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The vowels, $svaraM$, or $uyir$.
($hrasvaM$ or short vowels and $diirghaM$, or long vowels
the $vyanjanaM$, or consonants:
\vfill\eject
the $varggyaM$, or `letters in classes':
\def\q{\quad\hfill}
\def\col#1#2{\hbox{\vtop{\hsize=#1\raggedright\tolerance=10000\noindent#2}}}
\def\malstrut{\vtop to4pt{}\vbox to10pt{}}
{\twelvemmr\halign{\malstrut\col{5cm}{#}\q
&\col{1.5cm}{#}\q
&\col{1.5cm}{#}\q
&\col{1.5cm}{#}\q
&\col{1.5cm}{#}\q
&\col{1.5cm}{#}\q\cr
$varggaM$, or class &
$kharaM$, `hard' or `strong' &
$atikharaM$, `very hard' &
$m.rdu$, `soft' &
$ghooSaM$, `voice' &
$anunaasikaM$, `nasal' \cr
$kaNTyaM$, or velar sounds & $ka$ & $kha$ & $ga$ & $gha$ & $n"a$ \cr
$taalavyaM$, or palatal sounds & $ca$ & $cha$ & $ja$ & $jha$ & $n~a$ \cr
$muurdhanyaM$, or retroflex sounds & $Ta$ & $Tha$ & $Da$ & $Dha$ & $Na$ \cr
$dantyaM$, or dental sounds & $ta$ & $tha$ & $da$ & $dha$ & $na$ \cr
$oSThyaM$, or labial sounds & $pa$ & $pha$ & $ba$ & $bha$ & $ma$ \cr
\noalign{\hrule}
$antastha$, $iTaiyinaM$, or $madhyamaM$, `intermediate'
consonants & $ya$ & $ra$ & $la$ & $va$ \cr
$uuSmaavu+$, or fricatives & $sha$ & $Sa$ & $sa$ & $ha$ \cr
Dravidian consonants & $La$ & $zha$ & $Ra$ \cr
}}
\medskip
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