summaryrefslogtreecommitdiff
path: root/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html
blob: e8a7e781622c511b8833c3c3aeb7a3feb20b5b41 (plain) 
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043
2044
2045
2046
2047
2048
2049
2050
2051
2052
2053
2054
2055
2056
2057
2058
2059
2060
2061
2062
2063
2064
2065
2066
2067
2068
2069
2070
2071
2072
2073
2074
2075
2076
2077
2078
2079
2080
2081
2082
2083
2084
2085
2086
2087
2088
2089
2090
2091
2092
2093
2094
2095
2096
2097
2098
2099
2100
2101
2102
2103
2104
2105
2106
2107
2108
2109
2110
2111
2112
2113
2114
2115
2116
2117
2118
2119
2120
2121
2122
2123
2124
2125
2126
2127
2128
2129
2130
2131
2132
2133
2134
2135
2136
2137
2138
2139
2140
2141
2142
2143
2144
2145
2146
2147
2148
2149
2150
2151
2152
2153
2154
2155
2156
2157
2158
2159
2160
2161
2162
2163
2164
2165
2166
2167
2168
2169
2170
2171
2172
2173
2174
2175
2176
2177
2178
2179
2180
2181
2182
2183
2184
2185
2186
2187
2188
2189
2190
2191
2192
2193
2194
2195
2196
2197
2198
2199
2200
2201
2202
2203
2204
2205
2206
2207
2208
2209
2210
2211
2212
2213
2214
2215
2216
2217
2218
2219
2220
2221
2222
2223
2224
2225
2226
2227
2228
2229
2230
2231
2232
2233
2234
2235
2236
2237
2238
2239
2240
2241
2242
2243
2244
2245
2246
2247
2248
2249
2250
2251
2252
2253
2254
2255
2256
2257
2258
2259
2260
2261
2262
2263
2264
2265
2266
2267
2268
2269
2270
2271
2272
2273
2274
2275
2276
2277
2278
2279
2280
2281
2282
2283
2284
2285
2286
2287
2288
2289
2290
2291
2292
2293
2294
2295
2296
2297
2298
2299
2300
2301
2302
2303
2304
2305
2306
2307
2308
2309
2310
2311
2312
2313
2314
2315
2316
2317
2318
2319
2320
2321
2322
2323
2324
2325
2326
2327
2328
2329
2330
2331
2332
2333
2334
2335
2336
2337
2338
2339
2340
2341
2342
2343
2344
2345
2346
2347
2348
2349
2350
2351
2352
2353
2354
2355
2356
2357
2358
2359
2360
2361
2362
2363
2364
2365
2366
2367
2368
2369
2370
2371
2372
2373
2374
2375
2376
2377
2378
2379
2380
2381
2382
2383
2384
2385
2386
2387
2388
2389
2390
2391
2392
2393
2394
2395
2396
2397
2398
2399
2400
2401
2402
2403
2404
2405
2406
2407
2408
2409
2410
2411
2412
2413
2414
2415
2416
2417
2418
2419
2420
2421
2422
2423
2424
2425
2426
2427
2428
2429
2430
2431
2432
2433
2434
2435
2436
2437
2438
2439
2440
2441
2442
2443
2444
2445
2446
2447
2448
2449
2450
2451
2452
2453
2454
2455
2456
2457
2458
2459
2460
2461
2462
2463
2464
2465
2466
2467
2468
2469
2470
2471
2472
2473
2474
2475
2476
2477
2478
2479
2480
2481
2482
2483
2484
2485
2486
2487
2488
2489
2490
2491
2492
2493
2494
2495
2496
2497
2498
2499
2500
2501
2502
2503
2504
2505
2506
2507
2508
2509
2510
2511
2512
2513
2514
2515
2516
2517
2518
2519
2520
2521
2522
2523
2524
2525
2526
2527
2528
2529
2530
2531
2532
2533
2534
2535
2536
2537
2538
2539
2540
2541
2542
2543
2544
2545
2546
2547
2548
2549
2550
2551
2552
2553
2554
2555
2556
2557
2558
2559
2560
2561
2562
2563
2564
2565
2566
2567
2568
2569
2570
2571
2572
2573
2574
2575
2576
2577
2578
2579
2580
2581
2582
2583
2584
2585
2586
2587
2588
2589
2590
2591
2592
2593
2594
2595
2596
2597
2598
2599
2600
2601
2602
2603
2604
2605
2606
2607
2608
2609
2610
2611
2612
2613
2614
2615
2616
2617
2618
2619
2620
2621
2622
2623
2624
2625
2626
2627
2628
2629
2630
2631
2632
2633
2634
2635
2636
2637
2638
2639
2640
2641
2642
2643
2644
2645
2646
2647
2648
2649
2650
2651
2652
2653
2654
2655
2656
2657
2658
2659
2660
2661
2662
2663
2664
2665
2666
2667
2668
2669
2670
2671
2672
2673
2674
2675
2676
2677
2678
2679
2680
2681
2682
2683
2684
2685
2686
2687
2688
2689
2690
2691
2692
2693
2694
2695
2696
2697
2698
2699
2700
2701
2702
2703
2704
2705
2706
2707
2708
2709
2710
2711
2712
2713
2714
2715
2716
2717
2718
2719
2720
2721
2722
2723
2724
2725
2726
2727
2728
2729
2730
2731
2732
2733
2734
2735
2736
2737
2738
2739
2740
2741
2742
2743
2744
2745
2746
2747
2748
2749
2750
2751
2752
2753
2754
2755
2756
2757
2758
2759
2760
2761
2762
2763
2764
2765
2766
2767
2768
2769
2770
2771
2772
2773
2774
2775
2776
2777
2778
2779
2780
2781
2782
2783
2784
2785
2786
2787
2788
2789
2790
2791
2792
2793
2794
2795
2796
2797
2798
2799
2800
2801
2802
2803
2804
2805
2806
2807
2808
2809
2810
2811
2812
2813
2814
2815
2816
2817
2818
2819
2820
2821
2822
2823
2824
2825
2826
2827
2828
2829
2830
2831
2832
2833
2834
2835
2836
2837
2838
2839
2840
2841
2842
2843
2844
2845
2846
2847
2848
2849
2850
2851
2852
2853
2854
2855
2856
2857
2858
2859
2860
2861
2862
2863
2864
2865
2866
2867
2868
2869
2870
2871
2872
2873
2874
2875
2876
2877
2878
2879
2880
2881
2882
2883
2884
2885
2886
2887
2888
2889
2890
2891
2892
2893
2894
2895
2896
2897
2898
2899
2900
2901
2902
2903
2904
2905
2906
2907
2908
2909
2910
2911
2912
2913
2914
2915
2916
2917
2918
2919
2920
2921
2922
2923
2924
2925
2926
2927
2928
2929
2930
2931
2932
2933
2934
2935
2936
2937
2938
2939
2940
2941
2942
2943
2944
2945
2946
2947
2948
2949
2950
2951
2952
2953
2954
2955
2956
2957
2958
2959
2960
2961
2962
2963
2964
2965
2966
2967
2968
2969
2970
2971
2972
2973
2974
2975
2976
2977
2978
2979
2980
2981
2982
2983
2984
2985
2986
2987
2988
2989
2990
2991
2992
2993
2994
2995
2996
2997
2998
2999
3000
3001
3002
3003
3004
3005
3006
3007
3008
3009
3010
3011
3012
3013
3014
3015
3016
3017
3018
3019
3020
3021
3022
3023
3024
3025
3026
3027
3028
3029
3030
3031
3032
3033
3034
3035
3036
3037
3038
3039
3040
3041
3042
3043
3044
3045
3046
3047
3048
3049
3050
3051
3052
3053
3054
3055
3056
3057
3058
3059
3060
3061
3062
3063
3064
3065
3066
3067
3068
3069
3070
3071
3072
3073
3074
3075
3076
3077
3078
3079
3080
3081
3082
3083
3084
3085
3086
3087
3088
3089
3090
3091
3092
3093
3094
3095
3096
3097
3098
3099
3100
3101
3102
3103
3104
3105
3106
3107
3108
3109
3110
3111
3112
3113
3114
3115
3116
3117
3118
3119
3120
3121
3122
3123
3124
3125
3126
3127
3128
3129
3130
3131
3132
3133
3134
3135
3136
3137
3138
3139
3140
3141
3142
3143
3144
3145
3146
3147
3148
3149
3150
3151
3152
3153
3154
3155
3156
3157
3158
3159
3160
3161
3162
3163
3164
3165
3166
3167
3168
3169
3170
3171
3172
3173
3174
3175
3176
3177
3178
3179
3180
3181
3182
3183
3184
3185
3186
3187
3188
3189
3190
3191
3192
3193
3194
3195
3196
3197
3198
3199
3200
3201
3202
3203
3204
3205
3206
3207
3208
3209
3210
3211
3212
3213
3214
3215
3216
3217
3218
3219
3220
3221
3222
3223
3224
3225
3226
3227
3228
3229
3230
3231
3232
3233
3234
3235
3236
3237
3238
3239
3240
3241
3242
3243
3244
3245
3246
3247
3248
3249
3250
3251
3252
3253
3254
3255
3256
3257
3258
3259
3260
3261
3262
3263
3264
3265
3266
3267
3268
3269
3270
3271
3272
3273
3274
3275
3276
3277
3278
3279
3280
3281
3282
3283
3284
3285
3286
3287
3288
3289
3290
3291
3292
3293
3294
3295
3296
3297
3298
3299
3300
3301
3302
3303
3304
3305
3306
3307
3308
3309
3310
3311
3312
3313
3314
3315
3316
3317
3318
3319
3320
3321
3322
3323
3324
3325
3326
3327
3328
3329
3330
3331
3332
3333
3334
3335
3336
3337
3338
3339
3340
3341
3342
3343
3344
3345
3346
3347
3348
3349
3350
3351
3352
3353
3354
3355
3356
3357
3358
3359
3360
3361
3362
3363
3364
3365
3366
3367
3368
3369
3370
3371
3372
3373
3374
3375
3376
3377
3378
3379
3380
3381
3382
3383
3384
3385
3386
3387
3388
3389
3390
3391
3392
3393
3394
3395
3396
3397
3398
3399
3400
3401
3402
3403
3404
3405
3406
3407
3408
3409
3410
3411
3412
3413
3414
3415
3416
3417
3418
3419
3420
3421
3422
3423
3424
3425
3426
3427
3428
3429
3430
3431
3432
3433
3434
3435
3436
3437
3438
3439
3440
3441
3442
3443
3444
3445
3446
3447
3448
3449
3450
3451
3452
3453
3454
3455
3456
3457
3458
3459
3460
3461
3462
3463
3464
3465
3466
3467
3468
3469
3470
3471
3472
3473
3474
3475
3476
3477
3478
3479
3480
3481
3482
3483
3484
3485
3486
3487
3488
3489
3490
3491
3492
3493
3494
3495
3496
3497
3498
3499
3500
3501
3502
3503
3504
3505
3506
3507
3508
3509
3510
3511
3512
3513
3514
3515
3516
3517
3518
3519
3520
3521
3522
3523
3524
3525
3526
3527
3528
3529
3530
3531
3532
3533
3534
3535
3536
3537
3538
3539
3540
3541
3542
3543
3544
3545
3546
3547
3548
3549
3550
3551
3552
3553
3554
3555
3556
3557
3558
3559
3560
3561
3562
3563
3564
3565
3566
3567
3568
3569
3570
3571
3572
3573
3574
3575
3576
3577
3578
3579
3580
3581
3582
3583
3584
3585
3586
3587
3588
3589
3590
3591
3592
3593
3594
3595
3596
3597
3598
3599
3600
3601
3602
3603
3604
3605
3606
3607
3608
3609
3610
3611
3612
3613
3614
3615
3616
3617
3618
3619
3620
3621
3622
3623
3624
3625
3626
3627
3628
3629
3630
3631
3632
3633
3634
3635
3636
3637
3638
3639
3640
3641
3642
3643
3644
3645
3646
3647
3648
3649
3650
3651
3652
3653
3654
3655
3656
3657
3658
3659
3660
3661
3662
3663
3664
3665
3666
3667
3668
3669
3670
3671
3672
3673
3674
3675
3676
3677
3678
3679
3680
3681
3682
3683
3684
3685
3686
3687
3688
3689
3690
3691
3692
3693
3694
3695
3696
3697
3698
3699
3700
3701
3702
3703
3704
3705
3706
3707
3708
3709
3710
3711
3712
3713
3714
3715
3716
3717
3718
3719
3720
3721
3722
3723
3724
3725
3726
3727
3728
3729
3730
3731
3732
3733
3734
3735
3736
3737
3738
3739
3740
3741
3742
3743
3744
3745
3746
3747
3748
3749
3750
3751
3752
3753
3754
3755
3756
3757
3758
3759
3760
3761
3762
3763
3764
3765
3766
3767
3768
3769
3770
3771
3772
3773
3774
3775
3776
3777
3778
3779
3780
3781
3782
3783
3784
3785
3786
3787
3788
3789
3790
3791
3792
3793
3794
3795
3796
3797
3798
3799
3800
3801
3802
3803
3804
3805
3806
3807
3808
3809
3810
3811
3812
3813
3814
3815
3816
3817
3818
3819
3820
3821
3822
3823
3824
3825
3826
3827
3828
3829
3830
3831
3832
3833
3834
3835
3836
3837
3838
3839
3840
3841
3842
3843
3844
3845
3846
3847
3848
3849
3850
3851
3852
3853
3854
3855
3856
3857
3858
3859
3860
3861
3862
3863
3864
3865
3866
3867
3868
3869
3870
3871
3872
3873
3874
3875
3876
3877
3878
3879
3880
3881
3882
3883
3884
3885
3886
3887
3888
3889
3890
3891
3892
3893
3894
3895
3896
3897
3898
3899
3900
3901
3902
3903
3904
3905
3906
3907
3908
3909
3910
3911
3912
3913
3914
3915
3916
3917
3918
3919
3920
3921
3922
3923
3924
3925
3926
3927
3928
3929
3930
3931
3932
3933
3934
3935
3936
3937
3938
3939
3940
3941
3942
3943
3944
3945
3946
3947
3948
3949
3950
3951
3952
3953
3954
3955
3956
3957
3958
3959
3960
3961
3962
3963
3964
3965
3966
3967
3968
3969
3970
3971
3972
3973
3974
3975
3976
3977
3978
3979
3980
3981
3982
3983
3984
3985
3986
3987
3988
3989
3990
3991
3992
3993
3994
3995
3996
3997
3998
3999
4000
4001
4002
4003
4004
4005
4006
4007
4008
4009
4010
4011
4012
4013
4014
4015
4016
4017
4018
4019
4020
4021
4022
4023
4024
4025
4026
4027
4028
4029
4030
4031
4032
4033
4034
4035
4036
4037
4038
4039
4040
4041
4042
4043
4044
4045
4046
4047
4048
4049
4050
4051
4052
4053
4054
4055
4056
4057
4058
4059
4060
4061
4062
4063
4064
4065
4066
4067
4068
4069
4070
4071
4072
4073
4074
4075
4076
4077
4078
4079
4080
4081
4082
4083
4084
4085
4086
4087
4088
4089
4090
4091
4092
4093
4094
4095
4096
4097
4098
4099
4100
4101
4102
4103
4104
4105
4106
4107
4108
4109
4110
4111
4112
4113
4114
4115
4116
4117
4118
4119
4120
4121
4122
4123
4124
4125
4126
4127
4128
4129
4130
4131
4132
4133
4134
4135
4136
4137
4138
4139
4140
4141
4142
4143
4144
4145
4146
4147
4148
4149
4150
4151
4152
4153
4154
4155
4156
4157
4158
4159
4160
4161
4162
4163
4164
4165
4166
4167
4168
4169
4170
4171
4172
4173
4174
4175
4176
4177
4178
4179
4180
4181
4182
4183
4184
4185
4186
4187
4188
4189
4190
4191
4192
4193
4194
4195
4196
4197
4198
4199
4200
4201
4202
4203
4204
4205
4206
4207
4208
4209
4210
4211
4212
4213
4214
4215
4216
4217
4218
4219
4220
4221
4222
4223
4224
4225
4226
4227
4228
4229
4230
4231
4232
4233
4234
4235
4236
4237
4238
4239
4240
4241
4242
4243
4244
4245
4246
4247
4248
4249
4250
4251
4252
4253
4254
4255
4256
4257
4258
4259
4260
4261
4262
4263
4264
4265
4266
4267
4268
4269
4270
4271
4272
4273
4274
4275
4276
4277
4278
4279
4280
4281
4282
4283
4284
4285
4286
4287
4288
4289
4290
4291
4292
4293
4294
4295
4296
4297
4298
4299
4300
4301
4302
4303
4304
4305
4306
4307
4308
4309
4310
4311
4312
4313
4314
4315
4316
4317
4318
4319
4320
4321
4322
4323
4324
4325
4326
4327
4328
4329
4330
4331
4332
4333
4334
4335
4336
4337
4338
4339
4340
4341
4342
4343
4344
4345
4346
4347
4348
4349
4350
4351
4352
4353
4354
4355
4356
4357
4358
4359
4360
4361
4362
4363
4364
4365
4366
4367
4368
4369
4370
4371
4372
4373
4374
4375
4376
4377
4378
4379
4380
4381
4382
4383
4384
4385
4386
4387
4388
4389
4390
4391
4392
4393
4394
4395
4396
4397
4398
4399
4400
4401
4402
4403
4404
4405
4406
4407
4408
4409
4410
4411
4412
4413
4414
4415
4416
4417
4418
4419
4420
4421
4422
4423
4424
4425
4426
4427
4428
4429
4430
4431
4432
4433
4434
4435
4436
4437
4438
4439
4440
4441
4442
4443
4444
4445
4446
4447
4448
4449
4450
4451
4452
4453
4454
4455
4456
4457
4458
4459
4460
4461
4462
4463
4464
4465
4466
4467
4468
4469
4470
4471
4472
4473
4474
4475
4476
4477
4478
4479
4480
4481
4482
4483
4484
4485
4486
4487
4488
4489
4490
4491
4492
4493
4494
4495
4496
4497
4498
4499
4500
4501
4502
4503
4504
4505
4506
4507
4508
4509
4510
4511
4512
4513
4514
4515
4516
4517
4518
4519
4520
4521
4522
4523
4524
4525
4526
4527
4528
4529
4530
4531
4532
4533
4534
4535
4536
4537
4538
4539
4540
4541
4542
4543
4544
4545
4546
4547
4548
4549
4550
4551
4552
4553
4554
4555
4556
4557
4558
4559
4560
4561
4562
4563
4564
4565
4566
4567
4568
4569
4570
4571
4572
4573
4574
4575
4576
4577
4578
4579
4580
4581
4582
4583
4584
4585
4586
4587
4588
4589
4590
4591
4592
4593
4594
4595
4596
4597
4598
4599
4600
4601
4602
4603
4604
4605
4606
4607
4608
4609
4610
4611
4612
4613
4614
4615
4616
4617
4618
4619
4620
4621
4622
4623
4624
4625
4626
4627
4628
4629
4630
4631
4632
4633
4634
4635
4636
4637
4638
4639
4640
4641
4642
4643
4644
4645
4646
4647
4648
4649
4650
4651
4652
4653
4654
4655
4656
4657
4658
4659
4660
4661
4662
4663
4664
4665
4666
4667
4668
4669
4670
4671
4672
4673
4674
4675
4676
4677
4678
4679
4680
4681
4682
4683
4684
4685
4686
4687
4688
4689
4690
4691
4692
4693
4694
4695
4696
4697
4698
4699
4700
4701
4702
4703
4704
4705
4706
4707
4708
4709
4710
4711
4712
4713
4714
4715
4716
4717
4718
4719
4720
4721
4722
4723
4724
4725
4726
4727
4728
4729
4730
4731
4732
4733
4734
4735
4736
4737
4738
4739
4740
4741
4742
4743
4744
4745
4746
4747
4748
4749
4750
4751
4752
4753
4754
4755
4756
4757
4758
4759
4760
4761
4762
4763
4764
4765
4766
4767
4768
4769
4770
4771
4772
4773
4774
4775
4776
4777
4778
4779
4780
4781
4782
4783
4784
4785
4786
4787
4788
4789
4790
4791
4792
4793
4794
4795
4796
4797
4798
4799
4800
4801
4802
4803
4804
4805
4806
4807
4808
4809
4810
4811
4812
4813
4814
4815
4816
4817
4818
4819
4820
4821
4822
4823
4824
4825
4826
4827
4828
4829
4830
4831
4832
4833
4834
4835
4836
4837
4838
4839
4840
4841
4842
4843
4844
4845
4846
4847
4848
4849
4850
4851
4852
4853
4854
4855
4856
4857
4858
4859
4860
4861
4862
4863
4864
4865
4866
4867
4868
4869
4870
4871
4872
4873
4874
4875
4876
4877
4878
4879
4880
4881
4882
4883
4884
4885
4886
4887
4888
4889
4890
4891
4892
4893
4894
4895
4896
4897
4898
4899
4900
4901
4902
4903
4904
4905
4906
4907
4908
4909
4910
4911
4912
4913
4914
4915
4916
4917
4918
4919
4920
4921
4922
4923
4924
4925
4926
4927
4928
4929
4930
4931
4932
4933
4934
4935
4936
4937
4938
4939
4940
4941
4942
4943
4944
4945
4946
4947
4948
4949
4950
4951
4952
4953
4954
4955
4956
4957
4958
4959
4960
4961
4962
4963
4964
4965
4966
4967
4968
4969
4970
4971
4972
4973
4974
4975
4976
4977
4978
4979
4980
4981
4982
4983
4984
4985
4986
4987
4988
4989
4990
4991
4992
4993
4994
4995
4996
4997
4998
4999
5000
5001
5002
5003
5004
5005
5006
5007
5008
5009
5010
5011
5012
5013
5014
5015
5016
5017
5018
5019
5020
5021
5022
5023
5024
5025
5026
5027
5028
5029
5030
5031
5032
5033
5034
5035
5036
5037
5038
5039
5040
5041
5042
5043
5044
5045
5046
5047
5048
5049
5050
5051
5052
5053
5054
5055
5056
5057
5058
5059
5060
5061
5062
5063
5064
5065
5066
5067
5068
5069
5070
5071
5072
5073
5074
5075
5076
5077
5078
5079
5080
5081
5082
5083
5084
5085
5086
5087
5088
5089
5090
5091
5092
5093
5094
5095
5096
5097
5098
5099
5100
5101
5102
5103
5104
5105
5106
5107
5108
5109
5110
5111
5112
5113
5114
5115
5116
5117
5118
5119
5120
5121
5122
5123
5124
5125
5126
5127
5128
5129
5130
5131
5132
5133
5134
5135
5136
5137
5138
5139
5140
5141
5142
5143
5144
5145
5146
5147
5148
5149
5150
5151
5152
5153
5154
5155
5156
5157
5158
5159
5160
5161
5162
5163
5164
5165
5166
5167
5168
5169
5170
5171
5172
5173
5174
5175
5176
5177
5178
5179
5180
5181
5182
5183
5184
5185
5186
5187
5188
5189
5190
5191
5192
5193
5194
5195
5196
5197
5198
5199
5200
5201
5202
5203
5204
5205
5206
5207
5208
5209
5210
5211
5212
5213
5214
5215
5216
5217
5218
5219
5220
5221
5222
5223
5224
5225
5226
5227
5228
5229
5230
5231
5232
5233
5234
5235
5236
5237
5238
5239
5240
5241
5242
5243
5244
5245
5246
5247
5248
5249
5250
5251
5252
5253
5254
5255
5256
5257
5258
5259
5260
5261
5262
5263
5264
5265
5266
5267
5268
5269
5270
5271
5272
5273
5274
5275
5276
5277
5278
5279
5280
5281
5282
5283
5284
5285
5286
5287
5288
5289
5290
5291
5292
5293
5294
5295
5296
5297
5298
5299
5300
5301
5302
5303
5304
5305
5306
5307
5308
5309
5310
5311
5312
5313
5314
5315
5316
5317
5318
5319
5320
5321
5322
5323
5324
5325
5326
5327
5328
5329
5330
5331
5332
5333
5334
5335
5336
5337
5338
5339
5340
5341
5342
5343
5344
5345
5346
5347
5348
5349
5350
5351
5352
5353
5354
5355
5356
5357
5358
5359
5360
5361
5362
5363
5364
5365
5366
5367
5368
5369
5370
5371
5372
5373
5374
5375
5376
5377
5378
5379
5380
5381
5382
5383
5384
5385
5386
5387
5388
5389
5390
5391
5392
5393
5394
5395
5396
5397
5398
5399
5400
5401
5402
5403
5404
5405
5406
5407
5408
5409
5410
5411
5412
5413
5414
5415
5416
5417
5418
5419
5420
5421
5422
5423
5424
5425
5426
5427
5428
5429
5430
5431
5432
5433
5434
5435
5436
5437
5438
5439
5440
5441
5442
5443
5444
5445
5446
5447
5448
5449
5450
5451
5452
5453
5454
5455
5456
5457
5458
5459
5460
5461
5462
5463
5464
5465
5466
5467
5468
5469
5470
5471
5472
5473
5474
5475
5476
5477
5478
5479
5480
5481
5482
5483
5484
5485
5486
5487
5488
5489
5490
5491
5492
5493
5494
5495
5496
5497
5498
5499
5500
5501
5502
5503
5504
5505
5506
5507
5508
5509
5510
5511
5512
5513
5514
5515
5516
5517
5518
5519
5520
5521
5522
5523
5524
5525
5526
5527
5528
5529
5530
5531
5532
5533
5534
5535
5536
5537
5538
5539
5540
5541
5542
5543
5544
5545
5546
5547
5548
5549
5550
5551
5552
5553
5554
5555
5556
5557
5558
5559
5560
5561
5562
5563
5564
5565
5566
5567
5568
5569
5570
5571
5572
5573
5574
5575
5576
5577
5578
5579
5580
5581
5582
5583
5584
5585
5586
5587
5588
5589
5590
5591
5592
5593
5594
5595
5596
5597
5598
5599
5600
5601
5602
5603
5604
5605
5606
5607
5608
5609
5610
5611
5612
5613
5614
5615
5616
5617
5618
5619
5620
5621
5622
5623
5624
5625
5626
5627
5628
5629
5630
5631
5632
5633
5634
5635
5636
5637
5638
5639
5640
5641
5642
5643
5644
5645
5646
5647
5648
5649
5650
5651
5652
5653
5654
5655
5656
5657
5658
5659
5660
5661
5662
5663
5664
5665
5666
5667
5668
5669
5670
5671
5672
5673
5674
5675
5676
5677
5678
5679
5680
5681
5682
5683
5684
5685
5686
5687
5688
5689
5690
5691
5692
5693
5694
5695
5696
5697
5698
5699
5700
5701
5702
5703
5704
5705
5706
5707
5708
5709
5710
5711
5712
5713
5714
5715
5716
5717
5718
5719
5720
5721
5722
5723
5724
5725
5726
5727
5728
5729
5730
5731
5732
5733
5734
5735
5736
5737
5738
5739
5740
5741
5742
5743
5744
5745
5746
5747
5748
5749
5750
5751
5752
5753
5754
5755
5756
5757
5758
5759
5760
5761
5762
5763
5764
5765
5766
5767
5768
5769
5770
5771
5772
5773
5774
5775
5776
5777
5778
5779
5780
5781
5782
5783
5784
5785
5786
5787
5788
5789
5790
5791
5792
5793
5794
5795
5796
5797
5798
5799
5800
5801
5802
5803
5804
5805
5806
5807
5808
5809
5810
5811
5812
5813
5814
5815
5816
5817
5818
5819
5820
5821
5822
5823
5824
5825
5826
5827
5828
5829
5830
5831
5832
5833
5834
5835
5836
5837
5838
5839
5840
5841
5842
5843
5844
5845
5846
5847
5848
5849
5850
5851
5852
5853
5854
5855
5856
5857
5858
5859
5860
5861
5862
5863
5864
5865
5866
5867
5868
5869
5870
5871
5872
5873
5874
5875
5876
5877
5878
5879
5880
5881
5882
5883
5884
5885
5886
5887
5888
5889
5890
5891
5892
5893
5894
5895
5896
5897
5898
5899
5900
5901
5902
5903
5904
5905
5906
5907
5908
5909
5910
5911
5912
5913
5914
5915
5916
5917
5918
5919
5920
5921
5922
5923
5924
5925
5926
5927
5928
5929
5930
5931
5932
5933
5934
5935
5936
5937
5938
5939
5940
5941
5942
5943
5944
5945
5946
5947
5948
5949
5950
5951
5952
5953
5954
5955
5956
5957
5958
5959
5960
5961
5962
5963
5964
5965
5966
5967
5968
5969
5970
5971
5972
5973
5974
5975
5976
5977
5978
5979
5980
5981
5982
5983
5984
5985
5986
5987
5988
5989
5990
5991
5992
5993
5994
5995
5996
5997
5998
5999
6000
6001
6002
6003
6004
6005
6006
6007
6008
6009
6010
6011
6012
6013
6014
6015
6016
6017
6018
6019
6020
6021
6022
6023
6024
6025
6026
6027
6028
6029
6030
6031
6032
6033
6034
6035
6036
6037
6038
6039
6040
6041
6042
6043
6044
6045
6046
6047
6048
6049
6050
6051
6052
6053
6054
6055
6056
6057
6058
6059
6060
6061
6062
6063
6064
6065
6066
6067
6068
6069
6070
6071
6072
6073
6074
6075
6076
6077
6078
6079
6080
6081
6082
6083
6084
6085
6086
6087
6088
6089
6090
6091
6092
6093
6094
6095
6096
6097
6098
6099
6100
6101
6102
6103
6104
6105
6106
6107
6108
6109
6110
6111
6112
6113
6114
6115
6116
6117
6118
6119
6120
6121
6122
6123
6124
6125
6126
6127
6128
6129
6130
6131
6132
6133
6134
6135
6136
6137
6138
6139
6140
6141
6142
6143
6144
6145
6146
6147
6148
6149
6150
6151
6152
6153
6154
6155
6156
6157
6158
6159
6160
6161
6162
6163
6164
6165
6166
6167
6168
6169
6170
6171
6172
6173
6174
6175
6176
6177
6178
6179
6180
6181
6182
6183
6184
6185
6186
6187
6188
6189
6190
6191
6192
6193
6194
6195
6196
6197
6198
6199
6200
6201
6202
6203
6204
6205
6206
6207
6208
6209
6210
6211
6212
6213
6214
6215
6216
6217
6218
6219
6220
6221
6222
6223
6224
6225
6226
6227
6228
6229
6230
6231
6232
6233
6234
6235
6236
6237
6238
6239
6240
6241
6242
6243
6244
6245
6246
6247
6248
6249
6250
6251
6252
6253
6254
6255
6256
6257
6258
6259
6260
6261
6262
6263
6264
6265
6266
6267
6268
6269
6270
6271
6272
6273
6274
6275
6276
6277
6278
6279
6280
6281
6282
6283
6284
6285
6286
6287
6288
6289
6290
6291
6292
6293
6294
6295
6296
6297
6298
6299
6300
6301
6302
6303
6304
6305
6306
6307
6308
6309
6310
6311
6312
6313
6314
6315
6316
6317
6318
6319
6320
6321
6322
6323
6324
6325
6326
6327
6328
6329
6330
6331
6332
6333
6334
6335
6336
6337
6338
6339
6340
6341
6342
6343
6344
6345
6346
6347
6348
6349
6350
6351
6352
6353
6354
6355
6356
6357
6358
6359
6360
6361
6362
6363
6364
6365
6366
6367
6368
6369
6370
6371
6372
6373
6374
6375
6376
6377
6378
6379
6380
6381
6382
6383
6384
6385
6386
6387
6388
6389
6390
6391
6392
6393
6394
6395
6396
6397
6398
6399
6400
6401
6402
6403
6404
6405
6406
6407
6408
6409
6410
6411
6412
6413
6414
6415
6416
6417
6418
6419
6420
6421
6422
6423
6424
6425
6426
6427
6428
6429
6430
6431
6432
6433
6434
6435
6436
6437
6438
6439
6440
6441
6442
6443
6444
6445
6446
6447
6448
6449
6450
6451
6452
6453
6454
6455
6456
6457
6458
6459
6460
6461
6462
6463
6464
6465
6466
6467
6468
6469
6470
6471
6472
6473
6474
6475
6476
6477
6478
6479
6480
6481
6482
6483
6484
6485
6486
6487
6488
6489
6490
6491
6492
6493
6494
6495
6496
6497
6498
6499
6500
6501
6502
6503
6504
6505
6506
6507
6508
6509
6510
6511
6512
6513
6514
6515
6516
6517
6518
6519
6520
6521
6522
6523
6524
6525
6526
6527
6528
6529
6530
6531
6532
6533
6534
6535
6536
6537
6538
6539
6540
6541
6542
6543
6544
6545
6546
6547
6548
6549
6550
6551
6552
6553
6554
6555
6556
6557
6558
6559
6560
6561
6562
6563
6564
6565
6566
6567
6568
6569
6570
6571
6572
6573
6574
6575
6576
6577
6578
6579
6580
6581
6582
6583
6584
6585
6586
6587
6588
6589
6590
6591
6592
6593
6594
6595
6596
6597
6598
6599
6600
6601
6602
6603
6604
6605
6606
6607
6608
6609
6610
6611
6612
6613
6614
6615
6616
6617
6618
6619
6620
6621
6622
6623
6624
6625
6626
6627
6628
6629
6630
6631
6632
6633
6634
6635
6636
6637
6638
6639
6640
6641
6642
6643
6644
6645
6646
6647
6648
6649
6650
6651
6652
6653
6654
6655
6656
6657
6658
6659
6660
6661
6662
6663
6664
6665
6666
6667
6668
6669
6670
6671
6672
6673
6674
6675
6676
6677
6678
6679
6680
6681
6682
6683
6684
6685
6686
6687
6688
6689
6690
6691
6692
6693
6694
6695
6696
6697
6698
6699
6700
6701
6702
6703
6704
6705
6706
6707
6708
6709
6710
6711
6712
6713
6714
6715
6716
6717
6718
6719
6720
6721
6722
6723
6724
6725
6726
6727
6728
6729
6730
6731
6732
6733
6734
6735
6736
6737
6738
6739
6740
6741
6742
6743
6744
6745
6746
6747
6748
6749
6750
6751
6752
6753
6754
6755
6756
6757
6758
6759
6760
6761
6762
6763
6764
6765
6766
6767
6768
6769
6770
6771
6772
6773
6774
6775
6776
6777
6778
6779
6780
6781
6782
6783
6784
6785
6786
6787
6788
6789
6790
6791
6792
6793
6794
6795
6796
6797
6798
6799
6800
6801
6802
6803
6804
6805
6806
6807
6808
6809
6810
6811
6812
6813
6814
6815
6816
6817
6818
6819
6820
6821
6822
6823
6824
6825
6826
6827
6828
6829
6830
6831
6832
6833
6834
6835
6836
6837
6838
6839
6840
6841
6842
6843
6844
6845
6846
6847
6848
6849
6850
6851
6852
6853
6854
6855
6856
6857
6858
6859
6860
6861
6862
6863
6864
6865
6866
6867
6868
6869
6870
6871
6872
6873
6874
6875
6876
6877
6878
6879
6880
6881
6882
6883
6884
6885
6886
6887
6888
6889
6890
6891
6892
6893
6894
6895
6896
6897
6898
6899
6900
6901
6902
6903
6904
6905
6906
6907
6908
6909
6910
6911
6912
6913
6914
6915
6916
6917
6918
6919
6920
6921
6922
6923
6924
6925
6926
6927
6928
6929
6930
6931
6932
6933
6934
6935
6936
6937
6938
6939
6940
6941
6942
6943
6944
6945
6946
6947
6948
6949
6950
6951
6952
6953
6954
6955
6956
6957
6958
6959
6960
6961
6962
6963
6964
6965
6966
6967
6968
6969
6970
6971
6972
6973
6974
6975
6976
6977
6978
6979
6980
6981
6982
6983
6984
6985
6986
6987
6988
6989
6990
6991
6992
6993
6994
6995
6996
6997
6998
6999
7000
7001
7002
7003
7004
7005
7006
7007
7008
7009
7010
7011
7012
7013
7014
7015
7016
7017
7018
7019
7020
7021
7022
7023
7024
7025
7026
7027
7028
7029
7030
7031
7032
7033
7034
7035
7036
7037
7038
7039
7040
7041
7042
7043
7044
7045
7046
7047
7048
7049
7050
7051
7052
7053
7054
7055
7056
7057
7058
7059
7060
7061
7062
7063
7064
7065
7066
7067
7068
7069
7070
7071
7072
7073
7074
7075
7076
7077
7078
7079
7080
7081
7082
7083
7084
7085
7086
7087
7088
7089
7090
7091
7092
7093
7094
7095
7096
7097
7098
7099
7100
7101
7102
7103
7104
7105
7106
7107
7108
7109
7110
7111
7112
7113
7114
7115
7116
7117
7118
7119
7120
7121
7122
7123
7124
7125
7126
7127
7128
7129
7130
7131
7132
7133
7134
7135
7136
7137
7138
7139
7140
7141
7142
7143
7144
7145
7146
7147
7148
7149
7150
7151
7152
7153
7154
7155
7156
7157
7158
7159
7160
7161
7162
7163
7164
7165
7166
7167
7168
7169
7170
7171
7172
7173
7174
7175
7176
7177
7178
7179
7180
7181
7182
7183
7184
7185
7186
7187
7188
7189
7190
7191
7192
7193
7194
7195
7196
7197
7198
7199
7200
7201
7202
7203
7204
7205
7206
7207
7208
7209
7210
7211
7212
7213
7214
7215
7216
7217
7218
7219
7220
7221
7222
7223
7224
7225
7226
7227
7228
7229
7230
7231
7232
7233
7234
7235
7236
7237
7238
7239
7240
7241
7242
7243
7244
7245
7246
7247
7248
7249
7250
7251
7252
7253
7254
7255
7256
7257
7258
7259
7260
7261
7262
7263
7264
7265
7266
7267
7268
7269
7270
7271
7272
7273
7274
7275
7276
7277
7278
7279
7280
7281
7282
7283
7284
7285
7286
7287
7288
7289
7290
7291
7292
7293
7294
7295
7296
7297
7298
7299
7300
7301
7302
7303
7304
7305
7306
7307
7308
7309
7310
7311
7312
7313
7314
7315
7316
7317
7318
7319
7320
7321
7322
7323
7324
7325
7326
7327
7328
7329
7330
7331
7332
7333
7334
7335
7336
7337
7338
7339
7340
7341
7342
7343
7344
7345
7346
7347
7348
7349
7350
7351
7352
7353
7354
7355
7356
7357
7358
7359
7360
7361
7362
7363
7364
7365
7366
7367
7368
7369
7370
7371
7372
7373
7374
7375
7376
7377
7378
7379
7380
7381
7382
7383
7384
7385
7386
7387
7388
7389
7390
7391
7392
7393
7394
7395
7396
7397
7398
7399
7400
7401
7402
7403
7404
7405
7406
7407
7408
7409
7410
7411
7412
7413
7414
7415
7416
7417
7418
7419
7420
7421
7422
7423
7424
7425
7426
7427
7428
7429
7430
7431
7432
7433
7434
7435
7436
7437
7438
7439
7440
7441
7442
7443
7444
7445
7446
7447
7448
7449
7450
7451
7452
7453
7454
7455
7456
7457
7458
7459
7460
7461
7462
7463
7464
7465
7466
7467
7468
7469
7470
7471
7472
7473
7474
7475
7476
7477
7478
7479
7480
7481
7482
7483
7484
7485
7486
7487
7488
7489
7490
7491
7492
7493
7494
7495
7496
7497
7498
7499
7500
7501
7502
7503
7504
7505
7506
7507
7508
7509
7510
7511
7512
7513
7514
7515
7516
7517
7518
7519
7520
7521
7522
7523
7524
7525
7526
7527
7528
7529
7530
7531
7532
7533
7534
7535
7536
7537
7538
7539
7540
7541
7542
7543
7544
7545
7546
7547
7548
7549
7550
7551
7552
7553
7554
7555
7556
7557
7558
7559
7560
7561
7562
7563
7564
7565
7566
7567
7568
7569
7570
7571
7572
7573
7574
7575
7576
7577
7578
7579
7580
7581
7582
7583
7584
7585
7586
7587
7588
7589
7590
7591
7592
7593
7594
7595
7596
7597
7598
7599
7600
7601
7602
7603
7604
7605
7606
7607
7608
7609
7610
7611
7612
7613
7614
7615
7616
7617
7618
7619
7620
7621
7622
7623
7624
7625
7626
7627
7628
7629
7630
7631
7632
7633
7634
7635
7636
7637
7638
7639
7640
7641
7642
7643
7644
7645
7646
7647
7648
7649
7650
7651
7652
7653
7654
7655
7656
7657
7658
7659
7660
7661
7662
7663
7664
7665
7666
7667
7668
7669
7670
7671
7672
7673
7674
7675
7676
7677
7678
7679
7680
7681
7682
7683
7684
7685
7686
7687
7688
7689
7690
7691
7692
7693
7694
7695
7696
7697
7698
7699
7700
7701
7702
7703
7704
7705
7706
7707
7708
7709
7710
7711
7712
7713
7714
7715
7716
7717
7718
7719
7720
7721
7722
7723
7724
7725
7726
7727
7728
7729
7730
7731
7732
7733
7734
7735
7736
7737
7738
7739
7740
7741
7742
7743
7744
7745
7746
7747
7748
7749
7750
7751
7752
7753
7754
7755
7756
7757
7758
7759
7760
7761
7762
7763
7764
7765
7766
7767
7768
7769
7770
7771
7772
7773
7774
7775
7776
7777
7778
7779
7780
7781
7782
7783
7784
7785
7786
7787
7788
7789
7790
7791
7792
7793
7794
7795
7796
7797
7798
7799
7800
7801
7802
7803
7804
7805
7806
7807
7808
7809
7810
7811
7812
7813
7814
7815
7816
7817
7818
7819
7820
7821
7822
7823
7824
7825
7826
7827
7828
7829
7830
7831
7832
7833
7834
7835
7836
7837
7838
7839
7840
7841
7842
7843
7844
7845
7846
7847
7848
7849
7850
7851
7852
7853
7854
7855
7856
7857
7858
7859
7860
7861
7862
7863
7864
7865
7866
7867
7868
7869
7870
7871
7872
7873
7874
7875
7876
7877
7878
7879
7880
7881
7882
7883
7884
7885
7886
7887
7888
7889
7890
7891
7892
7893
7894
7895
7896
7897
7898
7899
7900
7901
7902
7903
7904
7905
7906
7907
7908
7909
7910
7911
7912
7913
7914
7915
7916
7917
7918
7919
7920
7921
7922
7923
7924
7925
7926
7927
7928
7929
7930
7931
7932
7933
7934
7935
7936
7937
7938
7939
7940
7941
7942
7943
7944
7945
7946
7947
7948
7949
7950
7951
7952
7953
7954
7955
7956
7957
7958
7959
7960
7961
7962
7963
7964
7965
7966
7967
7968
7969
7970
7971
7972
7973
7974
7975
7976
7977
7978
7979
7980
7981
7982
7983
7984
7985
7986
7987
7988
7989
7990
7991
7992
7993
7994
7995
7996
7997
7998
7999
8000
8001
8002
8003
8004
8005
8006
8007
8008
8009
8010
8011
8012
8013
8014
8015
8016
8017
8018
8019
8020
8021
8022
8023
8024
8025
8026
8027
8028
8029
8030
8031
8032
8033
8034
8035
8036
8037
8038
8039
8040
8041
8042
8043
8044
8045
8046
8047
8048
8049
8050
8051
8052
8053
8054
8055
8056
8057
8058
8059
8060
8061
8062
8063
8064
8065
8066
8067
8068
8069
8070
8071
8072
8073
8074
8075
8076
8077
8078
8079
8080
8081
8082
8083
8084
8085
8086
8087
8088
8089
8090
8091
8092
8093
8094
8095
8096
8097
8098
8099
8100
8101
8102
8103
8104
8105
8106
8107
8108
8109
8110
8111
8112
8113
8114
8115
8116
8117
8118
8119
8120
8121
8122
8123
8124
8125
8126
8127
8128
8129
8130
8131
8132
8133
8134
8135
8136
8137
8138
8139
8140
8141
8142
8143
8144
8145
8146
8147
8148
8149
8150
8151
8152
8153
8154
8155
8156
8157
8158
8159
8160
8161
8162
8163
8164
8165
8166
8167
8168
8169
8170
8171
8172
8173
8174
8175
8176
8177
8178
8179
8180
8181
8182
8183
8184
8185
8186
8187
8188
8189
8190
8191
8192
8193
8194
8195
8196
8197
8198
8199
8200
8201
8202
8203
8204
8205
8206
8207
8208
8209
8210
8211
8212
8213
8214
8215
8216
8217
8218
8219
8220
8221
8222
8223
8224
8225
8226
8227
8228
8229
8230
8231
8232
8233
8234
8235
8236
8237
8238
8239
8240
8241
8242
8243
8244
8245
8246
8247
8248
8249
8250
8251
8252
8253
8254
8255
8256
8257
8258
8259
8260
8261
8262
8263
8264
8265
8266
8267
8268
8269
8270
8271
8272
8273
8274
8275
8276
8277
8278
8279
8280
8281
8282
8283
8284
8285
8286
8287
8288
8289
8290
8291
8292
8293
8294
8295
8296
8297
8298
8299
8300
8301
8302
8303
8304
8305
8306
8307
8308
8309
8310
8311
8312
8313
8314
8315
8316
8317
8318
8319
8320
8321
8322
8323
8324
8325
8326
8327
8328
8329
8330
8331
8332
8333
8334
8335
8336
8337
8338
8339
8340
8341
8342
8343
8344
8345
8346
8347
8348
8349
8350
8351
8352
8353
8354
8355
8356
8357
8358
8359
8360
8361
8362
8363
8364
8365
8366
8367
8368
8369
8370
8371
8372
8373
8374
8375
8376
8377
8378
8379
8380
8381
8382
8383
8384
8385
8386
8387
8388
8389
8390
8391
8392
8393
8394
8395
8396
8397
8398
8399
8400
8401
8402
8403
8404
8405
8406
8407
8408
8409
8410
8411
8412
8413
8414
8415
8416
8417
8418
8419
8420
8421
8422
8423
8424
8425
8426
8427
8428
8429
8430
8431
8432
8433
8434
8435
8436
8437
8438
8439
8440
8441
8442
8443
8444
8445
8446
8447
8448
8449
8450
8451
8452
8453
8454
8455
8456
8457
8458
8459
8460
8461
8462
8463
8464
8465
8466
8467
8468
8469
8470
8471
8472
8473
8474
8475
8476
8477
8478
8479
8480
8481
8482
8483
8484
8485
8486
8487
8488
8489
8490
8491
8492
8493
8494
8495
8496
8497
8498
8499
8500
8501
8502
8503
8504
8505
8506
8507
8508
8509
8510
8511
8512
8513
8514
8515
8516
8517
8518
8519
8520
8521
8522
8523
8524
8525
8526
8527
8528
8529
8530
8531
8532
8533
8534
8535
8536
8537
8538
8539
8540
8541
8542
8543
8544
8545
8546
8547
8548
8549
8550
8551
8552
8553
8554
8555
8556
8557
8558
8559
8560
8561
8562
8563
8564
8565
8566
8567
8568
8569
8570
8571
8572
8573
8574
8575
8576
8577
8578
8579
8580
8581
8582
8583
8584
8585
8586
8587
8588
8589
8590
8591
8592
8593
8594
8595
8596
8597
8598
8599
8600
8601
8602
8603
8604
8605
8606
8607
8608
8609
8610
8611
8612
8613
8614
8615
8616
8617
8618
8619
8620
8621
8622
8623
8624
8625
8626
8627
8628
8629
8630
8631
8632
8633
8634
8635
8636
8637
8638
8639
8640
8641
8642
8643
8644
8645
8646
8647
8648
8649
8650
8651
8652
8653
8654
8655
8656
8657
8658
8659
8660
8661
8662
8663
8664
8665
8666
8667
8668
8669
8670
8671
8672
8673
8674
8675
8676
8677
8678
8679
8680
8681
8682
8683
8684
8685
8686
8687
8688
8689
8690
8691
8692
8693
8694
8695
8696
8697
8698
8699
8700
8701
8702
8703
8704
8705
8706
8707
8708
8709
8710
8711
8712
8713
8714
8715
8716
8717
8718
8719
8720
8721
8722
8723
8724
8725
8726
8727
8728
8729
8730
8731
8732
8733
8734
8735
8736
8737
8738
8739
8740
8741
8742
8743
8744
8745
8746
8747
8748
8749
8750
8751
8752
8753
8754
8755
8756
8757
8758
8759
8760
8761
8762
8763
8764
8765
8766
8767
8768
8769
8770
8771
8772
8773
8774
8775
8776
8777
8778
8779
8780
8781
8782
8783
8784
8785
8786
8787
8788
8789
8790
8791
8792
8793
8794
8795
8796
8797
8798
8799
8800
8801
8802
8803
8804
8805
8806
8807
8808
8809
8810
8811
8812
8813
8814
8815
8816
8817
8818
8819
8820
8821
8822
8823
8824
8825
8826
8827
8828
8829
8830
8831
8832
8833
8834
8835
8836
8837
8838
8839
8840
8841
8842
8843
8844
8845
8846
8847
8848
8849
8850
8851
8852
8853
8854
8855
8856
8857
8858
8859
8860
8861
8862
8863
8864
8865
8866
8867
8868
8869
8870
8871
8872
8873
8874
8875
8876
8877
8878
8879
8880
8881
8882
8883
8884
8885
8886
8887
8888
8889
8890
8891
8892
8893
8894
8895
8896
8897
8898
8899
8900
8901
8902
8903
8904
8905
8906
8907
8908
8909
8910
8911
8912
8913
8914
8915
8916
8917
8918
8919
8920
8921
8922
8923
8924
8925
8926
8927
8928
8929
8930
8931
8932
8933
8934
8935
8936
8937
8938
8939
8940
8941
8942
8943
8944
8945
8946
8947
8948
8949
8950
8951
8952
8953
8954
8955
8956
8957
8958
8959
8960
8961
8962
8963
8964
8965
8966
8967
8968
8969
8970
8971
8972
8973
8974
8975
8976
8977
8978
8979
8980
8981
8982
8983
8984
8985
8986
8987
8988
8989
8990
8991
8992
8993
8994
8995
8996
8997
8998
8999
9000
9001
9002
9003
9004
9005
9006
9007
9008
9009
9010
9011
9012
9013
9014
9015
9016
9017
9018
9019
9020
9021
9022
9023
9024
9025
9026
9027
9028
9029
9030
9031
9032
9033
9034
9035
9036
9037
9038
9039
9040
9041
9042
9043
9044
9045
9046
9047
9048
9049
9050
9051
9052
9053
9054
9055
9056
9057
9058
9059
9060
9061
9062
9063
9064
9065
9066
9067
9068
9069
9070
9071
9072
9073
9074
9075
9076
9077
9078
9079
9080
9081
9082
9083
9084
9085
9086
9087
9088
9089
9090
9091
9092
9093
9094
9095
9096
9097
9098
9099
9100
9101
9102
9103
9104
9105
9106
9107
9108
9109
9110
9111
9112
9113
9114
9115
9116
9117
9118
9119
9120
9121
9122
9123
9124
9125
9126
9127
9128
9129
9130
9131
9132
9133
9134
9135
9136
9137
9138
9139
9140
9141
9142
9143
9144
9145
9146
9147
9148
9149
9150
9151
9152
9153
9154
9155
9156
9157
9158
9159
9160
9161
9162
9163
9164
9165
9166
9167
9168
9169
9170
9171
9172
9173
9174
9175
9176
9177
9178
9179
9180
9181
9182
9183
9184
9185
9186
9187
9188
9189
9190
9191
9192
9193
9194
9195
9196
9197
9198
9199
9200
9201
9202
9203
9204
9205
9206
9207
9208
9209
9210
9211
9212
9213
9214
9215
9216
9217
9218
9219
9220
9221
9222
9223
9224
9225
9226
9227
9228
9229
9230
9231
9232
9233
9234
9235
9236
9237
9238
9239
9240
9241
9242
9243
9244
9245
9246
9247
9248
9249
9250
9251
9252
9253
9254
9255
9256
9257
9258
9259
9260
9261
9262
9263
9264
9265
9266
9267
9268
9269
9270
9271
9272
9273
9274
9275
9276
9277
9278
9279
9280
9281
9282
9283
9284
9285
9286
9287
9288
9289
9290
9291
9292
9293
9294
9295
9296
9297
9298
9299
9300
9301
9302
9303
9304
9305
9306
9307
9308
9309
9310
9311
9312
9313
9314
9315
9316
9317
9318
9319
9320
9321
9322
9323
9324
9325
9326
9327
9328
9329
9330
9331
9332
9333
9334
9335
9336
9337
9338
9339
9340
9341
9342
9343
9344
9345
9346
9347
9348
9349
9350
9351
9352
9353
9354
9355
9356
9357
9358
9359
9360
9361
9362
9363
9364
9365
9366
9367
9368
9369
9370
9371
9372
9373
9374
9375
9376
9377
9378
9379
9380
9381
9382
9383
9384
9385
9386
9387
9388
9389
9390
9391
9392
9393
9394
9395
9396
9397
9398
9399
9400
9401
9402
9403
9404
9405
9406
9407
9408
9409
9410
9411
9412
9413
9414
9415
9416
9417
9418
9419
9420
9421
9422
9423
9424
9425
9426
9427
9428
9429
9430
9431
9432
9433
9434
9435
9436
9437
9438
9439
9440
9441
9442
9443
9444
9445
9446
9447
9448
9449
9450
9451
9452
9453
9454
9455
9456
9457
9458
9459
9460
9461
9462
9463
9464
9465
9466
9467
9468
9469
9470
9471
9472
9473
9474
9475
9476
9477
9478
9479
9480
9481
9482
9483
9484
9485
9486
9487
9488
9489
9490
9491
9492
9493
9494
9495
9496
9497
9498
9499
9500
9501
9502
9503
9504
9505
9506
9507
9508
9509
9510
9511
9512
9513
9514
9515
9516
9517
9518
9519
9520
9521
9522
9523
9524
9525
9526
9527
9528
9529
9530
9531
9532
9533
9534
9535
9536
9537
9538
9539
9540
9541
9542
9543
9544
9545
9546
9547
9548
9549
9550
9551
9552
9553
9554
9555
9556
9557
9558
9559
9560
9561
9562
9563
9564
9565
9566
9567
9568
9569
9570
9571
9572
9573
9574
9575
9576
9577
9578
9579
9580
9581
9582
9583
9584
9585
9586
9587
9588
9589
9590
9591
9592
9593
9594
9595
9596
9597
9598
9599
9600
9601
9602
9603
9604
9605
9606
9607
9608
9609
9610
9611
9612
9613
9614
9615
9616
9617
9618
9619
9620
9621
9622
9623
9624
9625
9626
9627
9628
9629
9630
9631
9632
9633
9634
9635
9636
9637
9638
9639
9640
9641
9642
9643
9644
9645
9646
9647
9648
9649
9650
9651
9652
9653
9654
9655
9656
9657
9658
9659
9660
9661
9662
9663
9664
9665
9666
9667
9668
9669
9670
9671
9672
9673
9674
9675
9676
9677
9678
9679
9680
9681
9682
9683
9684
9685
9686
9687
9688
9689
9690
9691
9692
9693
9694
9695
9696
9697
9698
9699
9700
9701
9702
9703
9704
9705
9706
9707
9708
9709
9710
9711
9712
9713
9714
9715
9716
9717
9718
9719
9720
9721
9722
9723
9724
9725
9726
9727
9728
9729
9730
9731
9732
9733
9734
9735
9736
9737
9738
9739
9740
9741
9742
9743
9744
9745
9746
9747
9748
9749
9750
9751
9752
9753
9754
9755
9756
9757
9758
9759
9760
9761
9762
9763
9764
9765
9766
9767
9768
9769
9770
9771
9772
9773
9774
9775
9776
9777
9778
9779
9780
9781
9782
9783
9784
9785
9786
9787
9788
9789
9790
9791
9792
9793
9794
9795
9796
9797
9798
9799
9800
9801
9802
9803
9804
9805
9806
9807
9808
9809
9810
9811
9812
9813
9814
9815
9816
9817
9818
9819
9820
9821
9822
9823
9824
9825
9826
9827
9828
9829
9830
9831
9832
9833
9834
9835
9836
9837
9838
9839
9840
9841
9842
9843
9844
9845
9846
9847
9848
9849
9850
9851
9852
9853
9854
9855
9856
9857
9858
9859
9860
9861
9862
9863
9864
9865
9866
9867
9868
9869
9870
9871
9872
9873
9874
9875
9876
9877
9878
9879
9880
9881
9882
9883
9884
9885
9886
9887
9888
9889
9890
9891
9892
9893
9894
9895
9896
9897
9898
9899
9900
9901
9902
9903
9904
9905
9906
9907
9908
9909
9910
9911
9912
9913
9914
9915
9916
9917
9918
9919
9920
9921
9922
9923
9924
9925
9926
9927
9928
9929
9930
9931
9932
9933
9934
9935
9936
9937
9938
9939
9940
9941
9942
9943
9944
9945
9946
9947
9948
9949
9950
9951
9952
9953
9954
9955
9956
9957
9958
9959
9960
9961
9962
9963
9964
9965
9966
9967
9968
9969
9970
9971
9972
9973
9974
9975
9976
9977
9978
9979
9980
9981
9982
9983
9984
9985
9986
9987
9988
9989
9990
9991
9992
9993
9994
9995
9996
9997
9998
9999
10000
10001
10002
10003
10004
10005
10006
10007
10008
10009
10010
10011
10012
10013
10014
10015
10016
10017
10018
10019
10020
10021
10022
10023
10024
10025
10026
10027
10028
10029
10030
10031
10032
10033
10034
10035
10036
10037
10038
10039
10040
10041
10042
10043
10044
10045
10046
10047
10048
10049
10050
10051
10052
10053
10054
10055
10056
10057
10058
10059
10060
10061
10062
10063
10064
10065
10066
10067
10068
10069
10070
10071
10072
10073
10074
10075
10076
10077
10078
10079
10080
10081
10082
10083
10084
10085
10086
10087
10088
10089
10090
10091
10092
10093
10094
10095
10096
10097
10098
10099
10100
10101
10102
10103
10104
10105
10106
10107
10108
10109
10110
10111
10112
10113
10114
10115
10116
10117
10118
10119
10120
10121
10122
10123
10124
10125
10126
10127
10128
10129
10130
10131
10132
10133
10134
10135
10136
10137
10138
10139
10140
10141
10142
10143
10144
10145
10146
10147
10148
10149
10150
10151
10152
10153
10154
10155
10156
10157
10158
10159
10160
10161
10162
10163
10164
10165
10166
10167
10168
10169
10170
10171
10172
10173
10174
10175
10176
10177
10178
10179
10180
10181
10182
10183
10184
10185
10186
10187
10188
10189
10190
10191
10192
10193
10194
10195
10196
10197
10198
10199
10200
10201
10202
10203
10204
10205
10206
10207
10208
10209
10210
10211
10212
10213
10214
10215
10216
10217
10218
10219
10220
10221
10222
10223
10224
10225
10226
10227
10228
10229
10230
10231
10232
10233
10234
10235
10236
10237
10238
10239
10240
10241
10242
10243
10244
10245
10246
10247
10248
10249
10250
10251
10252
10253
10254
10255
10256
10257
10258
10259
10260
10261
10262
10263
10264
10265
10266
10267
10268
10269
10270
10271
10272
10273
10274
10275
10276
10277
10278
10279
10280
10281
10282
10283
10284
10285
10286
10287
10288
10289
10290
10291
10292
10293
10294
10295
10296
10297
10298
10299
10300
10301
10302
10303
10304
10305
10306
10307
10308
10309
10310
10311
10312
10313
10314
10315
10316
10317
10318
10319
10320
10321
10322
10323
10324
10325
10326
10327
10328
10329
10330
10331
10332
10333
10334
10335
10336
10337
10338
10339
10340
10341
10342
10343
10344
10345
10346
10347
10348
10349
10350
10351
10352
10353
10354
10355
10356
10357
10358
10359
10360
10361
10362
10363
10364
10365
10366
10367
10368
10369
10370
10371
10372
10373
10374
10375
10376
10377
10378
10379
10380
10381
10382
10383
10384
10385
10386
10387
10388
10389
10390
10391
10392
10393
10394
10395
10396
10397
10398
10399
10400
10401
10402
10403
10404
10405
10406
10407
10408
10409
10410
10411
10412
10413
10414
10415
10416
10417
10418
10419
10420
10421
10422
10423
10424
10425
10426
10427
10428
10429
10430
10431
10432
10433
10434
10435
10436
10437
10438
10439
10440
10441
10442
10443
10444
10445
10446
10447
10448
10449
10450
10451
10452
10453
10454
10455
10456
10457
10458
10459
10460
10461
10462
10463
10464
10465
10466
10467
10468
10469
10470
10471
10472
10473
10474
10475
10476
10477
10478
10479
10480
10481
10482
10483
10484
10485
10486
10487
10488
10489
10490
10491
10492
10493
10494
10495
10496
10497
10498
10499
10500
10501
10502
10503
10504
10505
10506
10507
10508
10509
10510
10511
10512
10513
10514
10515
10516
10517
10518
10519
10520
10521
10522
10523
10524
10525
10526
10527
10528
10529
10530
10531
10532
10533
10534
10535
10536
10537
10538
10539
10540
10541
10542
10543
10544
10545
10546
10547
10548
10549
10550
10551
10552
10553
10554
10555
10556
10557
10558
10559
10560
10561
10562
10563
10564
10565
10566
10567
10568
10569
10570
10571
10572
10573
10574
10575
10576
10577
10578
10579
10580
10581
10582
10583
10584
10585
10586
10587
10588
10589
10590
10591
10592
10593
10594
10595
10596
10597
10598
10599
10600
10601
10602
10603
10604
10605
10606
10607
10608
10609
10610
10611
10612
10613
10614
10615
10616
10617
10618
10619
10620
10621
10622
10623
10624
10625
10626
10627
10628
10629
10630
10631
10632
10633
10634
10635
10636
10637
10638
10639
10640
10641
10642
10643
10644
10645
10646
10647
10648
10649
10650
10651
10652
10653
10654
10655
10656
10657
10658
10659
10660
10661
10662
10663
10664
10665
10666
10667
10668
10669
10670
10671
10672
10673
10674
10675
10676
10677
10678
10679
10680
10681
10682
10683
10684
10685
10686
10687
10688
10689
10690
10691
10692
10693
10694
10695
10696
10697
10698
10699
10700
10701
10702
10703
10704
10705
10706
10707
10708
10709
10710
10711
10712
10713
10714
10715
10716
10717
10718
10719
10720
10721
10722
10723
10724
10725
10726
10727
10728
10729
10730
10731
10732
10733
10734
10735
10736
10737
10738
10739
10740
10741
10742
10743
10744
10745
10746
10747
10748
10749
10750
10751
10752
10753
10754
10755
10756
10757
10758
10759
10760
10761
10762
10763
10764
10765
10766
10767
10768
10769
10770
10771
10772
10773
10774
10775
10776
10777
10778
10779
10780
10781
10782
10783
10784
10785
10786
10787
10788
10789
10790
10791
10792
10793
10794
10795
10796
10797
10798
10799
10800
10801
10802
10803
10804
10805
10806
10807
10808
10809
10810
10811
10812
10813
10814
10815
10816
10817
10818
10819
10820
10821
10822
10823
10824
10825
10826
10827
10828
10829
10830
10831
10832
10833
10834
10835
10836
10837
10838
10839
10840
10841
10842
10843
10844
10845
10846
10847
10848
10849
10850
10851
10852
10853
10854
10855
10856
10857
10858
10859
10860
10861
10862
10863
10864
10865
10866
10867
10868
10869
10870
10871
10872
10873
10874
10875
10876
10877
10878
10879
10880
10881
10882
10883
10884
10885
10886
10887
10888
10889
10890
10891
10892
10893
10894
10895
10896
10897
10898
10899
10900
10901
10902
10903
10904
10905
10906
10907
10908
10909
10910
10911
10912
10913
10914
10915
10916
10917
10918
10919
10920
10921
10922
10923
10924
10925
10926
10927
10928
10929
10930
10931
10932
10933
10934
10935
10936
10937
10938
10939
10940
10941
10942
10943
10944
10945
10946
10947
10948
10949
10950
10951
10952
10953
10954
10955
10956
10957
10958
10959
10960
10961
10962
10963
10964
10965
10966
10967
10968
10969
10970
10971
10972
10973
10974
10975
10976
10977
10978
10979
10980
10981
10982
10983
10984
10985
10986
10987
10988
10989
10990
10991
10992
10993
10994
10995
10996
10997
10998
10999
11000
11001
11002
11003
11004
11005
11006
11007
11008
11009
11010
11011
11012
11013
11014
11015
11016
11017
11018
11019
11020
11021
11022
11023
11024
11025
11026
11027
11028
11029
11030
11031
11032
11033
11034
11035
11036
11037
11038
11039
11040
11041
11042
11043
11044
11045
11046
11047
11048
11049
11050
11051
11052
11053
11054
11055
11056
11057
11058
11059
11060
11061
11062
11063
11064
11065
11066
11067
11068
11069
11070
11071
11072
11073
11074
11075
11076
11077
11078
11079
11080
11081
11082
11083
11084
11085
11086
11087
11088
11089
11090
11091
11092
11093
11094
11095
11096
11097
11098
11099
11100
11101
11102
11103
11104
11105
11106
11107
11108
11109
11110
11111
11112
11113
11114
11115
11116
11117
11118
11119
11120
11121
11122
11123
11124
11125
11126
11127
11128
11129
11130
11131
11132
11133
11134
11135
11136
11137
11138
11139
11140
11141
11142
11143
11144
11145
11146
11147
11148
11149
11150
11151
11152
11153
11154
11155
11156
11157
11158
11159
11160
11161
11162
11163
11164
11165
11166
11167
11168
11169
11170
11171
11172
11173
11174
11175
11176
11177
11178
11179
11180
11181
11182
11183
11184
11185
11186
11187
11188
11189
11190
11191
11192
11193
11194
11195
11196
11197
11198
11199
11200
11201
11202
11203
11204
11205
11206
11207
11208
11209
11210
11211
11212
11213
11214
11215
11216
11217
11218
11219
11220
11221
11222
11223
11224
11225
11226
11227
11228
11229
11230
11231
11232
11233
11234
11235
11236
11237
11238
11239
11240
11241
11242
11243
11244
11245
11246
11247
11248
11249
11250
11251
11252
11253
11254
11255
11256
11257
11258
11259
11260
11261
11262
11263
11264
11265
11266
11267
11268
11269
11270
11271
11272
11273
11274
11275
11276
11277
11278
11279
11280
11281
11282
11283
11284
11285
11286
11287
11288
11289
11290
11291
11292
11293
11294
11295
11296
11297
11298
11299
11300
11301
11302
11303
11304
11305
11306
11307
11308
11309
11310
11311
11312
11313
11314
11315
11316
11317
11318
11319
11320
11321
11322
11323
11324
11325
11326
11327
11328
11329
11330
11331
11332
11333
11334
11335
11336
11337
11338
11339
11340
11341
11342
11343
11344
11345
11346
11347
11348
11349
11350
11351
11352
11353
11354
11355
11356
11357
11358
11359
11360
11361
11362
11363
11364
11365
11366
11367
11368
11369
11370
11371
11372
11373
11374
11375
11376
11377
11378
11379
11380
11381
11382
11383
11384
11385
11386
11387
11388
11389
11390
11391
11392
11393
11394
11395
11396
11397
11398
11399
11400
11401
11402
11403
11404
11405
11406
11407
11408
11409
11410
11411
11412
11413
11414
11415
11416
11417
11418
11419
11420
11421
11422
11423
11424
11425
11426
11427
11428
11429
11430
11431
11432
11433
11434
11435
11436
11437
11438
11439
11440
11441
11442
11443
11444
11445
11446
11447
11448
11449
11450
11451
11452
11453
11454
11455
11456
11457
11458
11459
11460
11461
11462
11463
11464
11465
11466
11467
11468
11469
11470
11471
11472
11473
11474
11475
11476
11477
11478
11479
11480
11481
11482
11483
11484
11485
11486
11487
11488
11489
11490
11491
11492
11493
11494
11495
11496
11497
11498
11499
11500
11501
11502
11503
11504
11505
11506
11507
11508
11509
11510
11511
11512
11513
11514
11515
11516
11517
11518
11519
11520
11521
11522
11523
11524
11525
11526
11527
11528
11529
11530
11531
11532
11533
11534
11535
11536
11537
11538
11539
11540
11541
11542
11543
11544
11545
11546
11547
11548
11549
11550
11551
11552
11553
11554
11555
11556
11557
11558
11559
11560
11561
11562
11563
11564
11565
11566
11567
11568
11569
11570
11571
11572
11573
11574
11575
11576
11577
11578
11579
11580
11581
11582
11583
11584
11585
11586
11587
11588
11589
11590
11591
11592
11593
11594
11595
11596
11597
11598
11599
11600
11601
11602
11603
11604
11605
11606
11607
11608
11609
11610
11611
11612
11613
11614
11615
11616
11617
11618
11619
11620
11621
11622
11623
11624
11625
11626
11627
11628
11629
11630
11631
11632
11633
11634
11635
11636
11637
11638
11639
11640
11641
11642
11643
11644
11645
11646
11647
11648
11649
11650
11651
11652
11653
11654
11655
11656
11657
11658
11659
11660
11661
11662
11663
11664
11665
11666
11667
11668
11669
11670
11671
11672
11673
11674
11675
11676
11677
11678
11679
11680
11681
11682
11683
11684
11685
11686
11687
11688
11689
11690
11691
11692
11693
11694
11695
11696
11697
11698
11699
11700
11701
11702
11703
11704
11705
11706
11707
11708
11709
11710
11711
11712
11713
11714
11715
11716
11717
11718
11719
11720
11721
11722
11723
11724
11725
11726
11727
11728
11729
11730
11731
11732
11733
11734
11735
11736
11737
11738
11739
11740
11741
11742
11743
11744
11745
11746
11747
11748
11749
11750
11751
11752
11753
11754
11755
11756
11757
11758
11759
11760
11761
11762
11763
11764
11765
11766
11767
11768
11769
11770
11771
11772
11773
11774
11775
11776
11777
11778
11779
11780
11781
11782
11783
11784
11785
11786
11787
11788
11789
11790
11791
11792
11793
11794
11795
11796
11797
11798
11799
11800
11801
11802
11803
11804
11805
11806
11807
11808
11809
11810
11811
11812
11813
11814
11815
11816
11817
11818
11819
11820
11821
11822
11823
11824
11825
11826
11827
11828
11829
11830
11831
11832
11833
11834
11835
11836
11837
11838
11839
11840
11841
11842
11843
11844
11845
11846
11847
11848
11849
11850
11851
11852
11853
11854
11855
11856
11857
11858
11859
11860
11861
11862
11863
11864
11865
11866
11867
11868
11869
11870
11871
11872
11873
11874
11875
11876
11877
11878
11879
11880
11881
11882
11883
11884
11885
11886
11887
11888
11889
11890
11891
11892
11893
11894
11895
11896
11897
11898
11899
11900
11901
11902
11903
11904
11905
11906
11907
11908
11909
11910
11911
11912
11913
11914
11915
11916
11917
11918
11919
11920
11921
11922
11923
11924
11925
11926
11927
11928
11929
11930
11931
11932
11933
11934
11935
11936
11937
11938
11939
11940
11941
11942
11943
11944
11945
11946
11947
11948
11949
11950
11951
11952
11953
11954
11955
11956
11957
11958
11959
11960
11961
11962
11963
11964
11965
11966
11967
11968
11969
11970
11971
11972
11973
11974
11975
11976
11977
11978
11979
11980
11981
11982
11983
11984
11985
11986
11987
11988
11989
11990
11991
11992
11993
11994
11995
11996
11997
11998
11999
12000
12001
12002
12003
12004
12005
12006
12007
12008
12009
12010
12011
12012
12013
12014
12015
12016
12017
12018
12019
12020
12021
12022
12023
12024
12025
12026
12027
12028
12029
12030
12031
12032
12033
12034
12035
12036
12037
12038
12039
12040
12041
12042
12043
12044
12045
12046
12047
12048
12049
12050
12051
12052
12053
12054
12055
12056
12057
12058
12059
12060
12061
12062
12063
12064
12065
12066
12067
12068
12069
12070
12071
12072
12073
12074
12075
12076
12077
12078
12079
12080
12081
12082
12083
12084
12085
12086
12087
12088
12089
12090
12091
12092
12093
12094
12095
12096
12097
12098
12099
12100
12101
12102
12103
12104
12105
12106
12107
12108
12109
12110
12111
12112
12113
12114
12115
12116
12117
12118
12119
12120
12121
12122
12123
12124
12125
12126
12127
12128
12129
12130
12131
12132
12133
12134
12135
12136
12137
12138
12139
12140
12141
12142
12143
12144
12145
12146
12147
12148
12149
12150
12151
12152
12153
12154
12155
12156
12157
12158
12159
12160
12161
12162
12163
12164
12165
12166
12167
12168
12169
12170
12171
12172
12173
12174
12175
12176
12177
12178
12179
12180
12181
12182
12183
12184
12185
12186
12187
12188
12189
12190
12191
12192
12193
12194
12195
12196
12197
12198
12199
12200
12201
12202
12203
12204
12205
12206
12207
12208
12209
12210
12211
12212
12213
12214
12215
12216
12217
12218
12219
12220
12221
12222
12223
12224
12225
12226
12227
12228
12229
12230
12231
12232
12233
12234
12235
12236
12237
12238
12239
12240
12241
12242
12243
12244
12245
12246
12247
12248
12249
12250
12251
12252
12253
12254
12255
12256
12257
12258
12259
12260
12261
12262
12263
12264
12265
12266
12267
12268
12269
12270
12271
12272
12273
12274
12275
12276
12277
12278
12279
12280
12281
12282
12283
12284
12285
12286
12287
12288
12289
12290
12291
12292
12293
12294
12295
12296
12297
12298
12299
12300
12301
12302
12303
12304
12305
12306
12307
12308
12309
12310
12311
12312
12313
12314
12315
12316
12317
12318
12319
12320
12321
12322
12323
12324
12325
12326
12327
12328
12329
12330
12331
12332
12333
12334
12335
12336
12337
12338
12339
12340
12341
12342
12343
12344
12345
12346
12347
12348
12349
12350
12351
12352
12353
12354
12355
12356
12357
12358
12359
12360
12361
12362
12363
12364
12365
12366
12367
12368
12369
12370
12371
12372
12373
12374
12375
12376
12377
12378
12379
12380
12381
12382
12383
12384
12385
12386
12387
12388
12389
12390
12391
12392
12393
12394
12395
12396
12397
12398
12399
12400
12401
12402
12403
12404
12405
12406
12407
12408
12409
12410
12411
12412
12413
12414
12415
12416
12417
12418
12419
12420
12421
12422
12423
12424
12425
12426
12427
12428
12429
12430
12431
12432
12433
12434
12435
12436
12437
12438
12439
12440
12441
12442
12443
12444
12445
12446
12447
12448
12449
12450
12451
12452
12453
12454
12455
12456
12457
12458
12459
12460
12461
12462
12463
12464
12465
12466
12467
12468
12469
12470
12471
12472
12473
12474
12475
12476
12477
12478
12479
12480
12481
12482
12483
12484
12485
12486
12487
12488
12489
12490
12491
12492
12493
12494
12495
12496
12497
12498
12499
12500
12501
12502
12503
12504
12505
12506
12507
12508
12509
12510
12511
12512
12513
12514
12515
12516
12517
12518
12519
12520
12521
12522
12523
12524
12525
12526
12527
12528
12529
12530
12531
12532
12533
12534
12535
12536
12537
12538
12539
12540
12541
12542
12543
12544
12545
12546
12547
12548
12549
12550
12551
12552
12553
12554
12555
12556
12557
12558
12559
12560
12561
12562
12563
12564
12565
12566
12567
12568
12569
12570
12571
12572
12573
12574
12575
12576
12577
12578
12579
12580
12581
12582
12583
12584
12585
12586
12587
12588
12589
12590
12591
12592
12593
12594
12595
12596
12597
12598
12599
12600
12601
12602
12603
12604
12605
12606
12607
12608
12609
12610
12611
12612
12613
12614
12615
12616
12617
12618
12619
12620
12621
12622
12623
12624
12625
12626
12627
12628
12629
12630
12631
12632
12633
12634
12635
12636
12637
12638
12639
12640
12641
12642
12643
12644
12645
12646
12647
12648
12649
12650
12651
12652
12653
12654
12655
12656
12657
12658
12659
12660
12661
12662
12663
12664
12665
12666
12667
12668
12669
12670
12671
12672
12673
12674
12675
12676
12677
12678
12679
12680
12681
12682
12683
12684
12685
12686
12687
12688
12689
12690
12691
12692
12693
12694
12695
12696
12697
12698
12699
12700
12701
12702
12703
12704
12705
12706
12707
12708
12709
12710
12711
12712
12713
12714
12715
12716
12717
12718
12719
12720
12721
12722
12723
12724
12725
12726
12727
12728
12729
12730
12731
12732
12733
12734
12735
12736
12737
12738
12739
12740
12741
12742
12743
12744
12745
12746
12747
12748
12749
12750
12751
12752
12753
12754
12755
12756
12757
12758
12759
12760
12761
12762
12763
12764
12765
12766
12767
12768
12769
12770
12771
12772
12773
12774
12775
12776
12777
12778
12779
12780
12781
12782
12783
12784
12785
12786
12787
12788
12789
12790
12791
12792
12793
12794
12795
12796
12797
12798
12799
12800
12801
12802
12803
12804
12805
12806
12807
12808
12809
12810
12811
12812
12813
12814
12815
12816
12817
12818
12819
12820
12821
12822
12823
12824
12825
12826
12827
12828
12829
12830
12831
12832
12833
12834
12835
12836
12837
12838
12839
12840
12841
12842
12843
12844
12845
12846
12847
12848
12849
12850
12851
12852
12853
12854
12855
12856
12857
12858
12859
12860
12861
12862
12863
12864
12865
12866
12867
12868
12869
12870
12871
12872
12873
12874
12875
12876
12877
12878
12879
12880
12881
12882
12883
12884
12885
12886
12887
12888
12889
12890
12891
12892
12893
12894
12895
12896
12897
12898
12899
12900
12901
12902
12903
12904
12905
12906
12907
12908
12909
12910
12911
12912
12913
12914
12915
12916
12917
12918
12919
12920
12921
12922
12923
12924
12925
12926
12927
12928
12929
12930
12931
12932
12933
12934
12935
12936
12937
12938
12939
12940
12941
12942
12943
12944
12945
12946
12947
12948
12949
12950
12951
12952
12953
12954
12955
12956
12957
12958
12959
12960
12961
12962
12963
12964
12965
12966
12967
12968
12969
12970
12971
12972
12973
12974
12975
12976
12977
12978
12979
12980
12981
12982
12983
12984
12985
12986
12987
12988
12989
12990
12991
12992
12993
12994
12995
12996
12997
12998
12999
13000
13001
13002
13003
13004
13005
13006
13007
13008
13009
13010
13011
13012
13013
13014
13015
13016
13017
13018
13019
13020
13021
13022
13023
13024
13025
13026
13027
13028
13029
13030
13031
13032
13033
13034
13035
13036
13037
13038
13039
13040
13041
13042
13043
13044
13045
13046
13047
13048
13049
13050
13051
13052
13053
13054
13055
13056
13057
13058
13059
13060
13061
13062
13063
13064
13065
13066
13067
13068
13069
13070
13071
13072
13073
13074
13075
13076
13077
13078
13079
13080
13081
13082
13083
13084
13085
13086
13087
13088
13089
13090
13091
13092
13093
13094
13095
13096
13097
13098
13099
13100
13101
13102
13103
13104
13105
13106
13107
13108
13109
13110
13111
13112
13113
13114
13115
13116
13117
13118
13119
13120
13121
13122
13123
13124
13125
13126
13127
13128
13129
13130
13131
13132
13133
13134
13135
13136
13137
13138
13139
13140
13141
13142
13143
13144
13145
13146
13147
13148
13149
13150
13151
13152
13153
13154
13155
13156
13157
13158
13159
13160
13161
13162
13163
13164
13165
13166
13167
13168
13169
13170
13171
13172
13173
13174
13175
13176
13177
13178
13179
13180
13181
13182
13183
13184
13185
13186
13187
13188
13189
13190
13191
13192
13193
13194
13195
13196
13197
13198
13199
13200
13201
13202
13203
13204
13205
13206
13207
13208
13209
13210
13211
13212
13213
13214
13215
13216
13217
13218
13219
13220
13221
13222
13223
13224
13225
13226
13227
13228
13229
13230
13231
13232
13233
13234
13235
13236
13237
13238
13239
13240
13241
13242
13243
13244
13245
13246
13247
13248
13249
13250
13251
13252
13253
13254
13255
13256
13257
13258
13259
13260
13261
13262
13263
13264
13265
13266
13267
13268
13269
13270
13271
13272
13273
13274
13275
13276
13277
13278
13279
13280
13281
13282
13283
13284
13285
13286
13287
13288
13289
13290
13291
13292
13293
13294
13295
13296
13297
13298
13299
13300
13301
13302
13303
13304
13305
13306
13307
13308
13309
13310
13311
13312
13313
13314
13315
13316
13317
13318
13319
13320
13321
13322
13323
13324
13325
13326
13327
13328
13329
13330
13331
13332
13333
13334
13335
13336
13337
13338
13339
13340
13341
13342
13343
13344
13345
13346
13347
13348
13349
13350
13351
13352
13353
13354
13355
13356
13357
13358
13359
13360
13361
13362
13363
13364
13365
13366
13367
13368
13369
13370
13371
13372
13373
13374
13375
13376
13377
13378
13379
13380
13381
13382
13383
13384
13385
13386
13387
13388
13389
13390
13391
13392
13393
13394
13395
13396
13397
13398
13399
13400
13401
13402
13403
13404
13405
13406
13407
13408
13409
13410
13411
13412
13413
13414
13415
13416
13417
13418
13419
13420
13421
13422
13423
13424
13425
13426
13427
13428
13429
13430
13431
13432
13433
13434
13435
13436
13437
13438
13439
13440
13441
13442
13443
13444
13445
13446
13447
13448
13449
13450
13451
13452
13453
13454
13455
13456
13457
13458
13459
13460
13461
13462
13463
13464
13465
13466
13467
13468
13469
13470
13471
13472
13473
13474
13475
13476
13477
13478
13479
13480
13481
13482
13483
13484
13485
13486
13487
13488
13489
13490
13491
13492
13493
13494
13495
13496
13497
13498
13499
13500
13501
13502
13503
13504
13505
13506
13507
13508
13509
13510
13511
13512
13513
13514
13515
13516
13517
13518
13519
13520
13521
13522
13523
13524
13525
13526
13527
13528
13529
13530
13531
13532
13533
13534
13535
13536
13537
13538
13539
13540
13541
13542
13543
13544
13545
13546
13547
13548
13549
13550
13551
13552
13553
13554
13555
13556
13557
13558
13559
13560
13561
13562
13563
13564
13565
13566
13567
13568
13569
13570
13571
13572
13573
13574
13575
13576
13577
13578
13579
13580
13581
13582
13583
13584
13585
13586
13587
13588
13589
13590
13591
13592
13593
13594
13595
13596
13597
13598
13599
13600
13601
13602
13603
13604
13605
13606
13607
13608
13609
13610
13611
13612
13613
13614
13615
13616
13617
13618
13619
13620
13621
13622
13623
13624
13625
13626
13627
13628
13629
13630
13631
13632
13633
13634
13635
13636
13637
13638
13639
13640
13641
13642
13643
13644
13645
13646
13647
13648
13649
13650
13651
13652
13653
13654
13655
13656
13657
13658
13659
13660
13661
13662
13663
13664
13665
13666
13667
13668
13669
13670
13671
13672
13673
13674
13675
13676
13677
13678
13679
13680
13681
13682
13683
13684
13685
13686
13687
13688
13689
13690
13691
13692
13693
13694
13695
13696
13697
13698
13699
13700
13701
13702
13703
13704
13705
13706
13707
13708
13709
13710
13711
13712
13713
13714
13715
13716
13717
13718
13719
13720
13721
13722
13723
13724
13725
13726
13727
13728
13729
13730
13731
13732
13733
13734
13735
13736
13737
13738
13739
13740
13741
13742
13743
13744
13745
13746
13747
13748
13749
13750
13751
13752
13753
13754
13755
13756
13757
13758
13759
13760
13761
13762
13763
13764
13765
13766
13767
13768
13769
13770
13771
13772
13773
13774
13775
13776
13777
13778
13779
13780
13781
13782
13783
13784
13785
13786
13787
13788
13789
13790
13791
13792
13793
13794
13795
13796
13797
13798
13799
13800
13801
13802
13803
13804
13805
13806
13807
13808
13809
13810
13811
13812
13813
13814
13815
13816
13817
13818
13819
13820
13821
13822
13823
13824
13825
13826
13827
13828
13829
13830
13831
13832
13833
13834
13835
13836
13837
13838
13839
13840
13841
13842
13843
13844
13845
13846
13847
13848
13849
13850
13851
13852
13853
13854
13855
13856
13857
13858
13859
13860
13861
13862
13863
13864
13865
13866
13867
13868
13869
13870
13871
13872
13873
13874
13875
13876
13877
13878
13879
13880
13881
13882
13883
13884
13885
13886
13887
13888
13889
13890
13891
13892
13893
13894
13895
13896
13897
13898
13899
13900
13901
13902
13903
13904
13905
13906
13907
13908
13909
13910
13911
13912
13913
13914
13915
13916
13917
13918
13919
13920
13921
13922
13923
13924
13925
13926
13927
13928
13929
13930
13931
13932
13933
13934
13935
13936
13937
13938
13939
13940
13941
13942
13943
13944
13945
13946
13947
13948
13949
13950
13951
13952
13953
13954
13955
13956
13957
13958
13959
13960
13961
13962
13963
13964
13965
13966
13967
13968
13969
13970
13971
13972
13973
13974
13975
13976
13977
13978
13979
13980
13981
13982
13983
13984
13985
13986
13987
13988
13989
13990
13991
13992
13993
13994
13995
13996
13997
13998
13999
14000
14001
14002
14003
14004
14005
14006
14007
14008
14009
14010
14011
14012
14013
14014
14015
14016
14017
14018
14019
14020
14021
14022
14023
14024
14025
14026
14027
14028
14029
14030
14031
14032
14033
14034
14035
14036
14037
14038
14039
14040
14041
14042
14043
14044
14045
14046
14047
14048
14049
14050
14051
14052
14053
14054
14055
14056
14057
14058
14059
14060
14061
14062
14063
14064
14065
14066
14067
14068
14069
14070
14071
14072
14073
14074
14075
14076
14077
14078
14079
14080
14081
14082
14083
14084
14085
14086
14087
14088
14089
14090
14091
14092
14093
14094
14095
14096
14097
14098
14099
14100
14101
14102
14103
14104
14105
14106
14107
14108
14109
14110
14111
14112
14113
14114
14115
14116
14117
14118
14119
14120
14121
14122
14123
14124
14125
14126
14127
14128
14129
14130
14131
14132
14133
14134
14135
14136
14137
14138
14139
14140
14141
14142
14143
14144
14145
14146
14147
14148
14149
14150
14151
14152
14153
14154
14155
14156
14157
14158
14159
14160
14161
14162
14163
14164
14165
14166
14167
14168
14169
14170
14171
14172
14173
14174
14175
14176
14177
14178
14179
14180
14181
14182
14183
14184
14185
14186
14187
14188
14189
14190
14191
14192
14193
14194
14195
14196
14197
14198
14199
14200
14201
14202
14203
14204
14205
14206
14207
14208
14209
14210
14211
14212
14213
14214
14215
14216
14217
14218
14219
14220
14221
14222
14223
14224
14225
14226
14227
14228
14229
14230
14231
14232
14233
14234
14235
14236
14237
14238
14239
14240
14241
14242
14243
14244
14245
14246
14247
14248
14249
14250
14251
14252
14253
14254
14255
14256
14257
14258
14259
14260
14261
14262
14263
14264
14265
14266
14267
14268
14269
14270
14271
14272
14273
14274
14275
14276
14277
14278
14279
14280
14281
14282
14283
14284
14285
14286
14287
14288
14289
14290
14291
14292
14293
14294
14295
14296
14297
14298
14299
14300
14301
14302
14303
14304
14305
14306
14307
14308
14309
14310
14311
14312
14313
14314
14315
14316
14317
14318
14319
14320
14321
14322
14323
14324
14325
14326
14327
14328
14329
14330
14331
14332
14333
14334
14335
14336
14337
14338
14339
14340
14341
14342
14343
14344
14345
14346
14347
14348
14349
14350
14351
14352
14353
14354
14355
14356
14357
14358
14359
14360
14361
14362
14363
14364
14365
14366
14367
14368
14369
14370
14371
14372
14373
14374
14375
14376
14377
14378
14379
14380
14381
14382
14383
14384
14385
14386
14387
14388
14389
14390
14391
14392
14393
14394
14395
14396
14397
14398
14399
14400
14401
14402
14403
14404
14405
14406
14407
14408
14409
14410
14411
14412
14413
14414
14415
14416
14417
14418
14419
14420
14421
14422
14423
14424
14425
14426
14427
14428
14429
14430
14431
14432
14433
14434
14435
14436
14437
14438
14439
14440
14441
14442
14443
14444
14445
14446
14447
14448
14449
14450
14451
14452
14453
14454
14455
14456
14457
14458
14459
14460
14461
14462
14463
14464
14465
14466
14467
14468
14469
14470
14471
14472
14473
14474
14475
14476
14477
14478
14479
14480
14481
14482
14483
14484
14485
14486
14487
14488
14489
14490
14491
14492
14493
14494
14495
14496
14497
14498
14499
14500
14501
14502
14503
14504
14505
14506
14507
14508
14509
14510
14511
14512
14513
14514
14515
14516
14517
14518
14519
14520
14521
14522
14523
14524
14525
14526
14527
14528
14529
14530
14531
14532
14533
14534
14535
14536
14537
14538
14539
14540
14541
14542
14543
14544
14545
14546
14547
14548
14549
14550
14551
14552
14553
14554
14555
14556
14557
14558
14559
14560
14561
14562
14563
14564
14565
14566
14567
14568
14569
14570
14571
14572
14573
14574
14575
14576
14577
14578
14579
14580
14581
14582
14583
14584
14585
14586
14587
14588
14589
14590
14591
14592
14593
14594
14595
14596
14597
14598
14599
14600
14601
14602
14603
14604
14605
14606
14607
14608
14609
14610
14611
14612
14613
14614
14615
14616
14617
14618
14619
14620
14621
14622
14623
14624
14625
14626
14627
14628
14629
14630
14631
14632
14633
14634
14635
14636
14637
14638
14639
14640
14641
14642
14643
14644
14645
14646
14647
14648
14649
14650
14651
14652
14653
14654
14655
14656
14657
14658
14659
14660
14661
14662
14663
14664
14665
14666
14667
14668
14669
14670
14671
14672
14673
14674
14675
14676
14677
14678
14679
14680
14681
14682
14683
14684
14685
14686
14687
14688
14689
14690
14691
14692
14693
14694
14695
14696
14697
14698
14699
14700
14701
14702
14703
14704
14705
14706
14707
14708
14709
14710
14711
14712
14713
14714
14715
14716
14717
14718
14719
14720
14721
14722
14723
14724
14725
14726
14727
14728
14729
14730
14731
14732
14733
14734
14735
14736
14737
14738
14739
14740
14741
14742
14743
14744
14745
14746
14747
14748
14749
14750
14751
14752
14753
14754
14755
14756
14757
14758
14759
14760
14761
14762
14763
14764
14765
14766
14767
14768
14769
14770
14771
14772
14773
14774
14775
14776
14777
14778
14779
14780
14781
14782
14783
14784
14785
14786
14787
14788
14789
14790
14791
14792
14793
14794
14795
14796
14797
14798
14799
14800
14801
14802
14803
14804
14805
14806
14807
14808
14809
14810
14811
14812
14813
14814
14815
14816
14817
14818
14819
14820
14821
14822
14823
14824
14825
14826
14827
14828
14829
14830
14831
14832
14833
14834
14835
14836
14837
14838
14839
14840
14841
14842
14843
14844
14845
14846
14847
14848
14849
14850
14851
14852
14853
14854
14855
14856
14857
14858
14859
14860
14861
14862
14863
14864
14865
14866
14867
14868
14869
14870
14871
14872
14873
14874
14875
14876
14877
14878
14879
14880
14881
14882
14883
14884
14885
14886
14887
14888
14889
14890
14891
14892
14893
14894
14895
14896
14897
14898
14899
14900
14901
14902
14903
14904
14905
14906
14907
14908
14909
14910
14911
14912
14913
14914
14915
14916
14917
14918
14919
14920
14921
14922
14923
14924
14925
14926
14927
14928
14929
14930
14931
14932
14933
14934
14935
14936
14937
14938
14939
14940
14941
14942
14943
14944
14945
14946
14947
14948
14949
14950
14951
14952
14953
14954
14955
14956
14957
14958
14959
14960
14961
14962
14963
14964
14965
14966
14967
14968
14969
14970
14971
14972
14973
14974
14975
14976
14977
14978
14979
14980
14981
14982
14983
14984
14985
14986
14987
14988
14989
14990
14991
14992
14993
14994
14995
14996
14997
14998
14999
15000
15001
15002
15003
15004
15005
15006
15007
15008
15009
15010
15011
15012
15013
15014
15015
15016
15017
15018
15019
15020
15021
15022
15023
15024
15025
15026
15027
15028
15029
15030
15031
15032
15033
15034
15035
15036
15037
15038
15039
15040
15041
15042
15043
15044
15045
15046
15047
15048
15049
15050
15051
15052
15053
15054
15055
15056
15057
15058
15059
15060
15061
15062
15063
15064
15065
15066
15067
15068
15069
15070
15071
15072
15073
15074
15075
15076
15077
15078
15079
15080
15081
15082
15083
15084
15085
15086
15087
15088
15089
15090
15091
15092
15093
15094
15095
15096
15097
15098
15099
15100
15101
15102
15103
15104
15105
15106
15107
15108
15109
15110
15111
15112
15113
15114
15115
15116
15117
15118
15119
15120
15121
15122
15123
15124
15125
15126
15127
15128
15129
15130
15131
15132
15133
15134
15135
15136
15137
15138
15139
15140
15141
15142
15143
15144
15145
15146
15147
15148
15149
15150
15151
15152
15153
15154
15155
15156
15157
15158
15159
15160
15161
15162
15163
15164
15165
15166
15167
15168
15169
15170
15171
15172
15173
15174
15175
15176
15177
15178
15179
15180
15181
15182
15183
15184
15185
15186
15187
15188
15189
15190
15191
15192
15193
15194
15195
15196
15197
15198
15199
15200
15201
15202
15203
15204
15205
15206
15207
15208
15209
15210
15211
15212
15213
15214
15215
15216
15217
15218
15219
15220
15221
15222
15223
15224
15225
15226
15227
15228
15229
15230
15231
15232
15233
15234
15235
15236
15237
15238
15239
15240
15241
15242
15243
15244
15245
15246
15247
15248
15249
15250
15251
15252
15253
15254
15255
15256
15257
15258
15259
15260
15261
15262
15263
15264
15265
15266
15267
15268
15269
15270
15271
15272
15273
15274
15275
15276
15277
15278
15279
15280
15281
15282
15283
15284
15285
15286
15287
15288
15289
15290
15291
15292
15293
15294
15295
15296
15297
15298
15299
15300
15301
15302
15303
15304
15305
15306
15307
15308
15309
15310
15311
15312
15313
15314
15315
15316
15317
15318
15319
15320
15321
15322
15323
15324
15325
15326
15327
15328
15329
15330
15331
15332
15333
15334
15335
15336
15337
15338
15339
15340
15341
15342
15343
15344
15345
15346
15347
15348
15349
15350
15351
15352
15353
15354
15355
15356
15357
15358
15359
15360
15361
15362
15363
15364
15365
15366
15367
15368
15369
15370
15371
15372
15373
15374
15375
15376
15377
15378
15379
15380
15381
15382
15383
15384
15385
15386
15387
15388
15389
15390
15391
15392
15393
15394
15395
15396
15397
15398
15399
15400
15401
15402
15403
15404
15405
15406
15407
15408
15409
15410
15411
15412
15413
15414
15415
15416
15417
15418
15419
15420
15421
15422
15423
15424
15425
15426
15427
15428
15429
15430
15431
15432
15433
15434
15435
15436
15437
15438
15439
15440
15441
15442
15443
15444
15445
15446
15447
15448
15449
15450
15451
15452
15453
15454
15455
15456
15457
15458
15459
15460
15461
15462
15463
15464
15465
15466
15467
15468
15469
15470
15471
15472
15473
15474
15475
15476
15477
15478
15479
15480
15481
15482
15483
15484
15485
15486
15487
15488
15489
15490
15491
15492
15493
15494
15495
15496
15497
15498
15499
15500
15501
15502
15503
15504
15505
15506
15507
15508
15509
15510
15511
15512
15513
15514
15515
15516
15517
15518
15519
15520
15521
15522
15523
15524
15525
15526
15527
15528
15529
15530
15531
15532
15533
15534
15535
15536
15537
15538
15539
15540
15541
15542
15543
15544
15545
15546
15547
15548
15549
15550
15551
15552
15553
15554
15555
15556
15557
15558
15559
15560
15561
15562
15563
15564
15565
15566
15567
15568
15569
15570
15571
15572
15573
15574
15575
15576
15577
15578
15579
15580
15581
15582
15583
15584
15585
15586
15587
15588
15589
15590
15591
15592
15593
15594
15595
15596
15597
15598
15599
15600
15601
15602
15603
15604
15605
15606
15607
15608
15609
15610
15611
15612
15613
15614
15615
15616
15617
15618
15619
15620
15621
15622
15623
15624
15625
15626
15627
15628
15629
15630
15631
15632
15633
15634
15635
15636
15637
15638
15639
15640
15641
15642
15643
15644
15645
15646
15647
15648
15649
15650
15651
15652
15653
15654
15655
15656
15657
15658
15659
15660
15661
15662
15663
15664
15665
15666
15667
15668
15669
15670
15671
15672
15673
15674
15675
15676
15677
15678
15679
15680
15681
15682
15683
15684
15685
15686
15687
15688
15689
15690
15691
15692
15693
15694
15695
15696
15697
15698
15699
15700
15701
15702
15703
15704
15705
15706
15707
15708
15709
15710
15711
15712
15713
15714
15715
15716
15717
15718
15719
15720
15721
15722
15723
15724
15725
15726
15727
15728
15729
15730
15731
15732
15733
15734
15735
15736
15737
15738
15739
15740
15741
15742
15743
15744
15745
15746
15747
15748
15749
15750
15751
15752
15753
15754
15755
15756
15757
15758
15759
15760
15761
15762
15763
15764
15765
15766
15767
15768
15769
15770
15771
15772
15773
15774
15775
15776
15777
15778
15779
15780
15781
15782
15783
15784
15785
15786
15787
15788
15789
15790
15791
15792
15793
15794
15795
15796
15797
15798
15799
15800
15801
15802
15803
15804
15805
15806
15807
15808
15809
15810
15811
15812
15813
15814
15815
15816
15817
15818
15819
15820
15821
15822
15823
15824
15825
15826
15827
15828
15829
15830
15831
15832
15833
15834
15835
15836
15837
15838
15839
15840
15841
15842
15843
15844
15845
15846
15847
15848
15849
15850
15851
15852
15853
15854
15855
15856
15857
15858
15859
15860
15861
15862
15863
15864
15865
15866
15867
15868
15869
15870
15871
15872
15873
15874
15875
15876
15877
15878
15879
15880
15881
15882
15883
15884
15885
15886
15887
15888
15889
15890
15891
15892
15893
15894
15895
15896
15897
15898
15899
15900
15901
15902
15903
15904
15905
15906
15907
15908
15909
15910
15911
15912
15913
15914
15915
15916
15917
15918
15919
15920
15921
15922
15923
15924
15925
15926
15927
15928
15929
15930
15931
15932
15933
15934
15935
15936
15937
15938
15939
15940
15941
15942
15943
15944
15945
15946
15947
15948
15949
15950
15951
15952
15953
15954
15955
15956
15957
15958
15959
15960
15961
15962
15963
15964
15965
15966
15967
15968
15969
15970
15971
15972
15973
15974
15975
15976
15977
15978
15979
15980
15981
15982
15983
15984
15985
15986
15987
15988
15989
15990
15991
15992
15993
15994
15995
15996
15997
15998
15999
16000
16001
16002
16003
16004
16005
16006
16007
16008
16009
16010
16011
16012
16013
16014
16015
16016
16017
16018
16019
16020
16021
16022
16023
16024
16025
16026
16027
16028
16029
16030
16031
16032
16033
16034
16035
16036
16037
16038
16039
16040
16041
16042
16043
16044
16045
16046
16047
16048
16049
16050
16051
16052
16053
16054
16055
16056
16057
16058
16059
16060
16061
16062
16063
16064
16065
16066
16067
16068
16069
16070
16071
16072
16073
16074
16075
16076
16077
16078
16079
16080
16081
16082
16083
16084
16085
16086
16087
16088
16089
16090
16091
16092
16093
16094
16095
16096
16097
16098
16099
16100
16101
16102
16103
16104
16105
16106
16107
16108
16109
16110
16111
16112
16113
16114
16115
16116
16117
16118
16119
16120
16121
16122
16123
16124
16125
16126
16127
16128
16129
16130
16131
16132
16133
16134
16135
16136
16137
16138
16139
16140
16141
16142
16143
16144
16145
16146
16147
16148
16149
16150
16151
16152
16153
16154
16155
16156
16157
16158
16159
16160
16161
16162
16163
16164
16165
16166
16167
16168
16169
16170
16171
16172
16173
16174
16175
16176
16177
16178
16179
16180
16181
16182
16183
16184
16185
16186
16187
16188
16189
16190
16191
16192
16193
16194
16195
16196
16197
16198
16199
16200
16201
16202
16203
16204
16205
16206
16207
16208
16209
16210
16211
16212
16213
16214
16215
16216
16217
16218
16219
16220
16221
16222
16223
16224
16225
16226
16227
16228
16229
16230
16231
16232
16233
16234
16235
16236
16237
16238
16239
16240
16241
16242
16243
16244
16245
16246
16247
16248
16249
16250
16251
16252
16253
16254
16255
16256
16257
16258
16259
16260
16261
16262
16263
16264
16265
16266
16267
16268
16269
16270
16271
16272
16273
16274
16275
16276
16277
16278
16279
16280
16281
16282
16283
16284
16285
16286
16287
16288
16289
16290
16291
16292
16293
16294
16295
16296
16297
16298
16299
16300
16301
16302
16303
16304
16305
16306
16307
16308
16309
16310
16311
16312
16313
16314
16315
16316
16317
16318
16319
16320
16321
16322
16323
16324
16325
16326
16327
16328
16329
16330
16331
16332
16333
16334
16335
16336
16337
16338
16339
16340
16341
16342
16343
16344
16345
16346
16347
16348
16349
16350
16351
16352
16353
16354
16355
16356
16357
16358
16359
16360
16361
16362
16363
16364
16365
16366
16367
16368
16369
16370
16371
16372
16373
16374
16375
16376
16377
16378
16379
16380
16381
16382
16383
16384
16385
16386
16387
16388
16389
16390
16391
16392
16393
16394
16395
16396
16397
16398
16399
16400
16401
16402
16403
16404
16405
16406
16407
16408
16409
16410
16411
16412
16413
16414
16415
16416
16417
16418
16419
16420
16421
16422
16423
16424
16425
16426
16427
16428
16429
16430
16431
16432
16433
16434
16435
16436
16437
16438
16439
16440
16441
16442
16443
16444
16445
16446
16447
16448
16449
16450
16451
16452
16453
16454
16455
16456
16457
16458
16459
16460
16461
16462
16463

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<html>
<!-- This document is an unofficial reference manual for LaTeX, a
document preparation system, version of August 2017.

This manual was originally translated from LATEX.HLP v1.0a in
the VMS Help Library.  The pre-translation version was written by
George D. Greenwade of Sam Houston State University.  The
LaTeX 2.09 version was written by Stephen Gilmore.  The
LaTeX2e version was adapted from this by Torsten Martinsen.  Karl
Berry made further updates and additions, and gratefully acknowledges
using Hypertext Help with LaTeX, by Sheldon Green, and
LaTeX Command Summary (for LaTeX 2.09) by
L. Botway and C. Biemesderfer (published by the TeX Users
Group as TeXniques number 10), as reference material (no
text was directly copied).

Copyright 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013,
2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 Karl Berry.

Copyright 1988, 1994, 2007 Stephen Gilmore.

Copyright 1994, 1995, 1996 Torsten Martinsen.

Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
are preserved on all copies.


Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire
resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission
notice identical to this one.

Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions. -->
<!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 6.1, http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ -->
<head>
<title>LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (August 2017)</title>

<meta name="description" content="LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (August 2017)">
<meta name="keywords" content="LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (August 2017)">
<meta name="resource-type" content="document">
<meta name="distribution" content="global">
<meta name="Generator" content="makeinfo">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
<link href="#Top" rel="start" title="Top">
<link href="#Concept-Index" rel="index" title="Concept Index">
<link href="#SEC_Contents" rel="contents" title="Table of Contents">
<link href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/" rel="up" title="(dir)">
<style type="text/css">
<!--
a.summary-letter {text-decoration: none}
blockquote.indentedblock {margin-right: 0em}
blockquote.smallindentedblock {margin-right: 0em; font-size: smaller}
blockquote.smallquotation {font-size: smaller}
div.display {margin-left: 3.2em}
div.example {margin-left: 3.2em}
div.lisp {margin-left: 3.2em}
div.smalldisplay {margin-left: 3.2em}
div.smallexample {margin-left: 3.2em}
div.smalllisp {margin-left: 3.2em}
kbd {font-style: oblique}
pre.display {font-family: inherit}
pre.format {font-family: inherit}
pre.menu-comment {font-family: serif}
pre.menu-preformatted {font-family: serif}
pre.smalldisplay {font-family: inherit; font-size: smaller}
pre.smallexample {font-size: smaller}
pre.smallformat {font-family: inherit; font-size: smaller}
pre.smalllisp {font-size: smaller}
span.nolinebreak {white-space: nowrap}
span.roman {font-family: initial; font-weight: normal}
span.sansserif {font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: normal}
ul.no-bullet {list-style: none}
-->
</style>


</head>

<body lang="en">
<h1 class="settitle" align="center">LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (August 2017)</h1>






<a name="SEC_Overview"></a>
<h2 class="shortcontents-heading">Short Table of Contents</h2>

<div class="shortcontents">
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="stoc-About-this-document-1" href="#toc-About-this-document-1">1 About this document</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Overview-of-LaTeX" href="#toc-Overview-of-LaTeX">2 Overview of LaTeX</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Document-classes-1" href="#toc-Document-classes-1">3 Document classes</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Fonts-1" href="#toc-Fonts-1">4 Fonts</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Layout-1" href="#toc-Layout-1">5 Layout</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Sectioning-1" href="#toc-Sectioning-1">6 Sectioning</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Cross-references-1" href="#toc-Cross-references-1">7 Cross references</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Environments-2" href="#toc-Environments-2">8 Environments</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Line-breaking-1" href="#toc-Line-breaking-1">9 Line breaking</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Page-breaking-1" href="#toc-Page-breaking-1">10 Page breaking</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Footnotes-1" href="#toc-Footnotes-1">11 Footnotes</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Definitions-1" href="#toc-Definitions-1">12 Definitions</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Counters-1" href="#toc-Counters-1">13 Counters</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Lengths-1" href="#toc-Lengths-1">14 Lengths</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Making-paragraphs-1" href="#toc-Making-paragraphs-1">15 Making paragraphs</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Math-formulas-1" href="#toc-Math-formulas-1">16 Math formulas</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Modes-1" href="#toc-Modes-1">17 Modes</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Page-styles-1" href="#toc-Page-styles-1">18 Page styles</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Spaces-1" href="#toc-Spaces-1">19 Spaces</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Boxes-1" href="#toc-Boxes-1">20 Boxes</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Special-insertions-1" href="#toc-Special-insertions-1">21 Special insertions</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Splitting-the-input-1" href="#toc-Splitting-the-input-1">22 Splitting the input</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Front_002fback-matter-1" href="#toc-Front_002fback-matter-1">23 Front/back matter</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Letters-1" href="#toc-Letters-1">24 Letters</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Terminal-input_002foutput-1" href="#toc-Terminal-input_002foutput-1">25 Terminal input/output</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Command-line-1" href="#toc-Command-line-1">26 Command line</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Document-templates-1" href="#toc-Document-templates-1">Appendix A Document templates</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Concept-Index-1" href="#toc-Concept-Index-1">Concept Index</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Command-Index-1" href="#toc-Command-Index-1">Command Index</a></li>
</ul>
</div>

<a name="SEC_Contents"></a>
<h2 class="contents-heading">Table of Contents</h2>

<div class="contents">

<ul class="no-bullet">
  <li><a name="toc-About-this-document-1" href="#About-this-document">1 About this document</a></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Overview-of-LaTeX" href="#Overview">2 Overview of LaTeX</a>
  <ul class="no-bullet">
    <li><a name="toc-Starting-and-ending-1" href="#Starting-and-ending">2.1 Starting and ending</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Output-files-1" href="#Output-files">2.2 Output files</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-TeX-engines-1" href="#TeX-engines">2.3 TeX engines</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-LaTeX-command-syntax-1" href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">2.4 LaTeX command syntax</a>
    <ul class="no-bullet">
      <li><a name="toc-Environments-1" href="#Environment">2.4.1 Environments</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Command-declarations" href="#Declaration">2.4.2 Command declarations</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother-1" href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother">2.4.3 <code>\makeatletter</code> and <code>\makeatother</code></a>
      <ul class="no-bullet">
        <li><a name="toc-_005c_0040ifstar-1" href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">2.4.3.1 <code>\@ifstar</code></a></li>
      </ul></li>
    </ul></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Document-classes-1" href="#Document-classes">3 Document classes</a>
  <ul class="no-bullet">
    <li><a name="toc-Document-class-options-1" href="#Document-class-options">3.1 Document class options</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Additional-packages-1" href="#Additional-packages">3.2 Additional packages</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Class-and-package-construction-1" href="#Class-and-package-construction">3.3 Class and package construction</a>
    <ul class="no-bullet">
      <li><a name="toc-Class-and-package-structure-1" href="#Class-and-package-structure">3.3.1 Class and package structure</a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Class-and-package-commands-1" href="#Class-and-package-commands">3.3.2 Class and package commands</a></li>
    </ul></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Fonts-1" href="#Fonts">4 Fonts</a>
  <ul class="no-bullet">
    <li><a name="toc-Font-styles-1" href="#Font-styles">4.1 Font styles</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Font-sizes-1" href="#Font-sizes">4.2 Font sizes</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Low_002dlevel-font-commands-1" href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">4.3 Low-level font commands</a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Layout-1" href="#Layout">5 Layout</a>
  <ul class="no-bullet">
    <li><a name="toc-_005conecolumn-1" href="#g_t_005conecolumn">5.1 <code>\onecolumn</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005ctwocolumn-1" href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">5.2 <code>\twocolumn</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cflushbottom-1" href="#g_t_005cflushbottom">5.3 <code>\flushbottom</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005craggedbottom-1" href="#g_t_005craggedbottom">5.4 <code>\raggedbottom</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Page-layout-parameters-1" href="#Page-layout-parameters">5.5 Page layout parameters</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Floats-1" href="#Floats">5.6 Floats</a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Sectioning-1" href="#Sectioning">6 Sectioning</a>
  <ul class="no-bullet">
    <li><a name="toc-_005c_0040startsection-1" href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection">6.1 <code>\@startsection</code></a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Cross-references-1" href="#Cross-references">7 Cross references</a>
  <ul class="no-bullet">
    <li><a name="toc-_005clabel-1" href="#g_t_005clabel">7.1 <code>\label</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cpageref_007bkey_007d" href="#g_t_005cpageref">7.2 <code>\pageref{<var>key</var>}</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cref_007bkey_007d" href="#g_t_005cref">7.3 <code>\ref{<var>key</var>}</code></a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Environments-2" href="#Environments">8 Environments</a>
  <ul class="no-bullet">
    <li><a name="toc-abstract-1" href="#abstract">8.1 <code>abstract</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-array-1" href="#array">8.2 <code>array</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-center-1" href="#center">8.3 <code>center</code></a>
    <ul class="no-bullet">
      <li><a name="toc-_005ccentering-1" href="#g_t_005ccentering">8.3.1 <code>\centering</code></a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-description-1" href="#description">8.4 <code>description</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-displaymath-1" href="#displaymath">8.5 <code>displaymath</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-document-1" href="#document">8.6 <code>document</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-enumerate-1" href="#enumerate">8.7 <code>enumerate</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-eqnarray-1" href="#eqnarray">8.8 <code>eqnarray</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-equation-1" href="#equation">8.9 <code>equation</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-figure-1" href="#figure">8.10 <code>figure</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-filecontents_003a-Write-an-external-file" href="#filecontents">8.11 <code>filecontents</code>: Write an external file</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-flushleft-1" href="#flushleft">8.12 <code>flushleft</code></a>
    <ul class="no-bullet">
      <li><a name="toc-_005craggedright-1" href="#g_t_005craggedright">8.12.1 <code>\raggedright</code></a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-flushright-1" href="#flushright">8.13 <code>flushright</code></a>
    <ul class="no-bullet">
      <li><a name="toc-_005craggedleft-1" href="#g_t_005craggedleft">8.13.1 <code>\raggedleft</code></a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-itemize-1" href="#itemize">8.14 <code>itemize</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-letter-environment_003a-writing-letters" href="#letter">8.15 <code>letter</code> environment: writing letters</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-list-1" href="#list">8.16 <code>list</code></a>
    <ul class="no-bullet">
      <li><a name="toc-_005citem_003a-An-entry-in-a-list_002e" href="#g_t_005citem">8.16.1 <code>\item</code>: An entry in a list.</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-math-1" href="#math">8.17 <code>math</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-minipage-1" href="#minipage">8.18 <code>minipage</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-picture-1" href="#picture">8.19 <code>picture</code></a>
    <ul class="no-bullet">
      <li><a name="toc-_005ccircle-1" href="#g_t_005ccircle">8.19.1 <code>\circle</code></a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-_005cmakebox-1" href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">8.19.2 <code>\makebox</code></a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-_005cframebox" href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">8.19.3 <code>\framebox</code></a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-_005cdashbox-1" href="#g_t_005cdashbox">8.19.4 <code>\dashbox</code></a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-_005cframe-1" href="#g_t_005cframe">8.19.5 <code>\frame</code></a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-_005cline-1" href="#g_t_005cline">8.19.6 <code>\line</code></a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-_005clinethickness-1" href="#g_t_005clinethickness">8.19.7 <code>\linethickness</code></a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-_005cthicklines-1" href="#g_t_005cthicklines">8.19.8 <code>\thicklines</code></a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-_005cthinlines-1" href="#g_t_005cthinlines">8.19.9 <code>\thinlines</code></a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-_005cmultiput-1" href="#g_t_005cmultiput">8.19.10 <code>\multiput</code></a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-_005coval-1" href="#g_t_005coval">8.19.11 <code>\oval</code></a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-_005cput-1" href="#g_t_005cput">8.19.12 <code>\put</code></a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-_005cshortstack-1" href="#g_t_005cshortstack">8.19.13 <code>\shortstack</code></a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-_005cvector-1" href="#g_t_005cvector">8.19.14 <code>\vector</code></a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-quotation-and-quote-1" href="#quotation-and-quote">8.20 <code>quotation</code> and <code>quote</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-tabbing-1" href="#tabbing">8.21 <code>tabbing</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-table-1" href="#table">8.22 <code>table</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-tabular-1" href="#tabular">8.23 <code>tabular</code></a>
    <ul class="no-bullet">
      <li><a name="toc-_005cmulticolumn-1" href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn">8.23.1 <code>\multicolumn</code></a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-_005cvline-1" href="#g_t_005cvline">8.23.2 <code>\vline</code></a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-_005ccline-1" href="#g_t_005ccline">8.23.3 <code>\cline</code></a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-_005chline-1" href="#g_t_005chline">8.23.4 <code>\hline</code></a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-thebibliography-1" href="#thebibliography">8.24 <code>thebibliography</code></a>
    <ul class="no-bullet">
      <li><a name="toc-_005cbibitem-1" href="#g_t_005cbibitem">8.24.1 <code>\bibitem</code></a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-_005ccite-1" href="#g_t_005ccite">8.24.2 <code>\cite</code></a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-_005cnocite-1" href="#g_t_005cnocite">8.24.3 <code>\nocite</code></a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-Using-BibTeX-1" href="#Using-BibTeX">8.24.4 Using BibTeX</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-theorem-1" href="#theorem">8.25 <code>theorem</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-titlepage-1" href="#titlepage">8.26 <code>titlepage</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-verbatim-1" href="#verbatim">8.27 <code>verbatim</code></a>
    <ul class="no-bullet">
      <li><a name="toc-_005cverb-1" href="#g_t_005cverb">8.27.1 <code>\verb</code></a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-verse-1" href="#verse">8.28 <code>verse</code></a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Line-breaking-1" href="#Line-breaking">9 Line breaking</a>
  <ul class="no-bullet">
    <li><a name="toc-_005c_005c-1" href="#g_t_005c_005c">9.1 <code>\\</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr-1" href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">9.2 <code>\obeycr</code> &amp; <code>\restorecr</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cnewline-1" href="#g_t_005cnewline">9.3 <code>\newline</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005c_002d-_0028discretionary-hyphen_0029" href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">9.4 <code>\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cdiscretionary-_0028generalized-hyphenation-point_0029" href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary">9.5 <code>\discretionary</code> (generalized hyphenation point)</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cfussy-1" href="#g_t_005cfussy">9.6 <code>\fussy</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005csloppy-1" href="#g_t_005csloppy">9.7 <code>\sloppy</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005chyphenation-1" href="#g_t_005chyphenation">9.8 <code>\hyphenation</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak-1" href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">9.9 <code>\linebreak</code> &amp; <code>\nolinebreak</code></a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Page-breaking-1" href="#Page-breaking">10 Page breaking</a>
  <ul class="no-bullet">
    <li><a name="toc-_005ccleardoublepage-1" href="#g_t_005ccleardoublepage">10.1 <code>\cleardoublepage</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cclearpage-1" href="#g_t_005cclearpage">10.2 <code>\clearpage</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cnewpage-1" href="#g_t_005cnewpage">10.3 <code>\newpage</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cenlargethispage-1" href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage">10.4 <code>\enlargethispage</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak-1" href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">10.5 <code>\pagebreak</code> &amp; <code>\nopagebreak</code></a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Footnotes-1" href="#Footnotes">11 Footnotes</a>
  <ul class="no-bullet">
    <li><a name="toc-_005cfootnote-1" href="#g_t_005cfootnote">11.1 <code>\footnote</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cfootnotemark-1" href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">11.2 <code>\footnotemark</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cfootnotetext-1" href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext">11.3 <code>\footnotetext</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Footnotes-in-a-table-1" href="#Footnotes-in-a-table">11.4 Footnotes in a table</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Footnotes-in-section-headings-1" href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings">11.5 Footnotes in section headings</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Footnotes-of-footnotes-1" href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes">11.6 Footnotes of footnotes</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Multiple-references-to-footnotes" href="#Multiple-reference-to-footnotes">11.7 Multiple references to footnotes</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Footnote-parameters-1" href="#Footnote-parameters">11.8 Footnote parameters</a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Definitions-1" href="#Definitions">12 Definitions</a>
  <ul class="no-bullet">
    <li><a name="toc-_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand-1" href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">12.1 <code>\newcommand</code> &amp; <code>\renewcommand</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cprovidecommand-1" href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand">12.2 <code>\providecommand</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cnewcounter_003a-Allocating-a-counter" href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">12.3 <code>\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cnewlength_003a-Allocating-a-length" href="#g_t_005cnewlength">12.4 <code>\newlength</code>: Allocating a length</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cnewsavebox_003a-Allocating-a-box" href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">12.5 <code>\newsavebox</code>: Allocating a box</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment-1" href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">12.6 <code>\newenvironment</code> &amp; <code>\renewenvironment</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cnewtheorem-1" href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">12.7 <code>\newtheorem</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cnewfont_003a-Define-a-new-font-_0028obsolete_0029" href="#g_t_005cnewfont">12.8 <code>\newfont</code>: Define a new font (obsolete)</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cprotect-1" href="#g_t_005cprotect">12.9 <code>\protect</code></a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Counters-1" href="#Counters">13 Counters</a>
  <ul class="no-bullet">
    <li><a name="toc-_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol_003a-Printing-counters" href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">13.1 <code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cusecounter_007bcounter_007d" href="#g_t_005cusecounter">13.2 <code>\usecounter{<var>counter</var>}</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cvalue_007bcounter_007d" href="#g_t_005cvalue">13.3 <code>\value{<var>counter</var>}</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005csetcounter_007bcounter_007d_007bvalue_007d" href="#g_t_005csetcounter">13.4 <code>\setcounter{<var>counter</var>}{<var>value</var>}</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005caddtocounter_007bcounter_007d_007bvalue_007d" href="#g_t_005caddtocounter">13.5 <code>\addtocounter{<var>counter</var>}{<var>value</var>}</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005crefstepcounter_007bcounter_007d" href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter">13.6 <code>\refstepcounter{<var>counter</var>}</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cstepcounter_007bcounter_007d" href="#g_t_005cstepcounter">13.7 <code>\stepcounter{<var>counter</var>}</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear_003a-Predefined-counters" href="#g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear">13.8 <code>\day \month \year</code>: Predefined counters</a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Lengths-1" href="#Lengths">14 Lengths</a>
  <ul class="no-bullet">
    <li><a name="toc-Units-of-length-1" href="#Units-of-length">14.1 Units of length</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005csetlength-1" href="#g_t_005csetlength">14.2 <code>\setlength</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005caddtolength-1" href="#g_t_005caddtolength">14.3 <code>\addtolength</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005csettodepth-1" href="#g_t_005csettodepth">14.4 <code>\settodepth</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005csettoheight-1" href="#g_t_005csettoheight">14.5 <code>\settoheight</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005csettowidth_007b_005clen_007d_007btext_007d" href="#g_t_005csettowidth">14.6 <code>\settowidth{\<var>len</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Predefined-lengths-1" href="#Predefined-lengths">14.7 Predefined lengths</a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Making-paragraphs-1" href="#Making-paragraphs">15 Making paragraphs</a>
  <ul class="no-bullet">
    <li><a name="toc-_005cindent-1" href="#g_t_005cindent">15.1 <code>\indent</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cnoindent-1" href="#g_t_005cnoindent">15.2 <code>\noindent</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cparskip-1" href="#g_t_005cparskip">15.3 <code>\parskip</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Marginal-notes-1" href="#Marginal-notes">15.4 Marginal notes</a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Math-formulas-1" href="#Math-formulas">16 Math formulas</a>
  <ul class="no-bullet">
    <li><a name="toc-Subscripts-_0026-superscripts-1" href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">16.1 Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Math-symbols-1" href="#Math-symbols">16.2 Math symbols</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Math-functions-1" href="#Math-functions">16.3 Math functions</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Math-accents-1" href="#Math-accents">16.4 Math accents</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Spacing-in-math-mode-1" href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">16.5 Spacing in math mode</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Math-miscellany-1" href="#Math-miscellany">16.6 Math miscellany</a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Modes-1" href="#Modes">17 Modes</a>
  <ul class="no-bullet">
    <li><a name="toc-_005censuremath-1" href="#g_t_005censuremath">17.1 <code>\ensuremath</code></a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Page-styles-1" href="#Page-styles">18 Page styles</a>
  <ul class="no-bullet">
    <li><a name="toc-_005cmaketitle-1" href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">18.1 <code>\maketitle</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cpagenumbering-1" href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">18.2 <code>\pagenumbering</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cpagestyle-1" href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">18.3 <code>\pagestyle</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cthispagestyle_007bstyle_007d" href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle">18.4 <code>\thispagestyle{<var>style</var>}</code></a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Spaces-1" href="#Spaces">19 Spaces</a>
  <ul class="no-bullet">
    <li><a name="toc-_005chspace-1" href="#g_t_005chspace">19.1 <code>\hspace</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005chfill-1" href="#g_t_005chfill">19.2 <code>\hfill</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040-1" href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040">19.3 <code>\(SPACE)</code> and \@</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005c--after-control-sequence" href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-control-sequence">19.4 <code>\ </code> after control sequence</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cfrenchspacing-1" href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing">19.5 <code>\frenchspacing</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cthinspace_003a-Insert-1_002f6em" href="#g_t_005cthinspace">19.6 <code>\thinspace</code>: Insert 1/6em</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005c_002f_003a-Insert-italic-correction" href="#g_t_005c_002f">19.7 <code>\/</code>: Insert italic correction</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005chrulefill-_005cdotfill-1" href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_005cdotfill">19.8 <code>\hrulefill \dotfill</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005caddvspace-1" href="#g_t_005caddvspace">19.9 <code>\addvspace</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip-1" href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">19.10 <code>\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cvfill-1" href="#g_t_005cvfill">19.11 <code>\vfill</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cvspace_007blength_007d" href="#g_t_005cvspace">19.12 <code>\vspace{<var>length</var>}</code></a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Boxes-1" href="#Boxes">20 Boxes</a>
  <ul class="no-bullet">
    <li><a name="toc-_005cmbox_007btext_007d" href="#g_t_005cmbox">20.1 <code>\mbox{<var>text}</var></code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox-1" href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">20.2 <code>\fbox</code> and <code>\framebox</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-lrbox-1" href="#lrbox">20.3 <code>lrbox</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cmakebox-2" href="#g_t_005cmakebox">20.4 <code>\makebox</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cparbox-1" href="#g_t_005cparbox">20.5 <code>\parbox</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005craisebox-1" href="#g_t_005craisebox">20.6 <code>\raisebox</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005csavebox-1" href="#g_t_005csavebox">20.7 <code>\savebox</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005csbox_007b_005cboxcmd_007d_007btext_007d" href="#g_t_005csbox">20.8 <code>\sbox{<var>\boxcmd</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cusebox_007b_005cboxcmd_007d" href="#g_t_005cusebox">20.9 <code>\usebox{<var>\boxcmd</var>}</code></a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Special-insertions-1" href="#Special-insertions">21 Special insertions</a>
  <ul class="no-bullet">
    <li><a name="toc-Reserved-characters-1" href="#Reserved-characters">21.1 Reserved characters</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Upper-and-lower-case-1" href="#Upper-and-lower-case">21.2 Upper and lower case</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Symbols-by-font-position-1" href="#Symbols-by-font-position">21.3 Symbols by font position</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Text-symbols-1" href="#Text-symbols">21.4 Text symbols</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Accents-1" href="#Accents">21.5 Accents</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Additional-Latin-letters-1" href="#Additional-Latin-letters">21.6 Additional Latin letters</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005crule-1" href="#g_t_005crule">21.7 <code>\rule</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005ctoday-1" href="#g_t_005ctoday">21.8 <code>\today</code></a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Splitting-the-input-1" href="#Splitting-the-input">22 Splitting the input</a>
  <ul class="no-bullet">
    <li><a name="toc-_005cinclude-1" href="#g_t_005cinclude">22.1 <code>\include</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cincludeonly-1" href="#g_t_005cincludeonly">22.2 <code>\includeonly</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cinput-1" href="#g_t_005cinput">22.3 <code>\input</code></a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Front_002fback-matter-1" href="#Front_002fback-matter">23 Front/back matter</a>
  <ul class="no-bullet">
    <li><a name="toc-Tables-of-contents-1" href="#Tables-of-contents">23.1 Tables of contents</a>
    <ul class="no-bullet">
      <li><a name="toc-_005caddcontentsline-1" href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">23.1.1 <code>\addcontentsline</code></a></li>
      <li><a name="toc-_005caddtocontents-1" href="#g_t_005caddtocontents">23.1.2 <code>\addtocontents</code></a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Glossaries-1" href="#Glossaries">23.2 Glossaries</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-Indexes-1" href="#Indexes">23.3 Indexes</a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Letters-1" href="#Letters">24 Letters</a>
  <ul class="no-bullet">
    <li><a name="toc-_005caddress-1" href="#g_t_005caddress">24.1 <code>\address</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005ccc-1" href="#g_t_005ccc">24.2 <code>\cc</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cclosing-1" href="#g_t_005cclosing">24.3 <code>\closing</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cencl-1" href="#g_t_005cencl">24.4 <code>\encl</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005clocation-1" href="#g_t_005clocation">24.5 <code>\location</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cmakelabels-1" href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">24.6 <code>\makelabels</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cname-1" href="#g_t_005cname">24.7 <code>\name</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005copening-1" href="#g_t_005copening">24.8 <code>\opening</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005cps-1" href="#g_t_005cps">24.9 <code>\ps</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005csignature-1" href="#g_t_005csignature">24.10 <code>\signature</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005ctelephone-1" href="#g_t_005ctelephone">24.11 <code>\telephone</code></a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Terminal-input_002foutput-1" href="#Terminal-input_002foutput">25 Terminal input/output</a>
  <ul class="no-bullet">
    <li><a name="toc-_005ctypein_005bcmd_005d_007bmsg_007d" href="#g_t_005ctypein">25.1 <code>\typein[<var>cmd</var>]{<var>msg</var>}</code></a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-_005ctypeout_007bmsg_007d" href="#g_t_005ctypeout">25.2 <code>\typeout{<var>msg</var>}</code></a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Command-line-1" href="#Command-line">26 Command line</a></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Document-templates-1" href="#Document-templates">Appendix A Document templates</a>
  <ul class="no-bullet">
    <li><a name="toc-beamer-template-1" href="#beamer-template">A.1 <code>beamer</code> template</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-book-template-1" href="#book-template">A.2 <code>book</code> template</a></li>
    <li><a name="toc-tugboat-template-1" href="#tugboat-template">A.3 <code>tugboat</code> template</a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Concept-Index-1" href="#Concept-Index">Concept Index</a></li>
  <li><a name="toc-Command-Index-1" href="#Command-Index">Command Index</a></li>
</ul>
</div>





<a name="Top"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#About-this-document" accesskey="n" rel="next">About this document</a>, Up: <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/" accesskey="u" rel="up">(dir)</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="LaTeX2e_003a-An-unofficial-reference-manual"></a>
<h1 class="top">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</h1>

<p>This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of
August 2017) for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#About-this-document" accesskey="1">About this document</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Bug reporting, etc.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Overview" accesskey="2">Overview</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">What is LaTeX?
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="3">Document classes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Some of the various classes available.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="4">Fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Italic, bold, typewriter, etc.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Layout" accesskey="5">Layout</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Controlling the page layout.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="6">Sectioning</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to section properly.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="7">Cross references</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Automatic referencing.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Environments" accesskey="8">Environments</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Such as enumerate &amp; itemize.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="9">Line breaking</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Influencing line breaks.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Influencing page breaks.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to produce footnotes.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define your own commands, etc.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Counters">Counters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Internal counters used by LaTeX.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The length commands.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Paragraph commands.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to create mathematical formulas.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Paragraph, Math or LR modes.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Various styles of page layout.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Spaces">Spaces</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Horizontal and vertical space.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Making boxes.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Special-insertions">Special insertions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting reserved and special characters.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Dealing with big files by splitting.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Front_002fback-matter">Front/back matter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Tables of contents, glossaries, indexes.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Letters">Letters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The <code>letter</code> class.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput">Terminal input/output</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">User interaction.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Command-line">Command line</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">System-independent command-line behavior.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Document-templates">Document templates</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Starter templates for various document classes.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Concept-Index">Concept Index</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">General index.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Command-Index">Command Index</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Alphabetical list of LaTeX commands.
</td></tr>
</table>


<hr>
<a name="About-this-document"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="n" rel="next">Overview</a>, Previous: <a href="#Top" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Top</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="About-this-document-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">1 About this document</h2>

<a name="index-http_003a_002f_002fpuszcza_002egnu_002eorg_002eua_002fsoftware_002flatexrefman_002f-home-page"></a>
<p>This is an unofficial reference manual for the LaTeX2e document
preparation system, which is a macro package for the TeX
typesetting program (see <a href="#Overview">Overview</a>).  This document&rsquo;s home page is
<a href="http://puszcza.gnu.org.ua/software/latexrefman/">http://puszcza.gnu.org.ua/software/latexrefman/</a>.  That page has links to the
current output in various formats, sources, mailing list archives and
subscriptions, and other infrastructure.
</p>
<a name="index-LaTeX-vs_002e-LaTeX2e"></a>
<p>In this document, we will mostly just use &lsquo;LaTeX&rsquo; rather than
&lsquo;LaTeX2e&rsquo;, since the previous version of LaTeX&nbsp;(2.09) was
frozen decades ago.
</p>
<a name="index-unofficial-nature-of-this-manual"></a>
<a name="index-LaTeX-Project-team"></a>
<a name="index-latexrefman_0040tug_002eorg-email-address"></a>
<p>LaTeX is currently maintained by a group of volunteers
(<a href="http://latex-project.org">http://latex-project.org</a>).  The official documentation written by
the LaTeX project is available from their web site.  This document is
completely unofficial and has not been reviewed by the LaTeX
maintainers.  
<a name="index-bug-reporting"></a>
<a name="index-reporting-bugs"></a>
Do not send bug reports or anything else about this document to them.
Instead, please send all comments to <a href="mailto:latexrefman@tug.org">latexrefman@tug.org</a>.
</p>
<p>This document is a reference.  There is a vast array of other sources
of information about LaTeX, at all levels.  Here are a few
introductions.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><a href="http://ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr">http://ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr</a></dt>
<dd><a name="index-latex_002ddoc_002dptr-document"></a>
<p>Two pages of recommended references to LaTeX documentation.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc">http://ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc</a></dt>
<dd><a name="index-first_002dlatex_002ddoc-document"></a>
<p>Writing your first document, with a bit of both text and math.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://ctan.org/pkg/usrguide">http://ctan.org/pkg/usrguide</a></dt>
<dd><a name="index-usrguide-official-documentation"></a>
<p>The guide for document authors that is maintained as part of LaTeX.
Many other guides by many other people are also available, independent
of LaTeX itself; one such is the next item:
</p>
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://ctan.org/pkg/lshort">http://ctan.org/pkg/lshort</a></dt>
<dd><a name="index-lshort-document"></a>
<p>A short introduction to LaTeX, translated to many languages.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://tug.org/begin.html">http://tug.org/begin.html</a></dt>
<dd><p>Introduction to the TeX system, including LaTeX, with further
references.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>


<hr>
<a name="Overview"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Document classes</a>, Previous: <a href="#About-this-document" accesskey="p" rel="prev">About this document</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Overview-of-LaTeX"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">2 Overview of LaTeX</h2>

<a name="index-overview-of-LaTeX"></a>
<a name="index-basics-of-LaTeX"></a>
<a name="index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e"></a>
<a name="index-Lamport_002c-Leslie"></a>
<a name="index-LaTeX-overview"></a>

<p>LaTeX is a system for typesetting documents.  It was originally
created by Leslie Lamport and is now maintained by a group of volunteers
(<a href="http://latex-project.org">http://latex-project.org</a>).  It is widely used, particularly for
complex and technical documents, such as those involving mathematics.
</p>
<a name="index-macro-package_002c-LaTeX-as"></a>
<p>A LaTeX user writes an input file containing text along with
interspersed commands, for instance commands describing how the text
should be formatted.  It is implemented as a set of related commands
that interface with Donald&nbsp;E. Knuth&rsquo;s TeX typesetting program
(the technical term is that LaTeX is a <em>macro package</em> for the
TeX engine).  The user produces the output document by giving that
input file to the TeX engine.
</p>
<p>The term LaTeX is also sometimes used to mean the language in which
the document is marked up, that is, to mean the set of commands
available to a LaTeX user.
</p>
<a name="index-Lamport-TeX"></a>
<a name="index-pronunciation"></a>
<p>The name LaTeX is short for &ldquo;Lamport TeX&rdquo;.  It is pronounced
LAH-teck or LAY-teck, or sometimes LAY-tecks.  Inside a document,
produce the logo with <code>\LaTeX</code>.  Where use of the logo is not
sensible, such as in plain text, write it as &lsquo;<samp>LaTeX</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Starting-and-ending" accesskey="1">Starting and ending</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The standard beginning and end of a document.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Output-files" accesskey="2">Output files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Files produced.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#TeX-engines" accesskey="3">TeX engines</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Programs that can compile TeX and  LaTeX.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax" accesskey="4">LaTeX command syntax</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">General syntax of LaTeX commands.
</td></tr>
</table>


<hr>
<a name="Starting-and-ending"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Output-files" accesskey="n" rel="next">Output files</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Starting-and-ending-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">2.1 Starting and ending</h3>

<a name="Starting-_0026-ending"></a><a name="index-starting-and-ending"></a>
<a name="index-ending-and-starting"></a>
<a name="index-hello_002c-world"></a>

<p>LaTeX files have a simple global structure, with a standard beginning
and ending.  Here is a &ldquo;hello, world&rdquo; example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\documentclass{article}
\begin{document}
Hello, \LaTeX\ world.
\end{document}
</pre></div>

<a name="index-document-class_002c-defined"></a>
<p>Here, the &lsquo;<samp>article</samp>&rsquo; is the so-called <em>document class</em>,
implemented in a file <samp>article.cls</samp>.  Any document class can be
used.  A few document classes are defined by LaTeX itself, and vast
array of others are widely available.  See <a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a>.
</p>
<a name="index-preamble_002c-defined"></a>
<p>You can include other LaTeX commands between the
<code>\documentclass</code> and the <code>\begin{document}</code> commands.
This area is called the <em>preamble</em>.
</p>
<p>The <code>\begin{document} ... \end{document}</code> is a so-called
<a name="index-environment"></a>
<em>environment</em>; the &lsquo;<samp>document</samp>&rsquo; environment (and no others) is
required in all LaTeX documents (see <a href="#document">document</a>).  LaTeX
provides many environments itself, and many more are defined separately.
See <a href="#Environments">Environments</a>.
</p>
<p>The following sections discuss how to produce PDF or other output from
a LaTeX input file.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="Output-files"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#TeX-engines" accesskey="n" rel="next">TeX engines</a>, Previous: <a href="#Starting-and-ending" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Starting and ending</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Output-files-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">2.2 Output files</h3>

<p>LaTeX produces a main output file and at least two accessory files.
The main output file&rsquo;s name ends in either <samp>.dvi</samp> or <samp>.pdf</samp>.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>.dvi</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002edvi-file"></a>
<a name="index-latex-command"></a>
<a name="index-xdvi-command"></a>
<a name="index-dvips-command"></a>
<a name="index-dvipdfmx-command"></a>
<a name="index-dvitype-command"></a>
<p>If LaTeX is invoked with the system command <code>latex</code> then it
produces a DeVice Independent file, with extension <samp>.dvi</samp>.  You
can view this file with a command such as <code>xdvi</code>, or convert
it to a PostScript <code>.ps</code> file with <code>dvips</code> or to a
Portable Document Format <code>.pdf</code> file with <code>dvipdfmx</code>.
The contents of the file can be dumped in human-readable form with
<code>dvitype</code>.  A vast array of other DVI utility programs are
available (<a href="http://mirror.ctan.org/dviware">http://mirror.ctan.org/dviware</a>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>.pdf</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002epdf-file"></a>
<a name="index-pdfTeX"></a>
<a name="index-pdflatex-command"></a>
<p>If LaTeX is invoked via the system command <code>pdflatex</code>,
among other commands (see <a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>), then the main output is
a Portable Document Format (PDF) file.  Typically this is a
self-contained file, with all fonts and images included.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>

<p>LaTeX also produces at least two additional files.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>.log</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-transcript-file"></a>
<a name="index-log-file"></a>
<a name="index-_002elog-file"></a>
<p>This transcript file contains summary information such as a list of
loaded packages.  It also includes diagnostic messages and perhaps
additional information for any errors.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>.aux</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-auxiliary-file"></a>
<a name="index-_002eaux-file"></a>
<a name="index-cross-references_002c-resolving"></a>
<a name="index-forward-references_002c-resolving"></a>
<a name="index-references_002c-resolving-forward"></a>
<p>Auxiliary information is used by LaTeX for things such as
cross references.  For example, the first time that LaTeX finds a
forward reference&mdash;a cross reference to something that has not yet
appeared in the source&mdash;it will appear in the output as a doubled
question mark <code>??</code>.  When the referred-to spot does eventually
appear in the source then LaTeX writes its location information to
this <code>.aux</code> file.  On the next invocation, LaTeX reads the
location information from this file and uses it to resolve the
reference, replacing the double question mark with the remembered
location.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>

<a name="index-_002elof-file"></a>
<a name="index-list-of-figures-file"></a>
<a name="index-_002elot-file"></a>
<a name="index-list-of-tables-file"></a>
<a name="index-_002etoc-file"></a>
<a name="index-table-of-contents-file"></a>
<a name="index-contents-file"></a>
<p>LaTeX may produce yet more files, characterized by the filename
ending.  These include a <code>.lof</code> file that is used to make a list
of figures, a <code>.lot</code> file used to make a list of tables, and a
<code>.toc</code> file used to make a table of contents.  A particular class
may create others; the list is open-ended.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="TeX-engines"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax" accesskey="n" rel="next">LaTeX command syntax</a>, Previous: <a href="#Output-files" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Output files</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="TeX-engines-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">2.3 TeX engines</h3>

<a name="index-engines_002c-TeX"></a>
<a name="index-implementations-of-TeX"></a>
<a name="index-UTF_002d8"></a>
<a name="index-Unicode-input_002c-native"></a>
<a name="index-TrueType-fonts"></a>
<a name="index-OpenType-fonts"></a>

<p>LaTeX is defined to be a set of commands that are run by a TeX
implementation (see <a href="#Overview">Overview</a>).  This section gives a terse
overview of the main programs.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>latex</code></dt>
<dt><code>pdflatex</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-pdfTeX-engine"></a>
<a name="index-etex-command"></a>
<a name="index-e_002dTeX"></a>
<p>In TeX Live (<a href="http://tug.org/texlive">http://tug.org/texlive</a>), if LaTeX is invoked
via either the system command <code>latex</code> or <code>pdflatex</code>,
then the pdfTeX engine is run (<a href="http://ctan.org/pkg/pdftex">http://ctan.org/pkg/pdftex</a>).
When invoked as <code>latex</code>, the main output is a <samp>.dvi</samp>
file; as <code>pdflatex</code>, the main output is a <samp>.pdf</samp> file.
</p>
<p>pdfTeX incorporates the e-TeX extensions to Knuth&rsquo;s original
program (<a href="http://ctan.org/pkg/etex">http://ctan.org/pkg/etex</a>), including additional
programming features and bi-directional typesetting, and has plenty of
extensions of its own.  e-TeX is available on its own as the system
command <code>etex</code>, but this is plain TeX (and produces
<samp>.dvi</samp>).
</p>
<p>In other TeX distributions, <code>latex</code> may invoke e-TeX
rather than pdfTeX.  In any case, the e-TeX extensions can be
assumed to be available in LaTeX.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>lualatex</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-lualatex-command"></a>
<a name="index-LuaTeX"></a>
<p>If LaTeX is invoked via the system command <code>lualatex</code>, the
LuaTeX engine is run (<a href="http://ctan.org/pkg/luatex">http://ctan.org/pkg/luatex</a>).  This
program allows code written in the scripting language Lua
(<a href="http://luatex.org">http://luatex.org</a>) to interact with TeX&rsquo;s typesetting.
LuaTeX handles UTF-8 Unicode input natively, can handle OpenType
and TrueType fonts, and produces a <samp>.pdf</samp> file by default.
There is also <code>dvilualatex</code> to produce a <samp>.dvi</samp> file,
but this is rarely used.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>xelatex</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-xelatex-command"></a>
<a name="index-XeTeX"></a>
<a name="index-_002exdv-file"></a>
<a name="index-xdvipdfmx"></a>
<p>If LaTeX is invoked with the system command <code>xelatex</code>, the
XeTeX engine is run (<a href="http://tug.org/xetex">http://tug.org/xetex</a>).  Like LuaTeX,
XeTeX natively supports UTF-8 Unicode and TrueType and OpenType
fonts, though the implementation is completely different, mainly using
external libraries instead of internal code.  XeTeX produces a
<samp>.pdf</samp> file as output; it does not support DVI output.
</p>
<p>Internally, XeTeX creates an <code>.xdv</code> file, a variant of DVI,
and translates that to PDF using the (<code>x</code>)<code>dvipdfmx</code>
program, but this process is automatic.  The <code>.xdv</code> file is only
useful for debugging.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>

<p>Other variants of LaTeX and TeX exist, e.g., to provide
additional support for Japanese and other languages ([u]pTeX,
<a href="http://ctan.org/pkg/ptex">http://ctan.org/pkg/ptex</a>, <a href="http://ctan.org/pkg/uptex">http://ctan.org/pkg/uptex</a>).
</p>

<hr>
<a name="LaTeX-command-syntax"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#TeX-engines" accesskey="p" rel="prev">TeX engines</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="LaTeX-command-syntax-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">2.4 LaTeX command syntax</h3>

<a name="index-command-syntax"></a>
<a name="index-_005c-character-starting-commands"></a>
<a name="index-_005b_002e_002e_002e_005d-for-optional-arguments"></a>
<a name="index-_007b_002e_002e_002e_007d-for-required-arguments"></a>
<p>In the LaTeX input file, a command name starts with a backslash
character, <code>\</code>.  The name itself then consists of either
(a)&nbsp;a string of letters or (b)&nbsp;a single non-letter.
</p>
<p>LaTeX commands names are case sensitive so that <code>\pagebreak</code>
differs from <code>\Pagebreak</code> (the latter is not a standard command).
Most commands are lowercase, but in any event you must enter all
commands in the same case as they are defined.
</p>
<p>A command may be followed by zero, one, or more arguments. These
arguments may be either required or optional.  Required arguments are
contained in curly braces, <code>{...}</code>.  Optional arguments are
contained in square brackets, <code>[...]</code>.  Generally, but not
universally, if the command accepts an optional argument, it comes
first, before any required arguments.
</p>
<p>Inside of an optional argument, to use the character close square
bracket&nbsp;(<code>]</code>) hide it inside curly braces, as
in&nbsp;<code>\item[closing bracket {]}]</code>.  Similarly, if an optional
argument comes last, with no required argument after it, then to make
the first character of the following text be an open square bracket,
hide it inside curly braces.
</p>
<p>LaTeX has the convention that some commands have a <code>*</code> form that
is related to the form without a <code>*</code>, such as <code>\chapter</code> and
<code>\chapter*</code>.  The exact difference in behavior varies from command
to command.
</p>
<p>This manual describes all accepted options and <code>*</code>-forms for the
commands it covers (barring unintentional omissions, a.k.a. bugs).
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Environment" accesskey="1">Environment</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Area of the source with distinct behavior.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Declaration" accesskey="2">Declaration</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Change the value or meaning of a command.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother" accesskey="3">\makeatletter and \makeatother</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Change the status of the at-sign character.
</td></tr>
</table>


<hr>
<a name="Environment"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Declaration" accesskey="n" rel="next">Declaration</a>, Up: <a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX command syntax</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Environments-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">2.4.1 Environments</h4>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{<var>environment name</var>}
  ...
\end{<var>environment name</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>An area of LaTeX source, inside of which there is a distinct
behavior.  For instance, for poetry in LaTeX put the lines between
<code>\begin{verse}</code> and <code>\end{verse}</code>.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{verse}
  There once was a man from Nantucket \\
  ...
\end{verse}
</pre></div>

<p>See&nbsp;<a href="#Environments">Environments</a> for a list of environments. 
</p>
<p>The <var>environment name</var> at the beginning must exactly match that at
the end.  This includes the case where <var>environment name</var> ends in a
star&nbsp;(<code>*</code>); both the <code>\begin</code> and <code>\end</code> texts must
include the star.
</p>
<p>Environments may have arguments, including optional arguments.  This
example produces a table.  The first argument is optional (and causes
the table to be aligned on its top row) while the second argument is
required (it specifies the formatting of columns).
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}[t]{r|l}
  ... rows of table ...
\end{tabular}
</pre></div>


<hr>
<a name="Declaration"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother" accesskey="n" rel="next">\makeatletter and \makeatother</a>, Previous: <a href="#Environment" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Environment</a>, Up: <a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX command syntax</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Command-declarations"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">2.4.2 Command declarations</h4>

<p>A command that changes the value, or changes the meaning, of some other
command or parameter.  For instance, the <code>\mainmatter</code> command
changes the setting of page numbers from roman numerals to arabic.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Declaration" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Declaration</a>, Up: <a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX command syntax</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">2.4.3 <code>\makeatletter</code> and <code>\makeatother</code></h4>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\makeatletter
  ... definition of commands with @ in their name ..
\makeatother
</pre></div>

<p>Used to redefine internal LaTeX commands.  <code>\makeatletter</code> makes
the at-sign character&nbsp;<code>@</code> have the category code of a letter,
11.  <code>\makeatother</code> sets the category code of&nbsp;<code>@</code> to 12,
its original value.
</p>
<p>As each character is read by TeX for LaTeX, it is assigned a
character category code, or 
<a name="index-catcode"></a>
<a name="index-character-category-code"></a>
<a name="index-category-code_002c-character"></a>
<em>catcode</em> for short. For instance, the backslash&nbsp;<code>\</code> is
assigned the catcode 0, for characters that start a command.  These two
commands alter the catcode assigned to <code>@</code>.
</p>
<p>The alteration is needed because many of LaTeX&rsquo;s commands use
<code>@</code> in their name, to prevent users from accidentally defining a
command that replaces one of LaTeX&rsquo;s own.  Command names consist of a
category&nbsp;0 character, ordinarily backslash, followed by letters,
category&nbsp;11 characters (except that a command name can also consist
of a category&nbsp;0 character followed by a single non-letter symbol).
So under the default category codes, user-defined commands cannot
contain an <code>@</code>.  But <code>\makeatletter</code> and <code>\makeatother</code>
allow users to define or redefine commands named with <code>@</code>.
</p>
<p>Use these two commands inside a <samp>.tex</samp> file, in the preamble, when
defining or redefining a command with <code>@</code> in its name.  Don&rsquo;t use
them inside <samp>.sty</samp> or <samp>.cls</samp> files since the
<code>\usepackage</code> and <code>\documentclass</code> commands set the at sign to
have the character code of a letter.
</p>
<a name="index-package_002c-macros2e"></a>
<a name="index-macros2e-package"></a>
<p>For a comprehensive list of macros with an at-sign
in their names see <a href="http://ctan.org/pkg/macros2e">http://ctan.org/pkg/macros2e</a>. These macros are
mainly intended to package or class authors.
</p>
<p>The example below is typical.  In the user&rsquo;s class file is a command
<code>\thesis@universityname</code>.  The user wants to change the
definition.  These three lines should go in the preamble, before the
<code>\begin{document}</code>.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\makeatletter
\renewcommand{\thesis@universityname}{Saint Michael's College}
\makeatother
</pre></div>

<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar" accesskey="1">\@ifstar</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define your own commands with *-variants.
</td></tr>
</table>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005c_0040ifstar"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Up: <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother" accesskey="u" rel="up">\makeatletter and \makeatother</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005c_0040ifstar-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsubsection">2.4.3.1 <code>\@ifstar</code></h4>

<a name="index-_005c_0040ifstar"></a>
<a name="index-commands_002c-star_002dvariants"></a>
<a name="index-star_002dvariants_002c-commands"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newcommand{\mycmd}{\@ifstar{\mycmd@star}{\mycmd@nostar}}
\newcommand{\mycmd@nostar}[<var>non-starred command number of args</var>]{<var>body of non-starred command</var>} 
\newcommand{\mycmd@star}[<var>starred command number of args</var>]{<var>body of starred command</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>Many standard LaTeX environments or commands have a variant with the
same name but ending with a star character&nbsp;<code>*</code>, an asterisk.
Examples are the <code>table</code> and <code>table*</code> environments and the
<code>\section</code> and <code>\section*</code> commands.
</p>
<p>When defining environments, following this pattern is straightforward
because <code>\newenvironment</code> and <code>\renewenvironment</code> allow the
environment name to contain a star.  For commands the situation is more
complex.  As in the synopsis above, there will be a user-called command,
given above as <code>\mycmd</code>, which peeks ahead to see if it is followed
by a star.  For instance, LaTeX does not really have a
<code>\section*</code> command; instead, the <code>\section</code> command peeks
ahead.  This command does not accept arguments but instead expands to
one of two commands that do accept arguments.  In the synopsis these two
are <code>\mycmd@nostar</code> and <code>\mycmd@star</code>.  They could take the
same number of arguments or a different number, or no arguments at all.
As always, in a LaTeX document a command using at-sign&nbsp;<code>@</code>
must be enclosed inside a <code>\makeatletter ... \makeatother</code> block
(see <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter and \makeatother</a>).
</p>
<p>This example of <code>\@ifstar</code> defines the command <code>\ciel</code> and a
variant <code>\ciel*</code>.  Both have one required argument.  A call to
<code>\ciel{night}</code> will return &quot;starry night sky&quot; while
<code>\ciel*{blue}</code> will return &quot;starry not blue sky&quot;.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newcommand*{\ciel@unstarred}[1]{starry #1 sky}
\newcommand*{\ciel@starred}[1]{starry not #1 sky}
\newcommand*{\ciel}{\@ifstar{\ciel@starred}{\ciel@unstarred}}
</pre></div>

<p>In the next example, the starred variant takes a different number of
arguments than does the unstarred one.  With this definition, Agent
007&rsquo;s <code>``My name is \agentsecret*{Bond},
\agentsecret{James}{Bond}.''</code> is equivalent to <code>``My name is
\textsc{Bond}, \textit{James} textsc{Bond}.''</code>
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newcommand*{\agentsecret@unstarred}[2]{\textit{#1} \textsc{#2}}
\newcommand*{\agentsecret@starred}[1]{\textsc{#1}}
\newcommand*{\agentsecret}{\@ifstar{\agentsecret@starred}{\agentsecret@unstarred}}
</pre></div>

<p>There are two sometimes more convenient ways to accomplish the work of
<code>\@ifstar</code>.  The <samp>suffix</samp> package allows the construct
<code>\newcommand\mycommand{<var>unstarred version</var>}</code> followed by
<code>\WithSuffix\newcommand\mycommand*{<var>starred version</var>}</code>.  And
LaTeX3 has the <samp>xparse</samp> package that allows this code.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\NewDocumentCommand\foo{s}{\IfBooleanTF#1
  {<var>starred version</var>}%
  {<var>unstarred version</var>}% 
  }
</pre></div>


<hr>
<a name="Document-classes"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="n" rel="next">Fonts</a>, Previous: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Overview</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Document-classes-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">3 Document classes</h2>

<a name="index-document-classes"></a>
<a name="index-classes-of-documents"></a>
<a name="index-_005cdocumentclass"></a>

<p>The document&rsquo;s overall class is defined with this command, which is
normally the first command in a LaTeX source file.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\documentclass[<var>options</var>]{<var>class</var>}
</pre></div>

<a name="index-article-class"></a>
<a name="index-report-class"></a>
<a name="index-book-class"></a>
<a name="index-letter-class"></a>
<a name="index-slides-class"></a>
<p>The following document <var>class</var> names are built into LaTeX.
(Many other document classes are available as separate packages;
see <a href="#Overview">Overview</a>.)
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>article</code></dt>
<dd><p>For a journal article, a presentation, and miscellaneous general use.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>book</code></dt>
<dd><p>Full-length books, including chapters and possibly including front
matter, such as a preface, and back matter, such as an appendix
(see <a href="#Front_002fback-matter">Front/back matter</a>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>letter</code></dt>
<dd><p>Mail, optionally including mailing labels 
(see <a href="#Letters">Letters</a>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>report</code></dt>
<dd><p>For documents of length between an <code>article</code> and a <code>book</code>,
such as technical reports or theses, which may contain several chapters.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>slides</code></dt>
<dd><p>For slide presentations&mdash;rarely used today.  In its place the
<code>beamer</code> package is perhaps the most prevalent (see <a href="#beamer-template">beamer template</a>).
</p>
</dd>
</dl>

<p>Standard <var>options</var> are described in the next section.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Document-class-options" accesskey="1">Document class options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Global options.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Additional-packages" accesskey="2">Additional packages</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Bring in packages.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Class-and-package-construction" accesskey="3">Class and package construction</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Create new classes and packages.
</td></tr>
</table>


<hr>
<a name="Document-class-options"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Additional-packages" accesskey="n" rel="next">Additional packages</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document classes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Document-class-options-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">3.1 Document class options</h3>

<a name="index-document-class-options"></a>
<a name="index-options_002c-document-class"></a>
<a name="index-class-options"></a>
<a name="index-global-options"></a>

<p>You can specify so-called <em>global options</em> or <em>class options</em> to
the <code>\documentclass</code> command by enclosing them in square brackets.
To specify more than one <var>option</var>, separate them with a comma, as in:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\documentclass[<var>option1</var>,<var>option2</var>,...]{<var>class</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>Here is the list of the standard class options.
</p>
<a name="index-10pt-option"></a>
<a name="index-11pt-option"></a>
<a name="index-12pt-option"></a>
<p>All of the standard classes except <code>slides</code> accept the following
options for selecting the typeface size (default is <code>10pt</code>):
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">10pt  11pt  12pt
</pre></div>

<a name="index-a4paper-option"></a>
<a name="index-a5paper-option"></a>
<a name="index-b5paper-option"></a>
<a name="index-executivepaper-option"></a>
<a name="index-legalpaper-option"></a>
<a name="index-letterpaper-option"></a>
<p>All of the standard classes accept these options for selecting the paper
size (these show height by width):
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>a4paper</code></dt>
<dd><p>210 by 297mm (about 8.25 by 11.75&nbsp;inches)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>a5paper</code></dt>
<dd><p>148 by 210mm (about 5.8 by 8.3&nbsp;inches)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>b5paper</code></dt>
<dd><p>176 by 250mm (about 6.9 by 9.8&nbsp;inches)
</p> 
</dd>
<dt><code>executivepaper</code></dt>
<dd><p>7.25 by 10.5&nbsp;inches
</p> 
</dd>
<dt><code>legalpaper</code></dt>
<dd><p>8.5 by 14&nbsp;inches
</p> 
</dd>
<dt><code>letterpaper</code></dt>
<dd><p>8.5 by 11&nbsp;inches (the default)
</p></dd>
</dl>

<a name="index-_005cpdfpagewidth"></a>
<a name="index-_005cpdfpageheight"></a>
<a name="index-package_002c-geometry"></a>
<a name="index-geometry-package"></a>
<p>When using one of the engines pdfLaTeX, LuaLaTeX, or XeLaTeX
(see <a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>), options other than <code>letterpaper</code> set
the print area but you must also set the physical paper size.  One way
to do that is to put <code>\pdfpagewidth=\paperwidth</code> and
<code>\pdfpageheight=\paperheight</code> in your document&rsquo;s preamble.  The
<code>geometry</code> package provides flexible ways of setting the print
area and physical page size.
</p>
<a name="index-draft-option"></a>
<a name="index-final-option"></a>
<a name="index-fleqn-option"></a>
<a name="index-landscape-option"></a>
<a name="index-leqno-option"></a>
<a name="index-openbib-option"></a>
<a name="index-titlepage-option"></a>
<a name="index-notitlepage-option"></a>
<p>Miscellaneous other options:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>draft</code></dt>
<dt><code>final</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-black-boxes_002c-omitting"></a>
<p>Mark (<code>draft</code>) or do not mark (<code>final</code>) overfull boxes with a
black box in the margin; default is <code>final</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>fleqn</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-flush-left-equations"></a>
<a name="index-centered-equations"></a>
<a name="index-equations_002c-flush-left-vs_002e-centered"></a>
<p>Put displayed formulas flush left; default is centered.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>landscape</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-landscape-orientation"></a>
<a name="index-portrait-orientation"></a>
<p>Selects landscape format; default is portrait.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>leqno</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-left_002dhand-equation-numbers"></a>
<a name="index-right_002dhand-equation-numbers"></a>
<a name="index-equation-numbers_002c-left-vs_002e-right"></a>
<p>Put equation numbers on the left side of equations; default is the right side.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>openbib</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-bibliography-format_002c-open"></a>
<p>Use &ldquo;open&rdquo; bibliography format.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>titlepage</code></dt>
<dt><code>notitlepage</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-title-page_002c-separate-or-run_002din"></a>
<p>Specifies whether there is a separate page for the title information and
for the abstract also, if there is one.  The default for the
<code>report</code> class is <code>titlepage</code>, for the other classes it is
<code>notitlepage</code>.
</p></dd>
</dl>

<p>The following options are not available with the <code>slides</code> class.
</p>
<a name="index-onecolumn-option"></a>
<a name="index-twocolumn-option"></a>
<a name="index-oneside-option"></a>
<a name="index-twoside-option"></a>
<a name="index-openright-option"></a>
<a name="index-openany-option"></a>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>onecolumn</code></dt>
<dt><code>twocolumn</code></dt>
<dd><p>Typeset in one or two columns; default is <code>onecolumn</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>oneside</code></dt>
<dt><code>twoside</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cevensidemargin"></a>
<a name="index-_005coddsidemargin"></a>
<p>Selects one- or two-sided layout; default is <code>oneside</code>, except
that in the <code>book</code> class the default is <code>twoside</code>.
</p>
<p>For one-sided printing, the text is centered on the page.  For two-sided
printing, the <code>\evensidemargin</code> (<code>\oddsidemargin</code>) parameter
determines the distance on even (odd) numbered pages between the left
side of the page and the text&rsquo;s left margin, with <code>\oddsidemargin</code>
being 40% of the difference between <code>\paperwidth</code> and
<code>\textwidth</code>, and <code>\evensidemargin</code> is the remainder.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>openright</code></dt>
<dt><code>openany</code></dt>
<dd><p>Determines if a chapter should start on a right-hand page; default is
<code>openright</code> for <code>book</code>, and <code>openany</code> for <code>report</code>.
</p></dd>
</dl>

<a name="index-clock-option-to-slides-class"></a>
<p>The <code>slides</code> class offers the option <code>clock</code> for printing
the time at the bottom of each note.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="Additional-packages"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Class-and-package-construction" accesskey="n" rel="next">Class and package construction</a>, Previous: <a href="#Document-class-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document class options</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document classes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Additional-packages-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">3.2 Additional packages</h3>

<a name="index-loading-additional-packages"></a>
<a name="index-packages_002c-loading-additional"></a>
<a name="index-additional-packages_002c-loading"></a>
<a name="index-_005cusepackage"></a>
<p>Load a package <var>pkg</var>, with the package options given in the comma-separated
list <var>options</var>, as here.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\usepackage[<var>options</var>]{<var>pkg</var>}.
</pre></div>

<p>To specify more than one package you can separate them with a comma,
as in <code>\usepackage{<var>pkg1</var>,<var>pkg2</var>,...}</code>, or use multiple
<code>\usepackage</code> commands.
</p>
<a name="index-global-options-1"></a>
<a name="index-options_002c-global"></a>
<p>Any options given in the <code>\documentclass</code> command that are unknown
to the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with
<code>\usepackage</code>.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="Class-and-package-construction"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Additional-packages" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Additional packages</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document classes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Class-and-package-construction-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">3.3 Class and package construction</h3>

<a name="index-document-class-commands"></a>
<a name="index-commands_002c-document-class"></a>
<a name="index-new-class-commands"></a>

<p>You can create new document classes and new packages.  For instance, if
your memos must satisfy some local requirements, such as a
standard header for each page, then you could create a new class
<code>smcmemo.cls</code> and begin your documents with
<code>\documentclass{smcmemo}</code>.
</p>
<p>What separates a package from a document class is that the commands in a
package are useful across classes while those in a document class are
specific to that class.  Thus, a command to set page headers is for a
package while a command to make the page headers say <code>Memo from the
SMC Math Department</code> is for a class.
<a name="index-class-and-package-difference"></a>
<a name="index-difference-between-class-and-package"></a>
</p>
<p>Inside of a class or package file you can use the at-sign <code>@</code> as a
character in command names without having to surround the code
containing that command with <code>\makeatletter</code> and
<code>\makeatother</code>.  See <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter and \makeatother</a>. This allow
you to create commands that users will not accidentally redefine.
Another technique is to preface class- or package-specific commands with
some string to prevent your class or package from interfering with
others. For instance, the class <code>smcmemo</code> might have commands
<code>\smc@tolist</code>, <code>\smc@fromlist</code>, etc.
</p>

<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Class-and-package-structure" accesskey="1">Class and package structure</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Layout of the file.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Class-and-package-commands" accesskey="2">Class and package commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">List of commands.
</td></tr>
</table>


<hr>
<a name="Class-and-package-structure"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Class-and-package-commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Class and package commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Class-and-package-construction" accesskey="u" rel="up">Class and package construction</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Class-and-package-structure-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">3.3.1 Class and package structure</h4>

<a name="index-class-and-package-structure"></a>
<a name="index-class-file-layout"></a>
<a name="index-package-file-layout"></a>
<a name="index-options_002c-document-class-1"></a>
<a name="index-options_002c-package"></a>
<a name="index-class-options-1"></a>
<a name="index-package-options"></a>

<p>A class file or package file typically has four parts.  
</p><ol>
<li>In the <em>identification part</em>, the file says that it is a LaTeX
package or class and describes itself, using the <code>\NeedsTeXFormat</code>
and <code>\ProvidesClass</code> or <code>\ProvidesPackage</code> commands.
</li><li> The <em>preliminary declarations part</em> declares some commands and
can also load other files. Usually these commands will be those needed
for the code used in the next part.  For example, an <code>smcmemo</code>
class might be called with an option to read in a file with a list of
people for the to-head, as <code>\documentclass[mathto]{smcmemo}</code>, and
therefore needs to define a command
<code>\newcommand{\setto}[1]{\def\@tolist{#1}}</code> used in that
file.
</li><li> In the <em>handle options part</em> the class or package declares
and processes its options.  Class options allow a user to start their
document as <code>\documentclass[<var>option list</var>]{<var>class
name</var>}</code>, to modify the behavior of the class.  An example is when you
declare <code>\documentclass[11pt]{article}</code> to set the default
document font size.  
</li><li> Finally, in the <em>more declarations part</em> the class or package usually does
most of its work: declaring new variables, commands and fonts, and
loading other files.
</li></ol>


<p>Here is a starting class file, which should be saved as <samp>stub.cls</samp>
where LaTeX can find it, for example in the same directory as the
<samp>.tex</samp> file.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}
\ProvidesClass{stub}[2017/07/06 stub to start building classes from]
\DeclareOption*{\PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}}
\ProcessOptions\relax
\LoadClass{article}
</pre></div>
<a name="index-class-file-example"></a>

<p>It identifies itself, handles the class options via the default of
passing them all to the <code>article</code> class, and then loads the
<code>article</code> class to provide the basis for this class&rsquo;s code.
</p>
<p>For more, see the official guide for class and package writers, the
Class Guide, at
<a href="http://www.latex-project.org/help/documentation/clsguide.pdf">http://www.latex-project.org/help/documentation/clsguide.pdf</a> (much
of the descriptions here derive from this document), or the tutorial
<a href="https://www.tug.org/TUGboat/tb26-3/tb84heff.pdf">https://www.tug.org/TUGboat/tb26-3/tb84heff.pdf</a>.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="Class-and-package-commands"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Class-and-package-structure" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Class and package structure</a>, Up: <a href="#Class-and-package-construction" accesskey="u" rel="up">Class and package construction</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Class-and-package-commands-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">3.3.2 Class and package commands</h4>
<a name="index-class-and-package-commands"></a>
<a name="index-commands_002c-class-and-package"></a>

<p>These are the commands designed to help writers of classes or packages.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\AtBeginDvi{specials}</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cAtBeginDvi"></a>
<p>Save in a box register things that are written to the <samp>.dvi</samp> file
at the beginning of the shipout of the first page of the document.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\AtEndOfClass{<var>code</var>}</code></dt>
<dt><code>\AtEndOfPackage{<var>code</var>}</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cAtEndOfClass"></a>
<a name="index-_005cAtEndOfPackage"></a>
<p>Hook to insert <var>code</var> to be executed when LaTeX finishes
processing the current class or package.  You can use these hooks
multiple times; the <code>code</code> will be executed in the order that you
called it.  See also <a href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument">\AtBeginDocument</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\CheckCommand{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>num</var>][<var>default</var>]{<var>definition</var>}</code></dt>
<dt><code>\CheckCommand*{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>num</var>][<var>default</var>]{<var>definition</var>}</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cCheckCommand"></a>
<a name="index-_005cCheckCommand_002a"></a>
<a name="index-new-command_002c-check"></a>
<p>Like <code>\newcommand</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a>) but does
not define <var>cmd</var>; instead it checks that the current definition of
<var>cmd</var> is exactly as given by <var>definition</var> and is or is not 
<a name="index-long-command"></a>
<em>long</em> as expected.  A long command is a command that accepts
<code>\par</code> within an argument.  The <var>cmd</var> command is expected to be
long with the unstarred version of <code>\CheckCommand</code>.  Raises an
error when the check fails.  This allows you to check before you start
redefining <code>cmd</code> yourself that no other package has already
redefined this command.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ClassError{<var>class name</var>}{<var>error text</var>}{<var>help text</var>}</code></dt>
<dt><code>\PackageError{<var>package name</var>}{<var>error text</var>}{<var>help text</var>}</code></dt>
<dt><code>\ClassWarning{<var>class name</var>}{<var>warning text</var>}</code></dt>
<dt><code>\PackageWarning{<var>package name</var>}{<var>warning text</var>}</code></dt>
<dt><code>\ClassWarningNoLine{<var>class name</var>}{<var>warning text</var>}</code></dt>
<dt><code>\PackageWarningNoLine{<var>package name</var>}{<var>warning text</var>}</code></dt>
<dt><code>\ClassInfo{<var>class name</var>}{<var>info text</var>}</code></dt>
<dt><code>\PackageInfo{<var>package name</var>}{<var>info text</var>}</code></dt>
<dt><code>\ClassInfoNoLine{<var>class name</var>}{<var>info text</var>}</code></dt>
<dt><code>\PackageInfoNoLine{<var>package name</var>}{<var>info text</var>}</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cClassError"></a>
<a name="index-_005cPackageError"></a>
<a name="index-_005cClassWarning"></a>
<a name="index-_005cPackageWarning"></a>
<a name="index-_005cClassWarningNoLine"></a>
<a name="index-_005cPackageWarningNoLine"></a>
<a name="index-_005cClassInfo"></a>
<a name="index-_005cPackageInfo"></a>
<a name="index-_005cClassInfoNoLine"></a>
<a name="index-_005cPackageInfoNoLine"></a>
<p>Produce an error message, or warning or informational messages.
</p>
<p>For <code>\ClassError</code> and <code>\PackageError</code> the message is
<var>error text</var>, followed by TeX&rsquo;s <code>?</code> error prompt. If the
user then asks for help by typing <code>h</code>, they see the <var>help
text</var>.
</p>
<p>The four warning commands are similar except that they write
<var>warning text</var> on the screen with no error prompt.  The four info
commands write <var>info text</var> only in the transcript file.  The
<code>NoLine</code> versions do not show the number of the line generating the
message, while the other versions do show that number.
</p>
<p>To format the messages, including the <var>help text</var>: use
<code>\protect</code> to stop a command from expanding, get a line break with
<code>\MessageBreak</code>, and get a space with <code>\space</code> when a space
character does not allow it, like after a command.  Note that LaTeX
appends a period to the messages.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\CurrentOption</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cCurrentOption"></a>
<p>Expands to the name of the currently-being-processed option.  Can only
be used within the <var>code</var> argument of either <code>\DeclareOption</code>
or <code>\DeclareOption*</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\DeclareOption{<var>option</var>}{<var>code</var>}</code></dt>
<dt><code>\DeclareOption*{<var>code</var>}</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cDeclareOption"></a>
<a name="index-_005cDeclareOption_002a"></a>
<a name="index-class-options-2"></a>
<a name="index-package-options-1"></a>
<a name="index-options_002c-class"></a>
<a name="index-options_002c-package-1"></a>
<p>Make an option available to a user, for invoking in their
<code>\documentclass</code> command.  For example, the <code>smcmemo</code> class
could have an option allowing users to put the institutional logo on the
first page with <code>\documentclass[logo]{smcmemo}</code>.  The class file
must contain <code>\DeclareOption{logo}{<var>code</var>}</code> (and later,
<code>\ProcessOptions</code>).
</p>
<p>If you request an option that has not been declared, by default this
will produce a warning like <code>Unused global option(s): [badoption].</code>
Change this behaviour with the starred version
<code>\DeclareOption*{<var>code</var>}</code>.  For example, many classes extend
an existing class, using a declaration such as
<code>\LoadClass{article}</code>, and for passing extra options to the
underlying class use code such as this.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\DeclareOption*{%
\PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}%
}
</pre></div>

<p>Another example is that the class <code>smcmemo</code> may allow users to keep
lists of memo recipients in external files.  Then the user could invoke
<code>\documentclass[math]{smcmemo}</code> and it will read the file
<code>math.memo</code>.  This code handles the file if it exists and otherwise
passes the option to the <code>article</code> class.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\DeclareOption*{\InputIfFileExists{\CurrentOption.memo}{}{%
    \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}}}
</pre></div>

</dd>
<dt><code>\DeclareRobustCommand{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>num</var>][<var>default</var>]{<var>definition</var>}</code></dt>
<dt><code>\DeclareRobustCommand*{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>num</var>][<var>default</var>]{<var>definition</var>}</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cDeclareRobustCommand"></a>
<a name="index-_005cDeclareRobustCommand_002a"></a>
<a name="index-new-command_002c-definition"></a>
<p>Like <code>\newcommand</code> and <code>\newcommand*</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a>) but these declare a robust command, even if some code
within the <var>definition</var> is fragile.  (For a discussion of robust and
fragile commands see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>.) Use this command to define new
robust commands or to redefine existing commands and make them
robust. Unlike <code>\newcommand</code> these do not give an error if macro
<var>cmd</var> already exists; instead, a log message is put into the
transcript file if a command is redefined.
</p>
<p>Commands defined this way are a bit less efficient than those defined
using <code>\newcommand</code> so unless the command&rsquo;s data is fragile and the
command is used within a moving argument, use <code>\newcommand</code>.
</p>
<a name="index-package_002c-etoolbox"></a>
<a name="index-etoolbox-package"></a>
<p>The <code>etoolbox</code> package offers commands <code>\newrobustcmd</code>,
<code>\newrobustcmd*</code>, <code>\renewrobustcmd</code>, <code>\renewrobustcmd*</code>,
<code>\providerobustcmd</code>, and <code>\providerobustcmd*</code> which are similar
to <code>\newcommand</code>, <code>\newcommand*</code>, <code>\renewcommand</code>,
<code>\renewcommand*</code>, <code>\providecommand</code>, and
<code>\providecommand*</code>, but define a robust <var>cmd</var> with two advantages
as compared to <code>\DeclareRobustCommand</code>:
</p><ol>
<li> They use the low-level e-TeX protection mechanism rather than the
higher level LaTeX <code>\protect</code> mechanism, so they do not incur
the slight loss of performance mentioned above, and
</li><li> They make the same distinction between <code>\new&hellip;</code>,
<code>\renew&hellip;</code>, and <code>\provide&hellip;</code>, as the standard
commands, so they do not just make a log message when you redefine
<var>cmd</var> that already exists, in that case you need to use either
<code>\renew&hellip;</code> or <code>\provide&hellip;</code> or you get an error.
</li></ol>


</dd>
<dt><code>\IfFileExists{<var>file name</var>}{<var>true code</var>}{<var>false code</var>}</code></dt>
<dt><code>\InputIfFileExists{<var>file name</var>}{<var>true code</var>}{<var>false code</var>}</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cIfFileExists"></a>
<a name="index-_005cInputIfFileExists"></a>
<p>Execute <var>true code</var> if LaTeX can find the file <samp><var>file
name</var></samp> and <var>false code</var> otherwise.  In the second case it inputs the
file immediately after executing <var>true code</var>.  Thus
<code>\IfFileExists{img.pdf}{\includegraphics{img.pdf}}{\typeout{WARNING:
img.pdf not found}}</code> will include the graphic <samp>img.pdf</samp> if it is
found but otherwise just give a warning.
</p>
<p>This command looks for the file in all search paths that LaTeX uses,
not only in the current directory.  To look only in the current
directory do something like <code>\IfFileExists{./filename}{<var>true
code</var>}{<var>false code</var>}</code>.  If you ask for a filename without a
<code>.tex</code> extension then LaTeX will first look for the file by
appending the <code>.tex</code>; for more on how LaTeX handles file
extensions see <a href="#g_t_005cinput">\input</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\LoadClass[<var>options list</var>]{<var>class name</var>}[<var>release date</var>]</code></dt>
<dt><code>\LoadClassWithOptions{<var>class name</var>}[<var>release date</var>]</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cLoadClass"></a>
<a name="index-_005cLoadClassWithOptions"></a>
<p>Load a class, as with <code>\documentclass[<var>options
list</var>]{<var>class name</var>}[<var>release info</var>]</code>.  An example is
<code>\LoadClass[twoside]{article}</code>.
</p>
<p>The <var>options list</var>, if present, is a comma-separated list.  The
<var>release date</var> is optional.  If present it must have the form
<var>YYYY/MM/DD</var>.
</p>
<p>If you request a <var>release date</var> and the date of
the package installed on your system is earlier, then you get a warning
on the screen and in the log like <code>You have requested, on input
line 4, version `2038/01/19' of document class article, but only version
`2014/09/29 v1.4h Standard LaTeX document class' is available.</code>
</p>
<p>The command version <code>\LoadClassWithOptions</code> uses the list of
options for the current class.  This means it ignores any options passed
to it via <code>\PassOptionsToClass</code>.  This is a convenience command
that lets you build classes on existing ones, such as the standard
<code>article</code> class, without having to track which options were passed.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ExecuteOptions{<var>options-list</var>}</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cExecuteOptions"></a>
<p>For each option <var>option</var> in the <var>options-list</var>, in order, this command
executes the command <code>\ds@<var>option</var></code>.  If this command is not
defined then that option is silently ignored.
</p>
<p>It can be used to provide a default option list before
<code>\ProcessOptions</code>.  For example, if in a class file you want the
default to be 11pt fonts then you could specify
<code>\ExecuteOptions{11pt}\ProcessOptions\relax</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\NeedsTeXFormat{<var>format</var>}[<var>format date</var>]</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cNeedsTeXFormat"></a>
<p>Specifies the format that this class must be run under.  Often issued
as the first line of a class file, and most often used as:
<code>\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}</code>.  When a document using that class is
processed, the format name given here must match the format that is
actually being run (including that the <var>format</var> string is case
sensitive).  If it does not match then execution stops with an error
like &lsquo;<samp>This file needs format `LaTeX2e' but this is `xxx'.</samp>&rsquo;
</p>
<p>To specify a version of the format that you know to have certain
features, include the optional <var>format date</var> on which those features
were implemented.  If present it must be in the form <code>YYYY/MM/DD</code>.
If the format version installed on your system is earlier than
<var>format date</var> then you get a warning like &lsquo;<samp>You have requested
release `2038/01/20' of LaTeX, but only release `2016/02/01' is
available.</samp>&rsquo;
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\OptionNotUsed</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cOptionNotUsed"></a>
<p>Adds the current option to the list of unused options.  Can only be used
within the <var>code</var> argument of either <code>\DeclareOption</code> or
<code>\DeclareOption*</code>.
</p>

</dd>
<dt><code>\PassOptionsToClass{<var>option list</var>}{<var>class name</var>}</code></dt>
<dt><code>\PassOptionsToPackage{<var>option list</var>}{<var>package name</var>}</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cPassOptionsToClass"></a>
<a name="index-_005cPassOptionsToPackage"></a>
<p>Adds the options in the comma-separated list <var>option list</var> to the
options used by any future <code>\RequirePackage</code> or <code>\usepackage</code>
command for package <var>package name</var> or the class <var>class name</var>.
</p>
<p>The reason for these commands is: you may load a package any number of
times with no options but if you want options then you may only supply
them when you first load the package.  Loading a package with options
more than once will get you an error like <code>Option clash for package
foo.</code> (LaTeX throws an error even if there is no conflict between the
options.)
</p>
<p>If your own code is bringing in a package twice then you can collapse
that to once, for example replacing the two
<code>\RequirePackage[landscape]{geometry}\RequirePackage[margins=1in]{geometry}</code>
with the single
<code>\RequirePackage[landscape,margins=1in]{geometry}</code>.  But if you
are loading a package that in turn loads another package then you need
to queue up the options you desire for this other package.  For
instance, suppose the package <code>foo</code> loads the package
<code>geometry</code>.  Instead of
<code>\RequirePackage{foo}\RequirePackage[draft]{graphics}</code> you must
write <code>\PassOptionsToPackage{draft}{graphics}
\RequirePackage{foo}</code>.  (If <code>foo.sty</code> loads an option in conflict
with what you want then you may have to look into altering its source.)
</p>
<p>These commands are useful for general users as well as class and package
writers.  For instance, suppose a user wants to load the <code>graphicx</code>
package with the option <code>draft</code> and also wants to use a class
<code>foo</code> that loads the <code>graphicx</code> package, but without that
option. The user could start their LaTeX file with
<code>\PassOptionsToPackage{draft}{graphicx}\documentclass{foo}</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ProcessOptions</code></dt>
<dt><code>\ProcessOptions*<var>\@options</var></code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cProcessOptions"></a>
<a name="index-_005cProcessOptions_002a"></a>
<p>Execute the code for each option that the user has invoked.  Include it
in the class file as <code>\ProcessOptions\relax</code> (because of the
existence of the starred command).
</p>
<p>Options come in two types.  <em>Local options</em> have been specified for this
particular package in the <var>options</var> argument of
<code>\PassOptionsToPackage{<var>options</var>}</code>,
<code>\usepackage[<var>options</var>]</code>, or
<code>\RequirePackage[<var>options</var>]</code>.  <em>Global options</em> are those given
by the class user in <code>\documentclass[<var>options</var>]</code> (If an option
is specified both locally and globally then it is local.)
</p>
<p>When <code>\ProcessOptions</code> is called for a package <samp>pkg.sty</samp>, the
following happens:
</p><ol>
<li> For each option <var>option</var> so far declared
with <code>\DeclareOption</code>, it looks to see if that option is either a
global or a local option for <code>pkg</code>. If so then it executes the
declared code.  This is done in the order in which these options were
given in <samp>pkg.sty</samp>.
</li><li> For each remaining local option, it executes the command
<code>\ds@</code><var>option</var> if it has been defined somewhere (other than by
a <code>\DeclareOption</code>); otherwise, it executes the default option code
given in <code>\DeclareOption*</code>. If no default option code has been
declared then it gives an error message.  This is done in the order in
which these options were specified.
</li></ol>

<p>When <code>\ProcessOptions</code> is called for a class it works in the same
way except that all options are local, and the default <var>code</var> for
<code>\DeclareOption*</code> is <code>\OptionNotUsed</code> rather than an error.
</p>
<p>The starred version <code>\ProcessOptions*</code> executes the
options in the order specified in the calling commands, rather than in
the order of declaration in the class or package. For a package this
means that the global options are processed first.
</p>

</dd>
<dt><code>\ProvidesClass{<var>class name</var>}[<var>release date</var> <var>brief additional information</var>]</code></dt>
<dt><code>\ProvidesClass{<var>class name</var>}[<var>release date</var>]</code></dt>
<dt><code>\ProvidesPackage{<var>package name</var>}[<var>release date</var> <var>brief additional information</var>]</code></dt>
<dt><code>\ProvidesPackage{<var>package name</var>}[<var>release date</var>]</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cProvidesClass"></a>
<a name="index-_005cProvidesPackage"></a>
<p>Identifies the class or package, printing a message to the screen and the log file.
</p>
<p>When a user writes <code>\documentclass{smcmemo}</code> then LaTeX loads
the file <samp>smcmemo.cls</samp>.  Similarly, a user writing
<code>\usepackage{test}</code> prompts LaTeX to load the file
<code>test.sty</code>.  If the name of the file does not match the declared
class or package name then you get a warning.  Thus, if you invoke
<code>\documentclass{smcmemo}</code>, and the file <samp>smcmemo.cls</samp> has
the statement <code>\ProvidesClass{xxx}</code> then you get a warning like
<code>You have requested document class `smcmemo', but the document
class provides 'xxx'.</code>  This warning does not prevent LaTeX from
processing the rest of the class file normally.
</p>
<p>If you include the optional argument, then you must include the date, before
the first space if any, and it must have the form <code>YYYY/MM/DD</code>. The rest
of the optional argument is free-form, although it traditionally identifies
the class, and is written to the screen during compilation and to the
log file.  Thus, if your file <samp>smcmemo.cls</samp> contains the line
<code>\ProvidesClass{smcmemo}[2008/06/01 v1.0 SMC memo class]</code> and your
document&rsquo;s first line is <code>\documentclass{smcmemo}</code> then you will
see <code>Document Class: smcmemo 2008/06/01 v1.0 SMC memo class</code>.
</p>
<p>The date in the optional argument allows class and package users to ask
to be warned if the version of the class or package installed on their
system is earlier than <var>release date</var>, by using the optional arguments
such as <code>\documentclass{smcmemo}[2018/10/12]</code> or
<code>\usepackage{foo}[[2017/07/07]]</code>.  (Note that package users only
rarely include a date, and class users almost never do.)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ProvidesFile{<var>file name</var>}[<var>additional information</var>]</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cProvidesFile"></a>
<p>Declare a file other than the main class and package files, such as
configuration files or font definition files.  Put this command in that
file and you get in the log a string like <code>File: test.config
2017/10/12 config file for test.cls</code> for <var>file name</var> equal to
&lsquo;<samp>test.config</samp>&rsquo; and <var>additional information</var> equal to
&lsquo;<samp>2017/10/12 config file for test.cls</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\RequirePackage[<var>option list</var>]{<var>package name</var>}[<var>release date</var>]</code></dt>
<dt><code>\RequirePackageWithOptions{<var>package name</var>}[<var>release date</var>]</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cRequirePackage"></a>
<a name="index-_005cRequirePackageWithOptions"></a>
<p>Load a package, like the document author command <code>\usepackage</code>.
See <a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a>. An example is
<code>\RequirePackage[landscape,margin=1in]{geometry}</code>.  Note that the
LaTeX development team strongly recommends use of these commands over
Plain&nbsp;TeX&rsquo;s <code>\input</code>; see the Class Guide.
</p>
<p>The <var>option list</var>, if present, is a comma-separated list.  The
<var>release date</var>, if present, must have the form <var>YYYY/MM/DD</var>.  If
the release date of the package as installed on your system is earlier
than <var>release date</var> then you get a warning like <code>You have
requested, on input line 9, version `2017/07/03' of package jhtest, but
only version `2000/01/01' is available</code>.
</p>
<p>The <code>\RequirePackageWithOptions</code> version uses the list of options
for the current class.  This means it ignores any options passed to it
via <code>\PassOptionsToClass</code>.  This is a convenience command to allow
easily building classes on existing ones without having to track which
options were passed.
</p>
<p>The difference between <code>\usepackage</code> and <code>\RequirePackage</code> is
small.  The <code>\usepackage</code> command is intended for the document file
while <code>\RequirePackage</code> is intended for package and class files.
Thus, using <code>\usepackage</code> before the <code>\documentclass</code> command
causes LaTeX to give error like <code>\usepackage before
\documentclass</code>, but you can use <code>\RequirePackage</code> there.
</p></dd>
</dl>


<hr>
<a name="Fonts"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="n" rel="next">Layout</a>, Previous: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document classes</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Fonts-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">4 Fonts</h2>
<a name="Typefaces"></a>
<a name="index-typefaces"></a>
<a name="index-fonts"></a>

<p>Two important aspects of selecting a <em>font</em> are specifying a size
and a style.  The LaTeX commands for doing this are described here.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Font-styles" accesskey="1">Font styles</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Select roman, italics, etc.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Font-sizes" accesskey="2">Font sizes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Select point size.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands" accesskey="3">Low-level font commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Select encoding, family, series, shape.
</td></tr>
</table>


<hr>
<a name="Font-styles"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Font-sizes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Font sizes</a>, Up: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="u" rel="up">Fonts</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Font-styles-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.1 Font styles</h3>

<a name="index-font-styles"></a>
<a name="index-type-styles"></a>
<a name="index-styles-of-text"></a>

<p>The following type style commands are supported by LaTeX.
</p>
<p>This first group of commands is typically used with an argument, as in
<code>\textit{<var>text</var>}</code>.  In the table below, the corresponding
command in parenthesis is the &ldquo;declaration form&rdquo;, which takes no
arguments, as in <code>{\itshape <var>text</var>}</code>.  The scope of the
declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the end of
the current group.
</p>
<p>These commands, in both the argument form and the declaration form,
are cumulative; e.g., you can say either <code>\sffamily\bfseries</code> or
<code>\bfseries\sffamily</code> to get bold sans serif.
</p>
<p>You can alternatively use an environment form of the declarations; for
instance, <code>\begin{ttfamily}...\end{ttfamily}</code>.
</p>
<a name="index-_005cnocorrlist"></a>
<a name="index-_005cnocorr"></a>
<p>These font-switching commands automatically insert italic corrections
if needed.  (See <a href="#g_t_005c_002f">\/</a>, for the details of italic corrections.)
Specifically, they insert the italic correction unless the following
character is in the list <code>\nocorrlist</code>, which by default consists
of a period and a comma.  To suppress the automatic insertion of
italic correction, use <code>\nocorr</code> at the start or end of the
command argument, such as <code>\textit{\nocorr text}</code> or
<code>\textsc{text \nocorr}</code>.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\textrm (\rmfamily)</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005ctextrm"></a>
<a name="index-_005crmfamily"></a>
<p>Roman.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textit (\itshape)</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005ctextit"></a>
<a name="index-_005citshape"></a>
<p>Italics.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textmd (\mdseries)</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005ctextmd"></a>
<a name="index-_005cmdseries"></a>
<p>Medium weight (default).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textbf (\bfseries)</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005ctextbf"></a>
<a name="index-_005cbfseries"></a>
<p>Boldface.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textup (\upshape)</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005ctextup"></a>
<a name="index-_005cupshape"></a>
<p>Upright (default).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textsl (\slshape)</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005ctextsl"></a>
<a name="index-_005cslshape"></a>
<p>Slanted.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textsf (\sffamily)</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005ctextsf"></a>
<a name="index-_005csffamily"></a>
<p>Sans serif.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textsc (\scshape)</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005ctextsc"></a>
<a name="index-_005cscshape"></a>
<p>Small caps.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\texttt (\ttfamily)</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005ctexttt"></a>
<a name="index-_005cttfamily"></a>
<p>Typewriter.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textnormal (\normalfont)</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005ctextnormal"></a>
<a name="index-_005cnormalfont"></a>
<p>Main document font.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>

<a name="index-emphasis"></a>
<a name="index-_005cemph"></a>
<p>Although it also changes fonts, the <code>\emph{<var>text</var>}</code> command
is semantic, for text to be emphasized, and should not be used as a
substitute for <code>\textit</code>.  For example, <code>\emph{<var>start
text</var> \emph{<var>middle text</var>} <var>end text</var>}</code> will result in the
<var>start text</var> and <var>end text</var> in italics, but <var>middle text</var>
will be in roman.
</p>
<p>LaTeX also provides the following commands, which unconditionally
switch to the given style, that is, are <em>not</em> cumulative.  Also,
they are used differently than the above commands:
<code>{\<var>cmd</var>...}</code> instead of <code>\<var>cmd</var>{...}</code>.  These
are two unrelated constructs.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\bf</code>
<a name="index-_005cbf"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-bold-font"></a>
<p>Switch to bold face.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\cal</code>
<a name="index-_005ccal"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-script-letters-for-math"></a>
<a name="index-calligraphic-letters-for-math"></a>
<p>Switch to calligraphic letters for math.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\it</code>
<a name="index-_005cit"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-italic-font"></a>
<p>Italics.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rm</code>
<a name="index-_005crm"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-roman-font"></a>
<p>Roman.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sc</code>
<a name="index-_005csc"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-small-caps-font"></a>
<p>Small caps.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sf</code>
<a name="index-_005csf"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-sans-serif-font"></a>
<p>Sans serif.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sl</code>
<a name="index-_005csl"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-slanted-font"></a>
<a name="index-oblique-font"></a>
<p>Slanted (oblique).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\tt</code>
<a name="index-_005ctt"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-typewriter-font"></a>
<a name="index-monospace-font"></a>
<a name="index-fixed_002dwidth-font"></a>
<p>Typewriter (monospace, fixed-width).
</p>
</dd>
</dl>

<p>The <code>\em</code> command is the unconditional version of <code>\emph</code>.
</p>
<p>(Some people consider the unconditional font-switching commands, such
as <code>\tt</code>, obsolete and that only the cumulative commands
(<code>\texttt</code>) should be used.  Others think that both sets of
commands have their place and sometimes an unconditional font switch
is precisely what you want; for one example,
see <a href="#description"><code>description</code></a>.)
</p>
<p>The following commands are for use in math mode.  They are not
cumulative, so <code>\mathbf{\mathit{<var>symbol</var>}}</code> does not
create a boldface and italic <var>symbol</var>; instead, it will just be in
italics.  This is because typically math symbols need consistent
typographic treatment, regardless of the surrounding environment.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\mathrm</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cmathrm"></a>
<p>Roman, for use in math mode.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mathbf</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cmathbf"></a>
<p>Boldface, for use in math mode.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mathsf</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cmathsf"></a>
<p>Sans serif, for use in math mode.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mathtt</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cmathtt"></a>
<p>Typewriter, for use in math mode.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mathit</code></dt>
<dt><code>(\mit)</code></dt>
<dd><p>Italics, for use in math mode.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mathnormal</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cmathnormal"></a>
<p>For use in math mode, e.g., inside another type style declaration.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mathcal</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cmathcal"></a>
<p>Calligraphic letters, for use in math mode.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>

<a name="index-_005cmathversion"></a>
<a name="index-math_002c-bold"></a>
<a name="index-bold-math"></a>
<p>In addition, the command <code>\mathversion{bold}</code> can be used for
switching to bold letters and symbols in
formulas. <code>\mathversion{normal}</code> restores the default.
</p>
<a name="index-_005coldstylenums"></a>
<a name="index-numerals_002c-old_002dstyle"></a>
<a name="index-old_002dstyle-numerals"></a>
<a name="index-lining-numerals"></a>
<a name="index-package_002c-textcomp"></a>
<a name="index-textcomp-package"></a>
<p>Finally, the command <code>\oldstylenums{<var>numerals</var>}</code> will typeset
so-called &ldquo;old-style&rdquo; numerals, which have differing heights and
depths (and sometimes widths) from the standard &ldquo;lining&rdquo; numerals,
which all have the same height as upper-case letters.  LaTeX&rsquo;s
default fonts support this, and will respect <code>\textbf</code> (but not
other styles; there are no italic old-style numerals in Computer
Modern).  Many other fonts have old-style numerals also; sometimes the
<code>textcomp</code> package must be loaded, and sometimes package options
are provided to make them the default.  FAQ entry:
<a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=osf">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=osf</a>.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="Font-sizes"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Low-level font commands</a>, Previous: <a href="#Font-styles" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Font styles</a>, Up: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="u" rel="up">Fonts</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Font-sizes-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.2 Font sizes</h3>

<a name="index-font-sizes"></a>
<a name="index-typeface-sizes"></a>
<a name="index-sizes-of-text"></a>

<p>The following standard type size commands are supported by LaTeX.
The table shows the command name and the corresponding actual font
size used (in points) with the &lsquo;<samp>10pt</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>11pt</samp>&rsquo;, and
&lsquo;<samp>12pt</samp>&rsquo; document size options, respectively (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>).
</p>
<a name="index-_005ctiny"></a>
<a name="index-_005cscriptsize"></a>
<a name="index-_005cfootnotesize"></a>
<a name="index-_005csmall"></a>
<a name="index-_005cnormalsize"></a>
<a name="index-_005clarge"></a>
<a name="index-_005cLarge"></a>
<a name="index-_005cLARGE"></a>
<a name="index-_005chuge"></a>
<a name="index-_005cHuge"></a>

<table>
<thead><tr><th>Command</th><th><code>10pt</code></th><th><code>11pt</code></th><th><code>12pt</code></th></tr></thead>
<tr><td><code>\tiny</code></td><td>5</td><td>6</td><td>6</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>\scriptsize</code></td><td>7</td><td>8</td><td>8</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>\footnotesize</code></td><td>8</td><td>9</td><td>10</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>\small</code></td><td>9</td><td>10</td><td>10.95</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>\normalsize</code> (default)</td><td>10</td><td>10.95</td><td>12</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>\large</code></td><td>12</td><td>12</td><td>14.4</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>\Large</code></td><td>14.4</td><td>14.4</td><td>17.28</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>\LARGE</code></td><td>17.28</td><td>17.28</td><td>20.74</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>\huge</code></td><td>20.74</td><td>20.74</td><td>24.88</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>\Huge</code></td><td>24.88</td><td>24.88</td><td>24.88</td></tr>
</table>

<p>The commands as listed here are &ldquo;declaration forms&rdquo;. The scope of
the declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the
end of the current group.  You can also use the environment form of
these commands; for instance, <code>\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}</code>.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="Low_002dlevel-font-commands"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Font-sizes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Font sizes</a>, Up: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="u" rel="up">Fonts</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Low_002dlevel-font-commands-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.3 Low-level font commands</h3>

<a name="index-low_002dlevel-font-commands"></a>
<a name="index-font-commands_002c-low_002dlevel"></a>

<p>These commands are primarily intended for writers of macros and
packages.  The commands listed here are only a subset of the available
ones.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\fontencoding{<var>encoding</var>}</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cfontencoding"></a>
<p>Select the font encoding, the encoding of the output font. There are a
large number of valid encodings.  The most common are <code>OT1</code>,
Knuth&rsquo;s original encoding for Computer Modern (the default), and
<code>T1</code>, also known as the Cork encoding, which has support for the
accented characters used by the most widespread European languages
(German, French, Italian, Polish and others), which allows TeX to
hyphenate words containing accented letters.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\fontfamily{<var>family</var>}</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cfontfamily"></a>
<a name="index-families_002c-of-fonts"></a>
<a name="index-font-catalogue"></a>
<p>Select the font family.  The web page
<a href="http://www.tug.dk/FontCatalogue/">http://www.tug.dk/FontCatalogue/</a> provides one way to browse
through many of the fonts easily used with LaTeX.  Here are
examples of some common families:
</p>

<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><!-- /@w --> <code>pag</code><tt>&nbsp;</tt> Avant Garde
</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>fvs</code><tt>&nbsp;</tt> Bitstream Vera Sans
</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>pbk</code><tt>&nbsp;</tt> Bookman
</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>bch</code><tt>&nbsp;</tt> Charter
</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>ccr</code><tt>&nbsp;</tt> Computer Concrete
</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>cmr</code><tt>&nbsp;</tt> Computer Modern
</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>pcr</code><tt>&nbsp;</tt> Courier
</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>phv</code><tt>&nbsp;</tt> Helvetica
</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>fi4</code><tt>&nbsp;</tt> Inconsolata
</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>lmr</code><tt>&nbsp;</tt> Latin Modern
</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>lmss</code> Latin Modern Sans
</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>lmtt</code> Latin Modern Typewriter
</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>pnc</code><tt>&nbsp;</tt> New Century Schoolbook
</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>ppl</code><tt>&nbsp;</tt> Palatino
</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>ptm</code><tt>&nbsp;</tt> Times
</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>uncl</code> Uncial
</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>put</code><tt>&nbsp;</tt> Utopia
</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>pzc</code><tt>&nbsp;</tt> Zapf Chancery
</li></ul>

</dd>
<dt><code>\fontseries{<var>series</var>}</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cfontseries"></a>
<a name="index-series_002c-of-fonts"></a>
<p>Select the font series.  A <em>series</em> combines a <em>weight</em> and a
<em>width</em>.  Typically, a font supports only a few of the possible
combinations.  Some common combined series values include:
</p>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><!-- /@w --> <code>m</code><tt>&nbsp;</tt> Medium (normal)
</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>b</code><tt>&nbsp;</tt> Bold
</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>c</code><tt>&nbsp;</tt> Condensed
</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>bc</code> Bold condensed
</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>bx</code> Bold extended
</li></ul>

<a name="index-weights_002c-of-fonts"></a>
<p>The possible values for weight, individually, are:
</p>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><!-- /@w --> <code>ul</code> Ultra light
</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>el</code> Extra light
</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>l</code><tt>&nbsp;</tt> Light
</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>sl</code> Semi light
</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>m</code><tt>&nbsp;</tt> Medium (normal)
</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>sb</code> Semi bold
</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>b</code><tt>&nbsp;</tt> Bold
</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>eb</code> Extra bold
</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>ub</code> Ultra bold
</li></ul>
 
<a name="index-widths_002c-of-fonts"></a>
<p>The possible values for width, individually, are (the percentages
are just guides and are not followed precisely by all fonts):
</p>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><!-- /@w --> <code>uc</code> Ultra condensed, 50%
</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>ec</code> Extra condensed, 62.5%
</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>c</code><tt>&nbsp;</tt> Condensed, 75%
</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>sc</code> Semi condensed, 87.5%
</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>m</code><tt>&nbsp;</tt> Medium, 100%
</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>sx</code> Semi expanded, 112.5%
</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>x</code><tt>&nbsp;</tt> Expanded, 125%
</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>ex</code> Extra expanded, 150%
</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>ux</code> Ultra expanded, 200%
</li></ul>

<p>When forming the <var>series</var> string from the weight and width, drop the
<code>m</code> that stands for medium weight or medium width, unless both
weight and width are <code>m</code>, in which case use just one
(&lsquo;<samp><code>m</code></samp>&rsquo;).
</p> 
</dd>
<dt><code>\fontshape{<var>shape</var>}</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cfontshape"></a>
<a name="index-shapes_002c-of-fonts"></a>
<p>Select font shape. Valid shapes are:
</p>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><!-- /@w --> <code>n</code><tt>&nbsp;</tt> Upright (normal)
</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>it</code> Italic
</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>sl</code> Slanted (oblique)
</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>sc</code> Small caps
</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>ui</code> Upright italics
</li><li><!-- /@w --> <code>ol</code> Outline
</li></ul>

<p>The two last shapes are not available for most font families, and
small caps are often missing as well.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\fontsize{<var>size</var>}{<var>skip</var>}</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cfontsize"></a>
<a name="index-font-size"></a>
<a name="index-_005cbaselineskip"></a>
<p>Set the font size and the line spacing.  The unit of both parameters
defaults to points (<code>pt</code>).  The line spacing is the nominal
vertical space between lines, baseline to baseline.  It is stored in the
parameter <code>\baselineskip</code>.  The default <code>\baselineskip</code> for
the Computer Modern typeface is 1.2 times the <code>\fontsize</code>.
Changing <code>\baselineskip</code> directly is inadvisable since its value is
reset every time a size change happens; see <code>\baselinestretch</code>, next.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\baselinestretch</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cbaselinestretch"></a>
<p>LaTeX multiplies the line spacing by the value of the
<code>\baselinestretch</code> parameter; the default factor is 1.  A change
takes effect when <code>\selectfont</code> (see below) is called.  You can
make line skip changes happen for the entire document by doing
<code>\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{2.0}</code> in the preamble.
</p>
<a name="index-package_002c-setspace"></a>
<a name="index-setspace-package"></a>
<a name="index-double-spacing"></a>
<p>However, the best way to double-space a document is to use the
<samp>setspace</samp> package.  In addition to offering a number of spacing
options, this package keeps the line spacing single-spaced in places
where that is typically desirable, such as footnotes and figure
captions.  See the package documentation.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\linespread{<var>factor</var>}</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005clinespread"></a>
<p>Equivalent to
<code>\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{<var>factor</var>}</code>, and
therefore must be followed by <code>\selectfont</code> to have any effect.
Best specified in the preamble, or use the <code>setspace</code> package, as
just described.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\selectfont</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cselectfont"></a>
<p>The effects of the font commands described above do not happen until
<code>\selectfont</code> is called, as in
<code>\fontfamily{<var>familyname</var>}\selectfont</code>.  It is often useful
to put this in a macro:<br>
<code>\newcommand*{\myfont}{\fontfamily{<var>familyname</var>}\selectfont}</code><br>
(see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\usefont{<var>enc</var>}{<var>family</var>}{<var>series</var>}{<var>shape</var>}</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cusefont"></a>
<p>The same as invoking <code>\fontencoding</code>, <code>\fontfamily</code>,
<code>\fontseries</code> and <code>\fontshape</code> with the given parameters,
followed by <code>\selectfont</code>.  For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\usefont{ot1}{cmr}{m}{n}
</pre></div>

</dd>
</dl>


<hr>
<a name="Layout"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="n" rel="next">Sectioning</a>, Previous: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Fonts</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Layout-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">5 Layout</h2>

<a name="index-layout-commands"></a>

<p>Commands for controlling the general page layout.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005conecolumn" accesskey="1">\onecolumn</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Use one-column layout.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn" accesskey="2">\twocolumn</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Use two-column layout.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom" accesskey="3">\flushbottom</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Make all text pages the same height.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom" accesskey="4">\raggedbottom</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Allow text pages of differing height.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Page-layout-parameters" accesskey="5">Page layout parameters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top"><code>\headheight</code> <code>\footskip</code>.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Floats" accesskey="6">Floats</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Figures, tables, etc.
</td></tr>
</table>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005conecolumn"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn" accesskey="n" rel="next">\twocolumn</a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005conecolumn-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">5.1 <code>\onecolumn</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005conecolumn"></a>
<a name="index-one_002dcolumn-output"></a>

<p>Start a new page and produce single-column output.  If the document is
given the class option <code>onecolumn</code> then this is the default
behavior (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>).
</p>
<p>This command is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005ctwocolumn"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom" accesskey="n" rel="next">\flushbottom</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005conecolumn" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\onecolumn</a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005ctwocolumn-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">5.2 <code>\twocolumn</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005ctwocolumn"></a>
<a name="index-multicolumn-text"></a>
<a name="index-two_002dcolumn-output"></a>

<p>Synopses:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\twocolumn
\twocolumn[<var>prelim one column text</var>]
</pre></div>

<p>Start a new page and produce two-column output. If the document is given
the class option <code>twocolumn</code> then this is the default
(see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>).
</p>
<p>If the optional <var>prelim one column text</var> argument
is present, it is typeset in one-column mode before the two-column
typesetting starts.
</p>
<p>This command is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
</p>
<p>These parameters control typesetting in two-column output:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\columnsep</code>
<a name="index-_005ccolumnsep"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>The distance between columns. The default is 35pt.  Change it with a
command such as <code>\setlength{\columnsep}{40pt}</code> You must change
it before the two column environment starts; in the preamble is a good
place.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\columnseprule</code>
<a name="index-_005ccolumnseprule"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>The width of the rule between columns. The rule appears halfway between
the two columns.  The default is 0pt, meaning that there is no rule.
Change it with a command such as
<code>\setlength{\columnseprule}{0.4pt}</code>, before the two-column
environment starts.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\columnwidth</code>
<a name="index-_005ccolumnwidth"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>The width of a single column.  In one-column mode this is equal to
<code>\textwidth</code>.  In two-column mode by default LaTeX sets the
width of each of the two columns to be half of <code>\textwidth</code> minus
<code>\columnsep</code>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>

<p>In a two-column document, the starred environments <code>table*</code> and
<code>figure*</code> are two columns wide, whereas the unstarred environments
<code>table</code> and <code>figure</code> take up only one column (see <a href="#figure">figure</a>
and see <a href="#table">table</a>). LaTeX places starred floats at the top of a page.
The following parameters control float behavior of two-column output.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\dbltopfraction</code>
<a name="index-_005cdbltopfraction"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>The maximum fraction at the top of a two-column page that may be
occupied by two-column wide floats.  The default is 0.7, meaning that
the height of a <code>table*</code> or <code>figure*</code> environment must not
exceed <code>0.7\textheight</code> .  If the height of your starred float
environment exceeds this then you can take one of the following actions
to prevent it from floating all the way to the back of the document:
</p>
<ul>
<li> Use the <code>[tp]</code> location specifier to tell LaTeX to try to put
the bulky float on a page by itself, as well as at the top of a page.

</li><li> Use the <code>[t!]</code> location specifier to override the effect of
<code>\dbltopfraction</code> for this particular float.

</li><li> Increase the value of <code>\dbltopfraction</code> to a suitably large number,
to avoid going to float pages so soon.
</li></ul>

<p>You can redefine it, for instance with
<code>\renewcommand{\dbltopfraction}{0.9}</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\dblfloatpagefraction</code>
<a name="index-_005cdblfloatpagefraction"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>For a float page of two-column wide floats, this is the minimum fraction
that must be occupied by floats, limiting the amount of blank space.
LaTeX&rsquo;s default is <code>0.5</code>.  Change it with <code>\renewcommand</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\dblfloatsep</code>
<a name="index-_005cdblfloatsep"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>On a float page of two-column wide floats, this length is the distance
between floats, at both the top and bottom of the page.  The default is
<code>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</code> for a document set at <code>10pt</code> or
<code>11pt</code>, and <code>14pt plus2pt minus4pt</code> for a document set at
<code>12pt</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\dbltextfloatsep</code>
<a name="index-_005cdbltextfloatsep"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>This length is the distance between a multi-column float at the top or
bottom of a page and the main text.  The default is <code>20pt plus2pt
minus4pt</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\dbltopnumber</code>
<a name="index-_005cdbltopnumber"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>On a float page of two-column wide floats, this counter gives the
maximum number of floats allowed at the top of the page.  The LaTeX
default is <code>2</code>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>

<p>This example uses <code>\twocolumn</code>&rsquo;s optional argument of to create a
title that spans the two-column article:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\documentclass[twocolumn]{article}
\newcommand{\authormark}[1]{\textsuperscript{#1}}
\begin{document}
\twocolumn[{% inside this optional argument goes one-column text
  \centering
  \LARGE The Title \\[1.5em]
  \large Author One\authormark{1},
         Author Two\authormark{2},
         Author Three\authormark{1} \\[1em]
  \normalsize
  \begin{tabular}{p{.2\textwidth}@{\hspace{2em}}p{.2\textwidth}}
    \authormark{1}Department one  &amp;\authormark{2}Department two \\ 
     School one                   &amp;School two 
  \end{tabular}\\[3em] % space below title part
  }]

Two column text here.
</pre></div>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cflushbottom"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom" accesskey="n" rel="next">\raggedbottom</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\twocolumn</a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cflushbottom-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">5.3 <code>\flushbottom</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005cflushbottom"></a>

<p>Make all pages in the documents after this declaration have the same
height, by stretching the vertical space where necessary to fill out the
page.  This is most often used when making two-sided documents since the
differences in facing pages can be glaring.
</p>
<p>If TeX cannot satisfactorily stretch the vertical space in a page
then you get a message like &lsquo;<samp>Underfull \vbox (badness 10000) has
occurred while \output is active</samp>&rsquo;.  If you get that, one option is to
change to <code>\raggedbottom</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom">\raggedbottom</a>).  Alternatively,
you can adjust the <code>textheight</code> to make compatible pages, or you
can add some vertical stretch glue between lines or between paragraphs,
as in <code>\setlength{\parskip}{0ex plus0.1ex}</code>.  Your last option
is to, in a final editing stage, adjust the height of individual pages
(see <a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage">\enlargethispage</a>).
</p>
<p>The <code>\flushbottom</code> state is the default only if you select the
<code>twoside</code> document class option (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>).
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005craggedbottom"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Page layout parameters</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\flushbottom</a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005craggedbottom-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">5.4 <code>\raggedbottom</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005craggedbottom"></a>
<a name="index-stretch_002c-omitting-vertical"></a>

<p>Make all later pages the natural height of the material on that page; no
rubber vertical lengths will be stretched.  Thus, in a two-sided
document the facing pages may be different heights.  This command can go
at any point in the document body.  See <a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom">\flushbottom</a>.
</p>
<p>This is the default unless you select the <code>twoside</code> document class
option (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>).
</p>

<hr>
<a name="Page-layout-parameters"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Floats" accesskey="n" rel="next">Floats</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\raggedbottom</a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Page-layout-parameters-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">5.5 Page layout parameters</h3>

<a name="index-page-layout-parameters"></a>
<a name="index-parameters_002c-page-layout"></a>
<a name="index-layout_002c-page-parameters-for"></a>
<a name="index-header_002c-parameters-for"></a>
<a name="index-footer_002c-parameters-for"></a>
<a name="index-running-header-and-footer"></a>

<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\columnsep</code>
<a name="index-_005ccolumnsep-1"></a>
</dt>
<dt><code>\columnseprule</code>
<a name="index-_005ccolumnseprule-1"></a>
</dt>
<dt><code>\columnwidth</code>
<a name="index-_005ccolumnwidth-1"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005ccolumnsep-2"></a>
<a name="index-_005ccolumnseprule-2"></a>
<a name="index-_005ccolumnwidth-2"></a>
<p>The distance between the two columns, the width of a rule between the
columns, and the width of the columns, when the document class option
<code>twocolumn</code> is in effect (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>).
See <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\headheight</code>
<a name="index-_005cheadheight"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cheadheight-1"></a>
<p>Height of the box that contains the running head.  The default in the
<code>article</code>, <code>report</code>, and <code>book</code> classes is &lsquo;<samp>12pt</samp>&rsquo;,
at all type sizes.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\headsep</code>
<a name="index-_005cheadsep"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cheadsep-1"></a>
<p>Vertical distance between the bottom of the header line and the top of
the main text.  The default in the <code>article</code> and <code>report</code>
classes is &lsquo;<samp>25pt</samp>&rsquo;.  In the <code>book</code> class the default is: if the
document is set at 10pt then it is &lsquo;<samp>0.25in</samp>&rsquo;, and at 11pt and 12pt
it is &lsquo;<samp>0.275in</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\footskip</code>
<a name="index-_005cfootskip"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cfootskip-1"></a>
<p>Distance from the baseline of the last line of text to the baseline of
the page footer.  The default in the <code>article</code> and <code>report</code>
classes is &lsquo;<samp>30pt</samp>&rsquo;.  In the <code>book</code> class the default is: when
the type size is 10pt the default is &lsquo;<samp>0.35in</samp>&rsquo;, while at 11pt it is
&lsquo;<samp>0.38in</samp>&rsquo;, and at 12pt it is &lsquo;<samp>30pt</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\linewidth</code>
<a name="index-_005clinewidth"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005clinewidth-1"></a>
<p>Width of the current line, decreased for each nested <code>list</code>
(see <a href="#list">list</a>).  That is, the nominal value for <code>\linewidth</code> is to
equal <code>\textwidth</code> but for each nested list the <code>\linewidth</code>
is decreased by the sum of that list&rsquo;s <code>\leftmargin</code> and
<code>\rightmargin</code> (see <a href="#itemize">itemize</a>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\marginparpush</code>
<a name="index-_005cmarginparpush"></a>
</dt>
<dt><code>\marginsep</code>
<a name="index-_005cmarginsep"></a>
</dt>
<dt><code>\marginparwidth</code>
<a name="index-_005cmarginparwidth"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cmarginparpush-1"></a>
<a name="index-_005cmarginsep-1"></a>
<a name="index-_005cmarginparwidth-1"></a>
<p>The minimum vertical space between two marginal notes, the horizontal
space between the text body and the marginal notes, and the horizontal
width of the notes.
</p>
<p>Normally marginal notes appear on the outside of the page, but the
declaration <code>\reversemarginpar</code> changes that (and
<code>\normalmarginpar</code> changes it back).
</p>
<p>The defaults for <code>\marginparpush</code> in both <code>book</code> and
<code>article</code> classes are: &lsquo;<samp>7pt</samp>&rsquo; if the document is set at 12pt,
and &lsquo;<samp>5pt</samp>&rsquo; if the document is set at 11pt or 10pt.
</p>
<p>For <code>\marginsep</code>, in <code>article</code> class the default is
&lsquo;<samp>10pt</samp>&rsquo; except if the document is set at 10pt and in two-column mode
where the default is &lsquo;<samp>11pt</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<p>For <code>\marginsep</code> in <code>book</code> class the default is &lsquo;<samp>10pt</samp>&rsquo; in
two-column mode and &lsquo;<samp>7pt</samp>&rsquo; in one-column mode.  
</p>
<p>For <code>\marginparwidth</code> in both <code>book</code> and <code>article</code>
classes, in two-column mode the default is 60% of <code>\paperwidth
- \textwidth</code>, while in one-column mode it is 50% of that
distance.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\oddsidemargin</code>
<a name="index-_005coddsidemargin-1"></a>
</dt>
<dt><code>\evensidemargin</code>
<a name="index-_005cevensidemargin-1"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005coddsidemargin-2"></a>
<a name="index-_005cevensidemargin-2"></a>
<p>The <code>\oddsidemargin</code> is the extra distance between the left side of
the page and the text&rsquo;s left margin, on odd-numbered pages when the
document class option <code>twoside</code> is chosen and on all pages when
<code>oneside</code> is in effect.  When <code>twoside</code> is in effect, on
even-numbered pages the extra distance on the left is
<code>evensidemargin</code>.
</p>
<p>LaTeX&rsquo;s default is that <code>\oddsidemargin</code> is 40% of the
difference between <code>\paperwidth</code> and <code>\textwidth</code>, and
<code>\evensidemargin</code> is the remainder.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\paperheight</code>
<a name="index-_005cpaperheight"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cpaperheight-1"></a>
<p>The height of the paper, as distinct from the height of the print area.
It is normally set with a document class option, as in
<code>\documentclass[a4paper]{article}</code> (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\paperwidth</code>
<a name="index-_005cpaperwidth"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cpaperwidth-1"></a>
<p>The width of the paper, as distinct from the width of the print area.
It is normally set with a document class option, as in
<code>\documentclass[a4paper]{article}</code> (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textheight</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextheight"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005ctextheight-1"></a>
<p>The normal vertical height of the page body.  If the document is set at
a nominal type size of 10pt then for an <code>article</code> or <code>report</code>
the default is &lsquo;<samp>43\baselineskip</samp>&rsquo;, while for a <code>book</code> it is
&lsquo;<samp>41\baselineskip</samp>&rsquo;.  At a type size of 11pt the default is
&lsquo;<samp>38\baselineskip</samp>&rsquo; for all document classes.  At 12pt it is
&lsquo;<samp>36\baselineskip</samp>&rsquo; for all classes.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textwidth</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextwidth"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005ctextwidth-1"></a>
<p>The full horizontal width of the entire page body.  For an
<code>article</code> or <code>report</code> document, the default is &lsquo;<samp>345pt</samp>&rsquo;
when the chosen type size is 10pt, the default is &lsquo;<samp>360pt</samp>&rsquo; at 11pt,
and it is &lsquo;<samp>390pt</samp>&rsquo; at 12pt.  For a <code>book</code> document, the default
is &lsquo;<samp>4.5in</samp>&rsquo; at a type size of 10pt, and &lsquo;<samp>5in</samp>&rsquo; at 11pt or 12pt.
</p>
<p>In multi-column output, <code>\textwidth</code> remains the width of the
entire page body, while <code>\columnwidth</code> is the width of one column
(see <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a>).
</p>
<p>In lists (see <a href="#list">list</a>), <code>\textwidth</code> remains the width of the
entire page body (and <code>\columnwidth</code> the width of the entire
column), while <code>\linewidth</code> may decrease for nested lists.
</p>
<p>Inside a minipage (see <a href="#minipage">minipage</a>) or <code>\parbox</code>
(see <a href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a>), all the width-related parameters are set to the
specified width, and revert to their normal values at the end of the
<code>minipage</code> or <code>\parbox</code>.
</p>
<a name="index-_005chsize"></a>
<a name="index-_005chsize-1"></a>
<p>This entry is included for completeness: <code>\hsize</code> is the TeX
primitive parameter used when text is broken into lines.  It should not
be used in normal LaTeX documents.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\topmargin</code>
<a name="index-_005ctopmargin"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-topmargin"></a>
<p>Space between the top of the TeX page (one inch from the top of the
paper, by default) and the top of the header.  The value is computed
based on many other parameters: <code>\paperheight - 2in -
\headheight - \headsep - \textheight - \footskip</code>,
and then divided by two.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\topskip</code>
<a name="index-_005ctopskip"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005ctopskip-1"></a>
<p>Minimum distance between the top of the page body and the baseline of
the first line of text.  For the standard classes, the default is the
same as the font size, e.g., &lsquo;<samp>10pt</samp>&rsquo; at a type size of 10pt.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>


<hr>
<a name="Floats"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Page layout parameters</a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Floats-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">5.6 Floats</h3>

<p>Some typographic elements, such as figures and tables, cannot be broken
across pages.  They must be typeset outside of the normal flow of text,
for instance floating to the top of a later page.
</p>
<p>LaTeX can have a number of different classes of floating material.
The default is the two classes, <code>figure</code> (see <a href="#figure">figure</a>) and
<code>table</code> (see <a href="#table">table</a>), but you can create a new class with the
package <samp>float</samp>.
</p>
<p>Within any one float class LaTeX always respects the order, so that
the first figure in a document source must be typeset before the second
figure.  However, LaTeX may mix the classes, so it can happen that
while the first table appears in the source before the first figure, it
appears in the output after it.
</p>
<p>The placement of floats is subject to parameters, given below, that
limit the number of floats that can appear at the top of a page, and
the bottom, etc. If so many floats are queued that the limits prevent
them all from fitting on a page then LaTeX places what it can and
defers the rest to the next page.  In this way, floats may end up
being typeset far from their place in the source.  In particular, a
float that is big may migrate to the end of the document. In which
event, because all floats in a class must appear in sequential order,
every following float in that class also appears at the end.
</p>
<a name="index-placement-of-floats"></a>
<a name="index-specifier_002c-float-placement"></a>
<p>In addition to changing the parameters, for each float you can tweak
where the float placement algorithm tries to place it by using its
<var>placement</var> argument.  The possible values are a sequence of the
letters below. The default for both <code>figure</code> and <code>table</code>, in
both <code>article</code> and <code>book</code> classes, is <code>tbp</code>.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>t</code></dt>
<dd><p>(Top)&mdash;at the top of a text page.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>b</code></dt>
<dd><p>(Bottom)&mdash;at the bottom of a text page.  (However, <code>b</code> is not
allowed for full-width floats (<code>figure*</code>) with double-column
output.  To ameliorate this, use the <samp>stfloats</samp> or
<samp>dblfloatfix</samp> package, but see the discussion at caveats in the
FAQ: <a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=2colfloat">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=2colfloat</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>h</code></dt>
<dd><p>(Here)&mdash;at the position in the text where the <code>figure</code> environment
appears.  However, <code>h</code> is not allowed by itself; <code>t</code> is
automatically added.
</p>
<a name="index-here_002c-putting-floats"></a>
<a name="index-package_002c-float"></a>
<a name="index-float-package"></a>
<p>To absolutely force a float to appear &ldquo;here&rdquo;, you can
<code>\usepackage{float}</code> and use the <code>H</code> specifier which it
defines.  For further discussion, see the FAQ entry at
<a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=figurehere">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=figurehere</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>p</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-float-page"></a>
<p>(Page of floats)&mdash;on a separate <em>float page</em>, which is a page
containing no text, only floats.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>!</code></dt>
<dd><p>Used in addition to one of the above; for this float only, LaTeX
ignores the restrictions on both the number of floats that can appear
and the relative amounts of float and non-float text on the page.
The <code>!</code> specifier does <em>not</em> mean &ldquo;put the float here&rdquo;;
see above.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>

<p>Note: the order in which letters appear in the <var>placement</var> argument
does not change the order in which LaTeX tries to place the float;
for instance, <code>btp</code> has the same effect as <code>tbp</code>.  All that
<var>placement</var> does is that if a letter is not present then the
algorithm does not try that location.  Thus, LaTeX&rsquo;s default of
<code>tbp</code> is to try every location except placing the float where it
occurs in the source.
</p>
<p>To prevent LaTeX from moving floats to the end of the document or a
chapter you can use a <code>\clearpage</code> command to start a new page and
insert all pending floats. If a pagebreak is undesirable then you can
use the <samp>afterpage</samp> package and issue
<code>\afterpage{\clearpage}</code>.  This will wait until the current page
is finished and then flush all outstanding floats.
</p>
<a name="index-package_002c-flafter"></a>
<a name="index-flafter-package"></a>
<p>LaTeX can typeset a float before where it appears in the source
(although on the same output page) if there is a <code>t</code> specifier in
the <var>placement</var> parameter.  If this is not desired, and deleting
the <code>t</code> is not acceptable as it keeps the float from being placed
at the top of the next page, then you can prevent it by either using
the <samp>flafter</samp> package or using the command
<a name="index-_005csuppressfloats"></a>
<code>\suppressfloats[t]</code>, which causes floats for the top position on
this page to moved to the next page.
</p>
<p>Parameters relating to fractions of pages occupied by float and
non-float text (change them with
<code>\renewcommand{<var>parameter</var>}{<var>decimal between 0 and 1</var>}</code>):
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\bottomfraction</code>
<a name="index-_005cbottomfraction"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cbottomfraction-1"></a>
<p>The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occupied by floats at
the bottom; default &lsquo;<samp>.3</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\floatpagefraction</code>
<a name="index-_005cfloatpagefraction"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cfloatpagefraction-1"></a>
<p>The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats;
default &lsquo;<samp>.5</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textfraction</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextfraction"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005ctextfraction-1"></a>
<p>Minimum fraction of a page that must be text; if floats take up too
much space to preserve this much text, floats will be moved to a
different page.  The default is &lsquo;<samp>.2</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\topfraction</code>
<a name="index-_005ctopfraction"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005ctopfraction-1"></a>
<p>Maximum fraction at the top of a page that may be occupied before
floats; default &lsquo;<samp>.7</samp>&rsquo;.
</p></dd>
</dl>

<p>Parameters relating to vertical space around floats (change them with
<code>\setlength{<var>parameter</var>}{<var>length expression</var>}</code>):
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\floatsep</code>
<a name="index-_005cfloatsep"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cfloatsep-1"></a>
<p>Space between floats at the top or bottom of a page; default
&lsquo;<samp>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\intextsep</code>
<a name="index-_005cintextsep"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cintextsep-1"></a>
<p>Space above and below a float in the middle of the main text; default
&lsquo;<samp>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</samp>&rsquo; for 10 point and 11 point documents,
and &lsquo;<samp>14pt plus4pt minus4pt</samp>&rsquo; for 12 point documents.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textfloatsep</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextfloatsep"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005ctextfloatsep-1"></a>
<p>Space between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page;
default &lsquo;<samp>20pt plus2pt minus4pt</samp>&rsquo;.
</p></dd>
</dl>

<p>Counters relating to the number of floats on a page (change them with
<code>\setcounter{<var>ctrname</var>}{<var>natural number</var>}</code>):
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>bottomnumber</code>
<a name="index-bottomnumber"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-bottomnumber-1"></a>
<p>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the bottom of a text page;
default 1.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>dbltopnumber</code>
<a name="index-dbltopnumber"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-dbltopnumber-1"></a>
<p>Maximum number of full-sized floats that can appear at the top of a
two-column page; default 2.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>topnumber</code>
<a name="index-topnumber"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-topnumber-1"></a>
<p>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the top of a text page;
default 2.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>totalnumber</code>
<a name="index-totalnumber"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-totalnumber-1"></a>
<p>Maximum number of floats that can appear on a text page; default 3.
</p></dd>
</dl>

<p>The principal TeX&nbsp;FAQ entry relating to floats
<a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=floats">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=floats</a> contains
suggestions for relaxing LaTeX&rsquo;s default parameters to reduce the
problem of floats being pushed to the end.  A full explanation of the
float placement algorithm is in Frank Mittelbach&rsquo;s article &ldquo;How to
influence the position of float environments like figure and table in
LaTeX?&rdquo;
(<a href="http://latex-project.org/papers/tb111mitt-float.pdf">http://latex-project.org/papers/tb111mitt-float.pdf</a>).
</p>

<hr>
<a name="Sectioning"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="n" rel="next">Cross references</a>, Previous: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Layout</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Sectioning-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">6 Sectioning</h2>

<a name="index-sectioning-commands"></a>

<p>Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text into units:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\part</code>
<a name="index-_005cpart"></a>
</dt>
<dt><code>\chapter</code>
<a name="index-_005cchapter"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>(<code>report</code> and <code>book</code> class only)
</p></dd>
<dt><code>\section</code>
<a name="index-_005csection"></a>
</dt>
<dt><code>\subsection</code>
<a name="index-_005csubsection"></a>
</dt>
<dt><code>\subsubsection</code>
<a name="index-_005csubsubsection"></a>
</dt>
<dt><code>\paragraph</code>
<a name="index-_005cparagraph"></a>
</dt>
<dt><code>\subparagraph</code>
<a name="index-_005csubparagraph"></a>
</dt>
</dl>

<p>All sectioning commands take the same general form, e.g.,
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\chapter[<var>toctitle</var>]{<var>title</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>In addition to providing the heading <var>title</var> in the main text, the
section title can appear in two other places:
</p>
<ol>
<li> The table of contents.
</li><li> The running head at the top of the page.
</li></ol>

<p>You may not want the same text in these places as in the main text.
To handle this, the sectioning commands have an optional argument
<var>toctitle</var> that, when given, specifies the text for these other
places.
</p>
<a name="index-_002a_002dform-of-sectioning-commands"></a>
<p>Also, all sectioning commands have <code>*</code>-forms that print
<var>title</var> as usual, but do not include a number and do not make an
entry in the table of contents.  For instance:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\section*{Preamble}
</pre></div>

<a name="index-_005cappendix"></a>
<a name="index-appendix_002c-creating"></a>
<p>The <code>\appendix</code> command changes the way following sectional units
are numbered.  The <code>\appendix</code> command itself generates no text
and does not affect the numbering of parts.  The normal use of this
command is something like
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\chapter{A Chapter}
&hellip;
\appendix
\chapter{The First Appendix}
</pre></div>

<a name="index-secnumdepth-counter"></a>
<a name="index-section-numbers_002c-printing"></a>
<a name="Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth"></a><p>The <code>secnumdepth</code> counter controls printing of section numbers.
The setting
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\setcounter{secnumdepth}{<var>level</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>suppresses heading numbers at any depth <em>&gt; <var>level</var></em>, where
<code>chapter</code> is level zero.  (See <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a>.)
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection" accesskey="1">\@startsection</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Redefine layout of start of sections, subsections, etc.
</td></tr>
</table>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005c_0040startsection"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005c_0040startsection-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">6.1 <code>\@startsection</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005c_0040startsection"></a>
<a name="index-section_002c-redefining"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\@startsection{<var>name</var>}{<var>level</var>}{<var>indent</var>}{<var>beforeskip</var>}{<var>afterskip</var>}{<var>style</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>Redefine the behavior of commands that start sectioning divisions such
as <code>\section</code> or <code>\subsection</code>.
</p>
<p>Note that the <samp>titlesec</samp> package makes manipulation of sectioning
easier.  Further, while most requirements for sectioning commands can be
satisfied with <code>\@startsection</code>, some cannot.  For instance, in
the standard LaTeX <code>book</code> and <code>report</code> classes the commands
<code>\chapter</code> and <code>\report</code> are not constructed in this way.  To
make such a command you may want to use the <code>\secdef</code> command.
</p>
<p>Technically, this command has the form:
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">\@startsection{<var>name</var>}{<var>level</var>}{<var>indent</var>}{<var>beforeskip</var>}{<var>afterskip</var>}{<var>style</var>}
    *[<var>toctitle</var>]{<var>title</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>so that issuing:
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">\renewcommand{\section}{\@startsection{<var>name</var>}{<var>level</var>}{<var>indent</var>}%
     {<var>beforeskip</var>}{<var>afterskip</var>}{<var>style</var>}}
</pre></div>
<p>redefine <code>\section</code> while keeping its standard calling form
<code>\section*[<var>toctitle</var>]{<var>title</var>}</code>.  See <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a> and
the examples below.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><var>name</var></dt>
<dd><a name="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fname"></a><p>Name of the counter (which must be defined
separately) used to number for the sectioning header.  Most commonly
either <code>section</code>, <code>subsection</code>, or <code>paragraph</code>.  Although
in those three cases the name of the counter is also the name of the
sectioning command itself, using the same name is not required.
</p>
<p>Then <code>\the</code><var>name</var> displays the title number and
<code>\</code><var>name</var><code>mark</code> is for the page headers.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>level</var></dt>
<dd><a name="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002flevel"></a><p>An integer giving the depth of the
sectioning command: 0 for <code>chapter</code> (only applies to the standard
<code>book</code> and <code>report</code> classes), 1 for <code>section</code>, 2 for
<code>subsection</code>, 3 for <code>subsubsection</code>, 4 for <code>paragraph</code>,
and 5 for <code>subparagraph</code>.  In the <code>book</code> and <code>report</code>
classes <code>part</code> has level -1, while in the <code>article</code> class
<code>part</code> has level 0.
</p>
<p>If <var>level</var> is less than or equal to the value of <code>secnumdepth</code>
then the titles for this sectioning command will be numbered.  For
instance, in an <code>article</code>, if <code>secnumdepth</code> is 1 then a
<code>\section{Introduction}</code> command will produce output like <code>1
Introduction</code> while <code>\subsection{History}</code> will produce output
like <code>History</code>, without the number
prefix. See <a href="#Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth">Sectioning/secnumdepth</a>.
</p>
<p>If <var>level</var> is less than or equal to the value of <var>tocdepth</var> then
the table of contents will have an entrie for this sectioning unit.
For instance, in an <code>article</code>, if <var>tocdepth</var> is 1 then the table of
contents will list sections but not subsections.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>indent</var></dt>
<dd><a name="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002findent"></a><p>A length giving the indentation of all
of the title lines with respect to the left margin.  To have the
title flush with the margin use <code>0pt</code>.  A negative indentation
such as <code>-1em</code> will move the title into the left margin.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>beforeskip</var></dt>
<dd><a name="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fbeforeskip"></a><p>The absolute value of this length is
the amount of vertical space that is inserted before this sectioning
unit&rsquo;s title.  This space will be discarded if the sectioning unit
happens to start at the top of a fresh page.  If this number is negative
then the first paragraph following the header is not indented, if it is
non-negative then the first paragraph is indented.  (Note that the
negative of <code>1pt plus 2pt minus 3pt</code> is <code>-1pt plus -2pt minus
-3pt</code>.)
</p>
<p>For example, if <var>beforeskip</var> is <code>-3.5ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex</code>
then to start the new sectioning unit, LaTeX will add about 3.5 times
the height of a letter x in vertical space, and the first paragraph in
the section will not be indented.  Using a rubber length, with
<code>plus</code> and <code>minus</code>, is good practice here since it gives
LaTeX more flexibility in making up the page.
</p>
<p>The full accounting of the vertical space between the baseline of the
line prior to this sectioning unit&rsquo;s header and the baseline of the
header is that it is the sum of the <code>\parskip</code> of the text font,
the <code>\baselineskip</code> of the title font, and the absolute value of
the <var>beforeskip</var>.  This space is typically rubber so it may stretch
or shrink.  (If the sectioning unit starts on a fresh page so that the
vertical space is discarded then the baseline of the header text will be
where LaTeX would put the baseline of the first text line on that
page.)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>afterskip</var></dt>
<dd><a name="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fafterskip"></a><p>This is a length.  If <var>afterskip</var>
is non-negative then this is the vertical space inserted after the
sectioning unit&rsquo;s title header.  If it is negative then the title header
becomes a run-in header, so that it becomes part of the next paragraph.
In this case the absolute value of the length gives the horizontal space
between the end of the title and the beginning of the following
paragraph.  (Note that the negative of <code>1pt plus 2pt minus 3pt</code> is
<code>-1pt plus -2pt minus -3pt</code>.)
</p>
<p>As with <var>beforeskip</var>, using a rubber length with <code>plus</code> and
<code>minus</code> components is good practice here since it gives LaTeX
more flexibility in putting the page together.
</p>
<p>If <code>afterskip</code> is non-negative then the full accounting of the
vertical space between the baseline of the sectioning unit&rsquo;s header and
the baseline of the first line of the following paragraph is that it is
the sum of the <code>\parskip</code> of the title font, the
<code>\baselineskip</code> of the text font, and the value of <var>after</var>.
That space is typically rubber so it may stretch or shrink.  (Note that
because the sign of <code>afterskip</code> changes the sectioning unit
header&rsquo;s from standalone to run-in, you cannot use a negative
<code>afterskip</code> to cancel part of the <code>\parskip</code>.)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>style</var></dt>
<dd><a name="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fstyle"></a><p>Controls the styling of the title.  See
the examples below.  Typical commands to use here are <code>\centering</code>,
<code>\raggedright</code>, <code>\normalfont</code>, <code>\hrule</code>, or
<code>\newpage</code>.  The last command in <var>style</var> may be one such as
<code>\MakeUppercase</code> or <code>\fbox</code> that takes one argument. The
section title will be supplied as the argument to this command. For
instance, setting <var>style</var> to <code>\bfseries\MakeUppercase</code> would
produce titles that are bold and upper case.
</p></dd>
</dl>

<p>Here are examples.  To use them, either put them in a package or class
file, or put them in the preamble of a LaTeX document between a
<code>\makeatletter</code> command and a <code>\makeatother</code>.  (Probably the
error message <code>You can't use `\spacefactor' in vertical mode.</code>
means that you forgot this.) See <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter and \makeatother</a>.
</p>
<p>This will put section titles in large boldface type, centered.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\renewcommand\section{%
  \@startsection{section}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fname"><var>name</var></a>.
    {1}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002flevel"><var>level</var></a>.
    {0pt}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002findent"><var>indent</var></a>.
    {-3.5ex plus -1ex minus -.2ex}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fbeforeskip"><var>beforeskip</var></a>.
    {2.3ex plus.2ex}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fafterskip"><var>afterskip</var></a>.
    {\centering\normalfont\Large\bfseries}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fstyle"><var>style</var></a>.
  }
</pre></div>

<p>This will put <code>subsection</code> titles in small caps type, inline with the paragraph.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\renewcommand\subsection{%
  \@startsection{subsection}%  <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fname"><var>name</var></a>.
    {2}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002flevel"><var>level</var></a>.
    {0em}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002findent"><var>indent</var></a>.
    {-1ex plus 0.1ex minus -0.05ex}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fbeforeskip"><var>beforeskip</var></a>.
    {-1em plus 0.2em}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fafterskip"><var>afterskip</var></a>.
    {\scshape}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fstyle"><var>style</var></a>.
  }
</pre></div>

<p>The prior examples redefined existing sectional unit title commands.  This defines a new one, illustrating the needed counter and macros to display that counter.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\setcounter{secnumdepth}{6}% show counters this far down
\newcounter{subsubparagraph}[subparagraph]% counter for numbering
\renewcommand{\thesubsubparagraph}%               how to display 
  {\thesubparagraph.\@arabic\c@subsubparagraph}%  numbering
\newcommand{\subsubparagraph}{\@startsection
                         {subsubparagraph}%
                         {6}%
                         {0em}%
                         {\baselineskip}%
                         {0.5\baselineskip}%
                         {\normalfont\normalsize}}
\newcommand*\l@subsubparagraph{\@dottedtocline{6}{10em}{5em}}% for toc
\newcommand{\subsubparagraphmark}[1]{}% for page headers
</pre></div>


<hr>
<a name="Cross-references"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="n" rel="next">Environments</a>, Previous: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Sectioning</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Cross-references-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">7 Cross references</h2>

<a name="index-cross-references"></a>

<p>One reason for numbering things such as figures and equations is to
refer the reader to them, as in &ldquo;See Figure~3 for more details.&rdquo;
</p>
<a name="index-label"></a>
<p>Including the figure number in the source is poor practice since if that
number changes as the document evolves then you must remember to update
this reference by hand.  Instead, LaTeX has you write a <em>label</em>
like <code>\label{eq:GreensThm}</code> and refer to it with <code>See
equation~\ref{eq:GreensThm}</code>.
</p>
<p>LaTeX writes the information from the labels to a file with the same
name as the file containing the <code>\label{...}</code> but with an
<samp>.aux</samp> extension.  (The information has the format
<code>\newlabel{<var>label</var>}{{<var>currentlabel</var>}{<var>pagenumber</var>}}</code>
where <var>currentlabel</var> is the current value of the macro
<code>\@currentlabel</code> that is usually updated whenever you call
<code>\refstepcounter{<var>counter</var>}</code>.)
</p>
<a name="index-forward-reference"></a>
<a name="index-reference_002c-forward"></a>
<p>The most common side effect of the prior paragraph happens when your
document has a <em>forward reference</em>, a <code>\ref{<var>key</var>}</code> that
appears earlier than the associated <code>\label{<var>key</var>}</code>; see the
example in the <code>\pageref{...}</code> description.  LaTeX gets the
information for references from the <samp>.aux</samp> file.  If this is the
first time you are compiling the document then you will get a message
<code>LaTeX Warning: Label(s) may have changed. Rerun to get
cross references right.</code> and in the output the reference will appear as
two question marks&nbsp;&lsquo;<samp>??</samp>&rsquo;, in boldface.  Or, if you change some
things so the references change then you get the same warning and the
output contains the old reference information.  The solution in either
case is just to compile the document a second time.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005clabel" accesskey="1">\label</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Assign a symbolic name to a piece of text.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cpageref" accesskey="2">\pageref</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Refer to a page number.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cref" accesskey="3">\ref</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Refer to a section, figure or similar.
</td></tr>
</table>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005clabel"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpageref" accesskey="n" rel="next">\pageref</a>, Up: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="u" rel="up">Cross references</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005clabel-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">7.1 <code>\label</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005clabel"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\label{<var>key</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>Assign a reference number to <var>key</var>.  In ordinary text
<code>\label{<var>key</var>}</code> assigns to <var>key</var> the number of the
current sectional unit. Inside an environment with numbering, such as a
<code>table</code> or <code>theorem</code> environment, <code>\label{<var>key</var>}</code>
assigns to <var>key</var> the number of that environment.  Retrieve the
assigned number with the <code>\ref{<var>key</var>}</code> command
(see <a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a>).
</p>
<p>A key name can consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or common
punctuation characters.  Upper and lowercase letters are
distinguished, as usual.
</p>
<p>A common convention is to use labels consisting of a prefix and a suffix
separated by a colon or period.  This helps to avoid accidentally
creating two labels with the same name, and makes your source more
readable.  Some commonly-used prefixes:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>ch</code></dt>
<dd><p>for chapters
</p></dd>
<dt><code>sec</code></dt>
<dd><p>for lower-level sectioning commands
</p></dd>
<dt><code>fig</code></dt>
<dd><p>for figures
</p></dd>
<dt><code>tab</code></dt>
<dd><p>for tables
</p></dd>
<dt><code>eq</code></dt>
<dd><p>for equations
</p></dd>
</dl>

<p>Thus, <code>\label{fig:Euler}</code> is a label for a figure with a portrait
of the great man.
</p>
<p>In this example below the key <code>sec:test</code> will get the number of the
current section and the key <code>fig:test</code> will get the number of the
figure.  (Incidentally, put labels after captions in figures and
tables.)
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\section{section name}
\label{sec:test}
This is Section~\ref{sec:test}.
\begin{figure}
  ...
  \caption{caption text}
  \label{fig:test}
\end{figure}
See Figure~\ref{fig:test}.
</pre></div>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cpageref"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cref" accesskey="n" rel="next">\ref</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005clabel" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\label</a>, Up: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="u" rel="up">Cross references</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cpageref_007bkey_007d"></a>
<h3 class="section">7.2 <code>\pageref{<var>key</var>}</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005cpageref"></a>
<a name="index-cross-referencing-with-page-number"></a>
<a name="index-page-number_002c-cross-referencing"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\pageref{<var>key</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>Produce the page number of the place in the text where the corresponding
<code>\label</code>{<var>key</var>} command appears.
</p>
<p>In this example the <code>\label{eq:main}</code> is used both for the
formula number and for the page number.  (Note that the two references
are forward references, so this document would need to be compiled twice
to resolve those.)
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">The main result is formula~\ref{eq:main} on page~\pageref{eq:main}.
  ...
\begin{equation} \label{eq:main}
   \mathbf{P}=\mathbf{NP}
\end{equation}
</pre></div>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cref"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpageref" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\pageref</a>, Up: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="u" rel="up">Cross references</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cref_007bkey_007d"></a>
<h3 class="section">7.3 <code>\ref{<var>key</var>}</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005cref"></a>
<a name="index-cross-referencing_002c-symbolic"></a>
<a name="index-section-number_002c-cross-referencing"></a>
<a name="index-equation-number_002c-cross-referencing"></a>
<a name="index-figure-number_002c-cross-referencing"></a>
<a name="index-footnote-number_002c-cross-referencing"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\ref{<var>key</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>Produces the number of the sectional unit,
equation, footnote, figure, &hellip;, of the corresponding
<code>\label</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005clabel">\label</a>).  It does not produce any text,
such as the word &lsquo;Section&rsquo; or &lsquo;Figure&rsquo;, just the bare number itself.
</p>
<p>In this example, the <code>\ref{popular}</code> produces &lsquo;<samp>2</samp>&rsquo;.  Note
that it is a forward reference since it comes before
<code>\label{popular}</code>.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">The most widely-used format is item number~\ref{popular}.
\begin{enumerate}
\item Plain \TeX
\item \label{popular} \LaTeX
\item Con\TeX t
\end{enumerate}
</pre></div>


<hr>
<a name="Environments"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="n" rel="next">Line breaking</a>, Previous: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Cross references</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Environments-2"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">8 Environments</h2>

<a name="index-environments"></a>
<a name="index-_005cbegin"></a>
<a name="index-_005cend"></a>

<p>LaTeX provides many environments for delimiting certain behavior.
An environment begins with <code>\begin</code> and ends with <code>\end</code>,
like this:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{<var>environment-name</var>}
  ...
\end{<var>environment-name</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>The <var>environment-name</var> at the beginning must exactly match that at
the end. For instance, the input
<code>\begin{table*}...\end{table}</code> will cause an error like:
&lsquo;<samp>! LaTeX Error: \begin{table*} on input line 5 ended by
\end{table}.</samp>&rsquo;
</p>
<a name="index-group_002c-and-environments"></a>
<p>Environments are executed within a group.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#abstract" accesskey="1">abstract</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Produce an abstract.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#array" accesskey="2">array</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Math arrays.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#center" accesskey="3">center</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Centered lines.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#description" accesskey="4">description</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Labelled lists.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#displaymath" accesskey="5">displaymath</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Formulas that appear on their own line.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#document" accesskey="6">document</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Enclose the whole document.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#enumerate" accesskey="7">enumerate</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Numbered lists.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#eqnarray" accesskey="8">eqnarray</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Sequences of aligned equations.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#equation" accesskey="9">equation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Displayed equation.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#figure">figure</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Floating figures.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Writing multiple files from the source.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Flushed left lines.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#flushright">flushright</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Flushed right lines.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#itemize">itemize</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Bulleted lists.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#letter">letter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Letters.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#list">list</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Generic list environment.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#math">math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">In-line math.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#minipage">minipage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Miniature page.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#picture">picture</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Picture with text, arrows, lines and circles.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#quotation-and-quote">quotation and quote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Include a quotation.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Align text arbitrarily.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#table">table</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Floating tables.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#tabular">tabular</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Align text in columns.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Bibliography or reference list.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#theorem">theorem</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Theorems, lemmas, etc.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">For hand crafted title pages.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Simulating typed input.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#verse">verse</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">For poetry and other things.
</td></tr>
</table>


<hr>
<a name="abstract"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#array" accesskey="n" rel="next">array</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="abstract-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.1 <code>abstract</code></h3>

<a name="index-environment_002c-abstract"></a>
<a name="index-abstract-environment"></a>
<a name="index-abstracts"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{abstract}
...
\end{abstract}
</pre></div>

<p>Produce an abstract, possibly of multiple paragraphs.  This environment
is only defined in the <code>article</code> and <code>report</code> document classes
(see <a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a>).
</p>
<p>Using the example below in the <code>article</code> class produces a displayed
paragraph.  Document class option <code>titlepage</code> causes the abstract
to be on a separate page (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>); this is the
default only in the <code>report</code> class.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{abstract}
  We compare all known accounts of the proposal made by Porter Alexander 
  to Robert E Lee at the Appomattox Court House that the army continue
  in a guerrilla war, which Lee refused.
\end{abstract}
</pre></div>

<p>The next example produces a one column abstract in a two column document (for
a more flexible solution, use the package <samp>abstract</samp>).
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\documentclass[twocolumn]{article}
  ...
\begin{document}
\title{Babe Ruth as Cultural Progenitor: a Atavistic Approach}
\author{Smith \\ Jones \\ Robinson\thanks{Railroad tracking grant.}}
\twocolumn[
  \begin{@twocolumnfalse}
     \maketitle
     \begin{abstract}
       Ruth was not just the Sultan of Swat, he was the entire swat
       team.   
     \end{abstract}
   \end{@twocolumnfalse}
   ]
{   % by-hand insert a footnote at page bottom
 \renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\fnsymbol{footnote}}
 \footnotetext[1]{Thanks for all the fish.}
}
</pre></div>


<hr>
<a name="array"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#center" accesskey="n" rel="next">center</a>, Previous: <a href="#abstract" accesskey="p" rel="prev">abstract</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="array-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.2 <code>array</code></h3>

<a name="index-environment_002c-array"></a>
<a name="index-array-environment"></a>
<a name="index-arrays_002c-math"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{array}{<var>cols</var>}
  <var>column 1 entry</var> &amp;<var>column 2 entry</var> ... &amp;<var>column n entry</var> \\
  ...
\end{array}
</pre></div>

<p>or
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{array}[<var>pos</var>]{<var>cols</var>}
  <var>column 1 entry</var> &amp;<var>column 2 entry</var> ... &amp;<var>column n entry</var> \\
  ...
\end{array}
</pre></div>

<p>Produce a mathematical array.  This environment can only be used in math
mode, and normally appears within a displayed mathematics environment
such as <code>equation</code> (see <a href="#equation">equation</a>).  Column entries are
separated by an ampersand&nbsp;(<code>&amp;</code>).  Rows are terminated with
double-backslashes (see <a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a>).  
</p>
<p>The required argument <var>cols</var> describes the number of columns, their
alignment, and the formatting of the intercolumn regions.  See
<a href="#tabular">tabular</a> for the complete description of <var>cols</var>, and of the
other common features of the two environments, including the optional
<var>pos</var> argument.
</p>
<p>There are two ways that <code>array</code> diverges from <code>tabular</code>.  The
first is that <code>array</code> entries are typeset in math mode, in
textstyle (except if the <var>cols</var> definition specifies the column with
<code>p{...}</code>, which causes the entry to be typeset in text mode).
The second is that, instead of <code>tabular</code>&rsquo;s parameter
<code>\tabcolsep</code>, LaTeX&rsquo;s intercolumn space in an <code>array</code> is governed
by
<a name="index-_005carraycolsep"></a>
<code>\arraycolsep</code>, which gives half the width between columns. The
default for this is &lsquo;<samp>5pt</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<a name="index-package_002c-amsmath"></a>
<a name="index-amsmath-package"></a>
<p>To obtain arrays with braces the standard is to use the <samp>amsmath</samp>
package.  It comes with environments <code>pmatrix</code> for an array
surrounded by parentheses&nbsp;<code>(...)</code>, <code>bmatrix</code> for an array
surrounded by square brackets&nbsp;<code>[...]</code>, <code>Bmatrix</code> for an
array surrounded by curly braces&nbsp;<code>{...}</code>, <code>vmatrix</code> for
an array surrounded by vertical bars&nbsp;<code>|...|</code>, and
<code>Vmatrix</code> for an array surrounded by double vertical
bars&nbsp;<code>||...||</code>, along with a number of other array constructs.
</p>
<p>Here is an example of an array:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{equation}
  \begin{array}{cr}
    \sqrt{y}  &amp;12.3 \\
    x^2       &amp;3.4       
  \end{array}
\end{equation}
</pre></div>

<p>The next example works if <code>\usepackage{amsmath}</code> is in the
preamble:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{equation}
  \begin{vmatrix}{cc}
    a  &amp;b \\
    c  &amp;d       
  \end{vmatrix}=ad-bc
\end{equation}
</pre></div>


<hr>
<a name="center"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#description" accesskey="n" rel="next">description</a>, Previous: <a href="#array" accesskey="p" rel="prev">array</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="center-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.3 <code>center</code></h3>

<a name="index-environment_002c-center"></a>
<a name="index-center-environment"></a>
<a name="index-centering-text_002c-environment-for"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{center}
  ... text ...
\end{center}
</pre></div>

<p>Create a new paragraph consisting of a sequence of lines that are
centered within the left and right margins on the current page.  Use
double-backslash to get a line break at a particular spot (see <a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a>).
<a name="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-center_0029"></a>
If some text environment body is too long to fit on a line, LaTeX
will insert line breaks that avoid hyphenation and avoid stretching or
shrinking any interword space.
</p>
<p>This environment inserts space above and below the text body.  See
<a href="#g_t_005ccentering">\centering</a> to avoid such space, for example inside a <code>figure</code>
environment.
</p>
<p>This example produces three centered lines.  There is extra vertical
space between the last two lines.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{center}
  A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fufillment \\
  of the Requirements of \\[0.5ex]
  the School of Environmental Engineering
\end{center}
</pre></div>

<p>In this example, depending on the page&rsquo;s line width, LaTeX may choose
a line break for the part before the double backslash.  If so, it will
center each of the two lines and if not it will center the single line.
Then LaTeX will break at the double backslash, and will center the
ending.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{center}
  My father considered that anyone who went to chapel and didn't drink 
  alcohol was not to be tolerated.\\ 
  I grew up in that belief.  --Richard Burton 
\end{center}
</pre></div>

<p>A double backslash after the final line is optional.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005ccentering" accesskey="1">\centering</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Declaration form of the <code>center</code> environment.
</td></tr>
</table>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005ccentering"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Up: <a href="#center" accesskey="u" rel="up">center</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005ccentering-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">8.3.1 <code>\centering</code></h4>

<a name="index-_005ccentering"></a>
<a name="index-centering-text_002c-declaration-for"></a>

<p>A declaration that causes material in its scope to be centered.  It is
most often used inside an environment such as <code>figure</code>, or in a
<code>parbox</code>.
</p>
<p>Unlike the <code>center</code> environment, the <code>\centering</code> command does
not add vertical space above and below the text.
</p>
<p>It also does not start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX
formats paragraph units.  If <code>ww {\centering xx \\ yy} zz</code> is
surrounded by blank lines then LaTeX will create a paragraph whose
first line &lsquo;<samp>ww xx</samp>&rsquo; is centered and whose second line, not centered,
contains &lsquo;<samp>yy zz</samp>&rsquo;.  Usually what is desired is for the scope of the
declaration to contain a blank line or the <code>\end</code> command of an
environment such as <code>figure</code> or <code>table</code> that ends the
paragraph unit.  Thus, if <code>{\centering xx \\ yy\par} zz</code> is
surrounded by blank lines then it makes a new paragraph with two
centered lines &lsquo;<samp>xx</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>yy</samp>&rsquo;, followed by a new paragraph with
&lsquo;<samp>zz</samp>&rsquo; that is formatted as usual.  See also the following example.
</p>
<p>This example&rsquo;s <code>\centering</code> causes the graphic to be horizontally
centered.  
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{figure}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{ctan_lion.png}
  \caption{CTAN Lion}  \label{fig:CTANLion}
\end{figure}
</pre></div>

<p>The scope of the <code>\centering</code> ends with the <code>\end{figure}</code>.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="description"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#displaymath" accesskey="n" rel="next">displaymath</a>, Previous: <a href="#center" accesskey="p" rel="prev">center</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="description-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.4 <code>description</code></h3>

<a name="index-environment_002c-description"></a>
<a name="index-description-environment"></a>
<a name="index-labelled-lists_002c-creating"></a>
<a name="index-description-lists_002c-creating"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{description}
\item [<var>first label</var>] text of first item
\item [<var>second label</var>] text of second item
  ...
\end{description}
</pre></div>

<p>Environment to make a labelled list of items.  Each item&rsquo;s <var>label</var>
is typeset in bold, flush-left.  Each item&rsquo;s text may contain multiple
paragraphs.  Although the labels on the items are optional there is no
sensible default, so all items should have labels.
</p>
<a name="index-_005citem"></a>
<p>The list consists of at least one item, created with the <code>\item</code>
command (see <a href="#g_t_005citem">\item</a>).  Having no items causes the LaTeX error
&lsquo;<samp>Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item</samp>&rsquo;).
</p>
<a name="index-bold-typewriter_002c-avoiding"></a>
<a name="index-typewriter-labels-in-lists"></a>
<p>Since the labels are in bold style, if the label text calls for a font
change given in argument style (see <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a>) then it will
come out bold.  For instance, if the label text calls for typewriter
with <code>\item[\texttt{label text}]</code> then it will appear in bold
typewriter, if that is available. The simplest way to get non-bold
typewriter is to use declarative style: <code>\item[{\tt label
text}]</code>.  Similarly, to get the standard roman font, use
<code>\item[{\rm label text}]</code>.
</p>
<p>For other major LaTeX labelled list environments, see <a href="#itemize">itemize</a>
and <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a>.  For information about customizing list layout, see
<a href="#list">list</a>; also, the package <samp>enumitem</samp> is useful for this.
</p>
<p>This example shows the environment used for a sequence of definitions.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{definition}
  \item[lama] A priest.
  \item[llama] A beast.
\end{definition}
</pre></div>


<hr>
<a name="displaymath"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#document" accesskey="n" rel="next">document</a>, Previous: <a href="#description" accesskey="p" rel="prev">description</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="displaymath-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.5 <code>displaymath</code></h3>

<a name="index-environment_002c-displaymath"></a>
<a name="index-displaymath-environment"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{displaymath}
<var>math text</var>
\end{displaymath}
</pre></div>

<p>Environment to typeset the math text on its own line, in display style
and centered.  To make the text be flush-left use the global option
<code>fleqn</code>; see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>.
</p>
<p>In the <code>displaymath</code> environment no equation number is added to the
math text. One way to get an equation number is to use the
<code>equation</code> environment (see <a href="#equation">equation</a>).
</p>
<p>LaTeX will not break the <var>math text</var> across lines.
</p>
<a name="index-package_002c-amsmath-1"></a>
<a name="index-amsmath-package-1"></a>
<p>Note that the <samp>amsmath</samp> package has significantly more extensive
displayed equation facilities.  For example, there are a number of
ways in that package for having math text broken across lines.
</p>
<p>The construct <code>\[<var>math text</var>\]</code> is essentially a synonym for
<code>\begin{displaymath}<var>math text</var>\end{displaymath}</code> but the
latter is easier to work with in the source file; for instance,
searching for a square bracket may get false positives but the word
<code>displaymath</code> will likely be unique.  (The construct
<code>$$<var>math text</var>$$</code> from Plain&nbsp;TeX is sometimes
mistakenly used as a synonym for <code>displaymath</code>.  It is not a
synonym, because the <code>displaymath</code> environment checks that it isn&rsquo;t
started in math mode and that it ends in math mode begun by the matching
environment start, because the <code>displaymath</code> environment has
different vertical spacing, and because the <code>displaymath</code>
environment honors the <code>fleqn</code> option.)
</p>
<p>The output from this example is centered and alone on its line. 
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{displaymath}
  \int_1^2 x^2\,dx=7/3
\end{displaymath}
</pre></div>
<p>Also, the integral sign is larger than the inline version  
<code>\( \int_1^2 x^2\,dx=7/3 \)</code> produces.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="document"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#enumerate" accesskey="n" rel="next">enumerate</a>, Previous: <a href="#displaymath" accesskey="p" rel="prev">displaymath</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="document-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.6 <code>document</code></h3>

<a name="index-environment_002c-document"></a>
<a name="index-document-environment"></a>

<p>The <code>document</code> environment encloses the entire body of a document.
It is required in every LaTeX document.  See <a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a>.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument" accesskey="1">\AtBeginDocument</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Hook for commands at the start of the document.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cAtEndDocument" accesskey="2">\AtEndDocument</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Hook for commands at the end of the document.
</td></tr>
</table>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cAtBeginDocument"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cAtEndDocument" accesskey="n" rel="next">\AtEndDocument</a>, Up: <a href="#document" accesskey="u" rel="up">document</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h4 class="node-heading">\AtBeginDocument</h4>

<a name="index-_005cAtBeginDocument"></a>
<a name="index-beginning-of-document-hook"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\AtBeginDocument{<var>code</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>Save <var>code</var> and execute it when <code>\begin{document}</code> is
executed, at the very end of the preamble.  The code is executed after
the font selection tables have been set up, so the normal font for the
document is the current font.  However, the code is executed as part of
the preamble so you cannot do any typesetting with it.
</p>
<p>You can issue this command more than once; the successive code lines
will be executed in the order that you gave them.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cAtEndDocument"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\AtBeginDocument</a>, Up: <a href="#document" accesskey="u" rel="up">document</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h4 class="node-heading">\AtEndDocument</h4>

<a name="index-_005cAtEndDocument"></a>
<a name="index-end-of-document-hook"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\AtEndDocument{<var>code</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>Save <var>code</var> and execute it near the end of the document.
Specifically, it is executed when <code>\end{document}</code> is executed,
before the final page is finished and before any leftover floating
environments are processed. If you want some of the code to be executed
after these two processes then include a <code>\clearpage</code> at the
appropriate point in <var>code</var>.
</p>
<p>You can issue this command more than once; the successive code lines
will be executed in the order that you gave them.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="enumerate"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#eqnarray" accesskey="n" rel="next">eqnarray</a>, Previous: <a href="#document" accesskey="p" rel="prev">document</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="enumerate-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.7 <code>enumerate</code></h3>

<a name="index-environment_002c-enumerate"></a>
<a name="index-enumerate-environment"></a>
<a name="index-lists-of-items_002c-numbered"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{enumerate}
\item [<var>first label</var>] text of first item
\item [<var>second label</var>] text of second item
...
\end{enumerate}
</pre></div>

<p>Environment to produce a numbered list of items.  The format of the
label numbering depends on whether this environment is nested within
another; see below.
</p>
<a name="index-_005citem-1"></a>
<p>The list consists of at least one item.  Having no items causes the
LaTeX error &lsquo;<samp>Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item</samp>&rsquo;.  Each
item is produced with an <code>\item</code> command.
</p>
<p>This example lists the top two finishers in the 1908 Olympic marathon.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{enumerate}
 \item Johnny Hayes (USA)
 \item Charles Hefferon (RSA) 
\end{enumerate}
</pre></div>

<p>Enumerations may be nested within a paragraph-making environment,
including <code>itemize</code> (see <a href="#itemize">itemize</a>), <code>description</code>
(see <a href="#description">description</a>) and <code>enumeration</code>, up to four levels deep.
The format of the label produced depends on the place in the nesting.
This gives LaTeX&rsquo;s default for the format at each nesting level
(where 1 is the outermost level):
</p>
<ol>
<li> arabic number followed by a period: &lsquo;<samp>1.</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>2.</samp>&rsquo;,&nbsp;&hellip;
</li><li> lower case letter inside parentheses: &lsquo;<samp>(a)</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>(b)</samp>&rsquo;&nbsp;&hellip;
</li><li> lower case roman numeral followed by a period: &lsquo;<samp>i.</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>ii.</samp>&rsquo;,&nbsp;&hellip;
</li><li> upper case letter followed by a period: &lsquo;<samp>A.</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>B.</samp>&rsquo;,&nbsp;&hellip;
</li></ol>

<a name="index-_005cenumi"></a>
<a name="index-_005cenumii"></a>
<a name="index-_005cenumiii"></a>
<a name="index-_005cenumiv"></a>
<p>The <code>enumerate</code> environment uses the counters <code>\enumi</code> through
<code>\enumiv</code> counters (see <a href="#Counters">Counters</a>).  If you use the optional
argument to <code>\item</code> then the counter is not incremented for that
item (see <a href="#g_t_005citem">\item</a>).
</p>
<a name="index-_005clabelenumi"></a>
<a name="index-_005clabelenumii"></a>
<a name="index-_005clabelenumiii"></a>
<a name="index-_005clabelenumiv"></a>
<p>To change the format of the label use <code>\renewcommand</code>
(see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a>) on the commands <code>\labelenumi</code>
through <code>\labelenumiv</code>. For instance, this first level list will be
labelled with uppercase letters, in boldface, and without a trailing
period:
</p>
<a name="index-_005cAlph-example"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\textbf{\Alph{enumi}}}
\begin{enumerate}
  \item eI
  \item bi:
  \item si:
\end{enumerate}
</pre></div>

<p>For a list of counter-labelling commands like <code>\Alph</code> see
<a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a>.
</p>
<p>For more on customizing the layout see <a href="#list">list</a>.  Also, the package
<samp>enumitem</samp> is useful for this.
</p>


<hr>
<a name="eqnarray"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#equation" accesskey="n" rel="next">equation</a>, Previous: <a href="#enumerate" accesskey="p" rel="prev">enumerate</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="eqnarray-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.8 <code>eqnarray</code></h3>

<a name="index-environment_002c-eqnarray"></a>
<a name="index-eqnarray-environment"></a>
<a name="index-equations_002c-aligning"></a>
<a name="index-aligning-equations"></a>

<a name="index-align-environment_002c-from-amsmath"></a>
<a name="index-amsmath-package_002c-replacing-eqnarray"></a>
<a name="index-Madsen_002c-Lars"></a>
<p>First, a caveat: the <code>eqnarray</code> environment is depreciated.  It has
infelicities that cannot be overcome, including spacing that is
inconsistent with other mathematics elements (see the article &ldquo;Avoid
eqnarray!&rdquo; by Lars Madsen
<a href="http://tug.org/TUGboat/tb33-1/tb103madsen.pdf">http://tug.org/TUGboat/tb33-1/tb103madsen.pdf</a>).  New documents
should include the <samp>amsmath</samp> package and use the displayed
mathematics environments provided there, such as the <code>align</code>
environment.
</p>
<p>Nevertheless, for completeness and for a reference when working with old
documents, a synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{eqnarray} 
  <var>first formula left</var>  &amp;<var>first formula middle</var>  &amp;<var>first formula right</var> \\
  ...
\end{eqnarray}
</pre></div>

<p>or 
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{eqnarray*} 
  <var>first formula left</var>  &amp;<var>first formula middle</var>  &amp;<var>first formula right</var> \\
  ...
\end{eqnarray*}
</pre></div>

<a name="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-eqnarray_0029"></a>
<p>Display a sequence of equations or inequalities.  The left and right
sides are typeset in display mode, while the middle is typeset in text
mode.
</p>
<p>It is similar to a three-column <code>array</code> environment, with items
within a row separated by an ampersand&nbsp;(<code>&amp;</code>), and with rows
separated by double backslash&nbsp; <code>\\</code>).
<a name="index-_005c_005c_002a-_0028for-eqnarray_0029"></a>
The starred form of line break (<code>\\*</code>) can also be used to separate
equations, and will disallow a page break there (see <a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a>).
</p>
<a name="index-_005cnonumber"></a>
<a name="index-equation-numbers_002c-omitting"></a>
<p>The unstarred form <code>eqnarray</code> places an equation number on every
line (using the <code>equation</code> counter), unless that line contains a
<code>\nonumber</code> command.  The starred form <code>eqnarray*</code> omits
equation numbering, while otherwise being the same.
</p>
<a name="index-_005clefteqn"></a>
<p>The command <code>\lefteqn</code> is used for splitting long formulas across
lines. It typesets its argument in display style flush left in a box of
zero width.
</p>
<p>This example shows three lines.  The first two lines make an inequality,
while the third line has not entry on the left side.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{eqnarray*}
  \lefteqn{x_1+x_2+\cdots+x_n}     \\
    &amp;\leq &amp;y_1+y_2+\cdots+y_n      \\
    &amp;=    &amp;z+y_3+\cdots+y_n
\end{eqnarray*}
</pre></div>


<hr>
<a name="equation"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#figure" accesskey="n" rel="next">figure</a>, Previous: <a href="#eqnarray" accesskey="p" rel="prev">eqnarray</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="equation-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.9 <code>equation</code></h3>

<a name="index-environment_002c-equation"></a>
<a name="index-equation-environment"></a>
<a name="index-equations_002c-environment-for"></a>
<a name="index-formulas_002c-environment-for"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{equation}
  math text
\end{equation}
</pre></div>

<p>Make a <code>displaymath</code> environment (see <a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a>) with an
equation number in the right margin.
</p>
<p>The equation number is generated using the <code>equation</code> counter.
</p>
<p>Note that the <samp>amsmath</samp> package has extensive displayed equation
facilities.  Those facilities are the best approach for such output in
new documents.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="figure"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#filecontents" accesskey="n" rel="next">filecontents</a>, Previous: <a href="#equation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">equation</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="figure-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.10 <code>figure</code></h3>

<a name="index-environment_002c-figure"></a>
<a name="index-figure-environment"></a>
<a name="index-inserting-figures"></a>
<a name="index-figures_002c-inserting"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{figure}[<var>placement</var>]
  figure body
\caption[<var>loftitle</var>]{<var>title</var>}
\label{<var>label}</var>
\end{figure}
</pre></div>

<p>or
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{figure*}[<var>placement</var>]
  figure body
\caption[<var>loftitle</var>]{<var>title</var>}
\label{<var>label}</var>
\end{figure*}
</pre></div>

<p>A class of floats (see <a href="#Floats">Floats</a>).  Because they cannot be split across
pages, they are not typeset in sequence with the normal text but instead
are &ldquo;floated&rdquo; to a convenient place, such as the top of a following
page.
</p>
<p>For the possible values of <var>placement</var> and their effect on the 
float placement algorithm, see <a href="#Floats">Floats</a>.
</p>
<p>The starred form <code>figure*</code> is used when a document is in
double-column mode (see <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a>).  It produces a figure that
spans both columns, at the top of the page.  To add the possibility of
placing at a page bottom see the discussion of <var>placement</var> <code>b</code>
in <a href="#Floats">Floats</a>.
</p>
<p>The figure body is typeset in a <code>parbox</code> of width <code>\textwidth</code>
and so it can contain text, commands, etc.
</p>
<p>The label is optional; it is used for cross references (see <a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a>).
<a name="index-_005ccaption"></a>
The optional <code>\caption</code> command specifies caption text for the
figure.  By default it is numbered.  If <var>loftitle</var> is present, it is
used in the list of figures instead of <var>title</var> (see <a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a>).
</p>
<p>This example makes a figure out of a graphic.  It requires one of the
packages <samp>graphics</samp> or <samp>graphicx</samp>.  The graphic, with its
caption, will be placed at the top of a page or, if it is pushed to the
end of the document, on a page of floats.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{figure}[t]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{CTANlion.png}
  \caption{The CTAN lion, by Duane Bibby}
\end{figure}
</pre></div>


<hr>
<a name="filecontents"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#flushleft" accesskey="n" rel="next">flushleft</a>, Previous: <a href="#figure" accesskey="p" rel="prev">figure</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="filecontents_003a-Write-an-external-file"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.11 <code>filecontents</code>: Write an external file</h3>

<a name="index-environment_002c-filecontents"></a>
<a name="index-filecontents-environment"></a>
<a name="index-environment_002c-filecontents_002a"></a>
<a name="index-filecontents_002a-environment"></a>
<a name="index-external-files_002c-writing"></a>
<a name="index-writing-external-files"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{filecontents}{<var>filename</var>}
  <var>text</var>
\end{filecontents}
</pre></div>

<p>or
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{filecontents*}{<var>filename</var>}
  <var>text</var>
\end{filecontents*}
</pre></div>

<p>Create a file named <var>filename</var> and fill it with <var>text</var>.  The
unstarred version of the environment <code>filecontents</code> prefixes the
content of the created file with a header; see the example below.  The
starred version <code>filecontents*</code> does not include the header.
</p>
<p>This environment can be used anywhere in the preamble, although it often
appears before the <code>\documentclass</code> command.  It is typically used
when a source file requires a nonstandard style or class file.  The
environment will write that file to the directory containing the source
and thus make the source file self-contained.  Another use is to include
<code>bib</code> references in the file, again to make it self-contained.
</p>
<p>The environment checks whether a file of that name already exists and if
so, does not do anything.  There is a <samp>filecontents</samp> package that
redefines the <code>filecontents</code> environment so that instead of doing
nothing in that case, it will overwrite the existing file.
</p>
<p>For example, this document
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\documentclass{article}
\begin{filecontents}{JH.sty}
\newcommand{\myname}{Jim Hef{}feron}
\end{filecontents}
\usepackage{JH}
\begin{document}
Article by \myname.
\end{document}
</pre></div>

<p>produces this file <samp>JH.sty</samp>.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">%% LaTeX2e file `JH.sty'
%% generated by the `filecontents' environment
%% from source `test' on 2015/10/12.
%%
\newcommand{\myname}{Jim Hef{}feron}
</pre></div>


<hr>
<a name="flushleft"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#flushright" accesskey="n" rel="next">flushright</a>, Previous: <a href="#filecontents" accesskey="p" rel="prev">filecontents</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="flushleft-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.12 <code>flushleft</code></h3>

<a name="index-environment_002c-flushleft"></a>
<a name="index-flushleft-environment"></a>
<a name="index-left_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for"></a>
<a name="index-ragged-right-text_002c-environment-for"></a>

<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{flushleft}
<var>line1</var> \\
<var>line2</var> \\
...
\end{flushleft}
</pre></div>

<a name="index-_005c_005c-for-flushleft"></a>
<p>The <code>flushleft</code> environment allows you to create a paragraph
consisting of lines that are flush to the left-hand margin and ragged
right. Each line must be terminated with the string <code>\\</code>.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005craggedright" accesskey="1">\raggedright</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Declaration form of the <code>flushleft</code> environment.
</td></tr>
</table>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005craggedright"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Up: <a href="#flushleft" accesskey="u" rel="up">flushleft</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005craggedright-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">8.12.1 <code>\raggedright</code></h4>

<a name="index-_005craggedright"></a>
<a name="index-ragged-right-text"></a>
<a name="index-left_002djustifying-text"></a>
<a name="index-justification_002c-ragged-right"></a>

<p>The <code>\raggedright</code> declaration corresponds to the
<code>flushleft</code> environment.  This declaration can be used inside an
environment such as <code>quote</code> or in a <code>parbox</code>.
</p>
<p>Unlike the <code>flushleft</code> environment, the <code>\raggedright</code>
command does not start a new paragraph; it only changes how LaTeX
formats paragraph units.  To affect a paragraph unit&rsquo;s format, the
scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or <code>\end</code>
command that ends the paragraph unit.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="flushright"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#itemize" accesskey="n" rel="next">itemize</a>, Previous: <a href="#flushleft" accesskey="p" rel="prev">flushleft</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="flushright-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.13 <code>flushright</code></h3>

<a name="index-environment_002c-flushright"></a>
<a name="index-flushright-environment"></a>
<a name="index-ragged-left-text_002c-environment-for"></a>
<a name="index-right_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for"></a>

<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{flushright}
<var>line1</var> \\
<var>line2</var> \\
...
\end{flushright}
</pre></div>

<a name="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-flushright_0029"></a>
<p>The <code>flushright</code> environment allows you to create a paragraph
consisting of lines that are flush to the right-hand margin and ragged
left.  Each line must be terminated with the control sequence <code>\\</code>.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005craggedleft" accesskey="1">\raggedleft</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Declaration form of the <code>flushright</code> environment.
</td></tr>
</table>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005craggedleft"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Up: <a href="#flushright" accesskey="u" rel="up">flushright</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005craggedleft-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">8.13.1 <code>\raggedleft</code></h4>

<a name="index-_005craggedleft"></a>
<a name="index-ragged-left-text"></a>
<a name="index-justification_002c-ragged-left"></a>
<a name="index-right_002djustifying-text"></a>

<p>The <code>\raggedleft</code> declaration corresponds to the
<code>flushright</code> environment.  This declaration can be used inside an
environment such as <code>quote</code> or in a <code>parbox</code>.
</p>
<p>Unlike the <code>flushright</code> environment, the <code>\raggedleft</code>
command does not start a new paragraph; it only changes how LaTeX
formats paragraph units.  To affect a paragraph unit&rsquo;s format, the
scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or <code>\end</code>
command that ends the paragraph unit.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="itemize"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#letter" accesskey="n" rel="next">letter</a>, Previous: <a href="#flushright" accesskey="p" rel="prev">flushright</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="itemize-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.14 <code>itemize</code></h3>

<a name="index-environment_002c-itemize"></a>
<a name="index-itemize-environment"></a>
<a name="index-_005citem-2"></a>
<a name="index-lists-of-items"></a>
<a name="index-unordered-lists"></a>
<a name="index-bulleted-lists"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{itemize}
\item <var>item1</var>
\item <var>item2</var>
...
\end{itemize}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>itemize</code> environment produces an &ldquo;unordered&rdquo;, &ldquo;bulleted&rdquo;
list.  Itemized lists can be nested within one another, up to four
levels deep.  They can also be nested within other paragraph-making
environments, such as <code>enumerate</code> (see <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a>).
</p>
<p>Each item of an <code>itemize</code> list begins with an <code>\item</code> command.
There must be at least one <code>\item</code> command within the environment.
</p>
<p>By default, the marks at each level look like this:
</p>
<ol>
<li> &bull; (bullet)
</li><li> <b>-<span class="nolinebreak">-</span><!-- /@w --></b> (bold en-dash)
</li><li> * (asterisk)
</li><li> . (centered dot, rendered here as a period)
</li></ol>

<a name="index-_005clabelitemi"></a>
<a name="index-_005clabelitemii"></a>
<a name="index-_005clabelitemiii"></a>
<a name="index-_005clabelitemiv"></a>
<p>The <code>itemize</code> environment uses the commands <code>\labelitemi</code>
through <code>\labelitemiv</code> to produce the default label.  So, you can
use <code>\renewcommand</code> to change the labels.  For instance, to have
the first level use diamonds:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\renewcommand{\labelitemi}{$\diamond$}
</pre></div>

<a name="index-_005cleftmargin"></a>
<a name="index-_005cleftmargini"></a>
<a name="index-_005cleftmarginii"></a>
<a name="index-_005cleftmarginiii"></a>
<a name="index-_005cleftmarginiv"></a>
<a name="index-_005cleftmarginv"></a>
<a name="index-_005cleftmarginvi"></a>
<p>The <code>\leftmargini</code> through <code>\leftmarginvi</code> parameters define
the distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and
the left margin of the list.  By convention, <code>\leftmargin</code> is set
to the appropriate <code>\leftmargin<var>N</var></code> when a new level of
nesting is entered.
</p>
<p>The defaults vary from &lsquo;<samp>.5em</samp>&rsquo; (highest levels of nesting) to
&lsquo;<samp>2.5em</samp>&rsquo; (first level), and are a bit reduced in two-column mode.
This example greatly reduces the margin space for outermost lists:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\setlength{\leftmargini}{1.25em} % default 2.5em
</pre></div>

<p>Some parameters that affect list formatting:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\itemindent</code>
<a name="index-_005citemindent"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Extra indentation before each item in a list; default zero.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\labelsep</code>
<a name="index-_005clabelsep"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Space between the label and text of an item; default &lsquo;<samp>.5em</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\labelwidth</code>
<a name="index-_005clabelwidth"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Width of the label; default &lsquo;<samp>2em</samp>&rsquo;, or &lsquo;<samp>1.5em</samp>&rsquo; in two-column mode.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\listparindent</code>
<a name="index-_005clistparindent"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Extra indentation added to second and subsequent paragraphs within a
list item; default &lsquo;<samp>0pt</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rightmargin</code>
<a name="index-_005crightmargin"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Horizontal distance between the right margin of the list and the
enclosing environment; default &lsquo;<samp>0pt</samp>&rsquo;, except in the <code>quote</code>,
<code>quotation</code>, and <code>verse</code> environments, where it is set equal
to <code>\leftmargin</code>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>

<p>Parameters affecting vertical spacing between list items (rather
loose, by default).
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\itemsep</code>
<a name="index-_005citemsep"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Vertical space between items.  The default is <code>2pt plus1pt
minus1pt</code> for <code>10pt</code> documents, <code>3pt plus2pt minus1pt</code> for
<code>11pt</code>, and <code>4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt</code> for <code>12pt</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\parsep</code>
<a name="index-_005cparsep"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Extra vertical space between paragraphs within a list item.  Defaults
are the same as <code>\itemsep</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\topsep</code>
<a name="index-_005ctopsep"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Vertical space between the first item and the preceding paragraph.
For top-level lists, the default is <code>8pt plus2pt minus4pt</code> for
<code>10pt</code> documents, <code>9pt plus3pt minus5pt</code> for <code>11pt</code>,
and <code>10pt plus4pt minus6pt</code> for <code>12pt</code>.  These are reduced
for nested lists.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\partopsep</code>
<a name="index-_005cpartopsep"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Extra space added to <code>\topsep</code> when the list environment starts a
paragraph.  The default is <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code> for <code>10pt</code>
documents, <code>3pt plus1pt minus1pt</code> for <code>11pt</code>, and <code>3pt
plus2pt minus2pt</code> for <code>12pt</code>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>

<a name="index-_005cparskip-example"></a>
<p>Especially for lists with short items, it may be desirable to elide
space between items.  Here is an example defining an <code>itemize*</code>
environment with no extra spacing between items, or between paragraphs
within a single item (<code>\parskip</code> is not list-specific,
see <a href="#g_t_005cparskip">\parskip</a>):
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newenvironment{itemize*}%
  {\begin{itemize}%
    \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}%
    \setlength{\parsep}{0pt}}%
    \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}%
  {\end{itemize}}
</pre></div>


<hr>
<a name="letter"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#list" accesskey="n" rel="next">list</a>, Previous: <a href="#itemize" accesskey="p" rel="prev">itemize</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="letter-environment_003a-writing-letters"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.15 <code>letter</code> environment: writing letters</h3>

<a name="index-environment_002c-letter"></a>
<a name="index-letter-environment"></a>

<p>This environment is used for creating letters.  See <a href="#Letters">Letters</a>.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="list"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#math" accesskey="n" rel="next">math</a>, Previous: <a href="#letter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">letter</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="list-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.16 <code>list</code></h3>

<a name="index-environment_002c-list"></a>
<a name="index-list-environment"></a>
<a name="index-lists-of-items_002c-generic"></a>

<p>The <code>list</code> environment is a generic environment which is used for
defining many of the more specific environments. It is seldom used in
documents, but often in macros.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{list}{<var>labeling</var>}{<var>spacing</var>}
\item <var>item1</var>
\item <var>item2</var>
...
\end{list}
</pre></div>

<p>The mandatory <var>labeling</var> argument specifies how items should be
labelled (unless the optional argument is supplied to <code>\item</code>).
This argument is a piece of text that is inserted in a box to form the
label.  It can and usually does contain other LaTeX commands.
</p>
<p>The mandatory <var>spacing</var> argument contains commands to change the
spacing parameters for the list.  This argument will most often be
empty, i.e., <code>{}</code>, which leaves the default spacing.
</p>
<p>The width used for typesetting the list items is specified by
<code>\linewidth</code> (see <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a>).
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005citem" accesskey="1">\item</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">An entry in a list.
</td></tr>
</table>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005citem"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Up: <a href="#list" accesskey="u" rel="up">list</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005citem_003a-An-entry-in-a-list_002e"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">8.16.1 <code>\item</code>: An entry in a list.</h4>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\item text of item
</pre></div>

<p>or
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">\item[<var>optional label</var>] text of item
</pre></div>

<p>An entry in a list.  The entries are prefixed by a label, whose default
depends on the list type.  
</p>
<p>Because the optional argument <var>optional label</var> is surrounded by
square brackets&nbsp;(<code>[</code> and <code>]</code>), to use square brackets
inside the optional argument you must hide them inside curly braces, as
in <code>\item[Close square bracket, {]}]</code>.  Similarly, to use an open
square bracket as first character in the text of the item, also hide it
inside curly braces.  See <a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a>.
</p>
<p>In this example the <code>enumerate</code> list has two items that use the
default label and one that uses the optional label.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{enumerate}
  \item Moe
  \item[sometimes] Shemp
  \item Larry
\end{enumerate}
</pre></div>

<p>The first item is labelled &lsquo;<samp>1.</samp>&rsquo;, the second item is labelled
&lsquo;<samp>sometimes</samp>&rsquo;, and the third item is labelled &lsquo;<samp>2.</samp>&rsquo; (note that,
because of the optional label in the second item, the third item does
not get a &lsquo;<samp>3.</samp>&rsquo;).
</p>   


<hr>
<a name="math"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#minipage" accesskey="n" rel="next">minipage</a>, Previous: <a href="#list" accesskey="p" rel="prev">list</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="math-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.17 <code>math</code></h3>

<a name="index-environment_002c-math"></a>
<a name="index-math-environment"></a>
<a name="index-in_002dline-formulas"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{math}
<var>math</var>
\end{math}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>math</code> environment inserts the given <var>math</var> within the
running text.  <code>\(...\)</code> and <code>$...$</code> are synonyms.
See <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a>.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="minipage"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#picture" accesskey="n" rel="next">picture</a>, Previous: <a href="#math" accesskey="p" rel="prev">math</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="minipage-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.18 <code>minipage</code></h3>

<a name="index-environment_002c-minipage"></a>
<a name="index-minipage-environment"></a>
<a name="index-minipage_002c-creating-a"></a>

<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{minipage}[<var>position</var>][<var>height</var>][<var>inner-pos</var>]{<var>width</var>}
<var>text</var>
\end{minipage}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>minipage</code> environment typesets its body <var>text</var> in a
block that will not be broken across pages.  This is similar to the
<code>\parbox</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a>), but unlike <code>\parbox</code>,
other paragraph-making environments can be used inside a minipage.
</p>
<p>The arguments are the same as for <code>\parbox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a>).
</p>
<a name="index-indentation-of-paragraphs_002c-in-minipage"></a>
<a name="index-paragraph-indentation_002c-in-minipage"></a>
<a name="index-_005cparindent"></a>
<p>By default, paragraphs are not indented in the <code>minipage</code>
environment.  You can restore indentation with a command such as
<code>\setlength{\parindent}{1pc}</code> command.
</p>
<a name="index-footnotes-in-figures"></a>
<a name="index-figures_002c-footnotes-in"></a>
<p>Footnotes in a <code>minipage</code> environment are handled in a way that is
particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables.  A
<code>\footnote</code> or <code>\footnotetext</code> command puts the footnote at
the bottom of the minipage instead of at the bottom of the page, and it
uses the <code>\mpfootnote</code> counter instead of the ordinary
<code>footnote</code> counter (see <a href="#Counters">Counters</a>).
</p>
<p>However, don&rsquo;t put one minipage inside another if you are using
footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="picture"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#quotation-and-quote" accesskey="n" rel="next">quotation and quote</a>, Previous: <a href="#minipage" accesskey="p" rel="prev">minipage</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="picture-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.19 <code>picture</code></h3>

<a name="index-environment_002c-picture"></a>
<a name="index-picture-environment"></a>
<a name="index-creating-pictures"></a>
<a name="index-pictures_002c-creating"></a>

<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{picture}(<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>)(<var>xoffset</var>,<var>yoffset</var>)
&hellip; <var>picture commands</var> &hellip;
\end{picture}
</pre></div>

<a name="index-_005cunitlength"></a>
<p>The <code>picture</code> environment allows you to create just about any
kind of picture you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles.
You tell LaTeX where to put things in the picture by specifying
their coordinates.  A coordinate is a number that may have a decimal
point and a minus sign&mdash;a number like <code>5</code>, <code>0.3</code> or
<code>-3.1416</code>.  A coordinate specifies a length in multiples of the
unit length <code>\unitlength</code>, so if <code>\unitlength</code> has been set
to <code>1cm</code>, then the coordinate 2.54 specifies a length of 2.54
centimeters.
</p>
<p>You should only change the value of <code>\unitlength</code>, using the
<code>\setlength</code> command, outside of a <code>picture</code> environment.
The default value is <code>1pt</code>.
</p>
<a name="index-package_002c-picture"></a>
<a name="index-picture-package"></a>
<p>The <code>picture</code> package redefine the <code>picture</code> environment so
that everywhere a number is used in a <var>picture commands</var> to specify
a coordinate, one can use alternatively a length. Be aware however that
this will prevent scaling those lengths by changing <code>\unitlength</code>.
</p>

<a name="index-position_002c-in-picture"></a>
<p>A <em>position</em> is a pair of coordinates, such as <code>(2.4,-5)</code>, specifying
the point with x-coordinate <code>2.4</code> and y-coordinate <code>-5</code>.
Coordinates are specified in the usual way with respect to an origin,
which is normally at the lower-left corner of the picture.  Note that
when a position appears as an argument, it is not enclosed in braces;
the parentheses serve to delimit the argument.
</p>
<p>The <code>picture</code> environment has one mandatory argument which is a
position (<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>), which specifies the size of the
picture.  The environment produces a rectangular box with these
<var>width</var> and <var>height</var>.
</p>
<p>The <code>picture</code> environment also has an optional position argument
(<var>xoffset</var>,<var>yoffset</var>), following the size argument, that can
change the origin.  (Unlike ordinary optional arguments, this argument
is not contained in square brackets.) The optional argument gives the
coordinates of the point at the lower-left corner of the picture
(thereby determining the origin).  For example, if <code>\unitlength</code>
has been set to <code>1mm</code>, the command
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20)
</pre></div>

<p>produces a picture of width 100 millimeters and height 200
millimeters, whose lower-left corner is the point (10,20) and whose
upper-right corner is therefore the point (110,220).  When you first
draw a picture, you typically omit the optional argument, leaving the
origin at the lower-left corner.  If you then want to modify your
picture by shifting everything, you can just add the appropriate
optional argument.
</p>
<p>The environment&rsquo;s mandatory argument determines the nominal size of the
picture.  This need bear no relation to how large the picture really is;
LaTeX will happily allow you to put things outside the picture, or even
off the page.  The picture&rsquo;s nominal size is used by LaTeX in determining
how much room to leave for it.
</p>
<p>Everything that appears in a picture is drawn by the <code>\put</code>
command. The command
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\put (11.3,-.3){...}
</pre></div>

<p>puts the object specified by <code>...</code> in the
picture, with its reference point at coordinates <em>(11.3,-.3)</em>.
The reference points for various objects will be described below.
</p>
<a name="index-lR-box"></a>
<p>The <code>\put</code> command creates an <em>LR box</em>.  You can put anything
that can go in an <code>\mbox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox">\mbox</a>) in the text argument of
the <code>\put</code> command.  When you do this, the reference point will
be the lower left corner of the box.
</p>
<p>The <code>picture</code> commands are described in the following sections.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005ccircle" accesskey="1">\circle</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a circle.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="2">\makebox (picture)</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a box of the specified size.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="3">\framebox (picture)</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a box with a frame around it.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cdashbox" accesskey="4">\dashbox</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a dashed box.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cframe" accesskey="5">\frame</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a frame around an object.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cline" accesskey="6">\line</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a straight line.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005clinethickness" accesskey="7">\linethickness</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Set the line thickness.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cthicklines" accesskey="8">\thicklines</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">A heavier line thickness.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cthinlines" accesskey="9">\thinlines</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The default line thickness.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cmultiput">\multiput</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw multiple instances of an object.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005coval">\oval</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw an ellipse.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cput">\put</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Place an object at a specified place.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cshortstack">\shortstack</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Make a pile of objects.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cvector">\vector</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a line with an arrow.
</td></tr>
</table>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005ccircle"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next">\makebox (picture)</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005ccircle-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">8.19.1 <code>\circle</code></h4>

<a name="index-_005ccircle"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\circle[*]{<var>diameter</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\circle</code> command produces a circle with a diameter as close
to the specified one as possible.  The <code>*</code>-form of the command
draws a solid circle.
</p>
<p>Circles up to 40pt can be drawn.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next">\framebox (picture)</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccircle" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\circle</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cmakebox-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">8.19.2 <code>\makebox</code></h4>

<a name="index-_005cmakebox-_0028for-picture_0029"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\makebox(<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>)[<var>position</var>]{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\makebox</code> command for the picture environment is similar to
the normal <code>\makebox</code> command except that you must specify a
<var>width</var> and <var>height</var> in multiples of <code>\unitlength</code>.
</p>
<p>The optional argument, <code>[<var>position</var>]</code>, specifies the quadrant that
your <var>text</var> appears in.  You may select up to two of the following:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>t</code></dt>
<dd><p>Moves the item to the top of the rectangle.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>b</code></dt>
<dd><p>Moves the item to the bottom.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>l</code></dt>
<dd><p>Moves the item to the left.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>r</code></dt>
<dd><p>Moves the item to the right.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>

<p>See <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox">\makebox</a>.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cdashbox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\dashbox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\makebox (picture)</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cframebox"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">8.19.3 <code>\framebox</code></h4>

<a name="index-_005cframebox"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\framebox(<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>)[<var>pos</var>]{...}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\framebox</code> command is like <code>\makebox</code> (see previous
section), except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box
that it creates.
</p>
<a name="index-_005cfboxrule"></a>
<a name="index-_005cfboxsep"></a>
<p>The <code>\framebox</code> command produces a rule of thickness
<code>\fboxrule</code>, and leaves a space <code>\fboxsep</code> between the rule
and the contents of the box.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cdashbox"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cframe" accesskey="n" rel="next">\frame</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\framebox (picture)</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cdashbox-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">8.19.4 <code>\dashbox</code></h4>

<a name="index-_005cdashbox"></a>

<p>Draws a box with a dashed line.  Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\dashbox{<var>dlen</var>}(<var>rwidth</var>,<var>rheight</var>)[<var>pos</var>]{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>

<p><code>\dashbox</code> creates a dashed rectangle around <var>text</var> in a
<code>picture</code> environment.  Dashes are <var>dlen</var> units long, and the
rectangle has overall width <var>rwidth</var> and height <var>rheight</var>.
The <var>text</var> is positioned at optional <var>pos</var>.  </p>
<p>A dashed box looks best when the <var>rwidth</var> and <var>rheight</var> are
multiples of the <var>dlen</var>.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cframe"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cline" accesskey="n" rel="next">\line</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cdashbox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\dashbox</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cframe-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">8.19.5 <code>\frame</code></h4>

<a name="index-_005cframe"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\frame{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\frame</code> command puts a rectangular frame around <var>text</var>.
The reference point is the bottom left corner of the frame.  No extra
space is put between the frame and the object.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cline"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005clinethickness" accesskey="n" rel="next">\linethickness</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cframe" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\frame</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cline-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">8.19.6 <code>\line</code></h4>

<a name="index-_005cline"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\line(<var>xslope</var>,<var>yslope</var>){<var>length</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\line</code> command draws a line with the given <var>length</var> and
slope <var>xslope</var>/<var>yslope</var>.
</p>
<a name="index-pict2e-package"></a>
<a name="index-graphics-packages"></a>
<p>Standard LaTeX can only draw lines with <em><var>slope</var> = x/y</em>,
where <em>x</em> and <em>y</em> have integer values from -6
through&nbsp;6.  For lines of any slope, and plenty of other shapes,
see <code>pict2e</code> and many other packages on CTAN.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005clinethickness"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthicklines" accesskey="n" rel="next">\thicklines</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cline" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\line</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005clinethickness-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">8.19.7 <code>\linethickness</code></h4>

<a name="index-_005clinethickness"></a>

<p>The <code>\linethickness{<var>dim</var>}</code> command declares the thickness
of horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment to be
<var>dim</var>, which must be a positive length.
</p>
<p><code>\linethickness</code> does not affect the thickness of slanted lines,
circles, or the quarter circles drawn by <code>\oval</code>.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cthicklines"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthinlines" accesskey="n" rel="next">\thinlines</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005clinethickness" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\linethickness</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cthicklines-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">8.19.8 <code>\thicklines</code></h4>

<a name="index-_005cthicklines"></a>

<p>The <code>\thicklines</code> command is an alternate line thickness for
horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment;
cf.&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005clinethickness">\linethickness</a> and <a href="#g_t_005cthinlines">\thinlines</a>.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cthinlines"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmultiput" accesskey="n" rel="next">\multiput</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cthicklines" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\thicklines</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cthinlines-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">8.19.9 <code>\thinlines</code></h4>

<a name="index-_005cthinlines"></a>

<p>The <code>\thinlines</code> command is the default line thickness for
horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment;
cf.&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005clinethickness">\linethickness</a> and <a href="#g_t_005cthicklines">\thicklines</a>.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cmultiput"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005coval" accesskey="n" rel="next">\oval</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cthinlines" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\thinlines</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cmultiput-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">8.19.10 <code>\multiput</code></h4>

<a name="index-_005cmultiput"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\multiput(<var>x</var>,<var>y</var>)(<var>delta_x</var>,<var>delta_y</var>){<var>n</var>}{<var>obj</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\multiput</code> command copies the object <var>obj</var> in a regular
pattern across a picture.  <var>obj</var> is first placed at position
<em>(x,y)</em>, then at <em>(x+\delta x,y+\delta y)</em>, and so on,
<var>n</var> times.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005coval"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cput" accesskey="n" rel="next">\put</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmultiput" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\multiput</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005coval-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">8.19.11 <code>\oval</code></h4>

<a name="index-_005coval"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\oval(<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>)[<var>portion</var>]
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\oval</code> command produces a rectangle with rounded corners.  The
optional argument <var>portion</var> allows you to produce only half of the
oval via the following:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>t</code></dt>
<dd><p>selects the top half;
</p></dd>
<dt><code>b</code></dt>
<dd><p>selects the bottom half;
</p></dd>
<dt><code>r</code></dt>
<dd><p>selects the right half;
</p></dd>
<dt><code>l</code></dt>
<dd><p>selects the left half.
</p></dd>
</dl>

<p>It is also possible to produce only one quarter of the oval by setting
<var>portion</var> to <code>tr</code>, <code>br</code>, <code>bl</code>, or <code>tl</code>.
</p>
<p>The &ldquo;corners&rdquo; of the oval are made with quarter circles with a
maximum radius of 20pt, so large &ldquo;ovals&rdquo; will look more like
boxes with rounded corners.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cput"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cshortstack" accesskey="n" rel="next">\shortstack</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005coval" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\oval</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cput-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">8.19.12 <code>\put</code></h4>

<a name="index-_005cput"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\put(<var>xcoord</var>,<var>ycoord</var>){ ... }
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\put</code> command places the material specified by the
(mandatory) argument in braces at the given coordinate,
(<var>xcoord</var>,<var>ycoord</var>).
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cshortstack"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvector" accesskey="n" rel="next">\vector</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cput" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\put</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cshortstack-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">8.19.13 <code>\shortstack</code></h4>

<a name="index-_005cshortstack"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\shortstack[<var>position</var>]{...\\...\\...}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\shortstack</code> command produces a stack of objects.  The valid
positions are:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>r</code></dt>
<dd><p>Move the objects to the right of the stack.
</p></dd>
<dt><code>l</code></dt>
<dd><p>Move the objects to the left of the stack
</p></dd>
<dt><code>c</code></dt>
<dd><p>Move the objects to the centre of the stack (default)
</p></dd>
</dl>

<a name="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-_005cshortstack-objects_0029"></a>
<p>Objects are separated with <code>\\</code>.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cvector"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cshortstack" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\shortstack</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cvector-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">8.19.14 <code>\vector</code></h4>

<a name="index-_005cvector"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\vector(<var>xslope</var>,<var>yslope</var>){<var>length</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\vector</code> command draws a line with an arrow of the specified
length and slope.  The <em><var>xslope</var></em> and <em><var>yslope</var></em>
values must lie between -4 and +4, inclusive.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="quotation-and-quote"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#tabbing" accesskey="n" rel="next">tabbing</a>, Previous: <a href="#picture" accesskey="p" rel="prev">picture</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="quotation-and-quote-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.20 <code>quotation</code> and <code>quote</code></h3>

<a name="index-environment_002c-quotation"></a>
<a name="index-quotation-environment"></a>
<a name="index-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying"></a>
<a name="index-displaying-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation"></a>
<a name="index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text"></a>
<a name="index-environment_002c-quote"></a>
<a name="index-quote-environment"></a>
<a name="index-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying"></a>
<a name="index-displaying-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation"></a>
<a name="index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text_002c-omitting"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{quotation}
<var>text</var>
\end{quotation}
</pre></div>

<p>or 
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{quote}
<var>text</var>
\end{quote}
</pre></div>

<p>Include a quotation. 
</p>
<p>In both environments, margins are indented on both sides by
<code>\leftmargin</code> and the text is justified at both.  As with the main
text, leaving a blank line produces a new paragraph.
</p>
<p>To compare the two: in the <code>quotation</code> environment, paragraphs are
indented by 1.5em and the space between paragraphs is small,
<code>0pt plus 1pt</code>.  In the <code>quote</code> environment, paragraphs are
not indented and there is vertical space between paragraphs (it is the
rubber length <code>\parsep</code>).  Thus, the <code>quotation</code> environment
may be more suitable for documents where new paragraphs are marked by an
indent rather than by a vertical separation.  In addition, <code>quote</code>
may be more suitable for a short quotation or a sequence of short
quotations.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{quotation}
\it Four score and seven years ago
  ... shall not perish from the earth.
\hspace{1em plus 1fill}---Abraham Lincoln
\end{quotation}
</pre></div>


<hr>
<a name="tabbing"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#table" accesskey="n" rel="next">table</a>, Previous: <a href="#quotation-and-quote" accesskey="p" rel="prev">quotation and quote</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="tabbing-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.21 <code>tabbing</code></h3>

<a name="index-environment_002c-tabbing"></a>
<a name="index-tabbing-environment"></a>
<a name="index-tab-stops_002c-using"></a>
<a name="index-lining-text-up-using-tab-stops"></a>
<a name="index-alignment-via-tabbing"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{tabbing}
<var>row1col1</var> \= <var>row1col2</var> \= <var>row1col3</var> \= <var>row1col4</var> \\
<var>row2col1</var> \&gt;                \&gt; <var>row2col3</var> \\
...
\end{tabbing}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>tabbing</code> environment provides a way to align text in
columns.  It works by setting tab stops and tabbing to them much as
was done on an ordinary typewriter.  It is best suited for cases where
the width of each column is constant and known in advance.
</p>
<p>This environment can be broken across pages, unlike the <code>tabular</code>
environment.
</p>
<p>The following commands can be used inside a <code>tabbing</code> environment:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\\ <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code>
<a name="index-_005c_005c-_0028tabbing_0029"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>End a line.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\= <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code>
<a name="index-_005c_003d-_0028tabbing_0029"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Sets a tab stop at the current position.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\&gt; <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code>
<a name="index-_005c_003e-_0028tabbing_0029"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005c_003e"></a>
<p>Advances to the next tab stop.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\&lt;</code>
<a name="index-_005c_003c"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Put following text to the left of the local margin (without changing
the margin).  Can only be used at the start of the line.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\+</code>
<a name="index-_005c_002b"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Moves the left margin of the next and all the
following commands one tab stop to the right, beginning tabbed line if
necessary.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\-</code>
<a name="index-_005c_002d"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Moves the left margin of the next and all the
following commands one tab stop to the left, beginning tabbed line if
necessary.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\' <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code>
<a name="index-_005c_0027-_0028tabbing_0029"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Moves everything that you have typed so far in the
current column, i.e., everything from the most recent <code>\&gt;</code>,
<code>\&lt;</code>, <code>\'</code>, <code>\\</code>, or <code>\kill</code> command, to the right
of the previous column, flush against the current column&rsquo;s tab stop.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\` <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code>
<a name="index-_005c_0060-_0028tabbing_0029"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, including tab
stop&nbsp;0.  However, it can&rsquo;t move text to the right of the last column
because there&rsquo;s no tab stop there.  The <code>\`</code> command moves all the
text that follows it, up to the <code>\\</code> or <code>\end{tabbing}</code>
command that ends the line, to the right margin of the tabbing
environment.  There must be no <code>\&gt;</code> or <code>\'</code> command between
the <code>\`</code> and the command that ends the line.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\a <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code>
<a name="index-_005ca-_0028tabbing_0029"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005ca_0027-_0028acute-accent-in-tabbing_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005ca_0060-_0028grave-accent-in-tabbing_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005ca_003d-_0028macron-accent-in-tabbing_0029"></a>
<p>In a <code>tabbing</code> environment, the commands <code>\=</code>, <code>\'</code> and
<code>\`</code> do not produce accents as usual (see <a href="#Accents">Accents</a>).  Instead,
the commands <code>\a=</code>, <code>\a'</code> and <code>\a`</code> are used.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\kill</code>
<a name="index-_005ckill"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Sets tab stops without producing text.  Works just like <code>\\</code>
except that it throws away the current line instead of producing
output for it.  The effect of any <code>\=</code>, <code>\+</code> or <code>\-</code>
commands in that line remain in effect.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\poptabs</code>
<a name="index-_005cpoptabs"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cpoptabs-1"></a>
<p>Restores the tab stop positions saved by the last <code>\pushtabs</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\pushtabs</code>
<a name="index-_005cpushtabs"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Saves all current tab stop positions. Useful for temporarily changing
tab stop positions in the middle of a <code>tabbing</code> environment.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\tabbingsep</code>
<a name="index-_005ctabbingsep"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Distance to left of tab stop moved by <code>\'</code>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>

<p>This example typesets a Pascal function in a traditional format:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{tabbing}
function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\
         \&gt; begin \= \+ \\
               \&gt; if \= n $&gt;$ 1 then \+ \\
                        fact := n * fact(n-1) \- \\
                  else \+ \\
                        fact := 1; \-\- \\
            end;\\
\end{tabbing}
</pre></div>


<hr>
<a name="table"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="n" rel="next">tabular</a>, Previous: <a href="#tabbing" accesskey="p" rel="prev">tabbing</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="table-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.22 <code>table</code></h3>

<a name="index-environment_002c-table"></a>
<a name="index-table-environment"></a>
<a name="index-tables_002c-creating"></a>
<a name="index-creating-tables"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{table}[<var>placement</var>]
  table body
\caption[<var>loftitle</var>]{<var>title</var>}
\label{<var>label}</var>
\end{table}
</pre></div>

<p>A class of floats (see <a href="#Floats">Floats</a>).  Because they cannot be split across
pages, they are not typeset in sequence with the normal text but instead
are &ldquo;floated&rdquo; to a convenient place, such as the top of a following
page.
</p>
<p>For the possible values of <var>placement</var> and their effect on the 
float placement algorithm, see <a href="#Floats">Floats</a>.
</p>
<p>The table body is typeset in a <code>parbox</code> of width <code>\textwidth</code>
and so it can contain text, commands, etc.
</p>
<p>The label is optional; it is used for cross references (see <a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a>).  
<a name="index-_005ccaption-1"></a>
The optional <code>\caption</code> command specifies caption text for the
table.  By default it is numbered.  If <var>lottitle</var> is present, it is
used in the list of tables instead of <var>title</var> (see <a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a>).
</p>
<p>In this example the table and caption will float to the bottom of a page,
unless it is pushed to a float page at the end.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{table}[b]
  \centering
  \begin{tabular}{r|p{2in}} \hline
    One &amp;The loneliest number \\
    Two &amp;Can be as sad as one.
         It's the loneliest number since the number one.
  \end{tabular}
  \caption{Cardinal virtues}
  \label{tab:CardinalVirtues}
\end{table}
</pre></div>


<hr>
<a name="tabular"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="n" rel="next">thebibliography</a>, Previous: <a href="#table" accesskey="p" rel="prev">table</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="tabular-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.23 <code>tabular</code></h3>

<a name="index-environment_002c-tabular"></a>
<a name="index-tabular-environment"></a>
<a name="index-lines-in-tables"></a>
<a name="index-lining-text-up-in-tables"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}[<var>pos</var>]{<var>cols</var>}
column 1 entry &amp;column 2 entry ... &amp;column n entry \\
  ...
\end{tabular}
</pre></div>

<p>or
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{tabular*}{<var>width</var>}[<var>pos</var>]{<var>cols</var>}
column 1 entry &amp;column 2 entry ... &amp;column n entry \\
  ...
\end{tabular*}
</pre></div>

<p>These environments produce a table, a box consisting of a sequence of
horizontal rows.  Each row consists of items that are aligned vertically
in columns.  This illustrates many of the features.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{l|l}
  \textit{Player name}  &amp;\textit{Career home runs}  \\ 
  \hline
  Hank Aaron  &amp;755 \\
  Babe Ruth   &amp;714
\end{tabular}
</pre></div>

<p>The vertical format of two left-aligned columns, with a vertical bar
between them, is specified in <code>tabular</code>&rsquo;s argument <code>{l|l}</code>.
<a name="index-_0026"></a>
Columns are separated with an ampersand <code>&amp;</code>.  A horizontal rule
between two rows is created with <code>\hline</code>.
<a name="index-_005c_005c-for-tabular"></a>
The end of each row is marked with a double backslash&nbsp;<code>\\</code>.
This <code>\\</code> is optional after the last row unless an <code>\hline</code>
command follows, to put a rule below the table.
</p>
<p>The required and optional arguments to <code>tabular</code> consist of:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><var>width</var></dt>
<dd><p>Required for <code>tabular*</code>, not allowed for <code>tabular</code>. Specifies
the width of the <code>tabular*</code> environment.  The space between columns
should be rubber, as with <code>@{\extracolsep{\fill}}</code>, to allow
the table to stretch or shrink to make the specified width, or else you
are likely to get the <code>Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in alignment
...</code> warning.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>pos</var></dt>
<dd><p>Optional.  Specifies the table&rsquo;s vertical position.  The default is to
align the table so its vertical center matches the baseline of the
surrounding text.  There are two other possible alignments: <code>t</code>
aligns the table so its top row matches the baseline of the surrounding
text, and <code>b</code> aligns on the bottom row.
</p>
<p>This only has an effect if there is other text.  In the common case of a
<code>tabular</code> alone in a <code>center</code> environment this option makes
no difference.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>cols</var></dt>
<dd><p>Required.  Specifies the formatting of columns.  It consists of a
sequence of the following specifiers, corresponding to the types of
column and intercolumn material.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>l</code></dt>
<dd><p>A column of left-aligned items.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>r</code></dt>
<dd><p>A column of right-aligned items.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>c</code></dt>
<dd><p>A column of centered items.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>|</code></dt>
<dd><p>A vertical line the full height and depth of the environment.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>@{<var>text or space</var>}</code></dt>
<dd><p>This inserts <var>text or space</var> at this location in every row.  The
<var>text or space</var> material is typeset in LR mode.  This text is
fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
</p>
<p>This specifier is optional: with no @-expression, LaTeX&rsquo;s
<code>book</code>, <code>article</code>, and <code>report</code> classes will put on
either side of each column a space of length <code>\tabcolsep</code>, which
by default is &lsquo;<samp>6pt</samp>&rsquo;.  That is, by default adjacent columns are
separated by 12pt (so <code>\tabcolsep</code> is misleadingly-named since it
is not the separation between tabular columns).  By implication, a
space of 6pt also comes before the first column and after the final
column, unless you put a <code>@{...}</code> or <code>|</code> there.
</p>
<p>If you override the default and use an @-expression then you must
insert any desired space yourself, as in <code>@{\hspace{1em}}</code>.
</p>
<p>An empty expression <code>@{}</code> will eliminate the space, including
the space at the start or end, as in the example below where the tabular
lines need to lie on the left margin.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{flushleft}
  \begin{tabular}{@{}l}
    ...
  \end{tabular}
\end{flushleft}
</pre></div>

<p>This example shows text, a decimal point, between the columns, arranged
so the numbers in the table are aligned on that decimal point.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{r@{$.$}l}
  $3$ &amp;$14$  \\
  $9$ &amp;$80665$
\end{tabular}
</pre></div>

<a name="index-_005cextracolsep"></a>
<p>An <code>\extracolsep{<var>wd</var>}</code> command in an @-expression causes an
extra space of width <var>wd</var> to appear to the left of all subsequent
columns, until countermanded by another <code>\extracolsep</code> command.
Unlike ordinary intercolumn space, this extra space is not suppressed by
an @-expression.  An <code>\extracolsep</code> command can be used only in an
@-expression in the <code>cols</code> argument.  Below, LaTeX inserts the
right amount of intercolumn space to make the entire table 4 inches
wide.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{center}
  \begin{tabular*}{4in}{l@{\ \ldots\extracolsep{\fill}}l}
    Seven times down, eight times up 
    &amp;such is life!
  \end{tabular*}
\end{center}
</pre></div>

<p>To insert commands that are automatically executed before a given
column, load the <code>array</code> package and use the <code>&gt;{...}</code>
specifier.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>p{<var>wd</var>}</code></dt>
<dd><p>Each item in the column is typeset in a parbox of width <var>wd</var>.
</p>
<p>Note that a line break double backslash <code>\\</code> may not appear in the
item, except inside an environment like <code>minipage</code>, <code>array</code>,
or <code>tabular</code>, or inside an explicit <code>\parbox</code>, or in the scope
of a <code>\centering</code>, <code>\raggedright</code>, or <code>\raggedleft</code>
declaration (when used in a <code>p</code>-column element these declarations
must appear inside braces, as with <code>{\centering .. \\
..}</code>). Otherwise LaTeX will misinterpret the double backslash as
ending the row.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>*{<var>num</var>}{<var>cols</var>}</code></dt>
<dd><p>Equivalent to <var>num</var> copies of <var>cols</var>, where <var>num</var> is a
positive integer and <var>cols</var> is a list of specifiers.  Thus
<code>\begin{tabular}{|*{3}{l|r}|}</code> is equivalent to
<code>\begin{tabular}{|l|rl|rl|r|}</code>.  Note that <var>cols</var> may
contain another <code>*</code>-expression.
</p> 
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>

<p>Parameters that control formatting:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\arrayrulewidth</code>
<a name="index-_005carrayrulewidth"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>A length that is the thickness of the rule created by <code>|</code>,
<code>\hline</code>, and <code>\vline</code> in the <code>tabular</code> and <code>array</code>
environments.  The default is &lsquo;<samp>.4pt</samp>&rsquo;. Change it as in
<code>\setlength{\arrayrulewidth}{0.8pt}</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\arraystretch</code>
<a name="index-_005carraystretch"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>A factor by which the spacing between rows in the <code>tabular</code> and
<code>array</code> environments is multiplied.  The default is &lsquo;<samp>1</samp>&rsquo;, for
no scaling.  Change it as <code>\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\doublerulesep</code>
<a name="index-_005cdoublerulesep"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>A length that is the distance between the vertical rules produced by the
<code>||</code> specifier.  The default is &lsquo;<samp>2pt</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\tabcolsep</code>
<a name="index-_005ctabcolsep"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>A length that is half of the space between columns. The default is
&lsquo;<samp>6pt</samp>&rsquo;.  Change it with <code>\setlength</code>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>

<p>The following commands can be used inside the body of a <code>tabular</code>
environment, the first two inside an entry and the second two between
lines:
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn" accesskey="1">\multicolumn</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Make an item spanning several columns.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cvline" accesskey="2">\vline</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a vertical line.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005ccline" accesskey="3">\cline</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a horizontal line spanning some columns.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005chline" accesskey="4">\hline</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a horizontal line spanning all columns.
</td></tr>
</table>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cmulticolumn"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvline" accesskey="n" rel="next">\vline</a>, Up: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="u" rel="up">tabular</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cmulticolumn-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">8.23.1 <code>\multicolumn</code></h4>

<a name="index-_005cmulticolumn"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\multicolumn{<var>numcols</var>}{<var>cols</var>}{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>Make an <code>array</code> or <code>tabular</code> entry that spans several columns.
The first argument <var>numcols</var> gives the number of columns to span.
The second argument <var>cols</var> specifies the formatting of the entry,
with <code>c</code> for centered, <code>l</code> for flush left, or <code>r</code> for
flush right.  The third argument <var>text</var> gives the contents of that
entry.
</p>
<p>In this example, in the first row, the second and third columns are
spanned by the single heading &lsquo;<samp>Name</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{lccl} 
  \textit{ID}       &amp;\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textit{Name}} &amp;\textit{Age} \\ \hline % row one 
  978-0-393-03701-2 &amp;O'Brian &amp;Patrick                  &amp;55           \\        % row two 
    ...
\end{tabular}
</pre></div>

<p>What counts as a column is:&nbsp;the column format specifier for the
<code>array</code> or <code>tabular</code> environment is broken into parts, where
each part (except the first) begins with <code>l</code>, <code>c</code>, <code>r</code>,
or&nbsp;<code>p</code>.  So from <code>\begin{tabular}{|r|ccp{1.5in}|}</code>
the parts are <code>|r|</code>, <code>c</code>, <code>c</code>,
and&nbsp;<code>p{1.5in}|</code>.
</p>
<p>The <var>cols</var> argument overrides the <code>array</code> or <code>tabular</code>
environment&rsquo;s intercolumn area default adjoining this multicolumn
entry. To affect that area, this argument can contain vertical bars
<code>|</code> indicating the placement of vertical rules, and <code>@{...}</code>
expressions.  Thus if <var>cols</var> is &lsquo;<samp>|c|</samp>&rsquo; then this multicolumn
entry will be centered and a vertical rule will come in the intercolumn
area before it and after it.  This table details the exact behavior.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{|cc|c|c|}
  \multicolumn{1}{r}{w}       % entry one
    &amp;\multicolumn{1}{|r|}{x}  % entry two 
    &amp;\multicolumn{1}{|r}{y}   % entry three
    &amp;z                        % entry four
\end{tabular}
</pre></div>

<p>Before the first entry the output will not have a vertical rule because
the <code>\multicolumn</code> has the <var>cols</var> specifier &lsquo;<samp>r</samp>&rsquo; with no
initial vertical bar.  Between entry one and entry two there will be a
vertical rule; although the first <var>cols</var> does not have an ending
vertical bar, the second <var>cols</var> does have a starting one.  Between
entry two and entry three there is a single vertical rule; despite that
the <var>cols</var> in both of the surrounding <code>multicolumn</code>&rsquo;s call for
a vertical rule, you only get one rule.  Between entry three and entry
four there is no vertical rule; the default calls for one but the
<var>cols</var> in the entry three <code>\multicolumn</code> leaves it out, and
that takes precedence.  Finally, following entry four there is a
vertical rule because of the default.
</p>
<p>The number of spanned columns <var>numcols</var> can be 1.  Besides giving
the ability to change the horizontal alignment, this also is useful to
override for one row the <code>tabular</code> definition&rsquo;s default intercolumn
area specification, including the placement of vertical rules.
</p>
<p>In the example below, in the <code>tabular</code> definition the first column
is specified to default to left justified but in the first row the entry
is centered with <code>\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textsc{Period}}</code>.
Also in the first row, the second and third columns are spanned by a
single entry with <code>\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textsc{Span}}</code>,
overriding the specification to center those two columns on the page
range en-dash.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{l|r@{--}l} 
  \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textsc{Period}}  
    &amp;multicolumn{2}{c}{\textsc{Span}} \\ \hline
  Baroque          &amp;1600           &amp;1760         \\
  Classical        &amp;1730           &amp;1820         \\
  Romantic         &amp;1780           &amp;1910         \\
  Impressionistic  &amp;1875           &amp;1925
\end{tabular}
</pre></div>

<p>Note that although the <code>tabular</code> specification by default puts a
vertical rule between the first and second columns, because there is no
vertical bar in the <var>cols</var> of either of the first row&rsquo;s
<code>\multicolumn</code> commands, no rule appears in the first row.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cvline"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccline" accesskey="n" rel="next">\cline</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\multicolumn</a>, Up: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="u" rel="up">tabular</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cvline-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">8.23.2 <code>\vline</code></h4>

<a name="index-_005cvline"></a>
<p>Draw a vertical line in a <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment
extending the full height and depth of an entry&rsquo;s row.  Can also be
used in an @-expression, although its synonym vertical
bar&nbsp;<code>|</code> is more common.  This command is rarely used in the
body of a table; typically a table&rsquo;s vertical lines are specified in
<code>tabular</code>&rsquo;s <var>cols</var> argument and overridden as needed with
<code>\multicolumn</code>.
</p>
<p>This example illustrates some pitfalls.  In the first line&rsquo;s second
entry the <code>\hfill</code> moves the <code>\vline</code> to the left edge of the
cell.  But that is different than putting it halfway between the two
columns, so in that row between the first and second columns there are
two vertical rules, with the one from the <code>{c|cc}</code> specifier
coming before the one produced by the <code>\vline\hfill</code>.  In contrast,
the first line&rsquo;s third entry shows the usual way to put a vertical bar
between two columns.  In the second line, the <code>ghi</code> is the widest
entry in its column so in the <code>\vline\hfill</code> the <code>\hfill</code> has
no effect and the vertical line in that entry appears immediately next
to the <code>g</code>, with no whitespace.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{c|cc}
  x   &amp;\vline\hfill y   &amp;\multicolumn{1}{|r}{z} \\  
  abc &amp;def &amp;\vline\hfill ghi 
\end{tabular}
</pre></div>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005ccline"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005chline" accesskey="n" rel="next">\hline</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvline" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\vline</a>, Up: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="u" rel="up">tabular</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005ccline-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">8.23.3 <code>\cline</code></h4>

<a name="index-_005ccline"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\cline{<var>i</var>-<var>j</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>Draw a horizontal rule in an <code>array</code> or <code>tabular</code> environment
beginning in column <var>i</var> and ending in column <var>j</var>. The
dash&nbsp;<code>-</code> must appear in the mandatory argument. To span a
single column use the number twice.
</p>
<p>This example puts two horizontal lines between the first and second
rows, one line in the first column only, and the other spanning the
third and fourth columns.  The two lines are side-by-side, at the same
height.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{llrr} 
  a &amp;b &amp;c &amp;d \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-4} 
  e &amp;f &amp;g &amp;h 
\end{tabular}
</pre></div>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005chline"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccline" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\cline</a>, Up: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="u" rel="up">tabular</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005chline-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">8.23.4 <code>\hline</code></h4>

<a name="index-_005chline"></a>

<p>Draws a horizontal line the width of the enclosing <code>tabular</code> or
<code>array</code> environment.  It&rsquo;s most commonly used to draw a line at the
top, bottom, and between the rows of a table.
</p>
<p>In this example the top of the table has two horizontal rules, one above
the other, that span both columns.  The bottom of the table has a single
rule spanning both columns.  Because of the <code>\hline</code>, the
<code>tabular</code> second row&rsquo;s line ending double backslash&nbsp;<code>\\</code>
is required.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{ll} \hline\hline
  Baseball   &amp;Red Sox  \\
  Basketball &amp;Celtics  \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
</pre></div>


<hr>
<a name="thebibliography"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#theorem" accesskey="n" rel="next">theorem</a>, Previous: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="p" rel="prev">tabular</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="thebibliography-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.24 <code>thebibliography</code></h3>

<a name="index-environment_002c-thebibliography"></a>
<a name="index-thebibliography-environment"></a>
<a name="index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028manually_0029"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{thebibliography}{<var>widest-label</var>}
\bibitem[<var>label</var>]{<var>cite_key}</var>
...
\end{thebibliography}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>thebibliography</code> environment produces a bibliography or
reference list.
</p>
<p>In the <code>article</code> class, this reference list is labelled
&ldquo;References&rdquo;; in the <code>report</code> class, it is labelled
&ldquo;Bibliography&rdquo;.  You can change the label (in the standard classes)
by redefining the command <code>\refname</code>.  For instance, this
eliminates it entirely:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\renewcommand{\refname}{}
</pre></div>

<p>The mandatory <var>widest-label</var> argument is text that, when typeset,
is as wide as the widest item label produced by the <code>\bibitem</code>
commands.  It is typically given as <code>9</code> for bibliographies with
less than 10 references, <code>99</code> for ones with less than 100, etc.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cbibitem" accesskey="1">\bibitem</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Specify a bibliography item.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005ccite" accesskey="2">\cite</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Refer to a bibliography item.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnocite" accesskey="3">\nocite</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Include an item in the bibliography.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Using-BibTeX" accesskey="4">Using BibTeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Automatic generation of bibliographies.
</td></tr>
</table>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cbibitem"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccite" accesskey="n" rel="next">\cite</a>, Up: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="u" rel="up">thebibliography</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cbibitem-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">8.24.1 <code>\bibitem</code></h4>

<a name="index-_005cbibitem"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\bibitem[<var>label</var>]{<var>cite_key</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\bibitem</code> command generates an entry labelled by <var>label</var>.
If the <var>label</var> argument is missing, a number is automatically
generated using the <code>enumi</code> counter.  The <var>cite_key</var> is a
<a name="index-citation-key"></a>
<em>citation key</em> consisting in any sequence of
letters, numbers, and punctuation symbols not containing a comma.
</p>
<p>This command writes an entry to the <samp>.aux</samp> file containing the
item&rsquo;s <var>cite_key</var> and <var>label</var>.  When the <samp>.aux</samp> file is
read by the <code>\begin{document}</code> command, the item&rsquo;s <var>label</var> is
associated with <code>cite_key</code>, causing references to <var>cite_key</var>
with a <code>\cite</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005ccite">\cite</a>) to produce the associated
<var>label</var>.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005ccite"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnocite" accesskey="n" rel="next">\nocite</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cbibitem" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\bibitem</a>, Up: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="u" rel="up">thebibliography</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005ccite-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">8.24.2 <code>\cite</code></h4>

<a name="index-_005ccite"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\cite[<var>subcite</var>]{<var>keys</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>The <var>keys</var> argument is a list of one or more citation keys
(see <a href="#g_t_005cbibitem">\bibitem</a>), separated by commas.  This command generates an
in-text citation to the references associated with <var>keys</var> by entries
in the <samp>.aux</samp> file.
</p>
<p>The text of the optional <var>subcite</var> argument appears after the
citation.  For example, <code>\cite[p.~314]{knuth}</code> might produce
&lsquo;<samp>[Knuth, p.&nbsp;314]</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cnocite"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Using-BibTeX" accesskey="n" rel="next">Using BibTeX</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccite" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\cite</a>, Up: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="u" rel="up">thebibliography</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cnocite-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">8.24.3 <code>\nocite</code></h4>

<a name="index-_005cnocite"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example"><code>\nocite{<var>keys</var>}</code>
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\nocite</code> command produces no text, but writes <var>keys</var>,
which is a list of one or more citation keys, to the <samp>.aux</samp> file.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="Using-BibTeX"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnocite" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\nocite</a>, Up: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="u" rel="up">thebibliography</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Using-BibTeX-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">8.24.4 Using BibTeX</h4>

<a name="index-using-BibTeX"></a>
<a name="index-bibTeX_002c-using"></a>
<a name="index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028automatically_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005cbibliographystyle"></a>
<a name="index-_005cbibliography"></a>

<p>If you use the BibTeX program by Oren Patashnik (highly
recommended if you need a bibliography of more than a couple of
titles) to maintain your bibliography, you don&rsquo;t use the
<code>thebibliography</code> environment (see <a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a>). Instead,
you include the lines
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\bibliographystyle{<var>bibstyle</var>}
\bibliography{<var>bibfile1</var>,<var>bibfile2</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\bibliographystyle</code> command does not produce any output of
its own.  Rather, it defines the style in which the bibliography will
be produced: <var>bibstyle</var> refers to a file
<var>bibstyle</var><samp>.bst</samp>, which defines how your citations will look.
The standard <var>bibstyle</var> names distributed with BibTeX are:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>alpha</code></dt>
<dd><p>Sorted alphabetically. Labels are formed from name of author and year of
publication.
</p></dd>
<dt><code>plain</code></dt>
<dd><p>Sorted alphabetically. Labels are numeric.
</p></dd>
<dt><code>unsrt</code></dt>
<dd><p>Like <code>plain</code>, but entries are in order of citation.
</p></dd>
<dt><code>abbrv</code></dt>
<dd><p>Like <code>plain</code>, but more compact labels.
</p></dd>
</dl>

<p>In addition, numerous other BibTeX style files exist tailored to
the demands of various publications.  See
<a href="http://mirror.ctan.org/biblio/bibtex/contrib">http://mirror.ctan.org/biblio/bibtex/contrib</a>.
</p>
<p>The <code>\bibliography</code> command is what actually produces the
bibliography.  The argument to <code>\bibliography</code> refers to files
named <samp><var>bibfile1</var>.bib</samp>, <samp><var>bibfile2</var>.bib</samp>, &hellip;,
which should contain your database in
BibTeX format.  Only the entries referred to via <code>\cite</code> and
<code>\nocite</code> will be listed in the bibliography.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="theorem"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#titlepage" accesskey="n" rel="next">titlepage</a>, Previous: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="p" rel="prev">thebibliography</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="theorem-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.25 <code>theorem</code></h3>

<a name="index-environment_002c-theorem"></a>
<a name="index-theorem-environment"></a>
<a name="index-theorems_002c-typesetting"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{theorem}
<var>theorem-text</var>
\end{theorem}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>theorem</code> environment produces &ldquo;Theorem <var>n</var>&rdquo; in
boldface followed by <var>theorem-text</var>, where the numbering
possibilities for <var>n</var> are described under <code>\newtheorem</code>
(see <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a>).
</p>

<hr>
<a name="titlepage"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#verbatim" accesskey="n" rel="next">verbatim</a>, Previous: <a href="#theorem" accesskey="p" rel="prev">theorem</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="titlepage-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.26 <code>titlepage</code></h3>

<a name="index-environment_002c-titlepage"></a>
<a name="index-titlepage-environment"></a>
<a name="index-making-a-title-page"></a>
<a name="index-title-pages_002c-creating"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{titlepage}
  ... text and spacing ...
\end{titlepage}
</pre></div>

<p>Create a title page, a page with no printed page number or heading.  The
following page will be numbered page one.
</p>
<p>To instead produce a standard title page without a <code>titlepage</code>
environment you can use <code>\maketitle</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a>).
</p>
<p>Notice in this example that all formatting, including vertical spacing,
is left to the author.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{titlepage}
\vspace*{\stretch{1}}
\begin{center}
  {\huge\bfseries Thesis \\[1ex] 
                  title}                  \\[6.5ex]
  {\large\bfseries Author name}           \\
  \vspace{4ex}
  Thesis  submitted to                    \\[5pt]
  \textit{University name}                \\[2cm]
  in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of \\[2cm]
  \textsc{\Large Doctor of Philosophy}    \\[2ex]
  \textsc{\large Mathematics}             \\[12ex]
  \vfill
  Department of Mathematics               \\
  Address                                 \\
  \vfill
  \today
\end{center}
\vspace{\stretch{2}}
\end{titlepage}
</pre></div>


<hr>
<a name="verbatim"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#verse" accesskey="n" rel="next">verse</a>, Previous: <a href="#titlepage" accesskey="p" rel="prev">titlepage</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="verbatim-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.27 <code>verbatim</code></h3>

<a name="index-environment_002c-verbatim"></a>
<a name="index-verbatim-environment"></a>
<a name="index-verbatim-text"></a>
<a name="index-simulating-typed-text"></a>
<a name="index-typed-text_002c-simulating"></a>
<a name="index-code_002c-typesetting"></a>
<a name="index-computer-programs_002c-typesetting"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{verbatim}
<var>literal-text</var>
\end{verbatim}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>verbatim</code> environment is a paragraph-making environment in
which LaTeX produces exactly what you type in; for instance the
<code>\</code> character produces a printed &lsquo;<samp>\</samp>&rsquo;.  It turns LaTeX
into a typewriter with carriage returns and blanks having the same
effect that they would on a typewriter.
</p>
<p>The <code>verbatim</code> uses a monospaced typewriter-like font (<code>\tt</code>).
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cverb" accesskey="1">\verb</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The macro form of the <code>verbatim</code> environment.
</td></tr>
</table>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cverb"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Up: <a href="#verbatim" accesskey="u" rel="up">verbatim</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cverb-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">8.27.1 <code>\verb</code></h4>

<a name="index-_005cverb"></a>
<a name="index-verbatim-text_002c-inline"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\verb<var>char</var><var>literal-text</var><var>char</var>
\verb*<var>char</var><var>literal-text</var><var>char</var>
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\verb</code> command typesets <var>literal-text</var> as it is input,
including special characters and spaces, using the typewriter
(<code>\tt</code>) font.  No spaces are allowed between <code>\verb</code> or
<code>\verb*</code> and the delimiter <var>char</var>, which begins and ends the
verbatim text.  The delimiter must not appear in <var>literal-text</var>.
</p>
<a name="index-visible-space"></a>
<p>The <code>*</code>-form differs only in that spaces are printed with a
&ldquo;visible space&rdquo; character.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="verse"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#verbatim" accesskey="p" rel="prev">verbatim</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="verse-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.28 <code>verse</code></h3>

<a name="index-environment_002c-verse"></a>
<a name="index-verse-environment"></a>
<a name="index-poetry_002c-an-environment-for"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{verse}
<var>line1</var> \\
<var>line2</var> \\
...
\end{verse}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>verse</code> environment is designed for poetry, though you may find
other uses for it.
</p>
<a name="index-_005c_005c-for-verse"></a>
<p>The margins are indented on the left and the right, paragraphs are not
indented, and the text is not justified.  Separate the lines of each
stanza with <code>\\</code>, and use one or more blank lines to separate the
stanzas.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="Line-breaking"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="n" rel="next">Page breaking</a>, Previous: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Environments</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Line-breaking-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">9 Line breaking</h2>

<a name="index-line-breaking"></a>
<a name="index-breaking-lines"></a>

<p>The first thing LaTeX does when processing ordinary text is to
translate your input file into a sequence of glyphs and spaces.  To
produce a printed document, this sequence must be broken into lines
(and these lines must be broken into pages).
</p>
<p>LaTeX usually does the line (and page) breaking in the text body for
you but in some environments you manually force line breaks.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005c_005c" accesskey="1">\\</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Start a new line.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr" accesskey="2">\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Make each input line start a new output line.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnewline" accesskey="3">\newline</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Break the line
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" accesskey="4">\- (hyphenation)</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Insert explicit hyphenation.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary" accesskey="5">\discretionary</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Insert explicit hyphenation with control of hyphen character.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cfussy" accesskey="6">\fussy</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Be fussy about line breaking.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005csloppy" accesskey="7">\sloppy</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Be sloppy about line breaking.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005chyphenation" accesskey="8">\hyphenation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Tell LaTeX how to hyphenate a word.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak" accesskey="9">\linebreak &amp; \nolinebreak</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Forcing &amp; avoiding line breaks.
</td></tr>
</table>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005c_005c"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr" accesskey="n" rel="next">\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005c_005c-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">9.1 <code>\\</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005c_005c-force-line-break"></a>
<a name="index-new-line_002c-starting"></a>
<a name="index-line-break_002c-forcing"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\\[<var>morespace</var>]
</pre></div>

<p>or 
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\\*[<var>morespace</var>]
</pre></div>

<p>Start a new line.  The optional argument <var>morespace</var> specifies extra
vertical space to be insert before the next line.  This can be a
negative length.  The text before the break is set at its normal length,
that is, it is not stretched to fill out the line width.
</p>
<p>Explicit line breaks in the text body are unusual in LaTeX.  In
particular, to start a new paragraph instead leave a blank line.  This
command is mostly used outside of the main flow of text such as in
a <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment.
</p>
<p>Under ordinary circumstances (e.g., outside of a <code>p{...}</code> column
in a <code>tabular</code> environment) the <code>\newline</code> command is a synonym for
<code>\\</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewline">\newline</a>).
</p>
<p>In addition to starting a new line, the starred form <code>\\*</code> tells
LaTeX not to start a new page between the two lines, by issuing a
<code>\nobreak</code>.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\title{My story: \\[0.25in]
       a tale of woe}
</pre></div>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewline" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newline</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_005c" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\\</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">9.2 <code>\obeycr</code> &amp; <code>\restorecr</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005cobeycr"></a>
<a name="index-_005crestorecr"></a>
<a name="index-new-line_002c-output-as-input"></a>

<p>The <code>\obeycr</code> command makes a return in the input file
(&lsquo;<samp>^^M</samp>&rsquo;, internally) the same as <code>\\</code> (followed by
<code>\relax</code>).  So each new line in the input will also be a new line
in the output.
</p>
<p><code>\restorecr</code> restores normal line-breaking behavior.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cnewline"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next">\- (hyphenation)</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cnewline-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">9.3 <code>\newline</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005cnewline"></a>
<a name="index-new-line_002c-starting-_0028paragraph-mode_0029"></a>

<p>In ordinary text this is equivalent to double-backslash (see <a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a>); it
breaks a line, with no stretching of the text before it.
</p>
<p>Inside a <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment, in a column with a
specifier producing a paragraph box, like typically <code>p{...}</code>,
<code>\newline</code> will insert a line break inside of the column, that is,
it does not break the entire row.  To break the entire row use <code>\\</code>
or its equivalent <code>\tabularnewline</code>.
</p>
<p>This will print &lsquo;<samp>Name:</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>Address:</samp>&rsquo; as two lines in a
single cell of the table.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{p{1in}{\hspace{2in}}p{1in}}
  Name: \newline Address: &amp;Date: \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
</pre></div>

<p>The &lsquo;<samp>Date:</samp>&rsquo; will be baseline-aligned with &lsquo;<samp>Name:</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary" accesskey="n" rel="next">\discretionary</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewline" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newline</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005c_002d-_0028discretionary-hyphen_0029"></a>
<h3 class="section">9.4 <code>\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</h3>

<a name="index-_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029"></a>
<a name="index-hyphenation_002c-forcing"></a>

<p>The <code>\-</code> command tells LaTeX that it may hyphenate the word at
that point.  LaTeX is pretty good at hyphenating, and usually finds
most of the correct hyphenation points, while almost never using an
incorrect one.  The <code>\-</code> command is used for the exceptional
cases.
</p>
<p>When you insert <code>\-</code> commands in a word, the word will only be
hyphenated at those points and not at any of the hyphenation points
that LaTeX might otherwise have chosen.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cdiscretionary"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfussy" accesskey="n" rel="next">\fussy</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\- (hyphenation)</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cdiscretionary-_0028generalized-hyphenation-point_0029"></a>
<h3 class="section">9.5 <code>\discretionary</code> (generalized hyphenation point)</h3>
<a name="index-hyphenation_002c-discretionary"></a>
<a name="index-discretionary-hyphenation"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\discretionary{<var>pre-break-text</var>}{<var>post-break-text</var>}{<var>no-break-text</var>}
</pre></div>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cfussy"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005csloppy" accesskey="n" rel="next">\sloppy</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\discretionary</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cfussy-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">9.6 <code>\fussy</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005cfussy"></a>

<p>The declaration <code>\fussy</code> (which is the default) makes TeX
picky about line breaking.  This usually avoids too much space between
words, at the cost of an occasional overfull box.
</p>
<p>This command cancels the effect of a previous <code>\sloppy</code> command
(see <a href="#g_t_005csloppy">\sloppy</a>).
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005csloppy"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005chyphenation" accesskey="n" rel="next">\hyphenation</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfussy" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\fussy</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005csloppy-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">9.7 <code>\sloppy</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005csloppy"></a>

<p>The declaration <code>\sloppy</code> makes TeX less fussy about line
breaking. This will avoid overfull boxes, at the cost of loose
interword spacing.
</p>
<p>Lasts until a <code>\fussy</code> command is issued (see <a href="#g_t_005cfussy">\fussy</a>).
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005chyphenation"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak" accesskey="n" rel="next">\linebreak &amp; \nolinebreak</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csloppy" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\sloppy</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005chyphenation-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">9.8 <code>\hyphenation</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005chyphenation"></a>
<a name="index-hyphenation_002c-defining"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hyphenation{<var>word-one</var> <var>word-two</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\hyphenation</code> command declares allowed hyphenation points
with a <code>-</code> character in the given words.  The words are separated
by spaces.  TeX will only hyphenate if the word matches exactly, no
inflections are tried.  Multiple <code>\hyphenation</code> commands
accumulate.  Some examples (the default TeX hyphenation patterns
misses the hyphenations in these words):
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hyphenation{ap-pen-dix col-umns data-base data-bases}
</pre></div>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chyphenation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\hyphenation</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">9.9 <code>\linebreak</code> &amp; <code>\nolinebreak</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005clinebreak"></a>
<a name="index-_005cnolinebreak"></a>
<a name="index-line-breaks_002c-forcing"></a>
<a name="index-line-breaks_002c-preventing"></a>

<p>Synopses:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\linebreak[<var>priority</var>]
\nolinebreak[<var>priority</var>]
</pre></div>

<p>By default, the <code>\linebreak</code> (<code>\nolinebreak</code>) command forces
(prevents) a line break at the current position.  For
<code>\linebreak</code>, the spaces in the line are stretched out so that it
extends to the right margin as usual.
</p>
<p>With the optional argument <var>priority</var>, you can convert the command
from a demand to a request.  The <var>priority</var> must be a number from
0 to&nbsp;4.  The higher the number, the more insistent the request.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="Page-breaking"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnotes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Line breaking</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Page-breaking-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">10 Page breaking</h2>

<a name="index-page-breaking"></a>
<a name="index-breaking-pages"></a>

<p>LaTeX starts new pages asynchronously, when enough material has
accumulated to fill up a page.  Usually this happens automatically,
but sometimes you may want to influence the breaks.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005ccleardoublepage" accesskey="1">\cleardoublepage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Start a new right-hand page.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage" accesskey="2">\clearpage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Start a new page.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnewpage" accesskey="3">\newpage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Start a new page.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage" accesskey="4">\enlargethispage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Enlarge the current page a bit.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak" accesskey="5">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Forcing &amp; avoiding page breaks.
</td></tr>
</table>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005ccleardoublepage"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage" accesskey="n" rel="next">\clearpage</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005ccleardoublepage-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">10.1 <code>\cleardoublepage</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005ccleardoublepage"></a>
<a name="index-starting-on-a-right_002dhand-page"></a>

<p>The <code>\cleardoublepage</code> command ends the current page and causes all
the pending floating figures and tables that have so far appeared in the
input to be printed.  In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the
next page a right-hand (odd-numbered) page, producing a blank page if
necessary.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cclearpage"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewpage" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newpage</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccleardoublepage" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\cleardoublepage</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cclearpage-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">10.2 <code>\clearpage</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005cclearpage"></a>
<a name="index-flushing-floats-and-starting-a-page"></a>
<a name="index-starting-a-new-page-and-clearing-floats"></a>

<p>The <code>\clearpage</code> command ends the current page and causes all the
pending floating figures and tables that have so far appeared in the
input to be printed.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cnewpage"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage" accesskey="n" rel="next">\enlargethispage</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\clearpage</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cnewpage-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">10.3 <code>\newpage</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005cnewpage"></a>
<a name="index-new-page_002c-starting"></a>
<a name="index-starting-a-new-page"></a>

<p>The <code>\newpage</code> command ends the current page, but does not clear
floats (see <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage">\clearpage</a>).
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cenlargethispage"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak" accesskey="n" rel="next">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewpage" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newpage</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cenlargethispage-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">10.4 <code>\enlargethispage</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005cenlargethispage"></a>
<a name="index-enlarge-current-page"></a>

<p><code>\enlargethispage{size}</code>
</p>
<p><code>\enlargethispage*{size}</code>
</p>
<p>Enlarge the <code>\textheight</code> for the current page by the specified
amount; e.g., <code>\enlargethispage{\baselineskip}</code> will allow one
additional line.
</p>
<p>The starred form tries to squeeze the material together on the page as
much as possible. This is normally used together with an explicit
<code>\pagebreak</code>.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\enlargethispage</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">10.5 <code>\pagebreak</code> &amp; <code>\nopagebreak</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005cpagebreak"></a>
<a name="index-_005cnopagebreak"></a>
<a name="index-page-break_002c-forcing"></a>
<a name="index-page-break_002c-preventing"></a>

<p>Synopses:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\pagebreak[<var>priority</var>]
\nopagebreak[<var>priority</var>]
</pre></div>

<p>By default, the <code>\pagebreak</code> (<code>\nopagebreak</code>) command forces
(prevents) a page break at the current position.  With
<code>\pagebreak</code>, the vertical space on the page is stretched out
where possible so that it extends to the normal bottom margin.
</p>
<p>With the optional argument <var>priority</var>, you can convert the
<code>\pagebreak</code> command from a demand to a request.  The number must
be a number from 0 to&nbsp;4.  The higher the number, the more
insistent the request is.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="Footnotes"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Definitions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Page breaking</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Footnotes-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">11 Footnotes</h2>

<a name="index-footnotes_002c-creating"></a>

<p>Place a numbered footnote at the bottom of the current page, as here.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">No&euml;l Coward quipped that having to read a footnote is like having
to go downstairs to answer the door, while in the midst of making
love.\footnote{I wouldn't know, I don't read footnotes.}
</pre></div>

<p>You can place multiple footnotes on a page. If the text becomes too long
it will flow to the next page.
</p>
<p>You can also produce footnotes by combining the <code>\footnotemark</code> and
the <code>\footnotetext</code> commands, which is useful in special
circumstances.
</p>
<p>To make bibliographic references come out as footnotes you need to
include a bibliographic style with that behavior.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cfootnote" accesskey="1">\footnote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Insert a footnote.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark" accesskey="2">\footnotemark</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Insert footnote mark only.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext" accesskey="3">\footnotetext</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Insert footnote text only.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table" accesskey="4">Footnotes in a table</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Table footnotes.  
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings" accesskey="5">Footnotes in section headings</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Chapter or section titles.  
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes" accesskey="6">Footnotes of footnotes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Multiple classes of footnotes.  
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Multiple-reference-to-footnotes" accesskey="7">Multiple reference to footnotes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Referring to a footnote more than once.  
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Footnote-parameters" accesskey="8">Footnote parameters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Parameters for footnote formatting.
</td></tr>
</table>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cfootnote"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark" accesskey="n" rel="next">\footnotemark</a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cfootnote-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">11.1 <code>\footnote</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005cfootnote"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\footnote[<var>number</var>]{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>Place a numbered footnote <var>text</var> at the bottom of the current page.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">There are over a thousand footnotes in Gibbon's 
\textit{Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire}.\footnote{After
reading an early version with endnotes David Hume complained, 
``One is also plagued with his Notes, according to the present Method 
of printing the Book'' and suggested that they ``only to be printed 
at the Margin or the Bottom of the Page.''}
</pre></div>

<p>The optional argument <var>number</var> allows you to specify the footnote
number.  If you use this option then the footnote number counter is not
incremented, and if you do not use it then the counter is incremented.
</p>
<a name="index-footnotes_002c-symbols-instead-of-numbers"></a>
<a name="index-_005cfnsymbol_002c-and-footnotes"></a>
<a name="index-_005c_0040fnsymbol"></a>
<p>Change how LaTeX shows the footnote counter with something like
<code>\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\fnsymbol{footnote}}</code>, which
uses a sequence of symbols (see <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a>).  To make this change global put that in the preamble.  If
you make the change local then you may want to reset the counter with
<code>\setcounter{footnote}{0}</code>.  By default LaTeX uses arabic
numbers.
</p>
<p>LaTeX&rsquo;s default puts many restrictions on where you can use a
<code>\footnote</code>; for instance, you cannot use it in an argument to a
sectioning command such as <code>\chapter</code> (it can only be used in outer
paragraph mode).  There are some workarounds; see following sections.
</p>
<a name="index-Footnotes_002c-in-a-minipage"></a>
<a name="index-mpfootnote-counter"></a>
<p>In a <code>minipage</code> environment the <code>\footnote</code>
command uses the <code>mpfootnote</code> counter instead of the
<code>footnote</code> counter, so they are numbered independently.  They are
shown at the bottom of the environment, not at the bottom of the page.
And by default they are shown alphabetically. See <a href="#minipage">minipage</a>.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cfootnotemark"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext" accesskey="n" rel="next">\footnotetext</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnote" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\footnote</a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cfootnotemark-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">11.2 <code>\footnotemark</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005cfootnotemark"></a>

<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\footnotemark
\footnotemark[<var>number</var>]
</pre></div>

<p>Put the current footnote number in the
text. (See&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext">\footnotetext</a> for giving the text of the footnote
separately.)  The version with the optional argument <var>number</var> uses
that number to determine the mark printed. This command can be used in
inner paragraph mode.
</p>
<p>This example gives the same institutional affiliation to both the first
and third authors (<code>\thanks</code> is a version of <code>footnote</code>).
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\title{A Treatise on the Binomial Theorem}
\author{J Moriarty\thanks{University of Leeds} 
  \and A C Doyle\thanks{Durham University} 
  \and S Holmes\footnotemark[1]}
\begin{document}
\maketitle
</pre></div>

<p>If you use <code>\footnotemark</code> without the optional argument then it
increments the footnote counter but if you use the optional <var>number</var>
then it does not. This produces several consecutive footnote markers
referring to the same footnote.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">The first theorem\footnote{Due to Gauss.} 
and the second theorem\footnotemark[\value{footnote}] 
and the third theorem.\footnotemark[\value{footnote}]
</pre></div>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cfootnotetext"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnotes in a table</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\footnotemark</a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cfootnotetext-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">11.3 <code>\footnotetext</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005cfootnotetext"></a>

<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\footnotetext{<var>text</var>}
\footnotetext[<var>number</var>]{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>Place <var>text</var> at the bottom of the page as a footnote.  This command
can come anywhere after the <code>\footnotemark</code> command.  The optional
argument <var>number</var> changes the displayed footnote number.  The
<code>\footnotetext</code> command must appear in outer paragraph mode.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="Footnotes-in-a-table"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnotes in section headings</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\footnotetext</a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Footnotes-in-a-table-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">11.4 Footnotes in a table</h3>

<a name="index-Footnotes_002c-in-a-table"></a>

<p>Inside a <code>table</code> environment the <code>\footnote</code> command does not
work.  For instance, if the code below appears on its own then the
footnote simply disappears; there is a footnote mark in the table cell
but nothing is set at the bottom of the page.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{center}
     \begin{tabular}{l|l}
     \textsc{Ship}  &amp;\textsc{Book} \\ \hline 
     \textit{HMS Sophie}     &amp;Master and Commander  \\ 
     \textit{HMS Polychrest} &amp;Post Captain  \\  
     \textit{HMS Lively}     &amp;Post Captain \\
     \textit{HMS Surprise}   &amp;A number of books\footnote{Starting with
                                HMS Surprise.}
     \end{tabular}
\end{center}
</pre></div>

<p>The solution is to surround the <code>tabular</code> environment with a
<code>minipage</code> environment, as here (see <a href="#minipage">minipage</a>).
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{center}
  \begin{minipage}{.5\textwidth}
    ... tabular material ...
  \end{minipage}
\end{center}
</pre></div>

<p>The same technique will work inside a floating <code>table</code> environment
(see <a href="#table">table</a>).  To get the footnote at the bottom of the page use the
<samp>tablefootnote</samp> package, as illustrated in this example.  If you
put <code>\usepackage{tablefootnote}</code> in the preamble and use the code
shown then the footnote appears at the bottom and is numbered in
sequence with other footnotes.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{table}
  \centering
     \begin{tabular}{l|l}
     \textsc{Date}  &amp;\textsc{Campaign} \\ \hline 
     1862           &amp;Fort Donelson \\ 
     1863           &amp;Vicksburg     \\  
     1865           &amp;Army of Northern Virginia\footnote{Ending the war.}
     \end{tabular}
    \caption{Forces captured by US Grant}
\end{table}
</pre></div>


<hr>
<a name="Footnotes-in-section-headings"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnotes of footnotes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Footnotes in a table</a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Footnotes-in-section-headings-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">11.5 Footnotes in section headings</h3>

<a name="index-footnotes_002c-in-section-headings"></a>
<a name="index-table-of-contents_002c-avoiding-footnotes"></a>
<p>Putting a footnote in a section heading, as in:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\section{Full sets\protect\footnote{This material due to ...}}
</pre></div>

<a name="index-package_002c-footmisc"></a>
<a name="index-footmisc-package"></a>
<a name="index-stable-option-to-footmisc-package"></a>
<p>causes the footnote to appear at the bottom of the page where the
section starts, as usual, but also at the bottom of the table of
contents, where it is not likely to be desired.  To have it not appear
on the table of contents use the package <samp>footmisc</samp> with the
<code>stable</code> option.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\usepackage[stable]{footmisc}
...
\begin{document}
...
\section{Full sets\footnote{This material due to ...}}
</pre></div>

<p>Note that the <code>\protect</code> is gone; including it would cause the
footnote to reappear on the table of contents.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="Footnotes-of-footnotes"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Multiple-reference-to-footnotes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Multiple reference to footnotes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Footnotes in section headings</a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Footnotes-of-footnotes-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">11.6 Footnotes of footnotes</h3>

<p>Particularly in the humanities, authors can have multiple classes of
footnotes, including having footnotes of footnotes.  The package
<samp>bigfoot</samp> extends LaTeX&rsquo;s default footnote mechanism in many
ways, including allow these two, as in this example.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\usepackage{bigfoot}
\DeclareNewFootnote{Default}
\DeclareNewFootnote{from}[alph]   % create class \footnotefrom{}
 ...
\begin{document}
...
The third theorem is a partial converse of the 
second.\footnotefrom{First noted in Wilson.\footnote{Second edition only.}}
...
</pre></div>


<hr>
<a name="Multiple-reference-to-footnotes"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Footnote-parameters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnote parameters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Footnotes of footnotes</a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Multiple-references-to-footnotes"></a>
<h3 class="section">11.7 Multiple references to footnotes</h3>

<p>You can refer to a single footnote more than once.  This example
uses the package <samp>cleverref</samp>.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\usepackage{cleveref}[2012/02/15]   % this version of package or later 
\crefformat{footnote}{#2\footnotemark[#1]#3}
...
\begin{document}
...
The theorem is from Evers.\footnote{\label{fn:TE}Tinker and Evers, 1994.}
The corollary is from Chance.\footnote{Evers and Chance, 1990.}
But the key lemma is from Tinker.\cref{fn:TE}
...
</pre></div>

<p>This solution will work with the package <samp>hyperref</samp>.
See&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a> for a simpler solution in the common case
of multiple authors with the same affiliation.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="Footnote-parameters"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Multiple-reference-to-footnotes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Multiple reference to footnotes</a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Footnote-parameters-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">11.8 Footnote parameters</h3>

<a name="index-footnote-parameters"></a>
<a name="index-parameters_002c-for-footnotes"></a>

<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\footnoterule</code>
<a name="index-_005cfootnoterule"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the page&rsquo;s
footnotes.  Default dimensions: <code>0.4pt</code> thick (or wide), and
<code>0.4\columnwidth</code> long in the standard document classes (except
<code>slides</code>, where it does not appear).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\footnotesep</code>
<a name="index-_005cfootnotesep"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>The height of the strut placed at the beginning of the footnote.  By
default, this is set to the normal strut for <code>\footnotesize</code>
fonts (see <a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a>), therefore there is no extra space between
footnotes.  This is &lsquo;<samp>6.65pt</samp>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<samp>10pt</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>7.7pt</samp>&rsquo; for
&lsquo;<samp>11pt</samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp>8.4pt</samp>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<samp>12pt</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>


<hr>
<a name="Definitions"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Counters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Footnotes</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Definitions-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">12 Definitions</h2>

<a name="index-definitions"></a>

<p>LaTeX has support for making new commands of many different kinds.
</p>

<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand" accesskey="1">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">(Re)define a new command.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand" accesskey="2">\providecommand</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new command, if name not used.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter" accesskey="3">\newcounter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new counter.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnewlength" accesskey="4">\newlength</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new length.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox" accesskey="5">\newsavebox</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new box.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment" accesskey="6">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new environment.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem" accesskey="7">\newtheorem</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new theorem-like environment.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnewfont" accesskey="8">\newfont</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new font name.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cprotect" accesskey="9">\protect</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Using tricky commands.
</td></tr>
</table>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand" accesskey="n" rel="next">\providecommand</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">12.1 <code>\newcommand</code> &amp; <code>\renewcommand</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005cnewcommand"></a>
<a name="index-commands_002c-defining-new-ones"></a>
<a name="index-commands_002c-redefining"></a>
<a name="index-defining-a-new-command"></a>
<a name="index-new-commands_002c-defining"></a>

<p><code>\newcommand</code> and <code>\renewcommand</code> define and redefine a
command, respectively.  Synopses:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">  \newcommand{\<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
  \newcommand*{\<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
\renewcommand{\<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
\renewcommand*{\<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
</pre></div>

<a name="index-starred-form_002c-defining-new-commands"></a>
<a name="index-_002a_002dform_002c-defining-new-commands"></a>
<p>The starred form of these two commands requires that the arguments not
contain multiple paragraphs of text (not <code>\long</code>, in plain TeX
terms).
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><var>cmd</var></dt>
<dd><p>Required; <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is the command name.  For <code>\newcommand</code>, it
must not be already defined and must not begin with <code>\end</code>.  For
<code>\renewcommand</code>, it must already be defined.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>nargs</var></dt>
<dd><p>Optional; an integer from 0 to 9, specifying the number of arguments
that the command can take, including any optional argument.  If this
argument is not present, the default is for the command to have no
arguments.  When redefining a command, the new version can have a
different number of arguments than the old version.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>optargdefault</var></dt>
<dd><p>Optional; if this argument is present then the first argument of defined
command <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is optional, with default value <var>optargdefault</var>
(which may be the empty string).  If this argument is not present then
<code>\<var>cmd</var></code> does not take an optional argument.
</p>
<a name="index-positional-parameter"></a>
<p>That is, if <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is used with square brackets following,
as in <code>\<var>cmd</var>[<var>myval</var>]</code>, then within <var>defn</var> the first
<em>positional parameter</em> <code>#1</code> expands <var>myval</var>.  On the
other hand, if <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is called without square brackets
following, then within <var>defn</var> the positional parameter <code>#1</code>
expands to the default <var>optargdefault</var>.  In either case, any
required arguments will be referred to starting with <code>#2</code>.
</p>
<p>Omitting <code>[<var>myval</var>]</code> in a call is different from having the
square brackets with no contents, as in <code>[]</code>.  The former results
in <code>#1</code> expanding to <var>optargdefault</var>; the latter results in
<code>#1</code> expanding to the empty string.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>defn</var></dt>
<dd><p>The text to be substituted for every occurrence of <code>\<var>cmd</var></code>; the
positional parameter <code>#<var>n</var></code> in <var>defn</var> is replaced by
the text of the <var>n</var>th argument.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>

<p>TeX ignores spaces in the source following an alphabetic control
sequence, as in &lsquo;<samp>\cmd </samp>&rsquo;.  If you actually want a space there, one
solution is to type <code>{}</code> after the command (&lsquo;<samp>\cmd{} </samp>&rsquo;;
another solution is to use an explicit control space (&lsquo;<samp>\cmd\ </samp>&rsquo;).
</p>
<p>A simple example of defining a new command:
<code>\newcommand{\RS}{Robin Smith}</code> results in
<code>\RS</code> being replaced by the longer text.
</p>
<p>Redefining an existing command is similar:
<code>\renewcommand{\qedsymbol}{{\small QED}}</code>.
</p>
<p>Here&rsquo;s a command definition with one required argument:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newcommand{\defref}[1]{Definition~\ref{#1}}
</pre></div>

<p>Then, <code>\defref{def:basis}</code> expands to
<code>Definition~\ref{def:basis}</code>, which will ultimately expand to
something like &lsquo;<samp>Definition~3.14</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<p>An example with two required arguments:
<code>\newcommand{\nbym}[2]{$#1 \times #2$}</code> is invoked as
<code>\nbym{2}{k}</code>.
</p>
<p>An example with an optional argument:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newcommand{\salutation}[1][Sir or Madam]{Dear #1:}
</pre></div>

<p>Then, <code>\salutation</code> gives &lsquo;<samp>Dear Sir or Madam:</samp>&rsquo; while
<code>\salutation[John]</code> gives &lsquo;<samp>Dear John:</samp>&rsquo;.  And
<code>\salutation[]</code> gives &lsquo;<samp>Dear :</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<p>The braces around <var>defn</var> do not define a group, that is, they do
not delimit the scope of the result of expanding <var>defn</var>.  So
<code>\newcommand{\shipname}[1]{\it #1}</code> is problematic; in this
sentence,
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">The \shipname{Monitor} met the \shipname{Merrimac}.
</pre></div>

<p>the words &lsquo;<samp>met the</samp>&rsquo; would incorrectly be in italics.  Another
pair of braces in the definition is needed, like this:
<code>\newcommand{\shipname}[1]{{\it #1}}</code>.  Those braces are
part of the definition and thus do define a group.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cprovidecommand"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newcounter</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cprovidecommand-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">12.2 <code>\providecommand</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005cprovidecommand"></a>
<a name="index-commands_002c-defining-new-ones-1"></a>
<a name="index-defining-a-new-command-1"></a>
<a name="index-new-commands_002c-defining-1"></a>

<p>Defines a command, as long as no command of this name already exists.
Synopses:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\providecommand{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
\providecommand*{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>If no command of this name already exists then this has the same effect
as <code>\newcommand</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a>).  If a
command of this name already exists then this definition does nothing.
This is particularly useful in a style file, or other file that may be
loaded more than once.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cnewcounter"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewlength" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newlength</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\providecommand</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cnewcounter_003a-Allocating-a-counter"></a>
<h3 class="section">12.3 <code>\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</h3>

<a name="index-_005cnewcounter"></a>
<a name="index-counters_002c-defining-new"></a>

<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newcounter{<var>countername</var>}
\newcounter{<var>countername</var>}[<var>supercounter</var>]
</pre></div>

<p>Globally defines a new counter named <var>countername</var> and initialize
the new counter to zero.
</p>
<p>The name <var>countername</var> must consists of letters only, and does not
begin with a backslash.  This name must not already be in use by another
counter.
</p>
<p>When you use the optional argument <code>[<var>supercounter</var>]</code> then
<var>countername</var> will be numbered within, or subsidiary to, the
existing counter <var>supercounter</var>.  For example, ordinarily
<code>subsection</code> is numbered within <code>section</code> so that any time
<var>supercounter</var> is incremented with <code>\stepcounter</code>
(see <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter">\stepcounter</a>) or <code>\refstepcounter</code>
(see <a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter">\refstepcounter</a>) then <var>countername</var> is reset to zero.
</p>
<p>See <a href="#Counters">Counters</a>, for more information about counters.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cnewlength"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newsavebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newcounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cnewlength_003a-Allocating-a-length"></a>
<h3 class="section">12.4 <code>\newlength</code>: Allocating a length</h3>

<a name="index-_005cnewlength"></a>
<a name="index-lengths_002c-allocating-new"></a>
<a name="index-rubber-lengths_002c-defining-new"></a>
<a name="index-skip-register_002c-plain-TeX"></a>
<a name="index-glue-register_002c-plain-TeX"></a>

<p>Allocate a new <em>length</em> register.  Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newlength{\<var>arg</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>This command takes one required argument, which must begin with a
backslash (&lsquo;<samp>\</samp>&rsquo;).  It creates a new length register named
<code>\<var>arg</var></code>, which is a place to hold (rubber) lengths such as
<code>1in plus.2in minus.1in</code> (what plain TeX calls a <code>skip</code>
register).  The register gets an initial value of zero.  The control
sequence <code>\<var>arg</var></code> must not already be defined.
</p>
<p>See <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>, for more about lengths.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cnewsavebox"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewlength" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newlength</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cnewsavebox_003a-Allocating-a-box"></a>
<h3 class="section">12.5 <code>\newsavebox</code>: Allocating a box</h3>

<a name="index-_005cnewsavebox"></a>
<a name="index-box_002c-allocating-new"></a>

<p>Allocate a &ldquo;bin&rdquo; for holding a box.  Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newsavebox{\<var>cmd</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>Defines <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> to refer to a new bin for storing boxes.
Such a box is for holding typeset material, to use multiple times
(see <a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a>) or to measure or manipulate.  The name
<code>\<var>cmd</var></code> must start with a backslash (&lsquo;<samp>\</samp>&rsquo;), and must not
be already defined.
</p>
<p>The allocation of a box is global.  This command is fragile
(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newtheorem</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newsavebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">12.6 <code>\newenvironment</code> &amp; <code>\renewenvironment</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005cnewenvironment"></a>
<a name="index-_005crenewenvironment"></a>
<a name="index-environments_002c-defining"></a>
<a name="index-defining-new-environments"></a>
<a name="index-redefining-environments"></a>

<p>These commands define or redefine an environment <var>env</var>, that is,
<code>\begin{<var>env</var>} <var>body</var> \end{<var>env</var>}</code>.  Synopses:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">   \newenvironment{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>begdefn</var>}{<var>enddefn</var>}
  \newenvironment*{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>begdefn</var>}{<var>enddefn</var>}
 \renewenvironment{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>begdefn</var>}{<var>enddefn</var>}
\renewenvironment*{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>begdefn</var>}{<var>enddefn</var>}
</pre></div>

<a name="index-_002a_002dform-of-environment-commands"></a>
<p>The starred form of these commands requires that the arguments not
contain multiple paragraphs of text.  The body of these environments can
still contain multiple paragraphs.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><var>env</var></dt>
<dd><p>Required; the environment name.  It consists only of letters or the
<code>*</code> character, and thus does not begin with backslash
(<code>\</code>).  It must not begin with the string <code>end</code>.  For
<code>\newenvironment</code>, the name <var>env</var> must not be the name of an
already existing environment, and also the command <code>\<var>env</var></code>
must be undefined.  For <code>\renewenvironment</code>, <var>env</var> must be the
name of an existing environment.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>nargs</var></dt>
<dd><p>Optional; an integer from 0 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of
that the environment will take.  When the environment is used these
arguments appear after the <code>\begin</code>, as in
<code>\begin{<var>env</var>}{<var>arg1</var>}&hellip;{<var>argn</var>}</code>.  If this
argument is not present then the default is for the environment to have
no arguments.  When redefining an environment, the new version can have
a different number of arguments than the old version.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>optargdefault</var></dt>
<dd><p>Optional; if this argument is present then the first argument of the
defined environment is optional, with default value <var>optargdefault</var>
(which may be the empty string).  If this argument is not present then
the environment does not take an optional argument.
</p>
<p>That is, when <code>[<var>optargdefault</var>]</code> is present in the
environment definition, if <code>\begin{<var>env</var>}</code> is used with
square brackets following, as in
<code>\begin{<var>env</var>}[<var>myval</var>]</code>, then, within <var>begdefn</var>,
the positional parameter <code>#1</code> expands to <var>myval</var>.  If
<code>\begin{<var>env</var>}</code> is called without square brackets
following, then, within within <var>begdefn</var>, the positional parameter
<code>#1</code> expands to the default <var>optargdefault</var>.  In either case,
any required arguments will be referred to starting with <code>#2</code>.
</p>
<p>Omitting <code>[<var>myval</var>]</code> in the call is different from having the
square brackets with no contents, as in <code>[]</code>.  The former results
in <code>#1</code> expanding to <var>optargdefault</var>; the latter results in
<code>#1</code> expanding to the empty string.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>begdefn</var></dt>
<dd><p>Required; the text expanded at every occurrence of
<code>\begin{<var>env</var>}</code>.  Within <var>begdef</var>, the <var>n</var>th
positional parameter (i.e., <code>#<var>n</var></code>) is replaced by the text
of the <var>n</var>th argument.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>enddefn</var></dt>
<dd><p>Required; the text expanded at every occurrence of
<code>\end{<var>env</var>}</code>.  This may not contain any positional
parameters, so <code>#<var>n</var></code> cannot be used here (but see the final
example below).
</p>
</dd>
</dl>

<p>All environments, that is to say the <var>begdefn</var> code, the environment
body and the <var>enddefn</var> code, are processed within a group.  Thus, in
the first example below, the effect of the <code>\small</code> is limited to
the quote and does not extend to material following the environment.
</p>
<p>This example gives an environment like LaTeX&rsquo;s <code>quotation</code>
except that it will be set in smaller type:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newenvironment{smallquote}{%
  \small\begin{quotation}
}{%
  \end{quotation}
}
</pre></div>

<p>This one shows the use of arguments; it gives a quotation environment
that cites the author:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newenvironment{citequote}[1][Shakespeare]{%
  \begin{quotation}
  \noindent\textit{#1}: 
}{%
  \end{quotation}
}
</pre></div>

<p>The author&rsquo;s name is optional, and defaults to &lsquo;<samp>Shakespeare</samp>&rsquo;.
In the document, use the environment like this:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{citequote}[Lincoln]
  ...
\end{citequote}
</pre></div>

<p>The final example shows how to save the value of an argument to use in 
<var>enddefn</var>, in this case in a box (see <a href="#g_t_005csbox">\sbox</a>):
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newsavebox{\quoteauthor}
\newenvironment{citequote}[1][Shakespeare]{%
  \sbox\quoteauthor{#1}%
  \begin{quotation} 
}{%
  \hspace{1em plus 1fill}---\usebox{\quoteauthor}
  \end{quotation}
}
</pre></div>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cnewtheorem"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewfont" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newfont</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cnewtheorem-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">12.7 <code>\newtheorem</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005cnewtheorem"></a>
<a name="index-theorems_002c-defining"></a>
<a name="index-defining-new-theorems"></a>

<a name="index-theorem_002dlike-environment"></a>
<a name="index-environment_002c-theorem_002dlike"></a>
<p>Define a new theorem-like environment.  Synopses:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newtheorem{<var>name</var>}{<var>title</var>}
\newtheorem{<var>name</var>}{<var>title</var>}[<var>numbered_within</var>]
\newtheorem{<var>name</var>}[<var>numbered_like</var>]{<var>title</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>Using the first form, <code>\newtheorem{<var>name</var>}{<var>title</var>}</code>
creates an environment that will be labelled with <var>title</var>.  See the
first example below.
</p>
<p>The second form
<code>\newtheorem{<var>name</var>}{<var>title</var>}[<var>numbered_within</var>]</code>
creates an environment whose counter is subordinate to the existing
counter <var>numbered_within</var> (its counter will be reset when
<var>numbered_within</var> is reset).
</p>

<p>The third form
<code>\newtheorem{<var>name</var>}[<var>numbered_like</var>]{<var>title</var>}</code>,
with optional argument between the two required arguments, will create
an environment whose counter will share the previously defined counter
<var>numbered_like</var>.
</p>
<p>You can specify one of <var>numbered_within</var> and <var>numbered_like</var>,
or neither, but not both.
</p>
<p>This command creates a counter named <var>name</var>.  In addition, unless
the optional argument <var>numbered_like</var> is used, inside of the
theorem-like environment the current <code>\ref</code> value will be that of
<code>\the<var>numbered_within</var></code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a>).
</p>
<p>This declaration is global.  It is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
</p>
<p>Arguments:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><var>name</var></dt>
<dd><p>The name of the environment.  It must not begin with a backslash
(&lsquo;<samp>\</samp>&rsquo;).  It must not be the name of an existing environment; indeed,
the command name <code>\<var>name</var></code> must not already be defined as anything.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>title</var></dt>
<dd><p>The text printed at the beginning of the environment, before the
number. For example, &lsquo;<samp>Theorem</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>numbered_within</var></dt>
<dd><p>Optional; the name of an already defined counter, usually a sectional
unit such as <code>chapter</code> or <code>section</code>.  When the
<var>numbered_within</var> counter is reset then the <var>name</var> environment&rsquo;s
counter will also be reset.
</p>
<p>If this optional argument is not used then the command
<code>\the<var>name</var></code> is set to <code>\arabic{<var>name</var>}</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>numbered_like</var></dt>
<dd><p>Optional; the name of an already defined theorem-like environment. The
new environment will be numbered in sequence with <var>numbered_like</var>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>

<p>Without any optional arguments the environments are numbered
sequentially.  The example below has a declaration in the preamble that
results in &lsquo;<samp>Definition&nbsp;1</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>Definition&nbsp;2</samp>&rsquo; in the
output.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newtheorem{defn}{Definition}
\begin{document}
\section{...}
\begin{defn}
  First def 
\end{defn}

\section{...}
\begin{defn}
  Second def
\end{defn}
</pre></div>

<p>Because the next example specifies the optional argument
<var>numbered_within</var> to <code>\newtheorem</code> as <code>section</code>, the
example, with the same document body, gives &lsquo;<samp>Definition&nbsp;1.1</samp>&rsquo;
and &lsquo;<samp>Definition&nbsp;2.1</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newtheorem{defn}{Definition}[section]
\begin{document}
\section{...}
\begin{defn}
  First def 
\end{defn}

\section{...}
\begin{defn}
  Second def
\end{defn}
</pre></div>

<p>In the next example there are two declarations in the preamble, the
second of which calls for the new <code>thm</code> environment to use the same
counter as <code>defn</code>.  It gives &lsquo;<samp>Definition&nbsp;1.1</samp>&rsquo;, followed
by &lsquo;<samp>Theorem&nbsp;2.1</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>Definition&nbsp;2.2</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newtheorem{defn}{Definition}[section]
\newtheorem{thm}[defn]{Theorem}
\begin{document}
\section{...}
\begin{defn}
  First def 
\end{defn}

\section{...}
\begin{thm}
  First thm
\end{thm}

\begin{defn}
  Second def
\end{defn}
</pre></div>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cnewfont"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cprotect" accesskey="n" rel="next">\protect</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newtheorem</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cnewfont_003a-Define-a-new-font-_0028obsolete_0029"></a>
<h3 class="section">12.8 <code>\newfont</code>: Define a new font (obsolete)</h3>

<a name="index-_005cnewfont"></a>
<a name="index-fonts_002c-new-commands-for"></a>
<a name="index-defining-new-fonts"></a>

<p><code>\newfont</code>, now obsolete, defines a command that will switch fonts.
Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newfont{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>font description</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>This defines a control sequence <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> that will change the
current font.  LaTeX will look on your system for a file named
<samp><var>fontname</var>.tfm</samp>.  The control sequence must must not already
be defined.  It must begin with a backslash (&lsquo;<samp>\</samp>&rsquo;).
</p>
<a name="index-_002efd-file"></a>
<p>This command is obsolete.  It is a low-level command for setting up an
individual font.  Today fonts are almost always defined in families
(which allows you to, for example, associate a boldface with a roman)
through the so-called &ldquo;New Font Selection Scheme&rdquo;, either by using
<samp>.fd</samp> files or through the use of an engine that can access
system fonts such as XeLaTeX (see <a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>).
</p>
<a name="index-at-clause_002c-in-font-definitions"></a>
<a name="index-design-size_002c-in-font-definitions"></a>
<p>But since it is part of LaTeX, here is an explanation: the
<var>font description</var> consists of a <var>fontname</var> and an optional
<em>at clause</em>; this can have the form either <code>at <var>dimen</var></code>
or <code>scaled <var>factor</var></code>, where a <var>factor</var> of &lsquo;<samp>1000</samp>&rsquo;
means no scaling.  For LaTeX&rsquo;s purposes, all this does is scale all
the character and other font dimensions relative to the font&rsquo;s design
size, which is a value defined in the <samp>.tfm</samp> file.
</p>
<p>This example defines two equivalent fonts and typesets a few
characters in each:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newfont{\testfontat}{cmb10 at 11pt}
\newfont{\testfontscaled}{cmb10 scaled 1100}
\testfontat abc
\testfontscaled abc
</pre></div>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cprotect"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewfont" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newfont</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cprotect-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">12.9 <code>\protect</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005cprotect"></a>
<a name="index-fragile-commands"></a>
<a name="index-robust-commands"></a>

<p>All LaTeX commands are either <em>fragile</em> or <em>robust</em>.  A
fragile command can break when it is used in the argument to certain
other commands.  Commands that contain data that LaTeX writes to an
auxiliary file and re-reads later are fragile.  This includes material
that goes into a table of contents, list of figures, list of tables,
etc.  Fragile commands also include line breaks, any command that has an
optional argument, and many more. To prevent such commands from
breaking, one solution is to preceded them with the command
<code>\protect</code>.
</p>
<p>For example, when LaTeX runs the <code>\section{<var>section
name</var>}</code> command it writes the <var>section name</var> text to the
<samp>.aux</samp> auxiliary file, moving it there for use elsewhere in the
document such as in the table of contents.  Any argument that is
internally expanded by LaTeX without typesetting it directly is
referred to as a 
<a name="index-moving-arguments"></a>
<em>moving argument</em>.  A command is fragile if it can
expand during this process into invalid TeX code.  Some examples of
moving arguments are those that appear in the <code>\caption{...}</code>
command (see <a href="#figure">figure</a>), in the <code>\thanks{...}</code> command
(see <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a>), and in @-expressions in the <code>tabular</code> and
<code>array</code> environments (see <a href="#tabular">tabular</a>).
</p>
<p>If you get strange errors from commands used in moving arguments, try
preceding it with <code>\protect</code>.  Every fragile commands must be
protected with their own <code>\protect</code>.  
</p>
<p>Although usually a <code>\protect</code> command doesn&rsquo;t hurt, length
commands are robust and should not be preceded by a <code>\protect</code>
command. Nor can a <code>\protect</code> command be used in the argument to
<code>\addtocounter</code> or <code>\setcounter</code> command.
</p>
<p>In this example the <code>\caption</code> command gives a mysterious error
about an extra curly brace.  Fix the problem by preceding each
<code>\raisebox</code> command with <code>\protect</code>.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{figure}
  ...
  \caption{Company headquarters of A\raisebox{1pt}{B}\raisebox{-1pt}{C}}
\end{figure}
</pre></div>

<p>In the next example the <code>\tableofcontents</code> command gives an error
because the <code>\(..\)</code> in the section title expands to illegal TeX
in the <samp>.toc</samp> file.  You can solve this by changing <code>\(..\)</code>
to <code>\protect\(..\protect\)</code>.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{document}
\tableofcontents
...
\section{Einstein's \( e=mc^2 \)}
...
</pre></div>


<hr>
<a name="Counters"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="n" rel="next">Lengths</a>, Previous: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Definitions</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Counters-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">13 Counters</h2>

<a name="index-counters_002c-a-list-of"></a>
<a name="index-variables_002c-a-list-of"></a>

<p>Everything LaTeX numbers for you has a counter associated with
it. The name of the counter is often the same as the name of the
environment or command associated with the number, except that the
counter&rsquo;s name has no backslash&nbsp;<code>\</code>.  Thus, associated with
the <code>\chapter</code> command is the <code>chapter</code> counter that keeps
track of the chapter number.  
</p>
<p>Below is a list of the counters used in LaTeX&rsquo;s standard document
classes to control numbering.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">part            paragraph       figure          enumi
chapter         subparagraph    table           enumii
section         page            footnote        enumiii
subsection      equation        mpfootnote      enumiv
subsubsection
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>mpfootnote</code> counter is used by the <code>\footnote</code> command
inside of a minipage (see <a href="#minipage">minipage</a>).  The counters <code>enumi</code>
through <code>enumiv</code> are used in the <code>enumerate</code> environment, for
up to four levels of nesting (see <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a>).
</p>
<p>New counters are created with <code>\newcounter</code>.  See <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">\newcounter</a>.
</p>

<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol" accesskey="1">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Print value of a counter.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter" accesskey="2">\usecounter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Use a specified counter in a list environment.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cvalue" accesskey="3">\value</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Use the value of a counter in an expression.  
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter" accesskey="4">\setcounter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Set the value of a counter.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter" accesskey="5">\addtocounter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Add a quantity to a counter.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter" accesskey="6">\refstepcounter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Add to a counter.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter" accesskey="7">\stepcounter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Add to a counter, resetting subsidiary counters.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear" accesskey="8">\day \month \year</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Numeric date values.
</td></tr>
</table>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\usecounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol_003a-Printing-counters"></a>
<h3 class="section">13.1 <code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</h3>

<a name="index-counters_002c-printing"></a>

<p>Print the value of a counter, in a specified style.  For instance, if
the counter <var>counter</var> has the value 1 then a
<code>\alph{<var>counter</var>}</code> in your source will result in a lower case
letter&nbsp;a appearing in the output.
</p>
<p>All of these commands take a single counter as an argument, for
instance, <code>\alph{enumi}</code>.  Note that the counter name does not
start with a backslash.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\alph{<var>counter</var>}</code>
<a name="index-_005calph_007bcounter_007d"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Print the value of <var>counter</var> in lowercase letters: &lsquo;a&rsquo;, &lsquo;b&rsquo;, <small class="enddots">...</small>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Alph{<var>counter</var>}</code>
<a name="index-_005cAlph_007bcounter_007d"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Print in uppercase letters: &lsquo;A&rsquo;, &lsquo;B&rsquo;, <small class="enddots">...</small>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\arabic{<var>counter</var>}</code>
<a name="index-_005carabic_007bcounter_007d"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Print in Arabic numbers: &lsquo;1&rsquo;, &lsquo;2&rsquo;, <small class="enddots">...</small>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\roman{<var>counter</var>}</code>
<a name="index-_005croman_007bcounter_007d"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Print in lowercase roman numerals: &lsquo;i&rsquo;, &lsquo;ii&rsquo;, <small class="enddots">...</small>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Roman{<var>counter</var>}</code>
<a name="index-_005cRoman_007bcounter_007d"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Print in uppercase roman numerals: &lsquo;I&rsquo;, &lsquo;II&rsquo;, <small class="enddots">...</small>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\fnsymbol{<var>counter</var>}</code>
<a name="index-_005cfnsymbol_007bcounter_007d"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Prints the value of <var>counter</var> in a specific sequence of nine
symbols (conventionally used for labeling footnotes).  The value of
<var>counter</var> must be between&nbsp;1 and&nbsp;9, inclusive.
</p>
<p>Here are the symbols:
</p>
<table>
<thead><tr><th width="33%">Name</th><th width="33%">Command</th><th width="33%">Equivalent Unicode symbol and/or numeric code point</th></tr></thead>
<tr><td width="33%">asterisk</td><td width="33%"><code>\ast</code></td><td width="33%">*</td></tr>
<tr><td width="33%">dagger</td><td width="33%"><code>\dagger</code></td><td width="33%">&#x2020;</td></tr>
<tr><td width="33%">ddagger</td><td width="33%"><code>\ddagger</code></td><td width="33%">&#x2021;</td></tr>
<tr><td width="33%">section-sign</td><td width="33%"><code>\S</code></td><td width="33%">&#x00A7;</td></tr>
<tr><td width="33%">paragraph-sign</td><td width="33%"><code>\P</code></td><td width="33%">&#x00B6;</td></tr>
<tr><td width="33%">double-vert</td><td width="33%"><code>\parallel</code></td><td width="33%">&#x2016;</td></tr>
<tr><td width="33%">double-asterisk</td><td width="33%"><code>\ast\ast</code></td><td width="33%">**</td></tr>
<tr><td width="33%">double-dagger</td><td width="33%"><code>\dagger\dagger</code></td><td width="33%">&#x2020;&#x2020;</td></tr>
<tr><td width="33%">double-ddagger</td><td width="33%"><code>\ddagger\ddagger</code></td><td width="33%">&#x2021;&#x2021;</td></tr>
</table>

</dd>
</dl>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cusecounter"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvalue" accesskey="n" rel="next">\value</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cusecounter_007bcounter_007d"></a>
<h3 class="section">13.2 <code>\usecounter{<var>counter</var>}</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005cusecounter"></a>
<a name="index-list-items_002c-specifying-counter"></a>
<a name="index-numbered-items_002c-specifying-counter"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\usecounter{<var>counter</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>In the <code>list</code> environment, when used in the second argument, this
command sets up <var>counter</var> to number the list items.  It initializes
<var>counter</var> to zero, and arranges that when <code>\item</code> is called
without its optional argument then <var>counter</var> is incremented by
<code>\refstepcounter</code>, making its value be the current <code>ref</code>
value.  This command is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
</p>
<p>Put in the preamble, this makes a new list environment enumerated with
<var>testcounter</var>:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newcounter{testcounter}
\newenvironment{test}{%
  \begin{list}{}{%
    \usecounter{testcounter}
  }
}{%
  \end{list}
}
</pre></div>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cvalue"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\setcounter</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\usecounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cvalue_007bcounter_007d"></a>
<h3 class="section">13.3 <code>\value{<var>counter</var>}</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005cvalue"></a>
<a name="index-counters_002c-getting-value-of"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\value{<var>counter</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>This command expands to the value of <var>counter</var>.  It is often used
in <code>\setcounter</code> or <code>\addtocounter</code>, but <code>\value</code> can
be used anywhere that LaTeX expects a number.  It must not be
preceded by <code>\protect</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
</p>
<p>The <code>\value</code> command is not used for typesetting the value of the
counter.  See <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a>.
</p>
<p>This example outputs &lsquo;<samp>Test counter is&nbsp;6. Other counter
is&nbsp;5.</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newcounter{test} \setcounter{test}{5}
\newcounter{other} \setcounter{other}{\value{test}}
\addtocounter{test}{1}

Test counter is \arabic{test}.
Other counter is \arabic{other}.
</pre></div>

<p>This example inserts <code>\hspace{4\parindent}</code>.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\setcounter{myctr}{3} \addtocounter{myctr}{1}
\hspace{\value{myctr}\parindent}
</pre></div>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005csetcounter"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\addtocounter</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvalue" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\value</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005csetcounter_007bcounter_007d_007bvalue_007d"></a>
<h3 class="section">13.4 <code>\setcounter{<var>counter</var>}{<var>value</var>}</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005csetcounter"></a>
<a name="index-counters_002c-setting"></a>
<a name="index-setting-counters"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\setcounter{<var>counter</var>}{<var>value</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\setcounter</code> command globally sets the value of <var>counter</var>
to the <var>value</var> argument.  Note that the counter name does not start
with a backslash.
</p>
<p>In this example the section value appears as &lsquo;<samp>V</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\setcounter{section}{5}
Here it is in Roman: \Roman{section}.
</pre></div>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005caddtocounter"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\refstepcounter</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\setcounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005caddtocounter_007bcounter_007d_007bvalue_007d"></a>
<h3 class="section">13.5 <code>\addtocounter{<var>counter</var>}{<var>value</var>}</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005caddtocounter"></a>

<p>The <code>\addtocounter</code> command globally increments <var>counter</var> by
the amount specified by the <var>value</var> argument, which may be negative.
</p>
<p>In this example the section value appears as &lsquo;<samp>VII</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\setcounter{section}{5}
\addtocounter{section}{2}
Here it is in Roman: \Roman{section}.
</pre></div>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005crefstepcounter"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\stepcounter</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\addtocounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005crefstepcounter_007bcounter_007d"></a>
<h3 class="section">13.6 <code>\refstepcounter{<var>counter</var>}</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005crefstepcounter"></a>

<p>The <code>\refstepcounter</code> command works in the same way as
<code>\stepcounter</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter">\stepcounter</a>): it globally increments the
value of <var>counter</var> by one and resets the value of any counter
numbered within it.  (For the definition of &ldquo;counters numbered
within&rdquo;, see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">\newcounter</a>.)
</p>
<p>In addition, this command also defines the current <code>\ref</code> value
to be the result of <code>\thecounter</code>.
</p>
<p>While the counter value is set globally, the <code>\ref</code> value is set
locally, i.e., inside the current group.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cstepcounter"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear" accesskey="n" rel="next">\day \month \year</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\refstepcounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cstepcounter_007bcounter_007d"></a>
<h3 class="section">13.7 <code>\stepcounter{<var>counter</var>}</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005cstepcounter"></a>

<p>The <code>\stepcounter</code> command globally adds one to <var>counter</var> and
resets all counters numbered within it.  (For the definition of
&ldquo;counters numbered within&rdquo;, see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">\newcounter</a>.)
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\stepcounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear_003a-Predefined-counters"></a>
<h3 class="section">13.8 <code>\day \month \year</code>: Predefined counters</h3>

<a name="index-_005cday"></a>
<a name="index-_005cmonth"></a>
<a name="index-_005cyear"></a>

<p>LaTeX defines counters for the day of the month (<code>\day</code>,
1&ndash;31), month of the year (<code>\month</code>, 1&ndash;12), and year
(<code>\year</code>, Common Era).  When TeX starts up, they are
set to the current values on the system where TeX is running.  They
are not updated as the job progresses.
</p>
<p>The related command <code>\today</code> produces a string representing the
current day (see <a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a>).
</p>

<hr>
<a name="Lengths"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="n" rel="next">Making paragraphs</a>, Previous: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Counters</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Lengths-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">14 Lengths</h2>

<a name="index-lengths_002c-defining-and-using"></a>

<p>A <em>length</em> is a measure of distance.  Many LaTeX commands take a
length as an argument.
</p>
<p>Lengths come in two types.  A <em>rigid length</em> (what Plain TeX
calls a <em>dimen</em>) such as <code>10pt</code> cannot contain a <code>plus</code> or
<code>minus</code> component.  A <em>rubber length</em> (what Plain TeX calls
a <em>skip</em>) can contain those, as with <code>1cm plus0.05cm
minus0.01cm</code>.  These give the ability to stretch or shrink; the length
in the prior sentence could appear in the output as long as 1.05&nbsp;cm
or as short as 0.99&nbsp;cm, depending on what TeX&rsquo;s typesetting
algorithm finds optimum.
</p>
<p>The <code>plus</code> or <code>minus</code> component of a rubber length can contain
a <em>fill</em> component, as in <code>1in plus2fill</code>.  This gives the
length infinite stretchability or shrinkability, so that the length in
the prior sentence can be set by TeX to any distance greater than or
equal to 1&nbsp;inch.  TeX actually provides three infinite glue
components <code>fil</code>, <code>fill</code>, and <code>filll</code>, such that the
later ones overcome the earlier ones, but only the middle value is
ordinarily used.  See <a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a>, See <a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a>.
</p>
<p>Multiplying an entire rubber length by a number turns it into a rigid
length, so that after <code>\setlength{\ylength}{1in plus 0.2in}</code>
and <code>\setlength{\zlength}{3\ylength}</code> then the value of
<code>\zlength</code> is <code>3in</code>.
</p>

<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Units-of-length" accesskey="1">Units of length</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The units that LaTeX knows.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005csetlength" accesskey="2">\setlength</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Set the value of a length.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005caddtolength" accesskey="3">\addtolength</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Add a quantity to a length.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005csettodepth" accesskey="4">\settodepth</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Set a length to the depth of something.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005csettoheight" accesskey="5">\settoheight</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Set a length to the height of something.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005csettowidth" accesskey="6">\settowidth</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Set a length to the width of something.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Predefined-lengths" accesskey="7">Predefined lengths</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Lengths that are, like, predefined.
</td></tr>
</table>


<hr>
<a name="Units-of-length"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005csetlength" accesskey="n" rel="next">\setlength</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Units-of-length-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">14.1 Units of length</h3>

<a name="index-units_002c-of-length"></a>

<p>TeX and LaTeX know about these units both inside and outside of
math mode.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>pt</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-pt"></a>
<a name="index-Point"></a>
<p>Point 1/72.27 inch.  The conversion to metric units, to two decimal
places, is 1point = 2.85mm = 28.45cm. 
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>pc</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-pica"></a>
<a name="index-pc"></a>
<p>Pica, 12 pt
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>in</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-in"></a>
<a name="index-inch"></a>
<p>Inch,  72.27 pt
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>bp</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-bp"></a>
<a name="index-Big-point"></a>
<p>Big point, 1/72 inch.  This length is the definition of a point in
PostScript and many desktop publishing systems.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>cm</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-Centimeter"></a>
<a name="index-cm"></a>
<p>Centimeter
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>mm</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-Millimeter"></a>
<a name="index-mm"></a>
<p>Millimeter
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>dd</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-Didot-point"></a>
<a name="index-dd"></a>
<p>Didot point, 1.07 pt
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>cc</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-Cicero"></a>
<a name="index-cc"></a>
<p>Cicero, 12 dd
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>sp</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-Scaled-point"></a>
<a name="index-sp"></a>
<p>Scaled point, 1/65536 pt
</p>
</dd>
</dl>

<a name="index-ex"></a>
<a name="index-x_002dheight"></a>
<a name="index-ex-1"></a>
<a name="index-m_002dwidth"></a>
<a name="index-em"></a>
<a name="index-em-1"></a>
<p>Two other lengths that are often used are values set by the designer of
the font.  The x-height of the current font <em>ex</em>, traditionally the
height of the lower case letter x, is often used for vertical
lengths. Similarly <em>em</em>, traditionally the width of the capital
letter M, is often used for horizontal lengths (there is also
<code>\enspace</code>, which is <code>0.5em</code>).  Use of these can help make a
definition work better across font changes.  For example, a definition
of the vertical space between list items given as
<code>\setlength{\itemsep}{1ex plus 0.05ex minus 0.01ex}</code> is more
likely to still be reasonable if the font is changed than a definition
given in points.
</p>
<a name="index-mu_002c-math-unit"></a>
<a name="index-mu"></a>
<p>In math mode, many definitions are expressed in terms of the math unit
<em>mu</em> given by 1 em = 18 mu, where the em is taken from the current
math symbols family.  See <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a>.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005csetlength"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddtolength" accesskey="n" rel="next">\addtolength</a>, Previous: <a href="#Units-of-length" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Units of length</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005csetlength-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">14.2 <code>\setlength</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005csetlength"></a>
<a name="index-lengths_002c-setting"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\setlength{<var>\len</var>}{<var>amount</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\setlength</code> sets the value of <em>length command</em>
<a name="index-length-command"></a>
<code>\<var>len</var></code> to the <var>value</var> argument which can be expressed in any
units that LaTeX understands, i.e., inches (<code>in</code>), millimeters
(<code>mm</code>), points (<code>pt</code>), big points (<code>bp</code>), etc.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005caddtolength"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005csettodepth" accesskey="n" rel="next">\settodepth</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csetlength" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\setlength</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005caddtolength-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">14.3 <code>\addtolength</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005caddtolength"></a>
<a name="index-lengths_002c-adding-to"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\addtolength{<var>\len</var>}{<var>amount</var>}
</pre></div>


<p>The <code>\addtolength</code> command increments a length command <code>\<var>len</var></code>
by the amount specified in the <var>amount</var> argument, which may be
negative.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005csettodepth"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005csettoheight" accesskey="n" rel="next">\settoheight</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddtolength" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\addtolength</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005csettodepth-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">14.4 <code>\settodepth</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005csettodepth"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\settodepth{\<var>len</var>}{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\settodepth</code> command sets the value of a length command
<code>\<var>len</var></code> equal to the depth of the <var>text</var> argument.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005csettoheight"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005csettowidth" accesskey="n" rel="next">\settowidth</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csettodepth" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\settodepth</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005csettoheight-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">14.5 <code>\settoheight</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005csettoheight"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\settoheight{\<var>len</var>}{text}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\settoheight</code> command sets the value of a length command <code>\<var>len</var></code>
equal to the height of the <code>text</code> argument.
</p>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005csettowidth"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Predefined-lengths" accesskey="n" rel="next">Predefined lengths</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csettoheight" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\settoheight</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005csettowidth_007b_005clen_007d_007btext_007d"></a>
<h3 class="section">14.6 <code>\settowidth{\<var>len</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005csettowidth"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\settowidth{\<var>len</var>}{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\settowidth</code> command sets the value of the command <var>\len</var>
to the width of the <var>text</var> argument.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="Predefined-lengths"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csettowidth" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\settowidth</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Predefined-lengths-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">14.7 Predefined lengths</h3>

<a name="index-lengths_002c-predefined"></a>
<a name="index-predefined-lengths"></a>

<p><code>\width</code>
<a name="index-_005cwidth"></a>
</p>
<p><code>\height</code>
<a name="index-_005cheight"></a>
</p>
<p><code>\depth</code>
<a name="index-_005cdepth"></a>
</p>
<p><code>\totalheight</code>
<a name="index-_005ctotalheight"></a>
</p>
<p>These length parameters can be used in the arguments of the box-making
commands (see <a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a>).  They specify the natural width, etc., of
the text in the box. <code>\totalheight</code> equals <em><code>\height</code> +
<code>\depth</code></em>. To make a box with the text stretched to double the
natural size, e.g., say
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\makebox[2\width]{Get a stretcher}
</pre></div>


<hr>
<a name="Making-paragraphs"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math formulas</a>, Previous: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Lengths</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Making-paragraphs-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">15 Making paragraphs</h2>

<a name="index-making-paragraphs"></a>
<a name="index-paragraphs"></a>

<p>A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines&mdash;lines not
containing even a <code>%</code>.  A blank line should not appear where a new
paragraph cannot be started, such as in math mode or in the argument of
a sectioning command.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cindent" accesskey="1">\indent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Indent this paragraph.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnoindent" accesskey="2">\noindent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Do not indent this paragraph.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cparskip" accesskey="3">\parskip</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Space added before paragraphs.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Marginal-notes" accesskey="4">Marginal notes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Putting remarks in the margin.
</td></tr>
</table>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cindent"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnoindent" accesskey="n" rel="next">\noindent</a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cindent-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">15.1 <code>\indent</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005cindent"></a>
<a name="index-_005cparindent-1"></a>
<a name="index-indent_002c-forcing"></a>

<p><code>\indent</code> produces a horizontal space whose width equals to the
<code>\parindent</code> length, the normal paragraph indentation.  It is used
to add paragraph indentation where it would otherwise be suppressed.
</p>
<p>The default value for <code>\parindent</code> is <code>1em</code> in two-column
mode, otherwise <code>15pt</code> for <code>10pt</code> documents, <code>17pt</code> for
<code>11pt</code>, and <code>1.5em</code> for <code>12pt</code>.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cnoindent"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cparskip" accesskey="n" rel="next">\parskip</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cindent" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\indent</a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cnoindent-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">15.2 <code>\noindent</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005cnoindent"></a>
<a name="index-indent_002c-suppressing"></a>

<p>When used at the beginning of the paragraph, this command suppresses any
paragraph indentation, as in this example.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">... end of the prior paragraph.

\noindent This paragraph is not indented.
</pre></div>

<p>It has no effect when used in the middle of a paragraph.
</p>
<p>To eliminate paragraph indentation in an entire document, put
<code>\setlength{\parindent}{0pt}</code> in the preamble.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cparskip"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Marginal-notes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Marginal notes</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnoindent" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\noindent</a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cparskip-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">15.3 <code>\parskip</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005cparskip"></a>
<a name="index-vertical-space-before-paragraphs"></a>

<p><code>\parskip</code> is a rubber length defining extra vertical space added
before each paragraph.  The default is <code>0pt plus1pt</code>.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="Marginal-notes"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cparskip" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\parskip</a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Marginal-notes-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">15.4 Marginal notes</h3>

<a name="index-marginal-notes"></a>
<a name="index-notes-in-the-margin"></a>
<a name="index-remarks-in-the-margin"></a>
<a name="index-_005cmarginpar"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\marginpar[<var>left</var>]{<var>right</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\marginpar</code> command creates a note in the margin.  The first
line of the note will have the same baseline as the line in the text
where the <code>\marginpar</code> occurs.
</p>
<p>When you only specify the mandatory argument <var>right</var>, the text
will be placed
</p>
<ul>
<li> in the right margin for one-sided layout (option <code>oneside</code>, see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>);
</li><li> in the outside margin for two-sided layout (option <code>twoside</code>, see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>);
</li><li> in the nearest margin for two-column layout (option <code>twocolumn</code>, see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>).
</li></ul>

<a name="index-_005creversemarginpar"></a>
<a name="index-_005cnormalmarginpar"></a>
<p>The command <code>\reversemarginpar</code> places subsequent marginal notes
in the opposite (inside) margin.  <code>\normalmarginpar</code> places them
in the default position.
</p>
<p>When you specify both arguments, <var>left</var> is used for the left
margin, and <var>right</var> is used for the right margin.
</p>
<p>The first word will normally not be hyphenated; you can enable
hyphenation there by beginning the node with <code>\hspace{0pt}</code>.
</p>
<p>These parameters affect the formatting of the note:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\marginparpush</code>
<a name="index-_005cmarginparpush-2"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Minimum vertical space between notes; default &lsquo;<samp>7pt</samp>&rsquo; for
&lsquo;<samp>12pt</samp>&rsquo; documents, &lsquo;<samp>5pt</samp>&rsquo; else.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\marginparsep</code>
<a name="index-_005cmarginparsep"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Horizontal space between the main text and the note; default
&lsquo;<samp>11pt</samp>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<samp>10pt</samp>&rsquo; documents, &lsquo;<samp>10pt</samp>&rsquo; else.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\marginparwidth</code>
<a name="index-_005cmarginparwidth-2"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Width of the note itself; default for a one-sided &lsquo;<samp>10pt</samp>&rsquo; document
is &lsquo;<samp>90pt</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>83pt</samp>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<samp>11pt</samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp>68pt</samp>&rsquo; for
&lsquo;<samp>12pt</samp>&rsquo;; &lsquo;<samp>17pt</samp>&rsquo; more in each case for a two-sided document.
In two column mode, the default is &lsquo;<samp>48pt</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>

<p>The standard LaTeX routine for marginal notes does not prevent
notes from falling off the bottom of the page.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="Math-formulas"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Modes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Modes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Making paragraphs</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Math-formulas-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">16 Math formulas</h2>

<a name="index-math-formulas"></a>
<a name="index-formulas_002c-math"></a>
<a name="index-math-mode_002c-entering"></a>
<a name="index-environment_002c-math-1"></a>
<a name="index-math-environment-1"></a>
<a name="index-environment_002c-displaymath-1"></a>
<a name="index-displaymath-environment-1"></a>
<a name="index-environment_002c-equation-1"></a>
<a name="index-equation-environment-1"></a>

<p>There are three environments that put LaTeX in math mode:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>math</code></dt>
<dd><p>For formulas that appear right in the text.
</p></dd>
<dt><code>displaymath</code></dt>
<dd><p>For formulas that appear on their own line.
</p></dd>
<dt><code>equation</code></dt>
<dd><p>The same as the displaymath environment except that it adds an equation
number in the right margin.
</p></dd>
</dl>

<a name="index-_005c_0028"></a>
<a name="index-_005c_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005c_005b"></a>
<a name="index-_005c_005d"></a>
<p>The <code>math</code> environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode,
but the <code>displaymath</code> and <code>equation</code> environments can be used
only in paragraph mode.  The <code>math</code> and <code>displaymath</code>
environments are used so often that they have the following short forms:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\(...\)   <span class="roman">instead of</span>   \begin{math}...\end{math}
\[...\]   <span class="roman">instead of</span>   \begin{displaymath}...\end{displaymath}
</pre></div>

<a name="index-_0024"></a>
<p>In fact, the <code>math</code> environment is so common that it has an even
shorter form:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">$ ... $   <span class="roman">instead of</span>   \(...\)
</pre></div>

<a name="index-_005cboldmath"></a>
<a name="index-_005cunboldmath"></a>
<p>The <code>\boldmath</code> command changes math letters and symbols to be in
a bold font.  It is used <em>outside</em> of math mode.  Conversely, the
<code>\unboldmath</code> command changes math glyphs to be in a normal font;
it too is used <em>outside</em> of math mode.
</p>
<a name="index-_005cdisplaystyle"></a>
<p>The <code>\displaystyle</code> declaration forces the size and style of the
formula to be that of <code>displaymath</code>, e.g., with limits above and
below summations.  For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">$\displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^\infty x_n $
</pre></div>


<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts" accesskey="1">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Also known as exponent or index.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="2">Math symbols</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Various mathematical squiggles.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Math-functions" accesskey="3">Math functions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Math function names like sin and exp.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Math-accents" accesskey="4">Math accents</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Accents in math.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="5">Spacing in math mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Thick, medium, thin and negative spaces.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="6">Math miscellany</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Stuff that doesn&rsquo;t fit anywhere else.
</td></tr>
</table>


<hr>
<a name="Subscripts-_0026-superscripts"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math symbols</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Subscripts-_0026-superscripts-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">16.1 Subscripts &amp; superscripts</h3>

<a name="index-superscript"></a>
<a name="index-subscript"></a>
<a name="index-exponent"></a>
<a name="index-_005f"></a>
<a name="index-_005e"></a>

<p>In math mode, use the caret character&nbsp;<code>^</code> to make the
<var>exp</var> appear as a superscript: <code>^{<var>exp</var>}</code>.
Similarly, in math mode, underscore&nbsp;<code>_{<var>exp</var>}</code> makes a
subscript out of <var>exp</var>.
</p>
<p>In this example the <code>0</code> and <code>1</code> appear as subscripts while the
<code>2</code> is a superscript.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\( (x_0+x_1)^2 \)
</pre></div>

<p>To have more than one character in <var>exp</var> use curly braces as in
<code>e^{-2x}</code>.
</p>
<p>LaTeX handles superscripts on superscripts, and all of that stuff, in
the natural way, so expressions such as <code>e^{x^2}</code> and
<code>x_{a_0}</code> will look right.  It also does the right thing when
something has both a subscript and a superscript.  In this example the
<code>0</code> appears at the bottom of the integral sign while the <code>10</code>
appears at the top.
</p> 
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\int_0^{10} x^2 \,dx
</pre></div>

<p>You can put a superscript or subscript before a symbol with a construct
such as <code>{}_t K^2</code> in math mode (the initial <code>{}</code> prevents
the prefixed subscript from being attached to any prior symbols in the
expression).
</p>
<p>Outside of math mode, a construct like <code>A
test$_\textnormal{subscript}$</code> will produce a subscript typeset in
text mode, not math mode.  Note that there are packages specialized for
writing Chemical formulas such as <samp>mhchem</samp>.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="Math-symbols"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Math-functions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math functions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Math-symbols-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">16.2 Math symbols</h3>

<a name="index-math-symbols"></a>
<a name="index-symbols_002c-math"></a>
<a name="index-greek-letters"></a>

<p>LaTeX provides almost any mathematical symbol you&rsquo;re likely to need.
For example, if you include <code>$\pi$</code> in your source, you will get
the pi symbol &#x03C0;.
</p> 
<p>Below is a list of commonly-available symbols.  It is by no means an
exhaustive list.  Each symbol here is described with a short phrase, and
its symbol class (which determines the spacing around it) is given in
parenthesis.  Unless said otherwise, the commands for these symbols can
be used only in math mode.
</p>
<p>To redefine a command so that it can be used whatever the current mode,
see <a href="#g_t_005censuremath">\ensuremath</a>.
</p>


<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\|</code>
<a name="index-_005c_007c"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2225; Parallel (relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\parallel</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\aleph</code>
<a name="index-_005caleph"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2135; Aleph, transfinite cardinal (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\alpha</code>
<a name="index-_005calpha"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03B1; Lower case Greek letter alpha (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\amalg</code>
<a name="index-_005camalg"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2A3F; Disjoint union (binary)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\angle</code>
<a name="index-_005cangle"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2220; Geometric angle (ordinary). Similar: less-than
sign&nbsp;<code>&lt;</code> and angle bracket&nbsp;<code>\langle</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\approx</code>
<a name="index-_005capprox"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2248; Almost equal to (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ast</code>
<a name="index-_005cast"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2217; Asterisk operator, convolution, six-pointed
(binary). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>*</code>, which is often a superscript or
subscript, as in the Kleene star. Similar:&nbsp;<code>\star</code>, which is
five-pointed, and is sometimes used as a general binary operation, and
sometimes reserved for cross-correlation.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\asymp</code>
<a name="index-_005casymp"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x224D; Asymptotically equivalent (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\backslash</code>
<a name="index-_005cbackslash"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>\ Backslash (ordinary).  Similar: set minus&nbsp;<code>\setminus</code>, and
<code>\textbackslash</code> for backslash outside of math mode.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\beta</code>
<a name="index-_005cbeta"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03B2; Lower case Greek letter beta (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bigcap</code>
<a name="index-_005cbigcap"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x22C2; Variable-sized, or n-ary, intersection (operator). Similar:
binary intersection&nbsp;<code>\cap</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bigcirc</code>
<a name="index-_005cbigcirc"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x26AA; Circle, larger (binary).  Similar: function
composition&nbsp;<code>\circ</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bigcup</code>
<a name="index-_005cbigcup"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x22C3; Variable-sized, or n-ary, union (operator). Similar: binary
union&nbsp;<code>\cup</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bigodot</code>
<a name="index-_005cbigodot"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2A00; Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled dot operator (operator).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bigoplus</code>
<a name="index-_005cbigoplus"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2A01; Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled plus operator (operator).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bigotimes</code>
<a name="index-_005cbigotimes"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2A02; Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled times operator (operator).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bigtriangledown</code>
<a name="index-_005cbigtriangledown"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x25BD; Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle pointing down
(operator).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bigtriangleup</code>
<a name="index-_005cbigtriangleup"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x25B3; Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle pointing up (operator).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bigsqcup</code>
<a name="index-_005cbigsqcup"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2A06; Variable-sized, or n-ary, square union (operator).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\biguplus</code>
<a name="index-_005cbiguplus"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2A04; Variable-sized, or n-ary, union operator with a plus
(operator).  (Note that the name has only one p.)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bigvee</code>
<a name="index-_005cbigvee"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x22C1; Variable-sized, or n-ary, logical-and (operator).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bigwedge</code>
<a name="index-_005cbigwedge"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x22C0; Variable-sized, or n-ary, logical-or (operator).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bot</code>
<a name="index-_005cbot"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x22A5; Up tack, bottom, least element of a partially ordered
set, or a contradiction (ordinary).  See also&nbsp;<code>\top</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bowtie</code>
<a name="index-_005cbowtie"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x22C8; Natural join of two relations (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Box</code>
<a name="index-_005cBox"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x25A1; Modal operator for necessity; square open box
(ordinary).  Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bullet</code>
<a name="index-_005cbullet"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-bullet-symbol"></a>
<p>&#x2022; Bullet (binary).  Similar: multiplication
dot&nbsp;<code>\cdot</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\cap</code>
<a name="index-_005ccap"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2229; Intersection of two sets (binary).  Similar: variable-sized
operator&nbsp;<code>\bigcap</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\cdot</code>
<a name="index-_005ccdot"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x22C5; Multiplication (binary).  Similar: Bullet
dot&nbsp;<code>\bullet</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\chi</code>
<a name="index-_005cchi"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03C7; Lower case Greek chi (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\circ</code>
<a name="index-_005ccirc"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2218; Function composition, ring operator (binary).  Similar:
variable-sized operator&nbsp;<code>\bigcirc</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\clubsuit</code>
<a name="index-_005cclubsuit"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2663; Club card suit (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\complement</code>
<a name="index-_005ccomplement"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2201; Set complement, used as a superscript as in
<code>$S^\complement$</code> (ordinary).  Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package. Also
used: <code>$S^{\mathsf{c}}$</code> or&nbsp;<code>$\bar{S}$</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\cong</code>
<a name="index-_005ccong"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2245; Congruent (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\coprod</code>
<a name="index-_005ccoprod"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2210; Coproduct (operator).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\cup</code>
<a name="index-_005ccup"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x222A; Union of two sets (binary).  Similar: variable-sized
operator&nbsp;<code>\bigcup</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\dagger</code>
<a name="index-_005cdagger"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2020; Dagger relation (binary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\dashv</code>
<a name="index-_005cdashv"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x22A3; Dash with vertical, reversed turnstile (relation).  Similar:
turnstile&nbsp;<code>\vdash</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ddagger</code>
<a name="index-_005cddagger"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2021; Double dagger relation (binary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Delta</code>
<a name="index-_005cDelta"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x0394; Greek upper case delta, used for increment (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\delta</code>
<a name="index-_005cdelta"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03B4; Greek lower case delta (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Diamond</code>
<a name="index-_005cDiamond"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x25C7; Large diamond operator (ordinary).  Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\diamond</code>
<a name="index-_005cdiamond"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x22C4; Diamond operator, or diamond bullet (binary).  Similar: large
diamond&nbsp;<code>\Diamond</code>, circle bullet&nbsp;<code>\bullet</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\diamondsuit</code>
<a name="index-_005cdiamondsuit"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2662; Diamond card suit (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\div</code>
<a name="index-_005cdiv"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x00F7; Division sign (binary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\doteq</code>
<a name="index-_005cdoteq"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2250; Approaches the limit (relation).  Similar: geometrically equal
to&nbsp;<code>\Doteq</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\downarrow</code>
<a name="index-_005cdownarrow"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2193; Down arrow, converges (relation).  Similar: double line down
arrow&nbsp;<code>\Downarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Downarrow</code>
<a name="index-_005cDownarrow"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x21D3; Double line down arrow (relation).  Similar: single line down
arrow&nbsp;<code>\downarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ell</code>
<a name="index-_005cell"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2113; Lower-case cursive letter l (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\emptyset</code>
<a name="index-_005cemptyset"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2205; Empty set symbol (ordinary).  The variant form is
<code>\varnothing</code>.
</p>	
</dd>
<dt><code>\epsilon</code>
<a name="index-_005cepsilon"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03F5; Lower case lunate epsilon (ordinary). Similar to
Greek text letter. More widely used in mathematics is the script small
letter epsilon <code>\varepsilon</code>&nbsp;&#x03B5;. Related:
the set membership relation <code>\in</code>&nbsp;&#x2208;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\equiv</code>
<a name="index-_005cequiv"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2261; Equivalence (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\eta</code>
<a name="index-_005ceta"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03B7; Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\exists</code>
<a name="index-_005cexists"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2203; Existential quantifier (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\flat</code>
<a name="index-_005cflat"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x266D; Musical flat (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\forall</code>
<a name="index-_005cforall"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2200; Universal quantifier (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\frown</code>
<a name="index-_005cfrown"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2322; Downward curving arc (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Gamma</code>
<a name="index-_005cGamma"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x0393; Upper case Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\gamma</code>
<a name="index-_005cgamma"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03B3; Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ge</code>
<a name="index-_005cge"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2265; Greater than or equal to (relation).  This is a synonym
for&nbsp;<code>\geq</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\geq</code>
<a name="index-_005cgeq"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2265; Greater than or equal to (relation).  This is a synonym
for&nbsp;<code>\ge</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\gets</code>
<a name="index-_005cgets"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2190; Is assigned the value (relation).
Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\leftarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\gg</code>
<a name="index-_005cgg"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x226B; Much greater than (relation).  Similar: much less
than&nbsp;<code>\ll</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\hbar</code>
<a name="index-_005chbar"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x210F; Planck constant over two pi (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\heartsuit</code>
<a name="index-_005cheartsuit"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2661; Heart card suit (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\hookleftarrow</code>
<a name="index-_005chookleftarrow"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x21A9; Hooked left arrow (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\hookrightarrow</code>
<a name="index-_005chookrightarrow"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x21AA; Hooked right arrow (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\iff</code>
<a name="index-_005ciff"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x27F7; If and only if (relation).  It is <code>\Longleftrightarrow</code>
with a <code>\thickmuskip</code> on either side.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Im</code>
<a name="index-_005cIm"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2111; Imaginary part (ordinary).  See: real part&nbsp;<code>\Re</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\in</code>
<a name="index-_005cin"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2208; Set element (relation).  See also: lower case lunate
epsilon&nbsp;<code>\epsilon</code>&#x03F5; and small letter script
epsilon&nbsp;<code>\varepsilon</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\infty</code>
<a name="index-_005cinfty"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x221E; Infinity (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\int</code>
<a name="index-_005cint"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x222B; Integral (operator).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\iota</code>
<a name="index-_005ciota"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03B9; Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Join</code>
<a name="index-_005cJoin"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2A1D; Condensed bowtie symbol (relation).  Not available in Plain
TeX.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\kappa</code>
<a name="index-_005ckappa"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03BA; Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Lambda</code>
<a name="index-_005cLambda"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x039B; Upper case Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\lambda</code>
<a name="index-_005clambda"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03BB; Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\land</code>
<a name="index-_005cland"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2227; Logical and (binary).  This is a synonym for <code>\wedge</code>.
See also logical or&nbsp;<code>\lor</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\langle</code>
<a name="index-_005clangle"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x27E8; Left angle, or sequence, bracket (opening).  Similar:
less-than&nbsp;<code>&lt;</code>. Matches&nbsp;<code>\rangle</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\lbrace</code>
<a name="index-_005clbrace"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x007B; Left curly brace
(opening). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\{</code>. Matches&nbsp;<code>\rbrace</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\lbrack</code>
<a name="index-_005clbrack"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x005B; Left square bracket (opening).
Synonym:&nbsp;<code>[</code>. Matches&nbsp;<code>\rbrack</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\lceil</code>
<a name="index-_005clceil"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2308; Left ceiling bracket, like a square bracket but with the bottom
shaved off (opening). Matches&nbsp;<code>\rceil</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\le</code>
<a name="index-_005cle"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2264; Less than or equal to (relation).  This is a synonym
for&nbsp;<code>\leq</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\leadsto</code>
<a name="index-_005cleadsto"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x21DD; Squiggly right arrow (relation).  Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package.
To get this symbol outside of math mode you can put
<code>\newcommand*{\Leadsto}{\ensuremath{\leadsto}}</code> in the
preamble and then use <code>\Leadsto</code> instead.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Leftarrow</code>
<a name="index-_005cLeftarrow"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x21D0; Is implied by, double-line left arrow (relation).  Similar:
single-line left arrow&nbsp;<code>\leftarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\leftarrow</code>
<a name="index-_005cleftarrow"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2190; Single-line left arrow (relation).
Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\gets</code>. Similar: double-line left
arrow&nbsp;<code>\Leftarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\leftharpoondown</code>
<a name="index-_005cleftharpoondown"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x21BD; Single-line left harpoon, barb under bar (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\leftharpoonup</code>
<a name="index-_005cleftharpoonup"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x21BC; Single-line left harpoon, barb over bar (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Leftrightarrow</code>
<a name="index-_005cLeftrightarrow"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x21D4; Bi-implication; double-line double-headed arrow (relation).
Similar: single-line double headed arrow&nbsp;<code>\leftrightarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\leftrightarrow</code>
<a name="index-_005cleftrightarrow"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2194; Single-line double-headed arrow (relation).  Similar:
double-line double headed arrow&nbsp;<code>\Leftrightarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\leq</code>
<a name="index-_005cleq"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2264; Less than or equal to (relation).  This is a synonym
for&nbsp;<code>\le</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\lfloor</code>
<a name="index-_005clfloor"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x230A; Left floor bracket (opening). Matches:&nbsp;<code>\floor</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\lhd</code>
<a name="index-_005clhd"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x25C1; Arrowhead, that is, triangle, pointing left (binary).
Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package. For the normal subgroup symbol you should load
<samp>amssymb</samp> and use&nbsp;<code>\vartriangleleft</code> (which is a relation
and so gives better spacing).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ll</code>
<a name="index-_005cll"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x226A; Much less than (relation).  Similar: much greater
than&nbsp;<code>\gg</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\lnot</code>
<a name="index-_005clnot"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x00AC; Logical negation (ordinary). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\neg</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\longleftarrow</code>
<a name="index-_005clongleftarrow"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x27F5; Long single-line left arrow (relation).  Similar: long
double-line left arrow&nbsp;<code>\Longleftarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\longleftrightarrow</code>
<a name="index-_005clongleftrightarrow"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x27F7; Long single-line double-headed arrow (relation).  Similar: long
double-line double-headed arrow&nbsp;<code>\Longleftrightarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\longmapsto</code>
<a name="index-_005clongmapsto"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x27FC; Long single-line left arrow starting with vertical bar
(relation).  Similar: shorter version&nbsp;<code>\mapsto</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\longrightarrow</code>
<a name="index-_005clongrightarrow"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x27F6; Long single-line right arrow (relation).  Similar: long
double-line right arrow&nbsp;<code>\Longrightarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\lor</code>
<a name="index-_005clor"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2228; Logical or (binary).  Synonym: wedge&nbsp;<code>\wedge</code>. 
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mapsto</code>
<a name="index-_005cmapsto"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x21A6; Single-line left arrow starting with vertical bar (relation).
Similar: longer version&nbsp;<code>\longmapsto</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mho</code>
<a name="index-_005cmho"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2127; Conductance, half-circle rotated capital omega (ordinary).
Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mid</code>
<a name="index-_005cmid"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2223; Single-line vertical bar (relation).  A typical use of
<code>\mid</code> is for a set <code>\{\, x \mid x\geq 5 \,\}</code>.
</p>
<p>Similar: <code>\vert</code> and&nbsp;<code>|</code> produce the same single-line
vertical bar symbol but without any spacing (they fall in class
ordinary) and you should not use them as relations but instead only as
ordinals, i.e., footnote symbols.  For absolute value, see the entry
for&nbsp;<code>\vert</code> and for norm see the entry for&nbsp;<code>\Vert</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\models</code>
<a name="index-_005cmodels"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x22A8; Entails, or satisfies; double turnstile, short double dash
(relation).  Similar: long double dash&nbsp;<code>\vDash</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mp</code>
<a name="index-_005cmp"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2213; Minus or plus (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mu</code>
<a name="index-_005cmu"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03BC; Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\nabla</code>
<a name="index-_005cnabla"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2207; Hamilton&rsquo;s del, or differential, operator (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\natural</code>
<a name="index-_005cnatural"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x266E; Musical natural notation (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ne</code>
<a name="index-_005cne"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2260; Not equal (relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\neq</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\nearrow</code>
<a name="index-_005cnearrow"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2197; North-east arrow (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\neg</code>
<a name="index-_005cneg"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x00AC; Logical negation (ordinary).
Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\lnot</code>. Sometimes instead used for
negation:&nbsp;<code>\sim</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\neq</code>
<a name="index-_005cneq"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2260; Not equal (relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\ne</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ni</code>
<a name="index-_005cni"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x220B; Reflected membership epsilon; has the member
(relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\owns</code>. Similar: is a member
of&nbsp;<code>\in</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\not</code>
<a name="index-_005cnot"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x0020;&#x00A0;&#x0338; Long solidus, or slash, used to overstrike a
following operator (relation).
</p>
<p>Many negated operators that don&rsquo;t require <code>\not</code> are available,
particularly with the <samp>amssymb</samp> package. For example, <code>\notin</code>
is probably typographically preferable to <code>\not\in</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\notin</code>
<a name="index-_005cnotin"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2209; Not an element of (relation).  Similar: not subset
of&nbsp;<code>\nsubseteq</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\nu</code>
<a name="index-_005cnu"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03BD; Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\nwarrow</code>
<a name="index-_005cnwarrow"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2196; North-west arrow (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\odot</code>
<a name="index-_005codot"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2299; Dot inside a circle (binary).  Similar: variable-sized
operator&nbsp;<code>\bigodot</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\oint</code>
<a name="index-_005coint"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x222E; Contour integral, integral with circle in the middle (operator).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Omega</code>
<a name="index-_005cOmega"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03A9; Upper case Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\omega</code>
<a name="index-_005comega"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03C9; Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ominus</code>
<a name="index-_005cominus"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2296; Minus sign, or dash, inside a circle (binary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\oplus</code>
<a name="index-_005coplus"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2295; Plus sign inside a circle (binary).  Similar: variable-sized
operator&nbsp;<code>\bigoplus</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\oslash</code>
<a name="index-_005coslash"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2298; Solidus, or slash, inside a circle (binary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\otimes</code>
<a name="index-_005cotimes"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2297; Times sign, or cross, inside a circle (binary).  Similar:
variable-sized operator&nbsp;<code>\bigotimes</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\owns</code>
<a name="index-_005cowns"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x220B; Reflected membership epsilon; has the member
(relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\ni</code>. Similar: is a member
of&nbsp;<code>\in</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\parallel</code>
<a name="index-_005cparallel"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2225; Parallel (relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\|</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\partial</code>
<a name="index-_005cpartial"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2202; Partial differential (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\perp</code>
<a name="index-_005cperp"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x27C2; Perpendicular (relation).  Similar:&nbsp;<code>\bot</code> uses the
same glyph but the spacing is different because it is in the class
ordinary.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\phi</code>
<a name="index-_005cphi"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03D5; Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).  The variant form is
<code>\varphi</code>&nbsp;&#x03C6;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Pi</code>
<a name="index-_005cPi"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03A0; Upper case Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\pi</code>
<a name="index-_005cpi"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03C0; Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).  The variant form is
<code>\varpi</code>&nbsp;&#x03D6;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\pm</code>
<a name="index-_005cpm"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x00B1; Plus or minus (binary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\prec</code>
<a name="index-_005cprec"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x227A; Precedes (relation). Similar: less than&nbsp;<code>&lt;</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\preceq</code>
<a name="index-_005cpreceq"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2AAF; Precedes or equals (relation). Similar: less than or
equals&nbsp;<code>\leq</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\prime</code>
<a name="index-_005cprime"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2032; Prime, or minute in a time expression (ordinary).
Typically used as a superscript: <code>$f^\prime$</code>; <code>$f^\prime$</code>
and <code>$f'$</code> produce the same result.  An advantage of the second
is that <code>$f'''$</code> produces the desired symbol, that is, the same
result as <code>$f^{\prime\prime\prime}$</code>, but uses rather less
typing.  You can only use <code>\prime</code> in math mode.  Using the right
single quote&nbsp;<code>'</code> in text mode produces a different character
(apostrophe).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\prod</code>
<a name="index-_005cprod"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x220F; Product (operator).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\propto</code>
<a name="index-_005cpropto"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x221D; Is proportional to (relation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Psi</code>
<a name="index-_005cPsi"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03A8; Upper case Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\psi</code>
<a name="index-_005cpsi"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03C8; Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rangle</code>
<a name="index-_005crangle"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x27E9; Right angle, or sequence, bracket (closing). Similar: greater
than&nbsp;<code>&gt;</code>.  Matches:<code>\langle</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rbrace</code>
<a name="index-_005crbrace"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x007D; Right curly brace
(closing). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\}</code>. Matches&nbsp;<code>\lbrace</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rbrack</code>
<a name="index-_005crbrack"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x005D; Right square bracket
(closing). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>]</code>. Matches&nbsp;<code>\lbrack</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rceil</code>
<a name="index-_005crceil"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2309; Right ceiling bracket (closing). Matches&nbsp;<code>\lceil</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Re</code>
<a name="index-_005cRe"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x211C; Real part, real numbers, cursive capital R (ordinary). Related:
double-line, or blackboard bold, R&nbsp;<code>\mathbb{R}</code>; to access
this, load the <samp>amsfonts</samp> package.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\restriction</code>
<a name="index-_005crestriction"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x21BE; Restriction of a function
(relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\upharpoonright</code>.  Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\revemptyset</code>
<a name="index-_005crevemptyset"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x29B0; Reversed empty set symbol (ordinary).  Related:
<code>\varnothing</code>. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>stix</samp> package.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rfloor</code>
<a name="index-_005crfloor"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x230B; Right floor bracket, a right square bracket with the top cut
off (closing). Matches&nbsp;<code>\lfloor</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rhd</code>
<a name="index-_005crhd"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x25C1; Arrowhead, that is, triangle, pointing right (binary).
Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package. For the normal subgroup symbol you should instead
load <samp>amssymb</samp> and use&nbsp;<code>\vartriangleright</code> (which
is a relation and so gives better spacing).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rho</code>
<a name="index-_005crho"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03C1; Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).  The variant form is
<code>\varrho</code>&nbsp;&#x03F1;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Rightarrow</code>
<a name="index-_005cRightarrow"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x21D2; Implies, right-pointing double line arrow (relation). Similar:
right single-line arrow&nbsp;<code>\rightarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rightarrow</code>
<a name="index-_005crightarrow"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2192; Right-pointing single line arrow (relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\to</code>. Similar: right double line arrow&nbsp;<code>\Rightarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rightharpoondown</code>
<a name="index-_005crightharpoondown"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x21C1; Right-pointing harpoon with barb below the line (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rightharpoonup</code>
<a name="index-_005crightharpoonup"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x21C0; Right-pointing harpoon with barb above the line (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rightleftharpoons</code>
<a name="index-_005crightleftharpoons"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x21CC; Right harpoon up above left harpoon down (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\searrow</code>
<a name="index-_005csearrow"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2198; Arrow pointing southeast (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\setminus</code>
<a name="index-_005csetminus"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x29F5; Set difference, reverse solidus or slash, like \
(binary). Similar: backslash&nbsp;<code>\backslash</code> and also
<code>\textbackslash</code> outside of math mode.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sharp</code>
<a name="index-_005csharp"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x266F; Musical sharp (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Sigma</code>
<a name="index-_005cSigma"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03A3; Upper case Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sigma</code>
<a name="index-_005csigma"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03C3; Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
<code>\varsigma</code>&nbsp;&#x03C2;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sim</code>
<a name="index-_005csim"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x223C; Similar, in a relation (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\simeq</code>
<a name="index-_005csimeq"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2243; Similar or equal to, in a relation (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\smallint</code>
<a name="index-_005csmallint"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x222B; Integral sign that does not change to a larger size in a
display (operator).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\smile</code>
<a name="index-_005csmile"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2323; Upward curving arc, smile (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\spadesuit</code>
<a name="index-_005cspadesuit"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2660; Spade card suit (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sqcap</code>
<a name="index-_005csqcap"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2293; Square intersection symbol (binary). Similar:
intersection&nbsp;<code>cap</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sqcup</code>
<a name="index-_005csqcup"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2294; Square union symbol (binary). Similar:
union&nbsp;<code>cup</code>. Related: variable-sized
operator&nbsp;<code>\bigsqcup</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sqsubset</code>
<a name="index-_005csqsubset"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x228F; Square subset symbol (relation). Similar:
subset&nbsp;<code>\subset</code>. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sqsubseteq</code>
<a name="index-_005csqsubseteq"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2291; Square subset or equal symbol (binary). Similar: subset or
equal to&nbsp;<code>\subseteq</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sqsupset</code>
<a name="index-_005csqsupset"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2290; Square superset symbol (relation). Similar:
superset&nbsp;<code>\supset</code>. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sqsupseteq</code>
<a name="index-_005csqsupseteq"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2292; Square superset or equal symbol (binary). Similar: superset or
equal&nbsp;<code>\supseteq</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\star</code>
<a name="index-_005cstar"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x22C6; Five-pointed star, sometimes used as a general binary operation
but sometimes reserved for cross-correlation (binary). Similar: the
synonyms asterisk&nbsp;<code>*</code> and <code>\ast</code>, which are six-pointed,
and more often appear as a superscript or subscript, as with the Kleene
star.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\subset</code>
<a name="index-_005csubset"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2282; Subset (occasionally, is implied by) (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\subseteq</code>
<a name="index-_005csubseteq"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2286; Subset or equal to (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\succ</code>
<a name="index-_005csucc"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x227B; Comes after, succeeds (relation). Similar: is less
than&nbsp;<code>&gt;</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\succeq</code>
<a name="index-_005csucceq"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2AB0; Succeeds or is equal to (relation). Similar: less
than or equal to&nbsp;<code>\leq</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sum</code>
<a name="index-_005csum"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2211; Summation (operator). Similar: Greek capital
sigma&nbsp;<code>\Sigma</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\supset</code>
<a name="index-_005csupset"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2283; Superset (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\supseteq</code>
<a name="index-_005csupseteq"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2287; Superset or equal to (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\surd</code>
<a name="index-_005csurd"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x221A; Radical symbol (ordinary).  The LaTeX command
<code>\sqrt{...}</code> typesets the square root of the argument, with a bar
that extends to cover the argument.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\swarrow</code>
<a name="index-_005cswarrow"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2199; Southwest-pointing  arrow (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\tau</code>
<a name="index-_005ctau"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03C4; Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\theta</code>
<a name="index-_005ctheta"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03B8; Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
<code>\vartheta</code>&nbsp;&#x03D1;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\times</code>
<a name="index-_005ctimes"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x00D7; Primary school multiplication sign (binary). See
also&nbsp;<code>\cdot</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\to</code>
<a name="index-_005cto"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2192; Right-pointing single line arrow (relation).
Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\rightarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\top</code>
<a name="index-_005ctop"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x22A4; Top, greatest element of a partially ordered set
(ordinary). See also&nbsp;<code>\bot</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\triangle</code>
<a name="index-_005ctriangle"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x25B3; Triangle (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\triangleleft</code>
<a name="index-_005ctriangleleft"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x25C1; Not-filled triangle pointing left
(binary). Similar:&nbsp;<code>\lhd</code>. For the normal subgroup symbol you
should load <samp>amssymb</samp> and use&nbsp;<code>\vartriangleleft</code> (which
is a relation and so gives better spacing).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\triangleright</code>
<a name="index-_005ctriangleright"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x25B7; Not-filled triangle pointing right
(binary). For the normal subgroup symbol you should instead load
<samp>amssymb</samp> and use&nbsp;<code>\vartriangleright</code> (which is a
relation and so gives better spacing).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\unlhd</code>
<a name="index-_005cunlhd"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x22B4; Left-pointing not-filled underlined arrowhead, that
is, triangle, with a line under (binary). Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package.  For
the normal subgroup symbol load <samp>amssymb</samp> and
use&nbsp;<code>\vartrianglelefteq</code> (which is a relation and so gives
better spacing).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\unrhd</code>
<a name="index-_005cunrhd"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x22B5; Right-pointing not-filled underlined arrowhead, that
is, triangle, with a line under (binary). Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package.  For
the normal subgroup symbol load <samp>amssymb</samp> and
use&nbsp;<code>\vartrianglerighteq</code> (which is a relation and so gives
better spacing).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Uparrow</code>
<a name="index-_005cUparrow"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x21D1; Double-line upward-pointing arrow
(relation). Similar: single-line up-pointing
arrow&nbsp;<code>\uparrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\uparrow</code>
<a name="index-_005cuparrow"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2191; Single-line upward-pointing arrow, diverges
(relation). Similar: double-line up-pointing
arrow&nbsp;<code>\Uparrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Updownarrow</code>
<a name="index-_005cUpdownarrow"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x21D5; Double-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow
(relation). Similar: single-line upward-and-downward-pointing
arrow&nbsp;<code>\updownarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\updownarrow</code>
<a name="index-_005cupdownarrow"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2195; Single-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow (relation). Similar:
double-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow&nbsp;<code>\Updownarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\upharpoonright</code>
<a name="index-_005cupharpoonright"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x21BE; Up harpoon, with barb on right side
(relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\restriction</code>.  Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\uplus</code>
<a name="index-_005cuplus"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x228E; Multiset union, a union symbol with a plus symbol in
the middle (binary). Similar: union&nbsp;<code>\cup</code>. Related:
variable-sized operator&nbsp;<code>\biguplus</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Upsilon</code>
<a name="index-_005cUpsilon"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03A5; Upper case Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\upsilon</code>
<a name="index-_005cupsilon"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03C5; Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\varepsilon</code>
<a name="index-_005cvarepsilon"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03B5; Small letter script epsilon (ordinary).  This is
more widely used in mathematics than the non-variant lunate epsilon form
<code>\epsilon</code>&nbsp;&#x03F5;. Related: set
membership&nbsp;<code>\in</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\vanothing</code>
<a name="index-_005cvanothing"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2205; Empty set symbol. Similar:
<code>\emptyset</code>. Related: <code>\revemptyset</code>. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\varphi</code>
<a name="index-_005cvarphi"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03C6; Variant on the lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
The non-variant form is <code>\phi</code>&nbsp;&#x03D5;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\varpi</code>
<a name="index-_005cvarpi"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03D6; Variant on the lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
The non-variant form is <code>\pi</code>&nbsp;&#x03C0;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\varrho</code>
<a name="index-_005cvarrho"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03F1; Variant on the lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
The non-variant form is <code>\rho</code>&nbsp;&#x03C1;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\varsigma</code>
<a name="index-_005cvarsigma"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03C2; Variant on the lower case Greek letter
(ordinary).  The non-variant form is
<code>\sigma</code>&nbsp;&#x03C3;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\vartheta</code>
<a name="index-_005cvartheta"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03D1; Variant on the lower case Greek letter
(ordinary).  The non-variant form is
<code>\theta</code>&nbsp;&#x03B8;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\vdash</code>
<a name="index-_005cvdash"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x22A2; Provable; turnstile, vertical and a dash
(relation). Similar: turnstile rotated a
half-circle&nbsp;<code>\dashv</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\vee</code>
<a name="index-_005cvee"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2228; Logical or; a downwards v shape (binary). Related:
logical and&nbsp;<code>\wedge</code>. Similar: variable-sized
operator&nbsp;<code>\bigvee</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Vert</code>
<a name="index-_005cVert"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2016; Vertical double bar (ordinary). Similar: vertical single
bar&nbsp;<code>\vert</code>.
</p>
<p>For a norm symbol, you can use the <samp>mathtools</samp> package and add
<code>\DeclarePairedDelimiter\norm{\lVert}{\rVert}</code> to your
preamble. This gives you three command variants for double-line
vertical bars that are correctly horizontally spaced: if in the
document body you write the starred version <code>$\norm*{M^\perp}$</code>
then the height of the vertical bars will match the height of the
argument, whereas with <code>\norm{M^\perp}</code> the bars do not grow
with the height of the argument but instead are the default height,
and <code>\norm[<var>size command</var>]{M^\perp}</code> also gives bars that
do not grow but are set to the size given in the <var>size command</var>,
e.g., <code>\Bigg</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\vert</code>
<a name="index-_005cvert"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x007C; Single line vertical bar (ordinary). Similar: double-line
vertical bar&nbsp;<code>\Vert</code>. For such that, as in the definition of a 
set, use&nbsp;<code>\mid</code> because it is a relation.  
</p>
<p>For absolute value you can use the <samp>mathtools</samp> package and add
<code>\DeclarePairedDelimiter\abs{\lvert}{\rvert}</code> to your
preamble. This gives you three command variants for single-line vertical
bars that are correctly horizontally spaced: if in the document body you
write the starred version <code>$\abs*{\frac{22}{7}}$</code> then the
height of the vertical bars will match the height of the argument,
whereas with <code>\abs{\frac{22}{7}}</code> the bars do not grow with
the height of the argument but instead are the default height, and
<code>\abs[<var>size command</var>]{\frac{22}{7}}</code> also gives bars
that do not grow but are set to the size given in the <var>size
command</var>, e.g., <code>\Bigg</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\wedge</code>
<a name="index-_005cwedge"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2227; Logical and (binary).  Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\land</code>.  See also
logical or <code>\vee</code>. Similar: variable-sized
operator&nbsp;<code>\bigwedge</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\wp</code>
<a name="index-_005cwp"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2118; Weierstrass p (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\wr</code>
<a name="index-_005cwr"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2240; Wreath product (binary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Xi</code>
<a name="index-_005cXi"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x039E; Upper case Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\xi</code>
<a name="index-_005cxi"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03BE; Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\zeta</code>
<a name="index-_005czeta"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03B6; Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
</dl>


<hr>
<a name="Math-functions"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Math-accents" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math accents</a>, Previous: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Math symbols</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Math-functions-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">16.3 Math functions</h3>

<a name="index-math-functions"></a>
<a name="index-functions_002c-math"></a>

<p>These commands produce roman function names in math mode with proper
spacing.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\arccos</code>
<a name="index-_005carccos"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\arccos</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\arcsin</code>
<a name="index-_005carcsin"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\arcsin</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\arctan</code>
<a name="index-_005carctan"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\arctan</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\arg</code>
<a name="index-_005carg"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\arg</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bmod</code>
<a name="index-_005cbmod"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Binary modulo operator (<em>x \bmod y</em>)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\cos</code>
<a name="index-_005ccos"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\cos</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\cosh</code>
<a name="index-_005ccosh"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\cosh</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\cot</code>
<a name="index-_005ccot"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\cot</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\coth</code>
<a name="index-_005ccoth"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\coth</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\csc</code>
<a name="index-_005ccsc"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\csc</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\deg</code>
<a name="index-_005cdeg"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\deg</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\det</code>
<a name="index-_005cdet"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\det</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\dim</code>
<a name="index-_005cdim"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\dim</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\exp</code>
<a name="index-_005cexp"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\exp</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\gcd</code>
<a name="index-_005cgcd"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\gcd</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\hom</code>
<a name="index-_005chom"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\hom</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\inf</code>
<a name="index-_005cinf"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\inf</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ker</code>
<a name="index-_005cker"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\ker</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\lg</code>
<a name="index-_005clg"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\lg</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\lim</code>
<a name="index-_005clim"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\lim</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\liminf</code>
<a name="index-_005climinf"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\liminf</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\limsup</code>
<a name="index-_005climsup"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\limsup</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ln</code>
<a name="index-_005cln"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\ln</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\log</code>
<a name="index-_005clog"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\log</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\max</code>
<a name="index-_005cmax"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\max</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\min</code>
<a name="index-_005cmin"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\min</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\pmod</code>
<a name="index-_005cpmod"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>parenthesized modulus, as in (<em>\pmod 2^n - 1</em>)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Pr</code>
<a name="index-_005cPr"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\Pr</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sec</code>
<a name="index-_005csec"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\sec</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sin</code>
<a name="index-_005csin"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\sin</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sinh</code>
<a name="index-_005csinh"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\sinh</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sup</code>
<a name="index-_005csup"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\sup</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\tan</code>
<a name="index-_005ctan"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\tan</em>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\tanh</code>
<a name="index-_005ctanh"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p><em>\tanh</em>
</p>
</dd>
</dl>


<hr>
<a name="Math-accents"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="n" rel="next">Spacing in math mode</a>, Previous: <a href="#Math-functions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Math functions</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Math-accents-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">16.4 Math accents</h3>

<a name="index-math-accents"></a>
<a name="index-accents_002c-mathematical"></a>

<p>LaTeX provides a variety of commands for producing accented letters
in math.  These are different from accents in normal text
(see <a href="#Accents">Accents</a>).
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\acute</code>
<a name="index-_005cacute"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-acute-accent_002c-math"></a>
<p>Math acute accent: <em>\acute{x}</em>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bar</code>
<a name="index-_005cbar"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-bar_002dover-accent_002c-math"></a>
<a name="index-macron-accent_002c-math"></a>
<p>Math bar-over accent: <em>\bar{x}</em>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\breve</code>
<a name="index-_005cbreve"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-breve-accent_002c-math"></a>
<p>Math breve accent: <em>\breve{x}</em>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\check</code>
<a name="index-_005ccheck"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-check-accent_002c-math"></a>
<a name="index-hacek-accent_002c-math"></a>
<p>Math h&aacute;&#269;ek (check) accent: <em>\check{x}</em>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ddot</code>
<a name="index-_005cddot"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-double-dot-accent_002c-math"></a>
<p>Math dieresis accent: <em>\ddot{x}</em>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\dot</code>
<a name="index-_005cdot"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-overdot-accent_002c-math"></a>
<a name="index-dot-over-accent_002c-math"></a>
<p>Math dot accent: <em>\dot{x}</em>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\grave</code>
<a name="index-_005cgrave"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-grave-accent_002c-math"></a>
<p>Math grave accent: <em>\grave{x}</em>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\hat</code>
<a name="index-_005chat"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-hat-accent_002c-math"></a>
<a name="index-circumflex-accent_002c-math"></a>
<p>Math hat (circumflex) accent: <em>\hat{x}</em>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\imath</code>
<a name="index-_005cimath"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-dotless-i_002c-math"></a>
<p>Math dotless i.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\jmath</code>
<a name="index-_005cjmath"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-dotless-j_002c-math"></a>
<p>Math dotless j.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mathring</code>
<a name="index-_005cmathring"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-ring-accent_002c-math"></a>
<p>Math ring accent: x*.  </p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\tilde</code>
<a name="index-_005ctilde"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-tilde-accent_002c-math"></a>
<p>Math tilde accent: <em>\tilde{x}</em>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\vec</code>
<a name="index-_005cvec"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-vector-symbol_002c-math"></a>
<p>Math vector symbol: <em>\vec{x}</em>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\widehat</code>
<a name="index-_005cwidehat"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-wide-hat-accent_002c-math"></a>
<p>Math wide hat accent: <em>\widehat{x+y}</em>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\widetilde</code>
<a name="index-_005cwidetilde"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-wide-tilde-accent_002c-math"></a>
<p>Math wide tilde accent: <em>\widetilde{x+y}</em>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>


<hr>
<a name="Spacing-in-math-mode"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math miscellany</a>, Previous: <a href="#Math-accents" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Math accents</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Spacing-in-math-mode-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">16.5 Spacing in math mode</h3>

<a name="index-spacing-within-math-mode"></a>
<a name="index-math-mode_002c-spacing"></a>

<p>In a <code>math</code> environment, LaTeX ignores the spaces that you use
in the source, and instead puts in the spacing according to the normal
rules for mathematics texts.  
</p>
<p>Many math mode spacing definitions are expressed in terms of the math unit
<em>mu</em> given by 1 em = 18 mu, where the em is taken from the current
math symbols family (see <a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>).
LaTeX provides the following commands for use in math mode:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\;</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005c_003b"></a>
<a name="index-_005cthickspace"></a>
<p>Normally <code>5.0mu plus 5.0mu</code>.  The longer name is
<code>\thickspace</code>.  Math mode only.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\:</code></dt>
<dt><code>\&gt;</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005c_003a"></a>
<a name="index-_005c_003e-1"></a>
<a name="index-_005cmedspace"></a>
<p>Normally <code>4.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu</code>.  The longer name is
<code>\medspace</code>.  Math mode only.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\,</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005c_002c"></a>
<a name="index-_005cthinspace"></a>
<p>Normally <code>3mu</code>.  The longer name is <code>\thinspace</code>.  This can
be used in both math mode and text mode. See <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace">\thinspace</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\!</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005c_0021"></a>
<p>A negative thin space. Normally <code>-3mu</code>.  Math mode only.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\quad</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-quad"></a>
<a name="index-_005cquad"></a>
<p>This is 18mu, that is, 1em. This is often used for space
surrounding equations or expressions, for instance for the space between
two equations inside a <code>displaymath</code> environment.  It is available
in both text and math mode.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\qquad</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cqquad"></a>
<p>A length of 2 quads, that is, 36mu = 2em.  It is available in
both text and math mode.
</p></dd>
</dl>

<p>In this example a thinspace separates the function from the
infinitesimal.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\int_0^1 f(x)\,dx
</pre></div>


<hr>
<a name="Math-miscellany"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Spacing in math mode</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Math-miscellany-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">16.6 Math miscellany</h3>

<a name="index-math-miscellany"></a>

<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\*</code>
<a name="index-_005c_002a"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-discretionary-multiplication"></a>
<a name="index-multiplication-symbol_002c-discretionary-line-break"></a>
<p>A <em>discretionary</em> multiplication symbol, at which a line break is
allowed. Without the break multiplication is implicitly indicated by a
space, while in the case of a break a &#x00D7; symbol is
printed immediately before the break. So
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\documentclass{article}
\begin{document}
Now \(A_3 = 0\), hence the product of all terms \(A_1\) 
through \(A_4\), that is \(A_1\* A_2\* A_3 \* A_4\), is 
equal to zero.
\end{document}
</pre></div>

<p>will make that sort of output&nbsp;<!-- /@w -->(the ellipsis &lsquo;<samp>[&hellip;]</samp>&rsquo; is here to show the line break at
the same place as in a TeX output):
</p>
<blockquote class="indentedblock">
<p>Now <em>A_3 = 0</em>,
[&hellip;]
<em>A_1</em>
through <em>A_4</em>, that is <em>A_1 A_2 \times</em><br><em>A_3 A_4</em>, is
equal to zero.
</p></blockquote>

</dd>
<dt><code>\cdots</code>
<a name="index-_005ccdots"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>A horizontal ellipsis with the dots raised to the center of the line.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ddots</code>
<a name="index-_005cddots"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>A diagonal ellipsis: <em>\ddots</em>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\frac{<var>num</var>}{<var>den</var>}</code>
<a name="index-_005cfrac_007bnum_007d_007bden_007d"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cfrac"></a>
<p>Produces the fraction <var>num</var> divided by <var>den</var>.
</p>

</dd>
<dt><code>\left <var>delim1</var> ... \right <var>delim2</var></code>
<a name="index-_005cleft-delim1-_002e_002e_002e-_005cright-delim2"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cright"></a>
<a name="index-null-delimiter"></a>
<p>The two delimiters need not match; &lsquo;<samp>.</samp>&rsquo; acts as a <em>null delimiter</em>,
producing no output.  The delimiters are sized according to the math
in between.  Example: <code>\left( \sum_{i=1}^{10} a_i \right]</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mathdollar</code>
<a name="index-_005cmathdollar"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Dollar sign in math mode: $.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mathellipsis</code>
<a name="index-_005cmathellipsis"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Ellipsis (spaced for text) in math mode: &hellip;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mathparagraph</code>
<a name="index-_005cmathparagraph"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Paragraph sign (pilcrow) in math mode: &#x00B6;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mathsection</code>
<a name="index-_005cmathsection"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Section sign in math mode.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mathsterling</code>
<a name="index-_005cmathsterling"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Sterling sign in math mode: &pound;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mathunderscore</code>
<a name="index-_005cmathunderscore"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Underscore in math mode: _.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\overbrace{<var>math</var>}</code>
<a name="index-_005coverbrace_007bmath_007d"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Generates a brace over <var>math</var>.
For example, <code>\overbrace{x+\cdots+x}^{k \;\textrm{times}}</code>.
</p>        
</dd>
<dt><code>\overline{<var>text</var>}</code>
<a name="index-_005coverline_007btext_007d"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Generates a horizontal line over <var>tex</var>.
For example, <code>\overline{x+y}</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sqrt[<var>root</var>]{<var>arg</var>}</code>
<a name="index-_005csqrt_005broot_005d_007barg_007d"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Produces the representation of the square root of <var>arg</var>.  The
optional argument <var>root</var> determines what root to produce.  For
example, the cube root of <code>x+y</code> would be typed as
<code>\sqrt[3]{x+y}</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\stackrel{<var>text</var>}{<var>relation</var>}</code>
<a name="index-_005cstackrel_007btext_007d_007brelation_007d"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Puts <var>text</var> above <var>relation</var>.  For example,
<code>\stackrel{f}{\longrightarrow}</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\underbrace{<var>math</var>}</code>
<a name="index-_005cunderbrace_007bmath_007d"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Generates <var>math</var> with a brace underneath. For example, <code>\underbrace{x+y+z}_{&gt;\,0}</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\underline{<var>text</var>}</code>
<a name="index-_005cunderline_007btext_007d"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Causes <var>text</var>, which may be either math mode or not, to be
underlined.  The line is always below the text, taking account of
descenders.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\vdots</code>
<a name="index-_005cvdots"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Produces a vertical ellipsis.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>


<hr>
<a name="Modes"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="n" rel="next">Page styles</a>, Previous: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Math formulas</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Modes-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">17 Modes</h2>

<a name="index-modes"></a>
<a name="index-paragraph-mode"></a>
<a name="index-math-mode"></a>
<a name="index-left_002dto_002dright-mode"></a>
<a name="index-LR-mode"></a>

<p>When LaTeX is processing your input text, it is always in one of three
modes:
</p>
<ul>
<li> Paragraph mode
</li><li> Math mode
</li><li> Left-to-right mode, called LR mode for short
</li></ul>

<p>Mode changes occur only when entering or leaving an environment, or when
LaTeX is processing the argument of certain text-producing commands.
</p>
<p><em>Paragraph mode</em> is the most common; it&rsquo;s the one LaTeX is in
when processing ordinary text.  In this mode, LaTeX breaks the
input text into lines and breaks the lines into pages.
</p>
<p>LaTeX is in <em>math mode</em> when it&rsquo;s generating a mathematical
formula, either displayed math or within a line.
</p>
<a name="index-_005cmbox_002c-and-LR-mode"></a>
<p>In <em>LR mode</em>, as in paragraph mode, LaTeX considers the output
that it produces to be a string of words with spaces between them.
However, unlike paragraph mode, LaTeX keeps going from left to
right; it never starts a new line in LR mode.  Even if you put a
hundred words into an <code>\mbox</code>, LaTeX would keep typesetting
them from left to right inside a single box (and then most likely
complain because the resulting box was too wide to fit on the line).
LaTeX is in LR mode when it starts making a box with an
<code>\mbox</code> command.  You can get it to enter a different mode inside
the box&mdash;for example, you can make it enter math mode to put a
formula in the box.
</p>
<p>There are also several text-producing commands and environments for
making a box that put LaTeX into paragraph mode.  The box made by
one of these commands or environments will be called a <code>parbox</code>.
When LaTeX is in paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to
be in &ldquo;inner paragraph mode&rdquo; (no page breaks).  Its normal paragraph
mode, which it starts out in, is called &ldquo;outer paragraph mode&rdquo;.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005censuremath" accesskey="1">\ensuremath</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Ensure that math mode is active
</td></tr>
</table>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005censuremath"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Up: <a href="#Modes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Modes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005censuremath-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">17.1 <code>\ensuremath</code></h3>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\ensuremath{<var>formula</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\ensuremath</code> command ensures that <var>formula</var> is typeset in
math mode whatever the current mode in which the command is used.
</p>
<p>For instance:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\documentclass{report}
\newcommand{\ab}{\ensuremath{(\delta, \varepsilon)}}
\begin{document}
Now, the \ab\ pair is equal to \(\ab = (\frac{1}{\pi}, 0)\), ...
\end{document}
</pre></div>

<p>One can redefine commands that can be used only in math mode so that
they ca be used in any mode like in the following example given for
<code>\leadsto</code>:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\documentclass{report}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\newcommand{\originalMeaningOfLeadsTo}{}
\let\originalMeaningOfLeadsTo\leadsto
\renewcommand\leadsto{\ensuremath{\originalMeaningOfLeadsTo}}
\begin{document}
All roads \leadsto\ Rome.
\end{document}
</pre></div>


<hr>
<a name="Page-styles"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="n" rel="next">Spaces</a>, Previous: <a href="#Modes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Modes</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Page-styles-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">18 Page styles</h2>

<a name="index-styles_002c-page"></a>
<a name="index-page-styles"></a>

<p>The <code>\documentclass</code> command determines the size and position of
the page&rsquo;s head and foot.  The page style determines what goes in them.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle" accesskey="1">\maketitle</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Generate a title page.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering" accesskey="2">\pagenumbering</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Set the style used for page numbers.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle" accesskey="3">\pagestyle</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Change the headings/footings style.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle" accesskey="4">\thispagestyle</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Change the headings/footings style for this page.
</td></tr>
</table>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cmaketitle"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering" accesskey="n" rel="next">\pagenumbering</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cmaketitle-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">18.1 <code>\maketitle</code></h3>

<a name="index-titles_002c-making"></a>
<a name="index-_005cmaketitle"></a>

<p>The <code>\maketitle</code> command generates a title on a separate title
page&mdash;except in the <code>article</code> class, where the title is placed
at the top of the first page.  Information used to produce the title
is obtained from the following declarations:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\author{<var>name</var> \and <var>name2</var>}</code>
<a name="index-_005cauthor_007bname-_005cand-name2_007d"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-author_002c-for-titlepage"></a>
<a name="index-_005c_005c-for-_005cauthor"></a>
<a name="index-_005cand-for-_005cauthor"></a>
<p>The <code>\author</code> command declares the document author(s), where the
argument is a list of authors separated by <code>\and</code> commands.  Use
<code>\\</code> to separate lines within a single author&rsquo;s entry&mdash;for
example, to give the author&rsquo;s institution or address.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\date{<var>text</var>}</code>
<a name="index-_005cdate_007btext_007d"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-date_002c-for-titlepage"></a>
<p>The <code>\date</code> command declares <var>text</var> to be the document&rsquo;s
date.  With no <code>\date</code> command, the current date (see <a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a>)
is used.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\thanks{<var>text</var>}</code>
<a name="index-_005cthanks_007btext_007d"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-thanks_002c-for-titlepage"></a>
<a name="index-credit-footnote"></a>
<p>The <code>\thanks</code> command produces a <code>\footnote</code> to the title,
usually used for credit acknowledgements.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\title{<var>text</var>}</code>
<a name="index-_005ctitle_007btext_007d"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-title_002c-for-titlepage"></a>
<a name="index-_005c_005c-for-_005ctitle"></a>
<p>The <code>\title</code> command declares <var>text</var> to be the title of the
document.  Use <code>\\</code> to force a line break, as usual.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cpagenumbering"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle" accesskey="n" rel="next">\pagestyle</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\maketitle</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cpagenumbering-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">18.2 <code>\pagenumbering</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005cpagenumbering"></a>
<a name="index-page-numbering-style"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\pagenumbering{<var>style</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>Specifies the style of page numbers, according to <var>style</var>; also
resets the page number to 1.  The <var>style</var> argument is one of
the following:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>arabic</code></dt>
<dd><p>arabic numerals
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>roman</code></dt>
<dd><p>lowercase Roman numerals
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>Roman</code></dt>
<dd><p>uppercase Roman numerals
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>alph</code></dt>
<dd><p>lowercase letters
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>Alph</code></dt>
<dd><p>uppercase letters
</p></dd>
</dl>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cpagestyle"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle" accesskey="n" rel="next">\thispagestyle</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\pagenumbering</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cpagestyle-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">18.3 <code>\pagestyle</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005cpagestyle"></a>
<a name="index-header-style"></a>
<a name="index-footer-style"></a>
<a name="index-running-header-and-footer-style"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\pagestyle{<var>style</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\pagestyle</code> command specifies how the headers and footers
are typeset from the current page onwards.  Values for <var>style</var>:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>plain</code></dt>
<dd><p>Just a plain page number.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>empty</code></dt>
<dd><p>Empty headers and footers, e.g., no page numbers.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>headings</code></dt>
<dd><p>Put running headers on each page.  The document style specifies what
goes in the headers.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>myheadings</code></dt>
<dd><p>Custom headers, specified via the <code>\markboth</code> or the
<code>\markright</code> commands.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>

<p>Here are the descriptions of <code>\markboth</code> and <code>\markright</code>:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\markboth{<var>left</var>}{<var>right</var>}</code>
<a name="index-_005cmarkboth_007bleft_007d_007bright_007d"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Sets both the left and the right heading.  A &ldquo;left-hand heading&rdquo;
(<var>left</var>) is generated by the last <code>\markboth</code> command before
the end of the page, while a &ldquo;right-hand heading&rdquo; (<var>right</var>) is
generated by the first <code>\markboth</code> or <code>\markright</code> that
comes on the page if there is one, otherwise by the last one before
the page.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\markright{<var>right</var>}</code>
<a name="index-_005cmarkright_007bright_007d"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Sets the right heading, leaving the left heading unchanged.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cthispagestyle"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\pagestyle</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cthispagestyle_007bstyle_007d"></a>
<h3 class="section">18.4 <code>\thispagestyle{<var>style</var>}</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005cthispagestyle"></a>

<p>The <code>\thispagestyle</code> command works in the same manner as the
<code>\pagestyle</code> command (see previous section) except that it
changes to <var>style</var> for the current page only.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="Spaces"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Boxes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Page styles</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Spaces-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">19 Spaces</h2>

<a name="index-spaces"></a>
<a name="index-white-space"></a>

<p>LaTeX has many ways to produce white (or filled) space.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">Horizontal space 
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005chspace" accesskey="1">\hspace</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Fixed horizontal space.  
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005chfill" accesskey="2">\hfill</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Stretchable horizontal space.  
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040" accesskey="3">\(SPACE) and \@</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Space after a period.  
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-control-sequence" accesskey="4">\(SPACE) after control sequence</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Space (gobbling) after a control sequence.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing" accesskey="5">\frenchspacing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Equal interword and inter-sentence space.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace" accesskey="6">\thinspace</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">One-sixth of an em.  
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="7">\/</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Insert italic correction.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_005cdotfill" accesskey="8">\hrulefill \dotfill</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Stretchable horizontal rule or dots.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">

Vertical space
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005caddvspace" accesskey="9">\addvspace</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Add arbitrary vertical space if needed.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Fixed vertical spaces.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Infinitely stretchable vertical space.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Add arbitrary vertical space.
</td></tr>
</table>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005chspace"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005chfill" accesskey="n" rel="next">\hfill</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005chspace-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">19.1 <code>\hspace</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005chspace"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hspace{<var>length</var>}
\hspace*{<var>length</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>Add the horizontal space given by <var>length</var>.  The <var>length</var> is a
rubber length, that is, it may contain a <code>plus</code> or <code>minus</code>
component, in any unit that LaTeX understands (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>).
</p>
<p>This command can add both positive and negative space; adding negative
space is like backspacing.
</p>
<p>Normally when TeX breaks a paragraph into lines it discards white
space (glues and kerns) that would come at the start of a line, so you
get an inter-word space or a line break between words but not both. This
command&rsquo;s starred version <code>\hspace*{...}</code> puts a non-discardable
invisible item in front of the space, so the space appears in the
output.
</p>
<p>This example make a one-line paragraph that puts &lsquo;<samp>Name:</samp>&rsquo; an inch
from the right margin.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\noindent\makebox[\linewidth]{\hspace{\fill}Name:\hspace{1in}}
</pre></div>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005chfill"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040" accesskey="n" rel="next">\(SPACE) and \@</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chspace" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\hspace</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005chfill-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">19.2 <code>\hfill</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005chfill"></a>

<a name="index-stretch_002c-infinite-horizontal"></a>
<a name="index-infinite-horizontal-stretch"></a>
<p>Produce a rubber length which has
no natural space but can stretch horizontally as far as
needed (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>).
</p>
<a name="index-_005cfill"></a>
<p>The command <code>\hfill</code> is equivalent to <code>\hspace{\fill}</code>.  For
space that does not disappear at line breaks use
<code>\hspace*{\fill}</code> instead (see <a href="#g_t_005chspace">\hspace</a>).
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-control-sequence" accesskey="n" rel="next">\(SPACE) after control sequence</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chfill" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\hfill</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">19.3 <code>\(SPACE)</code> and \@</h3>

<a name="index-_005c_0028SPACE_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005cTAB"></a>
<a name="index-_005cNEWLINE"></a>
<a name="index-_005c_0040"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cAT"></a>
<p>Mark a punctuation character, typically a period, as either ending a
sentence or as ending an abbreviation.
</p>
<p>By default, in justifying a line LaTeX adjusts the space after a
sentence-ending period (or a question mark, exclamation point, comma, or
colon) more than the space between words
(see <a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing">\frenchspacing</a>). LaTeX assumes that the period ends a
sentence unless it is preceded by a capital letter, in which case it
takes that period for part of an abbreviation.  Note that if a
sentence-ending period is immediately followed by a right parenthesis or
bracket, or right single or double quote, then the inter-sentence space
follows that parenthesis or quote.
</p>
<p>If you have a period ending an abbreviation whose last letter is not a
capital letter, and that abbreviation is not the last word in the
sentence, then follow that period with a backslash-space (<code>\ </code>) or
a tie (<code>~</code>).  Examples are <code>Nat.\ Acad.\ Science</code>, and
<code>Mr.~Bean</code>, and <code>(manure, etc.)\ for sale</code>.
</p>
<p>For another use of <code>\ </code>, see <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-control-sequence">\(SPACE) after control sequence</a>.
</p>
<p>In the opposite situation, if you have a capital letter followed by a
period that ends the sentence, then put <code>\@</code> before that period.
For example, <code>book by the MAA\@.</code> will have inter-sentence
spacing after the period.
</p>
<p>In contrast, putting <code>\@</code> after a period tells TeX that the
period does not end the sentence.  In the example <code>reserved words
(if, then, etc.\@) are different</code>, TeX will put interword space
after the closing parenthesis (note that <code>\@</code> is before the
parenthesis).
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-control-sequence"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing" accesskey="n" rel="next">\frenchspacing</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\(SPACE) and \@</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005c--after-control-sequence"></a>
<h3 class="section">19.4 <code>\ </code> after control sequence</h3>

<p>The <code>\ </code> command is often used after control sequences to keep
them from gobbling the space that follows, as in &lsquo;<samp>\TeX\ is nice</samp>&rsquo;.
And, under normal circumstances, <code>\</code><tt class="key">tab</tt> and
<code>\</code><tt class="key">newline</tt> are equivalent to <code>\ </code>. For another use of
<code>\ </code>, see also <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040">\(SPACE) and \@</a>.
</p>
<p>Some people prefer to use <code>{}</code> for the same purpose, as in
<code>\TeX{} is nice</code>. This has the advantage that you can always
write it the same way, namely <code>\TeX{}</code>, whether it is followed
by a space or by a punctuation mark. Compare:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\TeX\ is a nice system. \TeX, a nice system.

\TeX{} is a nice system. \TeX{}, a nice system.
</pre></div>

<a name="index-package_002c-xspace"></a>
<a name="index-xspace-package"></a>
<p>Some individual commands, notably those defined with the <code>xspace</code>,
package do not follow the standard behavior.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cfrenchspacing"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace" accesskey="n" rel="next">\thinspace</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-control-sequence" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\(SPACE) after control sequence</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cfrenchspacing-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">19.5 <code>\frenchspacing</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005cfrenchspacing"></a>
<a name="index-_005cnonfrenchspacing"></a>
<a name="index-spacing_002c-inter_002dsentence"></a>

<p>This declaration (from Plain TeX) causes LaTeX to treat
inter-sentence spacing in the same way as interword spacing.
</p>
<p>In justifying the text in a line, some typographic traditions, including
English, prefer to adjust the space between sentences (or after other
punctuation marks) more than the space between words.  Following this
declaration, all spaces are instead treated equally.
</p>
<p>Revert to the default behavior by declaring <code>\nonfrenchspacing</code>.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cthinspace"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="n" rel="next">\/</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\frenchspacing</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cthinspace_003a-Insert-1_002f6em"></a>
<h3 class="section">19.6 <code>\thinspace</code>: Insert 1/6em</h3>

<a name="index-_005cthinspace-1"></a>

<p><code>\thinspace</code> produces an unbreakable and unstretchable space that
is 1/6 of an em.  This is the proper space to use between nested
quotes, as in &rsquo;&rdquo;.</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005c_002f"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_005cdotfill" accesskey="n" rel="next">\hrulefill \dotfill</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\thinspace</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005c_002f_003a-Insert-italic-correction"></a>
<h3 class="section">19.7 <code>\/</code>: Insert italic correction</h3>

<a name="index-_005c_002f"></a>
<a name="index-italic-correction"></a>

<p>The <code>\/</code> command produces an <em>italic correction</em>.  This is a
small space defined by the font designer for a given character,
to avoid the character colliding with whatever follows.  The italic
<i>f</i> character typically has a large italic correction value.
</p>
<p>If the following character is a period or comma, it&rsquo;s not necessary to
insert an italic correction, since those punctuation symbols have a
very small height.  However, with semicolons or colons, as well as
normal letters, it can help. Compare
<i>f: f;</i> (in the TeX output, the &lsquo;f&rsquo;s are nicely separated)
with <i>f: f;</i>.
</p>
<p>When changing fonts with commands such as <code>\textit{italic
text}</code> or <code>{\itshape italic text}</code>, LaTeX will
automatically insert an italic correction if appropriate (see <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a>).
</p>
<p>Despite the name, roman characters can also have an italic
correction.  Compare
pdfTeX (in the TeX output, there is a small space after the &lsquo;f&rsquo;)
with pdfTeX.
</p>
<p>There is no concept of italic correction in math mode; spacing is done
in a different way.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005chrulefill-_005cdotfill"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddvspace" accesskey="n" rel="next">\addvspace</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\/</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005chrulefill-_005cdotfill-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">19.8 <code>\hrulefill \dotfill</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005chrulefill"></a>
<a name="index-_005cdotfill"></a>

<p>Produce an infinite rubber length (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>) filled with a
horizontal rule (that is, a line) or with dots, instead of just white
space.
</p>
<p>When placed between blank lines this example creates a paragraph that is
left and right justified, where the space in the middle is filled with
evenly spaced dots.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\noindent Jack Aubrey\dotfill Melbury Lodge
</pre></div>

<p>To make the rule or dots go to the line&rsquo;s end use <code>\null</code> at the
start or end.  
</p>
<p>To change the rule&rsquo;s thickness, copy the definition and adjust it, as
with <code>\renewcommand{\hrulefill}{\leavevmode\leaders\hrule height
1pt\hfill\kern\z@}</code>, which changes the default thickness of
0.4pt to 1pt.  Similarly, adjust the dot spacing as with
<code>\renewcommand{\dotfill}{\leavevmode\cleaders\hb@xt@
1.00em{\hss .\hss }\hfill\kern\z@}</code>, which changes the default
length of 0.33em to 1.00em.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005caddvspace"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip" accesskey="n" rel="next">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_005cdotfill" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\hrulefill \dotfill</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005caddvspace-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">19.9 <code>\addvspace</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005caddvspace"></a>
<a name="index-vertical-space"></a>
<a name="index-space_002c-inserting-vertical"></a>

<p><code>\addvspace{<var>length</var>}</code>
</p>
<p>Add a vertical space of height <var>length</var>, which is a rubber length
(see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>).  However, if vertical space has already been added to
the same point in the output by a previous <code>\addvspace</code> command
then this command will not add more space than what is needed to make
the natural length of the total vertical space equal to <var>length</var>.
</p>
<p>Use this command to adjust the vertical space above or below an
environment that starts a new paragraph.  For instance, a Theorem
environment is defined to begin and end with <code>\addvspace{...}</code>
so that two consecutive Theorem&rsquo;s are separated by one vertical space,
not two.
</p>
<p>This command is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
</p>
<p>The error &lsquo;<samp>Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item</samp>&rsquo; means that
you were not in vertical mode when you invoked this command; one way to
change that is to precede this command with a <code>\par</code> command.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvfill" accesskey="n" rel="next">\vfill</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddvspace" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\addvspace</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">19.10 <code>\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</code></h3>

<p>These commands produce a given amount of space, specified by the
document class.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\bigskip</code>
<a name="index-_005cbigskip"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cbigskipamount"></a>
<p>The same as <code>\vspace{\bigskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about one line
space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the <code>book</code> and
<code>article</code> classes is <code>12pt plus 4pt minus 4pt</code>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\medskip</code>
<a name="index-_005cmedskip"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cmedskipamount"></a>
<p>The same as <code>\vspace{\medskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about half of
a line space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the <code>book</code>
and <code>article</code> classes is <code>6pt plus 2pt minus 2pt</code>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\smallskip</code>
<a name="index-_005csmallskip"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005csmallskipamount"></a>
<p>The same as <code>\vspace{\smallskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about a
quarter of a line space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the
<code>book</code> and <code>article</code> classes is <code>3pt plus 1pt minus
1pt</code>).
</p>
</dd>
</dl>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cvfill"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvspace" accesskey="n" rel="next">\vspace</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cvfill-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">19.11 <code>\vfill</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005cvfill"></a>

<a name="index-stretch_002c-infinite-vertical"></a>
<a name="index-infinite-vertical-stretch"></a>

<p>End the current paragraph and insert a vertical rubber length
(see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>) that is infinite, so it can stretch or shrink as far
as needed.
</p>
<p>It is often used in the same way as <code>\vspace{\fill}</code>, except that
<code>\vfill</code> ends the current paragraph, whereas
<code>\vspace{\fill}</code> adds the infinite vertical space below its line
irrespective of the paragraph structure.  In both cases that space will
disappear at a page boundary; to circumvent this see&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a>.
</p>
<p>In this example the page is filled, so the top and bottom lines contain
the text &lsquo;<samp>Lost Dog!</samp>&rsquo; and the third &lsquo;<samp>Lost Dog!</samp>&rsquo; is exactly
halfway between them.
</p> 
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{document}
Lost Dog!
\vfill
Lost Dog!
\vfill
Lost Dog!
\end{document}
</pre></div>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cvspace"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvfill" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\vfill</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cvspace_007blength_007d"></a>
<h3 class="section">19.12 <code>\vspace{<var>length</var>}</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005cvspace"></a>
<a name="index-vertical-space-1"></a>
<a name="index-space_002c-vertical"></a>

<p>Synopsis, one of these two:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\vspace{<var>length</var>}
\vspace*{<var>length</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>Add the vertical space <var>length</var>.  This can be negative or positive,
and is a rubber length (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>).
</p>
<p>LaTeX removes the vertical space from <code>\vspace</code> at a page
break, that is, at the top or bottom of a page.  The starred version
<code>\vspace*{...}</code> causes the space to stay.
</p>
<p>If <code>\vspace</code> is used in the middle of a paragraph (i.e., in
horizontal mode), the space is inserted <em>after</em> the line with
the <code>\vspace</code> command.  A new paragraph is not started.
</p>
<p>In this example the two questions will be evenly spaced vertically on
the page, with at least one inch of space below each.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{document}
1) Who put the bomp in the bomp bah bomp bah bomp?
\vspace{1in plus 1fill}

2) Who put the ram in the rama lama ding dong?
\vspace{1in plus 1fill}
\end{document}
</pre></div>


<hr>
<a name="Boxes"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Special insertions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Spaces</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Boxes-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">20 Boxes</h2>

<a name="index-boxes"></a>

<p>All the predefined length parameters (see <a href="#Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</a>) can be
used in the arguments of the box-making commands.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cmbox" accesskey="1">\mbox</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Horizontal boxes.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox" accesskey="2">\fbox and \framebox</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Put a frame around a box.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#lrbox" accesskey="3">lrbox</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">An environment like <code>\sbox</code>.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox" accesskey="4">\makebox</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Box, adjustable position.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cparbox" accesskey="5">\parbox</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Box with text in paragraph mode.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005craisebox" accesskey="6">\raisebox</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Raise or lower text.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005csavebox" accesskey="7">\savebox</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Like <code>\makebox</code>, but save the text for later use.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005csbox" accesskey="8">\sbox</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Like <code>\mbox</code>, but save the text for later use.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cusebox" accesskey="9">\usebox</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Print saved text.
</td></tr>
</table>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cmbox"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\fbox and \framebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cmbox_007btext_007d"></a>
<h3 class="section">20.1 <code>\mbox{<var>text}</var></code></h3>

<a name="index-_005cmbox"></a>

<a name="index-hyphenation_002c-preventing"></a>
<p>The <code>\mbox</code> command creates a box just wide enough to hold the
text created by its argument.  The <var>text</var> is not broken into
lines, so it can be used to prevent hyphenation.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#lrbox" accesskey="n" rel="next">lrbox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmbox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\mbox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">20.2 <code>\fbox</code> and <code>\framebox</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005cfbox"></a>
<a name="index-_005cframebox-1"></a>

<p>Synopses:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\fbox{<var>text</var>}
\framebox[<var>width</var>][<var>position</var>]{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\fbox</code> and <code>\framebox</code> commands are like <code>\mbox</code>,
except that they put a frame around the outside of the box being created.
</p>
<p>In addition, the <code>\framebox</code> command allows for explicit
specification of the box width with the optional <var>width</var> argument
(a dimension), and positioning with the optional <var>position</var>
argument. </p>
<a name="index-_005cfboxrule-1"></a>
<a name="index-_005cfboxsep-1"></a>
<p>Both commands produce a rule of thickness <code>\fboxrule</code> (default
&lsquo;<samp>.4pt</samp>&rsquo;), and leave a space of <code>\fboxsep</code> (default
&lsquo;<samp>3pt</samp>&rsquo;) between the rule and the contents of the box.
</p>
<p>See <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a>, for the <code>\framebox</code> command in the
<code>picture</code> environment.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="lrbox"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\makebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\fbox and \framebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="lrbox-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">20.3 <code>lrbox</code></h3>

<a name="index-lrbox"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{lrbox}{\<var>cmd</var>} 
  <var>text </var>
\end{lrbox}
</pre></div>

<p>This is the environment form of <a href="#g_t_005csbox"><code>\sbox</code></a>.
</p>
<p>The <var>text</var> inside the environment is saved in the box <code>\<var>cmd</var></code>,
which must have been declared with <code>\newsavebox</code>.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cmakebox"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cparbox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\parbox</a>, Previous: <a href="#lrbox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">lrbox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cmakebox-2"></a>
<h3 class="section">20.4 <code>\makebox</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005cmakebox"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\makebox[<var>width</var>][<var>position</var>]{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\makebox</code> command creates a box just wide enough to contain
the <var>text</var> specified.  The width of the box can be overridden by the
optional <var>width</var> argument.  The position of the text within the box
is determined by the optional <var>position</var> argument, which may take
the following values:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>c</code></dt>
<dd><p>Centered (default).
</p></dd>
<dt><code>l</code></dt>
<dd><p>Flush left.
</p></dd>
<dt><code>r</code></dt>
<dd><p>Flush right.
</p></dd>
<dt><code>s</code></dt>
<dd><p>Stretch (justify) across entire <var>width</var>; <var>text</var> must contain
stretchable space for this to work.
</p></dd>
</dl>

<p><code>\makebox</code> is also used within the <code>picture</code> environment
see <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">\makebox (picture)</a>.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cparbox"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005craisebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\raisebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\makebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cparbox-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">20.5 <code>\parbox</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005cparbox"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\parbox[<var>position</var>][<var>height</var>][<var>inner-pos</var>]{<var>width</var>}{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>

<a name="index-paragraph-mode-1"></a>
<p>The <code>\parbox</code> command produces a box whose contents are created
in <em>paragraph mode</em>.  It should be used to make a box small
pieces of text, with nothing fancy inside.  In particular, you
shouldn&rsquo;t use any paragraph-making environments inside a
<code>\parbox</code> argument.  For larger pieces of text, including ones
containing a paragraph-making environment, you should use a
<code>minipage</code> environment (see <a href="#minipage">minipage</a>).
</p>
<p><code>\parbox</code> has two mandatory arguments:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><var>width</var></dt>
<dd><p>the width of the parbox;
</p></dd>
<dt><var>text</var></dt>
<dd><p>the text that goes inside the parbox.
</p></dd>
</dl>

<p>By default LaTeX will position vertically a parbox so its center
lines up with the center of the surrounding text line.  When the
optional <var>position</var> argument is present and equal either to &lsquo;<samp>t</samp>&rsquo;
or &lsquo;<samp>b</samp>&rsquo;, this allows you respectively to align either the top or
bottom line in the parbox with the baseline of the surrounding text. You
may also specify &lsquo;<samp>m</samp>&rsquo; for <var>position</var> to get the default
behaviour.
</p>
<p>The optional <var>height</var> argument overrides the natural height of the box.
</p>
<p>The <var>inner-pos</var> argument controls the placement of the text inside
the box, as follows; if it is not specified, <var>position</var> is used.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>t</code></dt>
<dd><p>text is placed at the top of the box.
</p></dd>
<dt><code>c</code></dt>
<dd><p>text is centered in the box.
</p></dd>
<dt><code>b</code></dt>
<dd><p>text is placed at the bottom of the box.
</p></dd>
<dt><code>s</code></dt>
<dd><p>stretch vertically; the text must contain vertically stretchable space
for this to work.
</p></dd>
</dl>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005craisebox"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005csavebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\savebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cparbox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\parbox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005craisebox-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">20.6 <code>\raisebox</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005craisebox"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\raisebox{<var>distance</var>}[<var>height</var>][<var>depth</var>]{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\raisebox</code> command raises or lowers <var>text</var>.  The first
mandatory argument specifies how high <var>text</var> is to be raised (or
lowered if it is a negative amount).  <var>text</var> itself is processed
in LR mode.
</p>
<p>The optional arguments <var>height</var> and <var>depth</var> are dimensions.  If
they are specified, LaTeX treats <var>text</var> as extending a certain
distance above the baseline (<var>height</var>) or below (<var>depth</var>),
ignoring its natural height and depth.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005csavebox"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005csbox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\sbox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005craisebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\raisebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005csavebox-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">20.7 <code>\savebox</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005csavebox"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\savebox{<var>\boxcmd</var>}[<var>width</var>][<var>pos</var>]{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>This command typeset <var>text</var> in a box just as with <code>\makebox</code>
(see <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox">\makebox</a>), except that instead of printing the resulting box,
it saves it in the box labeled <var>\boxcmd</var>, which must have been
declared with <code>\newsavebox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a>).
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005csbox"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cusebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\usebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csavebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\savebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005csbox_007b_005cboxcmd_007d_007btext_007d"></a>
<h3 class="section">20.8 <code>\sbox{<var>\boxcmd</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005csbox"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\sbox{<var>\boxcmd</var>}{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>

<p><code>\sbox</code> types <var>text</var> in a box just as with <code>\mbox</code>
(see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox">\mbox</a>) except that instead of the resulting box being
included in the normal output, it is saved in the box labeled
<var>\boxcmd</var>.  <var>\boxcmd</var> must have been previously declared with
<code>\newsavebox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a>).
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cusebox"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csbox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\sbox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cusebox_007b_005cboxcmd_007d"></a>
<h3 class="section">20.9 <code>\usebox{<var>\boxcmd</var>}</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005cusebox"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\usebox{<var>\boxcmd</var>}
</pre></div>

<p><code>\usebox</code> produces the box most recently saved in the bin
<var>\boxcmd</var> by a <code>\savebox</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005csavebox">\savebox</a>).
</p>

<hr>
<a name="Special-insertions"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="n" rel="next">Splitting the input</a>, Previous: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Boxes</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Special-insertions-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">21 Special insertions</h2>

<a name="index-special-insertions"></a>
<a name="index-insertions-of-special-characters"></a>

<p>LaTeX provides commands for inserting characters that have a
special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Reserved-characters" accesskey="1">Reserved characters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting &lsquo;<samp># $ % &amp; { } _ ~ ^ \</samp>&rsquo;
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Upper-and-lower-case" accesskey="2">Upper and lower case</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Make text upper or lower case.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Symbols-by-font-position" accesskey="3">Symbols by font position</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting font symbols by number.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Text-symbols" accesskey="4">Text symbols</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting other non-letter symbols in text.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Accents" accesskey="5">Accents</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting accents.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Additional-Latin-letters" accesskey="6">Additional Latin letters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting other non-English characters.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005crule" accesskey="7">\rule</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting lines and rectangles.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005ctoday" accesskey="8">\today</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting today&rsquo;s date.
</td></tr>
</table>


<hr>
<a name="Reserved-characters"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Upper-and-lower-case" accesskey="n" rel="next">Upper and lower case</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Reserved-characters-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">21.1 Reserved characters</h3>

<a name="index-reserved-characters"></a>
<a name="index-characters_002c-reserved"></a>
<a name="index-special-characters"></a>
<a name="index-characters_002c-special"></a>
<p>LaTeX sets aside the following characters for special purposes (for
example, the percent sign&nbsp;<code>%</code> is for comments) so they are
called <em>reserved characters</em> or <em>special characters</em>.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example"># $ % &amp; { } _ ~ ^ \ 
</pre></div>

<a name="index-_005c_0023"></a>
<a name="index-_005c_0024"></a>
<a name="index-_005c_0025"></a>
<a name="index-_005c_0026"></a>
<a name="index-_005c_005f"></a>
<a name="index-_005c_007b"></a>
<a name="index-_005c_007d"></a>
<p>If you want a reserved character to be printed as itself, in the text
body font, for all but the final three characters in that list simply
put a backslash&nbsp;<code>\</code> in front of the character.  Thus,
<code>\$1.23</code> will produce&nbsp;<code>$1.23</code> in your output.
</p>
<a name="index-_005c_007e"></a>
<a name="index-_005c_005e"></a>
<a name="index-_005ctextbackslash"></a>
<p>As to the last three characters, to get a tilde in the text body font
use <code>\~{}</code> (omitting the curly braces would result in the next
character receiving a tilde accent).  Similarly, to get a get a text
body font circumflex use <code>\^{}</code>.  A text body font backslash
results from <code>\textbackslash{}</code>.
</p>
<p>To produce the reserved characters in a typewriter font use
<code>\verb!!</code>, as below.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{center}
  \# \$ \% \&amp; \{ \} \_ \~{} \^{} \textbackslash \\
  \verb!# $ % &amp; { } _ ~ ^ \!
\end{center}
</pre></div>

<p>In that example the double backslash&nbsp;<code>\\</code> is only there to
split the lines.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="Upper-and-lower-case"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Symbols-by-font-position" accesskey="n" rel="next">Symbols by font position</a>, Previous: <a href="#Reserved-characters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Reserved characters</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Upper-and-lower-case-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">21.2 Upper and lower case</h3>

<a name="index-Upper-case"></a>
<a name="index-Lower-case"></a>
<a name="index-characters_002c-case"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\uppercase{<var>text</var>}
\lowercase{<var>text</var>}
\MakeUppercase{<var>text</var>}
\MakeLowercase{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>Change the case of characters.  The TeX primitives commands
<code>\uppercase</code> and <code>\lowercase</code> only work for American
characters. The LaTeX commands <code>\MakeUppercase</code> and
<code>\MakeLowercase</code> commands also change characters accessed by
commands such as <code>\ae</code> or <code>\aa</code>.  The commands
<code>\MakeUppercase</code> and <code>\MakeLowercase</code> are robust but they have
moving arguments (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
</p>
<p>These commands do not change the case of letters used in the name of a
command within <var>text</var>.  But they do change the case of every other
latin character inside the argument <var>text</var>.  Thus,
<code>\MakeUppercase{Let $y=f(x)$</code>} produces &ldquo;LET Y=F(X)&rdquo;.  Another
example is that the name of an environment will be changed, so that
<code>\MakeUppercase{\begin{tabular} ... \end{tabular}</code> will
produce an error because the first half is changed to
<code>\begin{TABULAR}</code>.
</p>
<p>LaTeX uses the same fixed table for changing case throughout a
document, The table used is designed for the font encoding T1; this
works well with the standard TeX fonts for all Latin alphabets but
will cause problems when using other alphabets.
</p>
<p>To change the case of text that results from a command inside <var>text</var>
you need to do expansion.  Here the <code>\Schoolname</code> produces
&ldquo;COLLEGE OF MATHEMATICS&rdquo;.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newcommand{\schoolname}{College of Mathematics}
\newcommand{\Schoolname}{\expandafter\MakeUppercase\expandafter{\schoolname}}
</pre></div>

<p>To uppercase only the first letter of words use the package
<samp>mfirstuc</samp>.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="Symbols-by-font-position"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Text-symbols" accesskey="n" rel="next">Text symbols</a>, Previous: <a href="#Upper-and-lower-case" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Upper and lower case</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Symbols-by-font-position-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">21.3 Symbols by font position</h3>

<a name="index-_005csymbol"></a>
<a name="index-accessing-any-character-of-a-font"></a>
<a name="index-font-symbols_002c-by-number"></a>

<p>You can access any character of the current font using its number with
the <code>\symbol</code> command. For example, the visible space character
used in the <code>\verb*</code> command has the code decimal 32, so it can be
typed as <code>\symbol{32}</code>.
</p>
<p>You can also specify numbers in octal (base 8) by using a <code>'</code>
prefix, or hexadecimal (base 16) with a <code>&quot;</code> prefix, so the previous
example could also be written as <code>\symbol{'40}</code> or
<code>\symbol{&quot;20}</code>.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="Text-symbols"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Accents" accesskey="n" rel="next">Accents</a>, Previous: <a href="#Symbols-by-font-position" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Symbols by font position</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Text-symbols-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">21.4 Text symbols</h3>

<a name="index-text-symbols"></a>
<a name="index-symbols_002c-text"></a>

<a name="index-textcomp-package-1"></a>
<p>LaTeX provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols
in running text.  Some of these, especially the more obscure ones, are
not available in OT1; you may need to load the <code>textcomp</code> package.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\copyright</code>
<a name="index-_005ccopyright"></a>
</dt>
<dt><code>\textcopyright</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextcopyright"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-copyright-symbol"></a>
<p>The copyright symbol, &copy;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\dag</code>
<a name="index-_005cdag"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-dagger_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>The dagger symbol (in text).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ddag</code>
<a name="index-_005cddag"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-double-dagger_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>The double dagger symbol (in text).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\LaTeX</code>
<a name="index-_005cLaTeX"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-LaTeX-logo"></a>
<a name="index-logo_002c-LaTeX"></a>
<p>The LaTeX logo.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\LaTeXe</code>
<a name="index-_005cLaTeXe"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-LaTeX2e-logo"></a>
<a name="index-logo_002c-LaTeX2e"></a>
<p>The LaTeX2e logo.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\guillemotleft <span class="roman">(&laquo;)</span></code>
<a name="index-_005cguillemotleft-_0028_00ab_0029"></a>
</dt>
<dt><code>\guillemotright <span class="roman">(&raquo;)</span></code>
<a name="index-_005cguillemotright-_0028_00bb_0029"></a>
</dt>
<dt><code>\guilsinglleft <span class="roman">(&lsaquo;)</span></code>
<a name="index-_005cguilsinglleft-_0028_2039_0029"></a>
</dt>
<dt><code>\guilsinglright <span class="roman">(&rsaquo;)</span></code>
<a name="index-_005cguilsinglright-_0028_203a_0029"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-double-guillemets"></a>
<a name="index-single-guillemets"></a>
<a name="index-left-angle-quotation-marks"></a>
<a name="index-right-angle-quotation-marks"></a>
<a name="index-double-angle-quotation-marks"></a>
<a name="index-single-angle-quotation-marks"></a>
<a name="index-French-quotation-marks"></a>
<a name="index-quotation-marks_002c-French"></a>
<p>Double and single angle quotation marks, commonly used in French:
&laquo;, &raquo;, &lsaquo;, &rsaquo;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ldots</code>
<a name="index-_005cldots"></a>
</dt>
<dt><code>\dots</code>
<a name="index-_005cdots"></a>
</dt>
<dt><code>\textellipsis</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextellipsis"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-ellipsis"></a>
<p>An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): &lsquo;&hellip;&rsquo;.  <code>\ldots</code>
and <code>\dots</code> also work in math mode.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\lq</code>
<a name="index-_005clq"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-left-quote"></a>
<a name="index-opening-quote"></a>
<p>Left (opening) quote: &lsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\P</code>
<a name="index-_005cP"></a>
</dt>
<dt><code>\textparagraph</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextparagraph"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-paragraph-symbol"></a>
<a name="index-pilcrow"></a>
<p>Paragraph sign (pilcrow): &#x00B6;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\pounds</code>
<a name="index-_005cpounds"></a>
</dt>
<dt><code>\textsterling</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextsterling"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-pounds-symbol"></a>
<a name="index-sterling-symbol"></a>
<p>English pounds sterling: &pound;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\quotedblbase <span class="roman">(&bdquo;)</span></code>
<a name="index-_005cquotedblbase-_0028_201e_0029"></a>
</dt>
<dt><code>\quotesinglbase <span class="roman">(&sbquo;)</span></code>
<a name="index-_005cquotesinglbase-_0028_201a_0029"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-double-low_002d9-quotation-mark"></a>
<a name="index-single-low_002d9-quotation-mark"></a>
<a name="index-low_002d9-quotation-marks_002c-single-and-double"></a>
<p>Double and single quotation marks on the baseline:
&bdquo; and &sbquo;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rq</code>
<a name="index-_005crq"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-right-quote"></a>
<a name="index-closing-quote"></a>
<p>Right (closing) quote: &rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\S</code>
<a name="index-_005cS"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>\itemx \textsection
<a name="index-section-symbol"></a>
Section sign: &#x00A7;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\TeX</code>
<a name="index-_005cTeX"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-TeX-logo"></a>
<a name="index-logo_002c-TeX"></a>
<p>The TeX logo.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textasciicircum</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextasciicircum"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-circumflex_002c-ASCII_002c-in-text"></a>
<a name="index-ASCII-circumflex_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>ASCII circumflex: ^.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textasciitilde</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextasciitilde"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-tilde_002c-ASCII_002c-in-text"></a>
<a name="index-ASCII-tilde_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>ASCII tilde: ~.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textasteriskcentered</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextasteriskcentered"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-asterisk_002c-centered_002c-in-text"></a>
<a name="index-centered-asterisk_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>Centered asterisk: *.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textbackslash</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextbackslash-1"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-backslash_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>Backslash: \.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textbar</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextbar"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-vertical-bar_002c-in-text"></a>
<a name="index-bar_002c-vertical_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>Vertical bar: |.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textbardbl</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextbardbl"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-vertical-bar_002c-double_002c-in-text"></a>
<a name="index-bar_002c-double-vertical_002c-in-text"></a>
<a name="index-double-vertical-bar_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>Double vertical bar.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textbigcircle</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextbigcircle"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-big-circle-symbols_002c-in-text"></a>
<a name="index-circle-symbol_002c-big_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>Big circle symbol.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textbraceleft</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextbraceleft"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-left-brace_002c-in-text"></a>
<a name="index-brace_002c-left_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>Left brace: {.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textbraceright</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextbraceright"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-right-brace_002c-in-text"></a>
<a name="index-brace_002c-right_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>Right brace: }.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textbullet</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextbullet"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-bullet_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>Bullet: &bull;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textcircled{<var>letter</var>}</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextcircled_007bletter_007d"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-circled-letter_002c-in-text"></a>
<p><var>letter</var> in a circle, as in &reg;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textcompwordmark</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextcompwordmark"></a>
</dt>
<dt><code>\textcapitalcompwordmark</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextcapitalcompwordmark"></a>
</dt>
<dt><code>\textascendercompwordmark</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextascendercompwordmark"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-composite-word-mark_002c-in-text"></a>
<a name="index-cap-height"></a>
<a name="index-ascender-height"></a>
<p>Composite word mark (invisible).  The <code>\textcapital...</code> form
has the cap height of the font, while the <code>\textascender...</code> form
has the ascender height.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textdagger</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextdagger"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-dagger_002c-in-text-1"></a>
<p>Dagger: <em>\dag</em>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textdaggerdbl</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextdaggerdbl"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-dagger_002c-double_002c-in-text"></a>
<a name="index-double-dagger_002c-in-text-1"></a>
<p>Double dagger: <em>\ddag</em>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textdollar <span class="roman">(or <code>\$</code>)</span></code>
<a name="index-_005ctextdollar-_0028or-_005c_0024_0029"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-dollar-sign"></a>
<a name="index-currency_002c-dollar"></a>
<p>Dollar sign: $.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textemdash <span class="roman">(or <code>---</code>)</span></code>
<a name="index-_005ctextemdash-_0028or-_002d_002d_002d_0029"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-em_002ddash"></a>
<p>Em-dash: &mdash; (for punctuation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textendash <span class="roman">(or <code>--</code>)</span></code>
<a name="index-_005ctextendash-_0028or-_002d_002d_0029"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-e_002ddash"></a>
<p>En-dash: &ndash; (for ranges).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\texteuro</code>
<a name="index-_005ctexteuro"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-euro-symbol"></a>
<a name="index-currency_002c-euro"></a>
<p>The Euro symbol: &euro;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textexclamdown <span class="roman">(or <code>!`</code>)</span></code>
<a name="index-_005ctextexclamdown-_0028or-_0021_0060_0029"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-exclamation-point_002c-upside_002ddown"></a>
<p>Upside down exclamation point: &iexcl;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textgreater</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextgreater"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-greater-than-symbol_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>Greater than: &gt;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textless</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextless"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-less-than-symbol_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>Less than: &lt;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textleftarrow</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextleftarrow"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-arrow_002c-left_002c-in-text"></a>
<a name="index-left-arrow_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>Left arrow.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textordfeminine</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextordfeminine"></a>
</dt>
<dt><code>\textordmasculine</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextordmasculine"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-feminine-ordinal-symbol"></a>
<a name="index-masculine-ordinal-symbol"></a>
<a name="index-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine"></a>
<a name="index-Spanish-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine"></a>
<p>Feminine and masculine ordinal symbols: &ordf;, &ordm;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textperiodcentered</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextperiodcentered"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-period_002c-centered_002c-in-text"></a>
<a name="index-centered-period_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>Centered period: &#x00B7;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textquestiondown <span class="roman">(or <code>?`</code>)</span></code>
<a name="index-_005ctextquestiondown-_0028or-_003f_0060_0029"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-question-mark_002c-upside_002ddown"></a>
<p>Upside down question mark: &iquest;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textquotedblleft <span class="roman">(or <code>``</code>)</span></code>
<a name="index-_005ctextquotedblleft-_0028or-_0060_0060_0029"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-left-quote_002c-double"></a>
<a name="index-double-left-quote"></a>
<p>Double left quote: &ldquo;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textquotedblright <span class="roman">(or <code>''</code>)</span></code>
<a name="index-_005ctextquotedblright-_0028or-_0027_0027_0029"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-right-quote_002c-double"></a>
<a name="index-double-right-quote"></a>
<p>Double right quote: &rdquo;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textquoteleft <span class="roman">(or <code>`</code>)</span></code>
<a name="index-_005ctextquoteleft-_0028or-_0060_0029"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-left-quote_002c-single"></a>
<a name="index-single-left-quote"></a>
<p>Single left quote: &lsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textquoteright <span class="roman">(or <code>'</code>)</span></code>
<a name="index-_005ctextquoteright-_0028or-_0027_0029"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-right-quote_002c-single"></a>
<a name="index-single-right-quote"></a>
<p>Single right quote: &rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textquotesingle</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextquotesingle"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-quote_002c-single-straight"></a>
<a name="index-straight-single-quote"></a>
<a name="index-single-quote_002c-straight"></a>
<p>Straight single quote.  (From TS1 encoding.)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textquotestraightbase</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextquotestraightbase"></a>
</dt>
<dt><code>\textquotestraightdblbase</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextquotestraightdblbase"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-quote_002c-straight-base"></a>
<a name="index-straight-quote_002c-base"></a>
<a name="index-double-quote_002c-straight-base"></a>
<a name="index-straight-double-quote_002c-base"></a>
<p>Single and double straight quotes on the baseline.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textregistered</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextregistered"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-registered-symbol"></a>
<p>Registered symbol: &reg;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textrightarrow</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextrightarrow"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-arrow_002c-right_002c-in-text"></a>
<a name="index-right-arrow_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>Right arrow.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textthreequartersemdash</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextthreequartersemdash"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-three_002dquarters-em_002ddash"></a>
<a name="index-em_002ddash_002c-three_002dquarters"></a>
<p>&ldquo;Three-quarters&rdquo; em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\texttrademark</code>
<a name="index-_005ctexttrademark"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-trademark-symbol"></a>
<p>Trademark symbol: &#x2122;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\texttwelveudash</code>
<a name="index-_005ctexttwelveudash"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-two_002dthirds-em_002ddash"></a>
<a name="index-em_002ddash_002c-two_002dthirds"></a>
<p>&ldquo;Two-thirds&rdquo; em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textunderscore</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextunderscore"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-underscore_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>Underscore: _.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textvisiblespace</code>
<a name="index-_005ctextvisiblespace"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-visible-space-symbol_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>Visible space symbol.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>


<hr>
<a name="Accents"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Additional-Latin-letters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Additional Latin letters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Text-symbols" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Text symbols</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Accents-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">21.5 Accents</h3>

<a name="index-accents"></a>
<a name="index-characters_002c-accented"></a>
<a name="index-letters_002c-accented"></a>

<a name="index-package_002c-babel"></a>
<a name="index-babel-package"></a>
<a name="index-multilingual-support"></a>
<p>LaTeX has wide support for many of the world&rsquo;s scripts and
languages, through the <code>babel</code> package and related support.  This
section does not attempt to cover all that support.  It merely lists
the core LaTeX commands for creating accented characters.
</p>
<p>The <code>\capital...</code> commands produce alternative forms for use with
capital letters.  These are not available with OT1.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\&quot;</code></dt>
<dt><code>\capitaldieresis</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005c_0022-_0028umlaut-accent_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005ccapitaldieresis"></a>
<a name="index-umlaut-accent"></a>
<a name="index-dieresis-accent"></a>
<p>Produces an umlaut (dieresis), as in &ouml;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\'</code></dt>
<dt><code>\capitalacute</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005c_0027-_0028acute-accent_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005ccapitalacute"></a>
<a name="index-acute-accent"></a>
<p>Produces an acute accent, as in &oacute;.  In the <code>tabbing</code>
environment, pushes current column to the right of the previous column
(see <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\.</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005c_002e-_0028dot_002dover-accent_0029"></a>
<a name="index-dot-accent"></a>
<a name="index-dot_002dover-accent"></a>
<p>Produces a dot accent over the following, as in &#559;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\=</code></dt>
<dt><code>\capitalmacron</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005c_003d-_0028macron-accent_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005ccapitalmacron"></a>
<a name="index-macron-accent"></a>
<a name="index-overbar-accent"></a>
<a name="index-bar_002dover-accent"></a>
<p>Produces a macron (overbar) accent over the following, as in &#333;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\^</code></dt>
<dt><code>\capitalcircumflex</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005c_005e-_0028circumflex-accent_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005ccapitalcircumflex"></a>
<a name="index-circumflex-accent"></a>
<a name="index-hat-accent"></a>
<p>Produces a circumflex (hat) accent over the following, as in &ocirc;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\`</code></dt>
<dt><code>\capitalgrave</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005c_0060-_0028grave-accent_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005ccapitalgrave"></a>
<a name="index-grave-accent"></a>
<p>Produces a grave accent over the following, as in &ograve;.  In the
<code>tabbing</code> environment, move following text to the right margin
(see <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\~</code></dt>
<dt><code>\capitaltilde</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005c_007e-_0028tilde-accent_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005ccapitaltilde"></a>
<a name="index-tilde-accent"></a>
<p>Produces a tilde accent over the following, as in &ntilde;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\b</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cb-_0028bar_002dunder-accent_0029"></a>
<a name="index-bar_002dunder-accent"></a>
<p>Produces a bar accent under the following, as in o_. See
also <code>\underbar</code> hereinafter.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\c</code></dt>
<dt><code>\capitalcedilla</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cc-_0028cedilla-accent_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005ccapitalcedilla"></a>
<a name="index-cedilla-accent"></a>
<p>Produces a cedilla accent under the following, as in &ccedil;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\d</code></dt>
<dt><code>\capitaldotaccent</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cd-_0028dot_002dunder-accent_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005ccapitaldotaccent"></a>
<a name="index-dot_002dunder-accent"></a>
<p>Produces a dot accent under the following, as in &#7885;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\H</code></dt>
<dt><code>\capitalhungarumlaut</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cH-_0028Hungarian-umlaut-accent_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005ccapitalhungarumlaut"></a>
<a name="index-hungarian-umlaut-accent"></a>
<p>Produces a long Hungarian umlaut accent over the following, as in &#337;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\i</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005ci-_0028dotless-i_0029"></a>
<a name="index-dotless-i"></a>
<p>Produces a dotless i, as in &lsquo;i&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\j</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cj-_0028dotless-j_0029"></a>
<a name="index-dotless-j"></a>
<p>Produces a dotless j, as in &lsquo;j&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\k</code></dt>
<dt><code>\capitalogonek</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005ck-_0028ogonek_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005ccapitalogonek"></a>
<a name="index-ogonek"></a>
<p>Produces a letter with ogonek, as in &lsquo;&#491;&rsquo;.  Not available in
the OT1 encoding.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\r</code></dt>
<dt><code>\capitalring</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cr-_0028ring-accent_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005ccapitalring"></a>
<a name="index-ring-accent"></a>
<p>Produces a ring accent, as in &lsquo;o*&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\t</code></dt>
<dt><code>\capitaltie</code></dt>
<dt><code>\newtie</code></dt>
<dt><code>\capitalnewtie</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005ct-_0028tie_002dafter-accent_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005ccapitaltie"></a>
<a name="index-_005cnewtie"></a>
<a name="index-_005ccapitalnewtie"></a>
<a name="index-tie_002dafter-accent"></a>
<p>Produces a tie-after accent, as in &lsquo;oo[&rsquo;.  The
<code>\newtie</code> form is centered in its box.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\u</code></dt>
<dt><code>\capitalbreve</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cu-_0028breve-accent_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005ccapitalbreve"></a>
<a name="index-breve-accent"></a>
<p>Produces a breve accent, as in &lsquo;&#335;&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\underbar</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cunderbar"></a>
<a name="index-underbar"></a>
<p>Not exactly an accent, this produces a bar under the argument text.
The argument is always processed in horizontal mode.  The bar is
always a fixed position under the baseline, thus crossing through
descenders.  See also <code>\underline</code> in <a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a>.
See also <code>\b</code> above.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\v</code></dt>
<dt><code>\capitalcaron</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cv-_0028breve-accent_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005ccapitalcaron"></a>
<a name="index-hacek-accent"></a>
<a name="index-check-accent"></a>
<a name="index-caron-accent"></a>
<p>Produces a h&aacute;&#269;ek (check, caron) accent, as in &lsquo;&#466;&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>


<hr>
<a name="Additional-Latin-letters"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005crule" accesskey="n" rel="next">\rule</a>, Previous: <a href="#Accents" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Accents</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Additional-Latin-letters-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">21.6 Additional Latin letters</h3>

<a name="Non_002dEnglish-characters"></a><a name="index-Latin-letters_002c-additional"></a>
<a name="index-letters_002c-additional-Latin"></a>
<a name="index-extended-Latin"></a>
<a name="index-special-characters-1"></a>
<a name="index-non_002dEnglish-characters"></a>
<a name="index-characters_002c-non_002dEnglish"></a>

<p>Here are the basic LaTeX commands for inserting letters (beyond
A&ndash;Z) extending the Latin alphabet, used primarily in languages other
than English.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\aa</code></dt>
<dt><code>\AA</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005caa-_0028aa_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005cAA-_0028AA_0029"></a>
<a name="index-aring"></a>
<p>&aring; and &Aring;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ae</code></dt>
<dt><code>\AE</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cae-_0028ae_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005cAE-_0028AE_0029"></a>
<a name="index-ae-ligature"></a>
<p>&aelig; and &AElig;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\dh</code></dt>
<dt><code>\DH</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cdh-_0028d_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005cDH-_0028D_0029"></a>
<a name="index-Icelandic-eth"></a>
<a name="index-eth_002c-Icelandic-letter"></a>
<p>Icelandic letter eth: &eth; and &ETH;. Not available with <small>OT1</small>
encoding, you need the <samp>fontenc</samp> package to select an alternate
font encoding, such as <small>T1</small>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\dj</code></dt>
<dt><code>\DJ</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cdj"></a>
<a name="index-_005cDJ"></a>
<p>Crossed d and D, a.k.a. capital and small letter d with stroke.  Not
available with <small>OT1</small> encoding, you need the <samp>fontenc</samp> package to
select an alternate font encoding, such as <small>T1</small>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ij</code></dt>
<dt><code>\IJ</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cij-_0028ij_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005cIJ-_0028IJ_0029"></a>
<a name="index-ij-letter_002c-Dutch"></a>
<p>ij and IJ (except somewhat closer together than appears here).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\l</code></dt>
<dt><code>\L</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cl-_0028l_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005cL-_0028L_0029"></a>
<a name="index-polish-l"></a>
<p>&#322; and &#321;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ng</code></dt>
<dt><code>\NG</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cng"></a>
<a name="index-_005cNG"></a>
<p>Lappish letter eng, also used in phonetics.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\o</code></dt>
<dt><code>\O</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005co-_0028o_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005cO-_0028O_0029"></a>
<a name="index-oslash"></a>
<p>&oslash; and &Oslash;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\oe</code></dt>
<dt><code>\OE</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005coe-_0028oe_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005cOE-_0028OE_0029"></a>
<a name="index-oe-ligature"></a>
<p>&oelig; and &OElig;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ss</code></dt>
<dt><code>\SS</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005css-_0028ss_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005cSS-_0028SS_0029"></a>
<a name="index-es_002dzet-German-letter"></a>
<a name="index-sharp-S-letters"></a>
<p>&szlig; and SS.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\th</code></dt>
<dt><code>\TH</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cth-_0028th_0029"></a>
<a name="index-_005cTH-_0028TH_0029"></a>
<a name="index-Icelandic-thorn"></a>
<a name="index-thorn_002c-Icelandic-letter"></a>
<p>Icelandic letter thorn: &thorn; and &THORN;. Not available with <small>OT1</small>
encoding, you need the <samp>fontenc</samp> package to select an alternate
font encoding, such as <small>T1</small>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005crule"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctoday" accesskey="n" rel="next">\today</a>, Previous: <a href="#Additional-Latin-letters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Additional Latin letters</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005crule-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">21.7 <code>\rule</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005crule"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\rule[<var>raise</var>]{<var>width</var>}{<var>thickness</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\rule</code> command produces <em>rules</em>, that is, lines or
rectangles.  The arguments are:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><var>raise</var></dt>
<dd><p>How high to raise the rule (optional).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>width</var></dt>
<dd><p>The length of the rule (mandatory).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>thickness</var></dt>
<dd><p>The thickness of the rule (mandatory).
</p></dd>
</dl>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005ctoday"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005crule" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\rule</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005ctoday-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">21.8 <code>\today</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005ctoday"></a>
<a name="index-date_002c-today_0027s"></a>

<p>The <code>\today</code> command produces today&rsquo;s date, in the format
&lsquo;<samp><var>month</var> <var>dd</var>, <var>yyyy</var></samp>&rsquo;; for example, &lsquo;<samp>July 4, 1976</samp>&rsquo;.
It uses the predefined counters <code>\day</code>, <code>\month</code>, and
<code>\year</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear">\day \month \year</a>) to do this.  It is not
updated as the program runs.
</p>
<p>Multilingual packages like <samp>babel</samp> or classes like <samp>lettre</samp>,
among others, will localize <code>\today</code>. For example, the following
will output &lsquo;<samp>4 juillet 1976</samp>&rsquo;:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\year=1976 \month=7 \day=4
\documentclass{minimal}
\usepackage[french]{babel}
\begin{document}
\today
\end{document}
</pre></div>

<a name="index-package_002c-datetime"></a>
<a name="index-datetime-package"></a>
<p>The <code>datetime</code> package, among others, can produce a wide variety
of other date formats.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="Splitting-the-input"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="n" rel="next">Front/back matter</a>, Previous: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Special insertions</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Splitting-the-input-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">22 Splitting the input</h2>

<a name="index-splitting-the-input-file"></a>
<a name="index-input-file"></a>

<p>A large document requires a lot of input.  Rather than putting the whole
input in a single large file, it&rsquo;s more efficient to split it into
several smaller ones.  Regardless of how many separate files you use,
there is one that is the 
<a name="index-root-file"></a>
<a name="index-file_002c-root"></a>
<em>root file</em>; it is the one whose name you type
when you run LaTeX.
</p>
<p>See <a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a>, for an environment that allows bundling an
external file to be created with the main document.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cinclude" accesskey="1">\include</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Conditionally include a file.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cincludeonly" accesskey="2">\includeonly</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Determine which files are included.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cinput" accesskey="3">\input</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Unconditionally include a file.
</td></tr>
</table>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cinclude"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cincludeonly" accesskey="n" rel="next">\includeonly</a>, Up: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="u" rel="up">Splitting the input</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cinclude-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">22.1 <code>\include</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005cinclude"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\include{<var>file</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>If no <code>\includeonly</code> command is present, the <code>\include</code>
command executes <code>\clearpage</code> to start a new page
(see <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage">\clearpage</a>), then reads <var>file</var>, then does another
<code>\clearpage</code>.
</p>
<p>Given an <code>\includeonly</code> command, the <code>\include</code> actions are
only run if <var>file</var> is listed as an argument to
<code>\includeonly</code>.  See <a href="#g_t_005cincludeonly">\includeonly</a>.
</p>
<a name="index-nested-_005cinclude_002c-not-allowed"></a>
<p>The <code>\include</code> command may not appear in the preamble or in a file
read by another <code>\include</code> command.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cincludeonly"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cinput" accesskey="n" rel="next">\input</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cinclude" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\include</a>, Up: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="u" rel="up">Splitting the input</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cincludeonly-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">22.2 <code>\includeonly</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005cincludeonly"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\includeonly{<var>file1</var>,<var>file2</var>,...}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\includeonly</code> command controls which files will be read by
subsequent <code>\include</code> commands.  The list of filenames is
comma-separated. Each element <var>file1</var>, <var>file2</var>, &hellip; must
exactly match a filename specified in a <code>\include</code> command for the
selection to be effective.
</p>
<p>This command can only appear in the preamble.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cinput"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cincludeonly" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\includeonly</a>, Up: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="u" rel="up">Splitting the input</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cinput-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">22.3 <code>\input</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005cinput"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\input{<var>file</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\input</code> command causes the specified <var>file</var> to be read
and processed, as if its contents had been inserted in the current
file at that point.
</p>
<p>If <var>file</var> does not end in &lsquo;<samp>.tex</samp>&rsquo; (e.g., &lsquo;<samp>foo</samp>&rsquo; or
&lsquo;<samp>foo.bar</samp>&rsquo;), it is first tried with that extension (&lsquo;<samp>foo.tex</samp>&rsquo;
or &lsquo;<samp>foo.bar.tex</samp>&rsquo;).  If that is not found, the original <var>file</var>
is tried (&lsquo;<samp>foo</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>foo.bar</samp>&rsquo;).
</p>

<hr>
<a name="Front_002fback-matter"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Letters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Splitting the input</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Front_002fback-matter-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">23 Front/back matter</h2>

<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Tables-of-contents" accesskey="1">Tables of contents</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Glossaries" accesskey="2">Glossaries</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="3">Indexes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>


<hr>
<a name="Tables-of-contents"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Glossaries" accesskey="n" rel="next">Glossaries</a>, Up: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="u" rel="up">Front/back matter</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Tables-of-contents-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">23.1 Tables of contents</h3>

<a name="index-table-of-contents_002c-creating"></a>

<a name="index-_005ctableofcontents"></a>
<a name="index-_002etoc-file-1"></a>
<p>A table of contents is produced with the <code>\tableofcontents</code>
command.  You put the command right where you want the table of
contents to go; LaTeX does the rest for you.  A previous run must
have generated a <samp>.toc</samp> file.
</p>
<p>The <code>\tableofcontents</code> command produces a heading, but it does
not automatically start a new page.  If you want a new page after the
table of contents, write a <code>\newpage</code> command after the
<code>\tableofcontents</code> command.
</p>
<a name="index-_005clistoffigures"></a>
<a name="index-_005clistoftables"></a>
<a name="index-_002elof-file-1"></a>
<a name="index-_002elot-file-1"></a>
<p>The analogous commands <code>\listoffigures</code> and <code>\listoftables</code>
produce a list of figures and a list of tables (from <samp>.lof</samp> and
<samp>.lot</samp> files), respectively.  Everything works exactly the same
as for the table of contents.
</p>
<a name="index-_005cnofiles"></a>
<p>The command <code>\nofiles</code> overrides these commands, and
<em>prevents</em> any of these lists from being generated.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline" accesskey="1">\addcontentsline</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Add an entry to table of contents, etc.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents" accesskey="2">\addtocontents</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Add text directly to table of contents file, etc.
</td></tr>
</table>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005caddcontentsline"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents" accesskey="n" rel="next">\addtocontents</a>, Up: <a href="#Tables-of-contents" accesskey="u" rel="up">Tables of contents</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005caddcontentsline-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">23.1.1 <code>\addcontentsline</code></h4>

<a name="index-_005caddcontentsline"></a>
<a name="index-table-of-contents-entry_002c-manually-adding"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\addcontentsline{<var>ext</var>}{<var>unit</var>}{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>The <code>\addcontentsline</code> command adds an entry to the specified list
or table where:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><var>ext</var></dt>
<dd><p>The filename extension of the file on which information is to be written,
typically one of: <code>toc</code> (table of contents), <code>lof</code> (list of
figures), or <code>lot</code> (list of tables).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>unit</var></dt>
<dd><p>The name of the sectional unit being added, typically one of the
following, matching the value of the <var>ext</var> argument:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>toc</code></dt>
<dd><p>The name of the sectional unit: <code>part</code>, <code>chapter</code>,
<code>section</code>, <code>subsection</code>, <code>subsubsection</code>.
</p></dd>
<dt><code>lof</code></dt>
<dd><p>For the list of figures: <code>figure</code>.
</p></dd>
<dt><code>lot</code></dt>
<dd><p>For the list of tables: <code>table</code>.
</p></dd>
</dl>

</dd>
<dt><var>text</var></dt>
<dd><p>The text of the entry.
</p></dd>
</dl>

<a name="index-_005ccontentsline"></a>
<p>What is written to the <samp>.<var>ext</var></samp> file is the command
<code>\contentsline{<var>unit</var>}{<var>text</var>}{<var>num</var>}</code>, where
<code><var>num</var></code> is the current value of counter <code><var>unit</var></code>.
</p>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005caddtocontents"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\addcontentsline</a>, Up: <a href="#Tables-of-contents" accesskey="u" rel="up">Tables of contents</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005caddtocontents-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">23.1.2 <code>\addtocontents</code></h4>

<a name="index-_005caddtocontents_007bext_007d_007btext_007d"></a>

<p>The <code>\addtocontents</code>{<var>ext</var>}{<var>text</var>} command adds text
(or formatting commands) directly to the <samp>.<var>ext</var></samp> file that
generates the table of contents or lists of figures or tables.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><var>ext</var></dt>
<dd><p>The extension of the file on which information is to be written,
typically one of: <samp>toc</samp> (table of contents), <samp>lof</samp> (list of
figures), or <samp>lot</samp> (list of tables).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>text</var></dt>
<dd><p>The text to be written.
</p></dd>
</dl>


<hr>
<a name="Glossaries"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Indexes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Tables-of-contents" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Tables of contents</a>, Up: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="u" rel="up">Front/back matter</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Glossaries-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">23.2 Glossaries</h3>

<a name="index-glossaries"></a>

<a name="index-_005cmakeglossary"></a>
<p>The command <code>\makeglossary</code> enables creating glossaries.
</p>
<a name="index-_005cglossary"></a>
<a name="index-_002eglo-file"></a>
<p>The command <code>\glossary{<var>text</var>}</code> writes a glossary entry for
<var>text</var> to an auxiliary file with the <samp>.glo</samp> extension.
</p>
<a name="index-_005cglossaryentry"></a>
<p>Specifically, what gets written is the command
<code>\glossaryentry{<var>text</var>}{<var>pageno</var>}</code>, where
<var>pageno</var> is the current <code>\thepage</code> value.
</p>
<a name="index-glossary-package"></a>
<p>The <code>glossary</code> package on CTAN provides support for fancier
glossaries.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="Indexes"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Glossaries" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Glossaries</a>, Up: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="u" rel="up">Front/back matter</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Indexes-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">23.3 Indexes</h3>

<a name="index-indexes"></a>

<a name="index-_005cmakeindex"></a>
<p>The command <code>\makeindex</code> enables creating indexes.  Put this in
the preamble.
</p>
<a name="index-_005cindex"></a>
<a name="index-_002eidx-file"></a>
<p>The command <code>\index{<var>text</var>}</code> writes an index entry for
<var>text</var> to an auxiliary file named with the <samp>.idx</samp> extension.
</p>
<a name="index-_005cindexentry"></a>
<p>Specifically, what gets written is the command
<code>\indexentry{<var>text</var>}{<var>pageno</var>}</code>, where <var>pageno</var>
is the current <code>\thepage</code> value.
</p>
<a name="index-_0060see_0027-and-_0060see-also_0027-index-entries"></a>
<a name="index-index-entries_002c-_0060see_0027-and-_0060see-also_0027"></a>
<p>To generate a index entry for &lsquo;bar&rsquo; that says &lsquo;See foo&rsquo;, use a
vertical bar: <code>\index{bar|see{foo}}</code>.  Use <code>seealso</code>
instead of <code>see</code> to make a &lsquo;See also&rsquo; entry.
</p>
<a name="index-_005cseename"></a>
<a name="index-_005calsoname"></a>
<p>The text &lsquo;See&rsquo; is defined by the macro <code>\seename</code>, and &lsquo;See also&rsquo;
by the macro <code>\alsoname</code>.  These can be redefined for other
languages.
</p>
<a name="index-makeindex-program"></a>
<a name="index-xindy-program"></a>
<a name="index-_002eind-file"></a>
<p>The generated <samp>.idx</samp> file is then sorted with an external
command, usually either <code>makeindex</code>
(<a href="http://mirror.ctan.org/indexing/makeindex">http://mirror.ctan.org/indexing/makeindex</a>) or (the
multi-lingual) <code>xindy</code> (<a href="http://xindy.sourceforge.net">http://xindy.sourceforge.net</a>).
This results in a <samp>.ind</samp> file, which can then be read to typeset
the index.
</p>
<a name="index-_005cprintindex"></a>
<a name="index-package_002c-makeidx"></a>
<a name="index-makeidx-package"></a>
<p>The index is usually generated with the <code>\printindex</code> command.
This is defined in the <code>makeidx</code> package, so
<code>\usepackage{makeidx}</code> needs to be in the preamble.
</p>
<a name="index-_005cindexspace"></a>
<p>The rubber length <code>\indexspace</code> is inserted before each new
letter in the printed index; its default value is &lsquo;<samp>10pt plus5pt
minus3pt</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<a name="index-package_002c-showidx"></a>
<a name="index-showidx-package"></a>
<p>The <code>showidx</code> package causes each index entries to be shown in
the margin on the page where the entry appears.  This can help in
preparing the index.
</p>
<a name="index-package_002c-multind"></a>
<a name="index-multind-package"></a>
<p>The <code>multind</code> package supports multiple indexes.  See also the
TeX FAQ entry on this topic,
<a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=multind">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=multind</a>.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="Letters"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput" accesskey="n" rel="next">Terminal input/output</a>, Previous: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Front/back matter</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Letters-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">24 Letters</h2>

<a name="index-letters_002c-writing"></a>
<a name="index-writing-letters"></a>

<p>Synopsis: 
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\documentclass{letter}
\address{<var>sender address</var>}
\signature{<var>sender name</var>}
\begin{document}
\begin{letter}{<var>recipient address</var>}
\opening{<var>salutation</var>}
  <var>letter body</var>
\closing{<var>closing text</var>}
\end{letter}
...  more letters ...
\end{document}
</pre></div>

<p>Produce one or more letters.  
</p>
<p>Each letter is in a separate <code>letter</code> environment, whose argument
<var>recipient address</var> often contains multiple lines separated with a
double backslash&nbsp;(<code>\\</code>).  For example, you might have:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example"> \begin{letter}{Mr. Joe Smith \\ 
      2345 Princess St. \\ 
      Edinburgh, EH1 1AA}
   ...
 \end{letter}
</pre></div>

<p>The start of the <code>letter</code> environment resets the page number to 1,
and the footnote number to 1 also.
</p>
<p>The <var>sender address</var> and <var>sender name</var> are common to all of the
letters, whether there is one or more, so these are best put in the
preamble.  As with the recipient address, often <var>sender address</var>
contains multiple lines separated by a double
backslash&nbsp;(<code>\\</code>).  LaTeX will put the <var>sender name</var>
under the closing, after a vertical space for the traditional
hand-written signature; it also can contain multiple lines.
</p>
<p>Each <code>letter</code> environment body begins with a required <code>\opening</code> command
such as <code>\opening{Dear Madam or Sir:}</code>.  The <var>letter body</var>
text is ordinary LaTeX so it can contain everything from
enumerated lists to displayed math, except that commands such as
<code>\chapter</code> that make no sense in a letter are turned off.  Each
<code>letter</code> environment body typically ends with a <code>\closing</code>
command such as <code>\closing{Yours,}</code>.
</p>
<a name="index-_005c_005c-for-letters"></a>
<p>Additional material may come after the <code>\closing</code>.  You can say who
is receiving a copy of the letter with a command like <code>\cc{the
Boss \\ the Boss's Boss}</code>.  There&rsquo;s a similar <code>\encl</code> command for
a list of enclosures.  And, you can add a postscript with <code>\ps</code>.
</p>
<p>LaTeX&rsquo;s default is to indent the signature and the <code>\closing</code>
above it by a length of <code>\longindentation</code>.  By default this is
<code>0.5\textwidth</code>. To make them flush left, put
<code>\setlength{\longindentation}{0em}</code> in your preamble.
</p>
<p>To set a fixed date use something like
<code>\renewcommand{\today}{2015-Oct-12}</code>.  If put in your preamble
then it will apply to all the letters.
</p>
<p>This example shows only one <code>letter</code> environment.  The three lines
marked as optional are typically omitted.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\documentclass{letter}
\address{Sender's street \\ Sender's town}
\signature{Sender's name \\ Sender's title}
% optional: \location{Mailbox 13}
% optional: \telephone{(102) 555-0101}
\begin{document}
\begin{letter}{Recipient's name \\ Recipient's address}
\opening{Sir:}
% optional: \thispagestyle{firstpage}
I am not interested in entering a business arrangement with you.
\closing{Your most humble, etc.,}
\end{letter}
\end{document}
</pre></div>

<p>These commands are used with the <code>letter</code> class.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005caddress" accesskey="1">\address</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Sender&rsquo;s return address.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005ccc" accesskey="2">\cc</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Carbon copy list.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cclosing" accesskey="3">\closing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Saying goodbye.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cencl" accesskey="4">\encl</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">List of enclosed material.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005clocation" accesskey="5">\location</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Sender&rsquo;s organizational location.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels" accesskey="6">\makelabels</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Make address labels.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cname" accesskey="7">\name</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Sender&rsquo;s name, for the return address.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005copening" accesskey="8">\opening</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Saying hello.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cps" accesskey="9">\ps</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Adding a postscript.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005csignature">\signature</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Sender&rsquo;s signature.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005ctelephone">\telephone</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Sender&rsquo;s phone number.
</td></tr>
</table>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005caddress"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccc" accesskey="n" rel="next">\cc</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005caddress-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">24.1 <code>\address</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005caddress"></a>

<p>Synopsis: 
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\address{<var>senders address</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>Specifies the return address as it appears on the letter and on the
envelope.  Separate multiple lines in <var>senders address</var> with a
double backslash&nbsp;<code>\\</code>.
</p>
<p>Because it can apply to multiple letters this declaration is often put
in the preamble.  However, it can go anywhere, including inside an
individual <code>letter</code> environment.
</p>
<p>This command is optional: without the <code>\address</code> declaration the
letter is formatted with some blank space on top, for copying onto
pre-printed letterhead paper.  (See <a href="#Overview">Overview</a>, for details on your
local implementation.)  With the <code>\address</code> declaration, it is
formatted as a personal letter.
</p>
<p>Here is an example.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\address{Stephen Maturin \\
         The Grapes of the Savoy}
</pre></div>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005ccc"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cclosing" accesskey="n" rel="next">\closing</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddress" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\address</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005ccc-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">24.2 <code>\cc</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005ccc"></a>
<a name="index-cc-list_002c-in-letters"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\cc{<var>first name</var> \\ 
     ... }
</pre></div>

<p>Produce a list of names to which copies of the letter were sent.  This
command is optional.  If it appears then typically it comes after
<code>\closing</code>.  Separate multiple lines with a double
backslash&nbsp;<code>\\</code>, as in:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\cc{President \\
    Vice President}
</pre></div>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cclosing"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cencl" accesskey="n" rel="next">\encl</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccc" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\cc</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cclosing-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">24.3 <code>\closing</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005cclosing"></a>
<a name="index-letters_002c-ending"></a>
<a name="index-closing-letters"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\closing{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>Usually at the end of a letter, above the handwritten signature, there
is a <code>\closing</code> (although this command is optional).  For example,
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\closing{Regards,}
</pre></div>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cencl"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005clocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">\location</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cclosing" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\closing</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cencl-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">24.4 <code>\encl</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005cencl"></a>
<a name="index-enclosure-list"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\encl{<var>first enclosed object</var> \\ 
       ... }
</pre></div>

<p>Produce a list of things included with the letter. This command is
optional; when it is used, it typically is put after <code>\closing</code>.
Separate multiple lines with a double backslash&nbsp;<code>\\</code>.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\encl{License \\
       Passport }
</pre></div>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005clocation"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels" accesskey="n" rel="next">\makelabels</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cencl" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\encl</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005clocation-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">24.5 <code>\location</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005clocation"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\location{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>The <var>text</var> appears centered at the bottom of the each page.  It only
appears if the page style is <code>firstpage</code>.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cmakelabels"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cname" accesskey="n" rel="next">\name</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005clocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\location</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cmakelabels-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">24.6 <code>\makelabels</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005cmakelabels"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\makelabels
</pre></div>

<p>Create a sheet of address labels from the recipient addresses, one for
each letter. This sheet will be output before the letters, with the idea
that you can copy it to a sheet of peel-off labels.  This command goes
in the preamble.
</p>
<p>Customize the labels by redefining the commands <code>\startlabels</code>,
<code>\mlabel</code>, and <code>\returnaddress</code> in the preamble.  The command
<code>\startlabels</code> sets the width, height, number of columns, etc., of
the page onto which the labels are printed.  The command
<code>\mlabel{<var>sender address</var>}{<var>recipient address</var>}</code>
produces the two labels (or one, if you choose to ignore the <var>sender
address</var>). The <var>sender address</var> is the value returned by the macro
<code>\returnaddress</code> while <var>recipient address</var> is the value passed
in the argument to the <code>letter</code> environment.  By default
<code>\mlabel</code> ignores the first argument, the <var>sender address</var>.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cname"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005copening" accesskey="n" rel="next">\opening</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\makelabels</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cname-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">24.7 <code>\name</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005cname"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\name{<var>name</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>Sender&rsquo;s name, used for printing on the envelope together with the
return address.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005copening"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cps" accesskey="n" rel="next">\ps</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cname" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\name</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005copening-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">24.8 <code>\opening</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005copening"></a>
<a name="index-letters_002c-starting"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\opening{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>This command is required.  It starts a letter, following the
<code>\begin{letter}{...}</code>. The mandatory argument <var>text</var> is the
text that starts your letter.  For instance:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\opening{Dear John:}
</pre></div>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cps"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005csignature" accesskey="n" rel="next">\signature</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005copening" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\opening</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cps-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">24.9 <code>\ps</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cps"></a>
<a name="index-postscript_002c-in-letters"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\ps{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>Add a postscript.  This command is optional and usually is used after
<code>\closing</code>.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\ps{P.S. After you have read this letter, burn it. Or eat it.}
</pre></div>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005csignature"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctelephone" accesskey="n" rel="next">\telephone</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cps" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\ps</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005csignature-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">24.10 <code>\signature</code></h3>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\signature{<var>first line</var> \\
            ... }
</pre></div>

<a name="index-_005csignature"></a>

<p>The sender&rsquo;s name.  This command is optional, although its inclusion is
usual.
</p>
<p>The argument text appears at the end of the letter, after the closing
and after a vertical space for the traditional hand-written
signature. Separate multiple lines with a double
backslash&nbsp;<code>\\</code>.  For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\signature{J Fred Muggs \\
           White House}
</pre></div>

<p>LaTeX&rsquo;s default for the vertical space from the <code>\closing</code> text
down to the <code>\signature</code> text is <code>6\medskipamount</code>, which is
six times 0.7em.
</p>
<p>This command is usually in the preamble, to apply to all the letters in
the document.  To have it apply to one letter only, put it inside a
<code>letter</code> environment and before the <code>\closing</code>.
</p>
<p>You can include a graphic in the signature, for instance with
<code>\signature{\vspace{-6\medskipamount}\includegraphics{sig.png}\\
My name}</code> (this requires writing <code>\usepackage{graphicx}</code> in the
preamble).
</p>




<hr>
<a name="g_t_005ctelephone"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csignature" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\signature</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005ctelephone-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">24.11 <code>\telephone</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005ctelephone"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\telephone{<var>number</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>The sender&rsquo;s telephone number.  This is typically in the preamble, where
it applies to all letters.  This only appears if the <code>firstpage</code>
pagestyle is selected.  If so, it appears on the lower right of the
page.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="Terminal-input_002foutput"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Command-line" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command line</a>, Previous: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Letters</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Terminal-input_002foutput-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">25 Terminal input/output</h2>

<a name="index-input_002foutput_002c-to-terminal"></a>
<a name="index-terminal-input_002foutput"></a>

<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005ctypein" accesskey="1">\typein</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Read text from the terminal.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005ctypeout" accesskey="2">\typeout</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Write text to the terminal.
</td></tr>
</table>


<hr>
<a name="g_t_005ctypein"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctypeout" accesskey="n" rel="next">\typeout</a>, Up: <a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Terminal input/output</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005ctypein_005bcmd_005d_007bmsg_007d"></a>
<h3 class="section">25.1 <code>\typein[<var>cmd</var>]{<var>msg</var>}</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005ctypein"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\typein[\<var>cmd</var>]{<var>msg</var>}
</pre></div>

<p><code>\typein</code> prints <var>msg</var> on the terminal and causes LaTeX to
stop and wait for you to type a line of input, ending with return.  If
the optional <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> argument is omitted, the typed input is
processed as if it had been included in the input file in place of the
<code>\typein</code> command.  If the <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> argument is present, it
must be a command name.  This command name is then defined or
redefined to be the typed input.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="g_t_005ctypeout"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ctypein" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\typein</a>, Up: <a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Terminal input/output</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005ctypeout_007bmsg_007d"></a>
<h3 class="section">25.2 <code>\typeout{<var>msg</var>}</code></h3>

<a name="index-_005ctypeout"></a>

<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\typeout{<var>msg</var>}
</pre></div>

<p>Prints <code>msg</code> on the terminal and in the <code>log</code> file.
Commands in <code>msg</code> that are defined with <code>\newcommand</code> or
<code>\renewcommand</code> (among others) are replaced by their definitions
before being printed.
</p>
<p>LaTeX&rsquo;s usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space
and ignoring spaces after a command name apply to <code>msg</code>.  A
<code>\space</code> command in <code>msg</code> causes a single space to be
printed, independent of surrounding spaces.  A <code>^^J</code> in
<code>msg</code> prints a newline.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="Command-line"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="n" rel="next">Document templates</a>, Previous: <a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Terminal input/output</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Command-line-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">26 Command line</h2>

<a name="index-command-line"></a>

<a name="index-_002etex_002c-default-extension"></a>
<p>The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted;
TeX uses <samp>.tex</samp> as a default file extension.  If you omit the
input file entirely, TeX accepts input from the terminal.  You can
also specify arbitrary LaTeX input by starting with a backslash.
For example, this processes <samp>foo.tex</samp> without pausing after every
error:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">latex '\nonstopmode\input foo.tex'
</pre></div>

<a name="index-_002d_002dhelp-command_002dline-option"></a>
<p>With many, but not all, implementations, command-line options can also
be specified in the usual Unix way, starting with &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo; or
&lsquo;<samp>--</samp>&rsquo;.  For a list of those options, try &lsquo;<samp>latex --help</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<a name="index-_002a-prompt"></a>
<a name="index-prompt_002c-_002a"></a>
<a name="index-_005cstop"></a>
<p>If LaTeX stops in the middle of the document and gives you a
&lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo; prompt, it is waiting for input.  You can type <code>\stop</code>
(and return) and it will prematurely end the document.
</p>
<p>See <a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>, for other system commands invoking LaTeX.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="Document-templates"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Concept Index</a>, Previous: <a href="#Command-line" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Command line</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Document-templates-1"></a>
<h2 class="appendix">Appendix A Document templates</h2>

<a name="index-document-templates"></a>
<a name="index-templates_002c-document"></a>

<p>Although not reference material, perhaps these document templates will
be useful.  Additional template resources are listed at
<a href="http://tug.org/interest.html#latextemplates">http://tug.org/interest.html#latextemplates</a>.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#beamer-template" accesskey="1">beamer template</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#book-template" accesskey="2">book template</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#tugboat-template" accesskey="3">tugboat template</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>


<hr>
<a name="beamer-template"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#book-template" accesskey="n" rel="next">book template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="beamer-template-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">A.1 <code>beamer</code> template</h3>

<a name="index-beamer-template-and-class"></a>
<a name="index-template_002c-beamer"></a>

<p>The <code>beamer</code> class creates presentation slides.  It has a vast
array of features, but here is a basic template:
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">\documentclass{beamer}

\title{Beamer Class template}
\author{Alex Author}
\date{July 31, 2007}

\begin{document}

\maketitle

% without [fragile], any {verbatim} code gets mysterious errors.
\begin{frame}[fragile]
 \frametitle{First Slide}

\begin{verbatim}
  This is \verbatim!
\end{verbatim}

\end{frame}

\end{document}
</pre>
<p>One web resource for this:
<a href="http://robjhyndman.com/hyndsight/beamer/">http://robjhyndman.com/hyndsight/beamer/</a>.
</p>

<hr>
<a name="book-template"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#tugboat-template" accesskey="n" rel="next">tugboat template</a>, Previous: <a href="#beamer-template" accesskey="p" rel="prev">beamer template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="book-template-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">A.2 <code>book</code> template</h3>

<a name="index-template_002c-book"></a>

<pre class="verbatim">\documentclass{book}
\title{Book Class Template}
\author{Alex Author}

\begin{document}
\maketitle

\chapter{First}
Some text.

\chapter{Second}
Some other text.

\section{A subtopic}
The end.
\end{document}
</pre>

<hr>
<a name="tugboat-template"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#book-template" accesskey="p" rel="prev">book template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="tugboat-template-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">A.3 <code>tugboat</code> template</h3>

<a name="index-template_002c-TUGboat"></a>
<a name="index-TUGboat-template"></a>
<a name="index-ltugboat-class"></a>

<p><cite>TUGboat</cite> is the journal of the TeX Users Group,
<a href="http://tug.org/TUGboat">http://tug.org/TUGboat</a>.
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">\documentclass{ltugboat}

\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{ifpdf}
\ifpdf
\usepackage[breaklinks,hidelinks]{hyperref}
\else
\usepackage{url}
\fi

%%% Start of metadata %%%

\title{Example \TUB\ article}

% repeat info for each author.
\author{First Last}
\address{Street Address \\ Town, Postal \\ Country}
\netaddress{user (at) example dot org}
\personalURL{http://example.org/~user/}

%%% End of metadata %%%

\begin{document}

\maketitle

\begin{abstract}
This is an example article for \TUB{}.
Please write an abstract.
\end{abstract}

\section{Introduction}

This is an example article for \TUB, linked from
\url{http://tug.org/TUGboat/location.html}.

We recommend the \texttt{graphicx} package for image inclusions, and the
\texttt{hyperref} package if active urls are desired (in the \acro{PDF}
output).  Nowadays \TUB\ is produced using \acro{PDF} files exclusively.

The \texttt{ltugboat} class provides these abbreviations (and many more):
% verbatim blocks are often better in \small
\begin{verbatim}[\small]
\AllTeX \AMS \AmS \AmSLaTeX \AmSTeX \aw \AW
\BibTeX \CTAN \DTD \HTML
\ISBN \ISSN \LaTeXe
\mf \MFB
\plain \POBox \PS
\SGML \TANGLE \TB \TP
\TUB \TUG \tug
\UNIX \XeT \WEB \WEAVE

\, \bull \Dash \dash \hyph

\acro{FRED} -&gt; {\small[er] fred}  % please use!
\cs{fred}   -&gt; \fred
\meta{fred} -&gt; &lt;fred&gt;
\nth{n}     -&gt; 1st, 2nd, ...
\sfrac{3/4} -&gt; 3/4
\booktitle{Book of Fred}
\end{verbatim}

For references to other \TUB\ issue, please use the format
\textsl{volno:issno}, e.g., ``\TUB\ 32:1'' for our \nth{100} issue.

This file is just a template.  The \TUB\ style documentation is the
\texttt{ltubguid} document at \url{http://ctan.org/pkg/tugboat}.  (For
\CTAN\ references, where sensible we recommend that form of url, using
\texttt{/pkg/}; or, if you need to refer to a specific file location,
\texttt{http://mirror.ctan.org/\textsl{path}}.)

Email \verb|tugboat@tug.org| if problems or questions.

\bibliographystyle{plain}  % we recommend the plain bibliography style
\nocite{book-minimal}      % just making the bibliography non-empty
\bibliography{xampl}       % xampl.bib comes with BibTeX

\makesignature
\end{document}
</pre>

<hr>
<a name="Concept-Index"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templates</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Concept-Index-1"></a>
<h2 class="unnumbered">Concept Index</h2>

<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_symbol-1"><b>*</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_symbol-2"><b>.</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_symbol-3"><b>`</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<br>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-B"><b>B</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-G"><b>G</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-H"><b>H</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-I"><b>I</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-J"><b>J</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-K"><b>K</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-L"><b>L</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-M"><b>M</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-N"><b>N</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-O"><b>O</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-P"><b>P</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-Q"><b>Q</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-R"><b>R</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-U"><b>U</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-V"><b>V</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-W"><b>W</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-X"><b>X</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
</td></tr></table>
<table class="index-cp" border="0">
<tr><td></td><th align="left">Index Entry</th><td>&nbsp;</td><th align="left"> Section</th></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_symbol-1">*</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002a-prompt">&lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo; prompt</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line">Command line</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002a_002dform-of-environment-commands"><code>*</code>-form of environment commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002a_002dform-of-sectioning-commands"><code>*</code>-form of sectioning commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002a_002dform_002c-defining-new-commands">*-form, defining new commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_symbol-2">.</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eglo-file"><samp>.glo</samp> file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eidx-file"><samp>.idx</samp> file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eind-file"><samp>.ind</samp> file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_symbol-3">`</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0060see_0027-and-_0060see-also_0027-index-entries">&lsquo;see&rsquo; and &lsquo;see also&rsquo; index entries</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-A">A</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-abstracts">abstracts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#abstract">abstract</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-accents">accents</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-accents_002c-mathematical">accents, mathematical</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-accessing-any-character-of-a-font">accessing any character of a font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Symbols-by-font-position">Symbols by font position</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-acute-accent">acute accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-acute-accent_002c-math">acute accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-additional-packages_002c-loading">additional packages, loading</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ae-ligature">ae ligature</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-align-environment_002c-from-amsmath">align <span class="roman">environment, from <code>amsmath</code></span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-aligning-equations">aligning equations</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-alignment-via-tabbing">alignment via tabbing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-1"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package_002c-replacing-eqnarray">amsmath <span class="roman">package, replacing <code>eqnarray</code></span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-appendix_002c-creating">appendix, creating</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-aring">aring</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-arrays_002c-math">arrays, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-arrow_002c-left_002c-in-text">arrow, left, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-arrow_002c-right_002c-in-text">arrow, right, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ascender-height">ascender height</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ASCII-circumflex_002c-in-text">ASCII circumflex, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ASCII-tilde_002c-in-text">ASCII tilde, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-asterisk_002c-centered_002c-in-text">asterisk, centered, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-at-clause_002c-in-font-definitions">at clause, in font definitions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-author_002c-for-titlepage">author, for titlepage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-auxiliary-file">auxiliary file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-B">B</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-babel-package"><code>babel</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-backslash_002c-in-text">backslash, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bar_002c-double-vertical_002c-in-text">bar, double vertical, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bar_002c-vertical_002c-in-text">bar, vertical, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bar_002dover-accent">bar-over accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bar_002dover-accent_002c-math">bar-over accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bar_002dunder-accent">bar-under accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-basics-of-LaTeX">basics of LaTeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-beamer-template-and-class"><code>beamer</code> template and class</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#beamer-template">beamer template</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-beginning-of-document-hook">beginning of document hook</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument">\AtBeginDocument</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bibliography-format_002c-open">bibliography format, open</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028automatically_0029">bibliography, creating (automatically)</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028manually_0029">bibliography, creating (manually)</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bibTeX_002c-using">bibTeX, using</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-big-circle-symbols_002c-in-text">big circle symbols, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Big-point">Big point</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-black-boxes_002c-omitting">black boxes, omitting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bold-font">bold font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bold-math">bold math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bold-typewriter_002c-avoiding">bold typewriter, avoiding</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-box_002c-allocating-new">box, allocating new</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-boxes">boxes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-brace_002c-left_002c-in-text">brace, left, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-brace_002c-right_002c-in-text">brace, right, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-breaking-lines">breaking lines</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-breaking-pages">breaking pages</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-breve-accent">breve accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-breve-accent_002c-math">breve accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bug-reporting">bug reporting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bullet-symbol">bullet symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bullet_002c-in-text">bullet, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bulleted-lists">bulleted lists</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-C">C</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-calligraphic-letters-for-math">calligraphic letters for math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cap-height">cap height</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-caron-accent">caron accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-catcode">catcode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter and \makeatother</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-category-code_002c-character">category code, character</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter and \makeatother</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cc-list_002c-in-letters">cc list, in letters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccc">\cc</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cedilla-accent">cedilla accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-centered-asterisk_002c-in-text">centered asterisk, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-centered-equations">centered equations</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-centered-period_002c-in-text">centered period, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-centering-text_002c-declaration-for">centering text, declaration for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccentering">\centering</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-centering-text_002c-environment-for">centering text, environment for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#center">center</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Centimeter">Centimeter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-character-category-code">character category code</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter and \makeatother</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-characters_002c-accented">characters, accented</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-characters_002c-case">characters, case</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-characters_002c-non_002dEnglish">characters, non-English</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-characters_002c-reserved">characters, reserved</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-characters_002c-special">characters, special</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-check-accent">check accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-check-accent_002c-math">check accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Cicero">Cicero</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-circle-symbol_002c-big_002c-in-text">circle symbol, big, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-circled-letter_002c-in-text">circled letter, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-circumflex-accent">circumflex accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-circumflex-accent_002c-math">circumflex accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-circumflex_002c-ASCII_002c-in-text">circumflex, ASCII, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-citation-key">citation key</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbibitem">\bibitem</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-class-and-package-commands">class and package commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-class-and-package-difference">class and package difference</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-construction">Class and package construction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-class-and-package-structure">class and package structure</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-class-file-example">class file example</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-class-file-layout">class file layout</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-class-options">class options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-class-options-1">class options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-class-options-2">class options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-classes-of-documents">classes of documents</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-closing-letters">closing letters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cclosing">\closing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-closing-quote">closing quote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-code_002c-typesetting">code, typesetting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-command-line">command line</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line">Command line</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-command-syntax">command syntax</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-class-and-package">commands, class and package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-defining-new-ones">commands, defining new ones</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-defining-new-ones-1">commands, defining new ones</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand">\providecommand</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-document-class">commands, document class</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-construction">Class and package construction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-redefining">commands, redefining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-star_002dvariants">commands, star-variants</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-composite-word-mark_002c-in-text">composite word mark, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-computer-programs_002c-typesetting">computer programs, typesetting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-contents-file">contents file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-copyright-symbol">copyright symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-counters_002c-a-list-of">counters, a list of</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-counters_002c-defining-new">counters, defining new</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">\newcounter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-counters_002c-getting-value-of">counters, getting value of</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvalue">\value</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-counters_002c-printing">counters, printing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-counters_002c-setting">counters, setting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-creating-pictures">creating pictures</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-creating-tables">creating tables</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-credit-footnote">credit footnote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cross-references">cross references</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cross-references_002c-resolving">cross references, resolving</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cross-referencing-with-page-number">cross referencing with page number</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpageref">\pageref</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cross-referencing_002c-symbolic">cross referencing, symbolic</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-currency_002c-dollar">currency, dollar</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-currency_002c-euro">currency, euro</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-D">D</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dagger_002c-double_002c-in-text">dagger, double, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dagger_002c-in-text">dagger, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dagger_002c-in-text-1">dagger, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-date_002c-for-titlepage">date, for titlepage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-date_002c-today_0027s">date, today&rsquo;s</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-datetime-package"><code>datetime</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-defining-a-new-command">defining a new command</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-defining-a-new-command-1">defining a new command</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand">\providecommand</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-defining-new-environments">defining new environments</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-defining-new-fonts">defining new fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-defining-new-theorems">defining new theorems</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-definitions">definitions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-description-lists_002c-creating">description lists, creating</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-design-size_002c-in-font-definitions">design size, in font definitions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Didot-point">Didot point</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dieresis-accent">dieresis accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-difference-between-class-and-package">difference between class and package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-construction">Class and package construction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-discretionary-hyphenation">discretionary hyphenation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary">\discretionary</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-discretionary-multiplication">discretionary multiplication</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-displaying-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation">displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-and-quote">quotation and quote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-displaying-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation">displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-and-quote">quotation and quote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-document-class-commands">document class commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-construction">Class and package construction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-document-class-options">document class options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-document-class_002c-defined">document class, defined</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-document-classes">document classes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-document-templates">document templates</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-templates">Document templates</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dollar-sign">dollar sign</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dot-accent">dot accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dot-over-accent_002c-math">dot over accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dot_002dover-accent">dot-over accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dot_002dunder-accent">dot-under accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dotless-i">dotless i</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dotless-i_002c-math">dotless i, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dotless-j">dotless j</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dotless-j_002c-math">dotless j, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-angle-quotation-marks">double angle quotation marks</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-dagger_002c-in-text">double dagger, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-dagger_002c-in-text-1">double dagger, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-dot-accent_002c-math">double dot accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-guillemets">double guillemets</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-left-quote">double left quote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-low_002d9-quotation-mark">double low-9 quotation mark</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-quote_002c-straight-base">double quote, straight base</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-right-quote">double right quote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-spacing">double spacing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-vertical-bar_002c-in-text">double vertical bar, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-E">E</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-e_002ddash">e-dash</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-e_002dTeX">e-TeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ellipsis">ellipsis</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-em">em</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-em_002ddash">em-dash</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-em_002ddash_002c-three_002dquarters">em-dash, three-quarters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-em_002ddash_002c-two_002dthirds">em-dash, two-thirds</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-emphasis">emphasis</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enclosure-list">enclosure list</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cencl">\encl</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-end-of-document-hook">end of document hook</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cAtEndDocument">\AtEndDocument</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ending-and-starting">ending and starting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-engines_002c-TeX">engines, TeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enlarge-current-page">enlarge current page</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage">\enlargethispage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment">environment</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-theorem_002dlike">environment, theorem-like</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environments">environments</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Environments">Environments</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environments_002c-defining">environments, defining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-number_002c-cross-referencing">equation number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-numbers_002c-left-vs_002e-right">equation numbers, left vs. right</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-numbers_002c-omitting">equation numbers, omitting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equations_002c-aligning">equations, aligning</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equations_002c-environment-for">equations, environment for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equations_002c-flush-left-vs_002e-centered">equations, flush left vs. centered</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-es_002dzet-German-letter">es-zet German letter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eth_002c-Icelandic-letter">eth, Icelandic letter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-etoolbox-package"><code>etoolbox</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-euro-symbol">euro symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ex">ex</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-exclamation-point_002c-upside_002ddown">exclamation point, upside-down</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-exponent">exponent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-extended-Latin">extended Latin</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-external-files_002c-writing">external files, writing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-F">F</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-families_002c-of-fonts">families, of fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-feminine-ordinal-symbol">feminine ordinal symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-figure-number_002c-cross-referencing">figure number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-figures_002c-footnotes-in">figures, footnotes in</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-figures_002c-inserting">figures, inserting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-file_002c-root">file, root</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fixed_002dwidth-font">fixed-width font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-flafter-package"><code>flafter</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-float-package"><code>float</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-float-page">float page</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-flush-left-equations">flush left equations</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-flushing-floats-and-starting-a-page">flushing floats and starting a page</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cclearpage">\clearpage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-catalogue">font catalogue</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-commands_002c-low_002dlevel">font commands, low-level</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-size">font size</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-sizes">font sizes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-styles">font styles</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-symbols_002c-by-number">font symbols, by number</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Symbols-by-font-position">Symbols by font position</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fonts">fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Fonts">Fonts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fonts_002c-new-commands-for">fonts, new commands for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footer-style">footer style</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footer_002c-parameters-for">footer, parameters for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footmisc-package"><code>footmisc</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings">Footnotes in section headings</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnote-number_002c-cross-referencing">footnote number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnote-parameters">footnote parameters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnote-parameters">Footnote parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnotes-in-figures">footnotes in figures</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnotes_002c-creating">footnotes, creating</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Footnotes_002c-in-a-minipage">Footnotes, in a minipage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Footnotes_002c-in-a-table">Footnotes, in a table</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table">Footnotes in a table</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnotes_002c-in-section-headings">footnotes, in section headings</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings">Footnotes in section headings</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnotes_002c-symbols-instead-of-numbers">footnotes, symbols instead of numbers</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-formulas_002c-environment-for">formulas, environment for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-formulas_002c-math">formulas, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-forward-reference">forward reference</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-forward-references_002c-resolving">forward references, resolving</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fragile-commands">fragile commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-French-quotation-marks">French quotation marks</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-functions_002c-math">functions, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-G">G</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-geometry-package"><code>geometry</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-global-options">global options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-global-options-1">global options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glossaries">glossaries</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glossary-package">glossary <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glue-register_002c-plain-TeX">glue register, plain TeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-packages">graphics packages</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-grave-accent">grave accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-grave-accent_002c-math">grave accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-greater-than-symbol_002c-in-text">greater than symbol, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-greek-letters">greek letters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group_002c-and-environments">group, and environments</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Environments">Environments</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-H">H</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hacek-accent_002c-math">h&aacute;&#269;ek accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hacek-accent">hacek accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hat-accent">hat accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hat-accent_002c-math">hat accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-header-style">header style</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-header_002c-parameters-for">header, parameters for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hello_002c-world">hello, world</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-here_002c-putting-floats">here, putting floats</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hungarian-umlaut-accent">hungarian umlaut accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-defining">hyphenation, defining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chyphenation">\hyphenation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-discretionary">hyphenation, discretionary</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary">\discretionary</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-forcing">hyphenation, forcing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">\- (hyphenation)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-preventing">hyphenation, preventing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox">\mbox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-I">I</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Icelandic-eth">Icelandic eth</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Icelandic-thorn">Icelandic thorn</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ij-letter_002c-Dutch">ij letter, Dutch</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-implementations-of-TeX">implementations of TeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-in_002dline-formulas">in-line formulas</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#math">math</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indent_002c-forcing">indent, forcing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindent">\indent</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indent_002c-suppressing">indent, suppressing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnoindent">\noindent</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indentation-of-paragraphs_002c-in-minipage">indentation of paragraphs, in minipage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index-entries_002c-_0060see_0027-and-_0060see-also_0027">index entries, &lsquo;see&rsquo; and &lsquo;see also&rsquo;</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indexes">indexes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-infinite-horizontal-stretch">infinite horizontal stretch</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-infinite-vertical-stretch">infinite vertical stretch</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-input-file">input file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-input_002foutput_002c-to-terminal">input/output, to terminal</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput">Terminal input/output</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-inserting-figures">inserting figures</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-insertions-of-special-characters">insertions of special characters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-insertions">Special insertions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-italic-correction">italic correction</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_002f">\/</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-italic-font">italic font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-J">J</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-justification_002c-ragged-left">justification, ragged left</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-justification_002c-ragged-right">justification, ragged right</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-K">K</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e">Knuth, Donald E.</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-L">L</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-label">label</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-labelled-lists_002c-creating">labelled lists, creating</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Lamport-TeX">Lamport TeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Lamport_002c-Leslie">Lamport, Leslie</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-landscape-orientation">landscape orientation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-logo">LaTeX logo</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-overview">LaTeX overview</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-Project-team">LaTeX Project team</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-vs_002e-LaTeX2e">LaTeX vs. LaTeX2e</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX2e-logo">LaTeX2e logo</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Latin-letters_002c-additional">Latin letters, additional</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-layout-commands">layout commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Layout">Layout</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-layout_002c-page-parameters-for">layout, page parameters for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-angle-quotation-marks">left angle quotation marks</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-arrow_002c-in-text">left arrow, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-brace_002c-in-text">left brace, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-quote">left quote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-quote_002c-double">left quote, double</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-quote_002c-single">left quote, single</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left_002dhand-equation-numbers">left-hand equation numbers</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left_002djustifying-text">left-justifying text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for">left-justifying text, environment for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left_002dto_002dright-mode">left-to-right mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-length-command">length command</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csetlength">\setlength</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lengths_002c-adding-to">lengths, adding to</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddtolength">\addtolength</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lengths_002c-allocating-new">lengths, allocating new</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lengths_002c-defining-and-using">lengths, defining and using</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lengths_002c-predefined">lengths, predefined</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lengths_002c-setting">lengths, setting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csetlength">\setlength</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-less-than-symbol_002c-in-text">less than symbol, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letters_002c-accented">letters, accented</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letters_002c-additional-Latin">letters, additional Latin</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letters_002c-ending">letters, ending</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cclosing">\closing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letters_002c-starting">letters, starting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005copening">\opening</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letters_002c-writing">letters, writing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Letters">Letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-line-break_002c-forcing">line break, forcing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-line-breaking">line breaking</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-line-breaks_002c-forcing">line breaks, forcing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak &amp; \nolinebreak</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-line-breaks_002c-preventing">line breaks, preventing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak &amp; \nolinebreak</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lines-in-tables">lines in tables</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lining-numerals">lining numerals</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lining-text-up-in-tables">lining text up in tables</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lining-text-up-using-tab-stops">lining text up using tab stops</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-list-items_002c-specifying-counter">list items, specifying counter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-list-of-figures-file">list of figures file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-list-of-tables-file">list of tables file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lists-of-items">lists of items</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lists-of-items_002c-generic">lists of items, generic</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lists-of-items_002c-numbered">lists of items, numbered</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-loading-additional-packages">loading additional packages</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-log-file">log file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-logo_002c-LaTeX">logo, LaTeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-logo_002c-LaTeX2e">logo, LaTeX2e</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-logo_002c-TeX">logo, TeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-long-command">long command</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-low_002d9-quotation-marks_002c-single-and-double">low-9 quotation marks, single and double</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-low_002dlevel-font-commands">low-level font commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Lower-case">Lower case</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LR-mode">LR mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ltugboat-class"><code>ltugboat</code> class</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tugboat-template">tugboat template</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LuaTeX">LuaTeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-M">M</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-m_002dwidth">m-width</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-macro-package_002c-LaTeX-as">macro package, LaTeX as</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-macron-accent">macron accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-macron-accent_002c-math">macron accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-macros2e-package"><code>macros2e</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter and \makeatother</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Madsen_002c-Lars">Madsen, Lars</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-makeidx-package"><code>makeidx</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-makeindex-program"><code>makeindex</code> program</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-making-a-title-page">making a title page</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-making-paragraphs">making paragraphs</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-marginal-notes">marginal notes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-masculine-ordinal-symbol">masculine ordinal symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-accents">math accents</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-formulas">math formulas</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-functions">math functions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-miscellany">math miscellany</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-mode">math mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-mode_002c-entering">math mode, entering</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-mode_002c-spacing">math mode, spacing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-symbols">math symbols</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math_002c-bold">math, bold</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Millimeter">Millimeter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-minipage_002c-creating-a">minipage, creating a</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-modes">modes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-monospace-font">monospace font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-moving-arguments">moving arguments</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mpfootnote-counter">mpfootnote counter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mu_002c-math-unit">mu, math unit</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-multicolumn-text">multicolumn text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-multilingual-support">multilingual support</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-multind-package"><code>multind</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-multiplication-symbol_002c-discretionary-line-break">multiplication symbol, discretionary line break</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-N">N</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-nested-_005cinclude_002c-not-allowed">nested <code>\include</code>, not allowed</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinclude">\include</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-class-commands">new class commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-construction">Class and package construction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-command_002c-check">new command, check</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-command_002c-definition">new command, definition</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-commands_002c-defining">new commands, defining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-commands_002c-defining-1">new commands, defining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand">\providecommand</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-line_002c-output-as-input">new line, output as input</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-line_002c-starting">new line, starting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-line_002c-starting-_0028paragraph-mode_0029">new line, starting (paragraph mode)</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewline">\newline</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-page_002c-starting">new page, starting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-non_002dEnglish-characters">non-English characters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-notes-in-the-margin">notes in the margin</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-null-delimiter">null delimiter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-numbered-items_002c-specifying-counter">numbered items, specifying counter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-numerals_002c-old_002dstyle">numerals, old-style</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-O">O</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-oblique-font">oblique font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-oe-ligature">oe ligature</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ogonek">ogonek</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-old_002dstyle-numerals">old-style numerals</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-one_002dcolumn-output">one-column output</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005conecolumn">\onecolumn</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-opening-quote">opening quote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-OpenType-fonts">OpenType fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-class">options, class</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-document-class">options, document class</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-document-class-1">options, document class</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-global">options, global</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-package">options, package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-package-1">options, package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine">ordinals, feminine and masculine</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-oslash">oslash</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-overbar-accent">overbar accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-overdot-accent_002c-math">overdot accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-overview-of-LaTeX">overview of LaTeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-P">P</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package-file-layout">package file layout</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package-options">package options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package-options-1">package options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>babel</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-datetime"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>datetime</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-etoolbox"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>etoolbox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-flafter"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>flafter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-float"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>float</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-footmisc"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>footmisc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings">Footnotes in section headings</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-geometry"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>geometry</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-macros2e"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>macros2e</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter and \makeatother</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-makeidx"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>makeidx</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-multind"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>multind</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-picture"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>picture</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-setspace"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>setspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-showidx"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>showidx</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-textcomp"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>textcomp</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-xspace"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>xspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-control-sequence">\(SPACE) after control sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-packages_002c-loading-additional">packages, loading additional</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-break_002c-forcing">page break, forcing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-break_002c-preventing">page break, preventing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-breaking">page breaking</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-layout-parameters">page layout parameters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-number_002c-cross-referencing">page number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpageref">\pageref</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-numbering-style">page numbering style</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">\pagenumbering</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-styles">page styles</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentation_002c-in-minipage">paragraph indentation, in minipage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text">paragraph indentations in quoted text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-and-quote">quotation and quote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text_002c-omitting">paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-and-quote">quotation and quote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-mode">paragraph mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-mode-1">paragraph mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-symbol">paragraph symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraphs">paragraphs</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-parameters_002c-for-footnotes">parameters, for footnotes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnote-parameters">Footnote parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-parameters_002c-page-layout">parameters, page layout</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdfTeX">pdfTeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdfTeX-engine">pdfTeX engine</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-period_002c-centered_002c-in-text">period, centered, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pica">pica</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pict2e-package"><code>pict2e</code> package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-picture-package"><code>picture</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pictures_002c-creating">pictures, creating</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pilcrow">pilcrow</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-placement-of-floats">placement of floats</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-poetry_002c-an-environment-for">poetry, an environment for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verse">verse</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Point">Point</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-polish-l">polish l</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-portrait-orientation">portrait orientation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-position_002c-in-picture">position, in picture</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-positional-parameter">positional parameter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-postscript_002c-in-letters">postscript, in letters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cps">\ps</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pounds-symbol">pounds symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-preamble_002c-defined">preamble, defined</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-predefined-lengths">predefined lengths</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-prompt_002c-_002a">prompt, &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line">Command line</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pronunciation">pronunciation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-Q">Q</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quad">quad</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-question-mark_002c-upside_002ddown">question mark, upside-down</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quotation-marks_002c-French">quotation marks, French</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quote_002c-single-straight">quote, single straight</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quote_002c-straight-base">quote, straight base</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying">quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-and-quote">quotation and quote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying">quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-and-quote">quotation and quote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-R">R</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ragged-left-text">ragged left text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ragged-left-text_002c-environment-for">ragged left text, environment for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ragged-right-text">ragged right text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ragged-right-text_002c-environment-for">ragged right text, environment for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-redefining-environments">redefining environments</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-reference_002c-forward">reference, forward</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-references_002c-resolving-forward">references, resolving forward</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-registered-symbol">registered symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-remarks-in-the-margin">remarks in the margin</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-reporting-bugs">reporting bugs</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-reserved-characters">reserved characters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-angle-quotation-marks">right angle quotation marks</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-arrow_002c-in-text">right arrow, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-brace_002c-in-text">right brace, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-quote">right quote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-quote_002c-double">right quote, double</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-quote_002c-single">right quote, single</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right_002dhand-equation-numbers">right-hand equation numbers</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right_002djustifying-text">right-justifying text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for">right-justifying text, environment for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ring-accent">ring accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ring-accent_002c-math">ring accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-robust-commands">robust commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-roman-font">roman font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-root-file">root file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rubber-lengths_002c-defining-new">rubber lengths, defining new</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-running-header-and-footer">running header and footer</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-running-header-and-footer-style">running header and footer style</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-S">S</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sans-serif-font">sans serif font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Scaled-point">Scaled point</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-script-letters-for-math">script letters for math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section-number_002c-cross-referencing">section number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section-numbers_002c-printing">section numbers, printing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section-symbol">section symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section_002c-redefining">section, redefining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection">\@startsection</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sectioning-commands">sectioning commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-series_002c-of-fonts">series, of fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-setspace-package"><code>setspace</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-setting-counters">setting counters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shapes_002c-of-fonts">shapes, of fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sharp-S-letters">sharp S letters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-showidx-package"><code>showidx</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-simulating-typed-text">simulating typed text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-single-angle-quotation-marks">single angle quotation marks</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-single-guillemets">single guillemets</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-single-left-quote">single left quote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-single-low_002d9-quotation-mark">single low-9 quotation mark</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-single-quote_002c-straight">single quote, straight</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-single-right-quote">single right quote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sizes-of-text">sizes of text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-skip-register_002c-plain-TeX">skip register, plain TeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-slanted-font">slanted font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-small-caps-font">small caps font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-space_002c-inserting-vertical">space, inserting vertical</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-space_002c-vertical">space, vertical</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spaces">spaces</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spaces">Spaces</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spacing-within-math-mode">spacing within math mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spacing_002c-inter_002dsentence">spacing, inter-sentence</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing">\frenchspacing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Spanish-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine">Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-special-characters">special characters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-special-characters-1">special characters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-special-insertions">special insertions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-insertions">Special insertions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-specifier_002c-float-placement">specifier, float placement</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-splitting-the-input-file">splitting the input file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-stable-option-to-footmisc-package"><code>stable</code> option to <code>footmisc</code> package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings">Footnotes in section headings</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-star_002dvariants_002c-commands">star-variants, commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-starred-form_002c-defining-new-commands">starred form, defining new commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-starting-a-new-page">starting a new page</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-starting-a-new-page-and-clearing-floats">starting a new page and clearing floats</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cclearpage">\clearpage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-starting-and-ending">starting and ending</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-starting-on-a-right_002dhand-page">starting on a right-hand page</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccleardoublepage">\cleardoublepage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sterling-symbol">sterling symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-straight-double-quote_002c-base">straight double quote, base</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-straight-quote_002c-base">straight quote, base</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-straight-single-quote">straight single quote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-stretch_002c-infinite-horizontal">stretch, infinite horizontal</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-stretch_002c-infinite-vertical">stretch, infinite vertical</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-stretch_002c-omitting-vertical">stretch, omitting vertical</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom">\raggedbottom</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-styles-of-text">styles of text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-styles_002c-page">styles, page</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subscript">subscript</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-superscript">superscript</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-symbols_002c-math">symbols, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-symbols_002c-text">symbols, text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-T">T</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tab-stops_002c-using">tab stops, using</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents-entry_002c-manually-adding">table of contents entry, manually adding</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">\addcontentsline</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents-file">table of contents file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents_002c-avoiding-footnotes">table of contents, avoiding footnotes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings">Footnotes in section headings</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents_002c-creating">table of contents, creating</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tables_002c-creating">tables, creating</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-template_002c-beamer">template, <code>beamer</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#beamer-template">beamer template</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-template_002c-book">template, <code>book</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#book-template">book template</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-template_002c-TUGboat">template, TUGboat</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tugboat-template">tugboat template</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-templates_002c-document">templates, document</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-templates">Document templates</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-terminal-input_002foutput">terminal input/output</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput">Terminal input/output</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TeX-logo">TeX logo</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-text-symbols">text symbols</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-textcomp-package"><code>textcomp</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-thanks_002c-for-titlepage">thanks, for titlepage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-theorem_002dlike-environment">theorem-like environment</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-theorems_002c-defining">theorems, defining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-theorems_002c-typesetting">theorems, typesetting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-thorn_002c-Icelandic-letter">thorn, Icelandic letter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-three_002dquarters-em_002ddash">three-quarters em-dash</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tie_002dafter-accent">tie-after accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tilde-accent">tilde accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tilde-accent_002c-math">tilde accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tilde_002c-ASCII_002c-in-text">tilde, ASCII, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-title-page_002c-separate-or-run_002din">title page, separate or run-in</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-title-pages_002c-creating">title pages, creating</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-title_002c-for-titlepage">title, for titlepage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-titles_002c-making">titles, making</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-trademark-symbol">trademark symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-transcript-file">transcript file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TrueType-fonts">TrueType fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TUGboat-template">TUGboat template</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tugboat-template">tugboat template</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-two_002dcolumn-output">two-column output</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-two_002dthirds-em_002ddash">two-thirds em-dash</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-type-styles">type styles</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-typed-text_002c-simulating">typed text, simulating</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-typeface-sizes">typeface sizes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-typefaces">typefaces</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Fonts">Fonts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-typewriter-font">typewriter font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-typewriter-labels-in-lists">typewriter labels in lists</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-U">U</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-umlaut-accent">umlaut accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-underbar">underbar</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-underscore_002c-in-text">underscore, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Unicode-input_002c-native">Unicode input, native</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-units_002c-of-length">units, of length</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unofficial-nature-of-this-manual">unofficial nature of this manual</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unordered-lists">unordered lists</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Upper-case">Upper case</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-using-BibTeX">using BibTeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-UTF_002d8">UTF-8</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-V">V</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-variables_002c-a-list-of">variables, a list of</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vector-symbol_002c-math">vector symbol, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-verbatim-text">verbatim text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-verbatim-text_002c-inline">verbatim text, inline</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vertical-bar_002c-double_002c-in-text">vertical bar, double, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vertical-bar_002c-in-text">vertical bar, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vertical-space">vertical space</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vertical-space-1">vertical space</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vertical-space-before-paragraphs">vertical space before paragraphs</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cparskip">\parskip</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-visible-space">visible space</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-visible-space-symbol_002c-in-text">visible space symbol, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-W">W</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-weights_002c-of-fonts">weights, of fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-white-space">white space</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spaces">Spaces</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-wide-hat-accent_002c-math">wide hat accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-wide-tilde-accent_002c-math">wide tilde accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-widths_002c-of-fonts">widths, of fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-writing-external-files">writing external files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-writing-letters">writing letters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Letters">Letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-X">X</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-x_002dheight">x-height</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-XeTeX">XeTeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xindy-program"><code>xindy</code> program</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xspace-package"><code>xspace</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-control-sequence">\(SPACE) after control sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
</table>
<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_symbol-1"><b>*</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_symbol-2"><b>.</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_symbol-3"><b>`</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<br>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-B"><b>B</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-G"><b>G</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-H"><b>H</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-I"><b>I</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-J"><b>J</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-K"><b>K</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-L"><b>L</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-M"><b>M</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-N"><b>N</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-O"><b>O</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-P"><b>P</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-Q"><b>Q</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-R"><b>R</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-U"><b>U</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-V"><b>V</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-W"><b>W</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-X"><b>X</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
</td></tr></table>

<hr>
<a name="Command-Index"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Command-Index-1"></a>
<h2 class="unnumbered">Command Index</h2>

<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-1"><b>$</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-2"><b>&amp;</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-3"><b>-</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-4"><b>.</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-5"><b>1</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-6"><b>[</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-7"><b>\</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-8"><b>^</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-9"><b>_</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-10"><b>{</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<br>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-B"><b>B</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-H"><b>H</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-I"><b>I</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-L"><b>L</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-M"><b>M</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-N"><b>N</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-O"><b>O</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-P"><b>P</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-Q"><b>Q</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-R"><b>R</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-U"><b>U</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-V"><b>V</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-X"><b>X</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
</td></tr></table>
<table class="index-fn" border="0">
<tr><td></td><th align="left">Index Entry</th><td>&nbsp;</td><th align="left"> Section</th></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-1">$</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0024"><code>$</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-2">&amp;</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0026"><code>&amp;</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-3">-</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dhelp-command_002dline-option"><code>--help <span class="roman">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line">Command line</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-4">.</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eaux-file"><code>.aux <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002edvi-file"><code>.dvi <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002efd-file"><code>.fd <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002elof-file"><code>.lof <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002elof-file-1"><code>.lof <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002elog-file"><code>.log <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002elot-file"><code>.lot <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002elot-file-1"><code>.lot <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002epdf-file"><code>.pdf <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002etex_002c-default-extension"><code>.tex, <span class="roman">default extension</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line">Command line</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002etoc-file"><code>.toc <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002etoc-file-1"><code>.toc <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002exdv-file"><code>.xdv <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-5">1</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-10pt-option"><code>10pt <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-11pt-option"><code>11pt <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-12pt-option"><code>12pt <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-6">[</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005b_002e_002e_002e_005d-for-optional-arguments"><code>[...] <span class="roman">for optional arguments</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-7">\</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c-character-starting-commands"><code>\ <span class="roman">character starting commands</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0021"><code>\!</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0022-_0028umlaut-accent_0029"><code>\&quot; <span class="roman">(umlaut accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0023"><code>\#</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0024"><code>\$</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0025"><code>\%</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0026"><code>\&amp;</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0027-_0028acute-accent_0029"><code>\' <span class="roman">(acute accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0027-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\' <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0028"><code>\(</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0028SPACE_0029"><code>\(SPACE)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040">\(SPACE) and \@</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0029"><code>\)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_002a"><code>\*</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_002b"><code>\+</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_002c"><code>\,</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_002d"><code>\-</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029"><code>\- <span class="roman">(hyphenation)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">\- (hyphenation)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_002e-_0028dot_002dover-accent_0029"><code>\. <span class="roman">(dot-over accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_002f"><code>\/</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_002f">\/</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_003a"><code>\:</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_003b"><code>\;</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_003c"><code>\&lt;</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_003d-_0028macron-accent_0029"><code>\= <span class="roman">(macron accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_003d-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\= <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_003e"><code>\&gt;</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_003e-1"><code>\&gt;</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_003e-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\&gt; <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040"><code>\@</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040">\(SPACE) and \@</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040fnsymbol"><code>\@fnsymbol</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040ifstar"><code>\@ifstar</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040startsection"><code>\@startsection</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection">\@startsection</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ca-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\a <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ca_0027-_0028acute-accent-in-tabbing_0029"><code>\a' <span class="roman">(acute accent in tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ca_003d-_0028macron-accent-in-tabbing_0029"><code>\a= <span class="roman">(macron accent in tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caa-_0028aa_0029"><code>\aa (&aring;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cAA-_0028AA_0029"><code>\AA (&Aring;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cacute"><code>\acute</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caddcontentsline"><code>\addcontentsline</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">\addcontentsline</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caddress"><code>\address</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddress">\address</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caddtocontents_007bext_007d_007btext_007d"><code>\addtocontents{<var>ext</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents">\addtocontents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caddtocounter"><code>\addtocounter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter">\addtocounter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caddtolength"><code>\addtolength</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddtolength">\addtolength</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caddvspace"><code>\addvspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cae-_0028ae_0029"><code>\ae (&aelig;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cAE-_0028AE_0029"><code>\AE (&AElig;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caleph"><code>\aleph</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cAlph-example"><code>\Alph <span class="roman">example</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005calpha"><code>\alpha</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005calph_007bcounter_007d"><code>\alph{<var>counter</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cAlph_007bcounter_007d"><code>\Alph{<var>counter</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005calsoname"><code>\alsoname</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005camalg"><code>\amalg</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cand-for-_005cauthor"><code>\and <span class="roman">for <code>\author</code></span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cangle"><code>\angle</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cappendix"><code>\appendix</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005capprox"><code>\approx</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005carabic_007bcounter_007d"><code>\arabic{<var>counter</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005carccos"><code>\arccos</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005carcsin"><code>\arcsin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005carctan"><code>\arctan</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005carg"><code>\arg</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005carraycolsep"><code>\arraycolsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005carrayrulewidth"><code>\arrayrulewidth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005carraystretch"><code>\arraystretch</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cast"><code>\ast</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005casymp"><code>\asymp</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cAtBeginDocument"><code>\AtBeginDocument</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument">\AtBeginDocument</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cAtBeginDvi"><code>\AtBeginDvi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cAtEndDocument"><code>\AtEndDocument</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cAtEndDocument">\AtEndDocument</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cAtEndOfClass"><code>\AtEndOfClass</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cAtEndOfPackage"><code>\AtEndOfPackage</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cauthor_007bname-_005cand-name2_007d"><code>\author{<var>name</var> \and <var>name2</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ca_0060-_0028grave-accent-in-tabbing_0029"><code>\a` <span class="roman">(grave accent in tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cb-_0028bar_002dunder-accent_0029"><code>\b <span class="roman">(bar-under accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbackslash"><code>\backslash</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbar"><code>\bar</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbaselineskip"><code>\baselineskip</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbaselinestretch"><code>\baselinestretch</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbegin"><code>\begin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Environments">Environments</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbeta"><code>\beta</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbf"><code>\bf</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbfseries"><code>\bfseries</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbibitem"><code>\bibitem</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbibitem">\bibitem</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbibliography"><code>\bibliography</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbibliographystyle"><code>\bibliographystyle</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigcap"><code>\bigcap</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigcirc"><code>\bigcirc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigcup"><code>\bigcup</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigodot"><code>\bigodot</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigoplus"><code>\bigoplus</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigotimes"><code>\bigotimes</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigskip"><code>\bigskip</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigskipamount"><code>\bigskipamount</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigsqcup"><code>\bigsqcup</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigtriangledown"><code>\bigtriangledown</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigtriangleup"><code>\bigtriangleup</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbiguplus"><code>\biguplus</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigvee"><code>\bigvee</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigwedge"><code>\bigwedge</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbmod"><code>\bmod</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cboldmath"><code>\boldmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbot"><code>\bot</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbottomfraction"><code>\bottomfraction</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbottomfraction-1"><code>\bottomfraction</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbowtie"><code>\bowtie</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cBox"><code>\Box</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbreve"><code>\breve</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbullet"><code>\bullet</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cc-_0028cedilla-accent_0029"><code>\c <span class="roman">(cedilla accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccal"><code>\cal</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccap"><code>\cap</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalacute"><code>\capitalacute</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalbreve"><code>\capitalbreve</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalcaron"><code>\capitalcaron</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalcedilla"><code>\capitalcedilla</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalcircumflex"><code>\capitalcircumflex</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitaldieresis"><code>\capitaldieresis</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitaldotaccent"><code>\capitaldotaccent</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalgrave"><code>\capitalgrave</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalhungarumlaut"><code>\capitalhungarumlaut</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalmacron"><code>\capitalmacron</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalnewtie"><code>\capitalnewtie</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalogonek"><code>\capitalogonek</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalring"><code>\capitalring</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitaltie"><code>\capitaltie</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitaltilde"><code>\capitaltilde</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccaption"><code>\caption</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccaption-1"><code>\caption</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccc"><code>\cc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccc">\cc</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccdot"><code>\cdot</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccdots"><code>\cdots</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccentering"><code>\centering</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccentering">\centering</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cchapter"><code>\chapter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccheck"><code>\check</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cCheckCommand"><code>\CheckCommand</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cCheckCommand_002a"><code>\CheckCommand*</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cchi"><code>\chi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccirc"><code>\circ</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccircle"><code>\circle</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccircle">\circle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccite"><code>\cite</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccite">\cite</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cClassError"><code>\ClassError</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cClassInfo"><code>\ClassInfo</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cClassInfoNoLine"><code>\ClassInfoNoLine</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cClassWarning"><code>\ClassWarning</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cClassWarningNoLine"><code>\ClassWarningNoLine</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccleardoublepage"><code>\cleardoublepage</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccleardoublepage">\cleardoublepage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cclearpage"><code>\clearpage</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cclearpage">\clearpage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccline"><code>\cline</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccline">\cline</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cclosing"><code>\closing</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cclosing">\closing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cclubsuit"><code>\clubsuit</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnsep"><code>\columnsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnsep-1"><code>\columnsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnsep-2"><code>\columnsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnseprule"><code>\columnseprule</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnseprule-1"><code>\columnseprule</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnseprule-2"><code>\columnseprule</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnwidth"><code>\columnwidth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnwidth-1"><code>\columnwidth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnwidth-2"><code>\columnwidth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccomplement"><code>\complement</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccong"><code>\cong</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccontentsline"><code>\contentsline</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">\addcontentsline</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccoprod"><code>\coprod</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccopyright"><code>\copyright</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccos"><code>\cos</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccosh"><code>\cosh</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccot"><code>\cot</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccoth"><code>\coth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccsc"><code>\csc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccup"><code>\cup</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cCurrentOption"><code>\CurrentOption</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cd-_0028dot_002dunder-accent_0029"><code>\d <span class="roman">(dot-under accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdag"><code>\dag</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdagger"><code>\dagger</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdashbox"><code>\dashbox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cdashbox">\dashbox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdashv"><code>\dashv</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdate_007btext_007d"><code>\date{<var>text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cday"><code>\day</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear">\day \month \year</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdblfloatpagefraction"><code>\dblfloatpagefraction</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdblfloatsep"><code>\dblfloatsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdbltextfloatsep"><code>\dbltextfloatsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdbltopfraction"><code>\dbltopfraction</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdbltopnumber"><code>\dbltopnumber</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cddag"><code>\ddag</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cddagger"><code>\ddagger</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cddot"><code>\ddot</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cddots"><code>\ddots</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareOption"><code>\DeclareOption</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareOption_002a"><code>\DeclareOption*</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareRobustCommand"><code>\DeclareRobustCommand</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareRobustCommand_002a"><code>\DeclareRobustCommand*</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdeg"><code>\deg</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDelta"><code>\Delta</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdelta"><code>\delta</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdepth"><code>\depth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdet"><code>\det</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdh-_0028d_0029"><code>\dh (&eth;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDH-_0028D_0029"><code>\DH (&ETH;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDiamond"><code>\Diamond</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdiamond"><code>\diamond</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdiamondsuit"><code>\diamondsuit</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdim"><code>\dim</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdisplaystyle"><code>\displaystyle</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdiv"><code>\div</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdj"><code>\dj</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDJ"><code>\DJ</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdocumentclass"><code>\documentclass</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdot"><code>\dot</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdoteq"><code>\doteq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdotfill"><code>\dotfill</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_005cdotfill">\hrulefill \dotfill</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdots"><code>\dots</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdoublerulesep"><code>\doublerulesep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdownarrow"><code>\downarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDownarrow"><code>\Downarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cell"><code>\ell</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cemph"><code>\emph</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cemptyset"><code>\emptyset</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cencl"><code>\encl</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cencl">\encl</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cend"><code>\end</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Environments">Environments</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cenlargethispage"><code>\enlargethispage</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage">\enlargethispage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cenumi"><code>\enumi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cenumii"><code>\enumii</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cenumiii"><code>\enumiii</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cenumiv"><code>\enumiv</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cepsilon"><code>\epsilon</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cequiv"><code>\equiv</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ceta"><code>\eta</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cevensidemargin"><code>\evensidemargin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cevensidemargin-1"><code>\evensidemargin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cevensidemargin-2"><code>\evensidemargin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cExecuteOptions"><code>\ExecuteOptions</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cexists"><code>\exists</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cexp"><code>\exp</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cextracolsep"><code>\extracolsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfbox"><code>\fbox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">\fbox and \framebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfboxrule"><code>\fboxrule</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfboxrule-1"><code>\fboxrule</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">\fbox and \framebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfboxsep"><code>\fboxsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfboxsep-1"><code>\fboxsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">\fbox and \framebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfill"><code>\fill</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cflat"><code>\flat</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfloatpagefraction"><code>\floatpagefraction</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfloatpagefraction-1"><code>\floatpagefraction</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfloatsep"><code>\floatsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfloatsep-1"><code>\floatsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cflushbottom"><code>\flushbottom</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom">\flushbottom</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfnsymbol_002c-and-footnotes"><code>\fnsymbol<span class="roman">, and footnotes</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfnsymbol_007bcounter_007d"><code>\fnsymbol{<var>counter</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfontencoding"><code>\fontencoding</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfontfamily"><code>\fontfamily</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfontseries"><code>\fontseries</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfontshape"><code>\fontshape</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfontsize"><code>\fontsize</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfootnote"><code>\footnote</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfootnotemark"><code>\footnotemark</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfootnoterule"><code>\footnoterule</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnote-parameters">Footnote parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfootnotesep"><code>\footnotesep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnote-parameters">Footnote parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfootnotesize"><code>\footnotesize</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfootnotetext"><code>\footnotetext</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext">\footnotetext</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfootskip"><code>\footskip</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfootskip-1"><code>\footskip</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cforall"><code>\forall</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfrac"><code>\frac</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfrac_007bnum_007d_007bden_007d"><code>\frac{<var>num</var>}{<var>den</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cframe"><code>\frame</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cframe">\frame</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cframebox"><code>\framebox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cframebox-1"><code>\framebox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">\fbox and \framebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfrenchspacing"><code>\frenchspacing</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing">\frenchspacing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfrown"><code>\frown</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfussy"><code>\fussy</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfussy">\fussy</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cGamma"><code>\Gamma</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cgamma"><code>\gamma</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cgcd"><code>\gcd</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cge"><code>\ge</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cgeq"><code>\geq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cgets"><code>\gets</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cgg"><code>\gg</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cglossary"><code>\glossary</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cglossaryentry"><code>\glossaryentry</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cgrave"><code>\grave</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cguillemotleft-_0028_00ab_0029"><code>\guillemotleft <span class="roman">(&laquo;)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cguillemotright-_0028_00bb_0029"><code>\guillemotright <span class="roman">(&raquo;)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cguilsinglleft-_0028_2039_0029"><code>\guilsinglleft <span class="roman">(&lsaquo;)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cguilsinglright-_0028_203a_0029"><code>\guilsinglright <span class="roman">(&rsaquo;)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cH-_0028Hungarian-umlaut-accent_0029"><code>\H <span class="roman">(Hungarian umlaut accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chat"><code>\hat</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chbar"><code>\hbar</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cheadheight"><code>\headheight</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cheadheight-1"><code>\headheight</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cheadsep"><code>\headsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cheadsep-1"><code>\headsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cheartsuit"><code>\heartsuit</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cheight"><code>\height</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chfill"><code>\hfill</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chline"><code>\hline</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chline">\hline</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chom"><code>\hom</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chookleftarrow"><code>\hookleftarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chookrightarrow"><code>\hookrightarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chrulefill"><code>\hrulefill</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_005cdotfill">\hrulefill \dotfill</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chsize"><code>\hsize</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chsize-1"><code>\hsize</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chspace"><code>\hspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chspace">\hspace</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chuge"><code>\huge</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cHuge"><code>\Huge</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chyphenation"><code>\hyphenation</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chyphenation">\hyphenation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ci-_0028dotless-i_0029"><code>\i <span class="roman">(dotless i)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ciff"><code>\iff</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cIfFileExists"><code>\IfFileExists</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cij-_0028ij_0029"><code>\ij (ij)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cIJ-_0028IJ_0029"><code>\IJ (IJ)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cIm"><code>\Im</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cimath"><code>\imath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cin"><code>\in</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cinclude"><code>\include</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinclude">\include</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cincludeonly"><code>\includeonly</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludeonly">\includeonly</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cindent"><code>\indent</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindent">\indent</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cindex"><code>\index</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cindexentry"><code>\indexentry</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cindexspace"><code>\indexspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cinf"><code>\inf</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cinfty"><code>\infty</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cinput"><code>\input</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinput">\input</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cInputIfFileExists"><code>\InputIfFileExists</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cint"><code>\int</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cintextsep"><code>\intextsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cintextsep-1"><code>\intextsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ciota"><code>\iota</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cit"><code>\it</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citem"><code>\item</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citem-1"><code>\item</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citem-2"><code>\item</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citemindent"><code>\itemindent</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citemsep"><code>\itemsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citshape"><code>\itshape</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cj-_0028dotless-j_0029"><code>\j <span class="roman">(dotless j)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cjmath"><code>\jmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cJoin"><code>\Join</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ck-_0028ogonek_0029"><code>\k <span class="roman">(ogonek)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ckappa"><code>\kappa</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cker"><code>\ker</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ckill"><code>\kill</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cl-_0028l_0029"><code>\l (&#322;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cL-_0028L_0029"><code>\L (&#321;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabel"><code>\label</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005clabel">\label</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelenumi"><code>\labelenumi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelenumii"><code>\labelenumii</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelenumiii"><code>\labelenumiii</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelenumiv"><code>\labelenumiv</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelitemi"><code>\labelitemi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelitemii"><code>\labelitemii</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelitemiii"><code>\labelitemiii</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelitemiv"><code>\labelitemiv</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelsep"><code>\labelsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelwidth"><code>\labelwidth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cLambda"><code>\Lambda</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clambda"><code>\lambda</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cland"><code>\land</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clangle"><code>\langle</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clarge"><code>\large</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cLarge"><code>\Large</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cLARGE"><code>\LARGE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cLaTeX"><code>\LaTeX</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cLaTeXe"><code>\LaTeXe</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clbrace"><code>\lbrace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clbrack"><code>\lbrack</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clceil"><code>\lceil</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cldots"><code>\ldots</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cle"><code>\le</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleadsto"><code>\leadsto</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleft-delim1-_002e_002e_002e-_005cright-delim2"><code>\left <var>delim1</var> ... \right <var>delim2</var></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cLeftarrow"><code>\Leftarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftarrow"><code>\leftarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clefteqn"><code>\lefteqn</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftharpoondown"><code>\leftharpoondown</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftharpoonup"><code>\leftharpoonup</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftmargin"><code>\leftmargin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftmargini"><code>\leftmargini</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftmarginii"><code>\leftmarginii</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftmarginiii"><code>\leftmarginiii</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftmarginiv"><code>\leftmarginiv</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftmarginv"><code>\leftmarginv</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftmarginvi"><code>\leftmarginvi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cLeftrightarrow"><code>\Leftrightarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftrightarrow"><code>\leftrightarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleq"><code>\leq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clfloor"><code>\lfloor</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clg"><code>\lg</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clhd"><code>\lhd</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clim"><code>\lim</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005climinf"><code>\liminf</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005climsup"><code>\limsup</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cline"><code>\line</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clinebreak"><code>\linebreak</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak &amp; \nolinebreak</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clinespread"><code>\linespread</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clinethickness"><code>\linethickness</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005clinethickness">\linethickness</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clinewidth"><code>\linewidth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clinewidth-1"><code>\linewidth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clistoffigures"><code>\listoffigures</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clistoftables"><code>\listoftables</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clistparindent"><code>\listparindent</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cll"><code>\ll</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cln"><code>\ln</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clnot"><code>\lnot</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cLoadClass"><code>\LoadClass</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cLoadClassWithOptions"><code>\LoadClassWithOptions</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clocation"><code>\location</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005clocation">\location</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clog"><code>\log</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clongleftarrow"><code>\longleftarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clongleftrightarrow"><code>\longleftrightarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clongmapsto"><code>\longmapsto</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clongrightarrow"><code>\longrightarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clor"><code>\lor</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clq"><code>\lq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmakebox"><code>\makebox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakebox">\makebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmakebox-_0028for-picture_0029"><code>\makebox <span class="roman">(for <code>picture</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">\makebox (picture)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmakeglossary"><code>\makeglossary</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmakeindex"><code>\makeindex</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmakelabels"><code>\makelabels</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">\makelabels</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmaketitle"><code>\maketitle</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmapsto"><code>\mapsto</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmarginpar"><code>\marginpar</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmarginparpush"><code>\marginparpush</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmarginparpush-1"><code>\marginparpush</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmarginparpush-2"><code>\marginparpush</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmarginparsep"><code>\marginparsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmarginparwidth"><code>\marginparwidth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmarginparwidth-1"><code>\marginparwidth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmarginparwidth-2"><code>\marginparwidth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmarginsep"><code>\marginsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmarginsep-1"><code>\marginsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmarkboth_007bleft_007d_007bright_007d"><code>\markboth{<var>left</var>}{<var>right</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmarkright_007bright_007d"><code>\markright{<var>right</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathbf"><code>\mathbf</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathcal"><code>\mathcal</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathdollar"><code>\mathdollar</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathellipsis"><code>\mathellipsis</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathnormal"><code>\mathnormal</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathparagraph"><code>\mathparagraph</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathring"><code>\mathring</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathrm"><code>\mathrm</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathsection"><code>\mathsection</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathsf"><code>\mathsf</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathsterling"><code>\mathsterling</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathtt"><code>\mathtt</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathunderscore"><code>\mathunderscore</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathversion"><code>\mathversion</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmax"><code>\max</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmbox"><code>\mbox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox">\mbox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmbox_002c-and-LR-mode"><code>\mbox<span class="roman">, and LR mode</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmdseries"><code>\mdseries</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmedskip"><code>\medskip</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmedskipamount"><code>\medskipamount</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmedspace"><code>\medspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmho"><code>\mho</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmid"><code>\mid</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmin"><code>\min</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmodels"><code>\models</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmonth"><code>\month</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear">\day \month \year</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmp"><code>\mp</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmu"><code>\mu</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmulticolumn"><code>\multicolumn</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn">\multicolumn</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmultiput"><code>\multiput</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmultiput">\multiput</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnabla"><code>\nabla</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cname"><code>\name</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cname">\name</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnatural"><code>\natural</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cne"><code>\ne</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnearrow"><code>\nearrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cNeedsTeXFormat"><code>\NeedsTeXFormat</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cneg"><code>\neg</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cneq"><code>\neq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewcommand"><code>\newcommand</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewcounter"><code>\newcounter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">\newcounter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewenvironment"><code>\newenvironment</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewfont"><code>\newfont</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewlength"><code>\newlength</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewline"><code>\newline</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewline">\newline</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cNEWLINE"><code>\NEWLINE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040">\(SPACE) and \@</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewpage"><code>\newpage</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewsavebox"><code>\newsavebox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewtheorem"><code>\newtheorem</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewtie"><code>\newtie</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cng"><code>\ng</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cNG"><code>\NG</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cni"><code>\ni</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnocite"><code>\nocite</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnocite">\nocite</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnocorr"><code>\nocorr</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnocorrlist"><code>\nocorrlist</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnofiles"><code>\nofiles</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnoindent"><code>\noindent</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnoindent">\noindent</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnolinebreak"><code>\nolinebreak</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak &amp; \nolinebreak</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnonfrenchspacing"><code>\nonfrenchspacing</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing">\frenchspacing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnonumber"><code>\nonumber</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnopagebreak"><code>\nopagebreak</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnormalfont"><code>\normalfont</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnormalmarginpar"><code>\normalmarginpar</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnormalsize"><code>\normalsize</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnot"><code>\not</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnotin"><code>\notin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnu"><code>\nu</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnwarrow"><code>\nwarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005co-_0028o_0029"><code>\o (&oslash;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cO-_0028O_0029"><code>\O (&Oslash;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cobeycr"><code>\obeycr</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coddsidemargin"><code>\oddsidemargin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coddsidemargin-1"><code>\oddsidemargin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coddsidemargin-2"><code>\oddsidemargin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005codot"><code>\odot</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coe-_0028oe_0029"><code>\oe (&oelig;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cOE-_0028OE_0029"><code>\OE (&OElig;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coint"><code>\oint</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coldstylenums"><code>\oldstylenums</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cOmega"><code>\Omega</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005comega"><code>\omega</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cominus"><code>\ominus</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005conecolumn"><code>\onecolumn</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005conecolumn">\onecolumn</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005copening"><code>\opening</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005copening">\opening</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coplus"><code>\oplus</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cOptionNotUsed"><code>\OptionNotUsed</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coslash"><code>\oslash</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cotimes"><code>\otimes</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coval"><code>\oval</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005coval">\oval</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coverbrace_007bmath_007d"><code>\overbrace{<var>math</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coverline_007btext_007d"><code>\overline{<var>text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cowns"><code>\owns</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cP"><code>\P</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cPackageError"><code>\PackageError</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cPackageInfo"><code>\PackageInfo</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cPackageInfoNoLine"><code>\PackageInfoNoLine</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cPackageWarning"><code>\PackageWarning</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cPackageWarningNoLine"><code>\PackageWarningNoLine</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpagebreak"><code>\pagebreak</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpagenumbering"><code>\pagenumbering</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">\pagenumbering</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpageref"><code>\pageref</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpageref">\pageref</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpagestyle"><code>\pagestyle</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpaperheight"><code>\paperheight</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpaperheight-1"><code>\paperheight</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpaperwidth"><code>\paperwidth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpaperwidth-1"><code>\paperwidth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparagraph"><code>\paragraph</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparallel"><code>\parallel</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparbox"><code>\parbox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparindent"><code>\parindent</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparindent-1"><code>\parindent</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindent">\indent</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparsep"><code>\parsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparskip"><code>\parskip</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cparskip">\parskip</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparskip-example"><code>\parskip <span class="roman">example</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpart"><code>\part</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpartial"><code>\partial</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpartopsep"><code>\partopsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cPassOptionsToClass"><code>\PassOptionsToClass</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cPassOptionsToPackage"><code>\PassOptionsToPackage</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpdfpageheight"><code>\pdfpageheight</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpdfpagewidth"><code>\pdfpagewidth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cperp"><code>\perp</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cphi"><code>\phi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cPi"><code>\Pi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpi"><code>\pi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpm"><code>\pm</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpmod"><code>\pmod</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpoptabs"><code>\poptabs</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpoptabs-1"><code>\poptabs</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpounds"><code>\pounds</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cPr"><code>\Pr</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprec"><code>\prec</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpreceq"><code>\preceq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprime"><code>\prime</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprintindex"><code>\printindex</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cProcessOptions"><code>\ProcessOptions</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cProcessOptions_002a"><code>\ProcessOptions*</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprod"><code>\prod</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpropto"><code>\propto</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprovidecommand"><code>\providecommand</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand">\providecommand</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cProvidesClass"><code>\ProvidesClass</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cProvidesFile"><code>\ProvidesFile</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cProvidesPackage"><code>\ProvidesPackage</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cps"><code>\ps</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cps">\ps</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cPsi"><code>\Psi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpsi"><code>\psi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpushtabs"><code>\pushtabs</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cput"><code>\put</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cput">\put</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cqquad"><code>\qquad</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cquad"><code>\quad</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cquotedblbase-_0028_201e_0029"><code>\quotedblbase <span class="roman">(&bdquo;)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cquotesinglbase-_0028_201a_0029"><code>\quotesinglbase <span class="roman">(&sbquo;)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cr-_0028ring-accent_0029"><code>\r <span class="roman">(ring accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005craggedbottom"><code>\raggedbottom</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom">\raggedbottom</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005craggedleft"><code>\raggedleft</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005craggedright"><code>\raggedright</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005craisebox"><code>\raisebox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craisebox">\raisebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crangle"><code>\rangle</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crbrace"><code>\rbrace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crbrack"><code>\rbrack</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crceil"><code>\rceil</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cRe"><code>\Re</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cref"><code>\ref</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crefstepcounter"><code>\refstepcounter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter">\refstepcounter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crenewenvironment"><code>\renewenvironment</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cRequirePackage"><code>\RequirePackage</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cRequirePackageWithOptions"><code>\RequirePackageWithOptions</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crestorecr"><code>\restorecr</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crestriction"><code>\restriction</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crevemptyset"><code>\revemptyset</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005creversemarginpar"><code>\reversemarginpar</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crfloor"><code>\rfloor</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crhd"><code>\rhd</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crho"><code>\rho</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cright"><code>\right</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cRightarrow"><code>\Rightarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crightarrow"><code>\rightarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crightharpoondown"><code>\rightharpoondown</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crightharpoonup"><code>\rightharpoonup</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crightleftharpoons"><code>\rightleftharpoons</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crightmargin"><code>\rightmargin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crm"><code>\rm</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crmfamily"><code>\rmfamily</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005croman_007bcounter_007d"><code>\roman{<var>counter</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cRoman_007bcounter_007d"><code>\Roman{<var>counter</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crq"><code>\rq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crule"><code>\rule</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cS"><code>\S</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csavebox"><code>\savebox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csavebox">\savebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csbox"><code>\sbox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csbox">\sbox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csc"><code>\sc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cscriptsize"><code>\scriptsize</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cscshape"><code>\scshape</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csearrow"><code>\searrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csec"><code>\sec</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csection"><code>\section</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cseename"><code>\seename</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cselectfont"><code>\selectfont</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csetcounter"><code>\setcounter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csetlength"><code>\setlength</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csetlength">\setlength</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csetminus"><code>\setminus</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csettodepth"><code>\settodepth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csettodepth">\settodepth</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csettoheight"><code>\settoheight</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csettoheight">\settoheight</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csettowidth"><code>\settowidth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csettowidth">\settowidth</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csf"><code>\sf</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csffamily"><code>\sffamily</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csharp"><code>\sharp</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cshortstack"><code>\shortstack</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cshortstack">\shortstack</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cSigma"><code>\Sigma</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csigma"><code>\sigma</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csignature"><code>\signature</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csignature">\signature</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csim"><code>\sim</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csimeq"><code>\simeq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csin"><code>\sin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csinh"><code>\sinh</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csl"><code>\sl</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csloppy"><code>\sloppy</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csloppy">\sloppy</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cslshape"><code>\slshape</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csmall"><code>\small</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csmallint"><code>\smallint</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csmallskip"><code>\smallskip</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csmallskipamount"><code>\smallskipamount</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csmile"><code>\smile</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cspadesuit"><code>\spadesuit</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csqcap"><code>\sqcap</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csqcup"><code>\sqcup</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csqrt_005broot_005d_007barg_007d"><code>\sqrt[<var>root</var>]{<var>arg</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csqsubset"><code>\sqsubset</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csqsubseteq"><code>\sqsubseteq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csqsupset"><code>\sqsupset</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csqsupseteq"><code>\sqsupseteq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005css-_0028ss_0029"><code>\ss (&szlig;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cSS-_0028SS_0029"><code>\SS (SS)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cstackrel_007btext_007d_007brelation_007d"><code>\stackrel{<var>text</var>}{<var>relation</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cstar"><code>\star</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cstepcounter"><code>\stepcounter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter">\stepcounter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cstop"><code>\stop</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line">Command line</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubparagraph"><code>\subparagraph</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubsection"><code>\subsection</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubset"><code>\subset</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubseteq"><code>\subseteq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubsubsection"><code>\subsubsection</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csucc"><code>\succ</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csucceq"><code>\succeq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csum"><code>\sum</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csup"><code>\sup</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csuppressfloats"><code>\suppressfloats</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csupset"><code>\supset</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csupseteq"><code>\supseteq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csurd"><code>\surd</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cswarrow"><code>\swarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csymbol"><code>\symbol</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Symbols-by-font-position">Symbols by font position</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ct-_0028tie_002dafter-accent_0029"><code>\t <span class="roman">(tie-after accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cTAB"><code>\TAB</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040">\(SPACE) and \@</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctabbingsep"><code>\tabbingsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctabcolsep"><code>\tabcolsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctableofcontents"><code>\tableofcontents</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctan"><code>\tan</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctanh"><code>\tanh</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctau"><code>\tau</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctelephone"><code>\telephone</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctelephone">\telephone</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cTeX"><code>\TeX</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextascendercompwordmark"><code>\textascendercompwordmark</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextasciicircum"><code>\textasciicircum</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextasciitilde"><code>\textasciitilde</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextasteriskcentered"><code>\textasteriskcentered</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextbackslash"><code>\textbackslash</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextbackslash-1"><code>\textbackslash</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextbar"><code>\textbar</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextbardbl"><code>\textbardbl</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextbf"><code>\textbf</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextbigcircle"><code>\textbigcircle</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextbraceleft"><code>\textbraceleft</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextbraceright"><code>\textbraceright</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextbullet"><code>\textbullet</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextcapitalcompwordmark"><code>\textcapitalcompwordmark</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextcircled_007bletter_007d"><code>\textcircled{<var>letter</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextcompwordmark"><code>\textcompwordmark</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextcopyright"><code>\textcopyright</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextdagger"><code>\textdagger</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextdaggerdbl"><code>\textdaggerdbl</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextdollar-_0028or-_005c_0024_0029"><code>\textdollar <span class="roman">(or <code>\$</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextellipsis"><code>\textellipsis</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextemdash-_0028or-_002d_002d_002d_0029"><code>\textemdash <span class="roman">(or <code>---</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextendash-_0028or-_002d_002d_0029"><code>\textendash <span class="roman">(or <code>--</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctexteuro"><code>\texteuro</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextexclamdown-_0028or-_0021_0060_0029"><code>\textexclamdown <span class="roman">(or <code>!`</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextfloatsep"><code>\textfloatsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextfloatsep-1"><code>\textfloatsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextfraction"><code>\textfraction</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextfraction-1"><code>\textfraction</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextgreater"><code>\textgreater</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextheight"><code>\textheight</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextheight-1"><code>\textheight</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextit"><code>\textit</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextleftarrow"><code>\textleftarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextless"><code>\textless</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextmd"><code>\textmd</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextnormal"><code>\textnormal</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextordfeminine"><code>\textordfeminine</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextordmasculine"><code>\textordmasculine</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextparagraph"><code>\textparagraph</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextperiodcentered"><code>\textperiodcentered</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextquestiondown-_0028or-_003f_0060_0029"><code>\textquestiondown <span class="roman">(or <code>?`</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextquotedblleft-_0028or-_0060_0060_0029"><code>\textquotedblleft <span class="roman">(or <code>``</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextquotedblright-_0028or-_0027_0027_0029"><code>\textquotedblright <span class="roman">(or <code>''</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextquoteleft-_0028or-_0060_0029"><code>\textquoteleft <span class="roman">(or <code>`</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextquoteright-_0028or-_0027_0029"><code>\textquoteright <span class="roman">(or <code>'</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextquotesingle"><code>\textquotesingle</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextquotestraightbase"><code>\textquotestraightbase</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextquotestraightdblbase"><code>\textquotestraightdblbase</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextregistered"><code>\textregistered</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextrightarrow"><code>\textrightarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextrm"><code>\textrm</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextsc"><code>\textsc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextsf"><code>\textsf</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextsl"><code>\textsl</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextsterling"><code>\textsterling</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextthreequartersemdash"><code>\textthreequartersemdash</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctexttrademark"><code>\texttrademark</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctexttt"><code>\texttt</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctexttwelveudash"><code>\texttwelveudash</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextunderscore"><code>\textunderscore</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextup"><code>\textup</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextvisiblespace"><code>\textvisiblespace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextwidth"><code>\textwidth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextwidth-1"><code>\textwidth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cth-_0028th_0029"><code>\th (&thorn;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cTH-_0028TH_0029"><code>\TH (&THORN;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cthanks_007btext_007d"><code>\thanks{<var>text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctheta"><code>\theta</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cthicklines"><code>\thicklines</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cthicklines">\thicklines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cthickspace"><code>\thickspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cthinlines"><code>\thinlines</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cthinlines">\thinlines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cthinspace"><code>\thinspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cthinspace-1"><code>\thinspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace">\thinspace</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cthispagestyle"><code>\thispagestyle</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle">\thispagestyle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctilde"><code>\tilde</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctimes"><code>\times</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctiny"><code>\tiny</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctitle_007btext_007d"><code>\title{<var>text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cto"><code>\to</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctoday"><code>\today</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctop"><code>\top</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctopfraction"><code>\topfraction</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctopfraction-1"><code>\topfraction</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctopmargin"><code>\topmargin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctopsep"><code>\topsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctopskip"><code>\topskip</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctopskip-1"><code>\topskip</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctotalheight"><code>\totalheight</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctriangle"><code>\triangle</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctriangleleft"><code>\triangleleft</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctriangleright"><code>\triangleright</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctt"><code>\tt</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cttfamily"><code>\ttfamily</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctwocolumn"><code>\twocolumn</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctypein"><code>\typein</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctypein">\typein</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctypeout"><code>\typeout</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctypeout">\typeout</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cu-_0028breve-accent_0029"><code>\u <span class="roman">(breve accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunboldmath"><code>\unboldmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunderbar"><code>\underbar</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunderbrace_007bmath_007d"><code>\underbrace{<var>math</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunderline_007btext_007d"><code>\underline{<var>text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunitlength"><code>\unitlength</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunlhd"><code>\unlhd</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunrhd"><code>\unrhd</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cUparrow"><code>\Uparrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cuparrow"><code>\uparrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cUpdownarrow"><code>\Updownarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cupdownarrow"><code>\updownarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cupharpoonright"><code>\upharpoonright</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cuplus"><code>\uplus</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cupshape"><code>\upshape</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cUpsilon"><code>\Upsilon</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cupsilon"><code>\upsilon</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cusebox"><code>\usebox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cusebox">\usebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cusecounter"><code>\usecounter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cusefont"><code>\usefont</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cusepackage"><code>\usepackage</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cv-_0028breve-accent_0029"><code>\v <span class="roman">(breve accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvalue"><code>\value</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvalue">\value</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvanothing"><code>\vanothing</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvarepsilon"><code>\varepsilon</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvarphi"><code>\varphi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvarpi"><code>\varpi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvarrho"><code>\varrho</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvarsigma"><code>\varsigma</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvartheta"><code>\vartheta</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvdash"><code>\vdash</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvdots"><code>\vdots</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvec"><code>\vec</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvector"><code>\vector</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvector">\vector</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvee"><code>\vee</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cverb"><code>\verb</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cVert"><code>\Vert</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvert"><code>\vert</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvfill"><code>\vfill</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvline"><code>\vline</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvline">\vline</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvspace"><code>\vspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwedge"><code>\wedge</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwidehat"><code>\widehat</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwidetilde"><code>\widetilde</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwidth"><code>\width</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwp"><code>\wp</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwr"><code>\wr</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cXi"><code>\Xi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cxi"><code>\xi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cyear"><code>\year</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear">\day \month \year</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005czeta"><code>\zeta</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005b"><code>\[</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-center_0029"><code>\\ <span class="roman">(for <code>center</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#center">center</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-eqnarray_0029"><code>\\ <span class="roman">(for <code>eqnarray</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-flushright_0029"><code>\\ (for <code>flushright</code>)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-_005cshortstack-objects_0029"><code>\\ <span class="roman">(for <code>\shortstack</code> objects)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cshortstack">\shortstack</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\\ <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-for-flushleft"><code>\\ <span class="roman">for <code>flushleft</code></span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-for-letters"><code>\\ <span class="roman">for letters</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Letters">Letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-for-tabular"><code>\\ <span class="roman">for <code>tabular</code></span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-for-verse"><code>\\ <span class="roman">for <code>verse</code></span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verse">verse</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-for-_005cauthor"><code>\\ <span class="roman">for <code>\author</code></span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-for-_005ctitle"><code>\\ <span class="roman">for <code>\title</code></span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-force-line-break"><code>\\ <span class="roman">force line break</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c_002a-_0028for-eqnarray_0029"><code>\\* <span class="roman">(for <code>eqnarray</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005d"><code>\]</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005e"><code>\^</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005e-_0028circumflex-accent_0029"><code>\^ <span class="roman">(circumflex accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005f"><code>\_</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0060-_0028grave-accent_0029"><code>\` <span class="roman">(grave accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0060-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\` <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_007b"><code>\{</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_007c"><code>\|</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_007d"><code>\}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_007e"><code>\~</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_007e-_0028tilde-accent_0029"><code>\~ <span class="roman">(tilde accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-8">^</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005e"><code>^</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-9">_</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005f"><code>_</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-10">{</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_007b_002e_002e_002e_007d-for-required-arguments"><code>{...} <span class="roman">for required arguments</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-A">A</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-a4paper-option"><code>a4paper <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-a5paper-option"><code>a5paper <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-abstract-environment"><code><code>abstract</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#abstract">abstract</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-array-environment"><code><code>array</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-article-class"><code>article <span class="roman">class</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-B">B</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-b5paper-option"><code>b5paper <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-book-class"><code>book <span class="roman">class</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bottomnumber"><code>bottomnumber</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bottomnumber-1"><code>bottomnumber</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bp"><code>bp</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-C">C</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cc"><code>cc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-center-environment"><code><code>center</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#center">center</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-clock-option-to-slides-class"><code>clock <span class="roman">option to <code>slides</code> class</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cm"><code>cm</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-D">D</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dbltopnumber"><code>dbltopnumber</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dbltopnumber-1"><code>dbltopnumber</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dd"><code>dd</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-description-environment"><code><code>description</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-displaymath-environment"><code><code>displaymath</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-displaymath-environment-1"><code><code>displaymath</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-document-environment"><code><code>document</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#document">document</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-draft-option"><code>draft <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dvipdfmx-command"><code>dvipdfmx <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dvips-command"><code>dvips <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dvitype-command"><code>dvitype <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-E">E</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-em-1"><code>em</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enumerate-environment"><code><code>enumerate</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-abstract"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>abstract</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#abstract">abstract</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-array"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>array</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-center"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>center</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#center">center</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-description"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>description</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-displaymath"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>displaymath</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-displaymath-1"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>displaymath</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-document"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>document</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#document">document</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-enumerate"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>enumerate</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-eqnarray"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>eqnarray</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-equation"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>equation</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-equation-1"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>equation</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-figure"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>figure</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-filecontents"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>filecontents</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-filecontents_002a"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>filecontents*</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-flushleft"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>flushleft</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-flushright"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>flushright</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-itemize"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>itemize</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-letter"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>letter</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#letter">letter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-list"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>list</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-math"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>math</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#math">math</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-math-1"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>math</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-minipage"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>minipage</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-picture"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>picture</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-quotation"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>quotation</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-and-quote">quotation and quote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-quote"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>quote</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-and-quote">quotation and quote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-tabbing"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>tabbing</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-table"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>table</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-tabular"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>tabular</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-thebibliography"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>thebibliography</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-theorem"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>theorem</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-titlepage"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>titlepage</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-verbatim"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>verbatim</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-verse"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>verse</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verse">verse</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eqnarray-environment"><code><code>eqnarray</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-environment"><code><code>equation</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-environment-1"><code><code>equation</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-etex-command"><code>etex <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ex-1"><code>ex</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-executivepaper-option"><code>executivepaper <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-F">F</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-figure-environment"><code><code>figure</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-filecontents-environment"><code><code>filecontents</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-filecontents_002a-environment"><code><code>filecontents*</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-final-option"><code>final <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-first_002dlatex_002ddoc-document"><code>first-latex-doc <span class="roman">document</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fleqn-option"><code>fleqn <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-flushleft-environment"><code><code>flushleft</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-flushright-environment"><code><code>flushright</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-H">H</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-http_003a_002f_002fpuszcza_002egnu_002eorg_002eua_002fsoftware_002flatexrefman_002f-home-page"><code><a href="http://puszcza.gnu.org.ua/software/latexrefman/">http://puszcza.gnu.org.ua/software/latexrefman/</a> <span class="roman">home page</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-I">I</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-in"><code>in</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-inch"><code>inch</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-itemize-environment"><code><code>itemize</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-L">L</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-landscape-option"><code>landscape <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-latex-command"><code>latex <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-latex_002ddoc_002dptr-document"><code>latex-doc-ptr <span class="roman">document</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-latexrefman_0040tug_002eorg-email-address"><code><a href="mailto:latexrefman@tug.org">latexrefman@tug.org</a> <span class="roman">email address</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-legalpaper-option"><code>legalpaper <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-leqno-option"><code>leqno <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letter-class"><code>letter <span class="roman">class</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letter-environment"><code><code>letter</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#letter">letter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letterpaper-option"><code>letterpaper <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-list-environment"><code><code>list</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lR-box"><code>lR box</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lrbox"><code>lrbox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#lrbox">lrbox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lshort-document"><code>lshort <span class="roman">document</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lualatex-command"><code>lualatex <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-M">M</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-environment"><code><code>math</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#math">math</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-environment-1"><code><code>math</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-minipage-environment"><code><code>minipage</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mm"><code>mm</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mu"><code>mu</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-N">N</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-notitlepage-option"><code>notitlepage <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-O">O</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-onecolumn-option"><code>onecolumn <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-oneside-option"><code>oneside <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-openany-option"><code>openany <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-openbib-option"><code>openbib <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-openright-option"><code>openright <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-P">P</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pc"><code>pc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdflatex-command"><code>pdflatex <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-picture-environment"><code><code>picture</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pt"><code>pt</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-Q">Q</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quotation-environment"><code><code>quotation</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-and-quote">quotation and quote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quote-environment"><code><code>quote</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-and-quote">quotation and quote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-R">R</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-report-class"><code>report <span class="roman">class</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-S">S</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-secnumdepth-counter"><code>secnumdepth <span class="roman">counter</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-slides-class"><code>slides <span class="roman">class</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sp"><code>sp</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-T">T</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tabbing-environment"><code><code>tabbing</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-environment"><code><code>table</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tabular-environment"><code><code>tabular</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-textcomp-package-1"><code>textcomp <span class="roman">package</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-thebibliography-environment"><code><code>thebibliography</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-theorem-environment"><code><code>theorem</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-titlepage-environment"><code><code>titlepage</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-titlepage-option"><code>titlepage <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-topmargin"><code>topmargin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-topnumber"><code>topnumber</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-topnumber-1"><code>topnumber</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-totalnumber"><code>totalnumber</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-totalnumber-1"><code>totalnumber</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-twocolumn-option"><code>twocolumn <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-twoside-option"><code>twoside <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-U">U</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-usrguide-official-documentation"><code>usrguide <span class="roman">official documentation</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-V">V</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-verbatim-environment"><code><code>verbatim</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-verse-environment"><code><code>verse</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verse">verse</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-X">X</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xdvi-command"><code>xdvi <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xdvipdfmx"><code>xdvipdfmx</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xelatex-command"><code>xelatex <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
</table>
<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-1"><b>$</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-2"><b>&amp;</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-3"><b>-</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-4"><b>.</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-5"><b>1</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-6"><b>[</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-7"><b>\</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-8"><b>^</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-9"><b>_</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-10"><b>{</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<br>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-B"><b>B</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-H"><b>H</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-I"><b>I</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-L"><b>L</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-M"><b>M</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-N"><b>N</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-O"><b>O</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-P"><b>P</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-Q"><b>Q</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-R"><b>R</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-U"><b>U</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-V"><b>V</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-X"><b>X</b></a>
 &nbsp; 
</td></tr></table>

<hr>



</body>
</html>
generated by cgit v1.2.3 (git 2.39.1) at 2024-12-28 08:59:35 +0000