'eq'
     for equations

   Thus, a label for a figure would look like 'fig:snark' or
'fig.snark'.

7.2 '\pageref{KEY}'
===================

Synopsis:

     \pageref{KEY}

   The '\pageref'{KEY} command produces the page number of the place in
the text where the corresponding '\label'{KEY} command appears.

7.3 '\ref{KEY}'
===============

Synopsis:

     \ref{KEY}

   The '\ref' command produces the number of the sectional unit,
equation, footnote, figure, ..., of the corresponding '\label' command
(*note \label::).  It does not produce any text, such as the word
'Section' or 'Figure', just the bare number itself.

8 Environments
**************

LaTeX provides many environments for marking off certain text.  Each
environment begins and ends in the same manner:

     \begin{ENVNAME}
     ...
     \end{ENVNAME}

8.1 'abstract'
==============

Synopsis:
     \begin{abstract}
     ...
     \end{abstract}

   Environment for producing an abstract, possibly of multiple
paragraphs.

8.2 'array'
===========

Synopsis:

     \begin{array}{TEMPLATE}
     COL1 TEXT&COL1 TEXT&COLN}\\
     ...
     \end{array}

   Math arrays are produced with the 'array' environment, normally
within an 'equation' environment (*note equation::).  It has a single
mandatory TEMPLATE argument describing the number of columns and the
alignment within them.  Each column COL is specified by a single letter
that tells how items in each row of that column should be formatted, as
follows:

'c'
     centered
'l'
     flush left
'r'
     flush right

   Column entries are separated by '&'.  Column entries may include
other LaTeX commands.  Each row of the array is terminated with '\\'.

   In the template, the construct '@{TEXT}' puts TEXT between columns in
each row.

   Here's an example:

     \begin{equation}
       \begin{array}{lrc}
       left1 & right1 & centered1 \\
       left2 & right2 & centered2 \\
       \end{array}
     \end{equation}

   The '\arraycolsep' parameter defines half the width of the space
separating columns; the default is '5pt'.  *Note tabular::, for other
parameters which affect formatting in 'array' environments, namely
'\arrayrulewidth' and '\arraystretch'.

   The 'array' environment can only be used in math mode.

8.3 'center'
============

Synopsis:

     \begin{center}
     LINE1 \\
     LINE2 \\
     \end{center}

   The 'center' environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting
of lines that are centered within the left and right margins on the
current page.  Each line is terminated with the string '\\'.

8.3.1 '\centering'
------------------

The '\centering' declaration corresponds to the 'center' environment.
This declaration can be used inside an environment such as 'quote' or in
a 'parbox'.  Thus, the text of a figure or table can be centered on the
page by putting a '\centering' command at the beginning of the figure or
table environment.

   Unlike the 'center' environment, the '\centering' command does not
start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph
units.  To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the
declaration must contain the blank line or '\end' command (of an
environment such as quote) that ends the paragraph unit.

   Here's an example:

     \begin{quote}
     \centering
     first line \\
     second line \\
     \end{quote}

8.4 'description'
=================

Synopsis:

     \begin{description}
     \item [LABEL1] ITEM1
     \item [LABEL2] ITEM2
     ...
     \end{description}

   The 'description' environment is used to make labelled lists.  Each
LABEL is typeset in bold, flush right.  The ITEM text may contain
multiple paragraphs.

   Another variation: since the bold style is applied to the labels, if
you typeset a label in typewriter using '\texttt', you'll get bold
typewriter: '\item[\texttt{bold and typewriter}]'.  This may be too
bold, among other issues.  To get just typewriter, use '\tt', which
resets all other style variations: '\item[{\tt plain typewriter}]'.

   For details about list spacing, see *note itemize::.

8.5 'displaymath'
=================

Synopsis:

     \begin{displaymath}
     MATH
     \end{displaymath}

or

     \[MATH\]

   The 'displaymath' environment ('\[...\]' is a synonym) typesets the
MATH text on its own line, centered by default.  The global 'fleqn'
option makes equations flush left; see *note Document class options::.

   No equation number is added to 'displaymath' text; to get an equation
number, use the 'equation' environment (*note equation::).

8.6 'document'
==============

The 'document' environment encloses the body of a document.  It is
required in every LaTeX document.  *Note Starting and ending::.

8.7 'enumerate'
===============

Synopsis:

     \begin{enumerate}
     \item ITEM1
     \item ITEM2
     ...
     \end{enumerate}

   The 'enumerate' environment produces a numbered list.  Enumerations
can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep.  They can also
be nested within other paragraph-making environments, such as 'itemize'
(*note itemize::) and 'description' (*note description::).

   Each item of an enumerated list begins with an '\item' command.
There must be at least one '\item' command within the environment.

   By default, the numbering at each level is done like this:

  1. 1., 2., ...
  2. (a), (b), ...
  3. i., ii., ...
  4. A., B., ...

   The 'enumerate' environment uses the counters '\enumi' through
'\enumiv' counters (*note Counters::).  If the optional argument to
'\item' is given, the counter is not incremented for that item.

   The 'enumerate' environment uses the commands '\labelenumi' through
'\labelenumiv' to produce the default label.  So, you can use
'\renewcommand' to change the labels (*note \newcommand &
\renewcommand::).  For instance, to have the first level use uppercase
letters:

     \renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\Alph{enumi}}

8.8 'eqnarray'
==============

First, a caveat: the 'eqnarray' environment has some infelicities which
cannot be overcome; the article "Avoid eqnarray!" by Lars Madsen
describes them in detail
(<http://tug.org/TUGboat/tb33-1/tb103madsen.pdf>).  The bottom line is
that it is better to use the 'align' environment (and others) from the
'amsmath' package.

   Nevertheless, here is a description of 'eqnarray':

     \begin{eqnarray}  (or 'eqnarray*')
     FORMULA1 \\
     FORMULA2 \\
     ...
     \end{eqnarray}

   The 'eqnarray' environment is used to display a sequence of equations
or inequalities.  It is similar to a three-column 'array' environment,
with consecutive rows separated by '\\' and consecutive items within a
row separated by an '&'.

   '\\*' can also be used to separate equations, with its normal meaning
of not allowing a page break at that line.

   An equation number is placed on every line unless that line has a
'\nonumber' command.  Alternatively, The '*'-form of the environment
('\begin{eqnarray*} ... \end{eqnarray*}') will omit equation numbering
entirely, while otherwise being the same as 'eqnarray'.

   The command '\lefteqn' is used for splitting long formulas across
lines.  It typesets its argument in display style flush left in a box of
zero width.

8.9 'equation'
==============

Synopsis:

     \begin{equation}
     MATH
     \end{equation}

   The 'equation' environment starts a 'displaymath' environment (*note
displaymath::), e.g., centering the MATH text on the page, and also
places an equation number in the right margin.

8.10 'figure'
=============

     \begin{figure[*]}[PLACEMENT]
     FIGBODY
     \label{LABEL}
     \caption[LOFTITLE]{TEXT}
     \end{figure}

   Figures are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are
instead "floated" to a convenient place, such as the top of a page.
Figures will not be split between two pages.

   When typesetting in double-columns, the starred form produces a
full-width figure (across both columns).

   The optional argument '[placement]' determines where LaTeX will try
to place your figure.  There are four places where LaTeX can possibly
put a float:

't'
     (Top)--at the top of a text page.

'b'
     (Bottom)--at the bottom of a text page.  However, 'b' is not
     allowed for full-width floats ('figure*') with double-column
     output.  To ameliorate this, use the 'stfloats' or 'dblfloatfix'
     package, but see the discussion at caveats in the FAQ:
     <http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=2colfloat>.

'h'
     (Here)--at the position in the text where the 'figure' environment
     appears.  However, 't' is not allowed by itself; 't' is
     automatically added.

     To absolutely force a figure to appear "here", you can
     '\usepackage{float}' and use the 'H' specifier which it defines.
     For further discussion, see the FAQ entry at
     <http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=figurehere>.

'p'
     (Page of floats)--on a separate float page, which is a page
     containing no text, only floats.

'!'
     Used in addition to one of the above; for this float only, LaTeX
     ignores the restrictions on both the number of floats that can
     appear and the relative amounts of float and non-float text on the
     page.  The '!' specifier does _not_ mean "put the float here"; see
     above.

   The standard 'report' and 'article' classes use the default placement
'tbp'.

   The body of the figure is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands,
etc. you wish.

   The '\caption' command specifies caption TEXT for the figure.  The
caption is numbered by default.  If LOFTITLE is present, it is used in
the list of figures instead of TEXT (*note Tables of contents::).

   Parameters relating to fractions of pages occupied by float and
non-float text:

     The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occupied by floats
     at the bottom; default '.3'.

'\floatpagefraction'
     The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by
     floats; default '.5'.

'\textfraction'
     Minimum fraction of a page that must be text; if floats take up too
     much space to preserve this much text, floats will be moved to a
     different page.  The default is '.2'.

'\topfraction'
     Maximum fraction at the top of a page that may be occupied before
     floats; default '.7'.

   Parameters relating to vertical space around floats:

'\floatsep'
     Space between floats at the top or bottom of a page; default '12pt
     plus2pt minus2pt'.

'\intextsep'
     Space above and below a float in the middle of the main text;
     default '12pt plus2pt minus2pt' for '10pt' and '11pt' styles, '14pt
     plus4pt minus4pt' for '12pt'.

'\textfloatsep'
     Space between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page;
     default '20pt plus2pt minus4pt'.

   Counters relating to the number of floats on a page:

'bottomnumber'
     Maximum number of floats that can appear at the bottom of a text
     page; default 1.

'dbltopnumber'
     Maximum number of full-sized floats that can appear at the top of a
     two-column page; default 2.

'topnumber'
     Maximum number of floats that can appear at the top of a text page;
     default 2.

'totalnumber'
     Maximum number of floats that can appear on a text page; default 3.

   The principal TeX FAQ entry relating to floats:
<http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=floats>.

8.11 'filecontents': Create external files
==========================================

Synopsis:

     \begin{filecontents}{FILENAME}
     CONTENTS-OF-FILE
     \end{filecontents}
     ...
     \documentclass{MY-DOCUMENT-CLASS}

   The 'filecontents' environment is an "initial command", meaning that
it can be used only before the '\documentclass' command, as in the
synopsis above.

   LaTeX will create a file named FILENAME with the content
CONTENTS-OF-FILE preceded by a header comment indicating how and when
the file was generated.  If the file already exists then nothing will
happen.

   You can also use the 'filecontents' package, which has the following
advantages:

   * If the file already exists, then it will be overwritten.

   * You can use the 'filecontents' environment at any point after the
     declaration '\usepackage{filecontents}', not just before
     '\documentclass'.

   * The 'filecontents' package also provides a 'filecontents*'
     environment which is used in the same way as the 'filecontents'
     environment except that it won't insert any leading comment, so it
     is better suited to create files which aren't in LaTeX format.

   The 'filecontents' environment only creates the file, and is
unrelated to using the created file.  So you need to use, for instance,
'\input' or '\usepackage' or '\bibliography' or whatever is applicable,
to use the created file.

   This environment is also useful to make a document in a
self-contained file, for example, for a bug report, or to keep the
content of a '.bib' file in the same file as the main document.

8.12 'flushleft'
================

     \begin{flushleft}
     LINE1 \\
     LINE2 \\
     ...
     \end{flushleft}

   The 'flushleft' environment allows you to create a paragraph
consisting of lines that are flush to the left-hand margin and ragged
right Each line must be terminated with the string '\\'.

8.12.1 '\raggedright'
---------------------

The '\raggedright' declaration corresponds to the 'flushleft'
environment.  This declaration can be used inside an environment such as
'quote' or in a 'parbox'.

   Unlike the 'flushleft' environment, the '\raggedright' command does
not start a new paragraph; it only changes how LaTeX formats paragraph
units.  To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the
declaration must contain the blank line or '\end' command that ends the
paragraph unit.

8.13 'flushright'
=================

     \begin{flushright}
     LINE1 \\
     LINE2 \\
     ...
     \end{flushright}

   The 'flushright' environment allows you to create a paragraph
consisting of lines that are flush to the right-hand margin and ragged
left.  Each line must be terminated with the string '\\'.

8.13.1 '\raggedleft'
--------------------

The '\raggedleft' declaration corresponds to the 'flushright'
environment.  This declaration can be used inside an environment such as
'quote' or in a 'parbox'.

   Unlike the 'flushright' environment, the '\raggedleft' command does
not start a new paragraph; it only changes how LaTeX formats paragraph
units.  To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the
declaration must contain the blank line or '\end' command that ends the
paragraph unit.

8.14 'itemize'
==============

Synopsis:

     \begin{itemize}
     \item ITEM1
     \item ITEM2
     ...
     \end{itemize}

   The 'itemize' environment produces an "unordered", "bulleted" list.
Itemizations can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep.
They can also be nested within other paragraph-making environments, such
as 'enumerate' (*note enumerate::).

   Each item of an 'itemize' list begins with an '\item' command.  There
must be at least one '\item' command within the environment.

   By default, the marks at each level look like this:

  1. * (bullet)
  2. -- (bold en-dash)
  3. * (asterisk)
  4. .  (centered dot, rendered here as a period)

   The 'itemize' environment uses the commands '\labelitemi' through
'\labelitemiv' to produce the default label.  So, you can use
'\renewcommand' to change the labels.  For instance, to have the first
level use diamonds:

     \renewcommand{\labelitemi}{$\diamond$}

   The '\leftmargini' through '\leftmarginvi' parameters define the
distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and the
left margin of the list.  By convention, '\leftmargin' is set to the
appropriate '\leftmarginN' when a new level of nesting is entered.

   The defaults vary from '.5em' (highest levels of nesting) to '2.5em'
(first level), and are a bit reduced in two-column mode.  This example
greatly reduces the margin space for outermost lists:

     \setlength{\leftmargini}{1.25em} % default 2.5em

   Some parameters that affect list formatting:

'\itemindent'
     Extra indentation before each item in a list; default zero.

'\labelsep'
     Space between the label and text of an item; default '.5em'.

'\labelwidth'
     Width of the label; default '2em', or '1.5em' in two-column mode.

'\listparindent'
     Extra indentation added to second and subsequent paragraphs within
     a list item; default '0pt'.

'\rightmargin'
     Horizontal distance between the right margin of the list and the
     enclosing environment; default '0pt', except in the 'quote',
     'quotation', and 'verse' environments, where it is set equal to
     '\leftmargin'.

   Parameters affecting vertical spacing between list items (rather
loose, by default).

'\itemsep'
     Vertical space between items.  The default is '2pt plus1pt
     minus1pt' for '10pt' documents, '3pt plus2pt minus1pt' for '11pt',
     and '4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt' for '12pt'.

'\parsep'
     Extra vertical space between paragraphs within a list item.
     Defaults are the same as '\itemsep'.

'\topsep'
     Vertical space between the first item and the preceding paragraph.
     For top-level lists, the default is '8pt plus2pt minus4pt' for
     '10pt' documents, '9pt plus3pt minus5pt' for '11pt', and '10pt
     plus4pt minus6pt' for '12pt'.  These are reduced for nested lists.

'\partopsep'
     Extra space added to '\topsep' when the list environment starts a
     paragraph.  The default is '2pt plus1pt minus1pt' for '10pt'
     documents, '3pt plus1pt minus1pt' for '11pt', and '3pt plus2pt
     minus2pt' for '12pt'.

   Especially for lists with short items, it may be desirable to elide
space between items.  Here is an example defining an 'itemize*'
environment with no extra spacing between items, or between paragraphs
within a single item ('\parskip' is not list-specific, *note
\parskip::):

     \newenvironment{itemize*}%
       {\begin{itemize}%
         \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}%
         \setlength{\parsep}{0pt}}%
         \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}%
       {\end{itemize}}

8.15 'letter' environment: writing letters
==========================================

This environment is used for creating letters.  *Note Letters::.

8.16 'list'
===========

The 'list' environment is a generic environment which is used for
defining many of the more specific environments.  It is seldom used in
documents, but often in macros.

     \begin{list}{LABELING}{SPACING}
     \item ITEM1
     \item ITEM2
     ...
     \end{list}

   The mandatory LABELING argument specifies how items should be
labelled (unless the optional argument is supplied to '\item').  This
argument is a piece of text that is inserted in a box to form the label.
It can and usually does contain other LaTeX commands.

   The mandatory SPACING argument contains commands to change the
spacing parameters for the list.  This argument will most often be
empty, i.e., '{}', which leaves the default spacing.

   The width used for typesetting the list items is specified by
'\linewidth' (*note Page layout parameters::).

8.17 'math'
===========

Synopsis:

     \begin{math}
     MATH
     \end{math}

   The 'math' environment inserts the given MATH within the running
text.  '\(...\))' and '$...$' are synonyms.  *Note Math formulas::.

8.18 'minipage'
===============

     \begin{minipage}[POSITION][HEIGHT][INNER-POS]{WIDTH}
     TEXT
     \end{minipage}

   The 'minipage' environment typesets its body TEXT in a block that
will not be broken across pages.  This is similar to the '\parbox'
command (*note \parbox::), but unlike '\parbox', other paragraph-making
environments can be used inside a minipage.

   The arguments are the same as for '\parbox' (*note \parbox::).

   By default, paragraphs are not indented in the 'minipage'
environment.  You can restore indentation with a command such as
'\setlength{\parindent}{1pc}' command.

   Footnotes in a 'minipage' environment are handled in a way that is
particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables.  A
'\footnote' or '\footnotetext' command puts the footnote at the bottom
of the minipage instead of at the bottom of the page, and it uses the
'\mpfootnote' counter instead of the ordinary 'footnote' counter (*note
Counters::).

   However, don't put one minipage inside another if you are using
footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage.

8.19 'picture'
==============

     \begin{picture}(width,height)(x offset,y offset)
     ... PICTURE COMMANDS ...
     \end{picture}

   The 'picture' environment allows you to create just about any kind of
picture you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles.  You tell
LaTeX where to put things in the picture by specifying their
coordinates.  A coordinate is a number that may have a decimal point and
a minus sign--a number like '5', '0.3' or '-3.1416'.  A coordinate
specifies a length in multiples of the unit length '\unitlength', so if
'\unitlength' has been set to '1cm', then the coordinate 2.54 specifies
a length of 2.54 centimeters.

   You should only change the value of '\unitlength', using the
'\setlength' command, outside of a 'picture' environment.  The default
value is '1pt'.

   A position is a pair of coordinates, such as '(2.4,-5)', specifying
the point with x-coordinate '2.4' and y-coordinate '-5'.  Coordinates
are specified in the usual way with respect to an origin, which is
normally at the lower-left corner of the picture.  Note that when a
position appears as an argument, it is not enclosed in braces; the
parentheses serve to delimit the argument.

   The 'picture' environment has one mandatory argument, which is a
'position'.  It specifies the size of the picture.  The environment
produces a rectangular box with width and height determined by this
argument's x- and y-coordinates.

   The 'picture' environment also has an optional 'position' argument,
following the 'size' argument, that can change the origin.  (Unlike
ordinary optional arguments, this argument is not contained in square
brackets.)  The optional argument gives the coordinates of the point at
the lower-left corner of the picture (thereby determining the origin).
For example, if '\unitlength' has been set to '1mm', the command

     \begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20)

produces a picture of width 100 millimeters and height 200 millimeters,
whose lower-left corner is the point (10,20) and whose upper-right
corner is therefore the point (110,220).  When you first draw a picture,
you typically omit the optional argument, leaving the origin at the
lower-left corner.  If you then want to modify your picture by shifting
everything, you can just add the appropriate optional argument.

   The environment's mandatory argument determines the nominal size of
the picture.  This need bear no relation to how large the picture really
is; LaTeX will happily allow you to put things outside the picture, or
even off the page.  The picture's nominal size is used by LaTeX in
determining how much room to leave for it.

   Everything that appears in a picture is drawn by the '\put' command.
The command

     \put (11.3,-.3){...}

puts the object specified by '...' in the picture, with its reference
point at coordinates (11.3,-.3).  The reference points for various
objects will be described below.

   The '\put' command creates an "LR box".  You can put anything that
can go in an '\mbox' (*note \mbox::) in the text argument of the '\put'
command.  When you do this, the reference point will be the lower left
corner of the box.

   The 'picture' commands are described in the following sections.

8.19.1 '\circle'
----------------

Synopsis:
     \circle[*]{DIAMETER}

   The '\circle' command produces a circle with a diameter as close to
the specified one as possible.  The '*'-form of the command draws a
solid circle.

   Circles up to 40pt can be drawn.

8.19.2 '\makebox'
-----------------

Synopsis:
     \makebox(WIDTH,HEIGHT)[POSITION]{TEXT}

   The '\makebox' command for the picture environment is similar to the
normal '\makebox' command except that you must specify a WIDTH and
HEIGHT in multiples of '\unitlength'.

   The optional argument, '[POSITION]', specifies the quadrant that your
TEXT appears in.  You may select up to two of the following:

't'
     Moves the item to the top of the rectangle.

'b'
     Moves the item to the bottom.

'l'
     Moves the item to the left.

'r'
     Moves the item to the right.

   *Note \makebox::.

8.19.3 '\framebox'
------------------

Synopsis:

     \framebox(WIDTH,HEIGHT)[POS]{...}

   The '\framebox' command is like '\makebox' (see previous section),
except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it
creates.

   The '\framebox' command produces a rule of thickness '\fboxrule', and
leaves a space '\fboxsep' between the rule and the contents of the box.

8.19.4 '\dashbox'
-----------------

Draws a box with a dashed line.  Synopsis:

     \dashbox{DLEN}(RWIDTH,RHEIGHT)[POS]{TEXT}

   '\dashbox' creates a dashed rectangle around TEXT in a 'picture'
environment.  Dashes are DLEN units long, and the rectangle has overall
width RWIDTH and height RHEIGHT.  The TEXT is positioned at optional
POS.

   A dashed box looks best when the RWIDTH and RHEIGHT are multiples of
the DLEN.

8.19.5 '\frame'
---------------

Synopsis:

     \frame{TEXT}

   The '\frame' command puts a rectangular frame around TEXT.  The
reference point is the bottom left corner of the frame.  No extra space
is put between the frame and the object.

8.19.6 '\line'
--------------

Synopsis:

     \line(XSLOPE,YSLOPE){LENGTH}

   The '\line' command draws a line with the given LENGTH and slope
XSLOPE/YSLOPE.

   Standard LaTeX can only draw lines with SLOPE = x/y, where x and y
have integer values from -6 through 6.  For lines of any slope, and
plenty of other shapes, see 'pict2e' and many other packages on CTAN.

8.19.7 '\linethickness'
-----------------------

The '\linethickness{DIM}' command declares the thickness of horizontal
and vertical lines in a picture environment to be DIM, which must be a
positive length.

   '\linethickness' does not affect the thickness of slanted lines,
circles, or the quarter circles drawn by '\oval'.

8.19.8 '\thicklines'
--------------------

The '\thicklines' command is an alternate line thickness for horizontal
and vertical lines in a picture environment; cf. *note \linethickness::
and *note \thinlines::.

8.19.9 '\thinlines'
-------------------

The '\thinlines' command is the default line thickness for horizontal
and vertical lines in a picture environment; cf. *note \linethickness::
and *note \thicklines::.

8.19.10 '\multiput'
-------------------

Synopsis:
     \multiput(X,Y)(DELTA_X,DELTA_Y){N}{OBJ}

   The '\multiput' command copies the object OBJ in a regular pattern
across a picture.  OBJ is first placed at position (x,y), then at
(x+\delta x,y+\delta y), and so on, N times.

8.19.11 '\oval'
---------------

Synopsis:

     \oval(WIDTH,HEIGHT)[PORTION]

   The '\oval' command produces a rectangle with rounded corners.  The
optional argument PORTION allows you to select part of the oval via the
following:

't'
     selects the top portion;
'b'
     selects the bottom portion;
'r'
     selects the right portion;
'l'
     selects the left portion.

   The "corners" of the oval are made with quarter circles with a
maximum radius of 20pt, so large "ovals" will look more like boxes with
rounded corners.

8.19.12 '\put'
--------------

Synopsis:

     \put(XCOORD,YCOORD){ ... }

   The '\put' command places the material specified by the (mandatory)
argument in braces at the given coordinate, (XCOORD,YCOORD).

8.19.13 '\shortstack'
---------------------

Synopsis:

     \shortstack[POSITION]{...\\...\\...}

   The '\shortstack' command produces a stack of objects.  The valid
positions are:

'r'
     Move the objects to the right of the stack.
'l'
     Move the objects to the left of the stack
'c'
     Move the objects to the centre of the stack (default)

   Objects are separated with '\\'.

8.19.14 '\vector'
-----------------

Synopsis:

     \vector(XSLOPE,YSLOPE){LENGTH}

   The '\vector' command draws a line with an arrow of the specified
length and slope.  The XSLOPE and YSLOPE values must lie between -4 and
+4, inclusive.

8.20 'quotation'
================

Synopsis:

     \begin{quotation}
     TEXT
     \end{quotation}

   The margins of the 'quotation' environment are indented on both the
left and the right.  The text is justified at both margins.  Leaving a
blank line between text produces a new paragraph.

   Unlike the 'quote' environment, each paragraph is indented normally.

8.21 'quote'
============

Synopsis:

     \begin{quote}
     TEXT
     \end{quote}

   The margins of the 'quote' environment are indented on both the left
and the right.  The text is justified at both margins.  Leaving a blank
line between text produces a new paragraph.

   Unlike the 'quotation' environment, paragraphs are not indented.

8.22 'tabbing'
==============

Synopsis:

     \begin{tabbing}
     ROW1COL1 \= ROW1COL2 \= ROW1COL3 \= ROW1COL4 \\
     ROW2COL1 \>                \> ROW2COL3 \\
     ...
     \end{tabbing}

   The 'tabbing' environment provides a way to align text in columns.
It works by setting tab stops and tabbing to them much as was done on an
ordinary typewriter.  It is best suited for cases where the width of
each column is constant and known in advance.

   This environment can be broken across pages, unlike the 'tabular'
environment.

   The following commands can be used inside a 'tabbing' environment:

'\\ (tabbing)'
     End a line.

'\= (tabbing)'
     Sets a tab stop at the current position.

'\> (tabbing)'
     Advances to the next tab stop.

'\<'
     Put following text to the left of the local margin (without
     changing the margin).  Can only be used at the start of the line.

'\+'
     Moves the left margin of the next and all the following commands
     one tab stop to the right, beginning tabbed line if necessary.

'\-'
     Moves the left margin of the next and all the following commands
     one tab stop to the left, beginning tabbed line if necessary.

'\' (tabbing)'
     Moves everything that you have typed so far in the current column,
     i.e.  everything from the most recent '\>', '\<', '\'', '\\', or
     '\kill' command, to the right of the previous column, flush against
     the current column's tab stop.

'\` (tabbing)'
     Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, including
     tab stop 0.  However, it can't move text to the right of the last
     column because there's no tab stop there.  The '\`' command moves
     all the text that follows it, up to the '\\' or '\end{tabbing}'
     command that ends the line, to the right margin of the tabbing
     environment.  There must be no '\>' or '\'' command between the
     '\`' and the command that ends the line.

'\a (tabbing)'
     In a 'tabbing' environment, the commands '\=', '\'' and '\`' do not
     produce accents as usual (*note Accents::).  Instead, the commands
     '\a=', '\a'' and '\a`' are used.

'\kill'
     Sets tab stops without producing text.  Works just like '\\' except
     that it throws away the current line instead of producing output
     for it.  The effect of any '\=', '\+' or '\-' commands in that line
     remain in effect.

'\poptabs'
     Restores the tab stop positions saved by the last '\pushtabs'.

'\pushtabs'
     Saves all current tab stop positions.  Useful for temporarily
     changing tab stop positions in the middle of a 'tabbing'
     environment.

'\tabbingsep'
     Distance to left of tab stop moved by '\''.

   This example typesets a Pascal function in a traditional format:

     \begin{tabbing}
     function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\
              \> begin \= \+ \\
                    \> if \= n $>$ 1 then \+ \\
                             fact := n * fact(n-1) \- \\
                       else \+ \\
                             fact := 1; \-\- \\
                 end;\\
     \end{tabbing}

8.23 'table'
============

Synopsis:

      \begin{table}[placement]

       body of the table

      \caption{table title}
      \end{table}

   Tables are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are
usually "floated" to a convenient place, like the top of a page.  Tables
will not be split between two pages.

   The optional argument '[placement]' determines where LaTeX will try
to place your table.  There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put
a float; these are the same as that used with the 'figure' environment,
and described there (*note figure::).

   The standard 'report' and 'article' classes use the default placement
'[tbp]'.

   The body of the table is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands,
etc., you wish.  The '\caption' command allows you to title your table.

8.24 'tabular'
==============

Synopsis:

     \begin{tabular}[pos]{cols}
     column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
     ...
     \end{tabular}

or

     \begin{tabular*}{width}[pos]{cols}
     column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
     ...
     \end{tabular*}

   These environments produce a box consisting of a sequence of rows of
items, aligned vertically in columns.

   '\\' must be used to specify the end of each row of the table, except
for the last, where it is optional--unless an '\hline' command (to put a
rule below the table) follows.

   The mandatory and optional arguments consist of:

'width'
     Specifies the width of the 'tabular*' environment.  There must be
     rubber space between columns that can stretch to fill out the
     specified width.

'pos'
     Specifies the vertical position; default is alignment on the centre
     of the environment.

     't'
          align on top row

     'b'
          align on bottom row

'cols'
     Specifies the column formatting.  It consists of a sequence of the
     following specifiers, corresponding to the sequence of columns and
     intercolumn material.

     'l'
          A column of left-aligned items.

     'r'
          A column of right-aligned items.

     'c'
          A column of centered items.

     '|'
          A vertical line the full height and depth of the environment.

     '@{TEXT}'
          This inserts TEXT in every row.  An @-expression suppresses
          the intercolumn space normally inserted between columns; any
          desired space before the adjacent item must be included in
          TEXT.

          To insert commands that are automatically executed before a
          given column, you have to load the 'array' package and use the
          '>{...}' specifier.

          An '\extracolsep{wd}' command in an @-expression causes an
          extra space of width 'wd' to appear to the left of all
          subsequent columns, until countermanded by another
          '\extracolsep' command.  Unlike ordinary intercolumn space,
          this extra space is not suppressed by an @-expression.  An
          '\extracolsep' command can be used only in an @-expression in
          the 'cols' argument.

     'p{WD}'
          Produces a column with each item typeset in a parbox of width
          WD, as if it were the argument of a '\parbox[t]{WD}' command.
          However, a '\\' may not appear in the item, except in the
          following situations:

            1. inside an environment like 'minipage', 'array', or
               'tabular'.
            2. inside an explicit '\parbox'.
            3. in the scope of a '\centering', '\raggedright', or
               '\raggedleft' declaration.  The latter declarations must
               appear inside braces or an environment when used in a
               'p'-column element.

     '*{NUM}{COLS}'
          Equivalent to NUM copies of COLS, where NUM is a positive
          integer and COLS is any list of column-specifiers, which may
          contain another '*-expression'.

   Parameters that control formatting:

'\arrayrulewidth'
     Thickness of the rule created by '|', '\hline', and '\vline' in the
     'tabular' and 'array' environments; the default is '.4pt'.

'\arraystretch'
     Scaling of spacing between rows in the 'tabular' and 'array'
     environments; default is '1', for no scaling.

'\doublerulesep'
     Horizontal distance between the vertical rules produced by '||' in
     the 'tabular' and 'array' environments; default is '2pt'.

'\tabcolsep'
     Half the width of the space between columns; default is '6pt'.

   The following commands can be used inside a 'tabular' environment:

8.24.1 '\multicolumn'
---------------------

Synopsis:
     \multicolumn{COLS}{POS}{TEXT}

   The '\multicolumn' command makes an entry that spans several columns.
The first mandatory argument, COLS, specifies the number of columns to
span.  The second mandatory argument, POS, specifies the formatting of
the entry; 'c' for centered, 'l' for flushleft, 'r' for flushright.  The
third mandatory argument, TEXT, specifies what text to put in the entry.

   Here's an example showing two columns separated by an en-dash;
'\multicolumn' is used for the heading:

     \begin{tabular}{r@{--}l}
     \multicolumn{2}{c}{\bf Unicode}\cr
        0x80&0x7FF   \cr
       0x800&0xFFFF  \cr
     0x10000&0x1FFFF \cr
     \end{tabular}

8.24.2 '\cline'
---------------

Synopsis:

     \cline{I-J}

   The '\cline' command draws horizontal lines across the columns
specified, beginning in column I and ending in column J, which are
specified in the mandatory argument.

8.24.3 '\hline'
---------------

The '\hline' command draws a horizontal line the width of the enclosing
'tabular' or 'array' environment.  It's most commonly used to draw a
line at the top, bottom, and between the rows of a table.

8.24.4 '\vline'
---------------

The '\vline' command will draw a vertical line extending the full height
and depth of its row.  An '\hfill' command can be used to move the line
to the edge of the column.  It can also be used in an @-expression.

8.25 'thebibliography'
======================

Synopsis:

     \begin{thebibliography}{WIDEST-LABEL}
     \bibitem[LABEL]{CITE_KEY}
     ...
     \end{thebibliography}

   The 'thebibliography' environment produces a bibliography or
reference list.

   In the 'article' class, this reference list is labelled "References";
in the 'report' class, it is labelled "Bibliography".  You can change
the label (in the standard classes) by redefining the command
'\refname'.  For instance, this eliminates it entirely:

     \renewcommand{\refname}{}

   The mandatory WIDEST-LABEL argument is text that, when typeset, is as
wide as the widest item label produced by the '\bibitem' commands.  It
is typically given as '9' for bibliographies with less than 10
references, '99' for ones with less than 100, etc.

8.25.1 '\bibitem'
-----------------

Synopsis:
     \bibitem[LABEL]{CITE_KEY}

   The '\bibitem' command generates an entry labelled by LABEL.  If the
LABEL argument is missing, a number is automatically generated using the
'enumi' counter.  The CITE_KEY is any sequence of letters, numbers, and
punctuation symbols not containing a comma.

   This command writes an entry to the '.aux' file containing the item's
CITE_KEY and label.  When the '.aux' file is read by the
'\begin{document}' command, the item's 'label' is associated with
'cite_key', causing references to CITE_KEY with a '\cite' command (see
next section) to produce the associated label.

8.25.2 '\cite'
--------------

Synopsis:

     \cite[SUBCITE]{KEYS

   The KEYS argument is a list of one or more citation keys, separated
by commas.  This command generates an in-text citation to the references
associated with KEYS by entries in the '.aux' file.

   The text of the optional SUBCITE argument appears after the citation.
For example, '\cite[p.~314]{knuth}' might produce '[Knuth, p. 314]'.

8.25.3 '\nocite'
----------------

'\nocite{key_list}'

   The '\nocite' command produces no text, but writes 'key_list', which
is a list of one or more citation keys, on the '.aux' file.

8.25.4 Using BibTeX
-------------------

If you use the BibTeX program by Oren Patashnik (highly recommended if
you need a bibliography of more than a couple of titles) to maintain
your bibliography, you don't use the 'thebibliography' environment
(*note thebibliography::).  Instead, you include the lines

     \bibliographystyle{BIBSTYLE}
     \bibliography{BIBFILE1,BIBFILE2}

   The '\bibliographystyle' command does not produce any output of its
own.  Rather, it defines the style in which the bibliography will be
produced: BIBSTYLE refers to a file BIBSTYLE'.bst', which defines how
your citations will look.  The standard STYLE names distributed with
BibTeX are:

'alpha'
     Sorted alphabetically.  Labels are formed from name of author and
     year of publication.
'plain'
     Sorted alphabetically.  Labels are numeric.
'unsrt'
     Like 'plain', but entries are in order of citation.
'abbrv'
     Like 'plain', but more compact labels.

   In addition, numerous other BibTeX style files exist tailored to the
demands of various publications.  See
<http://mirror.ctan.org/biblio/bibtex/contrib>.

   The '\bibliography' command is what actually produces the
bibliography.  The argument to '\bibliography' refers to files named
'BIBFILE.bib', which should contain your database in BibTeX format.
Only the entries referred to via '\cite' and '\nocite' will be listed in
the bibliography.

8.26 'theorem'
==============

Synopsis:

     \begin{theorem}
     THEOREM-TEXT
     \end{theorem}

   The 'theorem' environment produces "Theorem N" in boldface followed
by THEOREM-TEXT, where the numbering possibilities for N are described
under '\newtheorem' (*note \newtheorem::).

8.27 'titlepage'
================

Synopsis:

     \begin{titlepage}
     TEXT
     \end{titlepage}

   The 'titlepage' environment creates a title page, i.e., a page with
no printed page number or heading.  It also causes the following page to
be numbered page one.  Formatting the title page is left to you.  The
'\today' command may be useful on title pages (*note \today::).

   You can use the '\maketitle' command (*note \maketitle::) to produce
a standard title page without a 'titlepage' environment.

8.28 'verbatim'
===============

Synopsis:

     \begin{verbatim}
     LITERAL-TEXT
     \end{verbatim}

   The 'verbatim' environment is a paragraph-making environment in which
LaTeX produces exactly what you type in; for instance the '\' character
produces a printed '\'.  It turns LaTeX into a typewriter with carriage
returns and blanks having the same effect that they would on a
typewriter.

   The 'verbatim' uses a monospaced typewriter-like font ('\tt').

8.28.1 '\verb'
--------------

Synopsis:

     \verbCHARLITERAL-TEXTCHAR
     \verb*CHARLITERAL-TEXTCHAR

   The '\verb' command typesets LITERAL-TEXT as it is input, including
special characters and spaces, using the typewriter ('\tt') font.  No
spaces are allowed between '\verb' or '\verb*' and the delimiter CHAR,
which begins and ends the verbatim text.  The delimiter must not appear
in LITERAL-TEXT.

   The '*'-form differs only in that spaces are printed with a "visible
space" character.

8.29 'verse'
============

Synopsis:

     \begin{verse}
     LINE1 \\
     LINE2 \\
     ...
     \end{verse}

   The 'verse' environment is designed for poetry, though you may find
other uses for it.

   The margins are indented on the left and the right, paragraphs are
not indented, and the text is not justified.  Separate the lines of each
stanza with '\\', and use one or more blank lines to separate the
stanzas.

9 Line breaking
***************

The first thing LaTeX does when processing ordinary text is to translate
your input file into a sequence of glyphs and spaces.  To produce a
printed document, this sequence must be broken into lines (and these
lines must be broken into pages).

   LaTeX usually does the line (and page) breaking for you, but in some
environments, you do the line breaking yourself with the '\\' command,
and you can always manually force breaks.

9.1 '\\'[*][MORESPACE]
======================

The '\\' command tells LaTeX to start a new line.  It has an optional
argument, MORESPACE, that specifies how much extra vertical space is to
be inserted before the next line.  This can be a negative amount.

   The '\\*' command is the same as the ordinary '\\' command except
that it tells LaTeX not to start a new page after the line.

9.2 '\obeycr' & '\restorecr'
============================

The '\obeycr' command makes a return in the input file ('^^M',
internally) the same as '\\' (followed by '\relax').  So each new line
in the input will also be a new line in the output.

   '\restorecr' restores normal line-breaking behavior.

9.3 '\newline'
==============

The '\newline' command breaks the line at the present point, with no
stretching of the text before it.  It can only be used in paragraph
mode.

9.4 '\-' (discretionary hyphen)
===============================

The '\-' command tells LaTeX that it may hyphenate the word at that
point.  LaTeX is pretty good at hyphenating, and usually finds most of
the correct hyphenation points, while almost never using an incorrect
one.  The '\-' command is used for the exceptional cases.

   When you insert '\-' commands in a word, the word will only be
hyphenated at those points and not at any of the hyphenation points that
LaTeX might otherwise have chosen.

9.5 '\fussy'
============

The declaration '\fussy' (which is the default) makes TeX picky about
line breaking.  This usually avoids too much space between words, at the
cost of an occasional overfull box.

   This command cancels the effect of a previous '\sloppy' command
(*note \sloppy::.

9.6 '\sloppy'
=============

The declaration '\sloppy' makes TeX less fussy about line breaking.
This will avoid overfull boxes, at the cost of loose interword spacing.

   Lasts until a '\fussy' command is issued (*note \fussy::).

9.7 '\hyphenation'
==================

Synopsis:

     \hyphenation{WORD-ONE WORD-TWO}

   The '\hyphenation' command declares allowed hyphenation points with a
'-' character in the given words.  The words are separated by spaces.
TeX will only hyphenate if the word matches exactly, no inflections are
tried.  Multiple '\hyphenation' commands accumulate.  Some examples (the
default TeX hyphenation patterns misses the hyphenations in these
words):

     \hyphenation{ap-pen-dix col-umns data-base data-bases}

9.8 '\linebreak' & '\nolinebreak'
=================================

Synopses:

     \linebreak[PRIORITY]
     \nolinebreak[PRIORITY]

   By default, the '\linebreak' ('\nolinebreak') command forces
(prevents) a line break at the current position.  For '\linebreak', the
spaces in the line are stretched out so that it extends to the right
margin as usual.

   With the optional argument PRIORITY, you can convert the command from
a demand to a request.  The PRIORITY must be a number from 0 to 4.  The
higher the number, the more insistent the request.

10 Page breaking
****************

LaTeX starts new pages asynchronously, when enough material has
accumulated to fill up a page.  Usually this happens automatically, but
sometimes you may want to influence the breaks.

10.1 '\cleardoublepage'
=======================

The '\cleardoublepage' command ends the current page and causes all
figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed.
In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next page a right-hand
(odd-numbered) page, producing a blank page if necessary.

10.2 '\clearpage'
=================

The '\clearpage' command ends the current page and causes all figures
and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed.

10.3 '\newpage'
===============

The '\newpage' command ends the current page, but does not clear floats
(see '\clearpage' above).

10.4 '\enlargethispage'
=======================

'\enlargethispage{size}'

   '\enlargethispage*{size}'

   Enlarge the '\textheight' for the current page by the specified
amount; e.g.  '\enlargethispage{\baselineskip}' will allow one
additional line.

   The starred form tries to squeeze the material together on the page
as much as possible.  This is normally used together with an explicit
'\pagebreak'.

10.5 '\pagebreak' & '\nopagebreak'
==================================

Synopses:

     \pagebreak[PRIORITY]
     \nopagebreak[PRIORITY]

   By default, the '\pagebreak' ('\nopagebreak') command forces
(prevents) a page break at the current position.  With '\pagebreak', the
vertical space on the page is stretched out where possible so that it
extends to the normal bottom margin.

   With the optional argument PRIORITY, you can convert the '\pagebreak'
command from a demand to a request.  The number must be a number from 0
to 4.  The higher the number, the more insistent the request is.

11 Footnotes
************

Footnotes can be produced in one of two ways.  They can be produced with
one command, the '\footnote' command.  They can also be produced with
two commands, the '\footnotemark' and the '\footnotetext' commands.

11.1 '\footnote'
================

Synopsis:

     \footnote[NUMBER]{TEXT}

   The '\footnote' command places the numbered footnote TEXT at the
bottom of the current page.  The optional argument NUMBER changes the
default footnote number.

   This command can only be used in outer paragraph mode; i.e., you
cannot use it in sectioning commands like '\chapter', in figures, tables
or in a 'tabular' environment.  (See following sections.)

11.2 '\footnotemark'
====================

With no optional argument, the '\footnotemark' command puts the current
footnote number in the text.  This command can be used in inner
paragraph mode.  You give the text of the footnote separately, with the
'\footnotetext' command.

   This command can be used to produce several consecutive footnote
markers referring to the same footnote with

     \footnotemark[\value{footnote}]

after the first '\footnote' command.

11.3 '\footnotetext'
====================

Synopsis:

     \footnotetext[NUMBER]{TEXT}

   The '\footnotetext' command places TEXT at the bottom of the page as
a footnote.  This command can come anywhere after the '\footnotemark'
command.  The '\footnotetext' command must appear in outer paragraph
mode.

   The optional argument NUMBER changes the default footnote number.

11.4 Symbolic footnotes
=======================

If you want to use symbols for footnotes, rather than increasing
numbers, redefine '\thefootnote' like this:

     \renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\fnsymbol{footnote}}

   The '\fnsymbol' command produces a predefined series of symbols
(*note \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol::).  If you want to
use a different symbol as your footnote mark, you'll need to also
redefine '\@fnsymbol'.

11.5 Footnote parameters
========================

'\footnoterule'
     Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the
     page's footnotes.  Default dimensions: '0.4pt' thick (or wide), and
     '0.4\columnwidth' long in the standard document classes (except
     'slides', where it does not appear).

'\footnotesep'
     The height of the strut placed at the beginning of the footnote.
     By default, this is set to the normal strut for '\footnotesize'
     fonts (*note Font sizes::), therefore there is no extra space
     between footnotes.  This is '6.65pt' for '10pt', '7.7pt' for
     '11pt', and '8.4pt' for '12pt'.

12 Definitions
**************

LaTeX has support for making new commands of many different kinds.

12.1 '\newcommand' & '\renewcommand'
====================================

'\newcommand' and '\renewcommand' define and redefine a command,
respectively.  Synopses:

       \newcommand[*]{CMD}[NARGS][OPTARGVAL]{DEFN}
     \renewcommand[*]{CMD}[NARGS][OPTARGVAL]{DEFN}

'*'
     The *-form of these commands requires that the arguments not
     contain multiple paragraphs of text (not '\long', in plain TeX
     terms).

CMD
     The command name, beginning with '\'.  For '\newcommand', it must
     not be already defined and must not begin with '\end'; for
     '\renewcommand', it must already be defined.

NARGS
     An optional integer from 1 to 9 specifying the number of arguments
     that the command will take.  The default is for the command to have
     no arguments.

OPTARGVAL
     If this optional parameter is present, it means that the first
     argument of command CMD is optional and its default value (i.e., if
     it is not specified in the call) is OPTARG.  In otherwise, when
     calling the macro, if no '[VALUE]' is given after 'CMD'--which is
     different from having '[]' for an empty VALUE--then string
     'OPTARGVAL' becomes the value of '#1' within DEFN when the macro is
     expanded.

DEFN
     The text to be substituted for every occurrence of 'cmd'; a
     construct of the form '#N' in DEFN is replaced by the text of the
     Nth argument.

12.2 '\newcounter'
==================

Synopsis:

     \newcounter{COUNTERNAME}[SUPERCOUNTER]

   The '\newcounter' command defines a new counter named COUNTERNAME.
The new counter is initialized to zero.

   Given the optional argument '[SUPER]', COUNTERNAME will be reset
whenever the counter named SUPERCOUNTER is incremented.

   *Note Counters::, for more information about counters.

12.3 '\newlength'
=================

Synopsis:

     \newlength{\ARG}

   The '\newlength' command defines the mandatory argument as a "length"
command with a value of zero.  The argument must be a control sequence,
as in '\newlength{\foo}'.  An error occurs if '\foo' is already defined.

   *Note Lengths::, for how to set the new length to a nonzero value,
and for more information about lengths in general.

12.4 '\newsavebox'
==================

Synopsis:

     \newsavebox{CMD}

   Defines '\CMD', which must be a command name not already defined, to
refer to a new bin for storing boxes.

12.5 '\newenvironment' & '\renewenvironment'
============================================

Synopses:

       \newenvironment[*]{ENV}[NARGS][DEFAULT]{BEGDEF}{ENDDEF}
     \renewenvironment[*]{ENV}[NARGS]{BEGDEF}{ENDDEF}

   These commands define or redefine an environment ENV, that is,
'\begin{ENV} ... \end{ENV}'.

'*'
     The *-form of these commands requires that the arguments (not the
     contents of the environment) not contain multiple paragraphs of
     text.

ENV
     The name of the environment.  For '\newenvironment', ENV must not
     be an existing environment, and the command '\ENV' must be
     undefined.  For '\renewenvironment', ENV must be the name of an
     existing environment.

NARGS
     An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of the
     newly-defined environment.  The default is no arguments.

DEFAULT
     If this is specified, the first argument is optional, and DEFAULT
     gives the default value for that argument.

BEGDEF
     The text expanded at every occurrence of '\begin{ENV}'; a construct
     of the form '#N' in BEGDEF is replaced by the text of the Nth
     argument.

ENDDEF
     The text expanded at every occurrence of '\end{ENV}'.  It may not
     contain any argument parameters.

12.6 '\newtheorem'
==================

     \newtheorem{NEWENV}{LABEL}[WITHIN]
     \newtheorem{NEWENV}[NUMBERED_LIKE]{LABEL}

   This command defines a theorem-like environment.  Arguments:

NEWENV
     The name of the environment to be defined; must not be the name of
     an existing environment or otherwise defined.

LABEL
     The text printed at the beginning of the environment, before the
     number.  For example, 'Theorem'.

NUMBERED_LIKE
     (Optional.)  The name of an already defined theorem-like
     environment; the new environment will be numbered just like
     NUMBERED_LIKE.

WITHIN
     (Optional.)  The name of an already defined counter, a sectional
     unit.  The new theorem counter will be reset at the same time as
     the WITHIN counter.

   At most one of NUMBERED_LIKE and WITHIN can be specified, not both.

12.7 '\newfont'
===============

Synopsis:

     \newfont{CMD}{FONTNAME}

   Defines a control sequence '\CMD', which must not already be defined,
to make FONTNAME be the current font.  The file looked for on the system
is named 'FONTNAME.tfm'.

   This is a low-level command for setting up to use an individual font.
More commonly, fonts are defined in families through '.fd' files.

12.8 '\protect'
===============

Footnotes, line breaks, any command that has an optional argument, and
many more are so-called "fragile" commands.  When a fragile command is
used in certain contexts, called "moving arguments", it must be preceded
by '\protect'.  In addition, any fragile commands within the arguments
must have their own '\protect'.

   Some examples of moving arguments are '\caption' (*note figure::),
'\thanks' (*note \maketitle::), and expressions in 'tabular' and 'array'
environments (*note tabular::).

   Commands which are not fragile are called "robust".  They must not be
preceded by '\protect'.

   See also:

<http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/teTeX/latex/latex2e-html/fragile.html>
<http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=protect>

13 Counters
***********

Everything LaTeX numbers for you has a counter associated with it.  The
name of the counter is the same as the name of the environment or
command that produces the number, except with no '\'.  ('enumi'-'enumiv'
are used for the nested enumerate environment.)  Below is a list of the
counters used in LaTeX's standard document classes to control numbering.

     part            paragraph       figure          enumi
     chapter         subparagraph    table           enumii
     section         page            footnote        enumiii
     subsection      equation        mpfootnote      enumiv
     subsubsection

13.1 '\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol': Printing counters
=====================================================================

All of these commands take a single counter as an argument, for
instance, '\alph{enumi}'.

'\alph'
     prints COUNTER using lowercase letters: 'a', 'b', ...

'\Alph'
     uses uppercase letters: 'A', 'B', ...

'\arabic'
     uses Arabic numbers: '1', '2', ...

'\roman'
     uses lowercase roman numerals: 'i', 'ii', ...

'\Roman'
     uses uppercase roman numerals: 'I', 'II', ...

'\fnsymbol'
     prints the value of COUNTER in a specific sequence of nine symbols
     (conventionally used for labeling footnotes).  The value of COUNTER
     must be between 1 and 9, inclusive.

     Here are the symbols (as Unicode code points in ASCII output):

          asterisk(*) dagger(U+2021) ddagger(U+2021)
          section-sign(U+00A7) paragraph-sign(U+00B6) parallel(U+2225)
          double-asterisk(**) double-dagger(U+2021U+2021) double-ddagger(U+2021U+2021)

13.2 '\usecounter{COUNTER}'
===========================

Synopsis:

     \usecounter{COUNTER}

   The '\usecounter' command is used in the second argument of the
'list' environment to specify COUNTER to be used to number the list
items.

13.3 '\value{COUNTER}'
======================

Synopsis:

     \value{COUNTER}

   The '\value' command produces the value of COUNTER.  It can be used
anywhere LaTeX expects a number, for example:

     \setcounter{myctr}{3}
     \addtocounter{myctr}{1}
     \hspace{\value{myctr}\parindent}

13.4 '\setcounter{COUNTER}{VALUE}'
==================================

Synopsis:

     \setcounter{COUNTER}{VALUE}

   The '\setcounter' command sets the value of COUNTER to the VALUE
argument.

13.5 '\addtocounter{COUNTER}{VALUE}'
====================================

The '\addtocounter' command increments COUNTER by the amount specified
by the VALUE argument, which may be negative.

13.6 '\refstepcounter{COUNTER}'
===============================

The '\refstepcounter' command works in the same way as '\stepcounter'
*Note \stepcounter::, except it also defines the current '\ref' value to
be the result of '\thecounter'.

13.7 '\stepcounter{COUNTER}'
============================

The '\stepcounter' command adds one to COUNTER and resets all subsidiary
counters.

13.8 '\day \month \year': Predefined counters
=============================================

LaTeX defines counters for the day of the month ('\day', 1-31), month of
the year ('\month', 1-12), and year ('\year', Common Era).  When TeX
starts up, they are set to the current values on the system where TeX is
running.  They are not updated as the job progresses.

   The related command '\today' produces a string representing the
current day (*note \today::).

14 Lengths
**********

A 'length' is a measure of distance.  Many LaTeX commands take a length
as an argument.

14.1 '\setlength{\LEN}{VALUE}'
==============================

The '\setlength' sets the value of \LEN to the VALUE argument, which can
be expressed in any units that LaTeX understands, i.e., inches ('in'),
millimeters ('mm'), points ('pt'), big points ('bp', etc.

14.2 \addtolength{\LEN}{AMOUNT}
===============================

The '\addtolength' command increments a "length command" \LEN by the
amount specified in the AMOUNT argument, which may be negative.

14.3 '\settodepth'
==================

'\settodepth{\gnat}{text}'

   The '\settodepth' command sets the value of a 'length' command equal
to the depth of the 'text' argument.

14.4 '\settoheight'
===================

'\settoheight{\gnat}{text}'

   The '\settoheight' command sets the value of a 'length' command equal
to the height of the 'text' argument.

14.5 '\settowidth{\LEN}{TEXT}'
==============================

The '\settowidth' command sets the value of the command \LEN to the
width of the TEXT argument.

14.6 Predefined lengths
=======================

'\width'

   '\height'

   '\depth'

   '\totalheight'

   These length parameters can be used in the arguments of the
box-making commands (*note Boxes::).  They specify the natural width,
etc., of the text in the box.  '\totalheight' equals '\height' +
'\depth'.  To make a box with the text stretched to double the natural
size, e.g., say

   '\makebox[2\width]{Get a stretcher}'

15 Making paragraphs
********************

A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines--lines not
containing even a '%'.  A blank line should not appear where a new
paragraph cannot be started, such as in math mode or in the argument of
a sectioning command.

15.1 '\indent'
==============

'\indent' produces a horizontal space whose width equals the width of
the '\parindent' length, the normal paragraph indentation.  It is used
to add paragraph indentation where it would otherwise be suppressed.

   The default value for '\parindent' is '1em' in two-column mode,
otherwise '15pt' for '10pt' documents, '17pt' for '11pt', and '1.5em'
for '12pt'.

15.2 '\noindent'
================

When used at the beginning of the paragraph, '\noindent' suppresses any
paragraph indentation.  It has no effect when used in the middle of a
paragraph.

15.3 '\parskip'
===============

'\parskip' is a rubber length defining extra vertical space added before
each paragraph.  The default is '0pt plus1pt'.

15.4 Marginal notes
===================

Synopsis:

     \marginpar[LEFT]{RIGHT}

   The '\marginpar' command creates a note in the margin.  The first
line of the note will have the same baseline as the line in the text
where the '\marginpar' occurs.

   When you only specify the mandatory argument RIGHT, the text will be
placed

   * in the right margin for one-sided layout;
   * in the outside margin for two-sided layout;
   * in the nearest margin for two-column layout.

   The command '\reversemarginpar' places subsequent marginal notes in
the opposite (inside) margin.  '\normalmarginpar' places them in the
default position.

   When you specify both arguments, LEFT is used for the left margin,
and RIGHT is used for the right margin.

   The first word will normally not be hyphenated; you can enable
hyphenation there by beginning the node with '\hspace{0pt}'.

   These parameters affect the formatting of the note:

'\marginparpush'
     Minimum vertical space between notes; default '7pt' for '12pt'
     documents, '5pt' else.

'\marginparsep'
     Horizontal space between the main text and the note; default '11pt'
     for '10pt' documents, '10pt' else.

'\marginparwidth'
     Width of the note itself; default for a one-sided '10pt' document
     is '90pt', '83pt' for '11pt', and '68pt' for '12pt'; '17pt' more in
     each case for a two-sided document.  In two column mode, the
     default is '48pt'.

   The standard LaTeX routine for marginal notes does not prevent notes
from falling off the bottom of the page.

16 Math formulas
****************

There are three environments that put LaTeX in math mode:

'math'
     For formulas that appear right in the text.
'displaymath'
     For formulas that appear on their own line.
'equation'
     The same as the displaymath environment except that it adds an
     equation number in the right margin.

   The 'math' environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode, but
the 'displaymath' and 'equation' environments can be used only in
paragraph mode.  The 'math' and 'displaymath' environments are used so
often that they have the following short forms:

     \(...\)   instead of   \begin{math}...\end{math}
     \[...\]   instead of   \begin{displaymath}...\end{displaymath}

   In fact, the 'math' environment is so common that it has an even
shorter form:

     $ ... $   instead of   \(...\)

   The '\boldmath' command changes math letters and symbols to be in a
bold font.  It is used _outside_ of math mode.  Conversely, the
'\unboldmath' command changes math glyphs to be in a normal font; it too
is used _outside_ of math mode.

   The '\displaystyle' declaration forces the size and style of the
formula to be that of 'displaymath', e.g., with limits above and below
summations.  For example
     $\displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^\infty x_n $

16.1 Subscripts & superscripts
==============================

To get an expression exp to appear as a subscript, you just type
'_{'exp'}'.  To get exp to appear as a superscript, you type '^{'exp'}'.
LaTeX handles superscripted superscripts and all of that stuff in the
natural way.  It even does the right thing when something has both a
subscript and a superscript.

16.2 Math symbols
=================

LaTeX provides almost any mathematical symbol you're likely to need.
The commands for generating them can be used only in math mode.  For
example, if you include '$\pi$' in your source, you will get the pi
symbol (\pi) in your output.

'\|'
     \|

'\aleph'
     \aleph

'\alpha'
     \alpha

'\amalg'
     \amalg (binary operation)

'\angle'
     \angle

'\approx'
     \approx (relation)

'\ast'
     \ast (binary operation)

'\asymp'
     \asymp (relation)

'\backslash'
     \ (delimiter)

'\beta'
     \beta

'\bigcap'
     \bigcap

'\bigcirc'
     \bigcirc (binary operation)

'\bigcup'
     \bigcup

'\bigodot'
     \bigodot

'\bigoplus'
     \bigoplus

'\bigotimes'
     \bigotimes

'\bigtriangledown'
     \bigtriangledown (binary operation)

'\bigtriangleup'
     \bigtriangleup (binary operation)

'\bigsqcup'
     \bigsqcup

'\biguplus'
     \biguplus

'\bigcap'
     \bigvee

'\bigwedge'
     \bigwedge

'\bot'
     \bot

'\bowtie'
     \bowtie (relation)

'\Box'
     (square open box symbol)

'\bullet'
     \bullet (binary operation)

'\cap'
     \cap (binary operation)

'\cdot'
     \cdot (binary operation)

'\chi'
     \chi

'\circ'
     \circ (binary operation)

'\clubsuit'
     \clubsuit

'\cong'
     \cong (relation)

'\coprod'
     \coprod

'\cup'
     \cup (binary operation)

'\dagger'
     \dagger (binary operation)

'\dashv'
     \dashv (relation)

'\ddagger'
     \dagger (binary operation)

'\Delta'
     \Delta

'\delta'
     \delta

'\Diamond'
     bigger \diamond

'\diamond'
     \diamond (binary operation)

'\diamondsuit'
     \diamondsuit

'\div'
     \div (binary operation)

'\doteq'
     \doteq (relation)

'\downarrow'
     \downarrow (delimiter)

'\Downarrow'
     \Downarrow (delimiter)

'\ell'
     \ell

'\emptyset'
     \emptyset

'\epsilon'
     \epsilon

'\equiv'
     \equiv (relation)

'\eta'
     \eta

'\exists'
     \exists

'\flat'
     \flat

'\forall'
     \forall

'\frown'
     \frown (relation)

'\Gamma'
     \Gamma

'\gamma'
     \gamma

'\ge'
     \ge

'\geq'
     \geq (relation)

'\gets'
     \gets

'\gg'
     \gg (relation)

'\hbar'
     \hbar

'\heartsuit'
     \heartsuit

'\hookleftarrow'
     \hookleftarrow

'\hookrightarrow'
     \hookrightarrow

'\iff'
     \iff

'\Im'
     \Im

'\in'
     \in (relation)

'\infty'
     \infty

'\int'
     \int

'\iota'
     \iota

'\Join'
     condensed bowtie symbol (relation)

'\kappa'
     \kappa

'\Lambda'
     \Lambda

'\lambda'
     \lambda

'\land'
     \land

'\langle'
     \langle (delimiter)

'\lbrace'
     \lbrace (delimiter)

'\lbrack'
     \lbrack (delimiter)

'\lceil'
     \lceil (delimiter)

'\le'
     \le

'\leadsto'

'\Leftarrow'
     \Leftarrow

'\leftarrow'
     \leftarrow

'\leftharpoondown'
     \leftharpoondown

'\leftharpoonup'
     \leftharpoonup

'\Leftrightarrow'
     \Leftrightarrow

'\leftrightarrow'
     \leftrightarrow

'\leq'
     \leq (relation)

'\lfloor'
     \lfloor (delimiter)

'\lhd'
     (left-pointing arrow head)

'\ll'
     \ll (relation)

'\lnot'
     \lnot

'\longleftarrow'
     \longleftarrow

'\longleftrightarrow'
     \longleftrightarrow

'\longmapsto'
     \longmapsto

'\longrightarrow'
     \longrightarrow

'\lor'
     \lor

'\mapsto'
     \mapsto

'\mho'

'\mid'
     \mid (relation)

'\models'
     \models (relation)

'\mp'
     \mp (binary operation)

'\mu'
     \mu

'\nabla'
     \nabla

'\natural'
     \natural

'\ne'
     \ne

'\nearrow'
     \nearrow

'\neg'
     \neg

'\neq'
     \neq (relation)

'\ni'
     \ni (relation)

'\not'
     Overstrike a following operator with a /, as in \not=.

'\notin'
     \ni

'\nu'
     \nu

'\nwarrow'
     \nwarrow

'\odot'
     \odot (binary operation)

'\oint'
     \oint

'\Omega'
     \Omega

'\omega'
     \omega

'\ominus'
     \ominus (binary operation)

'\oplus'
     \oplus (binary operation)

'\oslash'
     \oslash (binary operation)

'\otimes'
     \otimes (binary operation)

'\owns'
     \owns

'\parallel'
     \parallel (relation)

'\partial'
     \partial

'\perp'
     \perp (relation)

'\phi'
     \phi

'\Pi'
     \Pi

'\pi'
     \pi

'\pm'
     \pm (binary operation)

'\prec'
     \prec (relation)

'\preceq'
     \preceq (relation)

'\prime'
     \prime

'\prod'
     \prod

'\propto'
     \propto (relation)

'\Psi'
     \Psi

'\psi'
     \psi

'\rangle'
     \rangle (delimiter)

'\rbrace'
     \rbrace (delimiter)

'\rbrack'
     \rbrack (delimiter)

'\rceil'
     \rceil (delimiter)

'\Re'
     \Re

'\rfloor'
     \rfloor

'\rhd'
     (binary operation)

'\rho'
     \rho

'\Rightarrow'
     \Rightarrow

'\rightarrow'
     \rightarrow

'\rightharpoondown'
     \rightharpoondown

'\rightharpoonup'
     \rightharpoonup

'\rightleftharpoons'
     \rightleftharpoons

'\searrow'
     \searrow

'\setminus'
     \setminus (binary operation)

'\sharp'
     \sharp

'\Sigma'
     \Sigma

'\sigma'
     \sigma

'\sim'
     \sim (relation)

'\simeq'
     \simeq (relation)

'\smallint'
     \smallint

'\smile'
     \smile (relation)

'\spadesuit'
     \spadesuit

'\sqcap'
     \sqcap (binary operation)

'\sqcup'
     \sqcup (binary operation)

'\sqsubset'
     (relation)

'\sqsubseteq'
     \sqsubseteq (relation)

'\sqsupset'
     (relation)

'\sqsupseteq'
     \sqsupseteq (relation)

'\star'
     \star (binary operation)

'\subset'
     \subset (relation)

'\subseteq'
     \subseteq (relation)

'\succ'
     \succ (relation)

'\succeq'
     \succeq (relation)

'\sum'
     \sum

'\supset'
     \supset (relation)

'\supseteq'
     \supseteq (relation)

'\surd'
     \surd

'\swarrow'
     \swarrow

'\tau'
     \tau

'\theta'
     \theta

'\times'
     \times (binary operation)

'\to'
     \to

'\top'
     \top

'\triangle'
     \triangle

'\triangleleft'
     \triangleleft (binary operation)

'\triangleright'
     \triangleright (binary operation)

'\unlhd'
     left-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation)

'\unrhd'
     right-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation)

'\Uparrow'
     \Uparrow (delimiter)

'\uparrow'
     \uparrow (delimiter)

'\Updownarrow'
     \Updownarrow (delimiter)

'\updownarrow'
     \updownarrow (delimiter)

'\uplus'
     \uplus (binary operation)

'\Upsilon'
     \Upsilon

'\upsilon'
     \upsilon

'\varepsilon'
     \varepsilon

'\varphi'
     \varphi

'\varpi'
     \varpi

'\varrho'
     \varrho

'\varsigma'
     \varsigma

'\vartheta'
     \vartheta

'\vdash'
     \vdash (relation)

'\vee'
     \vee (binary operation)

'\Vert'
     \Vert (delimiter)

'\vert'
     \vert (delimiter)

'\wedge'
     \wedge (binary operation)

'\wp'
     \wp

'\wr'
     \wr (binary operation)

'\Xi'
     \Xi

'\xi'
     \xi

'\zeta'
     \zeta

16.3 Math functions
===================

These commands produce roman function names in math mode with proper
spacing.

'\arccos'
     \arccos

'\arcsin'
     \arcsin

'\arctan'
     \arctan

'\arg'
     \arg

'\bmod'
     Binary modulo operator (x \bmod y)

'\cos'
     \cos

'\cosh'
     \cosh

'\cot'
     \cos

'\coth'
     \cosh

'\csc'
     \csc

'\deg'
     \deg

'\det'
     \deg

'\dim'
     \dim

'\exp'
     \exp

'\gcd'
     \gcd

'\hom'
     \hom

'\inf'
     \inf

'\ker'
     \ker

'\lg'
     \lg

'\lim'
     \lim

'\liminf'
     \liminf

'\limsup'
     \limsup

'\ln'
     \ln

'\log'
     \log

'\max'
     \max

'\min'
     \min

'\pmod'
     parenthesized modulus, as in (\pmod 2^n - 1)

'\Pr'
     \Pr

'\sec'
     \sec

'\sin'
     \sin

'\sinh'
     \sinh

'\sup'
     sup

'\tan'
     \tan

'\tanh'
     \tanh

16.4 Math accents
=================

LaTeX provides a variety of commands for producing accented letters in
math.  These are different from accents in normal text (*note
Accents::).

'\acute'
     Math acute accent: \acute{x}.

'\bar'
     Math bar-over accent: \bar{x}.

'\breve'
     Math breve accent: \breve{x}.

'\check'
     Math ha'c<ek (check) accent: \check{x}.

'\ddot'
     Math dieresis accent: \ddot{x}.

'\dot'
     Math dot accent: \dot{x}.

'\grave'
     Math grave accent: \grave{x}.

'\hat'
     Math hat (circumflex) accent: \hat{x}.

'\imath'
     Math dotless i.

'\jmath'
     Math dotless j.

'\mathring'
     Math ring accent: x*.

'\tilde'
     Math tilde accent: \tilde{x}.

'\vec'
     Math vector symbol: \vec{x}.

'\widehat'
     Math wide hat accent: \widehat{x+y}.

'\widehat'
     Math wide tilde accent: \widetilde{x+y}.

16.5 Spacing in math mode
=========================

In a 'math' environment, LaTeX ignores the spaces you type and puts in
the spacing according to the normal rules for mathematics texts.  If you
want different spacing, LaTeX provides the following commands for use in
math mode:

'\;'
     A thick space (5\over18\,quad).
'\:'
'\>'
     Both of these produce a medium space (2\over9\,quad).
'\,'
     A thin space (1\over6\,quad); not restricted to math mode.
'\!'
     A negative thin space (-{1\over6}\,quad).

16.6 Math miscellany
====================

'\*'
     A "discretionary" multiplication symbol, at which a line break is
     allowed.

'\cdots'
     A horizontal ellipsis with the dots raised to the center of the
     line.

'\ddots'
     A diagonal ellipsis: \ddots.

'\frac{num}{den}'
     Produces the fraction 'num' divided by 'den'.

'\left DELIM1 ... \right DELIM2'
     The two delimiters need not match; '.' acts as a null delimiter,
     producing no output.  The delimiters are sized according to the
     math in between.  Example: '\left( \sum_i=1^10 a_i \right]'.

'\overbrace{TEXT}'
     Generates a brace over TEXT.  For example,
     \overbrace{x+\cdots+x}^{k \rm\;times}.

'\overline{TEXT}'
     Generates a horizontal line over TEX.  For example, \overline{x+y}.

'\sqrt[ROOT]{arg}'
     Produces the representation of the square root of ARG.  The
     optional argument ROOT determines what root to produce.  For
     example, the cube root of 'x+y' would be typed as
     '$\sqrt[3]{x+y}$'.

'\stackrel{TEXT}{RELATION}'
     Puts TEXT above RELATION.  For example,
     '\stackrel{f}{\longrightarrow}'.

'\underbrace{math}'
     Generates MATH with a brace underneath.

'\underline{text}'
     Causes TEXT, which may be either math mode or not, to be
     underlined.  The line is always below the text, taking account of
     descenders.

'\vdots'
     Produces a vertical ellipsis.

17 Modes
********

When LaTeX is processing your input text, it is always in one of three
modes:

   * Paragraph mode
   * Math mode
   * Left-to-right mode, called LR mode for short

   Mode changes occur only when entering or leaving an environment, or
when LaTeX is processing the argument of certain text-producing
commands.

   "Paragraph mode" is the most common; it's the one LaTeX is in when
processing ordinary text.  In this mode, LaTeX breaks the input text
into lines and breaks the lines into pages.

   LaTeX is in "math mode" when it's generating a mathematical formula,
either displayed math or within a line.

   In "LR mode", as in paragraph mode, LaTeX considers the output that
it produces to be a string of words with spaces between them.  However,
unlike paragraph mode, LaTeX keeps going from left to right; it never
starts a new line in LR mode.  Even if you put a hundred words into an
'\mbox', LaTeX would keep typesetting them from left to right inside a
single box (and then most likely complain because the resulting box was
too wide to fit on the line).  LaTeX is in LR mode when it starts making
a box with an '\mbox' command.  You can get it to enter a different mode
inside the box--for example, you can make it enter math mode to put a
formula in the box.

   There are also several text-producing commands and environments for
making a box that put LaTeX into paragraph mode.  The box made by one of
these commands or environments will be called a 'parbox'.  When LaTeX is
in paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to be in "inner
paragraph mode" (no page breaks).  Its normal paragraph mode, which it
starts out in, is called "outer paragraph mode".

18 Page styles
**************

The '\documentclass' command determines the size and position of the
page's head and foot.  The page style determines what goes in them.

18.1 '\maketitle'
=================

The '\maketitle' command generates a title on a separate title
page--except in the 'article' class, where the title is placed at the
top of the first page.  Information used to produce the title is
obtained from the following declarations:

'\author{NAME \and NAME2}'
     The '\author' command declares the document author(s), where the
     argument is a list of authors separated by '\and' commands.  Use
     '\\' to separate lines within a single author's entry--for example,
     to give the author's institution or address.

'\date{TEXT}'
     The '\date' command declares TEXT to be the document's date.  With
     no '\date' command, the current date (*note \today::) is used.

'\thanks{TEXT}'
     The '\thanks' command produces a '\footnote' to the title, usually
     used for credit acknowledgements.

'\title{TEXT}'
     The '\title' command declares TEXT to be the title of the document.
     Use '\\' to force a line break, as usual.

18.2 '\pagenumbering'
=====================

Synopsis:

     \pagenumbering{STYLE}

   Specifies the style of page numbers, according to STYLE; also resets
the page number to 1.  The STYLE argument is one of the following:

'arabic'
     arabic numerals

'roman'
     lowercase Roman numerals

'Roman'
     uppercase Roman numerals

'alph'
     lowercase letters

'Alph'
     uppercase letters

18.3 '\pagestyle'
=================

Synopsis:

     \pagestyle{STYLE}

   The '\pagestyle' command specifies how the headers and footers are
typeset from the current page onwards.  Values for STYLE:

'plain'
     Just a plain page number.

'empty'
     Empty headers and footers, e.g., no page numbers.

'headings'
     Put running headers on each page.  The document style specifies
     what goes in the headers.

'myheadings'
     Custom headers, specified via the '\markboth' or the '\markright'
     commands.

   Here are the descriptions of '\markboth' and '\markright':

'\markboth{LEFT}{RIGHT}'
     Sets both the left and the right heading.  A "left-hand heading"
     (LEFT) is generated by the last '\markboth' command before the end
     of the page, while a "right-hand heading" (RIGHT) is generated by
     the first '\markboth' or '\markright' that comes on the page if
     there is one, otherwise by the last one before the page.

'\markright{RIGHT}'
     Sets the right heading, leaving the left heading unchanged.

18.4 '\thispagestyle{STYLE}'
============================

The '\thispagestyle' command works in the same manner as the
'\pagestyle' command (see previous section) except that it changes to
STYLE for the current page only.

19 Spaces
*********

LaTeX has many ways to produce white (or filled) space.

   Another space-producing command is '\,' to produce a "thin" space
(usually 1/6quad).  It can be used in text mode, but is more often
useful in math mode (*note Spacing in math mode::).

19.1 '\hspace'
==============

Synopsis:

     \hspace[*]{LENGTH}

   The '\hspace' command adds horizontal space.  The LENGTH argument can
be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands: points, inches, etc.
It is a rubber length.  You can add both negative and positive space
with an '\hspace' command; adding negative space is like backspacing.

   LaTeX normally removes horizontal space that comes at the beginning
or end of a line.  To preserve this space, use the optional '*' form.

19.2 '\hfill'
=============

The '\hfill' fill command produces a "rubber length" which has no
natural space but can stretch or shrink horizontally as far as needed.

   The '\fill' parameter is the rubber length itself (technically, the
glue value '0pt plus1fill'); thus, '\hspace\fill' is equivalent to
'\hfill'.

19.3 '\SPACE': Normal interword space
=====================================

The '\ ' (space) command produces a normal interword space.  It's useful
after punctuation which shouldn't end a sentence.  For example, 'the
article in Proc.\ Amer.\ Math\. Soc.\ is fundamental'.  It is also often
used after control sequences, as in '\TeX\ is a nice system.'

   In normal circumstances, '\'<tab> and '\'<newline> are equivalent to
'\ '.

19.4 '\@': Force sentence-ending punctuation
============================================

The '\@' command makes the following punctuation character end a
sentence even if it normally would not.  This is typically used after a
capital letter.  Here are side-by-side examples with and without '\@':

     ... in C\@. Pascal, though ...
     ... in C. Pascal, though ...

produces

     ... in C.  Pascal, though ...
     ... in C. Pascal, though ...

19.5 '\thinspace': Insert 1/6em
===============================

'\thinspace' produces an unbreakable and unstretchable space that is 1/6
of an em.  This is the proper space to use between nested quotes, as in
'".

19.6 '\/': Insert italic correction
===================================

The '\/' command produces an "italic correction".  This is a small space
defined by the font designer for a given character, to avoid the
character colliding with whatever follows.  The italic f character
typically has a large italic correction value.

   If the following character is a period or comma, it's not necessary
to insert an italic correction, since those punctuation symbols have a
very small height.  However, with semicolons or colons, as well as
normal letters, it can help.  Compare f: f; (in the TeX output, the 'f's
are nicely separated) with f: f;.

   When changing fonts with commands such as '\textit{italic text}' or
'{\itshape italic text}', LaTeX will automatically insert an italic
correction if appropriate (*note Font styles::).

   Despite the name, roman characters can also have an italic
correction.  Compare pdfTeX (in the TeX output, there is a small space
after the 'f') with pdfTeX.

   There is no concept of italic correction in math mode; spacing is
done in a different way.

19.7 '\hrulefill'
=================

The '\hrulefill' fill command produces a "rubber length" which can
stretch or shrink horizontally.  It will be filled with a horizontal
rule.

19.8 '\dotfill'
===============

The '\dotfill' command produces a "rubber length" that fills with dots
instead of just white space.

19.9 '\addvspace'
=================

'\addvspace{length}'

   The '\addvspace' command normally adds a vertical space of height
length.  However, if vertical space has already been added to the same
point in the output by a previous '\addvspace' command, then this
command will not add more space than is needed to make the natural
length of the total vertical space equal to 'length'.

19.10 '\bigskip \medskip \smallskip'
====================================

These commands produce a given amount of space, specified by the
document class.

'\bigskip'
     The same as '\vspace{\bigskipamount}', ordinarily about one line
     space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the 'book' and
     'article' classes is '12pt plus 4pt minus 4pt').

'\medskip'
     The same as '\vspace{\medskipamount}', ordinarily about half of a
     line space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the 'book' and
     'article' classes is '6pt plus 2pt minus 2pt').

'\smallskip'
     The same as '\vspace{\smallskipamount}', ordinarily about a quarter
     of a line space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the
     'book' and 'article' classes is '3pt plus 1pt minus 1pt').

19.11 '\vfill'
==============

The '\vfill' fill command produces a rubber length (glue) which can
stretch or shrink vertically as far as needed.  It's equivalent to
'\vspace{\fill}' (*note \hfill::).

19.12 '\vspace[*]{LENGTH}'
==========================

Synopsis:

     \vspace[*]{LENGTH}

   The '\vspace' command adds the vertical space LENGTH, i.e., a rubber
length.  LENGTH can be negative or positive.

   Ordinarily, LaTeX removes vertical space added by '\vspace' at the
top or bottom of a page.  With the optional '*' argument, the space is
not removed.

20 Boxes
********

All the predefined length parameters (*note Predefined lengths::) can be
used in the arguments of the box-making commands.

20.1 '\mbox{TEXT}'
==================

The '\mbox' command creates a box just wide enough to hold the text
created by its argument.  The TEXT is not broken into lines, so it can
be used to prevent hyphenation.

20.2 '\fbox' and '\framebox'
============================

Synopses:

     \fbox{TEXT}
     \framebox[WIDTH][POSITION]{TEXT}

   The '\fbox' and '\framebox' commands are like '\mbox', except that
they put a frame around the outside of the box being created.

   In addition, the '\framebox' command allows for explicit
specification of the box width with the optional WIDTH argument (a
dimension), and positioning with the optional POSITION argument.

   Both commands produce a rule of thickness '\fboxrule' (default
'.4pt'), and leave a space of '\fboxsep' (default '3pt') between the
rule and the contents of the box.

   *Note \framebox (picture)::, for the '\framebox' command in the
'picture' environment.

20.3 'lrbox'
============

'\begin{lrbox}{cmd} text \end{lrbox}'

   This is the environment form of '\sbox'.

   The text inside the environment is saved in the box 'cmd', which must
have been declared with '\newsavebox'.

20.4 '\makebox'
===============

Synopsis:

     \makebox[WIDTH][POSITION]{TEXT}

   The '\makebox' command creates a box just wide enough to contain the
TEXT specified.  The width of the box is specified by the optional WIDTH
argument.  The position of the text within the box is determined by the
optional POSITION argument, which may take the following values:

'c'
     Centered (default).
'l'
     Flush left.
'r'
     Flush right.
's'
     Stretch (justify) across entire WIDTH; TEXT must contain
     stretchable space for this to work.

   '\makebox' is also used within the picture environment *note \makebox
(picture)::.

20.5 '\parbox'
==============

Synopsis:

     \parbox[POSITION][HEIGHT][INNER-POS]{WIDTH}{TEXT}

   The '\parbox' command produces a box whose contents are created in
'paragraph' mode.  It should be used to make a box small pieces of text,
with nothing fancy inside.  In particular, you shouldn't use any
paragraph-making environments inside a '\parbox' argument.  For larger
pieces of text, including ones containing a paragraph-making
environment, you should use a 'minipage' environment (*note minipage::).

   '\parbox' has two mandatory arguments:

WIDTH
     the width of the parbox;
TEXT
     the text that goes inside the parbox.

   The optional POSITION argument allows you to align either the top or
bottom line in the parbox with the baseline of the surrounding text
(default is top).

   The optional HEIGHT argument overrides the natural height of the box.

   The INNER-POS argument controls the placement of the text inside the
box, as follows; if it is not specified, POSITION is used.

't'
     text is placed at the top of the box.
'c'
     text is centered in the box.
'b'
     text is placed at the bottom of the box.
's'
     stretch vertically; the text must contain vertically stretchable
     space for this to work.

20.6 '\raisebox'
================

Synopsis:

     \raisebox{distance}[HEIGHT][DEPTH]{text}

   The '\raisebox' command raises or lowers TEXT.  The first mandatory
argument specifies how high TEXT is to be raised (or lowered if it is a
negative amount).  TEXT itself is processed in LR mode.

   The optional arguments HEIGHT and DEPTH are dimensions.  If they are
specified, LaTeX treats TEXT as extending a certain distance above the
baseline (height) or below (depth), ignoring its natural height and
depth.

20.7 '\savebox'
===============

Synopsis:

     \savebox{\BOXCMD}[WIDTH][POS]{TEXT}

   This command typeset TEXT in a box just as with '\makebox' (*note
\makebox::), except that instead of printing the resulting box, it saves
it in the box labeled \BOXCMD, which must have been declared with
'\newsavebox' (*note \newsavebox::).

20.8 '\sbox{\BOXCMD}{TEXT}'
===========================

Synopsis:

     \sbox{\BOXCMD}{TEXT}

   '\sbox' types TEXT in a box just as with '\mbox' (*note \mbox::)
except that instead of the resulting box being included in the normal
output, it is saved in the box labeled \BOXCMD.  \BOXCMD must have been
previously declared with '\newsavebox' (*note \newsavebox::).

20.9 '\usebox{\BOXCMD}'
=======================

Synopsis:

     \usebox{\BOXCMD}

   '\usebox' produces the box most recently saved in the bin \BOXCMD by
a '\savebox' command (*note \savebox::).

21 Special insertions
*********************

LaTeX provides commands for inserting characters that have a special
meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type.

21.1 Reserved characters
========================

The following characters play a special role in LaTeX and are called
"reserved characters" or "special characters".

     # $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { }

   Whenever you write one of these characters into your file, LaTeX will
do something special.  If you simply want the character to be printed as
itself, include a '\' in front of the character.  For example, '\$' will
produce '$' in your output.

   One exception to this rule is '\' itself, because '\\' has its own
special (context-dependent) meaning.  A roman \ is produced by typing
'$\backslash$' in your file, and a typewriter '\' is produced by using
'\' in a verbatim command (*note verbatim::).

   Also, '\~' and '\^' place tilde and circumflex accents over the
following letter, as in o~ and o^ (*note Accents::); to get a standalone
'~' or '^', you can again use a verbatim command.

   Finally, you can access any character of the current font once you
know its number by using the '\symbol' command.  For example, the
visible space character used in the '\verb*' command has the code
decimal 32, so it can be typed as '\symbol{32}'.

   You can also specify octal numbers with ''' or hexadecimal numbers
with '"', so the previous example could also be written as
'\symbol{'40}' or '\symbol{"20}'.

21.2 Text symbols
=================

LaTeX provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols in
running text.  Some of these, especially the more obscure ones, are not
available in OT1; you may need to load the 'textcomp' package.

'\copyright'
'\textcopyright'
     The copyright symbol, (C).

'\dag'
     The dagger symbol (in text).

'\ddag'
     The double dagger symbol (in text).

'\LaTeX'
     The LaTeX logo.

'\LaTeXe'
     The LaTeX2e logo.

'\guillemotleft (<<)'
'\guillemotright (>>)'
'\guilsinglleft (<)'
'\guilsinglright (>)'
     Double and single angle quotation marks, commonly used in French:
     <<, >>, <, >.

'\ldots'
'\dots'
'\textellipsis'
     An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): '...'.  '\ldots' and
     '\dots' also work in math mode.

'\lq'
     Left (opening) quote: '.

'\P'
'\textparagraph'
     Paragraph sign (pilcrow).

'\pounds'
'\textsterling'
     English pounds sterling: #.

'\quotedblbase (,,)'
'\quotesinglbase (,)'
     Double and single quotation marks on the baseline: ,, and ,.

'\rq'
     Right (closing) quote: '.

'\S'
     Section symbol.

'\TeX'
     The TeX logo.

'\textasciicircum'
     ASCII circumflex: ^.

'\textasciitilde'
     ASCII tilde: ~.

'\textasteriskcentered'
     Centered asterisk: *.

'\textbackslash'
     Backslash: \.

'\textbar'
     Vertical bar: |.

'\textbardbl'
     Double vertical bar.

'\textbigcircle'
     Big circle symbol.

'\textbraceleft'
     Left brace: {.

'\textbraceright'
     Right brace: }.

'\textbullet'
     Bullet: *.

'\textcircled{LETTER}'
     LETTER in a circle, as in (R).

'\textcompwordmark'
'\textcapitalwordmark'
'\textascenderwordmark'
     Composite word mark (invisible).  The '\textcapital...' form has
     the cap height of the font, while the '\textascender...' form has
     the ascender height.

'\textdagger'
     Dagger: \dag.

'\textdaggerdbl'
     Double dagger: \ddag.

'\textdollar (or '$')'
     Dollar sign: $.

'\textemdash (or '---')'
     Em-dash: -- (for punctuation).

'\textendash (or '--')'
     En-dash: -- (for ranges).

'\texteuro'
     The Euro symbol: Euro.

'\textexclamdown (or '!`')'
     Upside down exclamation point: !.

'\textgreater'
     Greater than: >.

'\textless'
     Less than: <.

'\textleftarrow'
     Left arrow.

'\textordfeminine'
'\textordmasculine'
     Feminine and masculine ordinal symbols: a, o.

'\textperiodcentered'
     Centered period: \cdot.

'\textquestiondown (or '?`')'
     Upside down question mark: ?.

'\textquotedblleft (or '``')'
     Double left quote: ".

'\textquotedblright (or ''')'
     Double right quote: ".

'\textquoteleft (or '`')'
     Single left quote: '.

'\textquoteright (or ''')'
     Single right quote: '.

'\textquotestraightbase'
'\textquotestraightdblbase'
     Single and double straight quotes on the baseline.

'\textregistered'
     Registered symbol: (R).

'\textrightarrow'
     Right arrow.

'\textthreequartersemdash'
     "Three-quarters" em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.

'\texttrademark'
     Trademark symbol: ^{\hbox{TM}}.

'\texttwelveudash'
     "Two-thirds" em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.

'\textunderscore'
     Underscore: _.

'\textvisiblespace'
     Visible space symbol.

21.3 Accents
============

LaTeX has wide support for many of the world's scripts and languages,
through the 'babel' package and related support.  This section does not
attempt to cover all that support.  It merely lists the core LaTeX
commands for creating accented characters.

   The '\capital...' commands produce alternative forms for use with
capital letters.  These are not available with OT1.

'\"'
'\capitaldieresis'
     Produces an umlaut (dieresis), as in o".

'\''
'\capitalacute'
     Produces an acute accent, as in o'.  In the 'tabbing' environment,
     pushes current column to the right of the previous column (*note
     tabbing::).

'\.'
     Produces a dot accent over the following, as in o..

'\='
'\capitalmacron'
     Produces a macron (overbar) accent over the following, as in o=.

'\^'
'\capitalcircumflex'
     Produces a circumflex (hat) accent over the following, as in o^.

'\`'
'\capitalgrave'
     Produces a grave accent over the following, as in o`.  In the
     'tabbing' environment, move following text to the right margin
     (*note tabbing::).

'\~'
'\capitaltilde'
     Produces a tilde accent over the following, as in n~.

'\b'
     Produces a bar accent under the following, as in o_.

'\c'
'\capitalcedilla'
     Produces a cedilla accent under the following, as in c,.

'\d'
'\capitaldotaccent'
     Produces a dot accent under the following, as in .o.

'\H'
'\capitalhungarumlaut'
     Produces a long Hungarian umlaut accent over the following, as in
     o''.

'\i'
     Produces a dotless i, as in 'i'.

'\j'
     Produces a dotless j, as in 'j'.

'\k'
'\capitalogonek'
     Produces a letter with ogonek, as in 'o;'.  Not available in the
     OT1 encoding.

'\r'
'\capitalring'
     Produces a ring accent, as in 'o*'.

'\t'
'\capitaltie'
'\newtie'
'\capitalnewtie'
     Produces a tie-after accent, as in 'oo['.  The '\newtie' form is
     centered in its box.

'\u'
'\capitalbreve'
     Produces a breve accent, as in 'o('.

'\underbar'
     Not exactly an accent, this produces a bar under the argument text.
     The argument is always processed in horizontal mode.  The bar is
     always a fixed position under the baseline, thus crossing through
     descenders.  See also '\underline' in *note Math miscellany::.

'\v'
'\capitalcaron'
     Produces a ha'c<ek (check, caron) accent, as in 'o<'.

21.4 Non-English characters
===========================

Here are the basic LaTeX commands for inserting characters commonly used
in languages other than English.

'\aa'
'\AA'
     aa and AA.

'\ae'
'\AE'
     ae and AE.

'\dh'
'\DH'
     Icelandic letter eth: d and D.

'\dj'
'\DJ'
     Crossed d and D, a.k.a. capital and small letter d with stroke.

'\ij'
'\IJ'
     ij and IJ (except somewhat closer together than appears here).

'\l'
'\L'
     /l and /L.

'\ng'
'\NG'
     Latin letter eng, also used in phonetics.

'\o'
'\O'
     /o and /O.

'\oe'
'\OE'
     oe and OE.

'\ss'
'\SS'
     ss and SS.

'\th'
'\TH'
     Icelandic letter thorn: th and TH.

21.5 '\rule'
============

Synopsis:

     \rule[RAISE]{WIDTH}{THICKNESS}

   The '\rule' command produces "rules", that is, lines or rectangles.
The arguments are:

RAISE
     How high to raise the rule (optional).

WIDTH
     The length of the rule (mandatory).

THICKNESS
     The thickness of the rule (mandatory).

21.6 '\today'
=============

The '\today' command produces today's date, in the format 'MONTH DD,
YYYY'; for example, 'July 4, 1976'.  It uses the predefined counters
'\day', '\month', and '\year' (*note \day \month \year::) to do this.
It is not updated as the program runs.

   The 'datetime' package, among others, can produce a wide variety of
other date formats.

22 Splitting the input
**********************

A large document requires a lot of input.  Rather than putting the whole
input in a single large file, it's more efficient to split it into
several smaller ones.  Regardless of how many separate files you use,
there is one that is the root file; it is the one whose name you type
when you run LaTeX.

   *Note filecontents::, for an environment that allows bundling an
external file to be created with the main document.

22.1 '\include'
===============

Synopsis:

     \include{FILE}

   If no '\includeonly' command is present, the '\include' command
executes '\clearpage' to start a new page (*note \clearpage::), then
reads FILE, then does another '\clearpage'.

   Given an '\includeonly' command, the '\include' actions are only run
if FILE is listed as an argument to '\includeonly'.  See the next
section.

   The '\include' command may not appear in the preamble or in a file
read by another '\include' command.

22.2 \'includeonly'
===================

Synopsis:

     \includeonly{FILE1,FILE2,...}

   The '\includeonly' command controls which files will be read by
subsequent '\include' commands.  The list of filenames is
comma-separated.  Each FILE must exactly match a filename specified in a
'\include' command for the selection to be effective.

   This command can only appear in the preamble.

22.3 \input
===========

Synopsis:

     \input{FILE}

   The '\input' command causes the specified FILE to be read and
processed, as if its contents had been inserted in the current file at
that point.

   If FILE does not end in '.tex' (e.g., 'foo' or 'foo.bar'), it is
first tried with that extension ('foo.tex' or 'foo.bar.tex').  If that
is not found, the original FILE is tried ('foo' or 'foo.bar').

23 Front/back matter
********************

23.1 Tables of contents
=======================

A table of contents is produced with the '\tableofcontents' command.
You put the command right where you want the table of contents to go;
LaTeX does the rest for you.  A previous run must have generated a
'.toc' file.

   The '\tableofcontents' command produces a heading, but it does not
automatically start a new page.  If you want a new page after the table
of contents, write a '\newpage' command after the '\tableofcontents'
command.

   The analogous commands '\listoffigures' and '\listoftables' produce a
list of figures and a list of tables (from '.lof' and '.lot' files),
respectively.  Everything works exactly the same as for the table of
contents.

   The command '\nofiles' overrides these commands, and _prevents_ any
of these lists from being generated.

23.1.1 \addcontentsline
-----------------------

The '\addcontentsline'{EXT}{UNIT}{TEXT} command adds an entry to the
specified list or table where:

EXT
     The extension of the file on which information is to be written,
     typically one of: 'toc' (table of contents), 'lof' (list of
     figures), or 'lot' (list of tables).

UNIT
     The name of the sectional unit being added, typically one of the
     following, matching the value of the EXT argument:

     'toc'
          The name of the sectional unit: 'part', 'chapter', 'section',
          'subsection', 'subsubsection'.
     'lof'
          For the list of figures.
     'lot'
          For the list of tables.

ENTRY
     The text of the entry.

   What is written to the '.EXT' file is the command
'\contentsline{UNIT}{NAME}'.

23.1.2 \addtocontents
---------------------

The '\addtocontents'{EXT}{TEXT} command adds text (or formatting
commands) directly to the '.EXT' file that generates the table of
contents or lists of figures or tables.

EXT
     The extension of the file on which information is to be written,
     typically one of: 'toc' (table of contents), 'lof' (list of
     figures), or 'lot' (list of tables).

TEXT
     The text to be written.

23.2 Glossaries
===============

The command '\makeglossary' enables creating glossaries.

   The command '\glossary{TEXT}' writes a glossary entry for TEXT to an
auxiliary file with the '.glo' extension.

   Specifically, what gets written is the command
'\glossaryentry{TEXT}{PAGENO}', where PAGENO is the current '\thepage'
value.

   The 'glossary' package on CTAN provides support for fancier
glossaries.

23.3 Indexes
============

The command '\makeindex' enables creating indexes.  Put this in the
preamble.

   The command '\index{TEXT}' writes an index entry for TEXT to an
auxiliary file with the '.idx' extension.

   Specifically, what gets written is the command
'\indexentry{TEXT}{PAGENO}', where PAGENO is the current '\thepage'
value.

   To generate a index entry for 'bar' that says 'See foo', use a
vertical bar: '\index{bar|see{foo}}'.  Use 'seealso' instead of 'see' to
make a 'See also' entry.

   The text 'See' is defined by the macro '\seename', and 'See also' by
the macro '\alsoname'.  These can be redefined for other languages.

   The generated '.idx' file is then sorted with an external command,
usually either 'makeindex' (<http://mirror.ctan.org/indexing/makeindex>)
or (the multi-lingual) 'xindy' (<http://xindy.sourceforge.net>).  This
results in a '.ind' file, which can then be read to typeset the index.

   The index is usually generated with the '\printindex' command.  This
is defined in the 'makeidx' package, so '\usepackage{makeidx}' needs to
be in the preamble.

   The rubber length '\indexspace' is inserted before each new letter in
the printed index; its default value is '10pt plus5pt minus3pt'.

   The 'showidx' package causes each index entries to be shown in the
margin on the page where the entry appears.  This can help in preparing
the index.

   The 'multind' package supports multiple indexes.  See also the TeX
FAQ entry on this topic,
<http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=multind>.

24 Letters
**********

You can use LaTeX to typeset letters, both personal and business.  The
'letter' document class is designed to make a number of letters at once,
although you can make just one if you so desire.

   Your '.tex' source file has the same minimum commands as the other
document classes, i.e., you must have the following commands as a
minimum:

      \documentclass{letter}
      \begin{document}
       ... letters ...
      \end{document}

   Each letter is a 'letter' environment, whose argument is the name and
address of the recipient.  For example, you might have:

      \begin{letter}{Mr. Joe Smith\\ 2345 Princess St.
           \\ Edinburgh, EH1 1AA}
        ...
      \end{letter}

   The letter itself begins with the '\opening' command.  The text of
the letter follows.  It is typed as ordinary LaTeX input.  Commands that
make no sense in a letter, like '\chapter', do not work.  The letter
closes with a '\closing' command.

   After the 'closing', you can have additional material.  The '\cc'
command produces the usual "cc: ...".  There's also a similar '\encl'
command for a list of enclosures.  With both these commands, use '\\' to
separate the items.

   These commands are used with the 'letter' class.

24.1 \address{RETURN-ADDRESS}
=============================

The '\address' specifies the return address of a letter, as it should
appear on the letter and the envelope.  Separate lines of the address
should be separated by '\\' commands.

   If you do not make an '\address' declaration, then the letter will be
formatted for copying onto your organization's standard letterhead.
(*Note Overview::, for details on your local implementation).  If you
give an '\address' declaration, then the letter will be formatted as a
personal letter.

24.2 '\cc'
==========

Synopsis:

     \cc{NAME1\\NAME2}

   Produce a list of NAMEs the letter was copied to.  Each name is
printed on a separate line.

24.3 '\closing'
===============

Synopsis:

     \closing{text}

   A letter closes with a '\closing' command, for example,
     \closing{Best Regards,}

24.4 '\encl'
============

Synopsis:

     \encl{LINE1\\LINE2}

   Declare a list of one more enclosures.

24.5 '\location'
================

'\location{address}'

   This modifies your organization's standard address.  This only
appears if the 'firstpage' pagestyle is selected.

24.6 '\makelabels'
==================

'\makelabels{number}'

   If you issue this command in the preamble, LaTeX will create a sheet
of address labels.  This sheet will be output before the letters.

24.7 '\name'
============

'\name{June Davenport}'

   Your name, used for printing on the envelope together with the return
address.

24.8 '\opening{TEXT}'
=====================

Synopsis:

     \opening{TEXT}

   A letter begins with the '\opening' command.  The mandatory argument,
TEXT, is whatever text you wish to start your letter.  For instance:

     \opening{Dear Joe,}

24.9 '\ps'
==========

Use the '\ps' command to start a postscript in a letter, after
'\closing'.

24.10 '\signature{TEXT}'
========================

Your name, as it should appear at the end of the letter underneath the
space for your signature.  '\\' starts a new line within TEXT as usual.

24.11 '\startbreaks'
====================

'\startbreaks'

   Used after a '\stopbreaks' command to allow page breaks again.

24.12 '\stopbreaks'
===================

'\stopbreaks'

   Inhibit page breaks until a '\startbreaks' command occurs.

24.13 '\telephone'
==================

'\telephone{number}'

   This is your telephone number.  This only appears if the 'firstpage'
pagestyle is selected.

25 Terminal input/output
************************

25.1 '\typein[CMD]{MSG}'
========================

Synopsis:

     \typein[\CMD]{MSG}

   '\typein' prints MSG on the terminal and causes LaTeX to stop and
wait for you to type a line of input, ending with return.  If the
optional \CMD argument is omitted, the typed input is processed as if it
had been included in the input file in place of the '\typein' command.
If the \CMD argument is present, it must be a command name.  This
command name is then defined or redefined to be the typed input.

25.2 '\typeout{MSG}'
====================

Synopsis:

     \typeout{MSG}

   Prints 'msg' on the terminal and in the 'log' file.  Commands in
'msg' that are defined with '\newcommand' or '\renewcommand' (among
others) are replaced by their definitions before being printed.

   LaTeX's usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space
and ignoring spaces after a command name apply to 'msg'.  A '\space'
command in 'msg' causes a single space to be printed, independent of
surrounding spaces.  A '^^J' in 'msg' prints a newline.

26 Command line
***************

The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted; TeX
uses '.tex' as a default file extension.  If you omit the input file
entirely, TeX accepts input from the terminal.  You can also specify
arbitrary LaTeX input by starting with a backslash.  For example, this
processes 'foo.tex' without pausing after every error:

     latex '\nonstopmode\input foo.tex'

   With many, but not all, implementations, command-line options can
also be specified in the usual Unix way, starting with '-' or '--'.  For
a list of those options, try 'latex --help'.

   If LaTeX stops in the middle of the document and gives you a '*'
prompt, it is waiting for input.  You can type '\stop' (and return) and
it will prematurely end the document.

   *Note TeX engines::, for other system commands invoking LaTeX.

Appendix A Document templates
*****************************

Although not reference material, perhaps these document templates will
be useful.  Additional template resources are listed at
<http://tug.org/interest.html#latextemplates>.

A.1 'beamer' template
=====================

The 'beamer' class creates presentation slides.  It has a vast array of
features, but here is a basic template:

\documentclass{beamer}

\title{Beamer Class template}
\author{Alex Author}
\date{July 31, 2007}

\begin{document}

\maketitle

% without [fragile], any {verbatim} code gets mysterious errors.
\begin{frame}[fragile]
 \frametitle{First Slide}

\begin{verbatim}
  This is \verbatim!
\end{verbatim}

\end{frame}

\end{document}

   One web resource for this:
<http://robjhyndman.com/hyndsight/beamer/>.

A.2 'book' template
===================

\documentclass{book}
\title{Book Class Template}
\author{Alex Author}

\begin{document}
\maketitle

\chapter{First}
Some text.

\chapter{Second}
Some other text.

\section{A subtopic}
The end.
\end{document}

A.3 'tugboat' template
======================

'TUGboat' is the journal of the TeX Users Group,
<http://tug.org/TUGboat>.

\documentclass{ltugboat}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{ifpdf}
\ifpdf
\usepackage[breaklinks,hidelinks]{hyperref}
\else
\usepackage{url}
\fi

\title{Example \TUB\ article}

% repeat info for each author.
\author{First Last}
\address{Street Address \\ Town, Postal \\ Country}
\netaddress{user (at) example dot org}
\personalURL{http://example.org/~user/}

\begin{document}

\maketitle

\begin{abstract}
This is an example article for \TUB{}.
\end{abstract}

\section{Introduction}

This is an example article for \TUB, from
\url{http://tug.org/TUGboat/location.html}.

We recommend the \texttt{graphicx} package for image inclusions, and the
\texttt{hyperref} package for active urls in the \acro{PDF} output.
Nowadays \TUB\ is produced using \acro{PDF} files exclusively.

The \texttt{ltugboat} class provides these abbreviations and many more:

% verbatim blocks are often better in \small
\begin{verbatim}[\small]
\AllTeX \AMS \AmS \AmSLaTeX \AmSTeX \aw \AW
\BibTeX \CTAN \DTD \HTML
\ISBN \ISSN \LaTeXe
\Mc \mf \MFB \mtex \PCTeX \pcTeX
\PiC \PiCTeX \plain \POBox \PS
\SC \SGML \SliTeX \TANGLE \TB \TP
\TUB \TUG \tug
\UG \UNIX \VAX \XeT \WEB \WEAVE

\Dash \dash \vellipsis \bull \cents \Dag
\careof \thinskip

\acro{FRED} -> {\small[er] fred}  % please use!
\cs{fred}   -> \fred
\env{fred}  -> \begin{fred}
\meta{fred} -> <fred>
\nth{n}     -> 1st, 2nd, ...
\sfrac{3/4} -> 3/4
\booktitle{Book of Fred}
\end{verbatim}

For more information, see the ltubguid document at:
\url{http://mirror.ctan.org/macros/latex/contrib/tugboat}
(we recommend using \verb|mirror.ctan.org| for \CTAN\ references).

Email \verb|tugboat@tug.org| if problems or questions.

\bibliographystyle{plain}  % we recommend the plain bibliography style
\nocite{book-minimal}      % just making the bibliography non-empty
\bibliography{xampl}       % xampl.bib comes with BibTeX

\makesignature
\end{document}

Concept Index
*************

* Menu:

* '*' prompt:                            Command line.       (line 5243)
* *-form of defining new commands:       \newcommand & \renewcommand.
                                                             (line 2690)
* *-form of environment commands:        \newenvironment & \renewenvironment.
                                                             (line 2769)
* *-form of sectioning commands:         Sectioning.         (line  974)
* '.glo' file:                           Glossaries.         (line 4997)
* '.idx' file:                           Indexes.            (line 5013)
* '.ind' file:                           Indexes.            (line 5027)
* 'see' and 'see also' index entries:    Indexes.            (line 5020)
* abstracts:                             abstract.           (line 1072)
* accents:                               Accents.            (line 4694)
* accents, mathematical:                 Math accents.       (line 3903)
* accessing any character of a font:     Reserved characters.
                                                             (line 4505)
* acute accent:                          Accents.            (line 4708)
* acute accent, math:                    Math accents.       (line 3908)
* additional packages, loading:          Document class options.
                                                             (line  559)
* ae ligature:                           Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4797)
* align environment, from 'amsmath':     eqnarray.           (line 1253)
* aligning equations:                    eqnarray.           (line 1253)
* alignment via tabbing:                 tabbing.            (line 1974)
* amsmath package, replacing 'eqnarray': eqnarray.           (line 1253)
* appendix, creating:                    Sectioning.         (line  980)
* aring:                                 Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4793)
* arrays, math:                          array.              (line 1083)
* arrow, left, in text:                  Text symbols.       (line 4642)
* arrow, right, in text:                 Text symbols.       (line 4674)
* ascender height:                       Text symbols.       (line 4610)
* ASCII circumflex, in text:             Text symbols.       (line 4575)
* ASCII tilde, in text:                  Text symbols.       (line 4578)
* asterisk, centered, in text:           Text symbols.       (line 4581)
* author, for titlepage:                 \maketitle.         (line 4074)
* auxiliary file:                        Output files.       (line  370)
* 'babel' package:                       Accents.            (line 4694)
* backslash, in text:                    Text symbols.       (line 4584)
* bar, double vertical, in text:         Text symbols.       (line 4590)
* bar, vertical, in text:                Text symbols.       (line 4587)
* bar-over accent:                       Accents.            (line 4717)
* bar-over accent, math:                 Math accents.       (line 3911)
* bar-under accent:                      Accents.            (line 4734)
* basics of LaTeX:                       Overview.           (line  290)
* 'beamer' template and class:           beamer template.    (line 5259)
* bibliography format, open:             Document class options.
                                                             (line  526)
* bibliography, creating (automatically): Using BibTeX.      (line 2317)
* bibliography, creating (manually):     thebibliography.    (line 2253)
* bibTeX, using:                         Using BibTeX.       (line 2317)
* big circle symbols, in text:           Text symbols.       (line 4593)
* black boxes, omitting:                 Document class options.
                                                             (line  512)
* bold font:                             Font styles.        (line  678)
* bold math:                             Font styles.        (line  658)
* bold typewriter, avoiding:             description.        (line 1178)
* boxes:                                 Boxes.              (line 4320)
* brace, left, in text:                  Text symbols.       (line 4596)
* brace, right, in text:                 Text symbols.       (line 4599)
* breaking lines:                        Line breaking.      (line 2437)
* breaking pages:                        Page breaking.      (line 2538)
* breve accent:                          Accents.            (line 4773)
* breve accent, math:                    Math accents.       (line 3914)
* bug reporting:                         About this document.
                                                             (line  247)
* bullet symbol:                         Math symbols.       (line 3240)
* bullet, in text:                       Text symbols.       (line 4602)
* bulleted lists:                        itemize.            (line 1511)
* calligraphic letters for math:         Font styles.        (line  681)
* cap height:                            Text symbols.       (line 4610)
* caron accent:                          Accents.            (line 4783)
* cc list, in letters:                   \cc.                (line 5099)
* cedilla accent:                        Accents.            (line 4738)
* centered asterisk, in text:            Text symbols.       (line 4581)
* centered equations:                    Document class options.
                                                             (line  516)
* centered period, in text:              Text symbols.       (line 4649)
* centering text, declaration for:       \centering.         (line 1143)
* centering text, environment for:       center.             (line 1129)
* characters, accented:                  Accents.            (line 4694)
* characters, non-English:               Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4788)
* characters, reserved:                  Reserved characters.
                                                             (line 4486)
* check accent:                          Accents.            (line 4783)
* check accent, math:                    Math accents.       (line 3917)
* circle symbol, big, in text:           Text symbols.       (line 4593)
* circled letter, in text:               Text symbols.       (line 4605)
* circumflex accent:                     Accents.            (line 4721)
* circumflex accent, math:               Math accents.       (line 3929)
* circumflex, ASCII, in text:            Text symbols.       (line 4575)
* class options:                         Document class options.
                                                             (line  490)
* classes of documents:                  Document classes.   (line  459)
* closing letters:                       \closing.           (line 5109)
* closing quote:                         Text symbols.       (line 4566)
* code, typesetting:                     verbatim.           (line 2384)
* command line:                          Command line.       (line 5231)
* command syntax:                        LaTeX command syntax.
                                                             (line  435)
* commands, defining new ones:           \newcommand & \renewcommand.
                                                             (line 2683)
* composite word mark, in text:          Text symbols.       (line 4610)
* computer programs, typesetting:        verbatim.           (line 2384)
* contents file:                         Output files.       (line  380)
* copyright symbol:                      Text symbols.       (line 4523)
* counters, a list of:                   Counters.           (line 2862)
* counters, defining new:                \newcounter.        (line 2721)
* counters, getting value of:            \value.             (line 2921)
* counters, setting:                     \setcounter.        (line 2935)
* creating letters:                      Letters.            (line 5050)
* creating pictures:                     picture.            (line 1683)
* creating tables:                       table.              (line 2065)
* credit footnote:                       \maketitle.         (line 4084)
* cross references:                      Cross references.   (line 1001)
* cross references, resolving:           Output files.       (line  370)
* cross referencing with page number:    \pageref.           (line 1040)
* cross referencing, symbolic:           \ref.               (line 1050)
* currency, dollar:                      Text symbols.       (line 4621)
* currency, euro:                        Text symbols.       (line 4630)
* dagger, double, in text:               Text symbols.       (line 4618)
* dagger, in text:                       Text symbols.       (line 4526)
* dagger, in text <1>:                   Text symbols.       (line 4615)
* date, for titlepage:                   \maketitle.         (line 4080)
* 'datetime' package:                    \today.             (line 4862)
* defining a new command:                \newcommand & \renewcommand.
                                                             (line 2683)
* defining new environments:             \newenvironment & \renewenvironment.
                                                             (line 2760)
* defining new fonts:                    \newfont.           (line 2827)
* defining new theorems:                 \newtheorem.        (line 2799)
* definitions:                           Definitions.        (line 2678)
* description lists, creating:           description.        (line 1166)
* dieresis accent:                       Accents.            (line 4704)
* discretionary multiplication:          Math miscellany.    (line 3974)
* displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation: quotation.
                                                             (line 1944)
* displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation: quote.
                                                             (line 1959)
* document class options:                Document class options.
                                                             (line  490)
* document class, defined:               Starting and ending.
                                                             (line  324)
* document classes:                      Document classes.   (line  459)
* document templates:                    Document templates. (line 5252)
* dollar sign:                           Text symbols.       (line 4621)
* dot accent:                            Accents.            (line 4713)
* dot over accent, math:                 Math accents.       (line 3923)
* dot-over accent:                       Accents.            (line 4713)
* dot-under accent:                      Accents.            (line 4742)
* dotless i:                             Accents.            (line 4750)
* dotless i, math:                       Math accents.       (line 3932)
* dotless j:                             Accents.            (line 4753)
* dotless j, math:                       Math accents.       (line 3935)
* double angle quotation marks:          Text symbols.       (line 4541)
* double dagger, in text:                Text symbols.       (line 4529)
* double dagger, in text <1>:            Text symbols.       (line 4618)
* double dot accent, math:               Math accents.       (line 3920)
* double guillemets:                     Text symbols.       (line 4541)
* double left quote:                     Text symbols.       (line 4655)
* double low-9 quotation mark:           Text symbols.       (line 4563)
* double quote, straight base:           Text symbols.       (line 4668)
* double right quote:                    Text symbols.       (line 4658)
* double spacing:                        Low-level font commands.
                                                             (line  786)
* double vertical bar, in text:          Text symbols.       (line 4590)
* e-dash:                                Text symbols.       (line 4627)
* e-TeX:                                 TeX engines.        (line  395)
* ellipsis:                              Text symbols.       (line 4547)
* em-dash:                               Text symbols.       (line 4624)
* em-dash, three-quarters:               Text symbols.       (line 4677)
* em-dash, two-thirds:                   Text symbols.       (line 4683)
* emphasis:                              Font styles.        (line  610)
* emphasis <1>:                          Font styles.        (line  684)
* enclosure list:                        \encl.              (line 5119)
* ending & starting:                     Starting and ending.
                                                             (line  316)
* engines, TeX:                          TeX engines.        (line  389)
* enlarge current page:                  \enlargethispage.   (line 2565)
* environments:                          Environments.       (line 1062)
* environments, defining:                \newenvironment & \renewenvironment.
                                                             (line 2760)
* equation number, cross referencing:    \ref.               (line 1050)
* equation numbers, left vs. right:      Document class options.
                                                             (line  522)
* equation numbers, omitting:            eqnarray.           (line 1276)
* equations, aligning:                   eqnarray.           (line 1253)
* equations, environment for:            equation.           (line 1288)
* equations, flush left vs. centered:    Document class options.
                                                             (line  516)
* es-zet German letter:                  Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4829)
* eth, Icelandic letter:                 Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4801)
* euro symbol:                           Text symbols.       (line 4630)
* exclamation point, upside-down:        Text symbols.       (line 4633)
* exponent:                              Subscripts & superscripts.
                                                             (line 3150)
* external files, creating:              filecontents.       (line 1416)
* feminine ordinal symbol:               Text symbols.       (line 4646)
* figure number, cross referencing:      \ref.               (line 1050)
* figures, footnotes in:                 minipage.           (line 1670)
* figures, inserting:                    figure.             (line 1301)
* fixed-width font:                      Font styles.        (line  702)
* 'float' package:                       figure.             (line 1333)
* flush left equations:                  Document class options.
                                                             (line  516)
* flushing floats and starting a page:   \clearpage.         (line 2553)
* font commands, low-level:              Low-level font commands.
                                                             (line  740)
* font sizes:                            Font sizes.         (line  714)
* font styles:                           Font styles.        (line  580)
* fonts:                                 Fonts.              (line  574)
* fonts, new commands for:               \newfont.           (line 2827)
* footer style:                          \pagestyle.         (line 4119)
* footer, parameters for:                Page layout parameters.
                                                             (line  880)
* footnote number, cross referencing:    \ref.               (line 1050)
* footnote parameters:                   Footnote parameters.
                                                             (line 2662)
* footnotes in figures:                  minipage.           (line 1670)
* footnotes, creating:                   Footnotes.          (line 2598)
* footnotes, symbolic instead of numbered: Symbolic footnotes.
                                                             (line 2649)
* formulas, environment for:             equation.           (line 1288)
* formulas, math:                        Math formulas.      (line 3114)
* forward references, resolving:         Output files.       (line  370)
* fragile commands:                      \protect.           (line 2841)
* French quotation marks:                Text symbols.       (line 4541)
* functions, math:                       Math functions.     (line 3795)
* global options:                        Document class options.
                                                             (line  490)
* global options <1>:                    Document class options.
                                                             (line  567)
* glossaries:                            Glossaries.         (line 4995)
* glossary package:                      Glossaries.         (line 5004)
* graphics packages:                     \line.              (line 1839)
* grave accent:                          Accents.            (line 4725)
* grave accent, math:                    Math accents.       (line 3926)
* greater than symbol, in text:          Text symbols.       (line 4636)
* greek letters:                         Math symbols.       (line 3159)
* ha'c<ek accent, math:                  Math accents.       (line 3917)
* hacek accent:                          Accents.            (line 4783)
* hat accent:                            Accents.            (line 4721)
* hat accent, math:                      Math accents.       (line 3929)
* header style:                          \pagestyle.         (line 4119)
* header, parameters for:                Page layout parameters.
                                                             (line  880)
* hello, world:                          Starting and ending.
                                                             (line  316)
* here, putting floats:                  figure.             (line 1333)
* hungarian umlaut accent:               Accents.            (line 4746)
* hyphenation, defining:                 \hyphenation.       (line 2505)
* hyphenation, forcing:                  \- (hyphenation).   (line 2475)
* hyphenation, preventing:               \mbox.              (line 4326)
* Icelandic eth:                         Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4801)
* Icelandic thorn:                       Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4833)
* ij letter, Dutch:                      Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4809)
* implementations of TeX:                TeX engines.        (line  389)
* in-line formulas:                      math.               (line 1643)
* indent, forcing:                       \indent.            (line 3043)
* indent, suppressing:                   \noindent.          (line 3054)
* indentation of paragraphs, in minipage: minipage.          (line 1666)
* index entries, 'see' and 'see also':   Indexes.            (line 5020)
* indexes:                               Indexes.            (line 5010)
* infinite horizontal stretch:           \hfill.             (line 4186)
* infinite vertical stretch:             \vfill.             (line 4299)
* initial command:                       filecontents.       (line 1424)
* input file:                            Splitting the input.
                                                             (line 4868)
* input/output:                          Terminal input/output.
                                                             (line 5198)
* inserting figures:                     figure.             (line 1301)
* italic correction:                     \/.                 (line 4229)
* italic font:                           Font styles.        (line  687)
* justification, ragged left:            \raggedleft.        (line 1498)
* justification, ragged right:           \raggedright.       (line 1472)
* Knuth, Donald E.:                      Overview.           (line  290)
* labelled lists, creating:              description.        (line 1166)
* Lamport TeX:                           Overview.           (line  308)
* Lamport, Leslie:                       Overview.           (line  290)
* landscape orientation:                 Document class options.
                                                             (line  519)
* LaTeX logo:                            Text symbols.       (line 4532)
* LaTeX overview:                        Overview.           (line  290)
* LaTeX Project team:                    About this document.
                                                             (line  258)
* LaTeX vs. LaTeX2e:                     About this document.
                                                             (line  254)
* LaTeX2e logo:                          Text symbols.       (line 4535)
* layout commands:                       Layout.             (line  810)
* layout, page parameters for:           Page layout parameters.
                                                             (line  880)
* left angle quotation marks:            Text symbols.       (line 4541)
* left arrow, in text:                   Text symbols.       (line 4642)
* left brace, in text:                   Text symbols.       (line 4596)
* left quote:                            Text symbols.       (line 4551)
* left quote, double:                    Text symbols.       (line 4655)
* left quote, single:                    Text symbols.       (line 4661)
* left-hand equation numbers:            Document class options.
                                                             (line  522)
* left-justifying text:                  \raggedright.       (line 1472)
* left-justifying text, environment for: flushleft.          (line 1459)
* left-to-right mode:                    Modes.              (line 4023)
* lengths, adding to:                    \addtolength.       (line 2988)
* lengths, defining and using:           Lengths.            (line 2975)
* lengths, defining new:                 \newlength.         (line 2736)
* lengths, predefined:                   Predefined lengths. (line 3016)
* lengths, setting:                      \setlength.         (line 2981)
* less than symbol, in text:             Text symbols.       (line 4639)
* letters:                               Letters.            (line 5050)
* letters, accented:                     Accents.            (line 4694)
* letters, ending:                       \closing.           (line 5109)
* letters, non-English:                  Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4788)
* letters, starting:                     \opening.           (line 5152)
* line break, forcing:                   \\.                 (line 2449)
* line breaking:                         Line breaking.      (line 2437)
* line breaks, forcing:                  \linebreak & \nolinebreak.
                                                             (line 2521)
* line breaks, preventing:               \linebreak & \nolinebreak.
                                                             (line 2521)
* lines in tables:                       tabular.            (line 2092)
* lining numerals:                       Font styles.        (line  662)
* lining text up in tables:              tabular.            (line 2092)
* lining text up using tab stops:        tabbing.            (line 1974)
* list items, specifying counter:        \usecounter.        (line 2910)
* list of figures file:                  Output files.       (line  380)
* list of tables file:                   Output files.       (line  380)
* lists of items:                        itemize.            (line 1511)
* lists of items, generic:               list.               (line 1618)
* lists of items, numbered:              enumerate.          (line 1215)
* loading additional packages:           Document class options.
                                                             (line  559)
* log file:                              Output files.       (line  365)
* logo, LaTeX:                           Text symbols.       (line 4532)
* logo, LaTeX2e:                         Text symbols.       (line 4535)
* logo, TeX:                             Text symbols.       (line 4572)
* low-9 quotation marks, single and double: Text symbols.    (line 4563)
* low-level font commands:               Low-level font commands.
                                                             (line  740)
* LR mode:                               Modes.              (line 4023)
* 'ltugboat' class:                      tugboat template.   (line 5310)
* LuaTeX:                                TeX engines.        (line  412)
* macro package, LaTeX as:               Overview.           (line  295)
* macron accent:                         Accents.            (line 4717)
* macron accent, math:                   Math accents.       (line 3911)
* Madsen, Lars:                          eqnarray.           (line 1253)
* 'makeidx' package:                     Indexes.            (line 5032)
* 'makeindex' program:                   Indexes.            (line 5027)
* making a title page:                   titlepage.          (line 2367)
* making paragraphs:                     Making paragraphs.  (line 3035)
* marginal notes:                        Marginal notes.     (line 3067)
* masculine ordinal symbol:              Text symbols.       (line 4646)
* math accents:                          Math accents.       (line 3903)
* math formulas:                         Math formulas.      (line 3114)
* math functions:                        Math functions.     (line 3795)
* math miscellany:                       Math miscellany.    (line 3973)
* math mode:                             Modes.              (line 4023)
* math mode, entering:                   Math formulas.      (line 3114)
* math mode, spacing:                    Spacing in math mode.
                                                             (line 3955)
* math symbols:                          Math symbols.       (line 3159)
* math, bold:                            Font styles.        (line  658)
* minipage, creating a:                  minipage.           (line 1655)
* modes:                                 Modes.              (line 4023)
* monospace font:                        Font styles.        (line  702)
* moving arguments:                      \protect.           (line 2841)
* multicolumn text:                      \twocolumn.         (line  821)
* multilingual support:                  Accents.            (line 4694)
* 'multind' package:                     Indexes.            (line 5043)
* multiplication symbol, discretionary line break: Math miscellany.
                                                             (line 3974)
* nested '\include', not allowed:        \include.           (line 4892)
* new commands, defining:                \newcommand & \renewcommand.
                                                             (line 2683)
* new line, output as input:             \obeycr & \restorecr.
                                                             (line 2459)
* new line, starting:                    \\.                 (line 2449)
* new line, starting (paragraph mode):   \newline.           (line 2468)
* new page, starting:                    \newpage.           (line 2559)
* non-English characters:                Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4788)
* notes in the margin:                   Marginal notes.     (line 3067)
* null delimiter:                        Math miscellany.    (line 3988)
* numbered items, specifying counter:    \usecounter.        (line 2910)
* numerals, old-style:                   Font styles.        (line  662)
* oblique font:                          Font styles.        (line  699)
* oe ligature:                           Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4825)
* ogonek:                                Accents.            (line 4757)
* old-style numerals:                    Font styles.        (line  662)
* one-column output:                     \onecolumn.         (line  815)
* opening quote:                         Text symbols.       (line 4551)
* OpenType fonts:                        TeX engines.        (line  389)
* options, document class:               Document class options.
                                                             (line  490)
* options, global:                       Document class options.
                                                             (line  567)
* ordinals, feminine and masculine:      Text symbols.       (line 4646)
* oslash:                                Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4821)
* overbar accent:                        Accents.            (line 4717)
* overdot accent, math:                  Math accents.       (line 3923)
* overview of LaTeX:                     Overview.           (line  290)
* packages, loading additional:          Document class options.
                                                             (line  559)
* page break, forcing:                   \pagebreak & \nopagebreak.
                                                             (line 2580)
* page break, preventing:                \pagebreak & \nopagebreak.
                                                             (line 2580)
* page breaking:                         Page breaking.      (line 2538)
* page layout parameters:                Page layout parameters.
                                                             (line  880)
* page number, cross referencing:        \pageref.           (line 1040)
* page numbering style:                  \pagenumbering.     (line 4094)
* page styles:                           Page styles.        (line 4062)
* paragraph indentation, in minipage:    minipage.           (line 1666)
* paragraph indentations in quoted text: quotation.          (line 1944)
* paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting: quote.    (line 1959)
* paragraph mode:                        Modes.              (line 4023)
* paragraph symbol:                      Text symbols.       (line 4555)
* paragraphs:                            Making paragraphs.  (line 3035)
* parameters, for footnotes:             Footnote parameters.
                                                             (line 2662)
* parameters, page layout:               Page layout parameters.
                                                             (line  880)
* pdfTeX:                                Output files.       (line  357)
* pdfTeX engine:                         TeX engines.        (line  395)
* period, centered, in text:             Text symbols.       (line 4649)
* 'pict2e' package:                      \line.              (line 1839)
* pictures, creating:                    picture.            (line 1683)
* pilcrow:                               Text symbols.       (line 4555)
* placement of floats:                   figure.             (line 1314)
* poetry, an environment for:            verse.              (line 2418)
* polish l:                              Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4813)
* portrait orientation:                  Document class options.
                                                             (line  519)
* postscript, in letters:                \ps.                (line 5164)
* pounds symbol:                         Text symbols.       (line 4559)
* preamble, defined:                     Starting and ending.
                                                             (line  329)
* predefined lengths:                    Predefined lengths. (line 3016)
* prompt, '*':                           Command line.       (line 5243)
* pronunciation:                         Overview.           (line  308)
* question mark, upside-down:            Text symbols.       (line 4652)
* quotation marks, French:               Text symbols.       (line 4541)
* quote, straight base:                  Text symbols.       (line 4668)
* quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying: quotation.
                                                             (line 1944)
* quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying: quote.
                                                             (line 1959)
* ragged left text:                      \raggedleft.        (line 1498)
* ragged left text, environment for:     flushright.         (line 1485)
* ragged right text:                     \raggedright.       (line 1472)
* ragged right text, environment for:    flushleft.          (line 1459)
* redefining environments:               \newenvironment & \renewenvironment.
                                                             (line 2760)
* references, resolving forward:         Output files.       (line  370)
* registered symbol:                     Text symbols.       (line 4671)
* remarks in the margin:                 Marginal notes.     (line 3067)
* reporting bugs:                        About this document.
                                                             (line  247)
* reserved characters:                   Reserved characters.
                                                             (line 4486)
* right angle quotation marks:           Text symbols.       (line 4541)
* right arrow, in text:                  Text symbols.       (line 4674)
* right brace, in text:                  Text symbols.       (line 4599)
* right quote:                           Text symbols.       (line 4566)
* right quote, double:                   Text symbols.       (line 4658)
* right quote, single:                   Text symbols.       (line 4664)
* right-hand equation numbers:           Document class options.
                                                             (line  522)
* right-justifying text:                 \raggedleft.        (line 1498)
* right-justifying text, environment for: flushright.        (line 1485)
* ring accent:                           Accents.            (line 4762)
* ring accent, math:                     Math accents.       (line 3938)
* robust commands:                       \protect.           (line 2851)
* roman font:                            Font styles.        (line  690)
* running header and footer:             Page layout parameters.
                                                             (line  880)
* running header and footer style:       \pagestyle.         (line 4119)
* sans serif font:                       Font styles.        (line  696)
* script letters for math:               Font styles.        (line  681)
* section number, cross referencing:     \ref.               (line 1050)
* section numbers, printing:             Sectioning.         (line  990)
* section symbol:                        Text symbols.       (line 4569)
* sectioning:                            Sectioning.         (line  949)
* 'setspace' package:                    Low-level font commands.
                                                             (line  786)
* setting counters:                      \setcounter.        (line 2935)
* sharp S letters:                       Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4829)
* 'showidx' package:                     Indexes.            (line 5039)
* simulating typed text:                 verbatim.           (line 2384)
* single angle quotation marks:          Text symbols.       (line 4541)
* single guillemets:                     Text symbols.       (line 4541)
* single left quote:                     Text symbols.       (line 4661)
* single low-9 quotation mark:           Text symbols.       (line 4563)
* single right quote:                    Text symbols.       (line 4664)
* sizes of text:                         Font sizes.         (line  714)
* slanted font:                          Font styles.        (line  699)
* small caps font:                       Font styles.        (line  693)
* space, inserting vertical:             \addvspace.         (line 4267)
* spaces:                                Spaces.             (line 4162)
* spacing within math mode:              Spacing in math mode.
                                                             (line 3955)
* Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine: Text symbols.    (line 4646)
* special characters:                    Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4788)
* specifier, float placement:            figure.             (line 1314)
* splitting the input file:              Splitting the input.
                                                             (line 4868)
* starting & ending:                     Starting and ending.
                                                             (line  316)
* starting a new page:                   \newpage.           (line 2559)
* starting a new page and clearing floats: \clearpage.       (line 2553)
* starting on a right-hand page:         \cleardoublepage.   (line 2545)
* sterling symbol:                       Text symbols.       (line 4559)
* straight double quote, base:           Text symbols.       (line 4668)
* straight quote, base:                  Text symbols.       (line 4668)
* stretch, infinite horizontal:          \hfill.             (line 4186)
* stretch, infinite vertical:            \vfill.             (line 4299)
* stretch, omitting vertical:            \raggedbottom.      (line  874)
* styles of text:                        Font styles.        (line  580)
* styles, page:                          Page styles.        (line 4062)
* subscript:                             Subscripts & superscripts.
                                                             (line 3150)
* superscript:                           Subscripts & superscripts.
                                                             (line 3150)
* symbols, math:                         Math symbols.       (line 3159)
* tab stops, using:                      tabbing.            (line 1974)
* table of contents entry, manually adding: \addcontentsline.
                                                             (line 4951)
* table of contents file:                Output files.       (line  380)
* table of contents, creating:           Tables of contents. (line 4930)
* tables, creating:                      table.              (line 2065)
* terminal input/output:                 Terminal input/output.
                                                             (line 5198)
* TeX logo:                              Text symbols.       (line 4572)
* text symbols:                          Text symbols.       (line 4517)
* 'textcomp' package:                    Font styles.        (line  662)
* thanks, for titlepage:                 \maketitle.         (line 4084)
* theorems, defining:                    \newtheorem.        (line 2799)
* theorems, typesetting:                 theorem.            (line 2354)
* thorn, Icelandic letter:               Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4833)
* three-quarters em-dash:                Text symbols.       (line 4677)
* tie-after accent:                      Accents.            (line 4768)
* tilde accent:                          Accents.            (line 4731)
* tilde accent, math:                    Math accents.       (line 3941)
* tilde, ASCII, in text:                 Text symbols.       (line 4578)
* title page, separate or run-in:        Document class options.
                                                             (line  530)
* title pages, creating:                 titlepage.          (line 2367)
* title, for titlepage:                  \maketitle.         (line 4088)
* titles, making:                        \maketitle.         (line 4068)
* trademark symbol:                      Text symbols.       (line 4680)
* transcript file:                       Output files.       (line  365)
* TrueType fonts:                        TeX engines.        (line  389)
* TUGboat template:                      tugboat template.   (line 5310)
* two-column output:                     \twocolumn.         (line  821)
* two-thirds em-dash:                    Text symbols.       (line 4683)
* typed text, simulating:                verbatim.           (line 2384)
* typeface sizes:                        Font sizes.         (line  714)
* typeface styles:                       Font styles.        (line  580)
* typefaces:                             Fonts.              (line  574)
* typewriter font:                       Font styles.        (line  702)
* typewriter labels in lists:            description.        (line 1178)
* umlaut accent:                         Accents.            (line 4704)
* underbar:                              Accents.            (line 4776)
* underscore, in text:                   Text symbols.       (line 4686)
* Unicode input, native:                 TeX engines.        (line  389)
* unofficial nature of this manual:      About this document.
                                                             (line  258)
* unordered lists:                       itemize.            (line 1511)
* using BibTeX:                          Using BibTeX.       (line 2317)
* UTF-8:                                 TeX engines.        (line  389)
* variables, a list of:                  Counters.           (line 2862)
* vector symbol, math:                   Math accents.       (line 3944)
* verbatim text:                         verbatim.           (line 2384)
* verbatim text, inline:                 \verb.              (line 2401)
* vertical bar, double, in text:         Text symbols.       (line 4590)
* vertical bar, in text:                 Text symbols.       (line 4587)
* vertical space:                        \addvspace.         (line 4267)
* vertical space before paragraphs:      \parskip.           (line 3061)
* visible space:                         \verb.              (line 2412)
* visible space symbol, in text:         Text symbols.       (line 4689)
* wide hat accent, math:                 Math accents.       (line 3947)
* wide tile accent, math:                Math accents.       (line 3950)
* writing external files:                filecontents.       (line 1416)
* XeTeX:                                 TeX engines.        (line  421)
* 'xindy' program:                       Indexes.            (line 5027)

Command Index
*************

* Menu:

* $:                                     Math formulas.      (line 3132)
* --help command-line option:            Command line.       (line 5239)
* .aux file:                             Output files.       (line  370)
* .dvi file:                             Output files.       (line  347)
* .lof file:                             Output files.       (line  380)
* .lof file <1>:                         Tables of contents. (line 4940)
* .log file:                             Output files.       (line  365)
* .lot file:                             Output files.       (line  380)
* .lot file <1>:                         Tables of contents. (line 4940)
* .pdf file:                             Output files.       (line  357)
* .tex, default extension:               Command line.       (line 5231)
* .toc file:                             Output files.       (line  380)
* .toc file <1>:                         Tables of contents. (line 4930)
* 10pt option:                           Document class options.
                                                             (line  498)
* 11pt option:                           Document class options.
                                                             (line  498)
* 12pt option:                           Document class options.
                                                             (line  498)
* @{...}:                                array.              (line 1107)
* [...] for optional arguments:          LaTeX command syntax.
                                                             (line  435)
* \ character starting commands:         LaTeX command syntax.
                                                             (line  435)
* \" (umlaut accent):                    Accents.            (line 4704)
* \#:                                    Reserved characters.
                                                             (line 4491)
* \$:                                    Reserved characters.
                                                             (line 4491)
* \%:                                    Reserved characters.
                                                             (line 4491)
* \&:                                    Reserved characters.
                                                             (line 4491)
* \' (acute accent):                     Accents.            (line 4708)
* \' (tabbing):                          tabbing.            (line 2013)
* \(:                                    Math formulas.      (line 3124)
* \):                                    Math formulas.      (line 3124)
* \*:                                    Math miscellany.    (line 3973)
* \+:                                    tabbing.            (line 2005)
* \,:                                    Spacing in math mode.
                                                             (line 3966)
* \-:                                    tabbing.            (line 2009)
* \- (hyphenation):                      \- (hyphenation).   (line 2475)
* \. (dot-over accent):                  Accents.            (line 4713)
* \/:                                    \/.                 (line 4229)
* \::                                    Spacing in math mode.
                                                             (line 3964)
* \;:                                    Spacing in math mode.
                                                             (line 3961)
* \<:                                    tabbing.            (line 2001)
* \= (macron accent):                    Accents.            (line 4717)
* \= (tabbing):                          tabbing.            (line 1995)
* \>:                                    tabbing.            (line 1999)
* \> <1>:                                Spacing in math mode.
                                                             (line 3964)
* \> (tabbing):                          tabbing.            (line 1998)
* \@:                                    \@.                 (line 4207)
* \@fnsymbol:                            Symbolic footnotes. (line 2654)
* \a (tabbing):                          tabbing.            (line 2028)
* \a' (acute accent in tabbing):         tabbing.            (line 2029)
* \a= (macron accent in tabbing):        tabbing.            (line 2029)
* \aa (aa):                              Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4793)
* \AA (AA):                              Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4793)
* \acute:                                Math accents.       (line 3907)
* \addcontentsline{EXT}{UNIT}{TEXT}:     \addcontentsline.   (line 4951)
* \address:                              \address.           (line 5086)
* \addtocontents{EXT}{TEXT}:             \addtocontents.     (line 4980)
* \addtocounter:                         \addtocounter.      (line 2945)
* \addtolength:                          \addtolength.       (line 2988)
* \addvspace:                            \addvspace.         (line 4267)
* \ae (ae):                              Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4797)
* \AE (AE):                              Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4797)
* \aleph:                                Math symbols.       (line 3167)
* \alph:                                 \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol.
                                                             (line 2880)
* \Alph:                                 \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol.
                                                             (line 2883)
* \Alph example:                         enumerate.          (line 1248)
* \alpha:                                Math symbols.       (line 3170)
* \alsoname:                             Indexes.            (line 5024)
* \amalg:                                Math symbols.       (line 3173)
* \and for '\author':                    \maketitle.         (line 4074)
* \angle:                                Math symbols.       (line 3176)
* \appendix:                             Sectioning.         (line  980)
* \approx:                               Math symbols.       (line 3179)
* \arabic:                               \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol.
                                                             (line 2886)
* \arccos:                               Math functions.     (line 3798)
* \arcsin:                               Math functions.     (line 3801)
* \arctan:                               Math functions.     (line 3804)
* \arg:                                  Math functions.     (line 3807)
* \arraycolsep:                          array.              (line 1119)
* \arrayrulewidth:                       tabular.            (line 2186)
* \arraystretch:                         tabular.            (line 2190)
* \ast:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3182)
* \asymp:                                Math symbols.       (line 3185)
* \author{NAME \and NAME2}:              \maketitle.         (line 4073)
* \a` (grave accent in tabbing):         tabbing.            (line 2029)
* \b (bar-under accent):                 Accents.            (line 4734)
* \backslash:                            Math symbols.       (line 3188)
* \backslash <1>:                        Reserved characters.
                                                             (line 4496)
* \bar:                                  Math accents.       (line 3910)
* \baselineskip:                         Low-level font commands.
                                                             (line  780)
* \baselinestretch:                      Low-level font commands.
                                                             (line  786)
* \begin:                                Environments.       (line 1062)
* \beta:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3191)
* \bf:                                   Font styles.        (line  677)
* \bfseries:                             Font styles.        (line  616)
* \bibitem:                              \bibitem.           (line 2278)
* \bibliography:                         Using BibTeX.       (line 2317)
* \bibliographystyle:                    Using BibTeX.       (line 2317)
* \bigcap:                               Math symbols.       (line 3194)
* \bigcap <1>:                           Math symbols.       (line 3224)
* \bigcirc:                              Math symbols.       (line 3197)
* \bigcup:                               Math symbols.       (line 3200)
* \bigodot:                              Math symbols.       (line 3203)
* \bigoplus:                             Math symbols.       (line 3206)
* \bigotimes:                            Math symbols.       (line 3209)
* \bigskip:                              \bigskip \medskip \smallskip.
                                                             (line 4282)
* \bigskipamount:                        \bigskip \medskip \smallskip.
                                                             (line 4282)
* \bigsqcup:                             Math symbols.       (line 3218)
* \bigtriangledown:                      Math symbols.       (line 3212)
* \bigtriangleup:                        Math symbols.       (line 3215)
* \biguplus:                             Math symbols.       (line 3221)
* \bigwedge:                             Math symbols.       (line 3227)
* \bmod:                                 Math functions.     (line 3810)
* \boldmath:                             Math formulas.      (line 3137)
* \bot:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3230)
* \bottomfraction:                       figure.             (line 1362)
* \bowtie:                               Math symbols.       (line 3233)
* \Box:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3236)
* \breve:                                Math accents.       (line 3913)
* \bullet:                               Math symbols.       (line 3239)
* \c (cedilla accent):                   Accents.            (line 4738)
* \cal:                                  Font styles.        (line  680)
* \cap:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3242)
* \capitalacute:                         Accents.            (line 4708)
* \capitalbreve:                         Accents.            (line 4773)
* \capitalcaron:                         Accents.            (line 4783)
* \capitalcedilla:                       Accents.            (line 4738)
* \capitalcircumflex:                    Accents.            (line 4721)
* \capitaldieresis:                      Accents.            (line 4704)
* \capitaldotaccent:                     Accents.            (line 4742)
* \capitalgrave:                         Accents.            (line 4725)
* \capitalhungarumlaut:                  Accents.            (line 4746)
* \capitalmacron:                        Accents.            (line 4717)
* \capitalnewtie:                        Accents.            (line 4768)
* \capitalogonek:                        Accents.            (line 4757)
* \capitalring:                          Accents.            (line 4762)
* \capitaltie:                           Accents.            (line 4768)
* \capitaltilde:                         Accents.            (line 4731)
* \caption:                              figure.             (line 1355)
* \cc:                                   \cc.                (line 5099)
* \cdot:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3245)
* \cdots:                                Math miscellany.    (line 3977)
* \centering:                            \centering.         (line 1143)
* \chapter:                              Sectioning.         (line  952)
* \check:                                Math accents.       (line 3916)
* \chi:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3248)
* \circ:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3251)
* \circle:                               \circle.            (line 1753)
* \cite:                                 \cite.              (line 2295)
* \cleardoublepage:                      \cleardoublepage.   (line 2545)
* \clearpage:                            \clearpage.         (line 2553)
* \cline:                                \cline.             (line 2228)
* \closing:                              \closing.           (line 5109)
* \clubsuit:                             Math symbols.       (line 3254)
* \columnsep:                            \twocolumn.         (line  831)
* \columnseprule:                        \twocolumn.         (line  834)
* \columnwidth:                          \twocolumn.         (line  838)
* \cong:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3257)
* \contentsline:                         \addcontentsline.   (line 4974)
* \coprod:                               Math symbols.       (line 3260)
* \copyright:                            Text symbols.       (line 4521)
* \cos:                                  Math functions.     (line 3813)
* \cosh:                                 Math functions.     (line 3816)
* \cot:                                  Math functions.     (line 3819)
* \coth:                                 Math functions.     (line 3822)
* \csc:                                  Math functions.     (line 3825)
* \cup:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3263)
* \d (dot-under accent):                 Accents.            (line 4742)
* \dag:                                  Text symbols.       (line 4525)
* \dagger:                               Math symbols.       (line 3266)
* \dashbox:                              \dashbox.           (line 1806)
* \dashv:                                Math symbols.       (line 3269)
* \date{TEXT}:                           \maketitle.         (line 4079)
* \day:                                  \day \month \year.  (line 2964)
* \dblfloatpagefraction:                 \twocolumn.         (line  849)
* \dblfloatsep:                          \twocolumn.         (line  853)
* \dbltextfloatsep:                      \twocolumn.         (line  858)
* \dbltopfraction:                       \twocolumn.         (line  844)
* \ddag:                                 Text symbols.       (line 4528)
* \ddagger:                              Math symbols.       (line 3272)
* \ddot:                                 Math accents.       (line 3919)
* \ddots:                                Math miscellany.    (line 3981)
* \deg:                                  Math functions.     (line 3828)
* \Delta:                                Math symbols.       (line 3275)
* \delta:                                Math symbols.       (line 3278)
* \depth:                                Predefined lengths. (line 3020)
* \det:                                  Math functions.     (line 3831)
* \dh (d):                               Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4801)
* \DH (D):                               Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4801)
* \Diamond:                              Math symbols.       (line 3281)
* \diamond:                              Math symbols.       (line 3284)
* \diamondsuit:                          Math symbols.       (line 3287)
* \dim:                                  Math functions.     (line 3834)
* \displaystyle:                         Math formulas.      (line 3142)
* \div:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3290)
* \dj:                                   Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4805)
* \DJ:                                   Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4805)
* \documentclass:                        Document classes.   (line  459)
* \documentclass, commands before:       filecontents.       (line 1424)
* \dot:                                  Math accents.       (line 3922)
* \doteq:                                Math symbols.       (line 3293)
* \dotfill:                              \dotfill.           (line 4261)
* \dots:                                 Text symbols.       (line 4545)
* \doublerulesep:                        tabular.            (line 2194)
* \downarrow:                            Math symbols.       (line 3296)
* \Downarrow:                            Math symbols.       (line 3299)
* \ell:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3302)
* \em:                                   Font styles.        (line  683)
* \emph:                                 Font styles.        (line  610)
* \emptyset:                             Math symbols.       (line 3305)
* \encl:                                 \encl.              (line 5119)
* \end:                                  Environments.       (line 1062)
* \enlargethispage:                      \enlargethispage.   (line 2565)
* \enumi:                                enumerate.          (line 1238)
* \enumii:                               enumerate.          (line 1238)
* \enumiii:                              enumerate.          (line 1238)
* \enumiv:                               enumerate.          (line 1238)
* \epsilon:                              Math symbols.       (line 3308)
* \equiv:                                Math symbols.       (line 3311)
* \eta:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3314)
* \evensidemargin:                       Document class options.
                                                             (line  541)
* \exists:                               Math symbols.       (line 3317)
* \exp:                                  Math functions.     (line 3837)
* \extracolsep:                          tabular.            (line 2157)
* \fbox:                                 \fbox and \framebox.
                                                             (line 4333)
* \fboxrule:                             \framebox (picture).
                                                             (line 1800)
* \fboxrule <1>:                         \fbox and \framebox.
                                                             (line 4345)
* \fboxsep:                              \framebox (picture).
                                                             (line 1800)
* \fboxsep <1>:                          \fbox and \framebox.
                                                             (line 4345)
* \fill:                                 \hfill.             (line 4189)
* \flat:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3320)
* \floatpagefraction:                    figure.             (line 1365)
* \floatsep:                             figure.             (line 1380)
* \flushbottom:                          \flushbottom.       (line  865)
* \fnsymbol:                             \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol.
                                                             (line 2895)
* \fnsymbol, and footnotes:              Symbolic footnotes. (line 2654)
* \fontencoding:                         Low-level font commands.
                                                             (line  745)
* \fontfamily:                           Low-level font commands.
                                                             (line  748)
* \fontseries:                           Low-level font commands.
                                                             (line  757)
* \fontshape:                            Low-level font commands.
                                                             (line  768)
* \fontsize:                             Low-level font commands.
                                                             (line  780)
* \footnote:                             \footnote.          (line 2605)
* \footnotemark:                         \footnotemark.      (line 2620)
* \footnoterule:                         Footnote parameters.
                                                             (line 2662)
* \footnotesep:                          Footnote parameters.
                                                             (line 2668)
* \footnotesize:                         Font sizes.         (line  719)
* \footnotetext:                         \footnotetext.      (line 2635)
* \footskip:                             Page layout parameters.
                                                             (line  890)
* \forall:                               Math symbols.       (line 3323)
* \frac:                                 Math miscellany.    (line 3985)
* \frac{num}{den}:                       Math miscellany.    (line 3984)
* \frame:                                \frame.             (line 1821)
* \framebox:                             \framebox (picture).
                                                             (line 1792)
* \framebox <1>:                         \fbox and \framebox.
                                                             (line 4333)
* \frown:                                Math symbols.       (line 3326)
* \fussy:                                \fussy.             (line 2487)
* \Gamma:                                Math symbols.       (line 3329)
* \gamma:                                Math symbols.       (line 3332)
* \gcd:                                  Math functions.     (line 3840)
* \ge:                                   Math symbols.       (line 3335)
* \geq:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3338)
* \gets:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3341)
* \gg:                                   Math symbols.       (line 3344)
* \glossary:                             Glossaries.         (line 4997)
* \glossaryentry:                        Glossaries.         (line 5000)
* \grave:                                Math accents.       (line 3925)
* \guillemotleft (<<):                   Text symbols.       (line 4537)
* \guillemotright (>>):                  Text symbols.       (line 4538)
* \guilsinglleft (<):                    Text symbols.       (line 4539)
* \guilsinglright (>):                   Text symbols.       (line 4540)
* \H (Hungarian umlaut accent):          Accents.            (line 4746)
* \hat:                                  Math accents.       (line 3928)
* \hbar:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3347)
* \headheight:                           Page layout parameters.
                                                             (line  880)
* \headsep:                              Page layout parameters.
                                                             (line  885)
* \heartsuit:                            Math symbols.       (line 3350)
* \height:                               Predefined lengths. (line 3018)
* \hfill:                                \hfill.             (line 4186)
* \hline:                                \hline.             (line 2239)
* \hom:                                  Math functions.     (line 3843)
* \hookleftarrow:                        Math symbols.       (line 3353)
* \hookrightarrow:                       Math symbols.       (line 3356)
* \hrulefill:                            \hrulefill.         (line 4254)
* \hsize:                                Page layout parameters.
                                                             (line  930)
* \hspace:                               \hspace.            (line 4171)
* \huge:                                 Font sizes.         (line  719)
* \Huge:                                 Font sizes.         (line  719)
* \hyphenation:                          \hyphenation.       (line 2505)
* \i (dotless i):                        Accents.            (line 4750)
* \iff:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3359)
* \ij (ij):                              Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4809)
* \IJ (IJ):                              Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4809)
* \Im:                                   Math symbols.       (line 3362)
* \imath:                                Math accents.       (line 3931)
* \in:                                   Math symbols.       (line 3365)
* \include:                              \include.           (line 4880)
* \includeonly:                          \includeonly.       (line 4898)
* \indent:                               \indent.            (line 3043)
* \index:                                Indexes.            (line 5013)
* \indexentry:                           Indexes.            (line 5016)
* \inf:                                  Math functions.     (line 3846)
* \infty:                                Math symbols.       (line 3368)
* \input:                                \input.             (line 4912)
* \int:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3371)
* \intextsep:                            figure.             (line 1384)
* \iota:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3374)
* \it:                                   Font styles.        (line  686)
* \item:                                 description.        (line 1174)
* \item <1>:                             enumerate.          (line 1228)
* \item <2>:                             itemize.            (line 1511)
* \itemindent:                           itemize.            (line 1554)
* \itemsep:                              itemize.            (line 1576)
* \itshape:                              Font styles.        (line  607)
* \j (dotless j):                        Accents.            (line 4753)
* \jmath:                                Math accents.       (line 3934)
* \Join:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3377)
* \k (ogonek):                           Accents.            (line 4757)
* \kappa:                                Math symbols.       (line 3380)
* \ker:                                  Math functions.     (line 3849)
* \kill:                                 tabbing.            (line 2033)
* \l (/l):                               Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4813)
* \L (/L):                               Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4813)
* \label:                                \label.             (line 1007)
* \labelenumi:                           enumerate.          (line 1242)
* \labelenumii:                          enumerate.          (line 1242)
* \labelenumiii:                         enumerate.          (line 1242)
* \labelenumiv:                          enumerate.          (line 1242)
* \labelitemi:                           itemize.            (line 1534)
* \labelitemii:                          itemize.            (line 1534)
* \labelitemiii:                         itemize.            (line 1534)
* \labelitemiv:                          itemize.            (line 1534)
* \labelsep:                             itemize.            (line 1557)
* \labelwidth:                           itemize.            (line 1560)
* \Lambda:                               Math symbols.       (line 3383)
* \lambda:                               Math symbols.       (line 3386)
* \land:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3389)
* \langle:                               Math symbols.       (line 3392)
* \large:                                Font sizes.         (line  719)
* \Large:                                Font sizes.         (line  719)
* \LARGE:                                Font sizes.         (line  719)
* \LaTeX:                                Text symbols.       (line 4531)
* \LaTeXe:                               Text symbols.       (line 4534)
* \lbrace:                               Math symbols.       (line 3395)
* \lbrack:                               Math symbols.       (line 3398)
* \lceil:                                Math symbols.       (line 3401)
* \ldots:                                Text symbols.       (line 4544)
* \le:                                   Math symbols.       (line 3404)
* \leadsto:                              Math symbols.       (line 3407)
* \left DELIM1 ... \right DELIM2:        Math miscellany.    (line 3987)
* \Leftarrow:                            Math symbols.       (line 3409)
* \leftarrow:                            Math symbols.       (line 3412)
* \lefteqn:                              eqnarray.           (line 1281)
* \leftharpoondown:                      Math symbols.       (line 3415)
* \leftharpoonup:                        Math symbols.       (line 3418)
* \leftmargin:                           itemize.            (line 1541)
* \leftmargini:                          itemize.            (line 1541)
* \leftmarginii:                         itemize.            (line 1541)
* \leftmarginiii:                        itemize.            (line 1541)
* \leftmarginiv:                         itemize.            (line 1541)
* \leftmarginv:                          itemize.            (line 1541)
* \leftmarginvi:                         itemize.            (line 1541)
* \Leftrightarrow:                       Math symbols.       (line 3421)
* \leftrightarrow:                       Math symbols.       (line 3424)
* \leq:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3427)
* \lfloor:                               Math symbols.       (line 3430)
* \lg:                                   Math functions.     (line 3852)
* \lhd:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3433)
* \lim:                                  Math functions.     (line 3855)
* \liminf:                               Math functions.     (line 3858)
* \limsup:                               Math functions.     (line 3861)
* \line:                                 \line.              (line 1832)
* \linebreak:                            \linebreak & \nolinebreak.
                                                             (line 2521)
* \linespread:                           Low-level font commands.
                                                             (line  793)
* \linethickness:                        \linethickness.     (line 1846)
* \linewidth:                            Page layout parameters.
                                                             (line  895)
* \listoffigures:                        Tables of contents. (line 4940)
* \listoftables:                         Tables of contents. (line 4940)
* \listparindent:                        itemize.            (line 1563)
* \ll:                                   Math symbols.       (line 3436)
* \ln:                                   Math functions.     (line 3864)
* \lnot:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3439)
* \location:                             \location.          (line 5128)
* \log:                                  Math functions.     (line 3867)
* \longleftarrow:                        Math symbols.       (line 3442)
* \longleftrightarrow:                   Math symbols.       (line 3445)
* \longmapsto:                           Math symbols.       (line 3448)
* \longrightarrow:                       Math symbols.       (line 3451)
* \lor:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3454)
* \lq:                                   Text symbols.       (line 4550)
* \makebox:                              \makebox.           (line 4365)
* \makebox (for 'picture'):              \makebox (picture). (line 1765)
* \makeglossary:                         Glossaries.         (line 4995)
* \makeindex:                            Indexes.            (line 5010)
* \makelabels:                           \makelabels.        (line 5136)
* \maketitle:                            \maketitle.         (line 4068)
* \mapsto:                               Math symbols.       (line 3457)
* \marginpar:                            Marginal notes.     (line 3067)
* \marginparpush:                        Marginal notes.     (line 3094)
* \marginparsep:                         Marginal notes.     (line 3098)
* \marginparwidth:                       Marginal notes.     (line 3102)
* \markboth{LEFT}{RIGHT}:                \pagestyle.         (line 4142)
* \markright{RIGHT}:                     \pagestyle.         (line 4149)
* \mathbf:                               Font styles.        (line  640)
* \mathcal:                              Font styles.        (line  656)
* \mathnormal:                           Font styles.        (line  653)
* \mathring:                             Math accents.       (line 3937)
* \mathrm:                               Font styles.        (line  637)
* \mathsf:                               Font styles.        (line  643)
* \mathtt:                               Font styles.        (line  646)
* \mathversion:                          Font styles.        (line  658)
* \max:                                  Math functions.     (line 3870)
* \mbox:                                 \mbox.              (line 4326)
* \mbox, and LR mode:                    Modes.              (line 4041)
* \mdseries:                             Font styles.        (line  613)
* \medskip:                              \bigskip \medskip \smallskip.
                                                             (line 4287)
* \medskipamount:                        \bigskip \medskip \smallskip.
                                                             (line 4287)
* \mho:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3460)
* \mid:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3462)
* \min:                                  Math functions.     (line 3873)
* \models:                               Math symbols.       (line 3465)
* \month:                                \day \month \year.  (line 2964)
* \mp:                                   Math symbols.       (line 3468)
* \mu:                                   Math symbols.       (line 3471)
* \multicolumn:                          \multicolumn.       (line 2206)
* \multiput:                             \multiput.          (line 1870)
* \nabla:                                Math symbols.       (line 3474)
* \name:                                 \name.              (line 5144)
* \natural:                              Math symbols.       (line 3477)
* \ne:                                   Math symbols.       (line 3480)
* \nearrow:                              Math symbols.       (line 3483)
* \neg:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3486)
* \neq:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3489)
* \newcommand:                           \newcommand & \renewcommand.
                                                             (line 2683)
* \newcounter:                           \newcounter.        (line 2721)
* \newenvironment:                       \newenvironment & \renewenvironment.
                                                             (line 2760)
* \newfont:                              \newfont.           (line 2827)
* \newlength:                            \newlength.         (line 2736)
* \newline:                              \newline.           (line 2468)
* \NEWLINE:                              \SPACE.             (line 4196)
* \newpage:                              \newpage.           (line 2559)
* \newsavebox:                           \newsavebox.        (line 2750)
* \newtheorem:                           \newtheorem.        (line 2799)
* \newtie:                               Accents.            (line 4768)
* \ng:                                   Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4817)
* \NG:                                   Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4817)
* \ni:                                   Math symbols.       (line 3492)
* \nocite:                               \nocite.            (line 2309)
* \nocorr:                               Font styles.        (line  595)
* \nocorrlist:                           Font styles.        (line  595)
* \nofiles:                              Tables of contents. (line 4945)
* \noindent:                             \noindent.          (line 3054)
* \nolinebreak:                          \linebreak & \nolinebreak.
                                                             (line 2521)
* \nonumber:                             eqnarray.           (line 1276)
* \nopagebreak:                          \pagebreak & \nopagebreak.
                                                             (line 2580)
* \normalfont:                           Font styles.        (line  634)
* \normalmarginpar:                      Marginal notes.     (line 3082)
* \normalsize:                           Font sizes.         (line  719)
* \not:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3495)
* \notin:                                Math symbols.       (line 3498)
* \nu:                                   Math symbols.       (line 3501)
* \nwarrow:                              Math symbols.       (line 3504)
* \o (/o):                               Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4821)
* \O (/O):                               Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4821)
* \obeycr:                               \obeycr & \restorecr.
                                                             (line 2459)
* \oddsidemargin:                        Document class options.
                                                             (line  541)
* \odot:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3507)
* \oe (oe):                              Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4825)
* \OE (OE):                              Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4825)
* \oint:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3510)
* \oldstylenums:                         Font styles.        (line  662)
* \Omega:                                Math symbols.       (line 3513)
* \omega:                                Math symbols.       (line 3516)
* \ominus:                               Math symbols.       (line 3519)
* \onecolumn:                            \onecolumn.         (line  815)
* \opening:                              \opening.           (line 5152)
* \oplus:                                Math symbols.       (line 3522)
* \oslash:                               Math symbols.       (line 3525)
* \otimes:                               Math symbols.       (line 3528)
* \oval:                                 \oval.              (line 1880)
* \overbrace{TEXT}:                      Math miscellany.    (line 3992)
* \overline{TEXT}:                       Math miscellany.    (line 3996)
* \owns:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3531)
* \P:                                    Text symbols.       (line 4553)
* \pagebreak:                            \pagebreak & \nopagebreak.
                                                             (line 2580)
* \pagenumbering:                        \pagenumbering.     (line 4094)
* \pageref:                              \pageref.           (line 1040)
* \pagestyle:                            \pagestyle.         (line 4119)
* \paragraph:                            Sectioning.         (line  957)
* \parallel:                             Math symbols.       (line 3534)
* \parbox:                               \parbox.            (line 4390)
* \parindent:                            minipage.           (line 1666)
* \parindent <1>:                        \indent.            (line 3043)
* \parsep:                               itemize.            (line 1581)
* \parskip:                              \parskip.           (line 3061)
* \parskip example:                      itemize.            (line 1597)
* \part:                                 Sectioning.         (line  951)
* \partial:                              Math symbols.       (line 3537)
* \partopsep:                            itemize.            (line 1591)
* \perp:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3540)
* \phi:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3543)
* \Pi:                                   Math symbols.       (line 3546)
* \pi:                                   Math symbols.       (line 3549)
* \pm:                                   Math symbols.       (line 3552)
* \pmod:                                 Math functions.     (line 3876)
* \poptabs:                              tabbing.            (line 2039)
* \poptabs <1>:                          tabbing.            (line 2040)
* \pounds:                               Text symbols.       (line 4557)
* \Pr:                                   Math functions.     (line 3879)
* \prec:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3555)
* \preceq:                               Math symbols.       (line 3558)
* \prime:                                Math symbols.       (line 3561)
* \prod:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3564)
* \propto:                               Math symbols.       (line 3567)
* \protect:                              \protect.           (line 2841)
* \ps:                                   \ps.                (line 5164)
* \Psi:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3570)
* \psi:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3573)
* \pushtabs:                             tabbing.            (line 2042)
* \put:                                  \put.               (line 1904)
* \quotedblbase (,,):                    Text symbols.       (line 4561)
* \quotesinglbase (,):                   Text symbols.       (line 4562)
* \r (ring accent):                      Accents.            (line 4762)
* \raggedbottom:                         \raggedbottom.      (line  874)
* \raggedleft:                           \raggedleft.        (line 1498)
* \raggedright:                          \raggedright.       (line 1472)
* \raisebox:                             \raisebox.          (line 4430)
* \rangle:                               Math symbols.       (line 3576)
* \rbrace:                               Math symbols.       (line 3579)
* \rbrack:                               Math symbols.       (line 3582)
* \rceil:                                Math symbols.       (line 3585)
* \Re:                                   Math symbols.       (line 3588)
* \ref:                                  \ref.               (line 1050)
* \refstepcounter:                       \refstepcounter.    (line 2951)
* \renewenvironment:                     \newenvironment & \renewenvironment.
                                                             (line 2760)
* \restorecr:                            \obeycr & \restorecr.
                                                             (line 2459)
* \reversemarginpar:                     Marginal notes.     (line 3082)
* \rfloor:                               Math symbols.       (line 3591)
* \rhd:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3594)
* \rho:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3597)
* \right:                                Math miscellany.    (line 3988)
* \Rightarrow:                           Math symbols.       (line 3600)
* \rightarrow:                           Math symbols.       (line 3603)
* \rightharpoondown:                     Math symbols.       (line 3606)
* \rightharpoonup:                       Math symbols.       (line 3609)
* \rightleftharpoons:                    Math symbols.       (line 3612)
* \rightmargin:                          itemize.            (line 1567)
* \rm:                                   Font styles.        (line  689)
* \rmfamily:                             Font styles.        (line  604)
* \roman:                                \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol.
                                                             (line 2889)
* \Roman:                                \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol.
                                                             (line 2892)
* \rq:                                   Text symbols.       (line 4565)
* \rule:                                 \rule.              (line 4838)
* \S:                                    Text symbols.       (line 4568)
* \savebox:                              \savebox.           (line 4446)
* \sbox:                                 \sbox.              (line 4458)
* \sc:                                   Font styles.        (line  692)
* \scriptsize:                           Font sizes.         (line  719)
* \scshape:                              Font styles.        (line  628)
* \searrow:                              Math symbols.       (line 3615)
* \sec:                                  Math functions.     (line 3882)
* \section:                              Sectioning.         (line  954)
* \seename:                              Indexes.            (line 5024)
* \selectfont:                           Low-level font commands.
                                                             (line  799)
* \setcounter:                           \setcounter.        (line 2935)
* \setlength:                            \setlength.         (line 2981)
* \setminus:                             Math symbols.       (line 3618)
* \settodepth:                           \settodepth.        (line 2994)
* \settoheight:                          \settoheight.       (line 3002)
* \settowidth:                           \settowidth.        (line 3010)
* \sf:                                   Font styles.        (line  695)
* \sffamily:                             Font styles.        (line  625)
* \sharp:                                Math symbols.       (line 3621)
* \shortstack:                           \shortstack.        (line 1914)
* \Sigma:                                Math symbols.       (line 3624)
* \sigma:                                Math symbols.       (line 3627)
* \signature:                            \signature.         (line 5170)
* \sim:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3630)
* \simeq:                                Math symbols.       (line 3633)
* \sin:                                  Math functions.     (line 3885)
* \sinh:                                 Math functions.     (line 3888)
* \sl:                                   Font styles.        (line  698)
* \slshape:                              Font styles.        (line  622)
* \small:                                Font sizes.         (line  719)
* \smallint:                             Math symbols.       (line 3636)
* \smallskip:                            \bigskip \medskip \smallskip.
                                                             (line 4292)
* \smallskipamount:                      \bigskip \medskip \smallskip.
                                                             (line 4292)
* \smile:                                Math symbols.       (line 3639)
* \SPACE:                                \SPACE.             (line 4196)
* \spadesuit:                            Math symbols.       (line 3642)
* \sqcap:                                Math symbols.       (line 3645)
* \sqcup:                                Math symbols.       (line 3648)
* \sqrt[ROOT]{arg}:                      Math miscellany.    (line 3999)
* \sqsubset:                             Math symbols.       (line 3651)
* \sqsubseteq:                           Math symbols.       (line 3654)
* \sqsupset:                             Math symbols.       (line 3657)
* \sqsupseteq:                           Math symbols.       (line 3660)
* \ss (ss):                              Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4829)
* \SS (SS):                              Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4829)
* \stackrel{TEXT}{RELATION}:             Math miscellany.    (line 4005)
* \star:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3663)
* \startbreaks:                          \startbreaks.       (line 5176)
* \stepcounter:                          \stepcounter.       (line 2958)
* \stop:                                 Command line.       (line 5243)
* \stopbreaks:                           \stopbreaks.        (line 5183)
* \subparagraph:                         Sectioning.         (line  958)
* \subsection:                           Sectioning.         (line  955)
* \subset:                               Math symbols.       (line 3666)
* \subseteq:                             Math symbols.       (line 3669)
* \subsubsection:                        Sectioning.         (line  956)
* \succ:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3672)
* \succeq:                               Math symbols.       (line 3675)
* \sum:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3678)
* \sup:                                  Math functions.     (line 3891)
* \supset:                               Math symbols.       (line 3681)
* \supseteq:                             Math symbols.       (line 3684)
* \surd:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3687)
* \swarrow:                              Math symbols.       (line 3690)
* \symbol:                               Reserved characters.
                                                             (line 4505)
* \t (tie-after accent):                 Accents.            (line 4768)
* \TAB:                                  \SPACE.             (line 4196)
* \tabbingsep:                           tabbing.            (line 2047)
* \tabcolsep:                            tabular.            (line 2198)
* \tableofcontents:                      Tables of contents. (line 4930)
* \tan:                                  Math functions.     (line 3894)
* \tanh:                                 Math functions.     (line 3897)
* \tau:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3693)
* \telephone:                            \telephone.         (line 5190)
* \TeX:                                  Text symbols.       (line 4571)
* \textascenderwordmark:                 Text symbols.       (line 4609)
* \textasciicircum:                      Text symbols.       (line 4574)
* \textasciitilde:                       Text symbols.       (line 4577)
* \textasteriskcentered:                 Text symbols.       (line 4580)
* \textbackslash:                        Text symbols.       (line 4583)
* \textbar:                              Text symbols.       (line 4586)
* \textbardbl:                           Text symbols.       (line 4589)
* \textbf:                               Font styles.        (line  616)
* \textbigcircle:                        Text symbols.       (line 4592)
* \textbraceleft:                        Text symbols.       (line 4595)
* \textbraceright:                       Text symbols.       (line 4598)
* \textbullet:                           Text symbols.       (line 4601)
* \textcapitalwordmark:                  Text symbols.       (line 4608)
* \textcircled{LETTER}:                  Text symbols.       (line 4604)
* \textcompwordmark:                     Text symbols.       (line 4607)
* \textcopyright:                        Text symbols.       (line 4522)
* \textdagger:                           Text symbols.       (line 4614)
* \textdaggerdbl:                        Text symbols.       (line 4617)
* \textdollar (or '$'):                  Text symbols.       (line 4620)
* \textellipsis:                         Text symbols.       (line 4546)
* \textemdash (or '---'):                Text symbols.       (line 4623)
* \textendash (or '--'):                 Text symbols.       (line 4626)
* \texteuro:                             Text symbols.       (line 4629)
* \textexclamdown (or '!`'):             Text symbols.       (line 4632)
* \textfloatsep:                         figure.             (line 1389)
* \textfraction:                         figure.             (line 1369)
* \textgreater:                          Text symbols.       (line 4635)
* \textheight:                           Page layout parameters.
                                                             (line  903)
* \textit:                               Font styles.        (line  607)
* \textleftarrow:                        Text symbols.       (line 4641)
* \textless:                             Text symbols.       (line 4638)
* \textmd:                               Font styles.        (line  613)
* \textnormal:                           Font styles.        (line  634)
* \textordfeminine:                      Text symbols.       (line 4644)
* \textordmasculine:                     Text symbols.       (line 4645)
* \textparagraph:                        Text symbols.       (line 4554)
* \textperiodcentered:                   Text symbols.       (line 4648)
* \textquestiondown (or '?`'):           Text symbols.       (line 4651)
* \textquotedblleft (or '``'):           Text symbols.       (line 4654)
* \textquotedblright (or '''):           Text symbols.       (line 4657)
* \textquoteleft (or '`'):               Text symbols.       (line 4660)
* \textquoteright (or '''):              Text symbols.       (line 4663)
* \textquotestraightbase:                Text symbols.       (line 4666)
* \textquotestraightdblbase:             Text symbols.       (line 4667)
* \textregistered:                       Text symbols.       (line 4670)
* \textrightarrow:                       Text symbols.       (line 4673)
* \textrm:                               Font styles.        (line  604)
* \textsc:                               Font styles.        (line  628)
* \textsf:                               Font styles.        (line  625)
* \textsl:                               Font styles.        (line  622)
* \textsterling:                         Text symbols.       (line 4558)
* \textthreequartersemdash:              Text symbols.       (line 4676)
* \texttrademark:                        Text symbols.       (line 4679)
* \texttt:                               Font styles.        (line  631)
* \texttwelveudash:                      Text symbols.       (line 4682)
* \textunderscore:                       Text symbols.       (line 4685)
* \textup:                               Font styles.        (line  619)
* \textvisiblespace:                     Text symbols.       (line 4688)
* \textwidth:                            Page layout parameters.
                                                             (line  910)
* \th (th):                              Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4833)
* \TH (TH):                              Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4833)
* \thanks{TEXT}:                         \maketitle.         (line 4083)
* \theta:                                Math symbols.       (line 3696)
* \thicklines:                           \thicklines.        (line 1856)
* \thinlines:                            \thinlines.         (line 1863)
* \thinspace:                            \thinspace.         (line 4222)
* \thispagestyle:                        \thispagestyle.     (line 4155)
* \tilde:                                Math accents.       (line 3940)
* \times:                                Math symbols.       (line 3699)
* \tiny:                                 Font sizes.         (line  719)
* \title{TEXT}:                          \maketitle.         (line 4087)
* \to:                                   Math symbols.       (line 3702)
* \today:                                \today.             (line 4857)
* \top:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3705)
* \topfraction:                          figure.             (line 1374)
* \topmargin:                            Page layout parameters.
                                                             (line  934)
* \topsep:                               itemize.            (line 1585)
* \topskip:                              Page layout parameters.
                                                             (line  941)
* \totalheight:                          Predefined lengths. (line 3022)
* \triangle:                             Math symbols.       (line 3708)
* \triangleleft:                         Math symbols.       (line 3711)
* \triangleright:                        Math symbols.       (line 3714)
* \tt:                                   Font styles.        (line  701)
* \ttfamily:                             Font styles.        (line  631)
* \twocolumn:                            \twocolumn.         (line  821)
* \typein:                               \typein.            (line 5201)
* \typeout:                              \typeout.           (line 5215)
* \u (breve accent):                     Accents.            (line 4773)
* \unboldmath:                           Math formulas.      (line 3137)
* \underbar:                             Accents.            (line 4776)
* \underbrace{math}:                     Math miscellany.    (line 4009)
* \underline{text}:                      Math miscellany.    (line 4012)
* \unitlength:                           picture.            (line 1687)
* \unlhd:                                Math symbols.       (line 3717)
* \unrhd:                                Math symbols.       (line 3720)
* \Uparrow:                              Math symbols.       (line 3723)
* \uparrow:                              Math symbols.       (line 3726)
* \Updownarrow:                          Math symbols.       (line 3729)
* \updownarrow:                          Math symbols.       (line 3732)
* \uplus:                                Math symbols.       (line 3735)
* \upshape:                              Font styles.        (line  619)
* \Upsilon:                              Math symbols.       (line 3738)
* \upsilon:                              Math symbols.       (line 3741)
* \usebox:                               \usebox.            (line 4470)
* \usecounter:                           \usecounter.        (line 2910)
* \usefont:                              Low-level font commands.
                                                             (line  803)
* \usepackage:                           Document class options.
                                                             (line  559)
* \v (breve accent):                     Accents.            (line 4783)
* \value:                                \value.             (line 2921)
* \varepsilon:                           Math symbols.       (line 3744)
* \varphi:                               Math symbols.       (line 3747)
* \varpi:                                Math symbols.       (line 3750)
* \varrho:                               Math symbols.       (line 3753)
* \varsigma:                             Math symbols.       (line 3756)
* \vartheta:                             Math symbols.       (line 3759)
* \vdash:                                Math symbols.       (line 3762)
* \vdots:                                Math miscellany.    (line 4017)
* \vdots <1>:                            Math miscellany.    (line 4018)
* \vec:                                  Math accents.       (line 3943)
* \vector:                               \vector.            (line 1933)
* \vee:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3765)
* \verb:                                 \verb.              (line 2401)
* \Vert:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3768)
* \vert:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3771)
* \vfill:                                \vfill.             (line 4299)
* \vline:                                \vline.             (line 2246)
* \vspace:                               \vspace.            (line 4306)
* \wedge:                                Math symbols.       (line 3774)
* \widehat:                              Math accents.       (line 3946)
* \widehat <1>:                          Math accents.       (line 3949)
* \width:                                Predefined lengths. (line 3016)
* \wp:                                   Math symbols.       (line 3777)
* \wr:                                   Math symbols.       (line 3780)
* \Xi:                                   Math symbols.       (line 3783)
* \xi:                                   Math symbols.       (line 3786)
* \year:                                 \day \month \year.  (line 2964)
* \zeta:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3789)
* \[:                                    Math formulas.      (line 3124)
* \\ (for 'array'):                      array.              (line 1104)
* \\ (for 'center'):                     center.             (line 1136)
* \\ (for 'eqnarray'):                   eqnarray.           (line 1268)
* \\ (for 'flushright'):                 flushright.         (line 1491)
* \\ (for '\shortstack' objects):        \shortstack.        (line 1928)
* \\ (tabbing):                          tabbing.            (line 1992)
* \\ for 'flushleft':                    flushleft.          (line 1465)
* \\ for letters:                        Letters.            (line 5076)
* \\ for 'tabular':                      tabular.            (line 2109)
* \\ for 'verse':                        verse.              (line 2429)
* \\ for '\author':                      \maketitle.         (line 4074)
* \\ for '\title':                       \maketitle.         (line 4088)
* \\ force line break:                   \\.                 (line 2449)
* \\* (for 'eqnarray'):                  eqnarray.           (line 1273)
* \]:                                    Math formulas.      (line 3124)
* \^:                                    Reserved characters.
                                                             (line 4501)
* \^ (circumflex accent):                Accents.            (line 4721)
* \_:                                    Reserved characters.
                                                             (line 4491)
* \` (grave accent):                     Accents.            (line 4725)
* \` (tabbing):                          tabbing.            (line 2019)
* \{:                                    Reserved characters.
                                                             (line 4491)
* \|:                                    Math symbols.       (line 3164)
* \}:                                    Reserved characters.
                                                             (line 4491)
* \~:                                    Reserved characters.
                                                             (line 4501)
* \~ (tilde accent):                     Accents.            (line 4731)
* ^:                                     Subscripts & superscripts.
                                                             (line 3150)
* _:                                     Subscripts & superscripts.
                                                             (line 3150)
* {...} for required arguments:          LaTeX command syntax.
                                                             (line  435)
* a4paper option:                        Document class options.
                                                             (line  503)
* a5paper option:                        Document class options.
                                                             (line  503)
* abstract environment:                  abstract.           (line 1072)
* array environment:                     array.              (line 1083)
* article class:                         Document classes.   (line  464)
* b5paper option:                        Document class options.
                                                             (line  503)
* book class:                            Document classes.   (line  464)
* bottomnumber:                          figure.             (line 1395)
* center environment:                    center.             (line 1129)
* clock option to 'slides' class:        Document class options.
                                                             (line  556)
* dbltopnumber:                          figure.             (line 1399)
* description environment:               description.        (line 1166)
* displaymath environment:               displaymath.        (line 1189)
* displaymath environment <1>:           Math formulas.      (line 3114)
* document environment:                  document.           (line 1209)
* draft option:                          Document class options.
                                                             (line  508)
* dvipdfmx command:                      Output files.       (line  347)
* dvips command:                         Output files.       (line  347)
* dvitype command:                       Output files.       (line  347)
* enumerate environment:                 enumerate.          (line 1215)
* eqnarray environment:                  eqnarray.           (line 1253)
* equation environment:                  equation.           (line 1288)
* equation environment <1>:              Math formulas.      (line 3114)
* etex command:                          TeX engines.        (line  395)
* executivepaper option:                 Document class options.
                                                             (line  503)
* figure:                                figure.             (line 1301)
* filecontents:                          filecontents.       (line 1416)
* final option:                          Document class options.
                                                             (line  508)
* first-latex-doc document:              About this document.
                                                             (line  274)
* fleqn option:                          Document class options.
                                                             (line  508)
* flushleft environment:                 flushleft.          (line 1459)
* flushright environment:                flushright.         (line 1485)
* <http://home.gna.org/latexrefman> home page: About this document.
                                                             (line  247)
* indexspace:                            Indexes.            (line 5036)
* itemize environment:                   itemize.            (line 1511)
* landscape option:                      Document class options.
                                                             (line  508)
* latex command:                         Output files.       (line  347)
* latex-doc-ptr document:                About this document.
                                                             (line  271)
* <latexrefman-discuss@gna.org> email address: About this document.
                                                             (line  258)
* legalpaper option:                     Document class options.
                                                             (line  503)
* leqno option:                          Document class options.
                                                             (line  508)
* letter:                                letter.             (line 1613)
* letter class:                          Document classes.   (line  464)
* letterpaper option:                    Document class options.
                                                             (line  503)
* list:                                  list.               (line 1618)
* lR box:                                picture.            (line 1743)
* lrbox:                                 lrbox.              (line 4355)
* lshort document:                       About this document.
                                                             (line  281)
* lualatex command:                      TeX engines.        (line  412)
* math environment:                      math.               (line 1643)
* math environment <1>:                  Math formulas.      (line 3114)
* minipage environment:                  minipage.           (line 1655)
* notitlepage option:                    Document class options.
                                                             (line  508)
* onecolumn option:                      Document class options.
                                                             (line  535)
* oneside option:                        Document class options.
                                                             (line  535)
* openany option:                        Document class options.
                                                             (line  535)
* openbib option:                        Document class options.
                                                             (line  508)
* openright option:                      Document class options.
                                                             (line  535)
* pdflatex command:                      Output files.       (line  357)
* picture:                               picture.            (line 1683)
* printindex:                            Indexes.            (line 5032)
* quotation:                             quotation.          (line 1944)
* quote:                                 quote.              (line 1959)
* report class:                          Document classes.   (line  464)
* secnumdepth counter:                   Sectioning.         (line  990)
* slides class:                          Document classes.   (line  464)
* tabbing environment:                   tabbing.            (line 1974)
* table:                                 table.              (line 2065)
* tabular environment:                   tabular.            (line 2092)
* textcomp package:                      Text symbols.       (line 4517)
* thebibliography:                       thebibliography.    (line 2253)
* theorem environment:                   theorem.            (line 2354)
* titlepage environment:                 titlepage.          (line 2367)
* titlepage option:                      Document class options.
                                                             (line  508)
* topnumber:                             figure.             (line 1403)
* totalnumber:                           figure.             (line 1407)
* twocolumn option:                      Document class options.
                                                             (line  535)
* twoside option:                        Document class options.
                                                             (line  535)
* usrguide official documentation:       About this document.
                                                             (line  277)
* verbatim environment:                  verbatim.           (line 2384)
* verse environment:                     verse.              (line 2418)
* xdvi command:                          Output files.       (line  347)
* xelatex command:                       TeX engines.        (line  421)