path: root/Master/texmf-dist/doc/generic/dcpic/eurotex2001.tex

% $Id: eurotex2001-pqa-article.tex,v 1.9 2001/11/12 09:53:59 pedro Exp pedro $
\documentclass{europroc}
\usepackage[dvips]{graphicx}
\usepackage{dcpic,pictex}
\usepackage{calrsfs}
\usepackage{dsfont}
\usepackage{alltt}



\begin{document}

\title[DCpic]{DCpic, Commutative Diagrams in a (La)\TeX\ Document}
\author[Pedro Quaresma]{Pedro Quaresma\thanks{This work was partially
supported by the Portuguese Ministry of Science and Technology (MCT),
under the programme PRAXIS XXI.}\\ CISUC\\ Departamento de
Matem{\'a}tica, Universidade de Coimbra\\ 3001-454 COIMBRA, PORTUGAL}


\maketitle

\begin{abstract}
  DCpic is a package of \TeX\ macros for graphing Commutative Diagrams
  in a (La)\TeX\ or Con\TeX t document. Its distinguishing features
  are: the use of \PiCTeX\ a powerful graphical engine, and a simple
  specification syntax. A commutative diagram is described in
  terms of its objects and its arrows. The objects are
  textual elements and the arrows can have various straight or curved
  forms.
  
  We describe the syntax and semantics of the user's commands, and
  present many examples of their use.
\end{abstract}

\keywords{Commutative Diagrams, (La)\TeX, \PiCTeX}

\section{Introduction}

\initial{3}{C}{\scshape ommutative Diagrams} (Diagramas Comutativos,
in Portuguese), are a kind of graphs which are widely used in Category
Theory~\cite{Herrlich73,MacLane71,Pierce98}, not only as a concise and
convenient notation but also for ``arrow chasing'', a powerful tool
for mathematical thought. For example, the fact that in a Category we
have arrow composition is easily expressed by the following
commutative diagram.

$$
\begindc{\commdiag}[30]
\obj(10,15){$A$}
\obj(25,15){$B$}
\obj(40,15){$C$}
\mor(10,15)(25,15){$f$}
\mor(25,15)(40,15){$g$}
\cmor((10,11)(11,7)(15,6)(25,6)(35,6)(39,7)(40,11))
\pup(25,3){$g\circ f$}
\enddc
$$

The word commutative means that the result from going throught the
path $f$ plus $g$ is equal to the result from going throught the path
$g\circ f$. Most of the graphs used in Category Theory are digraphs which
we can specify in terms of its objects, and its arrows.

The (La)\TeX\ approach to typesetting can be characterized as
``logical design''~\cite{Knuth86,Lamport94,Otten99}, but commutative
diagrams are pieces of ``visual design'', and that, in our opinion is
the {\em piece de resistance} of commutative diagrams package
implementation in (La)\TeX. In a commutative diagrams package a user
seeks the simplest notation, a logical notation, with the most
powerful graphical engine possible, the visual part. The DCpic
package, along with the package by John
Reynolds~\cite{Feruglio94,Reynolds87}, has the simplest notation off
all the commutative diagrams packages described in the Feruglio
article~\cite{Feruglio94}. In terms of graphical capabilities the
\PiCTeX~\cite{Wichura87} package provides us with the best
\TeX-graphics engine, that is, without going to {\em Postscript}
specials.

The DCpic package depends only of \PiCTeX\ and \TeX,
which means that you can use it in all formats that are based on these
two. We have tested DCpic with \LaTeX, \TeX\ plain, pdf\LaTeX,
pdf\TeX~\cite{Thanh99}, and Con\TeX t~\cite{Otten99}; we are confident
that it can be used under many other formats.

The present version (3.1) of DCpic package is available in CTAN and in
the author's Web-page\footnote{http://www.mat.uc.pt/{\~{}}pedro/LaTeX/}.


\section{Constructing Commutative Diagrams}

DCpic depends on \PiCTeX, thus you must include an apropriate command
to load \PiCTeX\ and DCpic in your document,
e.g. ``{\tt $\backslash$usepackage\{dcpic,pictex\}}'', in a \LaTeX\ document.

A commutative diagram in DCpic is a ``picture'' in \PiCTeX, in which
we place our {\em objects} and {\em morphisms} (arrows). The user's
commands in DCpic are: {\tt begindc} and {\tt enddc} which establishe
the coordinate system where the objects will by placed; {\tt obj}, the
command which defines the place and the contents of each object; {\tt
mor}, and {\tt cmor}, the commands which define the morphisms, linear
and curved arrows, and its labels.

Now we will describe each of these commands in greater detail.

\subsection{The Diagram Environment}

The command {\tt begindc}, establishes a Cartesian coordinate system
with 1pt units,

\begin{alltt}
  \(\backslash\)begindc[{\em<magnification factor>}] \dots \(\backslash\)enddc
\end{alltt}
such a small unit gives us a good control over the placement of the
graphical objects, but in most of the diagrams not involving curved
arrows such a ``fine grain'' is not desirable, so the optional
argument specifies a magnifying factor $m\in\mathds{N}$, with a default
value of 30. The advantage of this decision is twofold: we can define
the ``grain'' of the diagram, and we can adjust the size of the
diagram to the available space.
\begin{itemize}
\item a ``course grain'' diagram is specified almost as a table, with
the numbers giving us the lines and the columns were the objects will
be placed, the following diagram has the default magnification factor:

\begin{center}
  \begin{tabular}{cc}
    \begindc{\commdiag}[300]
    \obj(1,1){$A$}
    \obj(3,1){$B$}
    \obj(3,3){$C$}
    \mor(1,1)(3,1){$f$}[\atright,\solidarrow]
    \mor(1,1)(3,3){$g$}
    \mor(3,1)(3,3){$h$}[\atright,\solidarrow]
    \enddc &\tt
    \begin{tabular}[b]{l}
      $\backslash$begindc\{$\backslash$commdiag\}\\
      $\backslash$obj(1,1)\{\$A\$\}\\
      $\backslash$obj(3,1)\{\$B\$\}\\
      $\backslash$obj(3,3)\{\$C\$\}\\
      $\backslash$mor(1,1)(3,1)\{\$f\$\}[$\backslash$atright,$\backslash$solidarrow]\\
      $\backslash$mor(1,1)(3,3)\{\$g\$\}\\
      $\backslash$mor(3,1)(3,3)\{\$h\$\}[$\backslash$atright,$\backslash$solidarrow]\\
      $\backslash$enddc 
    \end{tabular}
  \end{tabular}
\end{center}
\item a ``fine grain'' diagram is a bit harder to design but it gives
us a better control over the objects placement, the following diagram
has a magnification factor of three, this gives us the capability of
drawing the arrows $f$ and $f^\prime$ very close together:
\begin{center}
  \begin{tabular}{cc}
    \begindc{\commdiag}[30]
    \obj(10,10){$A$}
    \obj(30,10){$B$}
    \obj(30,30){$C$}
    \mor(10,9)(30,9){$f$}[\atright,\solidarrow]
    \mor(10,11)(30,11){$f^\prime$}
    \mor(10,10)(30,30){$g$}
    \mor(30,10)(30,30){$h$}[\atright,\solidarrow]
    \enddc &\tt
    \begin{tabular}[b]{l}
      $\backslash$begindc\{$\backslash$commdiag\}[30]\\
      $\backslash$obj(10,10)\{\$A\$\}\\
      $\backslash$obj(30,10)\{\$B\$\}\\
      $\backslash$obj(30,30)\{\$C\$\}\\
      $\backslash$mor(10,9)(30,9)\{\$f\$\}[$\backslash$atright,$\backslash$solidarrow]\\
      $\backslash$mor(10,11)(30,11)\{\$f{\^{}}$\backslash$prime\$\}\\
      $\backslash$mor(10,10)(30,30)\{\$g\$\}\\
      $\backslash$mor(30,10)(30,30)\{\$h\$\}[$\backslash$atright,$\backslash$solidarrow]\\
      $\backslash$enddc 
    \end{tabular}
  \end{tabular}
\end{center}
\item the magnification factor gives us the capability of adapting the
  size of the diagram to the available space, without having to
  redesign the diagram, for example the specification of the 
  next two diagrams differs only in the magnification factor: 30 for
  the first; and 25 for the second.
\begin{center}
  \begin{tabular}{cc}
    \begindc{\commdiag}[300]
    \obj(1,1){$A$}
    \obj(3,1){$B$}
    \obj(3,3){$C$}
    \mor(1,1)(3,1){$f$}[\atright,\solidarrow]
    \mor(1,1)(3,3){$g$}
    \mor(3,1)(3,3){$h$}[\atright,\solidarrow]
    \enddc &
    \begindc{\commdiag}[250]
    \obj(1,1){$A$}
    \obj(3,1){$B$}
    \obj(3,3){$C$}
    \mor(1,1)(3,1){$f$}[\atright,\solidarrow]
    \mor(1,1)(3,3){$g$}
    \mor(3,1)(3,3){$h$}[\atright,\solidarrow]
    \enddc 
  \end{tabular}
\end{center}
\end{itemize}

Note that the magnification factor does not interfere with the size of
the objects, but only with the size of the diagram as a whole.

After establishing our ``drawing board'' we can begin placing our
``objects'' on it, we have three commands to do so, the {\tt obj},
{\tt mor}, and {\tt cmor}, for objects, morphisms, and ``curved''
morphisms respectively.


\subsection{Objects}

Each object has a place and a content

\begin{alltt}
  \(\backslash\)obj({\em<x>},{\em<y>})\{{\em<contents>}\}
\end{alltt}
the $x$ and $y$, integer values, will be multiplied by the magnifying
factor. The {\em contents} will be put in the centre of an ``hbox''
expanding to both sides of $(m\times x,m\times y)$.


\subsection{Linear Arrows}


Each linear arrow will have as mandatory arguments two pairs of
coordinates, the beginning and the ending points, and a label,

{\small\begin{alltt}
\(\backslash\)mor({\em<x1>},{\em<y1>})({\em<x2>},{\em<y2>})[{\em<d1>},{\em<d2>}]\{{\em<label>}\}[{\em<label placement>},{\em<arrow type>}]
\end{alltt}}%
\noindent the other arguments are opcional. The two pairs of coordinates should
coincide with the coordinates of two objects in the diagram, but no
verification of this fact is made. The line connecting the two points
is constructed in the following way: the beginning is given by a point
10pt away from the point $(m\times x_1,m\times y_1)$, likewise the end point is
10 points away from $(m\times x_2,m\times y_2)$. If the ``arrow type'' specifies
that, a tail, and a pointer (arrow) will be added.  If the arrow is
horizontal (vertical) the label is placed in a ``hbox'' with centre
point, $(x_l,y_l)$, at a distance of 10 points plus a correction
factor depending of the ``hbox'' width (height) from the middle point
of the arrow. If the arrow is obliquos the point $(x_l,y_l)$, at a
distance of 10 points from the middle point of the arrow, will be the
bottom-right corner or the top-left corner of the ``hbox'' containing
the label, depending of the angle of the arrow, and the label
placement. In all cases the position of the
``hbox'' is such that the contents of it will not interfere with the
line.

The distance from the point $(m\times x_1,m\times y_1)$ to the actual beginning of the
arrow may be modified by the user with the specification of $d_1$, the
same thing happens for the arrow actual ending in which case the
user-value will be $d_2$. The specification of $d_1$ and $d_2$ is
optional. 

The placement of the label, to the left (default value), or to the
right, and the type of the arrow: a solid arrow (default value), a
dashed arrow, a line, an injection arrow, or an application arrow, are
the last optional arguments of this command.


\subsection{Quadratic Arrows}

The command that draws curved lines in DCpic uses the {\tt
setquadratic} command of \PiCTeX, this will imply a quadratic
curve specified by an odd-number of points,

{\small\begin{alltt}
  \(\backslash\)cmor({\em<list of points>}){\textvisiblespace}{\em<arrow direction>}({\em<x>},{\em<y>})\{{\em<label>}\}[{\em<arrow type>}]
\end{alltt}}
\noindent the space after the list of points is mandatory. After drawing the
curved line we must put the tip of the arrow on it, at present it is
only possible to choose from: up, down, left, or right pointing arrow,
and we must explicitly specify what type we want. The next thing to
draw it is the arrow label, the placement of that label is determined
by the $x$, and $y$ values which give us the coordinates, after being
magnified, of the centre of the ``hbox'' that will contain the label
itself.

The arrow type is an optional argument, its default value is a solid
arrow, the other possible values are a dashed arrow and a line, in
this last case the arrow tip is omitted. The arrow type values are a
subset of those of the {\tt mor} command.

A rectangular curve with rounded corners is easy to specify and should
cater for most needs, with this in mind we give the following tip to
the user: to specify a rectangular, with rounded corners, curve we
choose the points which give us the {\em expanded chess-horse
movement}, that is, $(x,y)$, $(x\pm4,y\mp1)$, $(x\mp1,y\pm4)$, or
$(x,y)$,$(x\pm1,y\mp4)$, $(x\mp4,y\pm1)$, those sets of points will give us
the four corners of the rectangle; to form the whole line it is only
necessary to add an odd number of points joining the two (or more)
corners.


\section{Examples}

We now present some examples that give an idea of the DCpic package
capabilities. We will present here the diagrams, and in the appendix
the code which produced such diagrams.

\subsection{The Easy Ones}

The diagrams presented in this section are very easy to specify in the
DCpic syntax, just a couple of objects and the arrows joining them.

\begin{description}
\item[Push-out and Exponentials:] 


$$
\begindc{\commdiag}[260] 
\obj(1,1){$Z$} 
\obj(1,3){$X$}
\obj(3,1){$Y$}
\obj(3,3){$P$}
\obj(5,5){$P^\prime$}
\mor(1,1)(1,3){$f$}
\mor(1,1)(3,1){$g$}[\atright,\solidarrow]
\mor(1,3)(3,3){$r$}[\atright,\solidarrow]
\mor(3,1)(3,3){$s$}
\mor(1,3)(5,5){$r^\prime$}
\mor(3,1)(5,5){$s^\prime$}[\atright,\solidarrow]
\mor(3,3)(5,5){$h$}[\atright,\dashArrow]
\enddc
\qquad
\begindc{\commdiag}[350] 
\obj(1,3)[A]{$Z^Y\times Y$}
\obj(3,3)[B]{$Z$}
\obj(3,1)[C]{$X\times{}Y$}
\obj(4,1)[D]{$X$}
\obj(4,3)[E]{$Z^Y$}
\mor{A}{B}{$ev$}
\mor{C}{A}{$f\times{}\mathrm{id}$}
\mor{C}{B}{$\overline{f}$}[\atright,\dashArrow]
\mor{D}{E}{$f$}[\atright,\solidarrow]
\enddc
$$

\item[Function Restriction and the {\em CafeOBJ\/}
Cube~\cite{Diaconescu98}]

%\footnotetext{R. Diaconescu and K. Futatsugi, The CafeOBJ Report,
%World Scientific, 1998}

$$
\begindc{\commdiag}[280]
\obj(1,1){$X$}
\obj(1,3){$X^\prime$}
\obj(4,1){$Y$}
\obj(4,3){$Y^\prime$}
\mor(1,1)(4,1){$f$}
\mor(1,3)(1,1){}[\atright,\injectionarrow]
\mor(4,3)(4,1){}[\atright,\injectionarrow]
\mor(1,3)(4,3){$g=f|^{Y^\prime}_{X^\prime}$}
\enddc
\qquad
\begindc{\commdiag}[170]
\obj(1,1){MSA}
\obj(5,1){RWL}
\obj(3,3){OSA}
\obj(7,3){OSRWL}
\obj(1,4){HSA}
\obj(5,4){HSRWL}
\obj(3,6){HOSA}
\obj(7,6){HOSRWL}
\mor{MSA}{RWL}{}
\mor{MSA}{HSA}{}
\mor{MSA}{OSA}{}
\mor{RWL}{HSRWL}{} 
\mor{RWL}{OSRWL}{}
\mor{OSA}{HOSA}{}
\mor{OSA}{OSRWL}{}
\mor{OSRWL}{HOSRWL}{}
\mor{HSA}{HSRWL}{} 
\mor{HSA}{HOSA}{} 
\mor{HOSA}{HOSRWL}{} 
\mor{HSRWL}{HOSRWL}{}
\enddc
$$
\end{description}

\subsection{The Not so Easy}

The diagrams presented in this section are a bit harder to specify. We
have curved arrows, and also double arrows. The construction of the
former was already explained. The double arrow (and triple, and \dots)
is made with two distinct arrows drawn close to each other in a
diagram with a very ``fine grain'', that is, using a magnifying factor
of just 2 or 3.

All the diagrams were made completely within DCpic.

\begin{description}
\item[Equaliser, and a 3-Category:] 

$$
\begindc{\commdiag}[20]
\obj(1,1){$Z$}
\obj(1,36){$\overline{ X}$}
\obj(36,36){$X$}
\obj(52,36){$Y$}
\mor(1,1)(1,36){$\overline{ h}$}[\atleft,\dashArrow]
\mor(1,1)(36,36){$h$}[\atright,\solidarrow]
\mor(1,36)(36,36){$e$}
\mor(36,37)(52,37)[80,80]{$f$}
\mor(36,35)(52,35)[80,80]{$g$}[\atright,\solidarrow]
\enddc
\qquad
\begindc{\commdiag}[30]
\obj(14,11){$A$}
\obj(39,11){$C$}
\obj(26,35){$B$}
\mor(14,11)(39,11){$h$}[\atright,\solidarrow]
\mor(14,11)(26,35){$f$}
\mor(26,35)(39,11){$g$}
\cmor((11,10)(10,10)(9,10)(5,11)(4,15)(5,19)(9,20)(13,19)(14,15))
 \pdown(1,20){$id_A$}
\cmor((42,10)(43,10)(44,10)(48,11)(49,15)(48,19)(44,20)(40,19)(39,15))
 \pdown(52,20){$id_C$}
\cmor((26,39)(27,43)(31,44)(35,43)(36,39)(35,36)(31,35))
 \pleft(40,40){$id_B$}
\enddc
$$


\item[Isomorfisms:] 

$$
\begindc{\commdiag}[30]
\obj(10,15){$A$}
\obj(40,15){$A$}
\obj(25,15){$B$}
\mor(10,15)(25,15){$f$}
\mor(25,15)(40,15){$g$}
\cmor((10,11)(11,7)(15,6)(25,6)(35,6)(39,7)(40,11)) \pup(25,3){$id_A$}
\obj(55,15){$B$}
\obj(85,15){$B$}
\obj(70,15){$A$}
\mor(55,15)(70,15){$g$}
\mor(70,15)(85,15){$f$}
\cmor((55,11)(56,7)(60,6)(70,6)(80,6)(84,7)(85,11)) \pup(70,3){$id_B$}
\enddc
$$


\item[Godement's ``five'' rules~\cite{Herrlich73}:]
%\footnotetext{H. Herrlich and G. Strecker, Category Theory, Allyn and
%Bacon Inc, 1973}

$$
\begindc{\commdiag}[70]
\obj(12,10)[A]{$\mathcal{A}$}
\obj(19,10)[B]{$\mathcal{B}$}
\obj(26,10)[C]{$\mathcal{C}$}
\obj(34,10)[D]{$\mathcal{D}$}
\obj(41,10)[E]{$\mathcal{E}$}
\obj(48,10)[F]{$\mathcal{F}$}
\mor(12,10)(19,10){$L$}
\mor(19,10)(26,10){$K$}
\mor(26,10)(34,10){$V\qquad\ $}
\mor(26,12)(34,12){$U$}
\mor(26,12)(34,12){$\downarrow\xi$}[\atright,\solidarrow]
\mor(26,8)(34,8){$\downarrow\eta$}
\mor(26,8)(34,8){$W$}[\atright,\solidarrow]
\mor(34,11)(41,11){$F$}
\mor(34,9)(41,9){$\downarrow\mu$}
\mor(34,9)(41,9){$H$}[\atright,\solidarrow]
\mor(41,10)(48,10){$G$}
\enddc
$$
\end{description}

\subsection{The others \dots}

It was already stated that some kinds of arrows are not supported in
DCpic, e.g., $\Rightarrow$, but we can put a \PiCTeX\ command inside a DCpic
diagram, so we can produce a diagram like the one that we will show
now. Its complete specification within DCpic is not possible, at least
for the moment.

\begin{description}
\item[Lax coproduct~\cite{Abramsky92}]

$$
\begindc{\commdiag}[30]
\obj(10,50){$A$}
\obj(50,50){$A\oplus B$}
\obj(90,50){$B$}
\obj(50,10){$C$}
\obj(50,37){$[\sigma,\tau]$}
\mor(10,50)(50,10){$f$}[\atright,\solidarrow]
\mor(10,50)(50,50)[100,160]{$inl$}
\mor(90,50)(50,50)[100,160]{$inr$}[\atright,\solidarrow]
\mor(90,50)(50,10){$g$}
\cmor((480,460)(440,300)(480,140)) \pdown(40,40){}[\solidline]
\cmor((520,460)(560,300)(520,140)) \pdown(60,42){$[f,g]$}[\solidline]
\arrow <6pt> [.2,.4] from 143 44 to 144 42
\arrow <6pt> [.2,.4] from 157 44 to 156 42
\setlinear
% primeira implica{\c c}{\~a}o (simples)
\plot 160 100 141 91 /
\plot 160 104 140 94 /
\arrow <8pt> [.4,.8] from 137 91 to 135 90
% segunda implica{\c c}{\~a}o (quebrada)
\plot 123 66 168 90 /
\plot 122 69 168 94 /
\plot 168 90 203 90 /
\plot 168 94 203 94 /
\arrow <8pt> [.4,.8] from 207 92 to 208 92
\arrow <8pt> [.4,.8] from 120 66 to 118 65
\obj(39,27)[inlfg]{\small $inl_{f,g}$}
\obj(63,34)[inrfg]{\small $inr_{f,g}$}
% terceira implica{\c c}{\~a}o (quebrada)
\plot 132 55 136 60 /
\plot 132 59 136 64 /
\plot 136 60 173 60 /
\plot 136 64 173 64 /
\arrow <8pt> [.4,.8] from 178 62 to 179 62
\arrow <8pt> [.4,.8] from 130 55 to 129 54
\obj(45,17){$\sigma$}
\obj(50,18){$\tau$}
\enddc
$$
%\footnotetext{Handbook of Logic in Computer Science, Volume 1, Clarendon
%Press, Oxford, 1992, pg. 511}

\end{description}

\section{DCpic compared}

If one took the Feruglio article~\cite{Feruglio94} about typesetting
commutative diagrams in (La)\TeX\ we can say that:

\begin{itemize}
\item the graphical capabilities of DCpic are among the
  best. Excluding packages which use Postscript specials the DCpic
  package is the best among available packages.
\item the specification syntax is one of the simplest, the package by
  John Reynolds has a very similar syntax.
\end{itemize}

We did not try to take any measure of computational performance. 

The following diagram is one of the test-diagrams used by Feruglio, as
we can see DCpic performs very well, drawing the complete diagram
based on a very simple specification.

\newcommand{\barraA}{\vrule height2em width0em depth0em}
\newcommand{\barraB}{\vrule height1.6em width0em depth0em}

\centerline{
\begindc{\commdiag}[350]
\obj(1,1){$G$}
\obj(3,1){$G_{r^*}$}
\obj(5,1){$H$}
\obj(2,2){$\Sigma^G$}
\obj(6,2){$\Sigma^H$}
\obj(1,3){$L_m$}
\obj(3,3){$K_{r,m}$}
\obj(5,3){$R_{m^*}$}
\obj(1,5){$L$}
\obj(3,5){$L_r$}
\obj(5,5){$R$}
\obj(2,6){$\Sigma^L$}
\obj(6,6){$\Sigma^R$}
\mor(1,1)(2,2){$\lambda^G$}
\mor(3,1)(1,1){$i_5$}[\atleft,\aplicationarrow]
\mor(3,1)(5,1){$r^*$}[\atright,\solidarrow]
\mor(5,1)(6,2){$\lambda^H$}[\atright,\dashArrow]
\mor(2,2)(6,2){$\varphi^{r^*}$}[\atright,\solidarrow]
\mor(1,3)(1,1){$m$}[\atright,\solidarrow]
\mor(1,3)(1,5){$i_2$}[\atleft,\aplicationarrow]
\mor(3,3)(1,3)[140,100]{$i_3\quad$}[\atright,\aplicationarrow]
\mor(3,3)(5,3)[140,100]{$r$}
\mor(3,3)(3,5){$i_4$}[\atright,\aplicationarrow]
\mor(3,3)(3,1){$\stackrel{\displaystyle m}{\barraB}$}
\mor(5,3)(5,5){$i_6$}[\atright,\aplicationarrow]
\mor(5,3)(5,1){$\stackrel{\displaystyle m^*}{\barraA}$}
\mor(1,5)(2,6){$\lambda^L$}
\mor(3,5)(1,5){$i_1\quad$}[\atright,\aplicationarrow]
\mor(3,5)(5,5){$r$}
\mor(5,5)(6,6){$\lambda^R$}[\atright,\solidarrow]
\mor(2,6)(2,2){$\varphi^m$}[\atright,\solidarrow]
\mor(2,6)(6,6){$\varphi^r$}
\mor(6,6)(6,2){$\varphi^{m^*}$}
\enddc
}


\section{Conclusions}

We think that DCpic performs well in the ``commutative diagrams
arena'', it is easy to use, with its commands we can produce
the most usual types of commutative diagrams, and if we accept the use
of \PiCTeX\ commands, we are capable of producing any kind of
diagram. It is also a (La)\TeX -only package, that is, the file
produced by DCpic does not  contain any Postscript special, neither
any special font, which in terms of portability is an advantage. 

The author and his colleagues in the Mathematics Department of Coimbra
University have been using the (now) old version (2.1) of DCpic for
some time with much success, some of the missing capabilities of the
older version were incorporated in the new version (3.1), and the
missing capabilities of the new version will be taken care in future
versions. 

%\bibliographystyle{plain}

%\bibliography{pedro}

\newcommand{\noopsort}[1]{} \newcommand{\singleletter}[1]{#1}
\begin{thebibliography}{10}

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S.~Abramsky, Dov Gabbay, and T.~Maibaum, editors.
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  Science Publications}.
\newblock Claredon Press, Oxford, 1992.

\bibitem{Diaconescu98}
R{\~a}zvan Diaconescu and Kokichi Futatsugi.
\newblock {\em CafeOBJ Report: The Language, Proof Techniques, and
  Methodologies for Object-Oriented Algebraic Specification}, volume~6 of {\em
  AMAST series in Computing}.
\newblock World Scientific, 1998.

\bibitem{Feruglio94}
{Gabriel Valiente} Feruglio.
\newblock Typesetting commutative diagrams.
\newblock {\em TUGboat}, 15(4):466--484, 1994.

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Horst Herrlich and George Strecker.
\newblock {\em Category Theory}.
\newblock Allyn and Bacon Inc., 1973.

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Donald~E. Knuth.
\newblock {\em The TeXbook}.
\newblock Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Reading,Massachusetts, 1986.

\bibitem{Lamport94}
Leslie Lamport.
\newblock {\em {\LaTeX}: A Document Preparation System}.
\newblock Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Reading, Massachusetts, 2nd
  edition, 1994.

\bibitem{MacLane71}
S.~MacLane.
\newblock {\em Categories for the Working Mathematician}.
\newblock Springer-Verlag, New York, 1971.

\bibitem{Otten99}
Ton Otten and Hans Hagen.
\newblock {\em Con\TeX t an excursion}.
\newblock Pragma ADE, Hasselt, 1999.

\bibitem{Pierce98}
Benjamin Pierce.
\newblock {\em Basic Category Theory for Computer Scientists}.
\newblock Foundations of Computing. The MIT Press, London, England, 1998.

\bibitem{Reynolds87}
John Reynolds.
\newblock {\em User's Manual for Diagram Macros}.
\newblock http://www.cs.cmu.edu/{\~{}}jcr/, 1987.
\newblock {\tt diagmac.doc}.

\bibitem{Thanh99}
{H\`{a}n Th{$\acute{\hat{\mathrm e}}$}} Th\`{a}nh, Sebastian Rahtz, and Hans
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\newblock {\em The pdfTeX manual}, 1999.

\bibitem{Wichura87}
Michael Wichura.
\newblock {\em The {\PiCTeX} Manual}.
\newblock M. Pfeffer \& Co., New York, 1987.

\end{thebibliography}

\section{Appendix: The DCpic Specifications}

\begin{description}

\item[Push-out:] {\ }

{\footnotesize
\begin{verbatim}
  \begindc{\commdiag}[260]
  \obj(1,1){$Z$} 
  \obj(1,3){$X$}
  \obj(3,1){$Y$}
  \obj(3,3){$P$}
  \obj(5,5){$P^\prime$}
  \mor(1,1)(1,3){$f$}
  \mor(1,1)(3,1){$g$}[\atright,\solidarrow]
  \mor(1,3)(3,3){$r$}[\atright,\solidarrow]
  \mor(3,1)(3,3){$s$}
  \mor(1,3)(5,5){$r^\prime$}
  \mor(3,1)(5,5){$s^\prime$}[\atright,\solidarrow]
  \mor(3,3)(5,5){$h$}[\atright,\dashArrow]
  \enddc
\end{verbatim}
}


\item[Exponentials:] {\ }

{\footnotesize
\begin{verbatim}
\begindc{\commdiag}[300]
\obj(1,3){$Z^Y\times Y$}
\obj(3,3){$Z$}
\obj(3,1){$X\times{}Y$}
\obj(4,1){$X$}
\obj(4,3){$Z^Y$}
\mor(1,3)(3,3)[20,10]{$ev$}
\mor(3,1)(1,3){$f\times{}\mathrm{id}$}
\mor(3,1)(3,3){$\overline{f}$}[\atright,\dashArrow]
\mor(4,1)(4,3){$f$}[\atright,\solidarrow]
\enddc
\end{verbatim}
}

\item[Function Restriction:] {\ }

{\footnotesize
\begin{verbatim}
\begindc{\commdiag}[280]
\obj(1,1){$X$}
\obj(1,3){$X^\prime$}
\obj(3,1){$Y$}
\obj(3,3){$Y^\prime$}
\mor(1,1)(3,1){$f$}
\mor(1,3)(1,1){}[\atright,\injectionarrow]
\mor(3,3)(3,1){}[\atright,\injectionarrow]
\mor(1,3)(3,3){$g=f|^{Y^\prime}_{X^\prime}$}
\enddc
\end{verbatim}
}

\item[{\em CafeOBJ\/} Cube:] {\ }

{\footnotesize
\begin{verbatim}
\begindc{\commdiag}[170]
\obj(1,1){MSA}
\obj(5,1){RWL}
\obj(3,3){OSA}
\obj(7,3){OSRWL}
\obj(1,4){HSA}
\obj(5,4){HSRWL}
\obj(3,6){HOSA}
\obj(7,6){HOSRWL}
\mor(1,1)(5,1)[15,15]{}
\mor(1,1)(1,4){} 
\mor(1,1)(3,3){} 
\mor(5,1)(5,4){} 
\mor(5,1)(7,3){} 
\mor(3,3)(3,6){} 
\mor(3,3)(7,3)[15,22]{}
\mor(7,3)(7,6){} 
\mor(1,4)(5,4)[15,22]{}
\mor(1,4)(3,6){} 
\mor(3,6)(7,6)[17,26]{}
\mor(5,4)(7,6){}
\enddc
\end{verbatim}
}


\item[Equaliser:] {\ }

{\footnotesize
\begin{verbatim}
\begindc{\commdiag}[20]
\obj(1,1){$Z$}
\obj(1,36){$\overline{ X}$}
\obj(36,36){$X$}
\obj(52,36){$Y$}
\mor(1,1)(1,36){$\overline{ h}$}[\atleft,\dashArrow]
\mor(1,1)(36,36){$h$}[\atright,\solidarrow]
\mor(1,36)(36,36){$e$}
\mor(36,37)(52,37)[8,8]{$f$}
\mor(36,35)(52,35)[8,8]{$g$}[\atright,\solidarrow]
\enddc
\end{verbatim}
}


\item[A 3-Category:] {\ }

{\footnotesize
\begin{verbatim}
\begindc{\commdiag}[30]
\obj(14,11){$A$}
\obj(39,11){$C$}
\obj(26,35){$B$}
\mor(14,11)(39,11){$h$}[\atright,\solidarrow]
\mor(14,11)(26,35){$f$}
\mor(26,35)(39,11){$g$}
\cmor((11,10)(10,10)(9,10)(5,11)(4,15)(5,19)(9,20)(13,19)(14,15))
 \pdown(1,20){$id_A$}
\cmor((42,10)(43,10)(44,10)(48,11)(49,15)(48,19)(44,20)(40,19)(39,15))
 \pdown(52,20){$id_C$}
\cmor((26,39)(27,43)(31,44)(35,43)(36,39)(35,36)(31,35)) \pleft(40,40){$id_B$}
\enddc
\end{verbatim}
}

\item[Isomorfisms:] {\ }

{\footnotesize
\begin{verbatim}
\begindc{\commdiag}[30]
\obj(10,15){$A$}
\obj(40,15){$A$}
\obj(25,15){$B$}
\mor(10,15)(25,15){$f$}
\mor(25,15)(40,15){$g$}
\cmor((10,11)(11,7)(15,6)(25,6)(35,6)(39,7)(40,11)) \pup(25,3){$id_A$}
\obj(55,15){$B$}
\obj(85,15){$B$}
\obj(70,15){$A$}
\mor(55,15)(70,15){$g$}
\mor(70,15)(85,15){$f$}
\cmor((55,11)(56,7)(60,6)(70,6)(80,6)(84,7)(85,11)) \pup(70,3){$id_B$}
\enddc
\end{verbatim}
}



\item[Godement's ``five'' rules:] {\ }

{\footnotesize
\begin{verbatim}
\begindc{\commdiag}[70]
\obj(12,10){$\mathcal{A}$}
\obj(19,10){$\mathcal{B}$}
\obj(26,10){$\mathcal{C}$}
\obj(34,10){$\mathcal{D}$}
\obj(41,10){$\mathcal{E}$}
\obj(48,10){$\mathcal{F}$}
\mor(12,10)(19,10){$L$}
\mor(19,10)(26,10){$K$}
\mor(26,10)(34,10){$V\qquad\ $}
\mor(26,12)(34,12){$U$}
\mor(26,12)(34,12){$\downarrow\xi$}[\atright,\solidarrow]
\mor(26,8)(34,8){$\downarrow\eta$}
\mor(26,8)(34,8){$W$}[\atright,\solidarrow]
\mor(34,11)(41,11){$F$}
\mor(34,9)(41,9){$\downarrow\mu$}
\mor(34,9)(41,9){$H$}[\atright,\solidarrow]
\mor(41,10)(48,10){$G$}
\enddc
\end{verbatim}
}

\item[Lax coproduct:] Guess how.

\item[DCpic and the others:] {\ }

{\footnotesize
\begin{verbatim}

\begindc{\commdiag}[350]
\obj(1,1){$G$}
\obj(3,1){$G_{r^*}$}
\obj(5,1){$H$}
\obj(2,2){$\Sigma^G$}
\obj(6,2){$\Sigma^H$}
\obj(1,3){$L_m$}
\obj(3,3){$K_{r,m}$}
\obj(5,3){$R_{m^*}$}
\obj(1,5){$L$}
\obj(3,5){$L_r$}
\obj(5,5){$R$}
\obj(2,6){$\Sigma^L$}
\obj(6,6){$\Sigma^R$}
\mor(1,1)(2,2){$\lambda^G$}
\mor(3,1)(1,1){$i_5$}[\atleft,\aplicationarrow]
\mor(3,1)(5,1){$r^*$}[\atright,\solidarrow]
\mor(5,1)(6,2){$\lambda^H$}[\atright,\dashArrow]
\mor(2,2)(6,2){$\varphi^{r^*}$}[\atright,\solidarrow]
\mor(1,3)(1,1){$m$}[\atright,\solidarrow]
\mor(1,3)(1,5){$i_2$}[\atleft,\aplicationarrow]
\mor(3,3)(1,3)[140,100]{$i_3\quad$}[\atright,\aplicationarrow]
\mor(3,3)(5,3)[140,100]{$r$}
\mor(3,3)(3,5){$i_4$}[\atright,\aplicationarrow]
\mor(3,3)(3,1){$\stackrel{\displaystyle m}{\barraB}$}
\mor(5,3)(5,5){$i_6$}[\atright,\aplicationarrow]
\mor(5,3)(5,1){$\stackrel{\displaystyle m^*}{\barraA}$}
\mor(1,5)(2,6){$\lambda^L$}
\mor(3,5)(1,5){$i_1\quad$}[\atright,\aplicationarrow]
\mor(3,5)(5,5){$r$}
\mor(5,5)(6,6){$\lambda^R$}[\atright,\solidarrow]
\mor(2,6)(2,2){$\varphi^m$}[\atright,\solidarrow]
\mor(2,6)(6,6){$\varphi^r$}
\mor(6,6)(6,2){$\varphi^{m^*}$}
\enddc
\end{verbatim}
}

\end{description}


\end{document}



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