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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"  
  "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">  
<html > 
<head><title>6 Design Principles</title> 
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> 
<meta name="generator" content="TeX4ht (http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/~gurari/TeX4ht/mn.html)"> 
<meta name="originator" content="TeX4ht (http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/~gurari/TeX4ht/mn.html)"> 
<!-- html --> 
<meta name="src" content="pgfmanual.tex"> 
<meta name="date" content="2005-10-23 18:34:00"> 
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="pgfmanual.css"> 
</head><body 
>
   <div class="crosslinks"><p class="noindent">[<a 
href="pgfmanualse7.html" >next</a>] [<a 
href="#tailpgfmanualse6.html">tail</a>] [<a 
href="pgfmanual.html#pgfmanualse6.html" >up</a>] </p></div>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6   </span> <a 
 id="x7-660006"></a>Design Principles</h3>
<!--l. 10--><p class="noindent">This section describes the design principles behind the Ti<span 
class="cmti-10">k</span>Z&nbsp;frontend, where Ti<span 
class="cmti-10">k</span>Z&nbsp;means &#8220;Ti<span 
class="cmti-10">k</span>Z&nbsp;ist <span 
class="cmti-10">kein</span>
Zeichenprogramm.&#8221; To use Ti<span 
class="cmti-10">k</span>Z, as a <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span 
class="E">E</span>X</span></span>&nbsp;user say <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">\usepackage{tikz}</span></span></span> somewhere in the preamble, as a plain
<span class="TEX">T<span 
class="E">E</span>X</span>&nbsp;user say <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">\input</span><span 
class="cmtt-10">&nbsp;tikz.tex</span></span></span>. Ti<span 
class="cmti-10">k</span>Z&#8217;s job is to make your life easier by providing an easy-to-learn and
easy-to-use syntax for describing graphics.
<!--l. 18--><p class="indent">   The commands and syntax of Ti<span 
class="cmti-10">k</span>Z&nbsp;were influenced by several sources. The basic command names and the
notion of path operations is taken from <span 
class="cmcsc-10"><small 
class="small-caps">M</small><small 
class="small-caps">E</small><small 
class="small-caps">T</small><small 
class="small-caps">A</small><small 
class="small-caps">F</small><small 
class="small-caps">O</small><small 
class="small-caps">N</small><small 
class="small-caps">T</small></span>, the option mechanism comes from <span 
class="cmcsc-10"><small 
class="small-caps">P</small><small 
class="small-caps">S</small><small 
class="small-caps">T</small><small 
class="small-caps">R</small><small 
class="small-caps">I</small><small 
class="small-caps">C</small><small 
class="small-caps">K</small><small 
class="small-caps">S</small></span>, the notion of
styles is reminiscent of <span 
class="cmcsc-10"><small 
class="small-caps">S</small><small 
class="small-caps">V</small><small 
class="small-caps">G</small></span>. To make it all work together, some compromises were necessary. I also added some
ideas of my own, like meta-arrows and coordinate transformations.
<!--l. 26--><p class="indent">   The following basic design principles underlie Ti<span 
class="cmti-10">k</span>Z:
     <ol type="1" class="enumerate1" >
     <li class="enumerate" value="1" 
><a 
 id="x7-66002x1"></a>Special syntax for specifying points.
     </li>
     <li class="enumerate" value="2" 
><a 
 id="x7-66004x2"></a>Special syntax for path specifications.
     </li>
     <li class="enumerate" value="3" 
><a 
 id="x7-66006x3"></a>Actions on paths.
     </li>
     <li class="enumerate" value="4" 
><a 
 id="x7-66008x4"></a>Key-value syntax for graphic parameters.
     </li>
     <li class="enumerate" value="5" 
><a 
 id="x7-66010x5"></a>Special syntax for nodes.
     </li>
     <li class="enumerate" value="6" 
><a 
 id="x7-66012x6"></a>Special syntax for trees.
     </li>
     <li class="enumerate" value="7" 
><a 
 id="x7-66014x7"></a>Grouping of graphic parameters.
     </li>
     <li class="enumerate" value="8" 
><a 
 id="x7-66016x8"></a>Coordinate transformation system.</li></ol>
<!--l. 40--><p class="noindent">
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.1   </span> <a 
 id="x7-670006.1"></a>Special Syntax For Specifying Points</h4>
<!--l. 42--><p class="noindent">Ti<span 
class="cmti-10">k</span>Z&nbsp;provides a special syntax for specifying points and coordinates. In the simplest case, you provide two
<span class="TEX">T<span 
class="E">E</span>X</span>&nbsp;dimensions, separated by commas, in round brackets as in <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">(1cm,2pt)</span></span></span>.
<!--l. 46--><p class="indent">   You can also specify a point in polar coordinates by using a colon instead of a comma as in <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">(30:1cm)</span></span></span>, which
means &#8220;1cm in a 30 degrees direction.&#8221;
<!--l. 50--><p class="indent">   If you do not provide a unit, as in <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">(2,1)</span></span></span>, you specify a point in <span 
class="cmcsc-10"><small 
class="small-caps">P</small><small 
class="small-caps">G</small><small 
class="small-caps">F</small></span>&#8217;s <span 
class="cmmi-10">xy</span>-coordinate system. By default, the unit
<span 
class="cmmi-10">x</span>-vector goes 1cm to the right and the unit <span 
class="cmmi-10">y</span>-vector goes 1cm upward.
<!--l. 54--><p class="indent">   By specifying three numbers as in <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">(1,1,1)</span></span></span> you specify a point in <span 
class="cmcsc-10"><small 
class="small-caps">P</small><small 
class="small-caps">G</small><small 
class="small-caps">F</small></span>&#8217;s <span 
class="cmmi-10">xyz</span>-coordinate system.
<!--l. 57--><p class="indent">   It is also possible to use an anchor of a previously defined shape as in <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">(first</span><span 
class="cmtt-10">&nbsp;node.south)</span></span></span>.
<!--l. 60--><p class="indent">   You can add two plus signs before a coordinate as in <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">++(1cm,0pt)</span></span></span>. This means &#8220;1cm to the right of the last
point used.&#8221; This allows you to easily specify relative movements. For example, <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">(1,0)</span><span 
class="cmtt-10">&nbsp;++(1,0)</span><span 
class="cmtt-10">&nbsp;++(0,1)</span></span></span> specifies
the three coordinates <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">(1,0)</span></span></span>, then <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">(2,0)</span></span></span>, and <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">(2,1)</span></span></span>.
<!--l. 66--><p class="indent">   Finally, instead of two plus signs, you can also add a single one. This also specifies a point in a relative
manner, but it does not &#8220;change&#8221; the current point used in subsequent relative commands. For example,
<span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">(1,0)</span><span 
class="cmtt-10">&nbsp;+(1,0)</span><span 
class="cmtt-10">&nbsp;+(0,1)</span></span></span> specifies the three coordinates <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">(1,0)</span></span></span>, then <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">(2,0)</span></span></span>, and <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">(1,1)</span></span></span>.
                                                                                         
                                                                                         
<!--l. 72--><p class="noindent">
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.2   </span> <a 
 id="x7-680006.2"></a>Special Syntax For Path Specifications</h4>
<!--l. 74--><p class="noindent">When creating a picture using Ti<span 
class="cmti-10">k</span>Z, your main job is the specification of <span 
class="cmti-10">paths</span>. A path is a series of straight or
curved lines, which need not be connected. Ti<span 
class="cmti-10">k</span>Z&nbsp;makes it easy to specify paths, partly using the syntax of
<span 
class="cmcsc-10"><small 
class="small-caps">M</small><small 
class="small-caps">E</small><small 
class="small-caps">T</small><small 
class="small-caps">A</small><small 
class="small-caps">P</small><small 
class="small-caps">O</small><small 
class="small-caps">S</small><small 
class="small-caps">T</small></span>. For example, to specify a triangular path you use
<!--l. 79--><p class="noindent"><div class="obeylines-v"></div><!--tex4ht:inline--><div class="tabular"><table class="tabular" 
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"  
frame="void" id="TBL-66-" ><colgroup id="TBL-66-1g"><col 
id="TBL-66-1"></colgroup><tr  
 valign="baseline" id="TBL-66-1-"><td  align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-66-1-1"  
class="td11">  <table class="minipage"><tr><td><div class="obeylines-v"><br><span 
class="cmtt-8">(5pt,0pt)</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;--</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;(0pt,0pt)</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;--</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;(0pt,5pt)</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;--</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;cycle</span>
</div>                                                                                                              </td></tr></table> </td>
</tr></table>
</div>
<!--l. 82--><p class="indent">   and you get <object data="pgfmanual-65.svg" width="5.4pt" height="5.4pt" type="image/svg+xml"><p>SVG-Viewer needed.</p></object> when you draw this path.
<!--l. 85--><p class="noindent">
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.3   </span> <a 
 id="x7-690006.3"></a>Actions on Paths</h4>
<!--l. 87--><p class="noindent">A path is just a series of straight and curved lines, but it is not yet specified what should happen with it. One
can <span 
class="cmti-10">draw </span>a path, <span 
class="cmti-10">fill </span>a path, <span 
class="cmti-10">shade </span>it, <span 
class="cmti-10">clip </span>it, or do any combination of these. Drawing (also known
as <span 
class="cmti-10">stroking</span>) can be thought of as taking a pen of a certain thickness and moving it along the path,
thereby drawing on the canvas. Filling means that the interior of the path is filled with a uniform color.
Obviously, filling makes sense only for <span 
class="cmti-10">closed </span>paths and a path is automatically closed prior to filling, if
necessary.
<!--l. 97--><p class="indent">   Given a path as in <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">\path</span><span 
class="cmtt-10">&nbsp;(0,0)</span><span 
class="cmtt-10">&nbsp;rectangle</span><span 
class="cmtt-10">&nbsp;(2ex,1ex);</span></span></span>, you can draw it by adding the <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">draw</span></span></span> option as in
<span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">\path[draw]</span><span 
class="cmtt-10">&nbsp;(0,0)</span><span 
class="cmtt-10">&nbsp;rectangle</span><span 
class="cmtt-10">&nbsp;(2ex,1ex);</span></span></span>, which yields <object data="pgfmanual-66.svg" width="9.01108pt" height="4.70554pt" type="image/svg+xml"><p>SVG-Viewer needed.</p></object>. The <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">\draw</span></span></span> command is just an abbreviation for
<span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">\path[draw]</span></span></span>. To fill a path, use the <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">fill</span></span></span> option or the <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">\fill</span></span></span> command, which is an abbreviation for <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">\path[fill]</span></span></span>.
The <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">\filldraw</span></span></span> command is an abbreviation for <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">\path[fill,draw]</span></span></span>. Shading is caused by the <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">shade</span></span></span> option (there
are <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">\shade</span></span></span> and <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">\shadedraw</span></span></span> abbreviations) and clipping by the <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">clip</span></span></span> option. There is is also a <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">\clip</span></span></span> command,
which does the same as <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">\path[clip]</span></span></span>, but not commands like <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">\drawclip</span></span></span>. Use, say, <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">\draw[clip]</span></span></span> or
<span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">\path[draw,clip]</span></span></span> instead.
<!--l. 110--><p class="indent">   All of these commands can only be used inside <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">{tikzpicture}</span></span></span> environments.
<!--l. 113--><p class="indent">   Ti<span 
class="cmti-10">k</span>Z&nbsp;allows you to use different colors for filling and stroking.
<!--l. 116--><p class="noindent">
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.4   </span> <a 
 id="x7-700006.4"></a>Key-Value Syntax for Graphic Parameters</h4>
<!--l. 117--><p class="noindent">Whenever Ti<span 
class="cmti-10">k</span>Z&nbsp;draws or fills a path, a large number of graphic parameters influenced the rendering. Examples
include the colors used, the dashing pattern, the clipping area, the line width, and many others. In Ti<span 
class="cmti-10">k</span>Z, all these
options are specified as lists of so called key-value pairs, as in <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">color=red</span></span></span>, that are passed as optional parameters to
the path drawing and filling commands. This usage is similar to <span 
class="cmcsc-10"><small 
class="small-caps">P</small><small 
class="small-caps">S</small><small 
class="small-caps">T</small><small 
class="small-caps">R</small><small 
class="small-caps">I</small><small 
class="small-caps">C</small><small 
class="small-caps">K</small><small 
class="small-caps">S</small></span>. For example, the following will draw a
thick, red triangle;
<!--l. 125--><p class="noindent"><div class="obeylines-v"></div><!--tex4ht:inline--><div class="tabular"><table class="tabular" 
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"  
frame="void" id="TBL-67-" ><colgroup id="TBL-67-1g"><col 
id="TBL-67-1"><col 
id="TBL-67-2"></colgroup><tr  
 valign="baseline" id="TBL-67-1-"><td  align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-67-1-1"  
class="td11">  &nbsp;<object data="pgfmanual-67.svg" width="30.45274pt" height="2.0pt" type="image/svg+xml"><p>SVG-Viewer needed.</p></object> &nbsp;  </td><td  align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-67-1-2"  
class="td11">  <table class="minipage"><tr><td><div class="obeylines-v"><br><span 
class="cmtt-8">\tikz</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\draw[line</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;width=2pt,color=red]</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;(1,0)</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;--</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;(0,0)</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;--</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;(1,0)</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;--</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;cycle;</span>
</div>                                                                                                              </td></tr></table> </td>
</tr></table>
</div>
<!--l. 129--><p class="noindent">
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.5   </span> <a 
 id="x7-710006.5"></a>Special Syntax for Specifying Nodes</h4>
<!--l. 130--><p class="noindent">Ti<span 
class="cmti-10">k</span>Z&nbsp;introduces a special syntax for adding text or, more generally, nodes to a graphic. When you specify a path,
add nodes as in the following example:
<!--l. 133--><p class="noindent"><div class="obeylines-v"></div><!--tex4ht:inline--><div class="tabular">
<table class="tabular" 
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"  
frame="void" id="TBL-68-" ><colgroup id="TBL-68-1g"><col 
id="TBL-68-1"><col 
id="TBL-68-2"></colgroup><tr  
 valign="baseline" id="TBL-68-1-"><td  align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-68-1-1"  
class="td11">  &nbsp;<object data="pgfmanual-68.svg" width="40.73573pt" height="35.06111pt" type="image/svg+xml"><p>SVG-Viewer needed.</p></object>&nbsp;  </td><td  align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-68-1-2"  
class="td11">  <table class="minipage"><tr><td><div class="obeylines-v">
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">\tikz</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\draw</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;(1,1)</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;node</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;{text}</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;--</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;(2,2);</span></div>                                                                       </td></tr></table> </td>
</tr></table></div>
<!--l. 136--><p class="indent">   Nodes are inserted at the current position of the path, but only <span 
class="cmti-10">after </span>the path has been rendered. When special
options are given, as in <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">\draw</span><span 
class="cmtt-10">&nbsp;(1,1)</span><span 
class="cmtt-10">&nbsp;node[circle,draw]</span><span 
class="cmtt-10">&nbsp;{text};</span></span></span>, the text is not just put at the current position.
Rather, it is surrounded by a circle and this circle is &#8220;drawn.&#8221;
<!--l. 143--><p class="indent">   You can add a name to a node for later reference either by using the option <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">name=</span></span></span><span 
class="cmsy-10">&lt;</span><span 
class="cmti-10">node name</span><span 
class="cmsy-10">&gt; </span>or by stating the
node name in parentheses outside the text as in <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">node[circle](name){text}</span></span></span>.
<!--l. 147--><p class="indent">   Predefined shapes include <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">rectangle</span></span></span>, <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">circle</span></span></span>, and <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">ellipse</span></span></span>, but it is possible (though a bit challenging) to
define new shapes.
                                                                                         
                                                                                         
<!--l. 150--><p class="noindent">
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.6   </span> <a 
 id="x7-720006.6"></a>Special Syntax for Specifying Trees</h4>
<!--l. 152--><p class="noindent">In addition to the &#8220;node syntax,&#8221; Ti<span 
class="cmti-10">k</span>Z&nbsp;also introduces a special syntax for drawing trees. The syntax is intergrated
with the special node syntax and only few new commands need to be remebered. In essence, a <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">node</span></span></span> can be followed
by any number of children, each introduced by the keyword <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">child</span></span></span>. The children are nodes themselves, each of which
may have children in turn.
<!--l. 159--><p class="noindent"><div class="obeylines-v"></div><!--tex4ht:inline--><div class="tabular">
<table class="tabular" 
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"  
frame="void" id="TBL-69-" ><colgroup id="TBL-69-1g"><col 
id="TBL-69-1"><col 
id="TBL-69-2"></colgroup><tr  
 valign="baseline" id="TBL-69-1-"><td  align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-69-1-1"  
class="td11">  &nbsp;<object data="pgfmanual-69.svg" width="88.1847pt" height="98.57181pt" type="image/svg+xml"><p>SVG-Viewer needed.</p></object>&nbsp;  </td><td  align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-69-1-2"  
class="td11">  <table class="minipage"><tr><td><div class="obeylines-v">
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">\begin{tikzpicture}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\node</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;{root}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;child</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;{node</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;{left}}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;child</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;{node</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;{right}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;child</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;{node</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;{child}}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;child</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;{node</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;{child}}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;};</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">\end{tikzpicture}</span></div>                                                                                             </td></tr></table> </td>
</tr></table></div>
<!--l. 170--><p class="indent">   Since trees are made up from nodes, it is possible to use options to modify the way trees are drawn. Here are two
examples of the above tree, redrawn with different options:
<!--l. 174--><p class="noindent"><div class="obeylines-v"></div><!--tex4ht:inline--><div class="tabular"><table class="tabular" 
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"  
frame="void" id="TBL-70-" ><colgroup id="TBL-70-1g"><col 
id="TBL-70-1"><col 
id="TBL-70-2"></colgroup><tr  
 valign="baseline" id="TBL-70-1-"><td  align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-70-1-1"  
class="td11">  &nbsp;<object data="pgfmanual-70.svg" width="88.1847pt" height="98.57181pt" type="image/svg+xml"><p>SVG-Viewer needed.</p></object>&nbsp;  </td><td  align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-70-1-2"  
class="td11">  <table class="minipage"><tr><td><div class="obeylines-v">
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">\begin{tikzpicture}[edge</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;from</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;parent</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;fork</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;down]</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\tikzstyle{every</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;node}=[fill=red!30,rounded</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;corners]</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\tikzstyle{edge</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;from</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;parent}=[red,-o,thick,draw]</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\node</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;{root}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;child</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;{node</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;{left}}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;child</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;{node</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;{right}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;child</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;{node</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;{child}}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;child</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;{node</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;{child}}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;};</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">\end{tikzpicture}</span></div>                                                                                             </td></tr></table> </td>
</tr></table></div>
<!--l. 187--><p class="noindent"><div class="obeylines-v"></div><!--tex4ht:inline--><div class="tabular"><table class="tabular" 
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"  
frame="void" id="TBL-71-" ><colgroup id="TBL-71-1g"><col 
id="TBL-71-1"><col 
id="TBL-71-2"></colgroup><tr  
 valign="baseline" id="TBL-71-1-"><td  align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-71-1-1"  
class="td11">  &nbsp;<object data="pgfmanual-71.svg" width="114.55649pt" height="91.72525pt" type="image/svg+xml"><p>SVG-Viewer needed.</p></object>&nbsp;  </td><td  align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-71-1-2"  
class="td11">  <table class="minipage"><tr><td><div class="obeylines-v">
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">\begin{tikzpicture}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;[parent</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;anchor=east,child</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;anchor=west,grow=east]</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\tikzstyle{every</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;node}=[ball</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;color=red,circle,text=white]</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\tikzstyle{edge</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;from</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;parent}=[draw,dashed,thick,red]</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\node</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;{root}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;child</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;{node</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;{left}}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;child</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;{node</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;{right}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;child</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;{node</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;{child}}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;child</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;{node</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;{child}}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;};</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">\end{tikzpicture}</span></div>                                                                                             </td></tr></table> </td>
</tr></table></div>
                                                                                         
                                                                                         
<!--l. 201--><p class="noindent">
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.7   </span> <a 
 id="x7-730006.7"></a>Grouping of Graphic Parameters</h4>
<!--l. 203--><p class="noindent">Graphic parameters should often apply to several path drawing or filling commands. For example, we may wish to
draw numerous lines all with the same line width of 1pt. For this, we put these commands in a <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">{scope}</span></span></span>
environment that takes the desired graphic options as an optional parameter. Naturally, the specified graphic
parameters apply only to the drawing and filling commands inside the environment. Furthermore, nested
<span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">{scope}</span></span></span> environments or individual drawing commands can override the graphic parameters of outer
<span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">{scope}</span></span></span> environments. In the following example, three red lines, two green lines, and one blue line are
drawn:
<!--l. 214--><p class="noindent"><div class="obeylines-v"></div><!--tex4ht:inline--><div class="tabular"><table class="tabular" 
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"  
frame="void" id="TBL-72-" ><colgroup id="TBL-72-1g"><col 
id="TBL-72-1"><col 
id="TBL-72-2"></colgroup><tr  
 valign="baseline" id="TBL-72-1-"><td  align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-72-1-1"  
class="td11">  &nbsp;<object data="pgfmanual-72.svg" width="28.85274pt" height="28.85274pt" type="image/svg+xml"><p>SVG-Viewer needed.</p></object> &nbsp;  </td><td  align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-72-1-2"  
class="td11">  <table class="minipage"><tr><td><div class="obeylines-v">
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">\begin{tikzpicture}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\begin{scope}[color=red]</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\draw</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;(0mm,10mm)</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;--</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;(10mm,10mm);</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\draw</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;(0mm,</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;8mm)</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;--</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;(10mm,</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;8mm);</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\draw</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;(0mm,</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;6mm)</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;--</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;(10mm,</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;6mm);</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\end{scope}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\begin{scope}[color=green]</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\draw</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;(0mm,</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;4mm)</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;--</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;(10mm,</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;4mm);</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\draw</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;(0mm,</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;2mm)</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;--</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;(10mm,</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;2mm);</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\draw[color=blue]</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;(0mm,</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;0mm)</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;--</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;(10mm,</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;0mm);</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\end{scope}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">\end{tikzpicture}</span></div>                                                                                             </td></tr></table> </td>
</tr></table></div>
<!--l. 229--><p class="indent">   The <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">{tikzpicture}</span></span></span> environment itself also behaves like a <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">{scope}</span></span></span> environment, that is, you can
specify graphic parameters using an optional argument. These optional apply to all commands in the
picture.
<!--l. 235--><p class="noindent">
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.8   </span> <a 
 id="x7-740006.8"></a>Coordinate Transformation System</h4>
<!--l. 237--><p class="noindent">Ti<span 
class="cmti-10">k</span>Z&nbsp;relies entirely on <span 
class="cmcsc-10"><small 
class="small-caps">P</small><small 
class="small-caps">G</small><small 
class="small-caps">F</small></span>&#8217;s <span 
class="cmti-10">coordinate </span>transformation system to perform transformations. <span 
class="cmcsc-10"><small 
class="small-caps">P</small><small 
class="small-caps">G</small><small 
class="small-caps">F</small></span>&nbsp;also supports
<span 
class="cmti-10">canvas </span>transformations, a more low-level transformation system, but this system is not accessible from Ti<span 
class="cmti-10">k</span>Z. There
are two reasons for this: First, the canvas transformation must be used with great care and often results in &#8220;bad&#8221;
graphics with changing line width and text in wrong sizes. Second, <span 
class="cmcsc-10"><small 
class="small-caps">P</small><small 
class="small-caps">G</small><small 
class="small-caps">F</small></span>&nbsp;looses track of where nodes and shapes are
positioned when canvas transformations are used.
<!--l. 246--><p class="indent">   For more details on the difference between coordinate transformations and canvas transformations see
Section&nbsp;<a 
href="pgfmanualse18.html#x19-19100018.4">18.4<!--tex4ht:ref: section-design-transformations --></a>.
                                                                                         
                                                                                         
                                                                                         
                                                                                         
                                                                                         
                                                                                         
   <div class="crosslinks"><p class="noindent">[<a 
href="pgfmanualse7.html" >next</a>] [<a 
href="pgfmanualse6.html" >front</a>] [<a 
href="pgfmanual.html#pgfmanualse6.html" >up</a>] </p></div>
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 id="tailpgfmanualse6.html"></a>   
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