summaryrefslogtreecommitdiff
path: root/Master/texmf-dist/doc/fonts/yannisgr/rgrpaper.tex
blob: 98aa8cd94e51041632ffe24468ff8dba92c833b5 (plain)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
%
% ************ tb26haralambous.tex
\input tugboat.sty
 
%\input mssymb
\font\cyr=mcyr10
%\input cyracc.def
 
\input rgreekmacros
\newcount\m \newcount\n \newcount\p \newdimen\dim
\chardef\other=12
\def\oct#1{\hbox{\tenrm\'{}\kern-.2em\tenit#1\/\kern.05em}} % octal constant
\def\hex#1{\hbox{\tenrm\H{}\tentt#1}} % hexadecimal constant
\def\setdigs#1"#2{\gdef\h{#2}% \h=hex prefix; \0\1=corresponding octal
 \m=\n \divide\m by 64 \xdef\0{\the\m}%
 \multiply\m by-64 \advance\m by\n \divide\m by 8 \xdef\1{\the\m}}
\def\testrow{\setbox0=\hbox{\penalty 1\def\\{\char"\h}%
 \\0\\1\\2\\3\\4\\5\\6\\7\\8\\9\\A\\B\\C\\D\\E\\F%
 \global\p=\lastpenalty}} % \p=1 if none of the characters exist
\def\oddline{\cr
  \noalign{\nointerlineskip}
  \multispan{19}\hrulefill&
  \setbox0=\hbox{\lower 2.3pt\hbox{\hex{\h x}}}\smash{\box0}\cr
  \noalign{\nointerlineskip}}
\newif\ifskipping
\def\evenline{\loop\skippingfalse
 \ifnum\n<128 \m=\n \divide\m 16 \chardef\next=\m
 \expandafter\setdigs\meaning\next \testrow
 \ifnum\p=1 \skippingtrue \fi\fi
 \ifskipping \global\advance\n 16 \repeat
 \ifnum\n=128 \let\next=\endchart\else\let\next=\morechart\fi
 \next}
\def\morechart{\cr\noalign{\hrule}
 \chartline \oddline \m=\1 \advance\m 1 \xdef\1{\the\m}
 \chartline \evenline}
\def\chartline{&\oct{\0\1x}&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&}
\def\chartstrut{\lower4.5pt\vbox to14pt{}}
\def\table{$$\global\n=0
  \halign to\hsize\bgroup
    \chartstrut##\tabskip0pt plus10pt&
    &\hfil##\hfil&\vrule##\cr
    \lower6.5pt\null
    &&&\oct0&&\oct1&&\oct2&&\oct3&&\oct4&&\oct5&&\oct6&&\oct7&\evenline}
\def\endchart{\cr\noalign{\hrule}
  \raise11.5pt\null&&&\hex 8&&\hex 9&&\hex A&&\hex B&
  &\hex C&&\hex D&&\hex E&&\hex F&\cr\egroup$$\par}
\def\:{\setbox0=\hbox{\char\n}%
  \ifdim\ht0>7.5pt\reposition
  \else\ifdim\dp0>2.5pt\reposition\fi\fi
  \box0\global\advance\n 1 }
\def\reposition{\setbox0=\vbox{\kern2pt\box0}\dim=\dp0
  \advance\dim 2pt \dp0=\dim}
\def\centerlargechars{
  \def\reposition{\setbox0=\hbox{$\vcenter{\kern2pt\box0\kern2pt}$}}}
\greekdelims
\font\ninergr=rgrrg10 scaled 900
 
\TBremark{Pick up fonts for Imagen.  Make fonts for APS}
 
\def\blash{\math\backslash\math}
\let\bs=\blash
\def\begineight{\smallskip\bgroup\eightpoint}
\def\endeight{\par\egroup\smallskip}
%\font\smallrg=rgrrg8         % commented out by rw
\def\QED.{\math\square\mah}
\def\O#1{\hbox{\rm\char'23\kern-.2em\it#1\/\kern.05em}} % octal constant
\def\refersto#1{\math{}^#1\math}
\def\referred#1{\par\hang\noindent#1.}  % overwritten below
\newdimen\thehangindent
\setbox0=\hbox{0. }
\thehangindent=\wd0
\def\referred#1{\par\hangindent\thehangindent\noindent
  \hbox to \thehangindent{\hss#1.\ }\ignorespaces}
 
\def\infoot{\baselineskip9.4pt\eightrm}
\def\@{@}
%\def\.#1{{\def\\{\backslash}\tentex#1}} % commented out by rfw
\font\qq=cmssqi8
\def\mottoline#1{{\rightline{\qq #1}}}
\def\htb{\hskip2pt\relax}
\def\frak{\fam\euffam}
%\def\cyr{\cyracc\tencyr}
 
% ***********************************************************************
 
\title * Typesetting Modern Greek with\\ 128 Character Codes \\ version 1.1*
 
\author * Yannis Haralambous *
\address * U.F.R. de Math\'ematiques\\
          Universit\'e de Lille--Flandres--Artois\\
          59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France *
\netaddress[\network{Bitnet}] * yannis@frcitl81 *
 
\author * Klaus Thull *
\address * Freie Universit\"at Berlin *
\netaddress[\network{Usenet}] * thull@fubinf.uucp *
\TBremark{Check Thull's network address; gateway didn't like "unido".}
\TBremark{this one generally works--kt}
 
\article
 
{\baselineskip11.3pt
\mottoline{``Ved dette v\ae ret,}
\mottoline{n\aa r det regner}
\mottoline{s\aa\ sn\o r det''}
\smallskip
\mottoline{--- Fr\o ydis Frosk}
}
 
\vskip8pt\noindent
In european scripts where diacritical marks are common,
there are (at least) two reasons to avoid \TeX's accent mechanism
in favor of many accented characters.
 
One is the possible misplacement of accents by |dvitype|'s rounding
algorithm;\TBremark{dvitype or a driver?}
\TBremark{really dvitype--kt}
the second is lack or invalidity of hyphenation.  For
example, large portions of german text may be unhyphenatable, and,
given the german inclination to long words, may not be in shape to be
typeset at all.  Thus, in Europe, the obvious thing to do is: let
$\MF$\ put the accents onto the letters, then access these characters
via \TeX's ligature mechanism.
 
Accordingly, the greek fonts created by Silvio Levy\refersto1 have
256 characters each, and are a fine tool to typeset greek texts,
ancient as well as modern, except those containing the most recent
unique accent ``$\monotoniko '{}$'' (see below).  But alas, there is
the commercial world, whose device drivers just cannot do 256-code
fonts (even |.pxl|-fonts were seen on the ``Big-Tech'' sales
exhibition in West Berlin last winter).  The free drivers are in
better shape generally, but often the commercial ones cannot be
disposed of in a hurry.  So we decided to reduce these fonts to 128
characters.  We kept only the ones strictly necessary for writing
modern greek without misusing the |\accent| primitive.  At the same
time, we constructed some new fonts, which we describe below.
 
\head * The Reduced Greek Fonts *
 
In modern post-war greek, the use of the grave accent ``$\grave{}$''
($bare'ia$) progressively faded, so that only two accents and the
breathings were left (this was the kind of greek the first author
learned at school). So the first reduction we did on Levy's fonts was
to omit all grave accents. Secondly, we made $s$ a free character
again, so that in the transliteration one has to type |s| for $s$,
and |c| for $c$.  Thirdly, we omitted the iota subscribed letters.
All these, however, can still be accessed by macros if so wished.
 
Let's recall now the procedure, most of which is due to Levy:  to
typeset greek, you get into ``Greek mode'' by typing |\begingreek|.
Similarly, you get out by typing |\endgreek|, but if you have to do
this often, it is better to type |\greekdelims| at the beginning of
your file. In that case |$| is used to enter and leave greekmode, and
|\math| takes the former meaning of |$| (do not forget to type
``{\tt\bs\SP}'').  The transliteration code is the following:
\display
\tabskip1.1pt
\hbox{\valign
{\hbox to 
8pt{\null\hfil\strut$#$\hfil}&\hbox to 8pt{\null\hfil\strut\tt#\hfil}\cr
a&a\cr b&b\cr g&g\cr d&d\cr e&e\cr z&z\cr h&h\cr j&j\cr
i&i\cr k&k\cr l&l\cr m&m\cr n&n\cr x&x\cr o&o\cr p&p\cr
r&r\cr s&s\cr c&c\cr t&t\cr u&u\cr f&f\cr q&q\cr y&y\cr w&w\cr}}
\enddisplay
To get an acute ($>oxe'ia$), or circumflex ($perispwm'enh$) accent you
type |'|~(single quote), or |~|~(tilde) resp.\ in front of the vowel.
To get a rough ($dase'ia$) or smooth ($yil'h$) breathing you type |<|
or |>|, resp., in front of the vowel or the accent, if there is one.
A diaeresis ($dialutik'a$) is represented by |"|~(double quote), and
for a diaeresis with acute accent, just type |"'|~(double quote,
single quote).  To get a vowel with a iota subscript
($<upogegramm'enh$) you have to use the macro |\I{...}|.
 
If you need one of the omitted accents or combination of accents,
you can get it by a macro:
for example
\list[\unitemized]
$\grave{e}$ by |\grave{e}|,
$\breve{a}$ by |\breve{a}|,
$\macron{h}$ by |\macron{h}|,
$\roughgrave{i}$ by |\roughgrave{i}|,
$\smoothgrave{o}$ by |\smoothgrave{o}|,
$\diaeresisgrave{w}$ by |\diaeresisgrave{w}|,
$\diaeresiscircumflex{u}$ by |\diaeresiscircumflex{u}|,
$\rhorough$ by |\rhorough|, and
$\rhosmooth$ by |\rhosmooth|.
\endlist
 
Finally, you have access to the following punctuation marks:
\display
\hbox{\tabskip1.5pt
\valign
{\hbox to 15pt{\hfil\strut$#$\hfil}&\hbox to 15pt{\hfil\strut\tt#\hfil}\cr
.&.\cr ,&,\cr ;&;\cr :&:\cr !&!\cr ?&?\cr ''&''\cr ((&((\cr
))&))\cr
}}
\enddisplay
as well as the ten digits, parentheses, hyphen, en-dash, slash,
percent sign, asterisk, plus and equal signs.
 
\head * Some New Fonts *
 
To write mathematics in greek one also needs slanted letters (for
statements of theorems, according to |amsppt| style) and small
capital letters (for titles and references). We have constructed
these fonts, in the same reduced way, so that, together with the
reduced Levy fonts, we obtain a complete family of greek fonts,
namely regular, boldface, slanted, and small caps.  We have called
these fonts |rgrrg|, |rgrbf|, |rgrsl|, |rgrsc|.  Inside of greek mode
you just write |\bf|, |\sl|, |\smc| as usual and |\rg|  (instead of
|\rm|) to get the regular gree font.
 
Here is an example of an alleged mathematical text, complete with
translation:
$
\proclaim \smc {1.1.4.} Jewrhma.
Gi'a k'aje jetik'o >ak'eraio
\math n\math,
<up'arqei m'ia tri'ada m'h mhdenik~wn >akera'iwn \math(x,y,z)\math, t'etoia
<~wste\math\math x^n+y^n=z^n.\math\math
 
\noindent{\smc Apodeixh tou 1.1.4.}  Gi'a \math n=2\math, ft'anei n'a p'aroume
\math x=3,y=4,z=5\math. Gi'a \math n\gt 2\math,
>af'hnoume t'hn >ap'odeixh st'on >anagn'wsth s'an >'askhsh.
{\bf <'o.>'e.d.}
$
 
\proclaim \smc {1.1.4.} Theorem.
For each positive integer \math n\math,
there exists a triple of non-zero integers \math (x,y,z)\math\ such that
\math\math x^n+y^n=z^n.\math\math
 
\noindent{\smc Proof of 1.1.4.}  For \math n=2\math, we find
\math x=3,y=4,z=5\math. For \math n\gt 2\math, the proof
left to the reader as an exercise.  {\bf q.e.d.}
 
\head * Fonts for one-accent greek *
 
Some years after the re-establishment of democracy in Greece in 1974,
a new system of accentuation has been introduced, omitting completely
breathings and subscript iota, and simplifying the two remaining
accents into one ``universal accent,'' $\monotoniko ' \polutoniko
(tonik'o shme~io).$ This system is currently taught at school and it
seems that any official document (including written examinations in
some high schools) written in the old fashion multi-accent system is
considered invalid (!).
 
So we thought that perhaps people would like to write in the old
system and have a font to print the same text in fully official
one-accent greek. We created fonts analogous to the reduced regular,
boldface, and slanted which we have denoted by the prefix ``|m|''
(for $monotonik'o$): |mrgrrg|, |mrgrbf|, |mrgrsl|.  Note that the
small capitals font |rgrsc| doesn't have any accents at all, and so
may be used in any accent system.
 
These new fonts are designed to work with the same input as the old
accent system. The printed text will follow the current
grammar\refersto2 (at least concerning the accent), with one
exception:  monosyllables (like articles, prepositions and other
auxiliary words) don't take any accent at all. To solve this problem
we are working at a Pascal word processor program, based on Fred
M.~Liang's packed trie device, which will, once given the list of the
accented monosyllables, recognize them, and replace them by
non-accented words. According to the dictionary of 
H.~Mihiotis\refersto3, there are  284  such words, to which we ust
add many new and foreign words.
 
Of course, you can write your text in one-accent greek right away
(unfortunately there is no ``magic'' macro to transform it back into
multi-accent greek~\dots). With these new fonts you will get a nice
symmetric ``universal'' accent instead of an acute or a circumflex.
 
To write in one-accent greek you get into ``Greek one-accent mode'',
by typing |\beginmgreek|. If you are in greek multi-accent mode
already, you must use the macro |\monotoniko|. There is also the
converse macro |\polutoniko|. So if you want to obtain
\display\vbox{$
\centerline{\monotoniko O Hr'akleitoc 'elege \polutoniko
((t\grave{a} p'anta \rhorough e~i))}
\centerline{\monotoniko kai e'iqe d'ikio! \dots}
$}\enddisplay
you type
\verbatim
\beginmgreek O Hr'akleitoc 'elege
\polutoniko
   ((t\grave{a} p'anta \rhorough e~i))
\monotoniko
   kai e'iqe d'ikio!...\endgreek
\endverbatim
 
\head * The Greek Numeral Symbols *
 
The so-called Ionian\refersto4 system of numeration (\math{\sim}\math
fifth century {\smc bc}) consisted of the following numerals:
\display
\hbox{\valign
{\hbox to 15pt{\hfil\strut$#$\hfil}&\hbox to 15pt{\hfil\strut\rm#\hfil}\cr
A&1\cr B&2\cr G&3\cr D&4\cr E&5\cr {\Digamma}&6\cr Z&7\cr H&8\cr J&9\cr}}
\enddisplay
\display
\hbox{\valign
{\hbox to 15pt{\hfil\strut$#$\hfil}&\hbox to 15pt{\hfil\strut\rm#\hfil}\cr
I&{10}\cr K&{20}\cr L&{30}\cr M&{40}\cr N&{50}\cr X&{60}\cr
O&{70}\cr P&{80}\cr {\Qoppa}&{90}\cr}}
\enddisplay
\display
\hbox{\valign
{\hbox to 20pt{\hfil\strut$#$\hfil}&\hbox to 20pt{\hfil\strut\rm#\hfil}\cr
R&{100}\cr S&{200}\cr T&{300}\cr U&{400}\cr F&{500}\cr Q&{600}\cr Y&{700}\cr
W&{800}\cr {\Sanpi}&{900}\cr}}
\enddisplay
 
The letters $\Digamma, \Qoppa, \Sanpi$ are called digamma, qoppa,
sanpi. They belong to an older alphabet. Later on, as lowercase
letters were introduced and as the need for higher numbers grew, the
numerals became:
\display
\hbox{\tabskip1pt
\valign
{\hbox to 15pt{\hfil\strut$#\overstroke$\hfil}&
     \hbox to 15pt{\hfil\strut\rm#\hfil}\cr
a&1\cr b&2\cr g&3\cr d&4\cr e&5\cr {\digamma}&6\cr z&7\cr h&8\cr
j&9\cr}}
\enddisplay
\display
\hbox{\tabskip1pt
\valign
{\hbox to 15pt{\hfil\strut$#\overstroke$\hfil}&
   \hbox to 15pt{\hfil\strut\rm#\hfil}\cr
i&{10}\cr k&{20}\cr l&{30}\cr m&{40}\cr n&{50}\cr x&{60}\cr
o&{70}\cr p&{80}\cr {\qoppa}&{90}\cr}}
\enddisplay
\display
\hbox{\tabskip1pt
\valign
{\hbox to 20pt{\hfil\strut$#\overstroke$\hfil}&
  \hbox to 20pt{\hfil\strut\rm#\hfil}\cr
r&{100}\cr s&{200}\cr t&{300}\cr u&{400}\cr f&{500}\cr q&{600}\cr y&{700}\cr
w&{800}\cr {\sanpi}&{900}\cr}}
\enddisplay
\display
\hbox{\tabskip2.5pt\valign
{\hbox to 30pt{\hfil\strut$\understroke#$\hfil}&
  \hbox to 30pt{\hfil\strut\rm#000\hfil}\cr
a&1\cr b&2\cr g&3\cr d&4\cr e&5\cr {\digamma}&6\cr z&7\cr}}
\enddisplay
\display
\hbox{\valign
{\hbox to 30pt{\hfil\strut$#$\hfil}&
  \hbox to 30pt{\hfil\strut\rm#000\hfil}\cr
h&8\cr j&9\cr M&{10}\cr}} 
\enddisplay
So, for example, the date {\sl February 16th, 1989} would be written
$i\digamma\overstroke\ Febrouar'iou \understroke a\sanpi pj$ and the
following equality holds:
$
\display\vbox{
\centerline{sz\overstroke\math{} + {}\math ypj\overstroke\ =
 \sanpi\qoppa\digamma\hskip1pt\overstroke.}
}
\enddisplay
$
 
Notice that there is no zero. Zero is, and has always been, the
cardinal of the empty set which in Ancient Greece was not considered
an entity in its own right.
 
To express numbers greater than 10,000 there were many ways. One of
them was to use 10,000 as a base:  thus, for example, 67,536,753
(\math {}= 6753 \mathbin\cdot 10,000 + 6753\math) was written
$M\understroke\digamma yng\math\cdot\math \understroke\digamma yng$.
 
\medskip
\noindent{\smc Exercise}:
  {\sl If $-gwno$ means ``-gon'', which of the following
polygons can by constructed by rule and compasses?}\par
\smallskip
$\centerline{iz\overstroke -gwno, l\digamma\overstroke -gwno, \understroke
dtxj-gwno,}
\centerline{\understroke akd-gwno, Me\overstroke\math\cdot\math\understroke
eflz-gwno, \sanpi\qoppa\digamma\overstroke-gwno.}$
\medskip
 
Let's return now to \TeX: you can obtain these symbols by the following
macros:
|\digamma| for
$\digamma$,
|\vardigamma| for
$\vardigamma$,
|\Digamma| for
$\Digamma$,
|\qoppa| for
$\qoppa$,
|\Qoppa| for
$\Qoppa$,
|\sanpi| for
$\sanpi$, and
|\Sanpi| for
$\Sanpi$.
To get the tick marks which distinguish units and thousands, you can
use |\overstroke| after the numeral, or |\understroke| in front of
the numeral.
 
\head * Symbols for cypriotic greek *
 
The official language of Cyprus is greek. It is also the language
used in the mass-media and at school. But the language actually
spoken is a dialect, derived from byzantine greek (and as it seems,
far more faithful to ancient greek than the one spoken
in Greece). Some literature has been written in the dialect, and
since there are phonemes not available in the greek alphabet,
cypriotic writers use several conventions of new symbols to express
them.
 
In the convention we followed,\refersto5 the symbols $\ssh$, $\SSH$
stand for the sound ``sh'' (like ``shower'' in english, or ``{\cyr
shashka}'' in russian), $\dz$, $\DZ$ stand for ``j'' (like ``jazz''
in english or ``{\cyr dzhungli}'' in russian), $\psh$, $\PSH$ stand
for a $y$ followed by a $\ssh$ (like ``{\cyr pshenitza}'' in russian)
and $\ksh$, $\KSH$ stand for a $k$ followed by a $\ssh$ (like in
hindi ``k\d setriya'').
 
You can get these symbols by the macros |\ssh|, |\SSH|, |\dz|, |\DZ|,
|\psh|, |\PSH|, |\ksh|, |\KSH|.  Here is an example of a small text
using these symbols:
\smallskip
$
\ninergr
\frenchspacing
\parindent0pt
\advance\baselineskip1.0pt
\tolerance=5000
\obeylines
Dki'alexec to'uc xer'orotsouc, dentr'on mou, n'a riz'wseic,
n'a f'aeic t'hn zwo'ullan sou, pott'e s>'on j'a sterk'wseic.
T\dz i >'en kane~i p>'on''xerokagi'ac t\dz i >'en >'e\ssh ei st'axhn %
q~wma
n'a \ssh\ssh iepasto~un o<i r'izec sou, plast~hkan t\dz i >'all''>a\-k'o\-ma.
O<i spalajki'ec t\dz a'i o<i bati'ec p~asin n'a s'e tul'ixoun,
>epki'asan se po'u t'on laim'on, sf'iggoun se n'a s'e pn'i\-xoun.
T\dz i >'an pp'esei mi'a sta\ksh i'a ner'on, >enn'a t'hn p'innoun >'alloi
t\dz i >enn'a skent\dz 'ereic t\dz eiaqama'i, <'enan xerodroump'a\-lin.
>'Ejja xort'wseic n'a \ssh\ssh iaste~ic pott'e to~u <'hliou >amm'a\-ti,
giat''>enn'a s'e qaski'azousin o<i spalajki'ec t\dz i o<i b'atoi.
T\dz i >eso'unh, kakor'izikon, >enn'a doule'ukeic gr'onouc
t\dz a'i n'a gure'ukeic ''pospa\ssh i'an po'u to'uc kako'uc geit'o\-nouc.
T\dz i o<i k'opoi e>ic t''>an'ajjeman. M'agkoumou m'en prok'a\-meic\dots
t\dz i >eso'unh t'o qa"'irin mou, ftwq'on mou, >'enna k'ameic.
$
\rightline{\sevenrm From Ilias Georgiou's ``Geloklaman"}
 
\smallskip
 
\head * On hyphenation *
 
There is still no greek hyphenation list, so one has to use
hyphenation from other languages. We have compared on an ordinary
text, the standard english (Liang), the german (Schwarz) and
portuguese (Rezende)\refersto6 hyphenation patterns.  The results
were surprising: on 267 possible hyphens, these three patterns missed
199 (!!), 141 and 149 resp, found 46, 115, 111 correct ones and 22,
11, 7 bad ones (the portuguese mistakes were less embarrassing than
the german ones). So, for a temporary substitute, we would choose
either the german or the portuguese patterns.
 
And since you will be forced to make corrections by hand, here are the
complete actual rules of greek hyphenation:
 
{\sl Let \math c_1,c_2,\dots,c_n\math\ be consonants \math (n\geq2)\math\
and \math v_1,v_2,v_3,v_4\math\ vowels. Then we have}
\list[\parindent0pt\leftskip0pt\sl][\def\tagform#1{{\smc #1\enspace}}]
 
\item[\tag{Rule 1.}] The combination \math v_1c_1v_2\math\ is
separated as \math v_1-c_1v_2\math\ {\rm(ex. $pa-ra-ka-l~w$)}
 
\item[\tag{Rule 2.}] The combination \math v_1c_1\dots c_nv_2\math\
is separated as \math v_1-c_1\dots c_nv_2\math\ {\bf if }there
is a greek word starting with \math c_1c_2\math\ $(l'a-sph,
ko-fte-r'oc),$ {\bf else }\math v_1c_1-c_2\dots c_nv_2\math\
$(j'ar-roc, >eq-jr'oc)$
 
\item[\tag{Rule 3.}]  The combinations of vowels \math v_1v_2,
v_1v_2v_3\math\ or \math v_1v_2v_3v_4\math\ are not to be separated
if they are pronounced as one phoneme $(>ah-d'o-ni$ but
$>a-'ht-th-toc$, $pi'o$ but $p'u-o).$
\endlist
 
S.~Levy made in his fonts separate characters of all possible accented
letters, to prevent problems of hyphenation (\TeX\ doesn't yet
hyphenate words with accents). The only exceptions he made, were the
two combinations $ \roughgrave{}, \smoothgrave{}$ which occur only on
monosyllables.
 
In our case, to be able to reduce the fonts, we were forced to make
accents also of $\char\rq134$, $\char\rq100$, $"{}$, $"'{}$, $\I{}$
(and macros of $\grave{}$, $\smoothgrave{}$, $\roughgrave{}$,
$\breve{}$, $\macron{}$, $\diaeresisgrave{}$,
$\diaeresiscircumflex{}$, $\rhorough$, $\rhosmooth$ as already
mentioned). This of course adds problems to hyphenation.
Nevertheless, $\char\rq134$, $\char\rq100$ occur on one- and
2-syllable words only, $"{}$, $"'{}$ occur rarely and $\I{}$ depends
on the kind of language one is writing (to find it, you have to go
back to older versions of $kajare'uousa$ as for example in the
following lovely text:
 
\medskip
 
{\tolerance=5000
$ \advance\baselineskip1pt >En\I{~w} <esp'eran tin\grave{a}
>exantl'hsac t\grave{a} murol'ogi'a tou >ekoim~ato <o Froum'entioc
>ep\grave{i} t~hc >'ammou t~hc paral'iac, katab\grave{a}c >ex
o>uran~wn <o >ap'ostoloc >eke~inoc t~wn Sa\-x'o\-nwn >'hnoixe
di\grave{a} maqa'irac t\grave{a} st'hjh to~u koimwm'enou, e>is'hgage
to\grave{u}c <iero\grave{u}c dakt'ulouc tou e>ic \def\hhh{\grave{h}}
t\hhh n >op\hhh n ka\grave{i} >exag\grave{w}n t\hhh n kard'ian
>eb'ujisen a>ut'hn e>ic l'akkon pl'hrh <'udatoc, <'oper <hg'iasen
prohgoum'enwc.  <H fl'egousa >eke'inh kard'ia >'efrixen e>ic
t\grave{o} <'udwr <wc smar\grave{i}c
\def\ooo{\grave{o}}%
\def\aaa{\grave{a}}%
\def\uuu{\grave{u}}%
\def\iii{\grave{i}}%
>ent\ooo c to~u thgan'iou, >afo~u d\grave{e} >ekr'uwsen,
>'ejese p'alin a>ut\hhh n <o <'agioc e>ic t\ooo n t'opon thc ka\iii\
kle'isac t\hhh n plhg\hhh n >ep'estreyen e>ic t\ooo n >idik'on tou.
 
>'Etuq'e pote, >anagn~wst'a mou, n\aaa\ >apokoimhj\I{~h}c m\grave{e}
>anup'oforon b~hqa, koim'wmenoc n\aaa\ <idr'ws\I{h}c ka\iii\ >exu\-pn'h\-sac
n\aaa\ e<urej\I{~h}c >iatreum'enoc? >Agno~wn <'oti e>~isai kal\aaa\
>ano'igeic mhqanik~wc t\ooo\ st'oma, <'ina plh\-r'w\-s\I{h}c e>ic t\ooo n
>epikat'araton b~hqa t\ooo n sun'hjh f'oron. >All\aaa\ p'oshn a>isj'anesai
qar'an, m\hhh\ e<ur'iskwn e>ic t\ooo n l'a\-rugga t\ooo\ >oqlhr\ooo n
jhr'ion! O<'utw <'ama >'hnoixe ka\iii\ <o Frou\-m'entioc to\uuu c
>ofjalmo'uc, <htoim'asjh n\aaa\ prosf'e\-r\I{h} e>ic t\hhh n >aq'a\-riston
>Iw'annan t\hhh n sun'hjh dakr'uwn spo\-nd'hn, >all\aaa\ par\aaa\ p~asan
prosdok'ian o<i >ofjalmo'i tou e<u\-r'e\-jhsan xhro\iii\ ka\iii\ n\aaa\
progeumat'is\I{h} m~allon \smoothgrave{h} n\aaa\ kla'us\I{h}
\I{>h}sj'a\-ne\-to >'orexin met\aaa\ polu'hmeron nhste'i\-an <o kal\ooo c
Be\-ne\-de\-kt~i\-noc.
$
}
 
\rightline{\sevenrm From Emmanouil~Ro\"\i dis' ``The Popess Johanna (1866)''}
\medskip
 
Note that in one-accent greek, all accented letters are represented
by separate characters in the code table, so that no hyphenation
problem arises.
 
$
\gdef\tttt{
Kaj'otan mprost'a thc ka'i t'hn k'uttaze. Noi'w\-jo\-ntac mi'a >ap'eranth
 e>uqar'isthsh n'a t'hn bl'epei >'etsi mprost'a tou ka'i <'ena >ap'eranto
 >ani\-ka\-no\-po'i\-h\-to po'u d'en mpo\-ro~u\-se n'a t'hn
  tra\-b'h\-xei st'hn >agka\-li'a tou ka'i n'a t'hn fi\-l'h\-sei
   >eke~i st'on laim'o
  po'u t'hn e>~iqe fi\-l'h\-sei t'hn m'ia ka'i mo\-na\-di\-k'h
   for'a ka'i e>~iqe
  noi'w\-sei m'esa tou t'hn pi'o >'omor\-fh stig\-m'h to~u ka\-lo\-kai\-rio~u
   ki <'oti
  t'o ka\-lo\-ka'i\-ri a>u\-t'o, ft'a\-no\-ntac st'o >apo\-ko\-r'u\-fw\-m'a
   tou, e>~iqe ki'o\-lac pe\-r'a\-sei. >All'a d'en e>~iqe >ak'oma
   pe\-r'a\-sei tele'iwc, giat'i >eke'inh bris\-k'o\-tan t'wra mpro\-st'a
   tou. Ka'i d'en mpo\-ro~u\-se n'a k'anei t'i\-po\-ta.
}
$
 
 
\head * Samples, Tables, and Remarks *
 
\head * The font {\tt rgrrg10} *
$\tttt$
 
\head * The font {\tt rgrbf10} *
$\bf\tttt$
 
\head * The font {\tt rgrsl10} *
$\sl\tttt$
 
\figure[\top]
\raggedcenter
Layout for fonts |rgrrg|, |rgrbf|, |rgrsl|
$\table$
\endfigure
 
$\monotoniko
\gdef\ttttt
{
Kaj'otan mprost'a thc kai thn k'uttaze. Noi'w\-jo\-ntac mia >ap'eranth
 e>uqar'isthsh na thn bl'epei >'etsi mprost'a tou kai <'ena >ap'eranto
 >ani\-ka\-no\-po'i\-h\-to pou den mpo\-ro~u\-se na thn
  tra\-b'h\-xei sthn >agka\-li'a tou kai na thn fi\-l'h\-sei
   >eke~i ston laim'o
  pou thn e>~iqe fi\-l'h\-sei thn m'ia kai mo\-na\-di\-k'h
   for'a kai e>~iqe
  noi'w\-sei m'esa tou thn pio >'omor\-fh stig\-m'h tou ka\-lo\-kai\-rio~u
   ki <'oti
  to ka\-lo\-ka'i\-ri a>u\-t'o, ft'a\-no\-ntac sto >apo\-ko\-r'u\-fw\-m'a
   tou, e>~iqe ki'o\-lac pe\-r'a\-sei. >All'a den e>~iqe >ak'oma
   pe\-r'a\-sei tele'iwc, giat'i >eke'inh bris\-k'o\-tan t'wra mpro\-st'a
   tou. Kai den mpo\-ro~u\-se na k'anei t'i\-po\-ta.
}
$
 
 
\figure[\bot]
\raggedcenter
Layout for fonts |mrgrrg|, |mrgrbf|, |mrgrsl|
$\monotoniko\table$
\endfigure
 
\head * The font {\tt mrgrrg10} *
$\monotoniko\ttttt$
 
\head * The font {\tt mrgrbf10} *
$\monotoniko\bf\ttttt$
 
\head * The font {\tt mrgrsl10} *
$\monotoniko\sl\ttttt$
 
 
\figure[\top]
\raggedcenter
Layout for font |rgrsc|
$\smc\table$
\endfigure
 
 
We conclude with the following remark: people writing french, czech,
turkish or other languages with many diacritical marks complain that
there is no space left in Computer Modern to incorporate
already-accented letters. The solution (in the case of French) that
D\'esarm\'enien\refersto7  proposed, was to replace greek uppercase
letters by the french \'e, \`e, \^ e, \^ o, \^\i, \^ a, \^ u, \`a,
\`u.  But then the question is: where to put the greek uppercase
letters, which are necessary for mathematical formulas. We answer: if
you have the greek |rgr|  family of fonts, you already have all kinds
of greek uppercase letters. Just take them from there!  Of course,
math families must be restructured in that case since math family~7
cannot be used for those letters anymore.  As Gariepy\refersto8
pointed out already, the inconvenience with this solution is that for
every language with accents you will need another |cm| family of
fonts. That's why we still believe that the best once and for all
solution would be to be able to work with fonts of 256 characters.
 
 
\head * Improvements and changes -- version 1.1  (as of March 4, 1990) *
 
(by the first author)\medskip
 
\noindent An hyphenation list has been added. 
Greek grammar has changed very often in
the last 20 years, mainly because greek is a very manifold language (some
people find it {\it chaotic}, I find it {\it beautiful\/}). I followed the
hyphenation rules of \refersto2\ as presented in section ``On hyphenation''
of this paper. These rules
are very simple and hold as well for the multi-accent as for the one-accent
system. I found exactly 1168 patterns; many of them came simply from the 
following fact: since |'|,|~|,|>|,|<| are of category 11 during hyphenation, 
|<'o-so| could occur. This leaves $<'o$ alone, which is rather ugly. 
 
Italics fonts (|rgrti| and |mrgrti|) have been added. 
Since in the |cm| family,
|cmti| has almost the same lowercase letters as |cmmi| and the same uppercase
ones as |cmsl|, I tried to do the same. Some changes were necessary: 1) the
handwritten modern greek alpha looks more like {\it a} and 2) tau's stem has a
hook. There is still some kerning to do. I call this version {\it
``experimental''}. Maybe in some later (1.2?) version there will be an entirely
new italics font.
 
In the |rgrsc| font (as you can see in the table) the symbols $\rhorough,
\rhosmooth, \Digamma$ and $\vardigamma$ exist now in all styles: regular,
slanted, italic and boldface. \TeX\ will know which one to choose, depending on
the font you are using (inside |greekmode|). If you add some new style (for
example typewriter or sans-serif) 1) please let me know, 2) add these four
letters in |rgrsc|, 3) add the information in |greekmacros.tex|.
 
There is |\smallDigamma| for the small capital digamma $\smallDigamma$. Some
people still persist in calling it {\it ``ef''}. Also there are two new
symbols: 
 
1) following an advice of my father, I added a variation $\varqoppa$
of lowercase qoppa. This symbol is used in our days for the numeral 90 (the
current year is $\understroke a\sanpi\varqoppa$). The macro for $\varqoppa$ is
|\varqoppa|. 
 
2) a funny ``upside-down'' iota with circumflex $\inviota$ (the macro is
|\inviota|). This symbol was used in the last century for the sound of $i$ in
$gi'a$ (cf. ``$pi'o$'' in hyphenation {\smc rule 3}). Here is an example 
of such a text, taken from a 1907 edition\refersto9:
 
\let\w=\grave
$
{\ninergr
\frenchspacing
\parindent0pt
\advance\baselineskip1.0pt
\tolerance=5000
\obeylines
Kair\w oc f'ernei t\w a l'aqana, kair\w oc t\w a parapo'ul\inviota a, 
M\w e t\w on kair\w o ka\w i t\w o dendr\w i k'anei karp\w o ka\w i f'ulla. 
>'A"inte, >or'e, m\inviota\w a kopan\inviota\w a s>'an n>~atan qulop'hta, 
N\w a ''p\inviota\I{~h}c t\w hn Gk'olfw j'arreuec? 
D\w en e>~in'' mall\inviota\w a t\w a g'ene\inviota a.
J'el''<h >ag'ap'' >apomon\w h ki''>ahto~u grhgorws'unh.
J'elei lago~u pat'hmata, >allo\inviota ~wc <uge\inviota\w a s''>af'inei.
X'ereic t'i magar'oplash po~u e>~inai \I{<h} guna~ikec?
$
\rightline{\sevenrm From Spyridon Peresiadis's ``I Golfo"}
}
 
\smallskip
 
Finally I inserted the logos $\grMF$ and $\MF$ in the |rgrsc| font (the macros
are |\grMF| and the usual |\MF|). There is still no PASCAL word processor
program to detect monosyllabes, volunteers are welcome. This upgrading has been
done on a Macintosh SE/30 using Andrew Trevorrow's Oz\TeX\ and Victor
Ostromoukhov's Mac$\MF$.
 
 
\setbox0=\hbox{22. }
\thehangindent=\wd0
\def\referred#1{\par\hangindent\thehangindent\noindent
  \hbox to \thehangindent{\hss#1.\ }\ignorespaces}
\raggedright
 
\head * References *
 
\referred1 {\smc S.Levi}: Using Greek Fonts with \TeX, {\sl TUGboat},
{\bf 9} (1988) 20--24
%\referred2 $\monotoniko {\smc M.Triantafullidh:} Grammatik'h
\referred2 $\monotoniko {\smc M.Triantafullidh:}
{\rg Neoellhnik'h Grammatik'h, }
{\sl Organism'oc 'Ek\-do\-shc Sqolik'wn Bibl'iwn},
Aj'hna 1982$
\referred3 {$\smc Q.Mhqiwth:$} $Ne'wtaton Lexik'on t~hc Neoellhnik~hc Gl'wsshc,
{\sl >Ek\-d'o\-seic Kastal'ia}, >Aj~hnai 1972$
\referred4 {\smc C.B.Boyer}: A History of Mathematics, {J.\ Wiley \&
Sons,} New~York 1968
\referred5 ${\smc H.Gewrgiou:} Gel'oklam'an, {\sl Seir'a Kupriak~hc
La"ik~hc Po'ihshc <Upourge'iou paide'iac\/} {\bf 4}, Leukws'ia 1980$
\referred6 {\smc Unix} \TeX\ distribution tape, Seattle 1988
\referred7 {\smc J.D\'esarm\'enien:} How to run \TeX\ in a French
environment: hyphenation, fonts, typography, {\sl TUGboat}, {\bf 5} (1984)
91--102
\referred8 {\smc A.Gariepy:} French in \TeX, {\sl TUGboat}, {\bf 9}
(1988) 65--69
\referred9 {$\smc S.Peresiadhc:$} $<H Gk'olfw. Dr'ama e>idulliak\w on e>ic
pr'axeic p'ente, {\sl >Ekdotik\w oc O>~ikoc Gewrg'iou F'exh,} >Aj~hnai 1907$
 
 
\makesignature
\endarticle
 
%  version 19.6.1989
 
\hbox{Yannis Haralambous}
\hbox{Universit\'e de Lille--Flandres--Artois}
\smallskip
\hbox{Klaus Thull}
\hbox{Freie Universit\"at Berlin}
-------