1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043
2044
2045
2046
2047
2048
2049
2050
2051
2052
2053
2054
2055
2056
2057
2058
2059
2060
2061
2062
2063
2064
2065
2066
2067
2068
2069
2070
2071
2072
2073
2074
2075
2076
2077
2078
2079
2080
2081
2082
2083
2084
2085
2086
2087
2088
2089
2090
2091
2092
2093
2094
2095
2096
2097
2098
2099
2100
2101
2102
2103
2104
2105
2106
2107
2108
2109
2110
2111
2112
2113
2114
2115
2116
2117
2118
2119
2120
2121
2122
2123
2124
2125
2126
2127
2128
2129
2130
2131
2132
2133
2134
2135
2136
2137
2138
2139
2140
2141
2142
2143
2144
2145
2146
2147
2148
2149
2150
2151
2152
2153
2154
2155
2156
2157
2158
2159
2160
2161
2162
2163
2164
2165
2166
2167
2168
2169
2170
2171
2172
2173
2174
2175
2176
2177
2178
2179
2180
2181
2182
2183
2184
2185
2186
2187
2188
2189
2190
2191
2192
2193
2194
2195
2196
2197
2198
2199
2200
2201
2202
2203
2204
2205
2206
2207
2208
2209
2210
2211
2212
2213
2214
2215
2216
2217
2218
2219
2220
2221
2222
2223
2224
2225
2226
2227
2228
2229
2230
2231
2232
2233
2234
2235
2236
2237
2238
2239
2240
2241
2242
2243
2244
2245
2246
2247
2248
2249
2250
2251
2252
2253
2254
2255
2256
2257
2258
2259
2260
2261
2262
2263
2264
2265
2266
2267
2268
2269
2270
2271
2272
2273
2274
2275
2276
2277
2278
2279
2280
2281
2282
2283
2284
2285
2286
2287
2288
2289
2290
2291
2292
2293
2294
2295
2296
2297
2298
2299
2300
2301
2302
2303
2304
2305
2306
2307
2308
2309
2310
2311
2312
2313
2314
2315
2316
2317
2318
2319
2320
2321
2322
2323
2324
2325
2326
2327
2328
2329
2330
2331
2332
2333
2334
2335
2336
2337
2338
2339
2340
2341
2342
2343
2344
2345
2346
2347
2348
2349
2350
2351
2352
2353
2354
2355
2356
2357
2358
2359
2360
2361
2362
2363
2364
2365
2366
2367
2368
2369
2370
2371
2372
2373
2374
2375
2376
2377
2378
2379
2380
2381
2382
2383
2384
2385
2386
2387
2388
2389
2390
2391
2392
2393
2394
2395
2396
2397
2398
2399
2400
2401
2402
2403
2404
2405
2406
2407
2408
2409
2410
2411
2412
2413
2414
2415
2416
2417
2418
2419
2420
2421
2422
2423
2424
2425
2426
2427
2428
2429
2430
2431
2432
2433
2434
2435
2436
2437
2438
2439
2440
2441
2442
2443
2444
2445
2446
2447
2448
2449
2450
2451
2452
2453
2454
2455
2456
2457
2458
2459
2460
2461
2462
2463
2464
2465
2466
2467
2468
2469
2470
2471
2472
2473
2474
2475
2476
2477
2478
2479
2480
2481
2482
2483
2484
2485
2486
2487
2488
2489
2490
2491
2492
2493
2494
2495
2496
2497
2498
2499
2500
2501
2502
2503
2504
2505
2506
2507
2508
2509
2510
2511
2512
2513
2514
2515
2516
2517
2518
2519
2520
2521
2522
2523
2524
2525
2526
2527
2528
2529
2530
2531
2532
2533
2534
2535
2536
2537
2538
2539
2540
2541
2542
2543
2544
2545
2546
2547
2548
2549
2550
2551
2552
2553
2554
2555
2556
2557
2558
2559
2560
2561
2562
2563
2564
2565
2566
2567
2568
2569
2570
2571
2572
2573
2574
2575
2576
2577
2578
2579
2580
2581
2582
2583
2584
2585
2586
2587
2588
2589
2590
2591
2592
2593
2594
2595
2596
2597
2598
2599
2600
2601
2602
2603
2604
2605
2606
2607
2608
2609
2610
2611
2612
2613
2614
2615
2616
2617
2618
2619
2620
2621
2622
2623
2624
2625
2626
2627
2628
2629
2630
2631
2632
2633
2634
2635
2636
2637
2638
2639
2640
2641
2642
2643
2644
2645
2646
2647
2648
2649
2650
2651
2652
2653
2654
2655
2656
2657
2658
2659
2660
2661
2662
2663
2664
2665
2666
2667
2668
2669
2670
2671
2672
2673
2674
2675
2676
2677
2678
2679
2680
2681
2682
2683
2684
2685
2686
2687
2688
2689
2690
2691
2692
2693
2694
2695
2696
2697
2698
2699
2700
2701
2702
2703
2704
2705
2706
2707
2708
2709
2710
2711
2712
2713
2714
2715
2716
2717
2718
2719
2720
2721
2722
2723
2724
2725
2726
2727
2728
2729
2730
2731
2732
2733
2734
2735
2736
2737
2738
2739
2740
2741
2742
2743
2744
2745
2746
2747
2748
2749
2750
2751
2752
2753
2754
2755
2756
2757
2758
2759
2760
2761
2762
2763
2764
2765
2766
2767
2768
2769
2770
2771
2772
2773
2774
2775
2776
2777
2778
2779
2780
2781
2782
2783
2784
2785
2786
2787
2788
2789
2790
2791
2792
2793
2794
2795
2796
2797
2798
2799
2800
2801
2802
2803
2804
2805
2806
2807
2808
2809
2810
2811
2812
2813
2814
2815
2816
2817
2818
2819
2820
2821
2822
2823
2824
2825
2826
2827
2828
2829
2830
2831
2832
2833
2834
2835
2836
2837
2838
2839
2840
2841
2842
2843
2844
2845
2846
2847
2848
2849
2850
2851
2852
2853
2854
2855
2856
2857
2858
2859
2860
2861
2862
2863
2864
2865
2866
2867
2868
2869
2870
2871
2872
2873
2874
2875
2876
2877
2878
2879
2880
2881
2882
2883
2884
2885
2886
2887
2888
2889
2890
2891
2892
2893
2894
2895
2896
2897
2898
2899
2900
2901
2902
2903
2904
2905
2906
2907
2908
2909
2910
2911
2912
2913
2914
2915
2916
2917
2918
2919
2920
2921
2922
2923
2924
2925
2926
2927
2928
2929
2930
2931
2932
2933
2934
2935
2936
2937
2938
2939
2940
2941
2942
2943
2944
2945
2946
2947
2948
2949
2950
2951
2952
2953
2954
2955
2956
2957
2958
2959
2960
2961
2962
2963
2964
2965
2966
2967
2968
2969
2970
2971
2972
2973
2974
2975
2976
2977
2978
2979
2980
2981
2982
2983
2984
2985
2986
2987
2988
2989
2990
2991
2992
2993
2994
2995
2996
2997
2998
2999
3000
3001
3002
3003
3004
3005
3006
3007
3008
3009
3010
3011
3012
3013
3014
3015
3016
3017
3018
3019
3020
3021
3022
3023
3024
3025
3026
3027
3028
3029
3030
3031
3032
3033
3034
3035
3036
3037
3038
3039
3040
3041
3042
3043
3044
3045
3046
3047
3048
3049
3050
3051
3052
3053
3054
3055
3056
3057
3058
3059
3060
3061
3062
3063
3064
3065
3066
3067
3068
3069
3070
3071
3072
3073
3074
3075
3076
3077
3078
3079
3080
3081
3082
3083
3084
3085
3086
3087
3088
3089
3090
3091
3092
3093
3094
3095
3096
3097
3098
3099
3100
3101
3102
3103
3104
3105
3106
3107
3108
3109
3110
3111
3112
3113
3114
3115
3116
3117
3118
3119
3120
3121
3122
3123
3124
3125
3126
3127
3128
3129
3130
3131
3132
3133
3134
3135
3136
3137
3138
3139
3140
3141
3142
3143
3144
3145
3146
3147
3148
3149
3150
3151
3152
3153
3154
3155
3156
3157
3158
3159
3160
3161
3162
3163
3164
3165
3166
3167
3168
3169
3170
3171
3172
3173
3174
3175
3176
3177
3178
3179
3180
3181
3182
3183
3184
3185
3186
3187
3188
3189
3190
3191
3192
3193
3194
3195
3196
3197
3198
3199
3200
3201
3202
3203
3204
3205
3206
3207
3208
3209
3210
3211
3212
3213
3214
3215
3216
3217
3218
3219
3220
3221
3222
3223
3224
3225
3226
3227
3228
3229
3230
3231
3232
3233
3234
3235
3236
3237
3238
3239
3240
3241
3242
3243
3244
3245
3246
3247
3248
3249
3250
3251
3252
3253
3254
3255
3256
3257
3258
3259
3260
3261
3262
3263
3264
3265
3266
3267
3268
3269
3270
3271
3272
3273
3274
3275
3276
3277
3278
3279
3280
3281
3282
3283
3284
3285
3286
3287
3288
3289
3290
3291
3292
3293
3294
3295
3296
3297
3298
3299
3300
3301
3302
3303
3304
3305
3306
3307
3308
3309
3310
3311
3312
3313
3314
3315
3316
3317
3318
3319
3320
3321
3322
3323
3324
3325
3326
3327
3328
3329
3330
3331
3332
3333
3334
3335
3336
3337
3338
3339
3340
3341
3342
3343
3344
3345
3346
3347
3348
3349
3350
3351
3352
3353
3354
3355
3356
3357
3358
3359
3360
3361
3362
3363
3364
3365
3366
3367
3368
3369
3370
3371
3372
3373
3374
3375
3376
3377
3378
3379
3380
3381
3382
3383
3384
3385
3386
3387
3388
3389
3390
3391
3392
3393
3394
3395
3396
3397
3398
3399
3400
3401
3402
3403
3404
3405
3406
3407
3408
3409
3410
3411
3412
3413
3414
3415
3416
3417
3418
3419
3420
3421
3422
3423
3424
3425
3426
3427
3428
3429
3430
3431
3432
3433
3434
3435
3436
3437
3438
3439
3440
3441
3442
3443
3444
3445
3446
3447
3448
3449
3450
3451
3452
3453
3454
3455
3456
3457
3458
3459
3460
3461
3462
3463
3464
3465
3466
3467
3468
3469
3470
3471
3472
3473
3474
3475
3476
3477
3478
3479
3480
3481
3482
3483
3484
3485
3486
3487
3488
3489
3490
3491
3492
3493
3494
3495
3496
3497
3498
3499
3500
3501
3502
3503
3504
3505
3506
3507
3508
3509
3510
3511
3512
3513
3514
3515
3516
3517
3518
3519
3520
3521
3522
3523
3524
3525
3526
3527
3528
3529
3530
3531
3532
3533
3534
3535
3536
3537
3538
3539
3540
3541
3542
3543
3544
3545
3546
3547
3548
3549
3550
3551
3552
3553
3554
3555
3556
3557
3558
3559
3560
3561
3562
3563
3564
3565
3566
3567
3568
3569
3570
3571
3572
3573
3574
3575
3576
3577
3578
3579
3580
3581
3582
3583
3584
3585
3586
3587
3588
3589
3590
3591
3592
3593
3594
3595
3596
3597
3598
3599
3600
3601
3602
3603
3604
3605
3606
3607
3608
3609
3610
3611
3612
3613
3614
3615
3616
3617
3618
3619
3620
3621
3622
3623
3624
3625
3626
3627
3628
3629
3630
3631
3632
3633
3634
3635
3636
3637
3638
3639
3640
3641
3642
3643
3644
3645
3646
3647
3648
3649
3650
3651
3652
3653
3654
3655
3656
3657
3658
3659
3660
3661
3662
3663
3664
3665
3666
3667
3668
3669
3670
3671
3672
3673
3674
3675
3676
3677
3678
3679
3680
3681
3682
3683
3684
3685
3686
3687
3688
3689
3690
3691
3692
3693
3694
3695
3696
3697
3698
3699
3700
3701
3702
3703
3704
3705
3706
3707
3708
3709
3710
3711
3712
3713
3714
3715
3716
3717
3718
3719
3720
3721
3722
3723
3724
3725
3726
3727
3728
3729
3730
3731
3732
3733
3734
3735
3736
3737
3738
3739
3740
3741
3742
3743
3744
3745
3746
3747
3748
3749
3750
3751
3752
3753
3754
3755
3756
3757
3758
3759
3760
3761
3762
3763
3764
3765
3766
3767
3768
3769
3770
3771
3772
3773
3774
3775
3776
3777
3778
3779
3780
3781
3782
3783
3784
3785
3786
3787
3788
3789
3790
3791
3792
3793
3794
3795
3796
3797
3798
3799
3800
3801
3802
3803
3804
3805
3806
3807
3808
3809
3810
3811
3812
3813
3814
3815
3816
3817
3818
3819
3820
3821
3822
3823
3824
3825
3826
3827
3828
3829
3830
3831
3832
3833
3834
3835
3836
3837
3838
3839
3840
3841
3842
3843
3844
3845
3846
3847
3848
3849
3850
3851
3852
3853
3854
3855
3856
3857
3858
3859
3860
3861
3862
3863
3864
3865
3866
3867
3868
3869
3870
3871
3872
3873
3874
3875
3876
3877
3878
3879
3880
3881
3882
3883
3884
3885
3886
3887
3888
3889
3890
3891
3892
3893
3894
3895
3896
3897
3898
3899
3900
3901
3902
3903
3904
3905
3906
3907
3908
3909
3910
3911
3912
3913
3914
3915
3916
3917
3918
3919
3920
3921
3922
3923
3924
3925
3926
3927
3928
3929
3930
3931
3932
3933
3934
3935
3936
3937
3938
3939
3940
3941
3942
3943
3944
3945
3946
3947
3948
3949
3950
3951
3952
3953
3954
3955
3956
3957
3958
3959
3960
3961
3962
3963
3964
3965
3966
3967
3968
3969
3970
3971
3972
3973
3974
3975
3976
3977
3978
3979
3980
3981
3982
3983
3984
3985
3986
3987
3988
3989
3990
3991
3992
3993
3994
3995
3996
3997
3998
3999
4000
4001
4002
4003
4004
4005
4006
4007
4008
4009
4010
4011
4012
4013
4014
4015
4016
4017
4018
4019
4020
4021
4022
4023
4024
4025
4026
4027
4028
4029
4030
4031
4032
4033
4034
4035
4036
4037
4038
4039
4040
4041
4042
4043
4044
4045
4046
4047
4048
4049
4050
4051
4052
4053
4054
4055
4056
4057
4058
4059
4060
4061
4062
4063
4064
4065
4066
4067
4068
4069
4070
4071
4072
4073
4074
4075
4076
4077
4078
4079
4080
4081
4082
4083
4084
4085
4086
4087
4088
4089
4090
4091
4092
4093
4094
4095
4096
4097
4098
4099
4100
4101
4102
4103
4104
4105
4106
4107
4108
4109
4110
4111
4112
4113
4114
4115
4116
4117
4118
4119
4120
4121
4122
4123
4124
4125
4126
4127
4128
4129
4130
4131
4132
4133
4134
4135
4136
4137
4138
4139
4140
4141
4142
4143
4144
4145
4146
4147
4148
4149
4150
4151
4152
4153
4154
4155
4156
4157
4158
4159
4160
4161
4162
4163
4164
4165
4166
4167
4168
4169
4170
4171
4172
4173
4174
4175
4176
4177
4178
4179
4180
4181
4182
4183
4184
4185
4186
4187
4188
4189
4190
4191
4192
4193
4194
4195
4196
4197
4198
4199
4200
4201
4202
4203
4204
4205
4206
4207
4208
4209
4210
4211
4212
4213
4214
4215
4216
4217
4218
4219
4220
4221
4222
4223
4224
4225
4226
4227
4228
4229
4230
4231
4232
4233
4234
4235
4236
4237
4238
4239
4240
4241
4242
4243
4244
4245
4246
4247
4248
4249
4250
4251
4252
4253
4254
4255
4256
4257
4258
4259
4260
4261
4262
4263
4264
4265
4266
4267
4268
4269
4270
4271
4272
4273
4274
4275
4276
4277
4278
4279
4280
4281
4282
4283
4284
4285
4286
4287
4288
4289
4290
4291
4292
4293
4294
4295
4296
4297
4298
4299
4300
4301
4302
4303
4304
4305
4306
4307
4308
4309
4310
4311
4312
4313
4314
4315
4316
4317
4318
4319
4320
4321
4322
4323
4324
4325
4326
4327
4328
4329
4330
4331
4332
4333
4334
4335
4336
4337
4338
4339
4340
4341
4342
4343
4344
4345
4346
4347
4348
4349
4350
4351
4352
4353
4354
4355
4356
4357
4358
4359
4360
4361
4362
4363
4364
4365
4366
4367
4368
4369
4370
4371
4372
4373
4374
4375
4376
4377
4378
4379
4380
4381
4382
4383
4384
4385
4386
4387
4388
4389
4390
4391
4392
4393
4394
4395
4396
4397
4398
4399
4400
4401
4402
4403
4404
4405
4406
4407
4408
4409
4410
4411
4412
4413
4414
4415
4416
4417
4418
4419
4420
4421
4422
4423
4424
4425
4426
4427
4428
4429
4430
4431
4432
4433
4434
4435
4436
4437
4438
4439
4440
4441
4442
4443
4444
4445
4446
4447
4448
4449
4450
4451
4452
4453
4454
4455
4456
4457
4458
4459
4460
4461
4462
4463
4464
4465
4466
4467
4468
4469
4470
4471
4472
4473
4474
4475
4476
4477
4478
4479
4480
4481
4482
4483
4484
4485
4486
4487
4488
4489
4490
4491
4492
4493
4494
4495
4496
4497
4498
4499
4500
4501
4502
4503
4504
4505
4506
4507
4508
4509
4510
4511
4512
4513
4514
4515
4516
4517
4518
4519
4520
4521
4522
4523
4524
4525
4526
4527
4528
4529
4530
4531
4532
4533
4534
4535
4536
4537
4538
4539
4540
4541
4542
4543
4544
4545
4546
4547
4548
4549
4550
4551
4552
4553
4554
4555
4556
4557
4558
4559
4560
4561
4562
4563
4564
4565
4566
4567
4568
4569
4570
4571
4572
4573
4574
4575
4576
4577
4578
4579
4580
4581
4582
4583
4584
4585
4586
4587
4588
4589
4590
4591
4592
4593
4594
4595
4596
4597
4598
4599
4600
4601
4602
4603
4604
4605
4606
4607
4608
4609
4610
4611
4612
4613
4614
4615
4616
4617
4618
4619
4620
4621
4622
4623
4624
4625
4626
4627
4628
4629
4630
4631
4632
4633
4634
4635
4636
4637
4638
4639
4640
4641
4642
4643
4644
4645
4646
4647
4648
4649
4650
4651
4652
4653
4654
4655
4656
4657
4658
4659
4660
4661
4662
4663
4664
4665
4666
4667
4668
4669
4670
4671
4672
4673
4674
4675
4676
4677
4678
4679
4680
4681
4682
4683
4684
4685
4686
4687
4688
4689
4690
4691
4692
4693
4694
4695
4696
4697
4698
4699
4700
4701
4702
4703
4704
4705
4706
4707
4708
4709
4710
4711
4712
4713
4714
4715
4716
4717
4718
4719
4720
4721
4722
4723
4724
4725
4726
4727
4728
4729
4730
4731
4732
4733
4734
4735
4736
4737
4738
4739
4740
4741
4742
4743
4744
4745
4746
4747
4748
4749
4750
4751
4752
4753
4754
4755
4756
4757
4758
4759
4760
4761
4762
4763
4764
4765
4766
4767
4768
4769
4770
4771
4772
4773
4774
4775
4776
4777
4778
4779
4780
4781
4782
4783
4784
4785
4786
4787
4788
4789
4790
4791
4792
4793
4794
4795
4796
4797
4798
4799
4800
4801
4802
4803
4804
4805
4806
4807
4808
4809
4810
4811
4812
4813
4814
4815
4816
4817
4818
4819
4820
4821
4822
4823
4824
4825
4826
4827
4828
4829
4830
4831
4832
4833
4834
4835
4836
4837
4838
4839
4840
4841
4842
4843
4844
4845
4846
4847
4848
4849
4850
4851
4852
4853
4854
4855
4856
4857
4858
4859
4860
4861
4862
4863
4864
4865
4866
4867
4868
4869
4870
4871
4872
4873
4874
4875
4876
4877
4878
4879
4880
4881
4882
4883
4884
4885
4886
4887
4888
4889
4890
4891
4892
4893
4894
4895
4896
4897
4898
4899
4900
4901
4902
4903
4904
4905
4906
4907
4908
4909
4910
4911
4912
4913
4914
4915
4916
4917
4918
4919
4920
4921
4922
4923
4924
4925
4926
4927
4928
4929
4930
4931
4932
4933
4934
4935
4936
4937
4938
4939
4940
4941
4942
4943
4944
4945
4946
4947
4948
4949
4950
4951
4952
4953
4954
4955
4956
4957
4958
4959
4960
4961
4962
4963
4964
4965
4966
4967
4968
4969
4970
4971
4972
4973
4974
4975
4976
4977
4978
4979
4980
4981
4982
4983
4984
4985
4986
4987
4988
4989
4990
4991
4992
4993
4994
4995
4996
4997
4998
4999
5000
5001
5002
5003
5004
5005
5006
5007
5008
5009
5010
5011
5012
5013
5014
5015
5016
5017
5018
5019
5020
5021
5022
5023
5024
5025
5026
5027
5028
5029
5030
5031
5032
5033
5034
5035
5036
5037
5038
5039
5040
5041
5042
5043
5044
5045
5046
5047
5048
5049
5050
5051
5052
5053
5054
5055
5056
5057
5058
5059
5060
5061
5062
5063
5064
5065
5066
5067
5068
5069
5070
5071
5072
5073
5074
5075
5076
5077
5078
5079
5080
5081
5082
5083
5084
5085
5086
5087
5088
5089
5090
5091
5092
5093
5094
5095
5096
5097
5098
5099
5100
5101
5102
5103
5104
5105
5106
5107
5108
5109
5110
5111
5112
5113
5114
5115
5116
5117
5118
5119
5120
5121
5122
5123
5124
5125
5126
5127
5128
5129
5130
5131
5132
5133
5134
5135
5136
5137
5138
5139
5140
5141
5142
5143
5144
5145
5146
5147
5148
5149
5150
5151
5152
5153
5154
5155
5156
5157
5158
5159
5160
5161
5162
5163
5164
5165
5166
5167
5168
5169
5170
5171
5172
5173
5174
5175
5176
5177
5178
5179
5180
5181
5182
5183
5184
5185
5186
5187
5188
5189
5190
5191
5192
5193
5194
5195
5196
5197
5198
5199
5200
5201
5202
5203
5204
5205
5206
5207
5208
5209
5210
5211
5212
5213
5214
5215
5216
5217
5218
5219
5220
5221
5222
5223
5224
5225
5226
5227
5228
5229
5230
5231
5232
5233
5234
5235
5236
5237
5238
5239
5240
5241
5242
5243
5244
5245
5246
5247
5248
5249
5250
5251
5252
5253
5254
5255
5256
5257
5258
5259
5260
5261
5262
5263
5264
5265
5266
5267
5268
5269
5270
5271
5272
5273
5274
5275
5276
5277
5278
5279
5280
5281
5282
5283
5284
5285
5286
5287
5288
5289
5290
5291
5292
5293
5294
5295
5296
5297
5298
5299
5300
5301
5302
5303
5304
5305
5306
5307
5308
5309
5310
5311
5312
5313
5314
5315
5316
5317
5318
5319
5320
5321
5322
5323
5324
5325
5326
5327
5328
5329
5330
5331
5332
5333
5334
5335
5336
5337
5338
5339
5340
5341
5342
5343
5344
5345
5346
5347
5348
5349
5350
5351
5352
5353
5354
5355
5356
5357
5358
5359
5360
5361
5362
5363
5364
5365
5366
5367
5368
5369
5370
5371
5372
5373
5374
5375
5376
5377
5378
5379
5380
5381
5382
5383
5384
5385
5386
5387
5388
5389
5390
5391
5392
5393
5394
5395
5396
5397
5398
5399
5400
5401
5402
5403
5404
5405
5406
5407
5408
5409
5410
5411
5412
5413
5414
5415
5416
5417
5418
5419
5420
5421
5422
5423
5424
5425
5426
5427
5428
5429
5430
5431
5432
5433
5434
5435
5436
5437
5438
5439
5440
5441
5442
5443
5444
5445
5446
5447
5448
5449
5450
5451
5452
5453
5454
5455
5456
5457
5458
5459
5460
5461
5462
5463
5464
5465
5466
5467
5468
5469
5470
5471
5472
5473
5474
5475
5476
5477
5478
5479
5480
5481
5482
5483
5484
5485
5486
5487
5488
5489
5490
5491
5492
5493
5494
5495
5496
5497
5498
5499
5500
5501
5502
5503
5504
5505
5506
5507
5508
5509
5510
5511
5512
5513
5514
5515
5516
5517
5518
5519
5520
5521
5522
5523
5524
5525
5526
5527
5528
5529
5530
5531
5532
5533
5534
5535
5536
5537
5538
5539
5540
5541
5542
5543
5544
5545
5546
5547
5548
5549
5550
5551
5552
5553
5554
5555
5556
5557
5558
5559
5560
5561
5562
5563
5564
5565
5566
5567
5568
5569
5570
5571
5572
5573
5574
5575
5576
5577
5578
5579
5580
5581
5582
5583
5584
5585
5586
5587
5588
5589
5590
5591
5592
5593
5594
5595
5596
5597
5598
5599
5600
5601
5602
5603
5604
5605
5606
5607
5608
5609
5610
5611
5612
5613
5614
5615
5616
5617
5618
5619
5620
5621
5622
5623
5624
5625
5626
5627
5628
5629
5630
5631
5632
5633
5634
5635
5636
5637
5638
5639
5640
5641
5642
5643
5644
5645
5646
5647
5648
5649
5650
5651
5652
5653
5654
5655
5656
5657
5658
5659
5660
5661
5662
5663
5664
5665
5666
5667
5668
5669
5670
5671
5672
5673
5674
5675
5676
5677
5678
5679
5680
5681
5682
5683
5684
5685
5686
5687
5688
5689
5690
5691
5692
5693
5694
5695
5696
5697
5698
5699
5700
5701
5702
5703
5704
5705
5706
5707
5708
5709
5710
5711
5712
5713
5714
5715
5716
5717
5718
5719
5720
5721
5722
5723
5724
5725
5726
5727
5728
5729
5730
5731
5732
5733
5734
5735
5736
5737
5738
5739
5740
5741
5742
5743
5744
5745
5746
5747
5748
5749
5750
5751
5752
5753
5754
5755
5756
5757
5758
5759
5760
5761
5762
5763
5764
5765
5766
5767
5768
5769
5770
5771
5772
5773
5774
5775
5776
5777
5778
5779
5780
5781
5782
5783
5784
5785
5786
5787
5788
5789
5790
5791
5792
5793
5794
5795
5796
5797
5798
5799
5800
5801
5802
5803
5804
5805
5806
5807
5808
5809
5810
5811
5812
5813
5814
5815
5816
5817
5818
5819
5820
5821
5822
5823
5824
5825
5826
5827
5828
5829
5830
5831
5832
5833
5834
5835
5836
5837
5838
5839
5840
5841
5842
5843
5844
5845
5846
5847
5848
5849
5850
5851
5852
5853
5854
5855
5856
5857
5858
5859
5860
5861
5862
5863
5864
5865
5866
5867
5868
5869
5870
5871
5872
5873
5874
5875
5876
5877
5878
5879
5880
5881
5882
5883
5884
5885
5886
5887
5888
5889
5890
5891
5892
5893
5894
5895
5896
5897
5898
5899
5900
5901
5902
5903
5904
5905
5906
5907
5908
5909
5910
5911
5912
5913
5914
5915
5916
5917
5918
5919
5920
5921
5922
5923
5924
5925
5926
5927
5928
5929
5930
5931
5932
5933
5934
5935
5936
5937
5938
5939
5940
5941
5942
5943
5944
5945
5946
5947
5948
5949
5950
5951
5952
5953
5954
5955
5956
5957
5958
5959
5960
5961
5962
5963
5964
5965
5966
5967
5968
5969
5970
5971
5972
5973
5974
5975
5976
5977
5978
5979
5980
5981
5982
5983
5984
5985
5986
5987
5988
5989
5990
5991
5992
5993
5994
5995
5996
5997
5998
5999
6000
6001
6002
6003
6004
6005
6006
6007
6008
6009
6010
6011
6012
6013
6014
6015
6016
6017
6018
6019
6020
6021
6022
6023
6024
6025
6026
6027
6028
6029
6030
6031
6032
6033
6034
6035
6036
6037
6038
6039
6040
6041
6042
6043
6044
6045
6046
6047
6048
6049
6050
6051
6052
6053
6054
6055
6056
6057
6058
6059
6060
6061
6062
6063
6064
6065
6066
6067
6068
6069
6070
6071
6072
6073
6074
6075
6076
6077
6078
6079
6080
6081
6082
6083
6084
6085
6086
6087
6088
6089
6090
6091
6092
6093
6094
6095
6096
6097
6098
6099
6100
6101
6102
6103
6104
6105
6106
6107
6108
6109
6110
6111
6112
6113
6114
6115
6116
6117
6118
6119
6120
6121
6122
6123
6124
6125
6126
6127
6128
6129
6130
6131
6132
6133
6134
6135
6136
6137
6138
6139
6140
6141
6142
6143
6144
6145
6146
6147
6148
6149
6150
6151
6152
6153
6154
6155
6156
6157
6158
6159
6160
6161
6162
6163
6164
6165
6166
6167
6168
6169
6170
6171
6172
6173
6174
6175
6176
6177
6178
6179
6180
6181
6182
6183
6184
6185
6186
6187
6188
6189
6190
6191
6192
6193
6194
6195
6196
6197
6198
6199
6200
6201
6202
6203
6204
6205
6206
6207
6208
6209
6210
6211
6212
6213
6214
6215
6216
6217
6218
6219
6220
6221
6222
6223
6224
6225
6226
6227
6228
6229
6230
6231
6232
6233
6234
6235
6236
6237
6238
6239
6240
6241
6242
6243
6244
6245
6246
6247
6248
6249
6250
6251
6252
6253
6254
6255
6256
6257
6258
6259
6260
6261
6262
6263
6264
6265
6266
6267
6268
6269
6270
6271
6272
6273
6274
6275
6276
6277
6278
6279
6280
6281
6282
6283
6284
6285
6286
6287
6288
6289
6290
6291
6292
6293
6294
6295
6296
6297
6298
6299
6300
6301
6302
6303
6304
6305
6306
6307
6308
6309
6310
6311
6312
6313
6314
6315
6316
6317
6318
6319
6320
6321
6322
6323
6324
6325
6326
6327
6328
6329
6330
6331
6332
6333
6334
6335
6336
6337
6338
6339
6340
6341
6342
6343
6344
6345
6346
6347
6348
6349
6350
6351
6352
6353
6354
6355
6356
6357
6358
6359
6360
6361
6362
6363
6364
6365
6366
6367
6368
6369
6370
6371
6372
6373
6374
6375
6376
6377
6378
6379
6380
6381
6382
6383
6384
6385
6386
6387
6388
6389
6390
6391
6392
6393
6394
6395
6396
6397
6398
6399
6400
6401
6402
6403
6404
6405
6406
6407
6408
6409
6410
6411
6412
6413
6414
6415
6416
6417
6418
6419
6420
6421
6422
6423
6424
6425
6426
6427
6428
6429
6430
6431
6432
6433
6434
6435
6436
6437
6438
6439
6440
6441
6442
6443
6444
6445
6446
6447
6448
6449
6450
6451
6452
6453
6454
6455
6456
6457
6458
6459
6460
6461
6462
6463
6464
6465
6466
6467
6468
6469
6470
6471
6472
6473
6474
6475
6476
6477
6478
6479
6480
6481
6482
6483
6484
6485
6486
6487
6488
6489
6490
6491
6492
6493
6494
6495
6496
6497
6498
6499
6500
6501
6502
6503
6504
6505
6506
6507
6508
6509
6510
6511
6512
6513
6514
6515
6516
6517
6518
6519
6520
6521
6522
6523
6524
6525
6526
6527
6528
6529
6530
6531
6532
6533
6534
6535
6536
6537
6538
6539
6540
6541
6542
6543
6544
6545
6546
6547
6548
6549
6550
6551
6552
6553
6554
6555
6556
6557
6558
6559
6560
6561
6562
6563
6564
6565
6566
6567
6568
6569
6570
6571
6572
6573
6574
6575
6576
6577
6578
6579
6580
6581
6582
6583
6584
6585
6586
6587
6588
6589
6590
6591
6592
6593
6594
6595
6596
6597
6598
6599
6600
6601
6602
6603
6604
6605
6606
6607
6608
6609
6610
6611
6612
6613
6614
6615
6616
6617
6618
6619
6620
6621
6622
6623
6624
6625
6626
6627
6628
6629
6630
6631
6632
6633
6634
6635
6636
6637
6638
6639
6640
6641
6642
6643
6644
6645
6646
6647
6648
6649
6650
6651
6652
6653
6654
6655
6656
6657
6658
6659
6660
6661
6662
6663
6664
6665
6666
6667
6668
6669
6670
6671
6672
6673
6674
6675
6676
6677
6678
6679
6680
6681
6682
6683
6684
6685
6686
6687
6688
6689
6690
6691
6692
6693
6694
6695
6696
6697
6698
6699
6700
6701
6702
6703
6704
6705
6706
6707
6708
6709
6710
6711
6712
6713
6714
6715
6716
6717
6718
6719
6720
6721
6722
6723
6724
6725
6726
6727
6728
6729
6730
6731
6732
6733
6734
6735
6736
6737
6738
6739
6740
6741
6742
6743
6744
6745
6746
6747
6748
6749
6750
6751
6752
6753
6754
6755
6756
6757
6758
6759
6760
6761
6762
6763
6764
6765
6766
6767
6768
6769
6770
6771
6772
6773
6774
6775
6776
6777
6778
6779
6780
6781
6782
6783
6784
6785
6786
6787
6788
6789
6790
6791
6792
6793
6794
6795
6796
6797
6798
6799
6800
6801
6802
6803
6804
6805
6806
6807
6808
6809
6810
6811
6812
6813
6814
6815
6816
6817
6818
6819
6820
6821
6822
6823
6824
6825
6826
6827
6828
6829
6830
6831
6832
6833
6834
6835
6836
6837
6838
6839
6840
6841
6842
6843
6844
6845
6846
6847
6848
6849
6850
6851
6852
6853
6854
6855
6856
6857
6858
6859
6860
6861
6862
6863
6864
6865
6866
6867
6868
6869
6870
6871
6872
6873
6874
6875
6876
6877
6878
6879
6880
6881
6882
6883
6884
6885
6886
6887
6888
6889
6890
6891
6892
6893
6894
6895
6896
6897
6898
6899
6900
6901
6902
6903
6904
6905
6906
6907
6908
6909
6910
6911
6912
6913
6914
6915
6916
6917
6918
6919
6920
6921
6922
6923
6924
6925
6926
6927
6928
6929
6930
6931
6932
6933
6934
6935
6936
6937
6938
6939
6940
6941
6942
6943
6944
6945
6946
6947
6948
6949
6950
6951
6952
6953
6954
6955
6956
6957
6958
6959
6960
6961
6962
6963
6964
6965
6966
6967
6968
6969
6970
6971
6972
6973
6974
6975
6976
6977
6978
6979
6980
6981
6982
6983
6984
6985
6986
6987
6988
6989
6990
6991
6992
6993
6994
6995
6996
6997
6998
6999
7000
7001
7002
7003
7004
7005
7006
7007
7008
7009
7010
7011
7012
7013
7014
7015
7016
7017
7018
7019
7020
7021
7022
7023
7024
7025
7026
7027
7028
7029
7030
7031
7032
7033
7034
7035
7036
7037
7038
7039
7040
7041
7042
7043
7044
7045
7046
7047
7048
7049
7050
7051
7052
7053
7054
7055
7056
7057
7058
7059
7060
7061
7062
7063
7064
7065
7066
7067
7068
7069
7070
7071
7072
7073
7074
7075
7076
7077
7078
7079
7080
7081
7082
7083
7084
7085
7086
7087
7088
7089
7090
7091
7092
7093
7094
7095
7096
7097
7098
7099
7100
7101
7102
7103
7104
7105
7106
7107
7108
7109
7110
7111
7112
7113
7114
7115
7116
7117
7118
7119
7120
7121
7122
7123
7124
7125
7126
7127
7128
7129
7130
7131
7132
7133
7134
7135
7136
7137
7138
7139
7140
7141
7142
7143
7144
7145
7146
7147
7148
7149
7150
7151
7152
7153
7154
7155
7156
7157
7158
7159
7160
7161
7162
7163
7164
7165
7166
7167
7168
7169
7170
7171
7172
7173
7174
7175
7176
7177
7178
7179
7180
7181
7182
7183
7184
7185
7186
7187
7188
7189
7190
7191
7192
7193
7194
7195
7196
7197
7198
7199
7200
7201
7202
7203
7204
7205
7206
7207
7208
7209
7210
7211
7212
7213
7214
7215
7216
7217
7218
7219
7220
7221
7222
7223
7224
7225
7226
7227
7228
7229
7230
7231
7232
7233
7234
7235
7236
7237
7238
7239
7240
7241
7242
7243
7244
7245
7246
7247
7248
7249
7250
7251
7252
7253
7254
7255
7256
7257
7258
7259
7260
7261
7262
7263
7264
7265
7266
7267
7268
7269
7270
7271
7272
7273
7274
7275
7276
7277
7278
7279
7280
7281
7282
7283
7284
7285
7286
7287
7288
7289
7290
7291
7292
7293
7294
7295
7296
7297
7298
7299
7300
7301
7302
7303
7304
7305
7306
7307
7308
7309
7310
7311
7312
7313
7314
7315
7316
7317
7318
7319
7320
7321
7322
7323
7324
7325
7326
7327
7328
7329
7330
7331
7332
7333
7334
7335
7336
7337
7338
7339
7340
7341
7342
7343
7344
7345
7346
7347
7348
7349
7350
7351
7352
7353
7354
7355
7356
7357
7358
7359
7360
7361
7362
7363
7364
7365
7366
7367
7368
7369
7370
7371
7372
7373
7374
7375
7376
7377
7378
7379
7380
7381
7382
7383
7384
7385
7386
7387
7388
7389
7390
7391
7392
7393
7394
7395
7396
7397
7398
7399
7400
7401
7402
7403
7404
7405
7406
7407
7408
7409
7410
7411
7412
7413
7414
7415
7416
7417
7418
7419
7420
7421
7422
7423
7424
7425
7426
7427
7428
7429
7430
7431
7432
7433
7434
7435
7436
7437
7438
7439
7440
7441
7442
7443
7444
7445
7446
7447
7448
7449
7450
7451
7452
7453
7454
7455
7456
7457
7458
7459
7460
7461
7462
7463
7464
7465
7466
7467
7468
7469
7470
7471
7472
7473
7474
7475
7476
7477
7478
7479
7480
7481
7482
7483
7484
7485
7486
7487
7488
7489
7490
7491
7492
7493
7494
7495
7496
7497
7498
7499
7500
7501
7502
7503
7504
7505
7506
7507
7508
7509
7510
7511
7512
7513
7514
7515
7516
7517
7518
7519
7520
7521
7522
7523
7524
7525
7526
7527
7528
7529
7530
7531
7532
7533
7534
7535
7536
7537
7538
7539
7540
7541
7542
7543
7544
7545
7546
7547
7548
7549
7550
7551
7552
7553
7554
7555
7556
7557
7558
7559
7560
7561
7562
7563
7564
7565
7566
7567
7568
7569
7570
7571
7572
7573
7574
7575
7576
7577
7578
7579
7580
7581
7582
7583
7584
7585
7586
7587
7588
7589
7590
7591
7592
7593
7594
7595
7596
7597
7598
7599
7600
7601
7602
7603
7604
7605
7606
7607
7608
7609
7610
7611
7612
7613
7614
7615
7616
7617
7618
7619
7620
7621
7622
7623
7624
7625
7626
7627
7628
7629
7630
7631
7632
7633
7634
7635
7636
7637
7638
7639
7640
7641
7642
7643
7644
7645
7646
7647
7648
7649
7650
7651
7652
7653
7654
7655
7656
7657
7658
7659
7660
7661
7662
7663
7664
7665
7666
7667
7668
7669
7670
7671
7672
7673
7674
7675
7676
7677
7678
7679
7680
7681
7682
7683
7684
7685
7686
7687
7688
7689
7690
7691
7692
7693
7694
7695
7696
7697
7698
7699
7700
7701
7702
7703
7704
7705
7706
7707
7708
7709
7710
7711
7712
7713
7714
7715
7716
7717
7718
7719
7720
7721
7722
7723
7724
7725
7726
7727
7728
7729
7730
7731
7732
7733
7734
7735
7736
7737
7738
7739
7740
7741
7742
7743
7744
7745
7746
7747
7748
7749
7750
7751
7752
7753
7754
7755
7756
7757
7758
7759
7760
7761
7762
7763
7764
7765
7766
7767
7768
7769
7770
7771
7772
7773
7774
7775
7776
7777
7778
7779
7780
7781
7782
7783
7784
7785
7786
7787
7788
7789
7790
7791
7792
7793
7794
7795
7796
7797
7798
7799
7800
7801
7802
7803
7804
7805
7806
7807
7808
7809
7810
7811
7812
7813
7814
7815
7816
7817
7818
7819
7820
7821
7822
7823
7824
7825
7826
7827
7828
7829
7830
7831
7832
7833
7834
7835
7836
7837
7838
7839
7840
7841
7842
7843
7844
7845
7846
7847
7848
7849
7850
7851
7852
7853
7854
7855
7856
7857
7858
7859
7860
7861
7862
7863
7864
7865
7866
7867
7868
7869
7870
7871
7872
7873
7874
7875
7876
7877
7878
7879
7880
7881
7882
7883
7884
7885
7886
7887
7888
7889
7890
7891
7892
7893
7894
7895
7896
7897
7898
7899
7900
7901
7902
7903
7904
7905
7906
7907
7908
7909
7910
7911
7912
7913
7914
7915
7916
7917
7918
7919
7920
7921
7922
7923
7924
7925
7926
7927
7928
7929
7930
7931
7932
7933
7934
7935
7936
7937
7938
7939
7940
7941
7942
7943
7944
7945
7946
7947
7948
7949
7950
7951
7952
7953
7954
7955
7956
7957
7958
7959
7960
7961
7962
7963
7964
7965
7966
7967
7968
7969
7970
7971
7972
7973
7974
7975
7976
7977
7978
7979
7980
7981
7982
7983
7984
7985
7986
7987
7988
7989
7990
7991
7992
7993
7994
7995
7996
7997
7998
7999
8000
8001
8002
8003
8004
8005
8006
8007
8008
8009
8010
8011
8012
8013
8014
8015
8016
8017
8018
8019
8020
8021
8022
8023
8024
8025
8026
8027
8028
8029
8030
8031
8032
8033
8034
8035
8036
8037
8038
8039
8040
8041
8042
8043
8044
8045
8046
8047
8048
8049
8050
8051
8052
8053
8054
8055
8056
8057
8058
8059
8060
8061
8062
8063
8064
8065
8066
8067
8068
8069
8070
8071
8072
8073
8074
8075
8076
8077
8078
8079
8080
8081
8082
8083
8084
8085
8086
8087
8088
8089
8090
8091
8092
8093
8094
8095
8096
8097
8098
8099
8100
8101
8102
8103
8104
8105
8106
8107
8108
8109
8110
8111
8112
8113
8114
8115
8116
8117
8118
8119
8120
8121
8122
8123
8124
8125
8126
8127
8128
8129
8130
8131
8132
8133
8134
8135
8136
8137
8138
8139
8140
8141
8142
8143
8144
8145
8146
8147
8148
8149
8150
8151
8152
8153
8154
8155
8156
8157
8158
8159
8160
8161
8162
8163
8164
8165
8166
8167
8168
8169
8170
8171
8172
8173
8174
8175
8176
8177
8178
8179
8180
8181
8182
8183
8184
8185
8186
8187
8188
8189
8190
8191
8192
8193
8194
8195
8196
8197
8198
8199
8200
8201
8202
8203
8204
8205
8206
8207
8208
8209
8210
8211
8212
8213
8214
8215
8216
8217
8218
8219
8220
8221
8222
8223
8224
8225
8226
8227
8228
8229
8230
8231
8232
8233
8234
8235
8236
8237
8238
8239
8240
8241
8242
8243
8244
8245
8246
8247
8248
8249
8250
8251
8252
8253
8254
8255
8256
8257
8258
8259
8260
8261
8262
8263
8264
8265
8266
8267
8268
8269
8270
8271
8272
8273
8274
8275
8276
8277
8278
8279
8280
8281
8282
8283
8284
8285
8286
8287
8288
8289
8290
8291
8292
8293
8294
8295
8296
8297
8298
8299
8300
8301
8302
8303
8304
8305
8306
8307
8308
8309
8310
8311
8312
8313
8314
8315
8316
8317
8318
8319
8320
8321
8322
8323
8324
8325
8326
8327
8328
8329
8330
8331
8332
8333
8334
8335
8336
8337
8338
8339
8340
8341
8342
8343
8344
8345
8346
8347
8348
8349
8350
8351
8352
8353
8354
8355
8356
8357
8358
8359
8360
8361
8362
8363
8364
8365
8366
8367
8368
8369
8370
8371
8372
8373
8374
8375
8376
8377
8378
8379
8380
8381
8382
8383
8384
8385
8386
8387
8388
8389
8390
8391
8392
8393
8394
8395
8396
8397
8398
8399
8400
8401
8402
8403
8404
8405
8406
8407
8408
8409
8410
8411
8412
8413
8414
8415
8416
8417
8418
8419
8420
8421
8422
8423
8424
8425
8426
8427
8428
8429
8430
8431
8432
8433
8434
8435
8436
8437
8438
8439
8440
8441
8442
8443
8444
8445
8446
8447
8448
8449
8450
8451
8452
8453
8454
8455
8456
8457
8458
8459
8460
8461
8462
8463
8464
8465
8466
8467
8468
8469
8470
8471
8472
8473
8474
8475
8476
8477
8478
8479
8480
8481
8482
8483
8484
8485
8486
8487
8488
8489
8490
8491
8492
8493
8494
8495
8496
8497
8498
8499
8500
8501
8502
8503
8504
8505
8506
8507
8508
8509
8510
8511
8512
8513
8514
8515
8516
8517
8518
8519
8520
8521
8522
8523
8524
8525
8526
8527
8528
8529
8530
8531
8532
8533
8534
8535
8536
8537
8538
8539
8540
8541
8542
8543
8544
8545
8546
8547
8548
8549
8550
8551
8552
8553
8554
8555
8556
8557
8558
8559
8560
8561
8562
8563
8564
8565
8566
8567
8568
8569
8570
8571
8572
8573
8574
8575
8576
8577
8578
8579
8580
8581
8582
8583
8584
8585
8586
8587
8588
8589
8590
8591
8592
8593
8594
8595
8596
8597
8598
8599
8600
8601
8602
8603
8604
8605
8606
8607
8608
8609
8610
8611
8612
8613
8614
8615
8616
8617
8618
8619
8620
8621
8622
8623
8624
8625
8626
8627
8628
8629
8630
8631
8632
8633
8634
8635
8636
8637
8638
8639
8640
8641
8642
8643
8644
8645
8646
8647
8648
8649
8650
8651
8652
8653
8654
8655
8656
8657
8658
8659
8660
8661
8662
8663
8664
8665
8666
8667
8668
8669
8670
8671
8672
8673
8674
8675
8676
8677
8678
8679
8680
8681
8682
8683
8684
8685
8686
8687
8688
8689
8690
8691
8692
8693
8694
8695
8696
8697
8698
8699
8700
8701
8702
8703
8704
8705
8706
8707
8708
8709
8710
8711
8712
8713
8714
8715
8716
8717
8718
8719
8720
8721
8722
8723
8724
8725
8726
8727
8728
8729
8730
8731
8732
8733
8734
8735
8736
8737
8738
8739
8740
8741
8742
8743
8744
8745
8746
8747
8748
8749
8750
8751
8752
8753
8754
8755
8756
8757
8758
8759
8760
8761
8762
8763
8764
8765
8766
8767
8768
8769
8770
8771
8772
8773
8774
8775
8776
8777
8778
8779
8780
8781
8782
8783
8784
8785
8786
8787
8788
8789
8790
8791
8792
8793
8794
8795
8796
8797
8798
8799
8800
8801
8802
8803
8804
8805
8806
8807
8808
8809
8810
8811
8812
8813
8814
8815
8816
8817
8818
8819
8820
8821
8822
8823
8824
8825
8826
8827
8828
8829
8830
8831
8832
8833
8834
8835
8836
8837
8838
8839
8840
8841
8842
8843
8844
8845
8846
8847
8848
8849
8850
8851
8852
8853
8854
8855
8856
8857
8858
8859
8860
8861
8862
8863
8864
8865
8866
8867
8868
8869
8870
8871
8872
8873
8874
8875
8876
8877
8878
8879
8880
8881
8882
8883
8884
8885
8886
8887
8888
8889
8890
8891
8892
8893
8894
8895
8896
8897
8898
8899
8900
8901
8902
8903
8904
8905
8906
8907
8908
8909
8910
8911
8912
8913
8914
8915
8916
8917
8918
8919
8920
8921
8922
8923
8924
8925
8926
8927
8928
8929
8930
8931
8932
8933
8934
8935
8936
8937
8938
8939
8940
8941
8942
8943
8944
8945
8946
8947
8948
8949
8950
8951
8952
8953
8954
8955
8956
8957
8958
8959
8960
8961
8962
8963
8964
8965
8966
8967
8968
8969
8970
8971
8972
8973
8974
8975
8976
8977
8978
8979
8980
8981
8982
8983
8984
8985
8986
8987
8988
8989
8990
8991
8992
8993
8994
8995
8996
8997
8998
8999
9000
9001
9002
9003
9004
9005
9006
9007
9008
9009
9010
9011
9012
9013
9014
9015
9016
9017
9018
9019
9020
9021
9022
9023
9024
9025
9026
9027
9028
9029
9030
9031
9032
9033
9034
9035
9036
9037
9038
9039
9040
9041
9042
9043
9044
9045
9046
9047
9048
9049
9050
9051
9052
9053
9054
9055
9056
9057
9058
9059
9060
9061
9062
9063
9064
9065
9066
9067
9068
9069
9070
9071
9072
9073
9074
9075
9076
9077
9078
9079
9080
9081
9082
9083
9084
9085
9086
9087
9088
9089
9090
9091
9092
9093
9094
9095
9096
9097
9098
9099
9100
9101
9102
9103
9104
9105
9106
9107
9108
9109
9110
9111
9112
9113
9114
9115
9116
9117
9118
9119
9120
9121
9122
9123
9124
9125
9126
9127
9128
9129
9130
9131
9132
9133
9134
9135
9136
9137
9138
9139
9140
9141
9142
9143
9144
9145
9146
9147
9148
9149
9150
9151
9152
9153
9154
9155
9156
9157
9158
9159
9160
9161
9162
9163
9164
9165
9166
9167
9168
9169
9170
9171
9172
9173
9174
9175
9176
9177
9178
9179
9180
9181
9182
9183
9184
9185
9186
9187
9188
9189
9190
9191
9192
9193
9194
9195
9196
9197
9198
9199
9200
9201
9202
9203
9204
9205
9206
9207
9208
9209
9210
9211
9212
9213
9214
9215
9216
9217
9218
9219
9220
9221
9222
9223
9224
9225
9226
9227
9228
9229
9230
9231
9232
9233
9234
9235
9236
9237
9238
9239
9240
9241
9242
9243
9244
9245
9246
9247
9248
9249
9250
9251
9252
9253
9254
9255
9256
9257
9258
9259
9260
9261
9262
9263
9264
9265
9266
9267
9268
9269
9270
9271
9272
9273
9274
9275
9276
9277
9278
9279
9280
9281
9282
9283
9284
9285
9286
9287
9288
9289
9290
9291
9292
9293
9294
9295
9296
9297
9298
9299
9300
9301
9302
9303
9304
9305
9306
9307
9308
9309
9310
9311
9312
9313
9314
9315
9316
9317
9318
9319
9320
9321
9322
9323
9324
9325
9326
9327
9328
9329
9330
9331
9332
9333
9334
9335
9336
9337
9338
9339
9340
9341
9342
9343
9344
9345
9346
9347
9348
9349
9350
9351
9352
9353
9354
9355
9356
9357
9358
9359
9360
9361
9362
9363
9364
9365
9366
9367
9368
9369
9370
9371
9372
9373
9374
9375
9376
9377
9378
9379
9380
9381
9382
9383
9384
9385
9386
9387
9388
9389
9390
9391
9392
9393
9394
9395
9396
9397
9398
9399
9400
9401
9402
9403
9404
9405
9406
9407
9408
9409
9410
9411
9412
9413
9414
9415
9416
9417
9418
9419
9420
9421
9422
9423
9424
9425
9426
9427
9428
9429
9430
9431
9432
9433
9434
9435
9436
9437
9438
9439
9440
9441
9442
9443
9444
9445
9446
9447
9448
9449
9450
9451
9452
9453
9454
9455
9456
9457
9458
9459
9460
9461
9462
9463
9464
9465
9466
9467
9468
9469
9470
9471
9472
9473
9474
9475
9476
9477
9478
9479
9480
9481
9482
9483
9484
9485
9486
9487
9488
9489
9490
9491
9492
9493
9494
9495
9496
9497
9498
9499
9500
9501
9502
9503
9504
9505
9506
9507
9508
9509
9510
9511
9512
9513
9514
9515
9516
9517
9518
9519
9520
9521
9522
9523
9524
9525
9526
9527
9528
9529
9530
9531
9532
9533
9534
9535
9536
9537
9538
9539
9540
9541
9542
9543
9544
9545
9546
9547
9548
9549
9550
9551
9552
9553
9554
9555
9556
9557
9558
9559
9560
9561
9562
9563
9564
9565
9566
9567
9568
9569
9570
9571
9572
9573
9574
9575
9576
9577
9578
9579
9580
9581
9582
9583
9584
9585
9586
9587
9588
9589
9590
9591
9592
9593
9594
9595
9596
9597
9598
9599
9600
9601
9602
9603
9604
9605
9606
9607
9608
9609
9610
9611
9612
9613
9614
9615
9616
9617
9618
9619
9620
9621
9622
9623
9624
9625
9626
9627
9628
9629
9630
9631
9632
9633
9634
9635
9636
9637
9638
9639
9640
9641
9642
9643
9644
9645
9646
9647
9648
9649
9650
9651
9652
9653
9654
9655
9656
9657
9658
9659
9660
9661
9662
9663
9664
9665
9666
9667
9668
9669
9670
9671
9672
9673
9674
9675
9676
9677
9678
9679
9680
9681
9682
9683
9684
9685
9686
9687
9688
9689
9690
9691
9692
9693
9694
9695
9696
9697
9698
9699
9700
9701
9702
9703
9704
9705
9706
9707
9708
9709
9710
9711
9712
9713
9714
9715
9716
9717
9718
9719
9720
9721
9722
9723
9724
9725
9726
9727
9728
9729
9730
9731
9732
9733
9734
9735
9736
9737
9738
9739
9740
9741
9742
9743
9744
9745
9746
9747
9748
9749
9750
9751
9752
9753
9754
9755
9756
9757
9758
9759
9760
9761
9762
9763
9764
9765
9766
9767
9768
9769
9770
9771
9772
9773
9774
9775
9776
9777
9778
9779
9780
9781
9782
9783
9784
9785
9786
9787
9788
9789
9790
9791
9792
9793
9794
9795
9796
9797
9798
9799
9800
9801
9802
9803
9804
9805
9806
9807
9808
9809
9810
9811
9812
9813
9814
9815
9816
9817
9818
9819
9820
9821
9822
9823
9824
9825
9826
9827
9828
9829
9830
9831
9832
9833
9834
9835
9836
9837
9838
9839
9840
9841
9842
9843
9844
9845
9846
9847
9848
9849
9850
9851
9852
9853
9854
9855
9856
9857
9858
9859
9860
9861
9862
9863
9864
9865
9866
9867
9868
9869
9870
9871
9872
9873
9874
9875
9876
9877
9878
9879
9880
9881
9882
9883
9884
9885
9886
9887
9888
9889
9890
9891
9892
9893
9894
9895
9896
9897
9898
9899
9900
9901
9902
9903
9904
9905
9906
9907
9908
9909
9910
9911
9912
9913
9914
9915
9916
9917
9918
9919
9920
9921
9922
9923
9924
9925
9926
9927
9928
9929
9930
9931
9932
9933
9934
9935
9936
9937
9938
9939
9940
9941
9942
9943
9944
9945
9946
9947
9948
9949
9950
9951
9952
9953
9954
9955
9956
9957
9958
9959
9960
9961
9962
9963
9964
9965
9966
9967
9968
9969
9970
9971
9972
9973
9974
9975
9976
9977
9978
9979
9980
9981
9982
9983
9984
9985
9986
9987
9988
9989
9990
9991
9992
9993
9994
9995
9996
9997
9998
9999
10000
10001
10002
10003
10004
10005
10006
10007
10008
10009
10010
10011
10012
10013
10014
10015
10016
10017
10018
10019
10020
10021
10022
10023
10024
10025
10026
10027
10028
10029
10030
10031
10032
10033
10034
10035
10036
10037
10038
10039
10040
10041
10042
10043
10044
10045
10046
10047
10048
10049
10050
10051
10052
10053
10054
10055
10056
10057
10058
10059
10060
10061
10062
10063
10064
10065
10066
10067
10068
10069
10070
10071
10072
10073
10074
10075
10076
10077
10078
10079
10080
10081
10082
10083
10084
10085
10086
10087
10088
10089
10090
10091
10092
10093
10094
10095
10096
10097
10098
10099
10100
10101
10102
10103
10104
10105
10106
10107
10108
10109
10110
10111
10112
10113
10114
10115
10116
10117
10118
10119
10120
10121
10122
10123
10124
10125
10126
10127
10128
10129
10130
10131
10132
10133
10134
10135
10136
10137
10138
10139
10140
10141
10142
10143
10144
10145
10146
10147
10148
10149
10150
10151
10152
10153
10154
10155
10156
10157
10158
10159
10160
10161
10162
10163
10164
10165
10166
10167
10168
10169
10170
10171
10172
10173
10174
10175
10176
10177
10178
10179
10180
10181
10182
10183
10184
10185
10186
10187
10188
10189
10190
10191
10192
10193
10194
10195
10196
10197
10198
10199
10200
10201
10202
10203
10204
10205
10206
10207
10208
10209
10210
10211
10212
10213
10214
10215
10216
10217
10218
10219
10220
10221
10222
10223
10224
10225
10226
10227
10228
10229
10230
10231
10232
10233
10234
10235
10236
10237
10238
10239
10240
10241
10242
10243
10244
10245
10246
10247
10248
10249
10250
10251
10252
10253
10254
10255
10256
10257
10258
10259
10260
10261
10262
10263
10264
10265
10266
10267
10268
10269
10270
10271
10272
10273
10274
10275
10276
10277
10278
10279
10280
10281
10282
10283
10284
10285
10286
10287
10288
10289
10290
10291
10292
10293
10294
10295
10296
10297
10298
10299
10300
10301
10302
10303
10304
10305
10306
10307
10308
10309
10310
10311
10312
10313
10314
10315
10316
10317
10318
10319
10320
10321
10322
10323
10324
10325
10326
10327
10328
10329
10330
10331
10332
10333
10334
10335
10336
10337
10338
10339
10340
10341
10342
10343
10344
10345
10346
10347
10348
10349
10350
10351
10352
10353
10354
10355
10356
10357
10358
10359
10360
10361
10362
10363
10364
10365
10366
10367
10368
10369
10370
10371
10372
10373
10374
10375
10376
10377
10378
10379
10380
10381
10382
10383
10384
10385
10386
10387
10388
10389
10390
10391
10392
10393
10394
10395
10396
10397
10398
10399
10400
10401
10402
10403
10404
10405
10406
10407
10408
10409
10410
10411
10412
10413
10414
10415
10416
10417
10418
10419
10420
10421
10422
10423
10424
10425
10426
10427
10428
10429
10430
10431
10432
10433
10434
10435
10436
10437
10438
10439
10440
10441
10442
10443
10444
10445
10446
10447
10448
10449
10450
10451
10452
10453
10454
10455
10456
10457
10458
10459
10460
10461
10462
10463
10464
10465
10466
10467
10468
10469
10470
10471
10472
10473
10474
10475
10476
10477
10478
10479
10480
10481
10482
10483
10484
10485
10486
10487
10488
10489
10490
10491
10492
10493
10494
10495
10496
10497
10498
10499
10500
10501
10502
10503
10504
10505
10506
10507
10508
10509
10510
10511
10512
10513
10514
10515
10516
10517
10518
10519
10520
10521
10522
10523
10524
10525
10526
10527
10528
10529
10530
10531
10532
10533
10534
10535
10536
10537
10538
10539
10540
10541
10542
10543
10544
10545
10546
10547
10548
10549
10550
10551
10552
10553
10554
10555
10556
10557
10558
10559
10560
10561
10562
10563
10564
10565
10566
10567
10568
10569
10570
10571
10572
10573
10574
10575
10576
10577
10578
10579
10580
10581
10582
10583
10584
10585
10586
10587
10588
10589
10590
10591
10592
10593
10594
10595
10596
10597
10598
10599
10600
10601
10602
10603
10604
10605
10606
10607
10608
10609
10610
10611
10612
10613
10614
10615
10616
10617
10618
10619
10620
10621
10622
10623
10624
10625
10626
10627
10628
10629
10630
10631
10632
10633
10634
10635
10636
10637
10638
10639
10640
10641
10642
10643
10644
10645
10646
10647
10648
10649
10650
10651
10652
10653
10654
10655
10656
10657
10658
10659
10660
10661
10662
10663
10664
10665
10666
10667
10668
10669
10670
10671
10672
10673
10674
10675
10676
10677
10678
10679
10680
10681
10682
10683
10684
10685
10686
10687
10688
10689
10690
10691
10692
10693
10694
10695
10696
10697
10698
10699
10700
10701
10702
10703
10704
10705
10706
10707
10708
10709
10710
10711
10712
10713
10714
10715
10716
10717
10718
10719
10720
10721
10722
10723
10724
10725
10726
10727
10728
10729
10730
10731
10732
10733
10734
10735
10736
10737
10738
10739
10740
10741
10742
10743
10744
10745
10746
10747
10748
10749
10750
10751
10752
10753
10754
10755
10756
10757
10758
10759
10760
10761
10762
|
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<html>
<!-- This manual documents the Eplain macros, version 3.11,
July 2020. Eplain provides functionality for plain TeX that
is intended to be useful regardless of how your document is actually
formatted.
Most of this manual is in the public domain, like most of the Eplain
code. It was originally written by Karl Berry, starting in 1989.
Steven Smith wrote the documentation for the commutative diagram
macros; this chapter is under the GNU General Public License. Adam
Lewenberg has made additions and corrections. Oleg Katsitadze wrote
the section on LaTeX packages and the chapter on hyperlinks, and
updates throughout. -->
<!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 6.7, http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ -->
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
<title>Eplain: Expanded Plain TeX</title>
<meta name="description" content="Eplain: Expanded Plain TeX">
<meta name="keywords" content="Eplain: Expanded Plain TeX">
<meta name="resource-type" content="document">
<meta name="distribution" content="global">
<meta name="Generator" content="makeinfo">
<link href="#Top" rel="start" title="Top">
<link href="#Macro-index" rel="index" title="Macro index">
<link href="#SEC_Contents" rel="contents" title="Table of Contents">
<link href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/" rel="up" title="(dir)">
<style type="text/css">
<!--
a.summary-letter {text-decoration: none}
blockquote.indentedblock {margin-right: 0em}
div.display {margin-left: 3.2em}
div.example {margin-left: 3.2em}
div.lisp {margin-left: 3.2em}
kbd {font-style: oblique}
pre.display {font-family: inherit}
pre.format {font-family: inherit}
pre.menu-comment {font-family: serif}
pre.menu-preformatted {font-family: serif}
span.nolinebreak {white-space: nowrap}
span.roman {font-family: initial; font-weight: normal}
span.sansserif {font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: normal}
ul.no-bullet {list-style: none}
-->
</style>
</head>
<body lang="en">
<h1 class="settitle" align="center">Eplain: Expanded Plain TeX</h1>
<span id="SEC_Overview"></span>
<h2 class="shortcontents-heading">Short Table of Contents</h2>
<div class="shortcontents">
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="stoc-Introduction-1" href="#toc-Introduction-1">1 Introduction</a></li>
<li><a id="stoc-Installation-1" href="#toc-Installation-1">2 Installation</a></li>
<li><a id="stoc-Invoking-Eplain-1" href="#toc-Invoking-Eplain-1">3 Invoking Eplain</a></li>
<li><a id="stoc-User-definitions-1" href="#toc-User-definitions-1">4 User definitions</a></li>
<li><a id="stoc-Hyperlinks-1" href="#toc-Hyperlinks-1">5 Hyperlinks</a></li>
<li><a id="stoc-Arrow-theoretic-diagrams-1" href="#toc-Arrow-theoretic-diagrams-1">6 Arrow theoretic diagrams</a></li>
<li><a id="stoc-Programming-definitions-1" href="#toc-Programming-definitions-1">7 Programming definitions</a></li>
<li><a id="stoc-Demo-files-1" href="#toc-Demo-files-1">8 Demo files</a></li>
<li><a id="stoc-Macro-index-1" href="#toc-Macro-index-1" rel="index">Macro index</a></li>
<li><a id="stoc-Concept-index-1" href="#toc-Concept-index-1" rel="index">Concept index</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<span id="SEC_Contents"></span>
<h2 class="contents-heading">Table of Contents</h2>
<div class="contents">
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-Introduction-1" href="#Introduction">1 Introduction</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Installation-1" href="#Installation">2 Installation</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Invoking-Eplain-1" href="#Invoking-Eplain">3 Invoking Eplain</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-User-definitions-1" href="#User-definitions">4 User definitions</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-Diagnostics-1" href="#Diagnostics">4.1 Diagnostics</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Rules-1" href="#Rules">4.2 Rules</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Citations-1" href="#Citations">4.3 Citations</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-Formatting-citations-1" href="#Formatting-citations">4.3.1 Formatting citations</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Formatting-bibliographies-1" href="#Formatting-bibliographies">4.3.2 Formatting bibliographies</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Commands-from-LaTeX-1" href="#Commands-from-LaTeX">4.3.3 Commands from LaTeX</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Displays-1" href="#Displays">4.4 Displays</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-Formatting-displays-1" href="#Formatting-displays">4.4.1 Formatting displays</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Time-of-day-1" href="#Time-of-day">4.5 Time of day</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Lists-1" href="#Lists">4.6 Lists</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-Formatting-lists-1" href="#Formatting-lists">4.6.1 Formatting lists</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Verbatim-listing-1" href="#Verbatim-listing">4.7 Verbatim listing</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Contents-1" href="#Contents">4.8 Contents</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-Writing-the-_002etoc-file-1" href="#Writing-the-_002etoc-file">4.8.1 Writing the <tt>.toc</tt> file</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Reading-the-_002etoc-file-1" href="#Reading-the-_002etoc-file">4.8.2 Reading the <tt>.toc</tt> file</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Changing-the-_002etoc-file_0027s-root-name-1" href="#Changing-the-_002etoc-file_0027s-root-name">4.8.3 Changing the <tt>.toc</tt> file’s root name</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Alternative-contents-files-1" href="#Alternative-contents-files">4.8.4 Alternative contents files</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Cross_002dreferences-1" href="#Cross_002dreferences">4.9 Cross-references</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-Defining-generic-references-1" href="#Defining-generic-references">4.9.1 Defining generic references</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Using-generic-references-1" href="#Using-generic-references">4.9.2 Using generic references</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Page-references-1" href="#Page-references">4.10 Page references</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Equation-references-1" href="#Equation-references">4.11 Equation references</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-Formatting-equation-references-1" href="#Formatting-equation-references">4.11.1 Formatting equation references</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Subequation-references-1" href="#Subequation-references">4.11.2 Subequation references</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Indexing-1" href="#Indexing">4.12 Indexing</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-Indexing-terms-1" href="#Indexing-terms">4.12.1 Indexing terms</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-Indexing-commands-1" href="#Indexing-commands">4.12.1.1 Indexing commands</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Modifying-index-entries-1" href="#Modifying-index-entries">4.12.1.2 Modifying index entries</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Index-entries-with-special-characters-1" href="#Index-entries-with-special-characters">4.12.1.3 Index entries with special characters</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Proofing-index-terms-1" href="#Proofing-index-terms">4.12.1.4 Proofing index terms</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Typesetting-an-index-1" href="#Typesetting-an-index">4.12.2 Typesetting an index</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Customizing-indexing-1" href="#Customizing-indexing">4.12.3 Customizing indexing</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Justification-1" href="#Justification">4.13 Justification</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Tables-1" href="#Tables">4.14 Tables</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Margins-1" href="#Margins">4.15 Margins</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Multiple-columns-1" href="#Multiple-columns">4.16 Multiple columns</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Footnotes-1" href="#Footnotes">4.17 Footnotes</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Fractions-1" href="#Fractions">4.18 Fractions</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Paths-1" href="#Paths">4.19 Paths</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Logos-1" href="#Logos">4.20 Logos</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Boxes-1" href="#Boxes">4.21 Boxes</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Checking-for-PDF-output-1" href="#Checking-for-PDF-output">4.22 Checking for PDF output</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Loading-LaTeX-packages-1" href="#Loading-LaTeX-packages">4.23 Loading LaTeX packages</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-The-_005cusepackage-command-1" href="#The-_005cusepackage-command">4.23.1 The <code>\usepackage</code> command</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Environment-for-loading-packages-1" href="#Environment-for-loading-packages">4.23.2 Environment for loading packages</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Packages-known-to-work-1" href="#Packages-known-to-work">4.23.3 Packages known to work</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Packages-known-not-to-work-1" href="#Packages-known-not-to-work">4.23.4 Packages known not to work</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Hyperlinks-1" href="#Hyperlinks">5 Hyperlinks</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-Introduction-to-hyperlinks-1" href="#Introduction-to-hyperlinks">5.1 Introduction to hyperlinks</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Explicit-hyperlinks-1" href="#Explicit-hyperlinks">5.2 Explicit hyperlinks</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Implicit-hyperlinks-1" href="#Implicit-hyperlinks">5.3 Implicit hyperlinks</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-General-hyperlinks_003a-hrefint_002c-hrefext" href="#General-hyperlinks">5.3.1 General hyperlinks: hrefint, hrefext</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-URL-hyperlinks_003a-url" href="#URL-hyperlinks">5.3.2 URL hyperlinks: url</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Citation-hyperlinks_003a-cite_002c-bib" href="#Citation-hyperlinks">5.3.3 Citation hyperlinks: cite, bib</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-List-hyperlinks_003a-li" href="#List-hyperlinks">5.3.4 List hyperlinks: li</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Cross_002dreference-hyperlinks_003a-definexref_002c-ref" href="#Cross_002dreference-hyperlinks">5.3.5 Cross-reference hyperlinks: definexref, ref</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Page-reference-hyperlinks_003a-xrdef_002c-xref" href="#Page-reference-hyperlinks">5.3.6 Page reference hyperlinks: xrdef, xref</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Equation-reference-hyperlinks_003a-eq" href="#Equation-reference-hyperlinks">5.3.7 Equation reference hyperlinks: eq</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Index-hyperlinks_003a-idx" href="#Index-hyperlinks">5.3.8 Index hyperlinks: idx</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-Exact-destinations-for-index-terms-1" href="#Exact-destinations-for-index-terms">5.3.8.1 Exact destinations for index terms</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Page-destinations-for-index-terms-1" href="#Page-destinations-for-index-terms">5.3.8.2 Page destinations for index terms</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Choosing-destination-placement-1" href="#Choosing-destination-placement">5.3.8.3 Choosing destination placement</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Index-page-list-and-page-range-parsers-1" href="#Index-page-list-and-page-range-parsers">5.3.8.4 Index page list and page range parsers</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Hyperlinks-in-see-and-see-also-entries-1" href="#Hyperlinks-in-see-and-see-also-entries">5.3.8.5 Hyperlinks in see and see also entries</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Footnote-hyperlinks_003a-foot_002c-footback" href="#Footnote-hyperlinks">5.3.9 Footnote hyperlinks: foot, footback</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Contents-hyperlinks-1" href="#Contents-hyperlinks">5.3.10 Contents hyperlinks</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Hyperlink-drivers-1" href="#Hyperlink-drivers">5.4 Hyperlink drivers</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-Options-supported-by-all-drivers-1" href="#Options-supported-by-all-drivers">5.4.1 Options supported by all drivers</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Hyperlink-driver-hypertex-1" href="#Hyperlink-driver-hypertex">5.4.2 Hyperlink driver <code>hypertex</code></a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-Destination-types-for-hypertex-1" href="#Destination-types-for-hypertex">5.4.2.1 Destination types for <code>hypertex</code></a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Destination-options-for-hypertex-1" href="#Destination-options-for-hypertex">5.4.2.2 Destination options for <code>hypertex</code></a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Link-types-for-hypertex-1" href="#Link-types-for-hypertex">5.4.2.3 Link types for <code>hypertex</code></a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Link-options-for-hypertex-1" href="#Link-options-for-hypertex">5.4.2.4 Link options for <code>hypertex</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Hyperlink-drivers-pdftex-and-dvipdfm-1" href="#Hyperlink-drivers-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">5.4.3 Hyperlink drivers <code>pdftex</code> and <code>dvipdfm</code></a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm-1" href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">5.4.3.1 Destination types for <code>pdftex</code> and <code>dvipdfm</code></a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm-1" href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">5.4.3.2 Destination options for <code>pdftex</code> and <code>dvipdfm</code></a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm-1" href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">5.4.3.3 Link types for <code>pdftex</code> and <code>dvipdfm</code></a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm-1" href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">5.4.3.4 Link options for <code>pdftex</code> and <code>dvipdfm</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Hyperlink-driver-nolinks-1" href="#Hyperlink-driver-nolinks">5.4.4 Hyperlink driver <code>nolinks</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options-1" href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options">5.5 Setting hyperlink types and options</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-Setting-default-types-and-options-1" href="#Setting-default-types-and-options">5.5.1 Setting default types and options</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Setting-group-types-1" href="#Setting-group-types">5.5.2 Setting group types</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Setting-group-options-1" href="#Setting-group-options">5.5.3 Setting group options</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Turning-hyperlinks-on_002foff-1" href="#Turning-hyperlinks-on_002foff">5.6 Turning hyperlinks on/off</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-Turning-low_002dlevel-commands-on_002foff-1" href="#Turning-low_002dlevel-commands-on_002foff">5.6.1 Turning low-level commands on/off</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Turning-hyperlinks-on_002foff-for-a-group-1" href="#Turning-hyperlinks-on_002foff-for-a-group">5.6.2 Turning hyperlinks on/off for a group</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Making-PDF-outlines-1" href="#Making-PDF-outlines">5.7 Making PDF outlines</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Arrow-theoretic-diagrams-1" href="#Arrow-theoretic-diagrams">6 Arrow theoretic diagrams</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-Slanted-lines-and-vectors-1" href="#Slanted-lines-and-vectors">6.1 Slanted lines and vectors</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Commutative-diagrams-1" href="#Commutative-diagrams">6.2 Commutative diagrams</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-Arrows-and-morphisms-1" href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">6.2.1 Arrows and morphisms</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Construction-of-commutative-diagrams-1" href="#Construction-of-commutative-diagrams">6.2.2 Construction of commutative diagrams</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Commutative-diagram-parameters-1" href="#Commutative-diagram-parameters">6.2.3 Commutative diagram parameters</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Programming-definitions-1" href="#Programming-definitions">7 Programming definitions</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-Category-codes-1" href="#Category-codes">7.1 Category codes</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Allocation-macros-1" href="#Allocation-macros">7.2 Allocation macros</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Iteration-1" href="#Iteration">7.3 Iteration</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Macro-arguments-1" href="#Macro-arguments">7.4 Macro arguments</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Converting-to-characters-1" href="#Converting-to-characters">7.5 Converting to characters</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Expansion-1" href="#Expansion">7.6 Expansion</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-_005ccsn-and-_005cece-1" href="#g_t_005ccsn-and-_005cece">7.6.1 <code>\csn</code> and <code>\ece</code></a></li>
<li><a id="toc-_005cedefappend-1" href="#g_t_005cedefappend">7.6.2 <code>\edefappend</code></a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Hooks-1" href="#Hooks">7.6.3 Hooks</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Properties-1" href="#Properties">7.6.4 Properties</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-_005cexpandonce-1" href="#g_t_005cexpandonce">7.6.5 <code>\expandonce</code></a></li>
<li><a id="toc-_005cifundefined-1" href="#g_t_005cifundefined">7.6.6 <code>\ifundefined</code></a></li>
<li><a id="toc-_005cifempty-1" href="#g_t_005cifempty">7.6.7 <code>\ifempty</code></a></li>
<li><a id="toc-_005cifinteger-and-_005cisinteger-1" href="#g_t_005cifinteger-and-_005cisinteger">7.6.8 <code>\ifinteger</code> and <code>\isinteger</code></a></li>
<li><a id="toc-_005cfuturenonspacelet-1" href="#g_t_005cfuturenonspacelet">7.6.9 <code>\futurenonspacelet</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Obeying-spaces-1" href="#Obeying-spaces">7.7 Obeying spaces</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Writing-out-numbers-1" href="#Writing-out-numbers">7.8 Writing out numbers</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Mode_002dspecific-penalties-1" href="#Mode_002dspecific-penalties">7.9 Mode-specific penalties</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Auxiliary-files-1" href="#Auxiliary-files">7.10 Auxiliary files</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-User_002ddefined-environments-1" href="#User_002ddefined-environments">7.11 User-defined environments</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Page-list-and-page-range-parsers-1" href="#Page-list-and-page-range-parsers">7.12 Page list and page range parsers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Demo-files-1" href="#Demo-files">8 Demo files</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029-1" href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">8.1 Hyperlinks (<code>xhyper.tex</code>)</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Highlighting-TeX-comments-in-listings-_0028lscommnt_002etex_0029-1" href="#Highlighting-TeX-comments-in-listings-_0028lscommnt_002etex_0029">8.2 Highlighting TeX comments in listings (<code>lscommnt.tex</code>)</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Macro-index-1" href="#Macro-index" rel="index">Macro index</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Concept-index-1" href="#Concept-index" rel="index">Concept index</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<span id="Top"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Introduction" accesskey="n" rel="next">Introduction</a>, Up: <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/" accesskey="u" rel="up">(dir)</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Eplain"></span><h1 class="top">Eplain</h1>
<p>This manual documents the Eplain macros, version 3.11,
July 2020. Eplain provides functionality for plain TeX that
is intended to be useful regardless of how your document is actually
formatted.
</p>
<p>Most of this manual is in the public domain, like most of the Eplain
code. It was originally written by Karl Berry, starting in 1989.
Steven Smith wrote the documentation for the commutative diagram
macros; this chapter is under the GNU General Public License. Adam
Lewenberg has made additions and corrections. Oleg Katsitadze wrote
the section on LaTeX packages and the chapter on hyperlinks, and
updates throughout.
</p>
<p>The Eplain home page is <a href="https://tug.org/eplain">https://tug.org/eplain</a>.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Introduction" accesskey="1">Introduction</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Eplain’s purpose and philosophy.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Installation" accesskey="2">Installation</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Installing Eplain.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Invoking-Eplain" accesskey="3">Invoking Eplain</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Using Eplain from a TeX file.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#User-definitions" accesskey="4">User definitions</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Macros to be used in a document.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Hyperlinks" accesskey="5">Hyperlinks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Producing documents with hyperlinks.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Arrow-theoretic-diagrams" accesskey="6">Arrow theoretic diagrams</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Macros for commutative diagrams.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Programming-definitions" accesskey="7">Programming definitions</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Macros to be used in writing other macros.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Demo-files" accesskey="8">Demo files</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Sample documents demonstrating Eplain.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Macro-index" rel="index" accesskey="9">Macro index</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Entries for TeX and Eplain control sequences.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Concept-index" rel="index">Concept index</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">General index.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
</pre></th></tr><tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment"> — The Detailed Node Listing —
User definitions
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Diagnostics">Diagnostics</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Tracing information.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Rules">Rules</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Changing the default rule dimensions.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Citations">Citations</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Using BibTeX and Eplain to make bibliographies.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Displays">Displays</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Changing the formatting of math displays.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Time-of-day">Time of day</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Producing the time of day.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Lists">Lists</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Producing numbered and unordered lists.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Verbatim-listing">Verbatim listing</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Producing text just as it appears.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Contents">Contents</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Making a table of contents.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Cross_002dreferences">Cross-references</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Symbolically referring to pages or equations.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Page-references">Page references</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Symbolic references to page numbers.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Equation-references">Equation references</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Symbolic references to equation numbers.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Indexing">Indexing</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Creating and typesetting indexes.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Justification">Justification</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Left- or right-justification, or centering.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Tables">Tables</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Producing ordered tables.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Margins">Margins</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Changing the margins directly.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Multiple-columns">Multiple columns</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Getting output in two columns.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Autonumbered footnotes; changing formatting.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Fractions">Fractions</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">A better way to produce fractions in text.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Paths">Paths</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Allowing line breaks in pathnames.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Logos">Logos</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Various logos.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Producing filled or open rectangles.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Checking-for-PDF-output">Checking for PDF output</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Checking for pdfTeX in PDF mode.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Loading-LaTeX-packages">Loading LaTeX packages</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Support for LaTeX packages under plain TeX.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Citations
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Formatting-citations">Formatting citations</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Changing the way citations are printed.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Formatting-bibliographies">Formatting bibliographies</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Changing the way bibliographies are printed.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Displays
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Formatting-displays">Formatting displays</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">General formatting of displays.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Lists
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Formatting-lists">Formatting lists</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Changing how the lists look.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Contents
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Writing-the-_002etoc-file">Writing the .toc file</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Reading-the-_002etoc-file">Reading the .toc file</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Changing-the-_002etoc-file_0027s-root-name">Changing the .toc file's root name</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Alternative-contents-files">Alternative contents files</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Cross-references
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Defining-generic-references">Defining generic references</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Using-generic-references">Using generic references</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Equation references
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Formatting-equation-references">Formatting equation references</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Subequation-references">Subequation references</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Indexing
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Indexing-terms">Indexing terms</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Specifying what to index.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Typesetting-an-index">Typesetting an index</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Printing the sorted output.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Customizing-indexing">Customizing indexing</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Creating commands and specifying extra actions.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Indexing terms
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Indexing-commands">Indexing commands</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Making index entries.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Modifying-index-entries">Modifying index entries</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Ranges, see/see also, page number typesetting.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Index-entries-with-special-characters">Index entries with special characters</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Proofing-index-terms">Proofing index terms</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Noting index entries in the margins.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Loading LaTeX packages
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#The-_005cusepackage-command">The \usepackage command</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Command to load packages.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Environment-for-loading-packages">Environment for loading packages</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Environment for the \usepackage commands.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Supported packages.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Packages-known-not-to-work">Packages known not to work</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Packages known not to work with Eplain.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Hyperlinks
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Introduction-to-hyperlinks">Introduction to hyperlinks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Explicit-hyperlinks">Explicit hyperlinks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Implicit-hyperlinks">Implicit hyperlinks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Hyperlink-drivers">Hyperlink drivers</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options">Setting hyperlink types and options</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Turning-hyperlinks-on_002foff">Turning hyperlinks on/off</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Implicit hyperlinks
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#General-hyperlinks">General hyperlinks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">hrefint, hrefext
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#URL-hyperlinks">URL hyperlinks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">url
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Citation-hyperlinks">Citation hyperlinks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">cite, bib
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#List-hyperlinks">List hyperlinks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">li
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Cross_002dreference-hyperlinks">Cross-reference hyperlinks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">definexref, ref
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Page-reference-hyperlinks">Page reference hyperlinks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">xrdef, xref
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Equation-reference-hyperlinks">Equation reference hyperlinks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">eq
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Index-hyperlinks">Index hyperlinks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">idx
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Footnote-hyperlinks">Footnote hyperlinks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">foot, footback
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Contents-hyperlinks">Contents hyperlinks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Index hyperlinks
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Exact-destinations-for-index-terms">Exact destinations for index terms</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Page-destinations-for-index-terms">Page destinations for index terms</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Choosing-destination-placement">Choosing destination placement</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Index-page-list-and-page-range-parsers">Index page list and page range parsers</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Hyperlinks-in-see-and-see-also-entries">Hyperlinks in see and see also entries</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Hyperlink drivers
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Options-supported-by-all-drivers">Options supported by all drivers</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Hyperlink-driver-hypertex">Hyperlink driver hypertex</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Hyperlink-drivers-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Hyperlink drivers pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Hyperlink-driver-nolinks">Hyperlink driver nolinks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Hyperlink driver hypertex::
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Destination-types-for-hypertex">Destination types for hypertex</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Destination-options-for-hypertex">Destination options for hypertex</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Link-types-for-hypertex">Link types for hypertex</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Link-options-for-hypertex">Link options for hypertex</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Hyperlink drivers pdftex and dvipdfm::
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Setting hyperlink types and options
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Setting-default-types-and-options">Setting default types and options</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Setting-group-types">Setting group types</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Setting-group-options">Setting group options</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Turning hyperlinks on/off
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Turning-low_002dlevel-commands-on_002foff">Turning low-level commands on/off</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Turning-hyperlinks-on_002foff-for-a-group">Turning hyperlinks on/off for a group</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Arrow theoretic diagrams
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Slanted-lines-and-vectors">Slanted lines and vectors</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Commutative-diagrams">Commutative diagrams</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Commutative diagrams
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Construction-of-commutative-diagrams">Construction of commutative diagrams</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Commutative-diagram-parameters">Commutative diagram parameters</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Programming definitions
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Category-codes">Category codes</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Changing category codes.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Allocation-macros">Allocation macros</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Non-outer versions of \newcount et al.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Iteration">Iteration</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Doing ‘for’ and ‘while’ loops in TeX.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Macro-arguments">Macro arguments</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Reading and ignoring them.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Converting-to-characters">Converting to characters</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Normalizing control sequences and spaces.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Expansion">Expansion</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Controlling expansion.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Obeying-spaces">Obeying spaces</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Making whitespace count anywhere.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Writing-out-numbers">Writing out numbers</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Making ‘1’ into ‘one’.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Mode_002dspecific-penalties">Mode-specific penalties</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Auxiliary-files">Auxiliary files</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Testing for their existence.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#User_002ddefined-environments">User-defined environments</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">User-defined environments.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Page-list-and-page-range-parsers">Page list and page range parsers</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Expansion
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005ccsn-and-_005cece">\csn and \ece</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cedefappend">\edefappend</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Hooks">Hooks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Manipulating and executing named actions.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Properties">Properties</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Associating information with a csname.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cexpandonce">\expandonce</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cifundefined">\ifundefined</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cifempty">\ifempty</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cifinteger-and-_005cisinteger">\ifinteger and \isinteger</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cfuturenonspacelet">\futurenonspacelet</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Demo files
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Highlighting-TeX-comments-in-listings-_0028lscommnt_002etex_0029">Highlighting TeX comments in listings (lscommnt.tex)</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="Introduction"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Installation" accesskey="n" rel="next">Installation</a>, Previous: <a href="#Top" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Top</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Introduction-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">1 Introduction</h2>
<span id="index-Eplain_002c-purpose-of"></span>
<span id="index-xeplain_002etex"></span>
<p>The <em>Eplain</em> macro package expands on and extends the definitions in
plain TeX. Its home on the web is <a href="https://tug.org/eplain">https://tug.org/eplain</a>.
</p>
<p>This manual describes the definitions that you, as either an author or
a macro writer, might like to use. It doesn’t discuss the
implementation; see comments in the source code (<samp>xeplain.tex</samp>)
for that.
</p>
<p>Eplain is not intended to provide typesetting capabilities, as
does LaTeX (originally written by Leslie Lamport)
<span id="index-LaTeX"></span>
<span id="index-Lamport_002c-Leslie"></span>
and Texinfo
<span id="index-Texinfo"></span>
(Originally written by Richard Stallman).
<span id="index-Stallman_002c-Richard"></span>
<span id="index-rms"></span>
Instead, it provides definitions that are intended to be useful
regardless of the high-level commands that you use when you actually
prepare your manuscript.
</p>
<p>For example, Eplain does not have a command <code>\section</code> to format
section headings in an “appropriate” way, such as LaTeX’s
<code>\section</code>. The philosophy of Eplain is that some people will
always need or want to go beyond the macro designer’s idea of
“appropriate”. Such canned macros are fine—as long as you are
willing to accept the resulting output. If you don’t like the
results, or if you are trying to match a different format, you have to
put in extra work to override the defaults.
</p>
<p>On the other hand, almost everyone would like capabilities such as
cross-referencing by labels, so that you don’t have to put actual page
numbers in the manuscript. The author of Eplain
<span id="index-Berry_002c-Karl"></span>
is not aware of any generally available macro packages that (1) do
not force their typographic style on an author, and yet (2) provide
such capabilities.
</p>
<p>Besides such generic macros as cross-referencing, Eplain contains
another set of definitions: ones that change the conventions of plain
TeX’s output. For example, math displays in TeX are, by
default, centered. If you want your displays to come out
left-justified, you have to plow through <cite>The TeXbook</cite> to find
some way to do it, and then adapt the code to your own needs. Eplain
tries to take care of the messy details of such things, while still
leaving the detailed appearance of the output up to you.
</p>
<p>Finally, numerous definitions turned out to be useful as Eplain was
developed. They are also documented in this manual, on the chance that
people writing other macros will be able to use them.
</p>
<p>You can send bug reports or suggestions to
<a href="mailto:tex-eplain@tug.org">tex-eplain@tug.org</a>. The current version number of Eplain is
defined as the macro <code>\fmtversion</code>
<span id="index-version-number"></span>
<span id="index-fmtversion"></span>
at the end of the source file <samp>eplain.tex</samp>. When corresponding,
please refer to it.
</p>
<p>To get on this mailing list yourself, email
<a href="mailto:tex-eplain-request@tug.org">tex-eplain-request@tug.org</a> with a message whose body contains
a line
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">subscribe <var>you@your.preferred.address</var>
</pre></div>
<p>or visit <a href="http://lists.tug.org/tex-eplain">http://lists.tug.org/tex-eplain</a>.
</p>
<span id="index-Walden_002c-David"></span>
<p>David Walden had reported his experience with Eplain as a new user.
The article is available online at
<a href="https://tug.org/pracjourn/2005-4/walden">https://tug.org/pracjourn/2005-4/walden</a>. An introductory
article (written for
<span id="index-TUGboat"></span>
<i>TUGboat</i>) is also available online at
<a href="https://tug.org/eplain/misc/tb84katsi.pdf">https://tug.org/eplain/misc/tb84katsi.pdf</a>.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Installation"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Invoking-Eplain" accesskey="n" rel="next">Invoking Eplain</a>, Previous: <a href="#Introduction" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Introduction</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Installation-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">2 Installation</h2>
<span id="index-Eplain_002c-installing"></span>
<span id="index-installation"></span>
<span id="index-Eplain_002c-upgrading"></span>
<span id="index-upgrading"></span>
<p>Your TeX installation should already contain a version of Eplain
(<samp>eplain.tex</samp>) in its main <samp>texmf</samp> tree (usually under
<samp>/usr/share/texmf/tex/eplain/</samp> on Unix systems). To install a
newer version of Eplain, put the new <samp>eplain.tex</samp> (included in
Eplain distributions) in the <samp>tex/eplain/</samp> subdirectory of your
local <samp>texmf</samp> tree. The newer version you install in the local
tree should override the older one in the main tree.
</p>
<p>The location of the local <samp>texmf</samp> tree obviously depends on your
operating system and TeX installation. On Unix systems the usual
location is <samp>/usr/local/share/texmf/</samp>. If you don’t have write
permissions for <samp>/usr/local/share/texmf/</samp>, many installations read
the <samp>texmf</samp> tree in the user’s home directory; <samp>eplain.tex</samp>
then should go under <samp>~/texmf/tex/eplain/</samp>. For more information
about TeX directory structure, please see
<a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=tds">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=tds</a>.
</p>
<span id="index-TEXINPUTS"></span>
<p>If you prefer to install <samp>eplain.tex</samp> in a non-standard place, set
an environment variable (<code>TEXINPUTS</code> for the Web2C port of TeX
to Unix) to tell TeX how to find it.
</p>
<p>If you want, you can also create a format (<samp>.fmt</samp>)
<span id="index-_002efmt-file"></span>
<span id="index-format-file"></span>
<span id="index-eplain_002efmt"></span>
file for Eplain, which will eliminate the time spent reading the macro
source file with <code>\input</code>. You do this by issuing a sequence of
Unix commands something like this:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">prompt$ touch eplain.aux
prompt$ initex
This is TeX, ...
**&plain eplain
(eplain.tex)
*\dump
... <var>messages</var> ...
</pre></div>
<span id="index-eplain_002eaux"></span>
<span id="index-undefined-labels_002c-warnings-about"></span>
<p>You must make sure that <samp>eplain.aux</samp> exists <em>before</em> you
run <samp>initex</samp>; otherwise, warning messages about undefined labels
will never be issued.
</p>
<span id="index-TEXFORMATS"></span>
<p>You then have to install the resulting <samp>eplain.fmt</samp> in your local
<samp>texmf</samp> tree or set an environment variable to tell TeX how to
find it. For the Web2C port of TeX to Unix, format files are usually
installed under <samp>/usr/local/share/texmf/web2c/</samp> or
<samp>/var/lib/texmf/web2c/</samp>; the environment variable is
<code>TEXFORMATS</code>.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Invoking-Eplain"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#User-definitions" accesskey="n" rel="next">User definitions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Installation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Installation</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Invoking-Eplain-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">3 Invoking Eplain</h2>
<span id="index-Eplain_002c-invoking"></span>
<p>The simplest way to use Eplain is simply to put:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\input eplain
</pre></div>
<p>at the beginning of your input file. The macro file is small
enough that reading it does not take an unbearably long time—at least on
contemporary machines.
</p>
<p>In addition, if a format (<samp>.fmt</samp>)
<span id="index-_002efmt-file-1"></span>
file has been created for Eplain (see the previous section), you can
eliminate the time spent reading the macro source file. You do this
by responding <code>&eplain</code> to TeX’s ‘<samp>**</samp>’ prompt. For
example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">initex
This is TeX, ...
**&eplain myfile
</pre></div>
<p>Depending on the implementation of TeX which you are using, you might
also be able to invoke TeX as <samp>eplain</samp> and have the format file
automatically read.
</p>
<p>If you write something which you will be distributing to others, you
won’t know if the Eplain format will be loaded already. If it is, then
doing <code>\input eplain</code> will waste time; if it isn’t, then you must
load it. To solve this, Eplain defines the control sequence
<code>\eplain</code>
<span id="index-eplain"></span>
to be the letter <code>t</code> (a convention borrowed from Lisp; it doesn’t
actually matter what the definition is, only that the definition
exists). Therefore, you can do the following:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\ifx\eplain\undefined \input eplain \fi
</pre></div>
<p>where <code>\undefined</code> must never acquire a definition.
</p>
<p>Eplain consists of several source files:
</p><dl compact="compact">
<dt><samp>xeplain.tex</samp></dt>
<dd><p>most of the macros;
</p>
</dd>
<dt><samp>arrow.tex</samp></dt>
<dd><p>commutative diagram macros (see <a href="#Arrow-theoretic-diagrams">Arrow theoretic diagrams</a>), written by
Steven Smith;
</p>
</dd>
<dt><samp>btxmac.tex</samp></dt>
<dd><p>bibliography-related macros (see <a href="#Citations">Citations</a>);
</p>
</dd>
<dt><samp>ifpdf.sty</samp></dt>
<dd><p>sets the switch <code>\ifpdf</code>, which can be used to detect pdfTeX
in PDF mode (see <a href="#Checking-for-PDF-output">Checking for PDF output</a>), written by Heiko
Oberdiek;
</p>
</dd>
<dt><samp>path.sty</samp></dt>
<dd><p>macro for allowing line breaks at punctuation characters within long
pathnames, electronic mail addresses, etc., (see <a href="#Paths">Paths</a>), written
by Philip Taylor;
</p>
</dd>
<dt><samp>texnames.sty</samp></dt>
<dd><p>abbreviations for various TeX-related names (see <a href="#Logos">Logos</a>), edited
by Nelson Beebe.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>The file <samp>eplain.tex</samp> is all of these files merged
together, with comments removed. The original sources can be found in
Eplain source zip archive in your TeX distribution, on <acronym>CTAN</acronym>
or on Eplain’s home page at <a href="https://tug.org/eplain">https://tug.org/eplain</a>.
</p>
<p>All of these files except <samp>xeplain.tex</samp> can be input individually,
if all you want are the definitions in that file.
</p>
<p>Also, since the bibliography macros are fairly extensive, you might not
want to load them, to conserve TeX’s memory. Therefore, if the
control sequence <code>\nobibtex</code>
<span id="index-nobibtex"></span>
is defined, then the bibliography definitions are skipped. You must set
<code>\nobibtex</code> before <samp>eplain.tex</samp> is read, naturally. For
example, you could start your input file like this:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\let\nobibtex = t
\input eplain
</pre></div>
<p>By default, <code>\nobibtex</code> is undefined, and so the
bibliography definitions <em>are</em> made.
</p>
<span id="index-noarrow"></span>
<p>Likewise, define <code>\noarrow</code> if you don’t want to include the
commutative diagram macros from <samp>arrow.tex</samp>, perhaps because you
already have conflicting ones.
</p>
<p>If you don’t want to read or write an <samp>aux</samp> file at all, for any
kind of cross-referencing, define <code>\noauxfile</code>
<span id="index-noauxfile"></span>
before reading <samp>eplain.tex</samp>. This also turns off all warnings
about undefined labels.
</p>
<span id="index-amsppt_002esty"></span>
<span id="index-AMSTeX-conflicts"></span>
<p>Eplain conflicts with AMSTeX (to be precise, with <samp>amsppt.sty</samp>):
the macros <code>\cite</code> and <code>\ref</code> are defined by both.
</p>
<p>If you want to use AMSTeX’s <code>\cite</code>, the solution is to define
<code>\nobibtex</code> before reading Eplain, as described above.
</p>
<p>If you have <samp>amsppt.sty</samp> loaded and use <code>\ref</code>, Eplain writes
a warning on your terminal. If you want to use the AMSTeX
<code>\ref</code>, do <code>\let\ref = \amsref</code> after reading Eplain.
To avoid the warning, do <code>\let\ref = \eplainref</code> after reading
Eplain and before using <code>\ref</code>.
</p>
<span id="index-texi2dvi"></span>
<span id="index-bibtex"></span>
<span id="index-makeindex"></span>
<p>Sometimes you may need to run TeX more then once on your
<samp>.tex</samp> file in order to produce and typeset indexes, resolve
undefined cross-references and/or citations. The shell script
<code>texi2dvi</code> from the Texinfo documentation system (see
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo">http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo</a>) can automate this process:
it runs BibTeX, MakeIndex and TeX as many times as needed to
complete the compilation process. You will need to set the
<code>LATEX</code> environment variable to ‘<samp>tex</samp>’. For example, in a
Bourne-compatible shell, the following command will do all the work:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">prompt$ LATEX=tex texi2dvi file.tex
</pre></div>
<span id="index-pdftex"></span>
<p>(Despite the name, <code>texi2dvi</code> can also produce
<samp>.pdf</samp> files; just set ‘<samp>LATEX=pdftex</samp>’.) See the output from
the command <code>texi2dvi --help</code> for invoking information and a
full list of options.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="User-definitions"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Hyperlinks" accesskey="n" rel="next">Hyperlinks</a>, Previous: <a href="#Invoking-Eplain" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Invoking Eplain</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="User-definitions-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">4 User definitions</h2>
<p>This chapter describes definitions that are meant to be used directly
in a document. When appropriate, ways to change the default
formatting are described in subsections.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Diagnostics" accesskey="1">Diagnostics</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Tracing information.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Rules" accesskey="2">Rules</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Changing the default rule dimensions.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Citations" accesskey="3">Citations</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Using BibTeX and Eplain to make bibliographies.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Displays" accesskey="4">Displays</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Changing the formatting of math displays.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Time-of-day" accesskey="5">Time of day</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Producing the time of day.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Lists" accesskey="6">Lists</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Producing numbered and unordered lists.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Verbatim-listing" accesskey="7">Verbatim listing</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Producing text just as it appears.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Contents" accesskey="8">Contents</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Making a table of contents.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Cross_002dreferences" accesskey="9">Cross-references</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Symbolic references to equations, figures, etc.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Page-references">Page references</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Symbolic references to page numbers.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Equation-references">Equation references</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Symbolic references to equation numbers.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Indexing">Indexing</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Creating and typesetting indexes.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Justification">Justification</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Ragged left, ragged right, centered.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Tables">Tables</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Producing ordered tables.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Margins">Margins</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Changing the margins directly.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Multiple-columns">Multiple columns</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Getting output in two columns.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Autonumbered footnotes; changing formatting.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Fractions">Fractions</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">A better way to produce fractions in text.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Paths">Paths</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Allowing line breaks in pathnames.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Logos">Logos</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Various logos.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Producing filled or open rectangles.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Checking-for-PDF-output">Checking for PDF output</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Checking for pdfTeX in PDF mode.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Loading-LaTeX-packages">Loading LaTeX packages</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Support for LaTeX packages under plain TeX.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="Diagnostics"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Rules" accesskey="n" rel="next">Rules</a>, Up: <a href="#User-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">User definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Diagnostics-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.1 Diagnostics</h3>
<span id="index-diagnostics"></span>
<span id="index-tracing"></span>
<p>Plain TeX provides the <code>\tracingall</code> command, to turn on the
maximum amount of tracing possible in TeX. The (usually voluminous)
output from <code>\tracingall</code> goes both on the terminal and into the
transcript file.
<span id="index-tracingall"></span>
It is sometimes easier to have the output go only to the transcript
file, so you can peruse it at your leisure and not obscure other output
to the terminal. So, Eplain provides the command <code>\loggingall</code>.
<span id="index-loggingall"></span>
(For some reason, this command is available in Metafont, but not in
TeX.)
</p>
<p>It is also sometimes useful to see the complete contents of boxes.
<code>\tracingboxes</code> does this. (It doesn’t affect whether or not the
contents
<span id="index-tracingboxes"></span>
are shown on the terminal.)
</p>
<p>You can turn off all tracing with <code>\tracingoff</code>.
<span id="index-tracingoff"></span>
</p>
<p>You can also turn logging on and off globally, so you don’t have to
worry about whether or not you’re inside a group at the time of command.
These variants are named <code>\gloggingall</code>
<span id="index-gloggingall"></span>
and <code>\gtracingall</code>.
<span id="index-gtracingall"></span>
</p>
<p>Finally, if you write your own help messages (see <code>\newhelp</code>
<span id="index-help-messages"></span>
<span id="index-error-messages"></span>
in <cite>The TeXbook</cite>), you want a convenient way to break lines in
them. This is what TeX’s <code>\newlinechar</code> parameter is for;
<span id="index-newlinechar"></span>
however, plain TeX doesn’t set <code>\newlinechar</code>. Therefore,
Eplain defines it to be the character <code>^^J</code>.
</p>
<p>For example, one of Eplain’s own error messages is defined as follows:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newhelp\envhelp{Perhaps you forgot to end the previous^^J%
environment? I'm finishing off the current group,^^J%
hoping that will fix it.}%
</pre></div>
<hr>
<span id="Rules"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Citations" accesskey="n" rel="next">Citations</a>, Previous: <a href="#Diagnostics" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Diagnostics</a>, Up: <a href="#User-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">User definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Rules-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.2 Rules</h3>
<p>The default dimensions of rules are defined in chapter 21 of the
<cite>The TeXbook</cite>. To sum up what is given there, the “thickness”
of rules is
<span id="index-rule-thickness"></span>
0.4pt by default. Eplain defines three parameters that let you change
this dimension: <code>\hruledefaultheight</code>, <code>\hruledefaultdepth</code>,
<span id="index-hruledefaultheight"></span>
<span id="index-hruledefaultdepth"></span>
and <code>\vruledefaultwidth</code>. By default, they are defined as
<span id="index-vruledefaultwidth"></span>
<cite>The TeXbook</cite> describes.
</p>
<p>But it would be wrong to redefine <code>\hrule</code> and <code>\vrule</code>. For
one thing, some macros in plain TeX depend on the default dimensions
being used; for another, rules are used quite heavily, and the
performance impact of making it a macro can be noticeable. Therefore,
to take advantage of the default rule parameters, you must use
<code>\ehrule</code>
<span id="index-ehrule"></span>
and <code>\evrule</code>.
<span id="index-evrule"></span>
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Citations"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Displays" accesskey="n" rel="next">Displays</a>, Previous: <a href="#Rules" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Rules</a>, Up: <a href="#User-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">User definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Citations-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.3 Citations</h3>
<span id="index-citations"></span>
<span id="index-bibliographies"></span>
<p>Bibliographies are part of almost every technical document. To handle
them conveniently, you need two things: a program to do the tedious
formatting, and a way to cite references by labels, rather than by
numbers. The BibTeX program, written by Oren Patashnik, takes care
<span id="index-BibTeX"></span>
<span id="index-Patashnik_002c-Oren"></span>
of the first item; the citation commands in LaTeX, written to be used
<span id="index-LaTeX-1"></span>
with BibTeX, take care of the second. Therefore,
Eplain adopts the use of BibTeX, and virtually the same interface as
LaTeX.
</p>
<p>The general idea is that you put citation commands in the text of your
document, and commands saying where the bibliography data is. When you
run TeX, these commands produce output on the file with the same root
name as your document (by default) and the extension <samp>.aux</samp>.
<span id="index-_002eaux-file"></span>
<span id="index-jobname"></span>
BibTeX reads this file. You should put the bibliography data in a
file or files with the extension <samp>.bib</samp>. BibTeX writes out a
file with the same root
<span id="index-_002ebib-file"></span>
name as your document and extension <samp>.bbl</samp>. Eplain reads this file
<span id="index-_002ebbl-file"></span>
the next time you run your document through TeX. (It takes
multiple passes to get everything straight, because usually after seeing
your bibliography typeset, you want to make changes in the <samp>.bib</samp>
file, which means you have to run BibTeX again, which means you have
to run TeX again…) An annotated example of the whole process is
given below.
</p>
<p>If your document has more than one bibliography—for example, if it
is a collection of papers—you can tell Eplain to use a different root
name for the <samp>.bbl</samp> file by defining the control sequence
<code>\bblfilebasename</code>.
<span id="index-bblfilebasename"></span>
The default definition is simply <code>\jobname</code>.
</p>
<p>On the other hand, if your document’s bibliography is very simple, you
may prefer to create the <samp>.bbl</samp> file yourself, by hand, instead of
using BibTeX. An annotated example of this approach is also given
below.
</p>
<p>See the document <cite>BibTeXing</cite> (whose text is in the file
<samp>btxdoc.tex</samp>, which should be in the Eplain distribution you got)
for information on how to write your <tt>.bib</tt> files. Both the
BibTeX and the Eplain distributions contain several examples, also.
</p>
<p>The <code>\cite</code>
<span id="index-cite"></span>
command produces a citation in the text of your document. The exact
printed form the citation will take is under your control
(see <a href="#Formatting-citations">Formatting citations</a>). <code>\cite</code> takes one
required argument, a comma-separated list of cross-reference labels
(see <a href="#Cross_002dreferences">Cross-references</a>, for exactly what characters are allowed in
such labels). Warning: spaces in this list are taken as part of the
following label name, which is probably not what you expect.
<span id="index-citations_002c-undefined"></span>
The <code>\cite</code> command also produces a command
in the <tt>.aux</tt> file that tells BibTeX to retrieve the given reference(s)
from the <tt>.bib</tt> file. <code>\cite</code> also takes one optional argument,
which you specify within square brackets, as in LaTeX. This text is
simply typeset after the citations. (See the example below.)
</p>
<p>Eplain can create hypertext links for citations pointing to the relevant
bibliography entries (see <a href="#Citation-hyperlinks">Citation hyperlinks</a>).
</p>
<p>Another command, <code>\nocite</code>,
<span id="index-nocite"></span>
puts the given reference(s) into the bibliography, but produces nothing
in the text.
</p>
<p>The <code>\bibliography</code>
<span id="index-bibliography"></span>
command is next. It serves two purposes: producing the typeset
bibliography, and telling BibTeX the root names of the <tt>.bib</tt>
files. Therefore, the argument to <code>\bibliography</code> is a comma
separated list of the <tt>.bib</tt> files (without the ‘<samp>.bib</samp>’). Again,
spaces in this list are significant.
</p>
<p>You tell BibTeX the particular style in which you want your
bibliography typeset with one more command:
<code>\bibliographystyle</code>.
<span id="index-bibliographystyle"></span>
The argument to this is a single filename <var>style</var>, which tells
BibTeX to look for a file <var>style</var><tt>.bst</tt>.
<span id="index-_002ebst-files"></span>
See the document <cite>Designing BibTeX styles</cite> (whose text is in the
<samp>btxhak.tex</samp>) for information on how to write your own styles.
</p>
<p>Eplain automatically reads the citations from the <tt>.aux</tt> file when
your job starts.
</p>
<p>If you don’t want to see the messages about undefined citations, you
can say <code>\xrefwarningfalse</code> before making any citations.
<span id="index-xrefwarningfalse"></span>
Eplain automatically does this if the <tt>.aux</tt> file does not exist.
You can restore the default by saying <code>\xrefwarningtrue</code>.
</p>
<p>Here is a TeX input file that illustrates the various commands.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\input eplain % Reads the .aux file.
Two citations to Knuthian works:
\cite[note]{surreal,concrete-math}.
\beginsection{References.}\par % Title for the bibliography.
\bibliography{knuth} % Use knuth.bib for the labels.
\bibliographystyle{plain} % Number the references.
\end % End of the document.
</pre></div>
<span id="index-Knuth_002c-Donald-Ervin"></span>
<span id="index-Graham_002c-Ronald-L_002e"></span>
<span id="index-numbered-references"></span>
<span id="index-references_002c-numbered"></span>
<p>If we suppose that this file was named <samp>citex.tex</samp> and that the
bibliography data is in <samp>knuth.bib</samp> (as the above
<code>\bibliography</code> command says), the following commands do what’s
required. (‘<samp>$ </samp>’ represents the shell prompt.)
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">$ tex citex <i>(produces undefined citation messages)</i>
$ bibtex citex <i>(read knuth.bib and citex.aux, write citex.bbl)</i>
$ tex citex <i>(read citex.bbl, still have undefined citations)</i>
$ tex citex <i>(one more time, to resolve the references)</i>
</pre></div>
<span id="index-texi2dvi-1"></span>
<p>The <code>texi2dvi</code> program can help you automate this
process (see <a href="#Invoking-Eplain">Invoking Eplain</a>).
</p>
<p>For simple documents you might choose to write the <samp>.bbl</samp> file
yourself, instead of running BibTeX. For this scenario, the
following commands should suffice:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">$ tex citex <i>(read citex.bbl, produces undefined citation messages)</i>
$ tex citex <i>(one more time, to resolve the references)</i>
</pre></div>
<p>The output looks something like (because we used the <tt>plain</tt>
bibliography style):
</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Two citations to Knuthian works: [2,1 note].
</p>
<p><b>References</b>
</p>
<p>[1] Ronald L. Graham, Donald E. Knuth, and Oren Patashnik. <i>Concrete
Mathematics</i>. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1989.
</p>
<p>[2] Donald E. Knuth. <i>Surreal Numbers</i>. Addison-Wesley, Reading,
Massachusetts, 1974.
</p></blockquote>
<p>See the BibTeX documentation for information on how to write the
bibliography databases, and the bibliography styles that are available.
(If you want your references printed with names, as in [Knu74], instead
of numbered, the bibliography style is <code>alpha</code>.)
<span id="index-alphanumeric-references"></span>
<span id="index-references_002c-alphanumeric"></span>
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Formatting-citations" accesskey="1">Formatting citations</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Changing the way citations are printed.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Formatting-bibliographies" accesskey="2">Formatting bibliographies</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Changing the way bibliographies are printed.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Commands-from-LaTeX" accesskey="3">Commands from LaTeX</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">LaTeX commands defined by <samp>btxmac</samp>.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="Formatting-citations"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Formatting-bibliographies" accesskey="n" rel="next">Formatting bibliographies</a>, Up: <a href="#Citations" accesskey="u" rel="up">Citations</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Formatting-citations-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.3.1 Formatting citations</h4>
<span id="index-citations_002c-formatting"></span>
<p>You may wish to change Eplain’s formatting of citations; i.e., the
result of your <code>\cite</code> commands. By default, the citation labels
are printed one after another, separated by commas and enclosed in
brackets, using the main text font. Some formats require other styles,
such as superscripted labels. You can accommodate such formats by
redefining the following macros.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\printcitestart</code></dt>
<dt><code>\printcitefinish</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-printcitestart"></span>
<span id="index-printcitefinish"></span>
<p>Eplain expands these macros at the beginning and end of the list of
citations for each <code>\cite</code> command. By default, they produce a
‘<samp>[</samp>’ and ‘<samp>]</samp>’, respectively.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\printbetweencitations</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-printbetweencitations"></span>
<p>If a <code>\cite</code> command has multiple citations, as in
<code>\cite{acp,texbook}</code>, Eplain expands this macro in between each
pair of citations. By default, it produces a comma followed by a space.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\printcitenote</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-printcitenote"></span>
<p>This macro takes one argument, which is the optional note to the
<code>\cite</code> command. If the <code>\cite</code> command had no note, this
macro isn’t used. Otherwise, it should print the note. By default, the
note is preceded with a comma and a space.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<p>Here is an example, showing you could produce citations as
superscripted labels, with the optional notes in parentheses.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\def\printcitestart{\unskip $^\bgroup}
\def\printbetweencitations{,}
\def\printcitefinish{\egroup$}
\def\printcitenote#1{\hbox{\sevenrm\space (#1)}}
</pre></div>
<hr>
<span id="Formatting-bibliographies"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Commands-from-LaTeX" accesskey="n" rel="next">Commands from LaTeX</a>, Previous: <a href="#Formatting-citations" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Formatting citations</a>, Up: <a href="#Citations" accesskey="u" rel="up">Citations</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Formatting-bibliographies-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.3.2 Formatting bibliographies</h4>
<span id="index-bibliography_002c-formatting-the"></span>
<p>You may wish to change Eplain’s formatting of the bibliography,
especially with respect to the fonts that are used. Therefore, Eplain
provides the following control sequences:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\biblabelwidth</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-biblabelwidth"></span>
<p>This control sequence represents a <code>\dimen</code> register, and its value
is the width of the widest label in the bibliography. Although it is
unlikely you will ever want to redefine it, you might want
to use it if you redefine <code>\biblabelprint</code>, below.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\biblabelprint</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-biblabelprint"></span>
<p>This macro takes one argument, the label to print. By default, the
label is put in a box of width <code>\biblabelwidth</code>, and is followed by
an enspace. When you want to change the spacing around the labels, this
is the right macro to redefine.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\biblabelcontents</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-biblabelcontents"></span>
<p>This macro also takes one argument, the label to print. By default, the
label is printed using the font <code>\bblrm</code> (below), and enclosed in
brackets. When you want to change the appearance of the label, but not
the spacing around it, this is the right macro to redefine.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\biblabelprecontents</code></dt>
<dt><code>\biblabelpostcontents</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-biblabelprecontents"></span>
<span id="index-biblabelpostcontents"></span>
<p>Macros expanded before and after <code>\biblabelcontents</code>,
respectively. For example, to get left-justified numeric labels (they
are right-justified by default):
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\def\biblabelprecontents{\relax}
\def\biblabelpostcontents{\hss}
</pre></div>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bblrm</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-bblrm"></span>
<span id="index-bibliography-fonts"></span>
<p>The default font used for printing the bibliography.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bblem</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-bblem"></span>
<p>The font used for printing the titles and other “emphasized” material.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bblemph</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-bblemph"></span>
<span id="index-italic-correction"></span>
<p>Typesets its argument using <code>\bblem</code>, then inserts an italic correction.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bblsc</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-bblsc"></span>
<p>In some styles, authors’ names are printed in a caps-and-small-caps
font. In those cases, this font is used.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bblnewblock</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-bblnewblock"></span>
<p>This is invoked between each of the parts of a bibliography entry. The
default is to leave some extra space between the parts; you could
redefine it to start each part on a new line (for example). A part is
simply a main element of the entry; for example, the author is a part.
(It was LaTeX that introduced the (misleading, as far as I am
concerned) term ‘block’ for this.)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\biblabelextraspace</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-biblabelextraspace"></span>
<p>Bibliography entries are typeset with a hanging indentation of
<code>\biblabelwidth</code> plus this. The default is <code>.5em</code>, where the
em width is taken from the <code>\bblrm</code> font. If you want to change
this, you should do it inside <code>\bblhook</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bblhook</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-bblhook"></span>
<span id="index-bibliography-items_002c-extra-space-between"></span>
<p>This is expanded before reading the <tt>.bbl</tt> file. By
default, it does nothing. You could, for example, define it to set the
bibliography fonts, or produce the heading for the references. Two
spacing parameters must be changed inside <code>\bblhook</code>:
<code>\parskip</code>, which produces extra space between the items; and
<code>\biblabelextraspace</code>, which is described above.
(By the way, <code>\hookappend</code> won’t work with <code>\bblhook</code>, despite
the names. Just use <code>\def</code>.)
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>If you are desperate, of course you can also hand-edit the <tt>.bbl</tt>
file that BibTeX produces to do anything you wish.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Commands-from-LaTeX"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Formatting-bibliographies" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Formatting bibliographies</a>, Up: <a href="#Citations" accesskey="u" rel="up">Citations</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Commands-from-LaTeX-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.3.3 Commands from LaTeX</h4>
<span id="index-LaTeX-commands_002c-in-btxmac_002etex"></span>
<p>Because of the historical connection between BibTeX and LaTeX,
in practice many bibliography styles and bibliographies use LaTeX
commmands that are not part of bibliography handling, per se.
</p>
<p>To support this, <samp>btxmac.tex</samp> (and thus Eplain) define the
following. In all cases, an existing definition (e.g., from
<samp>miniltx.tex</samp>, see <a href="#Loading-LaTeX-packages">Loading LaTeX
packages</a>) will not be overwritten. Here is the list:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\newcommand</code></dt>
<dt><code>\renewcommand</code></dt>
<dt><code>\providecommand</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-newcommand"></span>
<span id="index-renewcommand"></span>
<span id="index-providecommand"></span>
<span id="index-_002a_002dform-of-LaTeX-commands"></span>
<p>Defining new commands in various ways. The Eplain versions do not
support the *-form of these; use <samp>miniltx</samp> for that.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\em</code></dt>
<dt><code>\emph</code></dt>
<dt><code>\sc</code></dt>
<dt><code>\textbf</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-em"></span>
<span id="index-emph"></span>
<span id="index-sc"></span>
<span id="index-textbf"></span>
<p>Selecting fonts.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mbox</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-mbox"></span>
<p>A horizontal box.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\newblock</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-newblock"></span>
<p>Starts elements of a bibliography entry.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<p>For full information about these, see the LaTeX manual and sources.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Displays"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Time-of-day" accesskey="n" rel="next">Time of day</a>, Previous: <a href="#Citations" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Citations</a>, Up: <a href="#User-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">User definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Displays-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.4 Displays</h3>
<span id="index-displays_002c-left_002djustifying"></span>
<span id="index-mathematics-displays_002c-formatting"></span>
<span id="index-left_002djustification-of-displays"></span>
<span id="index-equation-numbers_002c-left_002dalignment"></span>
<span id="index-left_002dalignment-of-equation-numbers"></span>
<p>By default, TeX centers displayed material. (Displayed material is
just whatever you put between <code>$$</code>’s—it’s not necessarily
mathematics.) Many layouts would be better served if the displayed
material was left-justified. Therefore, Eplain provides the command
<code>\leftdisplays</code>,
<span id="index-leftdisplays"></span>
which indents displayed material by <code>\parindent</code> plus
<code>\leftskip</code>, plus <code>\leftdisplayindent</code>.
<span id="index-leftdisplayindent"></span>
</p>
<p>You can go back to centering displays with <code>\centereddisplays</code>.
<span id="index-centereddisplays"></span>
(It is usually poor typography to have both centered and left-justified
displays in a single publication, though.)
</p>
<p><code>\leftdisplays</code> also changes the plain TeX commands that deal
with alignments inside math displays,
<code>\displaylines</code>,
<span id="index-displaylines"></span>
<code>\eqalignno</code>,
<span id="index-eqalignno"></span>
and <code>\leqalignno</code>,
<span id="index-leqalignno"></span>
to produce left-justified text. You can still override this formatting
by inserting <code>\hfill</code> glue, as explained in <cite>The TeXbook</cite>.
</p>
<span id="index-lefteqnumbers"></span>
<span id="index-righteqnumbers"></span>
<span id="index-eqnum"></span>
<span id="index-eqalignnum"></span>
<span id="index-eqno"></span>
<span id="index-leqno"></span>
<span id="index-eqalignno-1"></span>
<span id="index-leqalignno-1"></span>
<p>Eplain defines <code>\eqnum</code> and <code>\eqalignnum</code> which can be set
up to produce either left-aligned or right-aligned equation numbers.
<code>\lefteqnumbers</code> (<code>\righteqnumbers</code>) will define
<code>\eqnum</code> to expand to <code>\eqno</code> (<code>\leqno</code>), and
<code>\eqalignnum</code> to expand to <code>\eqalignno</code>
(<code>\leqalignno</code>). Default is <code>\righteqnumbers</code>
(right-aligned equation numbers).
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Formatting-displays" accesskey="1">Formatting displays</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">General formatting of displays.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="Formatting-displays"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Up: <a href="#Displays" accesskey="u" rel="up">Displays</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Formatting-displays-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.4.1 Formatting displays</h4>
<p>If you want some other kind of formatting, you can write a definition
of your own, analogous to <code>\leftdisplays</code>. You need only make sure
that <code>\leftdisplaysetup</code>
<span id="index-leftdisplaysetup"></span>
is called at the beginning of every display (presumably by invoking it
in TeX’s <code>\everydisplay</code> parameter).
</p>
<p><code>\leftdisplays</code> expands the old value of <code>\everydisplay</code>
before calling <code>\leftdisplaysetup</code>, so that any changes you have made
to it won’t be lost. That old token list as available as the value of
the token register <code>\previouseverydisplay</code>.
<span id="index-previouseverydisplay"></span>
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Time-of-day"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Lists" accesskey="n" rel="next">Lists</a>, Previous: <a href="#Displays" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Displays</a>, Up: <a href="#User-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">User definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Time-of-day-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.5 Time of day</h3>
<span id="index-time-of-day"></span>
<span id="index-date"></span>
<p>TeX provides the day, month, and year as numeric quantities (unless
your TeX implementation is woefully deficient). Eplain provides some
control sequences to make them a little more friendly to humans.
</p>
<p><code>\monthname</code>
<span id="index-monthname"></span>
produces the name of the current month, abbreviated to three letters.
</p>
<p><code>\fullmonthname</code>
<span id="index-fullmonthname"></span>
produces the name of the current month, unabbreviated (in English).
</p>
<p><code>\timestring</code>
<span id="index-timestring"></span>
produces the current time, as in ‘1:14 p.m.’
</p>
<p><code>\timestamp</code>
<span id="index-timestamp"></span>
produces the current date and time, as in ‘23 Apr 64 1:14 p.m.’.
(Except the spacing is slightly different.)
</p>
<p><code>\today</code>
<span id="index-today"></span>
produces the current date, as in ‘23 April 1964’.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Lists"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Verbatim-listing" accesskey="n" rel="next">Verbatim listing</a>, Previous: <a href="#Time-of-day" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Time of day</a>, Up: <a href="#User-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">User definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Lists-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.6 Lists</h3>
<span id="index-lists"></span>
<span id="index-numbered-lists"></span>
<span id="index-ordered-list"></span>
<span id="index-unordered-lists"></span>
<p>Many documents require lists of items, either numbered or simply
enumerated. Plain TeX defines one macro to help with creating lists,
<code>\item</code>, but that is insufficient in many cases. Therefore,
Eplain provides two pairs of commands:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\numberedlist … \endnumberedlist</code></dt>
<dt><code>\orderedlist … \endorderedlist</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-numberedlist"></span>
<span id="index-endnumberedlist"></span>
<span id="index-orderedlist"></span>
<span id="index-endorderedlist"></span>
<p>These commands (they are synonyms) produce a list with the items
numbered sequentially, starting from one. A nested <code>\numberedlist</code>
labels the items with lowercase letters, starting with ‘a’. Another
nested <code>\numberedlist</code> labels the items with roman numerals. Yet
more deeply nested numbered lists label items with ‘<samp>*</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\unorderedlist … \endunorderedlist</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-unorderedlist"></span>
<span id="index-endunorderedlist"></span>
<p>This produces a list with the items labelled with small black boxes
(“square bullets”). A nested <code>\unorderedlist</code> labels items with
em-dashes. Doubly (and deeper) nested unordered lists label items with
‘*’s.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>The two kinds of lists can be nested within each other, as well.
</p>
<p>In both kinds of lists, you begin an item with <code>\li</code>.
<span id="index-li"></span>
An item may continue for several paragraphs. Each item starts a
paragraph.
</p>
<p>You can give <code>\li</code> an optional argument, a cross-reference label.
It’s defined to be the “marker” for the current item. This is useful
if the list items are numbered. You can produce the value of the label
with <code>\xrefn</code>. See <a href="#Cross_002dreferences">Cross-references</a>.
</p>
<p>Eplain can create hypertext links for the markers produced by
<code>\xrefn</code> pointing to the relevant list item (see <a href="#List-hyperlinks">List hyperlinks</a>).
</p>
<p>You can also say <code>\listcompact</code>
<span id="index-listcompact"></span>
right after <code>\numberedlist</code> or <code>\unorderedlist</code>. The items in
the list will then not have any extra space between them
(see <a href="#Formatting-lists">Formatting lists</a>). You might want to do this if the items in
this particular list are short.
</p>
<p>Here is an example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\numberedlist\listcompact
\li The first item.
\li The second item.
The second paragraph of the second item.
\endnumberedlist
</pre></div>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Formatting-lists" accesskey="1">Formatting lists</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Changing how the lists look.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="Formatting-lists"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Up: <a href="#Lists" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lists</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Formatting-lists-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.6.1 Formatting lists</h4>
<span id="index-lists_002c-formatting"></span>
<p>Several registers define the spacing associated with lists. It is
likely that their default values won’t suit your particular layout.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\abovelistskipamount, \belowlistskipamount</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-abovelistskipamount"></span>
<span id="index-belowlistskipamount"></span>
<p>The vertical glue inserted before and after every list, respectively.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\interitemskipamount</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-interitemskipamount"></span>
<p>The vertical glue inserted before each item except the first.
<code>\listcompact</code> resets this to zero, as mentioned above.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\listleftindent, \listrightindent</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-listleftindent"></span>
<span id="index-listrightindent"></span>
<p><code>\listrightindent</code> is the amount of space by which the list is
indented on the right; i.e., it is added to <code>\rightskip</code>.
<code>\listleftindent</code> is the amount of space, <em>relative to</em>
<code>\parindent</code>, by which the list is indented on the left. Why treat
the two parameters differently? Because (a) it is more useful to
make the list indentation depend on the paragraph indentation;
(b) footnotes aren’t formatted right if <code>\parindent</code> is reset
to zero.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>The three vertical glues are inserted by macros, and preceded by
penalties: <code>\abovelistskip</code>
<span id="index-abovelistskip"></span>
does <code>\vpenalty\abovelistpenalty</code>
<span id="index-abovelistpenalty"></span>
and then <code>\vskip\abovelistskip</code>. <code>\belowlistskip</code>
<span id="index-belowlistskip"></span>
and <code>\interitemskip</code>
<span id="index-interitemskip"></span>
are analogous.
</p>
<p>In addition, the macro <code>\listmarkerspace</code>
<span id="index-listmarkerspace"></span>
is called to separate the item label from the item text. This is set to
<code>\enspace</code> by default.
</p>
<p>If you want to change the labels on the items, you can redefine these
macros:
<code>\numberedmarker</code>
<span id="index-numberedmarker"></span>
or <code>\unorderedmarker</code>.
<span id="index-unorderedmarker"></span>
The following registers might be useful if you do:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\numberedlistdepth, \unorderedlistdepth</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-numberedlistdepth"></span>
<span id="index-unorderedlistdepth"></span>
<p>These keep track of the depth of nesting of the two kinds of lists.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\itemnumber, \itemletter</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-itemnumber"></span>
<span id="index-itemletter"></span>
<p>These keep track of the number of items that have been seen in the current
numbered list. They are both integer registers. The difference is that
<code>\itemnumber</code> starts at one, and <code>\itemletter</code> starts at 97,
i.e., lowercase ‘a’.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>You can also redefine the control sequences that are used internally,
if you want to do something radically different: <code>\beginlist</code>
<span id="index-beginlist"></span>
is invoked to begin both kinds of lists; <code>\printitem</code>
<span id="index-printitem"></span>
is invoked to print the label (and space following the label) for each
item; and <code>\endlist</code>
<span id="index-endlist"></span>
is invoked to end both kinds of
lists.
<span id="index-item-labels_002c-changing"></span>
<span id="index-labels-on-items_002c-changing"></span>
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Verbatim-listing"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Contents" accesskey="n" rel="next">Contents</a>, Previous: <a href="#Lists" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Lists</a>, Up: <a href="#User-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">User definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Verbatim-listing-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.7 Verbatim listing</h3>
<span id="index-verbatim-listing"></span>
<span id="index-listing-files"></span>
<span id="index-files_002c-verbatim-listing-of"></span>
<p>It is sometimes useful to include a file verbatim in your document;
for example, part of a computer program. The <code>\listing</code>
<span id="index-listing"></span>
command is given one argument, a filename, and produces the contents of
that file in your document. <code>\listing</code> expands <code>\listingfont</code>
to set the current font. The default value of <code>\listingfont</code>
<span id="index-listingfont"></span>
is <code>\tt</code>.
</p>
<p>You can take arbitrary actions before reading the file by defining the macro
<code>\setuplistinghook</code>.
<span id="index-setuplistinghook"></span>
This is expanded just before the file is input.
</p>
<p>If you want to have line numbers on the output, you can say
<code>\let\setuplistinghook = \linenumberedlisting</code>.
<span id="index-linenumberedlisting"></span>
The line numbers are stored in the count register <code>\lineno</code> while
the file is being read. You can redefine the macro
<code>\printlistinglineno</code>
<span id="index-printlistinglineno"></span>
to change how they are printed.
</p>
<p>Normally, the <code>\listing</code> command will add a final empty line at
the end of the output, even if the file does not end in a newline. To
suppress this final line, you can say
<code>\let\setuplistinghook = \nolastlinelisting</code>.
<span id="index-nolastlinelisting"></span>
This also works with line numbers (say
<code>\def\setuplistinghook{\linenumberedlisting \nolastlinelisting}</code>),
but only if <code>\printlistinglineno</code>
<span id="index-printlistinglineno-1"></span>
consists exclusively of boxes at the top level (i.e., any
<code>\kern</code>s or glue should be wrapped up in a box).
</p>
<span id="index-form-feed-character_002c-and-verbatim-listing"></span>
<span id="index-CTRL_002dL_002c-and-verbatim-listing"></span>
<p>You can use the form feed control character (<acronym>ASCII</acronym>
code 12, typed as <kbd>CTRL-L</kbd>) in the file to force a page break
in the output.
</p>
<p>You can produce in-line verbatim text in your document with <code>\verbatim</code>.
<span id="index-verbatim"></span>
End the text with <code>|endverbatim</code>. If you need a ‘<samp>|</samp>’ in the text,
double it. If the first character of the verbatim text is a space, use
<code>| </code>. (<code>| </code> will work elsewhere in the argument, too, but
isn’t necessary.)
</p>
<p>For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\verbatim| ||\#%&!|endverbatim
</pre></div>
<p>produces <code> |\#%&!</code>.
</p>
<p>Line breaks and spaces in the verbatim text are preserved.
</p>
<span id="index-verbatimescapechar"></span>
<span id="index-escape-character_002c-changing-verbatim"></span>
<p>You can change the verbatim escape character from the default ‘<samp>|</samp>’
with <code>\verbatimescapechar <var>char</var></code>; for example, this changes
it to ‘<samp>@</samp>’.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\verbatimescapechar \@
</pre></div>
<p>The backslash is not necessary in some cases, but is in
others, depending on the catcode of the character. The argument to
<code>\verbatimescapechar</code> is used as <code>\catcode `<var>char</var></code>, so
the exact rules follow that for <code>\catcode</code>.
</p>
<span id="index-special-characters"></span>
<span id="index-characters_002c-special"></span>
<span id="index-uncatcodespecials"></span>
<span id="index-dospecials"></span>
<p>To reset the category code of all special characters to 12
(“other”), <code>\verbatim</code> uses <code>\uncatcodespecials</code>
(see <a href="#Category-codes">Category codes</a>). If you make additional characters
“special”, you should extend <code>\dospecials</code> to include those
characters, lest they be given special treatment inside verbatim
environments. For example,
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\catcode`\A=\active
% Try commenting out the following line.
\expandafter\def\expandafter\dospecials\expandafter{\dospecials\do\A}
\verbatimA#$%_^|endverbatim
</pre></div>
<p>Because <code>\verbatim</code> must change the category code of special
characters, calling inside a macro definition of your own does not work
properly. For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\def\mymacro{\verbatim &#%|endverbatim}% Doesn't work!
</pre></div>
<p>To accomplish this, you must change the category codes yourself before
making the macro definition. Perhaps <code>\uncatcodespecials</code> will
help you (see <a href="#Category-codes">Category codes</a>).
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Contents"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Cross_002dreferences" accesskey="n" rel="next">Cross-references</a>, Previous: <a href="#Verbatim-listing" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Verbatim listing</a>, Up: <a href="#User-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">User definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Contents-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.8 Contents</h3>
<span id="index-table-of-contents"></span>
<span id="index-contents"></span>
<p>Producing a table of contents that is both useful and aesthetic is one
of the most difficult design problems in any work. Naturally, Eplain
does not pretend to solve the design problem. Collecting the raw data
for a table of contents, however, is much the same across documents.
Eplain uses an auxiliary file with extension <samp>.toc</samp>
<span id="index-_002etoc-file"></span>
(and the same root name as your document) to save the information.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Writing-the-_002etoc-file" accesskey="1">Writing the .toc file</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Reading-the-_002etoc-file" accesskey="2">Reading the .toc file</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Changing-the-_002etoc-file_0027s-root-name" accesskey="3">Changing the .toc file's root name</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Alternative-contents-files" accesskey="4">Alternative contents files</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="Writing-the-_002etoc-file"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Reading-the-_002etoc-file" accesskey="n" rel="next">Reading the .toc file</a>, Up: <a href="#Contents" accesskey="u" rel="up">Contents</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Writing-the-_002etoc-file-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.8.1 Writing the <tt>.toc</tt> file</h4>
<p>To write an entry for the table of contents, you say
<code>\writetocentry{<var>part</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code>,
<span id="index-writetocentry"></span>
where <var>part</var> is the type of part this entry is, e.g.,
‘<samp>chapter</samp>’, and <var>text</var> is the text of the title.
<code>\writetocentry</code> puts an entry into the <tt>.toc</tt> file that looks
<span id="index-toc_2026entry"></span>
like <code>\toc<var>part</var>entry{<var>text</var>}{<var>page number</var>}</code>
(unless <var>part</var> is an integer, see below). The <var>text</var> is
written unexpanded.
</p>
<span id="index-writenumberedtocentry"></span>
<p>A related command, <code>\writenumberedtocentry</code>, takes one additional
argument, the first token of which is expanded at the point of the
<code>\writenumberedtocentry</code>, but the rest of the argument is not
expanded. The usual application is when the parts of the document are
numbered. On the other hand, the one-level expansion allows you to use
the argument for other things as well (author’s names in a proceedings,
say), and not have accents or other control sequences expanded. The
downside is that if you <em>want</em> full expansion of the third
argument, you don’t get it—you must expand it yourself, before you
call <code>\writenumberedtocentry</code>.
</p>
<p>For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\writenumberedtocentry{chapter}{A $\sin$ wave}{\the\chapno}
\writetocentry{section}{A section title}
</pre></div>
<p>Supposing <code>\the\chapno</code> expanded to ‘<samp>3</samp>’ and that the
<code>\write</code>’s occurred on pages eight and nine, respectively, the
above writes the following to the <tt>.toc</tt> file:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\tocchapterentry{A $\sin$ wave}{3}{8}
\tocsectionentry{A section title}{9}
</pre></div>
<span id="index-writenumberedtocline"></span>
<p>A variation on <code>\writenumberedtocentry</code> is
<code>\writenumberedtocline</code>, differing only in the order of the
parameters it takes and writes for the <code>\toc<var>part</var>entry</code>
control sequences. To continue the previous example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\writenumberedtocline{chapter}{\the\chapno}{A $\sin$ wave}
</pre></div>
<p>writes the following to the <tt>.toc</tt> file:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\tocchapterentry{3}{A $\sin$ wave}{8}
</pre></div>
<p>Such ordering of the parameters allows the
<code>\toc<var>part</var>entry</code> macros to typeset the text of the entry
without actually reading it as an argument. This is required for
entries which need to change character catcodes, e.g., to produce
<span id="index-table-of-contents_002c-and-verbatim-text"></span>
<span id="index-contents_002c-and-verbatim-text"></span>
<span id="index-verbatim-text_002c-in-table-of-contents"></span>
<span id="index-special-characters_002c-in-table-of-contents"></span>
verbatim text (see <a href="#Verbatim-listing">Verbatim listing</a>).
</p>
<p>Each of <code>\writetocentry</code>, <code>\writenumberedtocentry</code> and
<code>\writenumberedtocline</code> processes a numeric <var>part</var> argument
specially. If you pass <var>part</var> expanding to an integer, these
macros write into the <tt>.toc</tt> file an entry that starts with
<span id="index-toc_2026entry-1"></span>
<code>\tocentry{<var>part</var>}</code>. Thus, you can define a single
<code>\tocentry</code> macro which formats all entries for a table of
contents. To continue the previous examples:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\writenumberedtocentry{1}{A $\sin$ wave}{\the\chapno}
\writenumberedtocline{1}{\the\chapno}{A $\sin$ wave}
\writetocentry{2}{A section title}
</pre></div>
<p>writes the following to the .toc file:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\tocentry{1}{A $\sin$ wave}{3}{8}
\tocentry{1}{3}{A $\sin$ wave}{8}
\tocentry{2}{A section title}{9}
</pre></div>
<hr>
<span id="Reading-the-_002etoc-file"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Changing-the-_002etoc-file_0027s-root-name" accesskey="n" rel="next">Changing the .toc file's root name</a>, Previous: <a href="#Writing-the-_002etoc-file" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Writing the .toc file</a>, Up: <a href="#Contents" accesskey="u" rel="up">Contents</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Reading-the-_002etoc-file-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.8.2 Reading the <tt>.toc</tt> file</h4>
<span id="index-readtocfile"></span>
<p>You read the <tt>.toc</tt> file with the command <code>\readtocfile</code>.
Naturally, whatever <code>\toc… entry</code> commands that were written
to the file must be defined when <code>\readtocfile</code> is invoked. Eplain
has minimal definitions for <code>\tocchapterentry</code>,
<code>\tocsectionentry</code>, and <code>\tocsubsectionentry</code>, just to prevent
undefined control sequence errors in common cases. They aren’t suitable
for anything but preliminary proofs.
</p>
<p>Each of <code>\writetocentry</code>, <code>\writenumberedtocentry</code> and
<code>\writenumberedtocline</code> opens
the <tt>.toc</tt> file for writing, thereby deleting the information from the
previous run. You should therefore arrange that <code>\readtocfile</code> be
called <em>before</em> the first call to a <code>\writetoc…</code> macro.
<code>\readtocfile</code> does not itself delete the information
from the <tt>.toc</tt> file, so that you can call it several times,
e.g., to create both a short
<span id="index-table-of-contents_002c-short"></span>
and normal table of contents. (To produce this in particular, define
<code>\tocsectionentry</code> to produce nothing while you are reading
<tt>.toc</tt> file for a short table of contents (see <a href="#Macro-arguments">Macro arguments</a>).)
</p>
<p>On the other hand, if you don’t want to rewrite the <tt>.toc</tt> file at
all, perhaps because you are only running TeX on part of your
manuscript, you can set <code>\rewritetocfilefalse</code>.
<span id="index-ifrewritetocfile"></span>
<span id="index-rewritetocfile-_0028conditional_0029"></span>
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Changing-the-_002etoc-file_0027s-root-name"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Alternative-contents-files" accesskey="n" rel="next">Alternative contents files</a>, Previous: <a href="#Reading-the-_002etoc-file" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Reading the .toc file</a>, Up: <a href="#Contents" accesskey="u" rel="up">Contents</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Changing-the-_002etoc-file_0027s-root-name-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.8.3 Changing the <tt>.toc</tt> file’s root name</h4>
<p>By default, the <samp>.toc</samp> file has the root <code>\jobname</code>. If your
document has more than one contents—for example, if it is a collection
of papers, some of which have their own contents—you can tell Eplain
to use a different root name by defining the control sequence
<code>\tocfilebasename</code>.
<span id="index-tocfilebasename"></span>
</p>
<span id="index-writing-several-toc-files"></span>
<span id="index-toc-files_002c-writing-several"></span>
<p>Note that <code>\writetocentry</code>, <code>\writenumberedtocentry</code> and
<code>\writenumberedtocline</code> will
open the contents file for writing only at the first call, using the
value of <code>\tocfilebasename</code> at that time. Changing the value of
<code>\tocfilebasename</code> afterwards will not affect which file gets
<em>written</em>, although it will affect which file gets <em>read</em> by
<code>\readcontentsfile</code>. In case you need to write several contents
files from a single TeX job, use <code>\definecontentsfile</code>
(see <a href="#Alternative-contents-files">Alternative contents files</a>).
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Alternative-contents-files"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Changing-the-_002etoc-file_0027s-root-name" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Changing the .toc file's root name</a>, Up: <a href="#Contents" accesskey="u" rel="up">Contents</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Alternative-contents-files-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.8.4 Alternative contents files</h4>
<span id="index-list-of-figures"></span>
<span id="index-list-of-tables"></span>
<span id="index-definecontentsfile"></span>
<p>In addition to the usual table of contents, you may want to have a list
of figures, list of tables, or other such contents-like list. You can do
this with <code>\definecontentsfile{<var>abbrev</var>}</code>. All of the
above commands are actually a special case that Eplain predefines with
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\definecontentsfile{toc}
</pre></div>
<p>The <var>abbrev</var> is used both for the file extension and in
the control sequence names.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Cross_002dreferences"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Page-references" accesskey="n" rel="next">Page references</a>, Previous: <a href="#Contents" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Contents</a>, Up: <a href="#User-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">User definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Cross_002dreferences-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.9 Cross-references</h3>
<span id="index-cross_002dreferences"></span>
<p>It is often useful to refer the reader to other parts of your document;
but putting literal page, section, equation, or whatever numbers in the
text is certainly a bad thing.
</p>
<p>Eplain therefore provides commands for symbolic cross-references. It
uses an auxiliary file with extension <tt>.aux</tt>
<span id="index-_002eaux-file-1"></span>
(and the same root name as your document) to keep track of the
information. Therefore, it takes two passes to get the cross-references
right—one to write them out, and one to read them in. Eplain
automatically reads the <tt>.aux</tt> file at the first reference; after
reading it, Eplain reopens it for writing.
</p>
<p>You can control whether or not Eplain warns you about undefined
labels. See <a href="#Citations">Citations</a>.
</p>
<span id="index-labels_002c-characters-valid-in"></span>
<p>Labels in Eplain’s cross-reference commands can use characters of
category code eleven (letter), twelve (other), ten (space), three (math
shift), four (alignment tab), seven (superscript), or eight (subscript).
For example, ‘<samp>(a1 $&^_</samp>’ is a valid label (assuming the category
codes of plain TeX), but ‘<samp>%#\{</samp>’ has no valid characters.
</p>
<p>You can also do symbolic cross-references for bibliographic citations
and list items. See <a href="#Citations">Citations</a>, and <a href="#Lists">Lists</a>.
</p>
<p>Eplain can create hypertext links for the cross-references
(see <a href="#Cross_002dreference-hyperlinks">Cross-reference hyperlinks</a>).
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Defining-generic-references" accesskey="1">Defining generic references</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Using-generic-references" accesskey="2">Using generic references</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="Defining-generic-references"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Using-generic-references" accesskey="n" rel="next">Using generic references</a>, Up: <a href="#Cross_002dreferences" accesskey="u" rel="up">Cross-references</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Defining-generic-references-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.9.1 Defining generic references</h4>
<span id="index-defining-general-references"></span>
<span id="index-references_002c-defining-general"></span>
<span id="index-cross_002dreferences_002c-defining-general"></span>
<span id="index-definexref"></span>
<p>Eplain provides the command <code>\definexref</code> for general
cross-references. It takes three arguments: the name of the label (see
section above for valid label names), the value of the label (which can
be anything), and the “class” of the reference—whether it’s a
section, or theorem, or what. For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\definexref{sec-intro}{3.1}{section}
</pre></div>
<p>Of course, the label value is usually generated by another
macro using TeX count registers or some such.
</p>
<p><code>\definexref</code> doesn’t actually define <var>label</var>; instead, it
writes out the definition to the <tt>.aux</tt> file, where Eplain will read
it on the next TeX run.
</p>
<p>The <var>class</var> argument is used by the <code>\ref</code> and <code>\refs</code>
commands. See the next section.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Using-generic-references"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Defining-generic-references" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Defining generic references</a>, Up: <a href="#Cross_002dreferences" accesskey="u" rel="up">Cross-references</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Using-generic-references-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.9.2 Using generic references</h4>
<span id="index-defining-general-references-1"></span>
<span id="index-references_002c-defining-general-1"></span>
<span id="index-cross_002dreferences_002c-defining-general-1"></span>
<p>To retrieve the value of the label defined via <code>\definexref</code> (see
the previous section), Eplain provides the following macros:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dd>
<span id="index-refn"></span>
</dd>
<dt><code>\refn{<var>label</var>}</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-xrefn"></span>
</dd>
<dt><code>\xrefn{<var>label</var>}</code></dt>
<dd><p><code>\refn</code> and <code>\xrefn</code> (they are synonyms) produce the bare
definition of <var>label</var>. If <var>label</var> isn’t defined, issue a
warning, and produce <var>label</var> itself instead, in typewriter. (The
warning isn’t given if <code>\xrefwarningfalse</code>.)
<span id="index-xrefwarning-conditional"></span>
</p>
<span id="index-ref"></span>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ref{<var>label</var>}</code></dt>
<dd><p>Given the class <var>c</var> for <var>label</var> (see the description of
<code>\definexref</code> in the previous section), expand the control sequence
<code>\<var>c</var> word</code> (if it’s defined) followed by a tie. Then call
<code>\refn</code> on <var>label</var>. (Example below.)
</p>
<span id="index-refs"></span>
</dd>
<dt><code>\refs{<var>label</var>}</code></dt>
<dd><p>Like <code>\ref</code>, but append the letter ‘<samp>s</samp>’ to the
<code>\…word</code>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>The purpose of the <code>\…word</code> macro is to produce the word
‘Section’ or ‘Figure’ or whatever that usually precedes the actual
reference number.
</p>
<p>Here is an example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\def\sectionword{Section}
\definexref{sec-intro}{3.1}{section}
\definexref{sec-next}{3.2}{section}
See \refs{sec-intro} and \refn{sec-next} …
</pre></div>
<p>This produces ‘See Sections 3.1 and 3.2 …’
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Page-references"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Equation-references" accesskey="n" rel="next">Equation references</a>, Previous: <a href="#Cross_002dreferences" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Cross-references</a>, Up: <a href="#User-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">User definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Page-references-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.10 Page references</h3>
<p>Eplain provides two commands for handling references to page numbers,
one for definition and one for use.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\xrdef{<var>label</var>}</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-xrdef"></span>
<p>Define <var>label</var> to be the current page number. This produces no
printed output, and ignores following spaces.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\xref{<var>label</var>}</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-xref"></span>
<p>Produce the text ‘p. <var>pageno</var>’, which is the usual form for
cross-references. The <var>pageno</var> is actually <var>label</var>’s
definition; if <var>label</var> isn’t defined, the text of the label itself
is printed. The ‘p. ’ prefix is defined by <code>\xrefpageword</code>.
<span id="index-xrefpageword"></span>
Its default definition is <code>p.\thinspace</code>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>Eplain can create hypertext links for the page references (see <a href="#Page-reference-hyperlinks">Page reference hyperlinks</a>).
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Equation-references"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Indexing" accesskey="n" rel="next">Indexing</a>, Previous: <a href="#Page-references" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Page references</a>, Up: <a href="#User-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">User definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Equation-references-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.11 Equation references</h3>
<span id="index-equations_002c-references-to"></span>
<span id="index-equations_002c-numbering"></span>
<p>Instead of referring to pages, it’s most useful if equation labels
refer to equation numbers. Therefore, Eplain reserves a <code>\count</code>
register, <code>\eqnumber</code>,
<span id="index-eqnumber"></span>
for the current equation number, and increments it at each
numbered equation.
</p>
<p>Here are the commands to define equation labels and then refer to them:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\eqdef{<var>label</var>}</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-eqdef"></span>
<span id="index-eqnum-1"></span>
<p>This defines <var>label</var> to be the current value of <code>\eqnumber</code>,
and, if the current context is not inner, then produces a <code>\eqnum</code>
command (see <a href="#Displays">Displays</a>). (The condition makes it possible to use
<code>\eqdef</code> in an
<code>\eqalignno</code> construction, for example.) The text of the equation
number is produced using <code>\eqprint</code>. See <a href="#Formatting-equation-references">Formatting equation references</a>.
</p>
<span id="index-empty-equation-labels"></span>
<span id="index-labels_002c-empty-equation"></span>
<span id="index-equations_002c-giving-numbers-to-all"></span>
<p>If <var>label</var> is empty, you still get an equation number (although
naturally you can’t reliably refer to it). This is useful if you want
to put numbers on all equations in your document, and you don’t want to
think up unique labels.
</p>
<span id="index-empty-equation-labels_002c-referring-to"></span>
<span id="index-labels_002c-empty-equation_002c-referring-to"></span>
<p>To refer to the last equation with the empty label, you use the empty
label in one of the equation reference macros (see below). This can
be handy when you want to refer to an equation shortly after its
definition, say, in the sentence following the displayed equation, and
do not intend to refer to the equation later. But use this trick with
extreme caution: if later you change the text and insert another empty
definition between the original definition and the reference, the
reference will start to refer to the new empty-labeled equation.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\eqdefn{<var>label</var>}</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-eqdefn"></span>
<span id="index-eqnum-2"></span>
<p>This is like <code>\eqdef</code>, except it always omits the <code>\eqnum</code>
command. It can therefore be used in places where <code>\eqdef</code> can’t;
for example, in a non-displayed equation. The text of the equation
number is not produced, so you can also use it in the (admittedly
unusual) circumstance when you want to define an equation label but not
print that label.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\eqref{<var>label</var>}</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-eqref"></span>
<p>This produces a formatted reference to <var>label</var>. If <var>label</var> is
undefined (perhaps because it is a forward reference), it just produces
the text of the label itself. Otherwise, it calls <code>\eqprint</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\eqrefn{<var>label</var>}</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-eqrefn"></span>
<p>This produces the cross-reference text for <var>label</var>. That is, it
is like <code>\eqref</code>, except it doesn’t call <code>\eqprint</code>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<span id="index-equation-labels_002c-characters-valid-in"></span>
<p>Equation labels can contain the same characters that are valid in
general cross-references.
</p>
<p>Eplain can create hypertext links for the equation references
(see <a href="#Equation-reference-hyperlinks">Equation reference hyperlinks</a>).
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Formatting-equation-references" accesskey="1">Formatting equation references</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Subequation-references" accesskey="2">Subequation references</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="Formatting-equation-references"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Subequation-references" accesskey="n" rel="next">Subequation references</a>, Up: <a href="#Equation-references" accesskey="u" rel="up">Equation references</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Formatting-equation-references-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.11.1 Formatting equation references</h4>
<span id="index-equation-numbers_002c-formatting-of"></span>
<p>Both defining an equation label and referring to it should usually
produce output. This output is produced with the <code>\eqprint</code> macro,
which takes one argument, the equation number being defined or referred
to. By default, this just produces ‘<samp>(<var>number</var>)</samp>’, where
<var>number</var> is the equation number. To produce the equation number in
a different font, or with different surrounding symbols, or whatever,
you can redefine <code>\eqprint</code>.
<span id="index-eqprint"></span>
For example, the following definition would print all equation numbers
in italics. (The extra braces define a group, to keep the font change
from affecting surrounding text.)
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\def\eqprint#1{{\it (#1)}}
</pre></div>
<p>In addition to changing the formatting of equation numbers, you might want
to add more structure to the equation number; for example, you might
want to include the chapter number, to get equation numbers like
‘(1.2)’. To achieve this, you redefine <code>\eqconstruct</code>.
<span id="index-eqconstruct"></span>
For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\def\eqconstruct#1{\the\chapternumber.#1}
</pre></div>
<p>(If you are keeping the chapter number in a count register named
<code>\chapternumber</code>, naturally.)
</p>
<p>The reason for having both <code>\eqconstruct</code> and <code>\eqprint</code> may
not be immediately apparent. The difference is that <code>\eqconstruct</code>
affects the text that cross-reference label is defined to be, while
<code>\eqprint</code> affects only what is typeset on the page. The example
just below might help.
</p>
<p>Usually, you want equation labels to refer to equation numbers. But
sometimes you might want a more complicated text. For example, you
might have an equation ‘(1)’, and then have a variation several pages
later which you want to refer to as ‘(1*)’.
</p>
<p>Therefore, Eplain allows you to give an optional argument (i.e.,
arbitrary text in square brackets) before the cross-reference label to
<code>\eqdef</code>. Then, when you refer to the equation, that text is
produced. Here’s how to get the example just mentioned:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">$$…\eqdef{a-eq}$$
…
$$…\eqdef[\eqrefn{a-eq}*]{a-eq-var}$$
In \eqref{a-eq-var}, we expand on \eqref{a-eq}, …
</pre></div>
<p>We use <code>\eqrefn</code> in the cross-reference text, not
<code>\eqref</code>, so that <code>\eqprint</code> is called only once.
</p>
<p>As another example, consider the following requirement: we want to
include chapter number in all equation references, and additionally we
want to include the part number when referencing an equation from any
part other than the one where the equation appears. For example,
references to the third equation in chapter 2 of part 1
should be typeset as ‘(2.3)’ throughout part 1, but as ‘(I.2.3)’
in any other part. Let’s assume we have the current chapter and part
numbers in count registers <code>\chapnum</code> and <code>\partnum</code>,
respectively.
</p>
<p>The idea is to have <code>\eqconstruct</code> store the part number of the
equation (that is, the part number <em>at the time of definition</em>),
so that later <code>\eqprint</code> can compare the stored number with the
current part number (that is, the part number <em>at the time of
reference</em>). The complicating factor is that internally, the result
of <code>\eqconstruct</code> is both expanded and written out to the
<samp>.aux</samp> file, <em>and</em> used to typeset the equation number, so
the commands that store the part number should behave correctly in
both situations. This is difficult to achieve with expandable
commands; therefore, to avoid expansion problems, we are going to use
only TeX primitives, which are non-expandable:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newcount\eqpartnum
\def\eqconstruct#1{%
\global\eqpartnum=\the\partnum\relax
\number\chapnum.#1%
}
\def\eqprint#1{%
\setbox0=\hbox{#1}%
(\ifnum\partnum=\eqpartnum \else
\uppercase\expandafter{\romannumeral\eqpartnum}.%
\fi
\box0)%
}%
</pre></div>
<p>In <code>\eqconstruct</code>, besides constructing the base equation number
(e.g., ‘1.2’), we also store the part number of the equation in the
count register <code>\eqpartnum</code> (<code>\the\partnum</code> is expanded when
the equation number is written to the <samp>.aux</samp> file, so the
equation label definition in the <samp>.aux</samp> file will contain the
actual part number). In <code>\eqprint</code>, we need to know the
equation’s part number before we typeset the base equation number,
therefore we first put the argument in a box, thus causing
<code>\eqpartnum</code> to be set.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Subequation-references"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Formatting-equation-references" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Formatting equation references</a>, Up: <a href="#Equation-references" accesskey="u" rel="up">Equation references</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Subequation-references-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.11.2 Subequation references</h4>
<span id="index-equations_002c-groups-of"></span>
<span id="index-subequations_002c-referring-to"></span>
<p>Eplain also provides for one level of substructure for equations. That
is, you might want to define a related group of equations with numbers
like ‘2.1’ and ‘2.2’, and then be able to refer to the group as a whole:
“… in the system of equations (2)…”.
</p>
<p>The commands to do this are <code>\eqsubdef</code> and
<span id="index-eqsubdef"></span>
<code>\eqsubdefn</code>.
<span id="index-eqsubdefn"></span>
They take one <var>label</var> argument like their counterparts above,
and generally behave in the same way. The difference is in how they
construct the equation number: instead of using just <code>\eqnumber</code>,
they also use another counter, <code>\subeqnumber</code>.
<span id="index-subeqnumber"></span>
This counter is advanced by one at every <code>\eqsubdef</code> or
<code>\eqsubdefn</code>, and reset to zero at every <code>\eqdef</code> or
<code>\eqdefn</code>.
</p>
<p>You use <code>\eqref</code> to refer to subequations as well as main
equations.
</p>
<p>To put the two together to construct the text that the label will
produce, they use a macro <code>\eqsubreftext</code>.
<span id="index-eqsubreftext"></span>
This macros takes two arguments, the “main” equation number (which,
because the equation label can be defined as arbitrary text, as
described in the previous section, might be anything at all) and the
“sub” equation number (which is always just a number). Eplain’s
default definition just puts a period between them:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\def\eqsubreftext#1#2{#1.#2}%
</pre></div>
<p>You can redefine <code>\eqsubreftext</code> to print however you
like. For example, this definition makes the labels print as ‘2a’,
‘2b’, and so on.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newcount\subref
\def\eqsubreftext#1#2{%
\subref = #2 % The space stops a <number>.
\advance\subref by 96 % `a' is character code 97.
#1\char\subref
}
</pre></div>
<p>Sadly, we must define a new count register, <code>\subref</code>,
instead of using the scratch count register <code>\count255</code>, because
‘<samp>#1</samp>’ might include other macro calls which use <code>\count255</code>.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Indexing"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Justification" accesskey="n" rel="next">Justification</a>, Previous: <a href="#Equation-references" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Equation references</a>, Up: <a href="#User-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">User definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Indexing-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.12 Indexing</h3>
<span id="index-indexing"></span>
<span id="index-sorting-an-index"></span>
<p>Eplain provides support for generating raw material for an index, and
for typesetting a sorted index. A separate program must do the actual
collection and sorting of terms, because TeX itself has no support
for sorting.
</p>
<p>Eplain can create hypertext links pointing from the index to the index
terms (see <a href="#Index-hyperlinks">Index hyperlinks</a>).
</p>
<span id="index-makeindex-1"></span>
<p>Eplain’s indexing commands were designed to work with the program
MakeIndex (<a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/makeindex">https://ctan.org/pkg/makeindex</a>); MakeIndex is also
commonly included in prepackaged TeX distributions. It is beyond
the scope of this manual to explain how to run MakeIndex, and all of
its many options.
</p>
<p>The basic strategy for indexing works like this:
</p>
<ol>
<li> <span id="index-_002eidx-files"></span>
For a document <samp>foo.tex</samp>, Eplain’s indexing commands (e.g.,
<code>\idx</code>; see the section ‘Indexing terms’ below) write the raw index
material to <samp>foo.idx</samp>.
</li><li> <span id="index-_002eind-files"></span>
MakeIndex reads <samp>foo.idx</samp>, collects and sorts the index, and
writes the result to <samp>foo.ind</samp>.
</li><li> Eplain reads and typesets <samp>foo.ind</samp> on a subsequent run of
TeX. See the section ‘Typesetting an index’ below.
</li></ol>
<span id="index-texi2dvi-2"></span>
<p>The <code>texi2dvi</code> program can help you automate this
process (see <a href="#Invoking-Eplain">Invoking Eplain</a>).
</p>
<span id="index-multiple-indexes"></span>
<span id="index-indexes_002c-multiple"></span>
<span id="index-defineindex"></span>
<p>If your document needs more than one index, each must have its own
file. Therefore, Eplain provides the command <code>\defineindex</code>, which
takes an argument that is a single letter, which replaces ‘<samp>i</samp>’ in
the filenames and in the indexing command names described below. For
example,
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\defineindex{m}
</pre></div>
<p>defines the command <code>\mdx</code> to write to the file
<samp>foo.mdx</samp>. Eplain simply does <code>\defineindex{i}</code> to define
the default commands.
</p>
<p>Note that MakeIndex does not use the above naming scheme for multiple
indexes. Unless instructed otherwise, MakeIndex always writes its
output to a file with extension <samp>.ind</samp>. For example, if you
define an additional index with the command <code>\defineindex{j}</code>,
you’ll need to run MakeIndex like this:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">$ makeindex book.jdx -o book.jnd
</pre></div>
<span id="index-indexes_002c-disabling"></span>
<span id="index-disabling-indexes"></span>
<span id="index-ifidx"></span>
<p>For each index defined with <code>\defineindex{<var>n</var>}</code>, Eplain
provides a switch <code>\if<var>n</var>dx</code> which controls whether indexing
commands write index entries to the corresponding index file. However,
even when index term writing is disabled, indexing commands still do
all other processing of their arguments, including typesetting of
proof index terms (see <a href="#Proofing-index-terms">Proofing index terms</a>.
</p>
<p>For example, if you write <code>\idxfalse</code> near the beginning of a
document <samp>foo.tex</samp> (before the first indexing command), Eplain
will not open the default index file (<samp>foo.idx</samp>) and the
corresponding indexing commands (<code>\idx</code>, <code>\sidx</code>, etc.)
will not write index entries there. This may be useful for draft
compilations of a manuscript, e.g., to avoid the overhead of index
file input/output.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Indexing-terms" accesskey="1">Indexing terms</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Specifying what to index.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Typesetting-an-index" accesskey="2">Typesetting an index</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Printing the sorted output.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Customizing-indexing" accesskey="3">Customizing indexing</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Creating commands and specifying extra actions.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="Indexing-terms"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Typesetting-an-index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Typesetting an index</a>, Up: <a href="#Indexing" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexing</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Indexing-terms-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.12.1 Indexing terms</h4>
<span id="index-indexing-terms"></span>
<span id="index-silent-indexing"></span>
<p>Indexing commands in Eplain come in pairs: one command that only
writes the index entry to the ‘<samp>.idx</samp>’ file (see above section), and
one that also typesets the term being indexed. The former always starts
with ‘<samp>s</samp>’ (for “silent”). In either case, the name always includes
‘<samp><var>I</var>dx</samp>’, where <var>I</var> is the index letter, also described
above. Eplain defines the index ‘<samp>i</samp>’ itself, so that’s what we’ll
use in the names below.
</p>
<span id="index-subterm-in-indexing"></span>
<p>The silent form of the commands take a subterm as a trailing optional
argument. For example, <code>\sidx{truth}[definition of]</code> on page 75
makes an index entry that will eventually be typeset (by default) as
</p>
<div class="display">
<pre class="display">truth
definition of, 75
</pre></div>
<span id="index-trailing-spaces-and-indexing-commands"></span>
<span id="index-spaces_002c-trailing-and-indexing-commands"></span>
<span id="index-indexing-and-trailing-spaces"></span>
<p>Also, the silent commands ignore trailing spaces. The non-silent ones do not.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Indexing-commands" accesskey="1">Indexing commands</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Making index entries.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Modifying-index-entries" accesskey="2">Modifying index entries</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Ranges, see/see also, page number typesetting.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Index-entries-with-special-characters" accesskey="3">Index entries with special characters</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Proofing-index-terms" accesskey="4">Proofing index terms</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Noting index entries in the margins.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="Indexing-commands"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Modifying-index-entries" accesskey="n" rel="next">Modifying index entries</a>, Up: <a href="#Indexing-terms" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexing terms</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Indexing-commands-1"></span><h4 class="subsubsection">4.12.1.1 Indexing commands</h4>
<span id="index-indexing-commands"></span>
<p>Here are the commands.
</p>
<ul>
<li> <span id="index-sidx"></span>
<span id="index-idx"></span>
<code>\sidx{<var>term</var>}[<var>subterm</var>]</code> makes an index entry for
<var>term</var>, optionally with subterm <var>subterm</var>.
<code>\idx{<var>term</var>}</code> also produces <var>term</var> as output. Example:
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\sidx{truth}[beauty of]
The beauty of truth is \idx{death}.
</pre></div>
<p>Subterms at the second and further levels can also be
specified in <var>subterm</var>, using the
<code>\idxsubentryseparator</code> character to separate
them. This character is by default ‘<samp>!</samp>’.
</p>
</li><li> <span id="index-sidxname"></span>
<span id="index-idxnameseparator"></span>
<span id="index-idxname"></span>
<code>\sidxname{<var>First M.</var>}{<var>von Last</var>}[<var>subterm</var>]</code>
makes an index
entry for ‘<samp><var>von Last</var>, <var>First M.</var></samp>’. You can change the
‘<samp>, </samp>’ by redefining <code>\idxnameseparator</code>.
<code>\idxname{<var>First M.</var>}{<var>von Last</var>}</code> also produces <var>First M. von
Last</var> as output. (These commands are useful special cases of <code>\idx</code>
and <code>\sidx</code>.) Example:
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\sidxname{Richard}{Stark}
\idxname{Donald}{Westlake} has written many kinds of novels, under
almost as many names.
</pre></div>
</li><li> <span id="index-sidxmarked"></span>
<span id="index-idxmarked"></span>
<code>\sidxmarked\<var>cs</var>{<var>term</var>}[<var>subterm</var>]</code> makes an index
entry for <code><var>term</var>[<var>subterm</var>]</code>, but <var>term</var> will be put
in the index as <code>\<var>cs</var>{term}</code>, but still sorted as just
<var>term</var>. <code>\idxmarked\<var>cs</var>{<var>term</var>}</code> also typesets
<code>\<var>cs</var>{term}</code>. This provides for the usual ways of changing
the typesetting of index entries. Example:
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\def\article#1{``#1''}
\sidxmarked\article{Miss Elsa and Aunt Sophie}
Peter Drucker's \idxmarked\article{The Polanyis} is a remarkable
essay about a remarkable family.
</pre></div>
</li><li> <span id="index-idxsubmarked"></span>
<span id="index-sidxsubmarked"></span>
<code>\sidxsubmarked{<var>term</var>}\<var>cs</var>{subterm}</code> makes an index
entry for <var>term</var>, <var>subterm</var> as usual, but also puts <var>subterm</var> in
the index as <code>\<var>cs</var>{term}</code>.
<code>\idxsubmarked{<var>term</var>}\<var>cs</var>{subterm}</code> also typesets
<code><var>term</var> \<var>cs</var>{subterm}</code>, in the unlikely event that your
syntax is convoluted enough to make this useful. Example:
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\def\title#1{{\sl #1}}
\sidxsubmarked{Anderson, Laurie}\title{Strange Angels}
The \idxsubmarked{Anderson}\title{Carmen} is a strange twist.
</pre></div>
</li></ul>
<span id="index-index-entry-general-sorting"></span>
<span id="index-sorting-of-index-entries"></span>
<p>The commands above rely on MakeIndex’s feature for separating sorting of
an index entry’s from its typesetting. You can use this directly by
specifying an index entry as <code><var>sort</var>@<var>typeset</var></code>. For
example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\sidx{Ap-weight@$A_\pi$-weight}
</pre></div>
<p>will sort as <code>Ap-weight</code>, but print with the proper math.
The <code>@</code> here is MakeIndex’s default character for this purpose.
To make an index entry with an <code>@</code> in it, you have to escape it
with a backslash; Eplain provides no macros for doing this.
</p>
<span id="index-afterindexterm-hook"></span>
<span id="index-whatsits-made-by-index-entries"></span>
<p>After any index command, Eplain runs
<code>\hookaction{afterindexterm}</code>. Because the index commands always
add a whatsit item to the current list, you may wish to preserve a
penalty or space past the new item. For example, given a conditional
<code>\if@aftersctnhead</code> set true when you’re at a section heading, you
could do:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hookaction{afterindexterm}{\if@aftersctnhead \nobreak \fi}
</pre></div>
<hr>
<span id="Modifying-index-entries"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Index-entries-with-special-characters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Index entries with special characters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Indexing-commands" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Indexing commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Indexing-terms" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexing terms</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Modifying-index-entries-1"></span><h4 class="subsubsection">4.12.1.2 Modifying index entries</h4>
<span id="index-modifying-index-entries_0027-page-numbers"></span>
<span id="index-index-entries_0027-page-numbers_002c-modifying"></span>
<p>All the index commands described in the previous section take an initial
optional argument before the index term, which modify the index entry’s
meaning in various ways. You can specify only one of the following in
any given command, except that <code>begin</code> and <code>end</code> can be
specified together with <code>pagemarkup=<var>cs</var></code> (separate them with
a comma without a following space, like this:
<code>[begin,pagemarkup=defn]</code>).
</p>
<p>These work via MakeIndex’s “encapsulation” feature. See <a href="#Customizing-indexing">Customizing indexing</a>, if you’re not using the default characters for the
MakeIndex operators. The other optional argument (specifying a subterm)
is independent of these.
</p>
<p>Here are the possibilities:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>begin</code></dt>
<dt><code>end</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-begin-for-index-entries"></span>
<span id="index-end-for-index-entries"></span>
<span id="index-index-entries-and-ranges"></span>
<span id="index-ranges-and-index-entry"></span>
<p>These mark an index entry as the beginning or end of a range. The index
entries must match exactly for MakeIndex to recognize them.
Example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\sidx[begin]{future}[Cohen, Leonard]
…
\sidx[end]{future}[Cohen, Leonard]
</pre></div>
<p>will typeset as something like
</p>
<div class="display">
<pre class="display">future,
Cohen, Leonard, 65–94
</pre></div>
</dd>
<dt><code>see</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-see-for-index-entries"></span>
<span id="index-see_002c-and-index-entries"></span>
<span id="index-cross_002dreferencing-index-entries"></span>
<span id="index-index-entries_002c-and-cross_002dreferencing"></span>
<p>This marks an index entry as pointing to another; the real index term is
an additional (non-optional) argument to the command. Thus you can
anticipate a term readers may wish to look up, yet which you have
decided not to index. Example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\sidx[see]{analysis}[archetypal]{archetypal criticism}
</pre></div>
<p>becomes
</p>
<div class="display">
<pre class="display">analysis,
archetypal, <i>see</i> archetypal criticism
</pre></div>
</dd>
<dt><code>seealso</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-seealso-for-index-entries"></span>
<p>Similar to <code>see</code> (the previous item), but also allows for normal
index entries of the referencing term. The normal index entries have
to be created separately—<code>seealso</code> does <em>not</em> contribute a
page number to the index entry. For example, if you have indexed a
term on pages 75, 97 and 114, and then add a <code>seealso</code>
entry for the term:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\sidx[seealso]{archetypal criticism}[elements of]{dichotomies}
</pre></div>
<p>the index will contain
</p>
<div class="display">
<pre class="display">archetypal criticism,
elements of, 75, 97, 114, <i>see also</i> dichotomies
</pre></div>
<p>(Aside for the academically curious: The archetypal critical book I
took these dichotomous examples from is Laurence Berman’s <cite>The
Musical Image</cite>, which I happened to co-design and typeset.)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>pagemarkup=<var>cs</var></code></dt>
<dd><p>This puts <code>\<var>cs</var></code> before the page number in the typeset index,
thus allowing you to underline definitive entries, italicize examples,
and the like. You do <em>not</em> precede the control sequence <var>cs</var>
with a backslash. (That just leads to expansive difficulties.) Naturally
it is up to you to define the control sequences you want to use. Example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\def\defn#1{{\sl #1}}
\sidx[pagemarkeup=defn]{indexing}
</pre></div>
<p>becomes something like
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">indexing, <code>\defn{75}</code>
</pre></div>
</dd>
</dl>
<hr>
<span id="Index-entries-with-special-characters"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Proofing-index-terms" accesskey="n" rel="next">Proofing index terms</a>, Previous: <a href="#Modifying-index-entries" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Modifying index entries</a>, Up: <a href="#Indexing-terms" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexing terms</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Index-entries-with-special-characters-1"></span><h4 class="subsubsection">4.12.1.3 Index entries with special characters</h4>
<span id="index-special-characters_002c-in-index-entries"></span>
<span id="index-index-entries-with-special-characters"></span>
<p>Indexing terms with special characters can become quite cumbersome
because you have to keep both TeX and MakeIndex happy at the same
time. For example, while ‘<samp>!</samp>’ has no special meaning for TeX,
it is a subentry separator for MakeIndex, therefore you’d have to
escape occurrences of literal ‘<samp>!</samp>’ in index terms. Things get
even more interesting with characters which are special in both TeX
and MakeIndex.
</p>
<p>This in turn has some implications for the non-silent forms of the
indexing commands (see <a href="#Indexing-terms">Indexing terms</a>), since TeX and MakeIndex
use different conventions for escaping characters. For example, this
will not typeset the exclamation point correctly within the text,
while it will come out right inside the index, after MakeIndex strips
the quoting character (‘<samp>"</samp>’):
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\idx{"!}
</pre></div>
<p>This would have to be rewritten using the silent command:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">!\sidx{"!}
</pre></div>
<p>In general, it is a good idea to eschew the non-silent
commands whenever index term contains anything unusual.
</p>
<p>To understand this keep in mind that indexing commands read the terms
verbatim so that the terms can embed almost any character, and that’s
what gets written into the <samp>.idx</samp> file. The non-silent forms
then typeset the term by rescanning the verbatim copy, hence for
the non-silent commands the term, besides being a valid MakeIndex
input, must also represent a valid TeX input. The silent commands
don’t have this restriction—their terms only need to become valid
TeX input <em>after</em> MakeIndex processes the <samp>.idx</samp> file and
writes the <samp>.ind</samp> file. This is what makes the non-silent
commands less powerful and more troublesome when dealing with special
characters.
</p>
<span id="index-index-entries_002c-with-verbatim-text"></span>
<span id="index-index_002c-and-verbatim-text"></span>
<span id="index-verbatim-text_002c-in-index"></span>
<p>Here’s an example showing that terms for the silent commands can
contain almost any character:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\sidx[see]{comments}[with %@with \verbatim %"|endverbatim]
{commenting with \verbatim %"|endverbatim}
</pre></div>
<p>We didn’t have to escape ‘<samp>%</samp>’ in the sort string for
MakeIndex, while we had to put it inside the verbatim environment
(see <a href="#Verbatim-listing">Verbatim listing</a>) in the part which MakeIndex will pass back
to TeX. Also, we had to escape the ‘<samp>|</samp>’ character because it
is special for MakeIndex. If you have trouble understanding the
reasons for the different types of escaping used, it is best to
examine the <samp>.idx</samp> and <samp>.ind</samp> files resulting from
processing the above input.
</p>
<p>As was mentioned, index terms can embed “almost any character”, so
now we’ll describe the exceptions.
</p>
<p>The following characters are reset to their usual meanings because
they are not useful verbatim: multiple consequent spaces are
converted into a single space; <acronym>ASCII</acronym> tab characters are
treated as spaces; <acronym>ASCII</acronym> return is treated as end-of-line
(this means, among other things, that long terms can be broken across
several lines).
</p>
<span id="index-braces_002c-inside-index-entries"></span>
<span id="index-index-entries-containing-braces"></span>
<p>You have to be careful with the begin- and end-group characters
(‘<samp>{</samp>’ and ‘<samp>}</samp>’ by default). If they are matched, you don’t
have to do anything special. For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\sidx {braces {, }@braces
\verbatim {"|endverbatim, \verbatim }"|endverbatim}
</pre></div>
<p>However, if they are not matched you have two problems on
hand. The first one is TeX—you have to instruct TeX to use
something else as begin- and/or end-group characters. Eplain provides
an easy way to do this: just define
<span id="index-idxargopen"></span>
<code>\idxargopen</code> and/or
<span id="index-idxargclose"></span>
<code>\idxargclose</code> to the begin- and end-group characters you are
going to use with indexing macros, and use braces inside index terms
without any restrictions. Here’s an example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\def\idxargopen{`\<}
\def\idxargclose{`\>}
\sidx <left brace "{@left brace \verbatim "{"|endverbatim>
</pre></div>
<p>In this example we’ve also dealt with the second
problem—braces are MakeIndex’s grouping characters as well (by
default), so we have escaped unmatched braces with ‘<samp>"</samp>’.
</p>
<span id="index-brackets_002c-inside-index-entries"></span>
<span id="index-index-entries-containing-brackets"></span>
<p>And the final note: if you need a subentry containing brackets
(‘<samp>[</samp>’ and ‘<samp>]</samp>’), avoid the optional argument of <code>\sidx</code>
and friends, and use instead MakeIndex’s subentry separator to create
the subentry with the brackets in it:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\sidx{entry!subentry with a bracket [}
</pre></div>
<hr>
<span id="Proofing-index-terms"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Index-entries-with-special-characters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Index entries with special characters</a>, Up: <a href="#Indexing-terms" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexing terms</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Proofing-index-terms-1"></span><h4 class="subsubsection">4.12.1.4 Proofing index terms</h4>
<span id="index-proofing-index-terms"></span>
<span id="index-index-entries_002c-proofing"></span>
<span id="index-margins_002c-index-terms-in"></span>
<p>As you are reading through a manuscript, it is helpful to see what terms
have been indexed, so you can add others, catch miscellaneous errors,
etc. (Speaking from bitter experience, I can say it is extremely
error-prone to leave all indexing to the end of the writing, since it
involves adding many TeX commands to the source files.)
</p>
<span id="index-ifindexproofing"></span>
<span id="index-indexproofingtrue"></span>
<span id="index-indexproofingfalse"></span>
<span id="index-indexproofterm"></span>
<span id="index-indexprooffont"></span>
<span id="index-cmtt8"></span>
<p>So Eplain puts index terms in the margin of each page, if you
set <code>\indexproofingtrue</code>. It is <code>false</code> by default. The terms
are typeset by the macro <code>\indexproofterm</code>, which takes a single
argument, the term to be typeset. Eplain’s definition of
<code>\indexproofterm</code> just puts it into an <code>\hbox</code>, first doing
<code>\indexprooffont</code>, which Eplain defines to select the font
<code>cmtt8</code>. With this definition long terms run off the page, but
since this is just for proofreading anyway, it seems acceptable.
</p>
<span id="index-pageno"></span>
<span id="index-insidemargin"></span>
<span id="index-hoffset"></span>
<span id="index-outsidemargin"></span>
<span id="index-indexsetmargins"></span>
<p>On the other hand, we certainly don’t want the index term to run into
the text of the page, so Eplain uses the right-hand side of the page
rather than the left-hand page (assuming a language read left to right
here). So <code>\ifodd\pageno</code>, Eplain kerns by <code>\outsidemargin</code>,
otherwise by <code>\insidemargin</code>. If those macros are undefined,
<code>\indexsetmargins</code> defines them to be one inch plus <code>\hoffset</code>.
</p>
<span id="index-_0040indexproof-insertion-class"></span>
<span id="index-indexproofunbox"></span>
<span id="index-makeheadline"></span>
<span id="index-output-routine-and-index-proofing"></span>
<p>To get the proofing index entries on the proper page, Eplain defines a new
insertion class <code>\@indexproof</code>. To unbox any index proofing
material, Eplain redefines <code>\makeheadline</code> to call
<code>\indexproofunbox</code> before the original <code>\makeheadline</code>. Thus,
if you have your own output routine, that redefines or doesn’t use
<code>\makeheadline</code>, it’s up to you to call <code>\indexproofunbox</code> at
the appropriate time.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Typesetting-an-index"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Customizing-indexing" accesskey="n" rel="next">Customizing indexing</a>, Previous: <a href="#Indexing-terms" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Indexing terms</a>, Up: <a href="#Indexing" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexing</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Typesetting-an-index-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.12.2 Typesetting an index</h4>
<span id="index-typesetting-an-index"></span>
<span id="index-index-typesetting"></span>
<span id="index-readindexfile"></span>
<p>The command <code>\readindexfile{i}</code> reads and typesets the
<samp>.ind</samp> file that MakeIndex outputs (from the <samp>.idx</samp> file which
the indexing commands in the previous sections write). Eplain defines a
number of commands that support the default MakeIndex output.
</p>
<span id="index-indexfilebasename"></span>
<span id="index-jobname-1"></span>
<p>More precisely, <code>\readindexfile</code> reads
<code>\indexfilebasename.<var>index-letter</var>nd</code>, where the
<var>index-letter</var> is the argument. <code>\indexfilebasename</code> is
<code>\jobname</code> by default, but if you have different indexes in
different parts of a book, you may wish to change it, just as with
bibliographies (see <a href="#Citations">Citations</a>).
</p>
<span id="index-begin_007btheindex_007d"></span>
<span id="index-end_007btheindex_007d"></span>
<p>MakeIndex was designed to work with LaTeX; therefore, by default the
<samp>.ind</samp> file starts with <code>\begin{theindex}</code> and ends with
<code>\end{theindex}</code>. If no <code>\begin</code> has been defined, Eplain
defines one to ignore its argument and set up for typesetting the index
(see below), and also defines a <code>\end</code> to ignore its argument. (In
a group, naturally, since there is a primitive <code>\end</code>).
</p>
<span id="index-parindent-in-indexes"></span>
<span id="index-index-fonts"></span>
<span id="index-indexfonts"></span>
<span id="index-double-columns-in-indexes"></span>
<p>Eplain calls <code>\indexfonts</code>, sets <code>\parindent = 0pt</code>, and does
<code>\doublecolumns</code> (see <a href="#Multiple-columns">Multiple columns</a>) at the
<code>\begin{theindex}</code>. <code>\indexfonts</code> does nothing by default;
it’s just there for you to override. (Indexes are usually typeset in
smaller type than the main text.)
</p>
<span id="index-beginindex-hook"></span>
<p>It ends the setup with <code>\hookrun{beginindex}</code>, so you can
override anything you like in that hook (see <a href="#Hooks">Hooks</a>). For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hookaction{beginindex}{\triplecolumns}
</pre></div>
<span id="index-item-in-indexes"></span>
<span id="index-subitem-in-indexes"></span>
<span id="index-subsubitem-in-indexes"></span>
<span id="index-index-entry-formatting"></span>
<span id="index-formatting-index-entries"></span>
<span id="index-space-above-index-entries"></span>
<span id="index-continued-index-entries"></span>
<span id="index-index-entry-continuations"></span>
<p>MakeIndex turns each main index entry into an <code>\item</code>, subentries
into <code>\subitem</code>, and subsubentries into <code>\subsubitem</code>. By
default, the first line of main entries are not indented, and subentries
are indented 1em per level. Main entries are preceded by a <code>\vskip</code>
of <code>\aboveitemskipamount</code>, <code>0pt plus2pt</code> by default. Page
breaks are encouraged before main entries (<code>\penalty -100</code>), but
prohibited afterwards—Eplain has no provision for “continued”
index entries.
</p>
<p>All levels do the following:
</p>
<span id="index-hangindent-for-index-entries"></span>
<span id="index-raggedright-for-index-entries"></span>
<span id="index-hyphenpenalty-for-index-entries"></span>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hangindent = 1em
\raggedright
\hyphenpenalty = 10000
</pre></div>
<span id="index-indexitem-hook"></span>
<p>Each entry ends with <code>\hookrun{indexitem}</code>, so you can change any
of this. For example, to increase the allowable rag:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hookaction{indexitem}{\advance\rightskip by 2em}
</pre></div>
<span id="index-indexspace"></span>
<span id="index-index-groupings"></span>
<p>Finally, MakeIndex outputs <code>\indexspace</code> between each group of
entries in the <samp>.ind</samp> file. Eplain makes this equivalent to
<code>\bigbreak</code>.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Customizing-indexing"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Typesetting-an-index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Typesetting an index</a>, Up: <a href="#Indexing" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexing</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Customizing-indexing-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.12.3 Customizing indexing</h4>
<span id="index-customizing-indexing"></span>
<span id="index-afterindexterm"></span>
<span id="index-commas-after-index-terms"></span>
<span id="index-after-index-terms"></span>
<p>By default, MakeIndex outputs ‘<samp>, </samp>’ after each term in the index. To
change this, you can add the following to your MakeIndex style
(<samp>.ist</samp>) file:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">delim_0 "\\afterindexterm "
delim_1 "\\afterindexterm "
delim_2 "\\afterindexterm "
</pre></div>
<p>Eplain makes <code>\afterindexterm</code> equivalent to
<code>\quad</code>.
</p>
<p>You can also change the keywords Eplain recognizes (see <a href="#Modifying-index-entries">Modifying index entries</a>):
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\idxrangebeginword</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-idxrangebeginword"></span>
<p>‘begin’
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\idxrangeendword</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-idxrangeendword"></span>
<p>‘end’
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\idxseecmdword</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-idxseecmdword"></span>
<p>‘see’
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\idxseealsocmdword</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-idxseealsocmdword"></span>
<p>‘seealso’
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>You can also change the magic characters Eplain puts into the
<samp>.idx</samp> file, in case you’ve changed them in the <code>.ist</code> file:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\idxsubentryseparator</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-idxsubentryseparator"></span>
<p>‘<samp>!</samp>’
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\idxencapoperator</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-idxencapoperator"></span>
<p>‘<samp>|</samp>’
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\idxbeginrangemark</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-idxbeginrangemark"></span>
<p>‘<samp>(</samp>’
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\idxendrangemark</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-idxendrangemark"></span>
<p>‘<samp>)</samp>’
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>There is no macro for the <code>actual</code> (‘<samp>@</samp>’ by default)
character, because it’s impossible to make it expand properly.
</p>
<span id="index-idxpagenum"></span>
<span id="index-see-also-index-entries-and-sorting"></span>
<p>You can change the (imaginary) page number that “see also”
entries sort as by redefining <code>\idxmaxpagenum</code>. This is 99999 by
default, which is one digit too many for old versions of MakeIndex.
</p>
<span id="index-indexseeword"></span>
<span id="index-indexseealsowords"></span>
<span id="index-seevariant"></span>
<span id="index-indexsee"></span>
<span id="index-indexseealso"></span>
<p>The words output by Eplain for “see” and “see also” index entries
are defined by <code>\indexseeword</code> and <code>\indexseealsowords</code>
respectively. You can change the typeface used for these words by
redefining <code>\seevariant</code>. And finally, the macros
<code>\indexsee</code> and <code>\indexseealso</code> actually produce the “see
…” entries, so you can redefine them if you want something
entirely different. If you do redefine them, make them take two
parameters, the term being referenced and the <code>\idxmaxpagenum</code>
(the latter should normally be ignored). See the example below.
</p>
<span id="index-see-for-index-entries-1"></span>
<span id="index-see_002c-and-index-entries-1"></span>
<span id="index-cross_002dreferencing-index-entries-1"></span>
<span id="index-index-entries_002c-and-cross_002dreferencing-1"></span>
<span id="index-commas-in-cross_002dreferencing-index-entries"></span>
<p>Unfortunately, it is impossible to reliably control the commas
produced by MakeIndex in front of “see …” entries in the
<samp>.ind</samp> file, either at MakeIndex level or at Eplain level.
However, the
<span id="index-sed"></span>
<code>sed</code> script contained in <code>trimsee</code>
<span id="index-trimsee"></span>
distributed with Eplain in the <samp>util</samp> directory can be used to
filter out these commas from the output of MakeIndex. For example,
suppose you want the following style for your “see …” entries:
</p>
<div class="display">
<pre class="display">analysis,
archetypal (<i>see</i> archetypal criticism)
archetypal criticism,
elements of, 75, 97, 114 (<i>see also</i> dichotomies)
</pre></div>
<p>You would need to redefine these macros in your TeX
file:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\def\indexsee#1#2{({\seevariant \indexseeword\/ }#1)}
\def\indexseealso#1#2{({\seevariant \indexseealsowords\/ }#1)}
</pre></div>
<p>and then filter out the commas in front of the “see …”
entries by running the following command to produce the <samp>.ind</samp>
file (assuming the name of the <samp>.idx</samp> file is <samp>myfile.idx</samp>
and the <samp>trimsee</samp> script is placed in the current directory):
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">prompt$ cat myfile.idx | makeindex | ./trimsee > myfile.ind
</pre></div>
<p>By default, <samp>trimsee</samp> uses default page list separators and
default “see …” command names. If you set up MakeIndex to use
different page list separator or change the names of <code>\indexsee</code>
and <code>\indexseealso</code> commands, it is possible to adjust the
<samp>trimsee</samp> script through its command line options, which are the
following:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><samp>-i <var>is</var></samp></dt>
<dd><p>Use <var>is</var> as a regular expression matching separator before “see
…” commands in the input (default: ‘<samp>, \+</samp>’).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><samp>-o <var>os</var></samp></dt>
<dd><p>Use <var>os</var> as a separator to replace <var>is</var> before “see …”
commands (default: ‘<samp> </samp>’).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><samp>-s <var>see</var></samp></dt>
<dd><p>Use <var>see</var> as a regular expression matching “see …”
commands (default: ‘<samp>\\indexsee</samp>’).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><samp>-h</samp></dt>
<dt><samp>--help</samp></dt>
<dd><p>Print a usage message.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><samp>-v</samp></dt>
<dt><samp>--version</samp></dt>
<dd><p>Print version.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<p><samp>trimsee</samp> reads input from the standard input, and directs its
output to the standard output.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Justification"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Tables" accesskey="n" rel="next">Tables</a>, Previous: <a href="#Indexing" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Indexing</a>, Up: <a href="#User-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">User definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Justification-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.13 Justification</h3>
<span id="index-centering"></span>
<span id="index-left_002djustification"></span>
<span id="index-right_002djustification"></span>
<span id="index-justification"></span>
<p>Eplain defines three commands to conveniently justify multiple
lines of text: <code>\flushright</code>, <code>\flushleft</code>, and
<code>\center</code>.
<span id="index-flushright"></span>
<span id="index-flushleft"></span>
<span id="index-center"></span>
</p>
<p>They all work in the same way; let’s take <code>\center</code> as the
example. To start centering lines, you say <code>\center</code> inside a
group; to stop, you end the group. Between the two commands, each
end-of-line in the input file also starts a new line in the output file.
</p>
<p>The entire block of text is broken into paragraphs at blank lines,
so all the TeX paragraph-shaping parameters apply in the usual way.
This is convenient, but it implies something else that isn’t so
convenient: changes to any linespacing parameters, such as
<code>\baselineskip</code>, will have <em>no effect</em> on the paragraph in
which they are changed. TeX does not handle linespacing changes
within a paragraph (because it doesn’t know where the line breaks are
until the end of the paragraph).
</p>
<p>The space between paragraphs is by default one blank line’s worth.
You can adjust this space by assigning to <code>\blanklineskipamount</code>;
<span id="index-blanklineskipamount-in-justified-text"></span>
this (vertical) glue is inserted after each blank line.
</p>
<p>Here is an example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">{\center First line.
Second line, with a blank line before.
}
</pre></div>
<p>This produces:
</p>
<div align="center">First line.
</div><div align="center"><!-- /@w -->
</div><div align="center">Second line, with a blank line before.
</div>
<p>You may wish to use the justification macros inside of your own
macros. Just be sure to put them in a group. For example, here is how
a title macro might be defined:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\def\title{\begingroup\titlefont\center}
\def\endtitle{\endgroup}
</pre></div>
<span id="index-raggedleft"></span>
<span id="index-raggedright"></span>
<span id="index-leftskip"></span>
<span id="index-raggedleftskip"></span>
<span id="index-spaceskip_002c-reset-by-_005cragged_002e_002e_002e"></span>
<span id="index-xspaceskip_002c-reset-by-_005cragged_002e_002e_002e"></span>
<span id="index-parfillskip_002c-reset-by-_005cragged_002e_002e_002e"></span>
<p>In addition, Eplain defines <code>\raggedleft</code>, analogous to plain
TeX’s <code>\raggedright</code>. This macro is also typically used
inside a group, but unlike the environments above, TeX does normal
line breaking; that is, ends-of-lines in the input file aren’t treated
specially. Just like plain’s <code>\raggedright</code>, it also resets
<code>\spaceskip</code> and <code>\xspaceskip</code> so that interword spacing is
uniform. It also sets <code>\parfillskip</code> to zero so that last lines
of paragraphs are also “ragged left”. Finally, <code>\leftskip</code>’s
new value is taken from a new glue register, <code>\raggedleft</code>; its
default value is <code>0pt plus 2em</code>, the same as
<code>\raggedright</code>’s <code>\rightskip</code>.
</p>
<p>Here’s an example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">{\raggedleft This text will be set ragged left,
although the left margin won't be too ragged by default.
You may well want to increase the value of
{\tt \char`\\raggedleftskip} before calling the macro.
It's necessary to end the paragraph before ending the group
or the setting won't have any effect, so: {\tt \char`\\par}
}
</pre></div>
<p>Despite <code>\raggedleft</code> resetting <code>\parfillskip</code> to zero,
TeX’s line breaking may still prefer to make the last line of a
paragraph considerably shorter than the rest, to minimize overall
badness. Increasing <code>\raggedleftskip</code> may help somewhat, but
using <code>\emergencystretch</code>, retaining interword stretchability by
assigning <code>\leftskip</code> directly, or even forcing line breaks may
be necessary.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Tables"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Margins" accesskey="n" rel="next">Margins</a>, Previous: <a href="#Justification" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Justification</a>, Up: <a href="#User-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">User definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Tables-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.14 Tables</h3>
<span id="index-tables"></span>
<span id="index-alignments"></span>
<p>Eplain provides a single command, <code>\makecolumns</code>,
<span id="index-makecolumns"></span>
to make generating one particular kind of table easier. More
ambitious LaTeX styles and macro packages tackle more difficult
applications. The <code>autorows</code> feature of the Memoir package
provides similar functionality to this.
</p>
<p>Many tables are homogenous, i.e., all the entries are semantically the
same. The arrangement into columns is to save space on the page, not
to encode different meanings. In this kind of the table, it is useful to
have the column breaks chosen automatically, so that you can add or
delete entries without worrying about the column breaks.
</p>
<p><code>\makecolumns</code> takes two arguments: the number of entries in the
table, and the number of columns to break them into. As you can see
from the example below, the first argument is delimited by a slash, and
the second by a colon and a space (or end-of-line). The entries for the
table then follow, one per line (not including the line with the
<code>\makecolumns</code> command itself).
</p>
<p><code>\parindent</code> defines the space to the left of the
table. <code>\hsize</code> defines the width of the table.
So you can adjust the position of the table on the page by assignments
to these parameters, probably inside a group.
</p>
<p>You can also control the penalty at a page break before the
<code>\makecolumns</code> by setting the parameter
<code>\abovecolumnspenalty</code>.
<span id="index-abovecolumnspenalty"></span>
Usually, the table is preceded by some explanatory text. You wouldn’t
want a page break to occur after the text and before the table, so
Eplain sets it to <code>10000</code>. But if the table produced by
<code>\makecolumns</code> is standing on its own, <code>\abovecolumnspenalty</code>
should be decreased.
</p>
<p>If you happen to give <code>\makecolumns</code> a smaller number of entries
than you really have, some text beyond the (intended) end of the table
will be incorporated into the table, probably producing an error
message, or at least some strange looking entries. And if you give
<code>\makecolumns</code> a larger number of entries than you really have,
some of the entries will be typeset as straight text, probably also
looking somewhat out of place.
</p>
<p>Here is an example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">% Arrange 6 entries into 2 columns:
\makecolumns 6/2: % This line doesn't have an entry.
one
two
three
four
five
six
Text after the table.
</pre></div>
<p>This produces ‘one’, ‘two’, and ‘three’ in the first column, and
‘four’, ‘five’, and ‘six’ in the second.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Margins"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Multiple-columns" accesskey="n" rel="next">Multiple columns</a>, Previous: <a href="#Tables" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Tables</a>, Up: <a href="#User-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">User definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Margins-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.15 Margins</h3>
<span id="index-margins_002c-changing"></span>
<p>TeX’s primitives describe the type area in terms of an offset from
the upper left corner, and the width and height of the type. Some
people prefer to think in terms of the <em>margins</em> at the top, bottom,
left, and right of the page, and most composition systems other than
TeX conceive of the page laid out in this way. Therefore, Eplain
provides commands to directly assign and increment the margins.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\topmargin = <var>dimen</var></code></dt>
<dt><code>\bottommargin = <var>dimen</var></code></dt>
<dt><code>\leftmargin = <var>dimen</var></code></dt>
<dt><code>\rightmargin = <var>dimen</var></code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-topmargin"></span>
<span id="index-bottommargin"></span>
<span id="index-leftmargin"></span>
<span id="index-rightmargin"></span>
<p>These commands set the specified margin to the <var>dimen</var> given.
The <code>=</code> and the spaces around it are optional. The control
sequences here are not TeX registers, despite appearances;
therefore, commands like <code>\showthe\topmargin</code> will not do what you
expect.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\advancetopmargin by <var>dimen</var></code></dt>
<dt><code>\advancebottommargin by <var>dimen</var></code></dt>
<dt><code>\advanceleftmargin by <var>dimen</var></code></dt>
<dt><code>\advancerightmargin by <var>dimen</var></code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-advancetopmargin"></span>
<span id="index-advancebottommargin"></span>
<span id="index-advanceleftmargin"></span>
<span id="index-advancerightmargin"></span>
<p>These commands change the specified margin by the <var>dimen</var> given.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<p>Regardless of whether you use the assignment or the advance commands,
Eplain always changes the type area in response, not the other margins.
For example, when TeX starts, the left and right margins are both one
inch. If you then say <code>\leftmargin = 2in</code>, the right margin will
remain at one inch, and the width of the lines (i.e., <code>\hsize</code>)
<span id="index-hsize"></span>
will decrease by one inch.
</p>
<p>When you use any of these commands, Eplain computes the old value of
the particular margin, by how much you want to change it, and then
resets the values of TeX’s primitive parameters to correspond.
Unfortunately, Eplain cannot compute the right or bottom margin without
help: you must tell it the full width and height of the final output
page. It defines two new parameters for this:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\paperheight</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-paperheight"></span>
<p>The height of the output page; default is 11truein.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\paperwidth</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-paperwidth"></span>
<p>The width of the output page; default is 8.5truein.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<p>If your output page has different dimensions than this, you must
reassign to these parameters, as in
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\paperheight = 11truein
\paperwidth = 17truein
</pre></div>
<hr>
<span id="Multiple-columns"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnotes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Margins" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Margins</a>, Up: <a href="#User-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">User definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Multiple-columns-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.16 Multiple columns</h3>
<span id="index-double-column-output"></span>
<span id="index-triple-column-output"></span>
<span id="index-quadruple-column-output"></span>
<span id="index-multiple-column-output"></span>
<p>Eplain provides for double, triple, and quadruple column output: say
<code>\doublecolumns</code>,
<span id="index-doublecolumns"></span>
<code>\triplecolumns</code>,
<span id="index-triplecolumns"></span>
or <code>\quadcolumns</code>,
<span id="index-quadcolumns"></span>
and from that point on, the manuscript will be
set in columns. To go back to one column, say
<code>\singlecolumn</code>.
<span id="index-singlecolumn"></span>
</p>
<span id="index-column-balancing-with-_005csinglecolumn"></span>
<span id="index-balancing-of-columns-with-_005csinglecolumn"></span>
<p>You may need to invoke <code>\singlecolumn</code> to balance the columns
on the last page of output.
</p>
<span id="index-columnfill"></span>
<span id="index-column-eject"></span>
<span id="index-eject-in-multicolumns"></span>
<span id="index-pagetotal"></span>
<p>To do a “column eject”, i.e., move to the top of the next column, do
<code>\columnfill</code>. This does not actually force an eject, however: it
merely inserts an unbreakable space of (essentially) size
<code>\@normalvsize</code> minus <code>\pagetotal</code> (where
<code>\@normalvsize</code> is the usual height of the page; to implement
multicolumns, Eplain multiplies <code>\vsize</code> itself by the number of
columns). In most circumstances, a column break will be forced after
this space (during the column splitting operation when the whole page
is output). Bugs are easily possible, unfortunately.
</p>
<span id="index-gutter"></span>
<p>The columns are separated by the value of the dimen parameter
<code>\gutter</code>. Default value is two picas.
<span id="index-gutterbox"></span>
If you want to add vertical material between the columns, use
<code>\gutterbox</code>. For example, to put a vertical line between columns,
define
<code>\gutterbox</code> as
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\def\gutterbox{\vbox to \dimen0{\vfil\hbox{\vrule height\dimen0}\vfil}}%
</pre></div>
<p>The dimension counter
<code>\dimen0</code>
contains the height of the column.
</p>
<p>All the <code>\…columns</code> macros insert the value of the glue parameter
<code>\abovecolumnskip</code>
<span id="index-abovecolumnskip"></span>
before the multicolumn text, and the value of the glue parameter
<code>\belowcolumnskip</code>
<span id="index-belowcolumnskip"></span>
after it. The default value for both of these parameters is
<code>\bigskipamount</code>, i.e., one linespace in plain TeX.
</p>
<p>The macros take into account only the insertion classes
<span id="index-insertion-classes"></span>
defined by plain TeX; namely, footnotes and <code>\topinsert</code>s. If
you have additional insertion classes, you will need to change
the implementation.
</p>
<p>Also, Eplain makes insertions the full page width. There is no
provision for column-width insertions.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Footnotes"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Fractions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Fractions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Multiple-columns" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Multiple columns</a>, Up: <a href="#User-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">User definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Footnotes-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.17 Footnotes</h3>
<span id="index-footnotes_002c-numbered"></span>
<p>The most common reference mark for footnotes is a raised number,
incremented on each footnote. The <code>\numberedfootnote</code>
<span id="index-numberedfootnote"></span>
macro provides this. It takes one argument, the footnote text.
</p>
<p>If your document uses only numbered footnotes, you could make typing
<code>\numberedfootnote</code> more convenient with a command such as:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\let\footnote = \numberedfootnote
</pre></div>
<p>After doing this, you can type your footnotes as
<code>\footnote{<var>footnote text</var>}</code>, instead of as
<code>\numberedfootnote{<var>footnote text</var>}</code>.
</p>
<p>Eplain keeps the current footnote number in the count register
<code>\footnotenumber</code>. So, to reset the footnote number to zero,
as you might want to do at, for example, the beginning of a chapter, you
could say <code>\footnotenumber=0</code>.
</p>
<p>Plain TeX separates the footnote marker from the footnote text by
an en space (it uses the <code>\textindent</code> macro). In Eplain, you can
change this space by setting the dimension register
<code>\footnotemarkseparation</code>.
<span id="index-footnotemarkseparation"></span>
The default is still an en.
</p>
<p>You can produce a space between footenotes by setting the glue
register <code>\interfootnoteskip</code>.
<span id="index-interfootnoteskip"></span>
The default is zero.
</p>
<p><code>\parskip</code> is also set to zero by default before the beginning of
each footnote (but not for the text of the footnote).
</p>
<p>You can also control footnote formatting in a more general way:
Eplain expands the token register <code>\everyfootnote</code>
<span id="index-everyfootnote"></span>
before a footnote is typeset, but after the default values for all the
parameters have been established. For example, if you want your
footnotes to be printed in seven-point type, indented by one inch, you
could say:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\everyfootnote = {\sevenrm \leftskip = 1in}
</pre></div>
<p>By default, an <code>\hrule</code> is typeset above each group of footnotes
on a page. You can control the dimensions of this rule by setting
the dimension registers <code>\footnoterulewidth</code>
<span id="index-footnoterulewidth"></span>
and <code>\footnoteruleheight</code>.
<span id="index-footnoteruleheight"></span>
The space between the rule and the first footnote on the page is
determined by the dimension register <code>\belowfootnoterulespace</code>.
<span id="index-belowfootnoterulespace"></span>
If you don’t want any rule at all, set <code>\footenoteruleheight=0pt</code>,
and, most likely, <code>\belowfootnoterulespace=0pt</code>. The defaults for
these parameters typeset the rule in the same way as plain TeX: the
rule is 0.4 points high, 2 true inches wide, with 2.6 points below it.
</p>
<p>The space above the rule and below the text on the page is controlled
by the glue register <code>\skip\footins</code>. The default is a plain TeX
<code>\bigskip</code>.
</p>
<p>Eplain can create hypertext links for the footnote marks (see <a href="#Footnote-hyperlinks">Footnote hyperlinks</a>).
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Fractions"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Paths" accesskey="n" rel="next">Paths</a>, Previous: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Footnotes</a>, Up: <a href="#User-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">User definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Fractions-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.18 Fractions</h3>
<span id="index-fractions"></span>
<p>Exercise 11.6 of <cite>The TeXbook</cite> describes a macro <code>\frac</code>
<span id="index-frac"></span>
for setting fractions, but <code>\frac</code> never made it into plain TeX.
So Eplain includes it.
</p>
<p><code>\frac</code> typesets the numerator and denominator in
<code>\scriptfont0</code>, slightly raised and lowered. The numerator and
denominator are separated by a slash. The denominator must be enclosed
in braces if it’s more than one token long, but the numerator need not
be. (This is a consequence of <code>\frac</code> taking delimited arguments;
see page 203 of <cite>The TeXbook</cite> for an explanation of
delimited macro arguments.)
</p>
<p>For example, <code>\frac 23/{64}</code> turns ‘23/64’ into
.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Paths"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Logos" accesskey="n" rel="next">Logos</a>, Previous: <a href="#Fractions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Fractions</a>, Up: <a href="#User-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">User definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Paths-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.19 Paths</h3>
<span id="index-pathnames_002c-breaking"></span>
<span id="index-filenames_002c-breaking"></span>
<span id="index-electronic-mail-addresses_002c-breaking"></span>
<p>When you typeset long pathnames, electronic mail addresses, or other
such “computer” names, you would like TeX to break lines at
punctuation characters within the name, rather than trying to find
hyphenation points within the words. For example, it would be better to
break the email address <code>letters@alpha.gnu.ai.mit.edu</code> at the
‘<samp>@</samp>’ or a ‘<samp>.</samp>’, rather than at the hyphenation points in
‘<samp>letters</samp>’ and ‘<samp>alpha</samp>’.
</p>
<span id="index-path"></span>
<p>If you use the <code>\path</code> macro to typeset the names, TeX will find
these good breakpoints. The argument to <code>\path</code> is delimited by
any character other than ‘<samp>\</samp>’ which does not appear in the
name itself.
‘<samp>|</samp>’ is often a good choice, as in:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\path|letters@alpha.gnu.ai.mit.edu|
</pre></div>
<span id="index-discretionaries"></span>
<p>You can control the exact set of characters at which breakpoints will be
allowed by calling <code>\discretionaries</code>. This takes the same sort of
delimited argument; any character in the argument will henceforth be a valid
breakpoint within <code>\path</code>. The default set is essentially all the
punctuation characters:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\discretionaries |~!@$%^&*()_+`-=#{}[]:";'<>,.?\/|
</pre></div>
<span id="index-specialpathdelimiters-_0028conditional_0029"></span>
<p>If for some reason you absolutely must use <code>\</code> as the delimiter
character for <code>\path</code>, you can set
<code>\specialpathdelimiterstrue</code>. (Other delimiter characters can
still be used.) TeX then processes the <code>\path</code> argument
about four times more slowly.
</p>
<span id="index-URL-for-path_002esty"></span>
<p>The <code>\path</code> macro comes from <samp>path.sty</samp>, written by Nelson
Beebe and Philip Taylor, and available at
<a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/path">https://ctan.org/pkg/path</a>.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Logos"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Boxes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Paths" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Paths</a>, Up: <a href="#User-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">User definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Logos-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.20 Logos</h3>
<span id="index-logos"></span>
<span id="index-names_002c-of-TeX-variants"></span>
<p>Eplain redefines the <code>\TeX</code>
<span id="index-TeX"></span>
macro of plain TeX to end with <code>\null</code>, so that the proper
spacing is produced when <code>\TeX</code> is used at the end of a sentence.
The other …TeX macros listed here do this, also.
</p>
<p>Eplain defines
<code>\AMSLaTeX</code>,
<span id="index-AMSLaTeX"></span>
<span id="index-AMSLaTeX-1"></span>
<code>\AMSTeX</code>,
<span id="index-AMSTeX"></span>
<span id="index-AMSTeX-1"></span>
<code>\BibTeX</code>
<span id="index-BibTeX-1"></span>
<span id="index-BibTeX-2"></span>
<code>\eTeX</code>,
<span id="index-eTeX"></span>
<span id="index-eTeX-1"></span>
<code>\ExTeX</code>,
<span id="index-ExTeX"></span>
<span id="index-ExTeX-1"></span>
<code>\LAMSTeX</code>,
<span id="index-LAMSTeX"></span>
<span id="index-LAMSTeX-1"></span>
<code>\LaTeX</code>,
<span id="index-LaTeX-2"></span>
<span id="index-LaTeX-4"></span>
<code>\MF</code>,
<span id="index-Metafont"></span>
<span id="index-MF"></span>
<code>\SLiTeX</code>,
<span id="index-SLiTeX"></span>
<span id="index-SLiTeX-1"></span>
<code>\XeLaTeX</code>,
<span id="index-XeLaTeX"></span>
<span id="index-XeLaTeX-1"></span>
and <code>\XeTeX</code>
<span id="index-XeTeX"></span>
<span id="index-XeTeX-1"></span>
to produce their respective logos. (Sorry, the logos are not shown
here.) Some spelling variants of these are also supported.
</p>
<span id="index-texnames_002esty"></span>
<p>Most of these macros come from <samp>texnames.sty</samp>, compiled by Nelson
Beebe and available at
<a href="http://mirror.ctan.org/info/biblio/texnames.sty">http://mirror.ctan.org/info/biblio/texnames.sty</a>
(part of the <code>biblio</code> package, <a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/biblio">https://ctan.org/pkg/biblio</a>).
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Boxes"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Checking-for-PDF-output" accesskey="n" rel="next">Checking for PDF output</a>, Previous: <a href="#Logos" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Logos</a>, Up: <a href="#User-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">User definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Boxes-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.21 Boxes</h3>
<span id="index-black-boxes"></span>
<span id="index-rectangles"></span>
<p>The solid rectangle that Eplain uses as a marker in unordered lists
(see <a href="#Lists">Lists</a>) is available by itself: just say <code>\blackbox</code>.
<span id="index-blackbox"></span>
</p>
<p>You can create black boxes of arbitrary size with <code>\hrule</code> or
<code>\vrule</code>.
</p>
<span id="index-open-boxes"></span>
<span id="index-boxes_002c-open"></span>
<p>You can also get unfilled rectangles with <code>\makeblankbox</code>.
<span id="index-makeblankbox"></span>
This takes two explicit arguments: the height and depth of the rules that
define the top and bottom of the rectangle. (The two arguments are
added to get the width of the left and right borders, so that the
thickness of the border is the same on all four sides.) It also uses,
as implicit arguments, the dimensions of <code>\box0</code> to define the
dimensions of the rectangle it produces. (The contents of <code>\box0</code>
are ignored.)
</p>
<p>Here is an example. This small raised open box is suitable for
putting next to numbers in, e.g., a table of contents.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\def\openbox{%
\ht0 = 1.75pt \dp0 = 1.75pt \wd0 = 3.5pt
\raise 2.75pt \makeblankbox{.2pt}{.2pt}
}
</pre></div>
<p>Finally, you can put a box around arbitrary text with <code>\boxit</code>.
<span id="index-boxit"></span>
This takes one argument, which must itself be a (TeX) box, and puts a
printed box around it, separated by <code>\boxitspace</code>
<span id="index-boxitspace"></span>
white space (3 points by default) on all four sides. For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\boxit{\hbox{This text is boxed.}}
</pre></div>
<p>The reason that the argument must be a box is that when the text is
more than one line long, TeX cannot figure out the line length for
itself. Eplain does set <code>\parindent</code> to zero inside <code>\boxit</code>,
since it is very unlikely you would want indentation there. (If you do,
you can always reset it yourself.)
</p>
<p><code>\boxit</code> uses <code>\ehrule</code> and <code>\evrule</code> so that you can
easily adjust the thicknesses of the box rules. See <a href="#Rules">Rules</a>.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Checking-for-PDF-output"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Loading-LaTeX-packages" accesskey="n" rel="next">Loading LaTeX packages</a>, Previous: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Boxes</a>, Up: <a href="#User-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">User definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Checking-for-PDF-output-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.22 Checking for PDF output</h3>
<span id="index-URL-for-pdfTeX"></span>
<span id="index-PDF-output"></span>
<span id="index-pdftex-1"></span>
<span id="index-_002epdf-files"></span>
<p>pdfTeX is an extended TeX that can output both <samp>.dvi</samp> and
<samp>.pdf</samp> (Adobe’s Portable Document Format) files (see
<a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/pdftex">https://ctan.org/pkg/pdftex</a>). You might sometimes want to know
whether the target format is <samp>.pdf</samp> or <samp>.dvi</samp>. The
<code>\ifpdf</code>
<span id="index-ifpdf"></span>
switch can be used to detect pdfTeX in PDF mode:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\ifpdf
This text is produced when pdfTeX is in PDF mode.
\else
This text is produced when pdfTeX is in DVI mode,
or when some program other than pdfTeX is used.
\fi
</pre></div>
<p>Keep in mind that <code>\ifpdf</code> is set based on the value of the
<code>\pdfoutput</code>
<span id="index-pdfoutput"></span>
primitive of pdfTeX at the time Eplain is loaded. If you change
the value of <code>\pdfoutput</code> after you load Eplain, <code>\ifpdf</code>
will not reflect the change.
</p>
<span id="index-ifpdf_002esty"></span>
<span id="index-Oberdiek_002c-Heiko"></span>
<p>Eplain defines <code>\ifpdf</code> by incorporating Heiko Oberdiek’s
<samp>ifpdf.sty</samp>, which is available at
<a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/ifpdf">https://ctan.org/pkg/ifpdf</a>.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Loading-LaTeX-packages"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Checking-for-PDF-output" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Checking for PDF output</a>, Up: <a href="#User-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">User definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Loading-LaTeX-packages-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.23 Loading LaTeX packages</h3>
<span id="index-LaTeX-packages"></span>
<span id="index-packages_002c-LaTeX"></span>
<span id="index-_002esty-files"></span>
<span id="index-_002ecls-files"></span>
<p>Eplain provides a limited support for loading LaTeX packages
(<samp>.sty</samp> files—not <samp>.cls</samp>). This will mostly work for
packages which were designed with plain TeX compatibility in mind,
which means that most LaTeX packages cannot be loaded. The
packages which are known to work are listed below (see <a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a>). If you discover a working package which is not in
the list, please report it to the Eplain mailing list
(see <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a>).
</p>
<span id="index-graphics-collection_002c-LaTeX"></span>
<span id="index-LaTeX-graphics-collection"></span>
<span id="index-miniltx_002etex"></span>
<span id="index-Carlisle_002c-David"></span>
<span id="index-Rahtz_002c-Sebastian"></span>
<p>To set up a pseudo-LaTeX environment for the packages, Eplain uses
<samp>miniltx.tex</samp> (<a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/miniltx">https://ctan.org/pkg/miniltx</a>) from the
LaTeX graphics collection, written by David Carlisle and Sebastian
Rahtz. Eplain extends <samp>miniltx.tex</samp> to provide (primarily)
support for package options.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#The-_005cusepackage-command" accesskey="1">The \usepackage command</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Command to load packages.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Environment-for-loading-packages" accesskey="2">Environment for loading packages</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Environment for the \usepackage commands.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Packages-known-to-work" accesskey="3">Packages known to work</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Packages supported with Eplain.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Packages-known-not-to-work" accesskey="4">Packages known not to work</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Packages known not to work with Eplain.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="The-_005cusepackage-command"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Environment-for-loading-packages" accesskey="n" rel="next">Environment for loading packages</a>, Up: <a href="#Loading-LaTeX-packages" accesskey="u" rel="up">Loading LaTeX packages</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="The-_005cusepackage-command-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.23.1 The <code>\usepackage</code> command</h4>
<span id="index-usepackage"></span>
<p><code>\usepackage</code> loads a LaTeX package. Its syntax is similar to
that of LaTeX’s <code>\usepackage</code> command:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\usepackage[<var>options</var>]{<var>packages</var>}[<var>version</var>]
</pre></div>
<p>where <var>options</var> is a comma-separated list of package
options, <var>packages</var> is a comma-separated list of packages to load
(without the <samp>.sty</samp> suffix), and <var>version</var> is a package
version number given as a date in the format ‘<samp>YYYY/MM/DD</samp>’. If an
older version of the package is found, a warning is issued. If
several packages are loaded within a single <code>\usepackage</code>
command, the <var>options</var> will be applied to each of the packages.
As usual, parameters in square brackets are optional and can be
omitted (together with the square brackets).
</p>
<p>For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\usepackage[foo,bar]{pack1,pack2}[2005/08/29]
</pre></div>
<p>will load packages ‘<samp>pack1</samp>’ and ‘<samp>pack2</samp>’, each with
the options ‘<samp>foo</samp>’ and ‘<samp>bar</samp>’, and will check that each of the
packages are dated 2005/08/29 or newer.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Environment-for-loading-packages"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Packages-known-to-work" accesskey="n" rel="next">Packages known to work</a>, Previous: <a href="#The-_005cusepackage-command" accesskey="p" rel="prev">The \usepackage command</a>, Up: <a href="#Loading-LaTeX-packages" accesskey="u" rel="up">Loading LaTeX packages</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Environment-for-loading-packages-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.23.2 Environment for loading packages</h4>
<span id="index-loading-packages_002c-environment-for"></span>
<span id="index-beginpackages"></span>
<span id="index-endpackages"></span>
<p>Some packages request that certain commands are executed after all
packages have been loaded. In LaTeX, this means that the commands
are executed at the beginning of the document, after the so-called
<em>preamble</em>. Neither plain TeX nor Eplain have a concept of
preamble; therefore, Eplain requires that all packages be loaded inside
a <code>\beginpackages...\endpackages</code> block. For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\beginpackages
\usepackage[foo,bar]{pack1}
\usepackage{pack2}
\endpackages
</pre></div>
<p>This requirement enables Eplain to execute the “delayed”
commands at the end of the <code>\beginpackages...\endpackages</code> block.
</p>
<p>For the same reason, it is advisable to specify only one such block
per document, just like there is only one preamble in LaTeX.
</p>
<span id="index-input"></span>
<span id="index-eplaininput"></span>
<span id="index-LaTeX-packages_002c-restoring-_005cinput"></span>
<span id="index-restoring-_005cinput_002c-LaTeX-packages"></span>
<p>Both the <samp>miniltx.tex</samp> file used by Eplain and some LaTeX
packages redefine TeX’s primitive <code>\input</code> to be a macro.
Under plain TeX, users probably expect the primitive
<code>\input</code>. Therefore, at the beginning of the
<code>\beginpackages...\endpackages</code> block Eplain saves the meaning of
<code>\input</code> as <code>\eplaininput</code> and restores the original
<code>\input</code> at the end of the block. This usually means that the
primitive <code>\input</code> is restored, unless you (or some other macro
package you’ve loaded directly) have redefined it before calling
<code>\beginpackages</code>. In case you need to access the
package-provided <code>\input</code>, Eplain saves it as
<code>\packageinput</code>.
</p>
<span id="index-resetatcatcode"></span>
<span id="index-catcode-of-_0040"></span>
<p>Along the same lines, Eplain restores the catcode of ‘<samp>@</samp>’ at
<code>\endpackages</code> to whatever it was before (using
<code>\resetatcatcode</code>, as defined by <samp>miniltx.tex</samp>). This is
needed because <samp>miniltx.tex</samp>, read by <code>\beginpackages</code>, does
not restore the catcode of ‘<samp>@</samp>’, but leaves it as 11 (letter).
</p>
<span id="index-hanging-on-_005cinput"></span>
<span id="index-error-on-_005cinput"></span>
<p>Sometimes you may encounter packages which make conflicting
redefinitions of <code>\input</code>. Common symptoms are TeX spewing
incomprehensible error messages or hanging in a loop at a call to
<code>\input</code>. This sometimes can be cured by restoring <code>\input</code>
to <code>\eplaininput</code> before loading each package. For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\beginpackages
\usepackage{pack1}
\let\input\eplaininput
\usepackage{pack2}
\endpackages
</pre></div>
<hr>
<span id="Packages-known-to-work"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Packages-known-not-to-work" accesskey="n" rel="next">Packages known not to work</a>, Previous: <a href="#Environment-for-loading-packages" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Environment for loading packages</a>, Up: <a href="#Loading-LaTeX-packages" accesskey="u" rel="up">Loading LaTeX packages</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Packages-known-to-work-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.23.3 Packages known to work</h4>
<span id="index-LaTeX-packages-1"></span>
<span id="index-packages_002c-LaTeX-1"></span>
<p>The following table lists packages that had been tested and are known
to work with Eplain, and locations where you can find manuals for
these packages. Some of the short descriptions of the packages were
taken from the documentation for those packages.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt>autopict (‘<samp>2001/06/04 v1.1j Picture mode autoload file</samp>’)</dt>
<dd><span id="index-autopict_002esty"></span>
<p><a href="https://tug.org/eplain/misc/ltpictur.pdf">https://tug.org/eplain/misc/ltpictur.pdf</a>
</p>
<span id="index-picture-mode"></span>
<span id="index-begin_007bpicture_007d"></span>
<span id="index-end_007bpicture_007d"></span>
<p>This is the LaTeX “picture mode”, started by
<code>\begin{picture}</code> and ended by <code>\end{picture}</code> (in
LaTeX, this package is not explicitly loaded since it is part of
the LaTeX kernel). It provides commands to draw simple figures
inside your document without resorting to any external tools.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>color (‘<samp>1999/02/16 v1.0i Standard LaTeX Color (DPC)</samp>’)</dt>
<dd><span id="index-color_002esty"></span>
</dd>
<dt>graphics (‘<samp>2001/07/07 v1.0n Standard LaTeX Graphics (DPC,SPQR)</samp>’)</dt>
<dd><span id="index-graphics_002esty"></span>
</dd>
<dt>graphicx (‘<samp>1999/02/16 v1.0f Enhanced LaTeX Graphics (DPC,SPQR)</samp>’)</dt>
<dd><span id="index-graphicx_002esty"></span>
<p><a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/graphics">https://ctan.org/pkg/graphics</a>
</p>
<span id="index-graphics-collection_002c-LaTeX-1"></span>
<span id="index-LaTeX-graphics-collection-1"></span>
<span id="index-color"></span>
<span id="index-rotation"></span>
<span id="index-scaling"></span>
<p>These packages are from the LaTeX graphics collection. (The
independent <samp>xcolor</samp> package does not work with Eplain.) They
provide commands for changing text/page colors, text rotation and
scaling, and much more.
</p>
<span id="index-color_002c-problems-with-pdfTeX"></span>
<span id="index-graphics_002c-problems-with-pdfTeX"></span>
<span id="index-pdfTeX_002c-problems-using-color-and-graphics"></span>
<span id="index-pdfTeX_002c-problems-with-supp_002dmis_002etex"></span>
<span id="index-ConTeXt"></span>
<span id="index-supp_002dmis_002etex_002c-problems-with-pdfTeX"></span>
<span id="index-supp_002dpdf_002etex"></span>
<p><strong>Warning 1:</strong> If you encounter problems loading one of
these packages under pdfTeX (when pdfTeX
reads <samp>supp-mis.tex</samp>), the cause may be an outdated
<samp>supp-mis.tex</samp> (part of ConTeXt, a typesetting system for
TeX) installed on your system. The problem was fixed in
<samp>supp-mis.tex</samp> version 2004.10.26. You can obtain
up-to-date versions of <samp>supp-mis.tex</samp> and the accompanying
<samp>supp-pdf.tex</samp> from
<a href="http://mirror.ctan.org/macros/pdftex/graphics">http://mirror.ctan.org/macros/pdftex/graphics</a>.
To convince TeX to use the new files, you have the following
options:
</p>
<ol>
<li> put the new files in the same directory with your document;
</li><li> overwrite the outdated files installed by your TeX distribution;
</li><li> install the new <samp>supp-mis.tex</samp> and <samp>supp-pdf.tex</samp> files in
the relevant subdirectory of your local <samp>texmf</samp> tree (for info on
TeX directory structure see <a href="https://tug.org/tds/">https://tug.org/tds/</a> and
<a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=tds">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=tds</a>);
</li><li> upgrade your ConTeXt installation.
</li></ol>
<p>Note that option 1 is the safest but provides the fix
only for your current document. Options 2 and 3 will
usually suffice for Eplain but may break ConTeXt. Option 4 is
the most general but is more complicated than the first three. Be
sure to backup any files you overwrite. Also keep in mind that
upgrading your TeX distribution may overwrite files you install in
the system <samp>texmf</samp> tree.<br> <strong>End of warning 1.</strong>
</p>
<p><strong>Warning 2:</strong> If you encounter problems using the
<code>\pagecolor</code> command from the <samp>color.sty</samp> package under
pdfTeX, the cause may be an outdated pdfTeX color and graphics
driver <samp>pdftex.def</samp>. The problem was fixed in <samp>pdftex.def</samp>
version 0.03p. You can obtain an up-to-date version from
<a href="http://ctan.org/pkg/pdftex-def">http://ctan.org/pkg/pdftex-def</a>.<br>
<strong>End of warning 2.</strong>
</p>
<p>The <code>\fcolorbox</code> macro provided by the <code>color</code> package
requires the macro <code>\fbox</code> to work, but <code>miniltx</code> does not
provide that. Here is a definition for it that uses Eplain’s
<code>\boxit</code> (see <a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a>), thanks to Dan Luecking and Helmut
Jarausch:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\makeatletter
\def\fbox#1{{%
\hruledefaultheight=\fboxrule
\hruledefaultdepth=0pt
\vruledefaultwidth=\fboxrule
\let\boxitspace\fboxsep % use miniltx register
\boxit{\color@begingroup\hbox{#1}\color@endgroup}%
}}
\makeatother
</pre></div>
<span id="index-omitting-typesetting-of-graphics"></span>
<span id="index-graphics_002c-omitting-typesetting-of"></span>
<p>The <samp>graphics</samp>/<samp>graphicx</samp> packages have the option
<span id="index-draft_002c-option-for-graphics_002esty"></span>
<code>draft</code> which instructs <code>\includegraphics</code> not to include the
graphics but instead typeset a box with the dimensions of the graphics
and the name of the graphics file in typewriter type at the center of
the box. These packages expect the LaTeX-provided command
<span id="index-ttfamily"></span>
<code>\ttfamily</code> to switch to typewriter type. This command is not
defined by <samp>miniltx.tex</samp>, therefore Eplain defines it and makes it
equivalent to plain TeX’s
<span id="index-tt"></span>
<code>\tt</code>.
</p>
<p>See <a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a>, for the demonstration of text rotation and
graphics inclusion using the <samp>graphicx</samp> package, and using the
<samp>color</samp> package to colorize hypertext links.
</p>
<span id="index-Hoppner_002c-Klaus"></span>
<p>Klaus Höppner has written a nice introduction to the LaTeX graphics
packages and different graphics formats. You can download it from
</p><div class="display">
<pre class="display"><a href="https://tug.org/pracjourn/2005-3/hoeppner">https://tug.org/pracjourn/2005-3/hoeppner</a>
</pre></div>
</dd>
<dt>epstopdf (‘<samp>2009/07/16 v2.2 Conversion with epstopdf on the fly (HO)</samp>’)</dt>
<dd><span id="index-epstopdf_002esty"></span>
<p><a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/epstopdf-pkg">https://ctan.org/pkg/epstopdf-pkg</a>
</p>
<span id="index-Encapsulated-PostScript"></span>
<span id="index-EPS"></span>
<span id="index-_002eeps-files"></span>
<span id="index-Portable-Document-Format"></span>
<span id="index-PDF"></span>
<span id="index-_002epdf-files-1"></span>
<span id="index-epstopdf"></span>
<p>This package does on-the-fly conversion of Encapsulated PostScript
(<acronym>EPS</acronym>) graphics into Portable Document Format (<acronym>PDF</acronym>)
graphics for inclusion with the <code>\includegraphics</code> command from
the <samp>graphics</samp>/<samp>graphicx</samp> packages, so that you do not have
to explicitly call the <samp>epstopdf</samp> script.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>psfrag (‘<samp>1998/04/11 v3.04 PSfrag (MCG)</samp>’)</dt>
<dd><span id="index-psfrag_002esty"></span>
<p><a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/psfrag">https://ctan.org/pkg/psfrag</a>
</p>
<span id="index-Encapsulated-PostScript-1"></span>
<span id="index-EPS-1"></span>
<span id="index-_002eeps-files-1"></span>
<p>PSfrag allows the user to precisely overlay Encapsulated PostScript
(<acronym>EPS</acronym>) files with arbitrary (La)TeX constructions. In order to
accomplish this, the user places a simple text “tag” in the graphics
file, as a “position marker” of sorts. Then, using simple
(La)TeX commands, the user instructs PSfrag to remove that tag from
the figure, and replace it with a properly sized, aligned, and rotated
(La)TeX equation.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>soul (‘<samp>2003/11/17 v2.4 letterspacing/underlining (mf)</samp>’)</dt>
<dd><span id="index-soul_002esty"></span>
<p><a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/soul">https://ctan.org/pkg/soul</a>
</p>
<span id="index-letterspacing"></span>
<span id="index-spacing-out"></span>
<span id="index-underlining"></span>
<span id="index-striking-out"></span>
<span id="index-overstriking"></span>
<span id="index-highlighting"></span>
<p>This package provides hyphenatable letterspacing (spacing out),
underlining, and some derivatives. The package is optimized for
LaTeX, but works with plain TeX—you don’t actually need to
load it with the <code>\usepackage</code> command, just say <code>\input
soul.sty</code>. If you intend to use the highlighting macros of
<samp>soul</samp>, don’t forget to load the <samp>color</samp> package.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>url (‘<samp>2005/06/27 ver 3.2 Verb mode for urls, etc.</samp>’)</dt>
<dd><span id="index-url_002esty"></span>
<p><a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/url">https://ctan.org/pkg/url</a>
</p>
<span id="index-pathnames_002c-breaking-1"></span>
<span id="index-filenames_002c-breaking-1"></span>
<span id="index-electronic-mail-addresses_002c-breaking-1"></span>
<p>This package provides a form of <code>\verbatim</code> that allows
line breaks at certain characters or combinations of characters,
accepts reconfiguration, and can usually be used in the argument to
another command. It is intended for email addresses, hypertext links,
directories/paths, etc., which normally have no spaces.
</p>
<p>Eplain can create hypertext links with the <code>\url</code> command
(see <a href="#URL-hyperlinks">URL hyperlinks</a>).
</p>
<p>Be sure to get a version dated at least 2005/06/27, as older versions
have problems in plain TeX.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<hr>
<span id="Packages-known-not-to-work"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Packages-known-to-work" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Packages known to work</a>, Up: <a href="#Loading-LaTeX-packages" accesskey="u" rel="up">Loading LaTeX packages</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Packages-known-not-to-work-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.23.4 Packages known not to work</h4>
<span id="index-LaTeX-packages-2"></span>
<span id="index-packages_002c-LaTeX-2"></span>
<p>The following packages are known not to work with Eplain:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt>hyperref</dt>
<dd><span id="index-hyperref_002esty"></span>
<p><a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/hyperref">https://ctan.org/pkg/hyperref</a>
</p>
<p>This package depends heavily on LaTeX, so that it is essentially
unusable outside of LaTeX. Eplain provides its own macros for
creating hyperlinks; see <a href="#Hyperlinks">Hyperlinks</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>microtype (‘<samp>2013/05/23 v2.51 Micro-typographical refinements (RS)</samp>’)</dt>
<dd><span id="index-microtype_002esty"></span>
<p><a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/microtype">https://ctan.org/pkg/microtype</a>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>pict2e (‘<samp>2005/07/15 v0.2r Improved picture commands (HjG,RN)</samp>’)</dt>
<dd><span id="index-pict2e_002esty"></span>
<p><a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/pict2e">https://ctan.org/pkg/pict2e</a>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>xcolor (‘<samp>2005/06/06 v2.03 LaTeX color extensions (UK)</samp>’)</dt>
<dd><span id="index-xcolor_002esty"></span>
<p><a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/xcolor">https://ctan.org/pkg/xcolor</a>
</p></dd>
</dl>
<hr>
<span id="Hyperlinks"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Arrow-theoretic-diagrams" accesskey="n" rel="next">Arrow theoretic diagrams</a>, Previous: <a href="#User-definitions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">User definitions</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Hyperlinks-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">5 Hyperlinks</h2>
<span id="index-links_002c-hypertext"></span>
<span id="index-hypertext-links"></span>
<p>This chapter describes the support which Eplain provides for hypertext
links (<em>hyperlinks</em> for short). Hyperlinks can be created
implicitly by the cross-reference, indexing and other macros in
Eplain. Macros for constructing explicit hyperlinks are also
provided.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Introduction-to-hyperlinks" accesskey="1">Introduction to hyperlinks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Explicit-hyperlinks" accesskey="2">Explicit hyperlinks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Implicit-hyperlinks" accesskey="3">Implicit hyperlinks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Hyperlink-drivers" accesskey="4">Hyperlink drivers</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options" accesskey="5">Setting hyperlink types and options</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Turning-hyperlinks-on_002foff" accesskey="6">Turning hyperlinks on/off</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Making-PDF-outlines" accesskey="7">Making PDF outlines</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Also known as bookmarks.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="Introduction-to-hyperlinks"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Explicit-hyperlinks" accesskey="n" rel="next">Explicit hyperlinks</a>, Up: <a href="#Hyperlinks" accesskey="u" rel="up">Hyperlinks</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Introduction-to-hyperlinks-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.1 Introduction to hyperlinks</h3>
<span id="index-hyperlink-drivers"></span>
<span id="index-drivers_002c-hyperlink"></span>
<p>The original TeX engine has no built-in support for hyperlinks
(a.k.a. hypertext links).
Many of the present-day file formats with hyperlinking capabilities
did not even exist at the time TeX was written. However, TeX’s
<span id="index-special"></span>
<code>\special</code> primitive can be used to instruct TeX to write
special directives into its <samp>.dvi</samp> output file. These directives
are not interpreted by TeX in any way; they are intended for programs
which process the <samp>.dvi</samp> files produced by TeX, be it printing
or converting to other formats, such as
<span id="index-_002eps-files"></span>
<span id="index-_002epdf-files-2"></span>
<samp>.ps</samp> or <samp>.pdf</samp>.
</p>
<p>Another approach is to extend the original TeX engine with the
ability to generate one of the hyperlinking formats; TeX’s set of
primitives can be extended to include hyperlink commands. This is the
approach used by the pdfTeX engine, which is capable of producing
<samp>.pdf</samp> files directly from the TeX source, skipping the
<samp>.dvi</samp> generation and processing step.
</p>
<p>It turns out that the sets of commands for different formats are mostly
not interchangeable, as each of the file formats has its own quirks and
capabilities. And this is where Eplain <em>hyperlink drivers</em> come
into play.
</p>
<p>In order for Eplain to generate proper commands, Eplain has to know
two things: which engine or <samp>.dvi</samp> processor you are using, and
the set of commands it understands.
</p>
<p>The knowledge about the commands that the various processors
understand is programmed into Eplain’s hyperlink drivers. Eplain
provides three drivers: <code>hypertex</code> (implementation of the
HyperTeX standard, see <a href="http://arxiv.org/hypertex">http://arxiv.org/hypertex</a>), and
<code>pdftex</code> and <code>dvipdfm</code> (named after the programs which
process the hyperlink commands,
<span id="index-pdftex-2"></span>
pdfTeX and
<span id="index-dvipdfm"></span>
dvipdfm). Therefore, Eplain can only produce HyperTeX commands and
hyperlink commands for one of these two programs—except that the
extended <code>dvipdfmx</code> program can be used as well as the original
<code>dvipdfm</code>, since they are compatible.
</p>
<p>To tell Eplain which <samp>.dvi</samp> processor or extended TeX engine you
are using, use the command
<span id="index-enablehyperlinks"></span>
<code>\enablehyperlinks</code>.
</p>
<p>For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\enablehyperlinks
</pre></div>
<p>instructs Eplain to attempt to automatically detect which
driver to use, as follows: if it detects pdfTeX in <acronym>PDF</acronym>
mode, it loads the <code>pdftex</code> driver. If it does not detect
pdfTeX in <acronym>PDF</acronym> mode, the <code>hypertex</code> driver is loaded.
The detection is based on the
<span id="index-ifpdf-1"></span>
<code>\ifpdf</code> switch (see <a href="#Checking-for-PDF-output">Checking for PDF output</a>).
</p>
<p>If necessary, you can explicitly specify the driver name:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\enablehyperlinks[dvipdfm]
</pre></div>
<p>will start producing hyperlinks under the assumption that
you are using pdfTeX.
</p>
<p>Eplain does not produce any hyperlinks until you explicitly enable
them with <code>\enablehyperlinks</code>. For one thing, this keeps Eplain
backward-compatible with previous releases without hyperlink support.
For another, you may be using a program other than pdfTeX or
<code>dvipdfm</code>, which does not understand their hyperlink commands or
the HyperTeX commands.
</p>
<span id="Concepts-and-Terminology"></span><h4 class="subheading">Concepts and Terminology</h4>
<p>In general, hyperlinks work as follows. You mark some place in your
document as a hyperlink destination, associating a <em>hyperlink
label</em> with that destination. Next, somewhere within your document,
you create a hyperlink, using a label to identify the destination you
want this link to point to. A hyperlink is a region in the document
(which can take many forms, for example, text or a picture); when a
user clicks on that region, they will be taken to a place in the
document marked by the corresponding destination. The following two
sections (<a href="#Explicit-hyperlinks">Explicit hyperlinks</a>, and <a href="#Implicit-hyperlinks">Implicit hyperlinks</a>)
describe the macros you can use to define destinations and create
links pointing to those destinations.
</p>
<p>In the rest of this chapter, we will often need to refer to links and
destinations jointly, in which case we will use the term
<em>hyperlinks</em>. We will use the terms <em>links</em> and
<em>destinations</em> in cases when we need to refer specifically to
links or destinations.
</p>
<span id="index-link-type"></span>
<span id="index-destination-type"></span>
<span id="index-type_002c-link-and-destination"></span>
<p>Hyperlink drivers provide several kinds of links and destinations. We
will refer to them as <em>link types</em> and <em>destination types</em>.
</p>
<p>For example, one of the destination types that the <code>pdftex</code>
driver provides is the ‘<samp>xyz</samp>’ type; when the user follows a link
pointing to an ‘<samp>xyz</samp>’ destination, the exact location marked by
that destination is displayed. Another destination type provided by
the <code>pdftex</code> driver is the ‘<samp>fit</samp>’ type; when the user follows
a link pointing to a ‘<samp>fit</samp>’ destination, the page containing that
destination is zoomed to fit into the window in which the document is
displayed.
</p>
<p>Similarly, drivers support various link types. For example, with the
<code>pdftex</code> driver, the usual link type used to refer to
destinations in the current document is called ‘<samp>name</samp>’. You can
also create a link pointing to another local document (by using the
‘<samp>filename</samp>’ link type) or to a <acronym>URL</acronym> (by using the
‘<samp>url</samp>’ link type).
</p>
<span id="index-link-options"></span>
<span id="index-destination-options"></span>
<span id="index-options_002c-link-and-destination"></span>
<p>In addition, each hyperlink driver supports a number of destination and
link <em>options</em>. By setting these options you can customize
hyperlink parameters (e.g., the thickness of the border drawn around a
hyperlink) or pass information to hyperlinks (for example, file name of
a document, for a link pointing to a destination in another document).
</p>
<p>See <a href="#Hyperlink-drivers">Hyperlink drivers</a>, for the description of hyperlink types and
options supported by the drivers. See <a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options">Setting hyperlink types and options</a>, for the information on how to set hyperlink options.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Explicit-hyperlinks"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Implicit-hyperlinks" accesskey="n" rel="next">Implicit hyperlinks</a>, Previous: <a href="#Introduction-to-hyperlinks" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Introduction to hyperlinks</a>, Up: <a href="#Hyperlinks" accesskey="u" rel="up">Hyperlinks</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Explicit-hyperlinks-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.2 Explicit hyperlinks</h3>
<span id="index-explicit-hyperlinks"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-explicit"></span>
<span id="index-hldest"></span>
<p>Explicit hyperlinks are created by you, in the source of your
document. The simplest command is <code>\hldest</code>, which marks the
current position in your document as a destination:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hldest{<var>type</var>}{<var>options</var>}{<var>label</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>Here <var>type</var> is one of the destination types supported by
the hyperlink driver (see <a href="#Hyperlink-drivers">Hyperlink drivers</a>), <var>options</var> is a
comma-separated list of option assignments, and <var>label</var> is the
hyperlink label to associate with this destination. This label will
identify the destination when creating links pointing to this
destination. For example, with the <code>pdftex</code> driver, the command
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hldest{xyz}{zoom=2000}{index}
</pre></div>
<p>creates a destination of type ‘<samp>xyz</samp>’ (“the current
position”), sets the magnification ratio for this destination to be
200%, and associates the label <code>index</code> with the destination.
</p>
<span id="index-hlstart"></span>
<span id="index-hlend"></span>
<p>Another command, <code>\hlstart</code>, paired with <code>\hlend</code>, turns all
intervening material into a link:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hlstart{<var>type</var>}{<var>options</var>}{<var>label</var>} … \hlend
</pre></div>
<p>Here <var>type</var>, <var>options</var> and <var>label</var> have the same
meaning as for <code>\hldest</code>. Continuing the previous example,
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hlstart{name}{bstyle=U,bwidth=2}{index} Index\hlend
</pre></div>
<p>typesets the word ‘Index’ as a link with underline border of
width 2 PostScript points, pointing to the named destination
<code>index</code> defined in the previous example. (The other options, like
highlight mode and border color, are determined by the defaults,
see <a href="#Setting-default-types-and-options">Setting default types and options</a>).
</p>
<p>The <var>label</var> argument of both <code>\hldest</code> and <code>\hlstart</code>
can contain special characters (such as ‘<samp>#</samp>’, ‘<samp>%</samp>’, ‘<samp>&</samp>’,
‘<samp>~</samp>’, etc.) without any escaping. This is especially important
for <acronym>URL</acronym> links supported by some drivers (see <a href="#Hyperlink-drivers">Hyperlink drivers</a>).
</p>
<p>Both <code>\hldest</code> and <code>\hlstart</code> ignore following spaces.
</p>
<p>Both <code>\hldest</code> and <code>\hlstart</code> expand the first token of
<var>options</var> once, so you can save a list of options in a macro and
pass it for the <var>options</var>. For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\def\linkopts{bstyle=U,bwidth=2}
\hlstart{name}{\linkopts}{index}Index\hlend
</pre></div>
<p>is functionally equivalent to the previous example.
</p>
<p>See <a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a>, for a demonstration of the usage of
explicit hyperlinks.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Implicit-hyperlinks"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Hyperlink-drivers" accesskey="n" rel="next">Hyperlink drivers</a>, Previous: <a href="#Explicit-hyperlinks" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Explicit hyperlinks</a>, Up: <a href="#Hyperlinks" accesskey="u" rel="up">Hyperlinks</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Implicit-hyperlinks-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.3 Implicit hyperlinks</h3>
<span id="index-implicit-hyperlinks"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-implicit"></span>
<p><em>Implicit hyperlinks</em> are hyperlinks created implicitly by various
Eplain macros, such as the macros for citations, cross-references,
indexing, etc.
</p>
<span id="index-link-group"></span>
<span id="index-linkgroup"></span>
<span id="index-group_002c-link"></span>
<span id="index-destination-group"></span>
<span id="index-destgroup"></span>
<span id="index-group_002c-destination"></span>
<p>All such macros are divided into <em>link groups</em> and
<em>destination groups</em> (or <em>linkgroups</em> and <em>destgroups</em> for
short) so that parameters can be set individually for each group. For
example, all equation macros which define a destination are assigned
to the ‘eq’ destgroup; equation macros which create a link are
assigned to the ‘eq’ linkgroup. By setting parameters for the ‘eq’
linkgroup (destgroup), you can uniformly customize all links
(destinations) related to equation references, without interfering
with settings for the other groups.
</p>
<p>See <a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options">Setting hyperlink types and options</a>, for information on how to
set parameters for a group.
</p>
<p>Here is the list of the linkgroups:
</p>
<div class="display">
<pre class="display">hrefint, hrefext, url, cite, ref, xref, eq, idx, foot, footback.
</pre></div>
<p>And here are the destgroups:
</p>
<div class="display">
<pre class="display">bib, li, definexref, xrdef, eq, idx, foot, footback.
</pre></div>
<p>See <a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a>, for a demonstration of the usage of
implicit hyperlinks.
</p>
<p>The following subsections describe each of the linkgroups and destgroups
and the hyperlink support provided.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#General-hyperlinks" accesskey="1">General hyperlinks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">hrefint, hrefext
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#URL-hyperlinks" accesskey="2">URL hyperlinks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">url
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Citation-hyperlinks" accesskey="3">Citation hyperlinks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">cite, bib
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#List-hyperlinks" accesskey="4">List hyperlinks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">li
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Cross_002dreference-hyperlinks" accesskey="5">Cross-reference hyperlinks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">definexref, ref
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Page-reference-hyperlinks" accesskey="6">Page reference hyperlinks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">xrdef, xref
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Equation-reference-hyperlinks" accesskey="7">Equation reference hyperlinks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">eq
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Index-hyperlinks" accesskey="8">Index hyperlinks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">idx
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Footnote-hyperlinks" accesskey="9">Footnote hyperlinks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">foot, footback
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Contents-hyperlinks">Contents hyperlinks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="General-hyperlinks"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#URL-hyperlinks" accesskey="n" rel="next">URL hyperlinks</a>, Up: <a href="#Implicit-hyperlinks" accesskey="u" rel="up">Implicit hyperlinks</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="General-hyperlinks_003a-hrefint_002c-hrefext"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.3.1 General hyperlinks: hrefint, hrefext</h4>
<span id="index-href"></span>
<p><code>\href{<var>url</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code> typesets <var>text</var> as a link
to <var>url</var>. It basically does what the explicit hyperlink macros do
(see <a href="#Explicit-hyperlinks">Explicit hyperlinks</a>), but is more convenient (at the expense
of flexibility).
</p>
<p>If <var>url</var> starts with ‘<samp>#</samp>’, the rest of <var>url</var> is assumed to
be a local hyperlink destination name (destination within the same
document). Parameters for these links can be set by customizing the
<span id="index-group-_0060hrefint_0027"></span>
<span id="index-linkgroup-_0060hrefint_0027"></span>
‘hrefint’ linkgroup. For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">See \href{#intro}{Introduction}
</pre></div>
<p>will make ‘Introduction’ into an internal link, which might
have been created, e.g., with <code>\xrdef{intro}</code>.
</p>
<span id="index-URL-hyperlink"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-URL"></span>
<p>If <var>url</var> does not start with ‘<samp>#</samp>’, it is assumed to be a
<acronym>URL</acronym> link. Parameters for these links can be set by
customizing the
<span id="index-group-_0060hrefext_0027"></span>
<span id="index-linkgroup-_0060hrefext_0027"></span>
‘hrefext’ linkgroup. The special characters (such as ‘<samp>#</samp>’ and
‘<samp>~</samp>’) in the <acronym>URL</acronym> don’t need to be escaped. For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\href{https://tug.org/eplain/doc/eplain.html#Hyperlinks}{Hyperlinks
in Eplain}
\href{mailto:tex-eplain@tug.org}{Eplain mailing list}
</pre></div>
<p>See <a href="#URL-hyperlinks">URL hyperlinks</a>, for another way to create
<acronym>URL</acronym> hyperlinks.
</p>
<p>The <var>text</var> argument of <code>\href</code> can contain verbatim text
(see <a href="#Verbatim-listing">Verbatim listing</a>) or other macros which manipulate character
catcodes. For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\href{#WeirdChars}{The weird chars \verbatim #&%$~|endverbatim}
</pre></div>
<p><code>\href</code> does not currently handle other link types, such as
<span id="index-file_003a-links"></span>
‘<samp>file:</samp>’ and
<span id="index-run_003a-links"></span>
‘<samp>run:</samp>’ links.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="URL-hyperlinks"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Citation-hyperlinks" accesskey="n" rel="next">Citation hyperlinks</a>, Previous: <a href="#General-hyperlinks" accesskey="p" rel="prev">General hyperlinks</a>, Up: <a href="#Implicit-hyperlinks" accesskey="u" rel="up">Implicit hyperlinks</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="URL-hyperlinks_003a-url"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.3.2 URL hyperlinks: url</h4>
<span id="index-URL-hyperlink-1"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-URL-1"></span>
<span id="index-group-_0060url_0027"></span>
<span id="index-linkgroup-_0060url_0027"></span>
<p>The ‘url’ linkgroup covers the
<span id="index-url-_0028hyperlinks_0029"></span>
<code>\url</code> command from the LaTeX package
<span id="index-url_002esty-1"></span>
<samp>url</samp> (see <a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a>), as well as any new
<code>\url</code>-like commands you define. The type for this linkgroup is
set to ‘<samp>url</samp>’ by the drivers which support this link type.
‘<samp>url</samp>’ links use the parameter to the <code>\url</code> command as the
<acronym>URL</acronym> to point to.
</p>
<p>You may be using the <code>\url</code> command to typeset something other than
a <acronym>URL</acronym>, e.g., a path, for which you do not want a link to be
created; in that case, you can disable the ‘url’ linkgroup with the
command <code>\hloff[url]</code> (see <a href="#Turning-hyperlinks-on_002foff-for-a-group">Turning hyperlinks on/off for a group</a>).
</p>
<span id="index-boxed-links_002c-avoiding"></span>
<span id="index-avoiding-boxed-links"></span>
<span id="index-color_002c-hyperlinks"></span>
<span id="index-colored-links"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlink-color"></span>
<p>By default, <acronym>URL</acronym> (and other types of) links are boxed, so
that they are visually marked even if you do not load the LaTeX
<span id="index-color_002esty-1"></span>
‘color’ package (see <a href="#Loading-LaTeX-packages">Loading LaTeX packages</a>) and therefore link text
is not colored. You can see the effect by compiling the following code
snippet (be sure to get a modern <samp>url.sty</samp>, older versions do not
work in plain TeX; see <a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a>):
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\input eplain
\beginpackages
\usepackage{url}
\endpackages
\enablehyperlinks
\url{http://foo/bar}
\url{mailto:foobar@example.org}
\bye
</pre></div>
<p>If the hyperlink driver you use supports the link option <code>bwidth</code>
(see <a href="#Hyperlink-drivers">Hyperlink drivers</a>), you can produce colored links with no
border around them. Try this:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\input eplain
\beginpackages
\usepackage{url}
\usepackage{color}
\endpackages
\enablehyperlinks
\hlopts{bwidth=0}
\url{http://foo/bar}
\url{mailto:foobar@example.org}
\bye
</pre></div>
<p>The command <code>\hlopts{bwidth=0}</code> sets border width to
zero as the default for all links, and loading the <samp>color</samp> package
automatically colors links using the default color (see <a href="#Options-supported-by-all-drivers">Options supported by all drivers</a>). If you want the border width setting to
apply to <acronym>URL</acronym> links only, say <code>\hlopts[url]{bwidth=0}</code>
(see <a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options">Setting hyperlink types and options</a>).
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Citation-hyperlinks"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#List-hyperlinks" accesskey="n" rel="next">List hyperlinks</a>, Previous: <a href="#URL-hyperlinks" accesskey="p" rel="prev">URL hyperlinks</a>, Up: <a href="#Implicit-hyperlinks" accesskey="u" rel="up">Implicit hyperlinks</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Citation-hyperlinks_003a-cite_002c-bib"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.3.3 Citation hyperlinks: cite, bib</h4>
<span id="index-citations_002c-hyperlinks"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-citations"></span>
<span id="index-group-_0060cite_0027"></span>
<span id="index-linkgroup-_0060cite_0027"></span>
<span id="index-cite-_0028hyperlinks_0029"></span>
<p>The ‘cite’ linkgroup includes only the <code>\cite</code> command
(see <a href="#Citations">Citations</a>). <code>\cite</code> turns each of the references in the
list into a link pointing to the respective bibliography entry
produced by the <code>\bibliography</code> command.
</p>
<span id="index-bibliography_002c-hyperlinks"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-bibliography"></span>
<span id="index-group-_0060bib_0027"></span>
<span id="index-destgroup-_0060bib_0027"></span>
<span id="index-bibliography-_0028hyperlinks_0029"></span>
<p>The ‘bib’ destgroup includes the macros related to the
<code>\bibliography</code> command (see <a href="#Citations">Citations</a>). <code>\bibliography</code>
inputs a <samp>.bbl</samp> file, which contains a list of bibliography
entries. For each of the entries, a destination is defined.
</p>
<p>Both commands use the citation label as the hyperlink label.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="List-hyperlinks"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Cross_002dreference-hyperlinks" accesskey="n" rel="next">Cross-reference hyperlinks</a>, Previous: <a href="#Citation-hyperlinks" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Citation hyperlinks</a>, Up: <a href="#Implicit-hyperlinks" accesskey="u" rel="up">Implicit hyperlinks</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="List-hyperlinks_003a-li"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.3.4 List hyperlinks: li</h4>
<span id="index-lists_002c-hyperlinks"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-lists"></span>
<span id="index-li-_0028hyperlinks_0029"></span>
<span id="index-group-_0060li_0027"></span>
<span id="index-destgroup-_0060li_0027"></span>
<p>The ‘li’ destgroup consists of the <code>\li</code> command (see <a href="#Lists">Lists</a>),
which defines a destination if you supply the optional argument
(cross-reference label). This label is also used as the hyperlink
label.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Cross_002dreference-hyperlinks"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Page-reference-hyperlinks" accesskey="n" rel="next">Page reference hyperlinks</a>, Previous: <a href="#List-hyperlinks" accesskey="p" rel="prev">List hyperlinks</a>, Up: <a href="#Implicit-hyperlinks" accesskey="u" rel="up">Implicit hyperlinks</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Cross_002dreference-hyperlinks_003a-definexref_002c-ref"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.3.5 Cross-reference hyperlinks: definexref, ref</h4>
<span id="index-definexref-_0028hyperlinks_0029"></span>
<span id="index-cross_002dreferences_002c-hyperlinks"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-cross_002dreferences"></span>
<span id="index-group-_0060definexref_0027"></span>
<span id="index-destgroup-_0060definexref_0027"></span>
<p>The ‘definexref’ destgroup is for the <code>\definexref</code> command
(see <a href="#Defining-generic-references">Defining generic references</a>). <code>\definexref</code> defines a
destination using the cross-reference label (the first argument) as the
hyperlink label.
</p>
<span id="index-group-_0060ref_0027"></span>
<span id="index-linkgroup-_0060ref_0027"></span>
<p>The ‘ref’ linkgroup includes <code>\refn</code> and <code>\xrefn</code> (they are
synonyms), <code>\ref</code>, and <code>\refs</code> (see <a href="#Using-generic-references">Using generic references</a>).
</p>
<span id="index-refn-_0028hyperlinks_0029"></span>
<span id="index-xrefn-_0028hyperlinks_0029"></span>
<p><code>\refn</code> turns the cross-reference it produces into a link, using
the cross-reference label as the hyperlink label. If an optional
argument is present, it is tied by
<span id="index-reftie"></span>
<code>\reftie</code> to the reference and become part of the link.
</p>
<span id="index-ref-_0028hyperlinks_0029"></span>
<p><code>\ref</code> works similarly to <code>\refn</code>. It takes an optional
argument, which is treated the same way as the optional argument to
<code>\refn</code>. In addition, <code>\ref</code> can produce a “class word”.
Both the optional argument and the class word become part of the link,
when present. The cross-reference is tied by
<span id="index-reftie-1"></span>
<code>\reftie</code> to the preceding word. The optional argument is
separated from the class word by
<span id="index-refspace"></span>
<code>\refspace</code>.
</p>
<span id="index-refs-_0028hyperlinks_0029"></span>
<p>Unlike <code>\ref</code>, <code>\refs</code> does not take an optional argument and
does not make the class word part of the link, which is appropriate for
its intended use.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Page-reference-hyperlinks"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Equation-reference-hyperlinks" accesskey="n" rel="next">Equation reference hyperlinks</a>, Previous: <a href="#Cross_002dreference-hyperlinks" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Cross-reference hyperlinks</a>, Up: <a href="#Implicit-hyperlinks" accesskey="u" rel="up">Implicit hyperlinks</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Page-reference-hyperlinks_003a-xrdef_002c-xref"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.3.6 Page reference hyperlinks: xrdef, xref</h4>
<span id="index-xrdef-_0028hyperlinks_0029"></span>
<span id="index-page-reference-hyperlink"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-page-references"></span>
<span id="index-group-_0060xrdef_0027"></span>
<span id="index-destgroup-_0060xrdef_0027"></span>
<p>The ‘xrdef’ destgroup is for <code>\xrdef</code> (see <a href="#Page-references">Page references</a>).
<code>\xrdef</code> defines a destination using cross-reference label as the
hyperlink label.
</p>
<span id="index-xref-_0028hyperlinks_0029"></span>
<span id="index-refspace-1"></span>
<span id="index-xrefpageword-1"></span>
<span id="index-group-_0060xref_0027"></span>
<span id="index-linkgroup-_0060xref_0027"></span>
<p>The ‘xref’ linkgroup includes the <code>\xref</code> command (see <a href="#Page-references">Page references</a>). <code>\xref</code> turns its optional argument (followed by
<code>\refspace</code>), <code>\xrefpageword</code> and the cross-reference (page
number) into a link, using the cross-reference label as the hyperlink
label.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Equation-reference-hyperlinks"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Index-hyperlinks" accesskey="n" rel="next">Index hyperlinks</a>, Previous: <a href="#Page-reference-hyperlinks" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Page reference hyperlinks</a>, Up: <a href="#Implicit-hyperlinks" accesskey="u" rel="up">Implicit hyperlinks</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Equation-reference-hyperlinks_003a-eq"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.3.7 Equation reference hyperlinks: eq</h4>
<span id="index-eqdef-_0028hyperlinks_0029"></span>
<span id="index-eqdefn-_0028hyperlinks_0029"></span>
<span id="index-eqsubdef-_0028hyperlinks_0029"></span>
<span id="index-eqsubdefn-_0028hyperlinks_0029"></span>
<span id="index-equations_002c-hyperlinks"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-equations"></span>
<span id="index-group-_0060eq_0027"></span>
<span id="index-destgroup-_0060eq_0027"></span>
<p>All commands that define equation labels are part of the ‘eq’ destgroup.
These are <code>\eqdef</code>, <code>\eqdefn</code>, <code>\eqsubdef</code> and
<code>\eqsubdefn</code> (see <a href="#Equation-references">Equation references</a>). All these commands use
the equation label as the hyperlink label. However, if the equation
label is empty, they make up a (hopefully) unique hyperlink label for
the destination. This label will be used for the link when you refer to
this empty-labeled equation with one of the equation reference macros.
</p>
<span id="index-phantomeqlabel"></span>
<span id="index-phantomeqnumber"></span>
<p>The command <code>\phantomeqlabel</code> is called to generate hyperlink
labels for the empty-labeled equations. By default, it produces the
labels in the format ‘<samp>PHEQ<var>number</var></samp>’, where <var>number</var> comes
from the count register <code>\phantomeqnumber</code>; this count register is
incremented at every empty-labeled equation definition.
</p>
<span id="index-eqref-1"></span>
<span id="index-eqrefn-1"></span>
<span id="index-reftie-2"></span>
<span id="index-group-_0060eq_0027-1"></span>
<span id="index-linkgroup-_0060eq_0027"></span>
<p>The commands <code>\eqref</code> and <code>\eqrefn</code> (see <a href="#Equation-references">Equation references</a>) form the ‘eq’ linkgroup. These commands take an optional
argument, which, when present, is tied with <code>\reftie</code> to the
equation reference and becomes part of the link. The equation label is
used for the hyperlink label; if the label is empty, the link is for the
label generated for the last empty-labeled equation.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Index-hyperlinks"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Footnote-hyperlinks" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnote hyperlinks</a>, Previous: <a href="#Equation-reference-hyperlinks" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Equation reference hyperlinks</a>, Up: <a href="#Implicit-hyperlinks" accesskey="u" rel="up">Implicit hyperlinks</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Index-hyperlinks_003a-idx"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.3.8 Index hyperlinks: idx</h4>
<span id="index-idx-_0028hyperlinks_0029"></span>
<span id="index-idxname-_0028hyperlinks_0029"></span>
<span id="index-idxmarked-_0028hyperlinks_0029"></span>
<span id="index-idxsubmarked-_0028hyperlinks_0029"></span>
<span id="index-index-hyperlink"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-index"></span>
<span id="index-group-_0060idx_0027"></span>
<span id="index-linkgroup-_0060idx_0027"></span>
<span id="index-destgroup-_0060idx_0027"></span>
<p>All indexing commands (<code>\idx</code>, <code>\idxname</code>, <code>\idxmarked</code>,
<code>\idxsubmarked</code> and their silent equivalents, see <a href="#Indexing-commands">Indexing commands</a>) form the ‘idx’ destgroup. The ‘idx’ linkgroup consists of
the macros which are used to typeset the index when you say
<span id="index-readindexfile-_0028hyperlinks_0029"></span>
<code>\readindexfile{<var>index-letter</var>}</code> (see <a href="#Typesetting-an-index">Typesetting an index</a>).
</p>
<span id="index-makeindex-2"></span>
<p>To create the links in index entries, Eplain uses MakeIndex’s
“encapsulation” feature. When you use an indexing macro to mark an
index term, Eplain writes out a line to the
<span id="index-_002eidx-files-1"></span>
<samp>.idx</samp> file of the following general form:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\indexentry{<var>entry</var>|<var>pagemarkup</var>}{<var>pageno</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>where <var>entry</var> is the index entry (converted into the
internal format that MakeIndex understands), <var>cs</var> is the markup
command you specified with the <code>pagemarkup=<var>cs</var></code> optional
argument to the indexing commands (see <a href="#Modifying-index-entries">Modifying index entries</a>),
and <var>pageno</var> is the page number on which the term appeared. When
processing the <samp>.idx</samp> file, MakeIndex makes the page number an
argument to the page markup command (“encapsulates” the page
number), so the page number in the
<span id="index-_002eind-files-1"></span>
<samp>.ind</samp> file appears as <code>\<var>cs</var>{<var>pageno</var>}</code>. Eplain
internally replaces the <var>cs</var> command name with its own command,
which, in addition to calling the original <code>\<var>cs</var></code>
encapsulator, turns the page number into a link.
</p>
<p>Eplain provides two approaches to linking page numbers in the index to
locations of index terms in the text.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Exact-destinations-for-index-terms" accesskey="1">Exact destinations for index terms</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Page-destinations-for-index-terms" accesskey="2">Page destinations for index terms</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Choosing-destination-placement" accesskey="3">Choosing destination placement</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Index-page-list-and-page-range-parsers" accesskey="4">Index page list and page range parsers</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Hyperlinks-in-see-and-see-also-entries" accesskey="5">Hyperlinks in see and see also entries</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="Exact-destinations-for-index-terms"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Page-destinations-for-index-terms" accesskey="n" rel="next">Page destinations for index terms</a>, Up: <a href="#Index-hyperlinks" accesskey="u" rel="up">Index hyperlinks</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Exact-destinations-for-index-terms-1"></span><h4 class="subsubsection">5.3.8.1 Exact destinations for index terms</h4>
<p>In this approach, each command that marks an index term defines a unique
destination and passes its label on to the <samp>.idx</samp> file as part of
the <code>\indexentry</code> command. The <code>\indexentry</code> line that Eplain
writes to the <samp>.idx</samp> file becomes
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\indexentry{<var>entry</var>|hlidx{<var>label</var>}{<var>cs</var>}}{<var>pageno}</var>
</pre></div>
<span id="index-hlidx"></span>
<p>where <code>\hlidx</code> is the command that is defined by Eplain
to take three arguments: a hyperlink label (<var>label</var>), a name of
page number encapsulator (<var>cs</var>) and a page number (<var>pageno</var>).
In the <samp>.ind</samp> file that MakeIndex will generate, the page number
will now appear as
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hlidx{<var>label</var>}{<var>cs</var>}{<var>pageno</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>The result of this command is
<code>\<var>cs</var>{<var>pageno</var>}</code>, wrapped up into a link pointing to
<var>label</var> destination.
</p>
<p>The hyperlink labels for the index terms are generated by the
<span id="index-hlidxlabel"></span>
<code>\hlidxlabel</code> command, by default in the format
‘<samp>IDX<var>number</var></samp>’, where <var>number</var> is the value of the count
register
<span id="index-hlidxlabelnumber"></span>
<code>\hlidxlabelnumber</code>. This count register is incremented at each
index term.
</p>
<span id="index-exact-index-hyperlinks"></span>
<span id="index-index_002c-exact-hyperlinks"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-index_002c-exact"></span>
<p>The advantage of this approach, as compared to the second approach
described below, is that links in the index point to exact locations of
the indexed terms on the page. The disadvantage of this approach is
that MakeIndex will regard <em>all</em> index entries as distinct, because
each one contains a (unique) hyperlink label. This disadvantage can be
partially overcome by the script
<span id="index-idxuniq"></span>
<span id="index-filtering-index-entries-with-hyperlinks"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-filtering-index-entries"></span>
<samp>idxuniq</samp> distributed with Eplain in the <samp>util</samp> directory.
This script filters out <code>\indexentry</code> lines differing only in the
hyperlink label but identical otherwise. You should process the
<samp>.idx</samp> with this script before passing it on to MakeIndex. For
example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">prompt$ ./idxuniq file.idx | makeindex > file.ind
</pre></div>
<p>Still, this solution is not ideal, as the page-range formation
ability of MakeIndex will not work, and there will be problems of
apparently identical index entries clashing (e.g., when a range-end
entry appears on the same page as another entry with the same
definition; <samp>idxuniq</samp> will not filter out the second entry).
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Page-destinations-for-index-terms"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Choosing-destination-placement" accesskey="n" rel="next">Choosing destination placement</a>, Previous: <a href="#Exact-destinations-for-index-terms" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Exact destinations for index terms</a>, Up: <a href="#Index-hyperlinks" accesskey="u" rel="up">Index hyperlinks</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Page-destinations-for-index-terms-1"></span><h4 class="subsubsection">5.3.8.2 Page destinations for index terms</h4>
<p>In the second approach, Eplain does not write out any destination labels
for the index terms. Instead, Eplain writes out a wrapper for page
number encapsulator which can parse the page number and generate a link
pointing to the <em>page</em> on which the term appeared. On top of each
page containing an index term, Eplain defines a destination with label
produced by
<span id="index-hlidxpagelabel"></span>
<code>\hlidxpagelabel</code>. The <code>\hlidxpagelabel</code> command takes a
single argument (page number <var>number</var>) and by default produces the
label in the format ‘<samp>IDXPG<var>number</var></samp>’.
</p>
<p>With this approach, the <code>\indexentry</code> line which Eplain writes to
the <code>.idx</code> file looks like this:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\indexentry{<var>entry</var>|hlidxpage{<var>cs</var>}}{<var>pageno}</var>
</pre></div>
<span id="index-hlidxpage"></span>
<p>where <code>\hlidxpage</code> is the command that is defined by Eplain
to take two arguments: a name of page number encapsulator (<var>cs</var>)
and a page number (<var>pageno</var>). In the <samp>.ind</samp> file that
MakeIndex will generate, the page number will appear as
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hlidxpage{<var>cs</var>}{<var>pageno</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>The advantage of this approach is that all features of MakeIndex are
intact. The drawback is that links in the index do not point to exact
locations of indexed terms on a page, but to the top of a page on
which the term appears.
</p>
<span id="index-index_002c-parsing-page-numbers"></span>
<span id="index-page-range_002c-parsing"></span>
<span id="index-page-list_002c-parsing"></span>
<span id="index-parsing-page-numbers"></span>
<p>Another disadvantage is that this approach depends on the page range and
page list separators which MakeIndex was configured to output.
<code>\hlidxpage</code> must be able to parse the first page number in a page
range like ‘<samp>1--4</samp>’. In addition, page list parsing is needed
because MakeIndex combines two consecutive page numbers in one call to
the page number encapsulator, so <code>\hlidxpage</code> can be passed, e.g.,
‘<samp>1, 2</samp>’ for the <var>pageno</var>. In this last case, <code>\hlidxpage</code>
splits the two page numbers, applies <code>\<var>cs</var></code> to each of them,
and makes each of the page numbers a link to the appropriate page. Note
that this will alter typesetting slightly, because now the page list
separator (a comma followed by a space, by default) is not typeset using
the page number encapsulator (<code>\<var>cs</var></code>).
</p>
<p>Eplain’s defaults for the page list and page number delimiters are the
same as those in MakeIndex, a comma followed by a space (‘<samp>, </samp>’) and
two dashes (‘<samp>--</samp>’), respectively. If you customize MakeIndex to use
different delimiters, you must not forget to let Eplain know about them
with the commands
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\setidxpagelistdelimiter{<var>list-delim</var>}
\setidxpagerangedelimiter{<var>page-delim</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>(see <a href="#Page-list-and-page-range-parsers">Page list and page range parsers</a>).
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Choosing-destination-placement"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Index-page-list-and-page-range-parsers" accesskey="n" rel="next">Index page list and page range parsers</a>, Previous: <a href="#Page-destinations-for-index-terms" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Page destinations for index terms</a>, Up: <a href="#Index-hyperlinks" accesskey="u" rel="up">Index hyperlinks</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Choosing-destination-placement-1"></span><h4 class="subsubsection">5.3.8.3 Choosing destination placement</h4>
<span id="index-index_002c-placement-of-destinations"></span>
<span id="index-index_002c-destination-placement"></span>
<span id="index-index_002c-selecting-destination-placement"></span>
<span id="index-index_002c-choosing-destination-placement"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-index-destination-placement"></span>
<p>The approach that Eplain should use for the index terms can be
selected in the
<span id="index-enablehyperlinks-1"></span>
<code>\enablehyperlinks</code> command. The optional argument it accepts is
a comma-separated list of options. The
<span id="index-idxexact"></span>
<code>idxexact</code> option selects the first approach,
<span id="index-idxpage"></span>
<code>idxpage</code> the second, and
<span id="index-idxnone"></span>
<code>idxnone</code> disables hyperlink support for the index terms
altogether, in case you want to stop Eplain from writing its link
wrappers into the <samp>.idx</samp> file. The default is <code>idxpage</code>.
</p>
<p>For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\enablehyperlinks[idxexact]
</pre></div>
<p>selects the first approach (“exact index links”).
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Index-page-list-and-page-range-parsers"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Hyperlinks-in-see-and-see-also-entries" accesskey="n" rel="next">Hyperlinks in see and see also entries</a>, Previous: <a href="#Choosing-destination-placement" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Choosing destination placement</a>, Up: <a href="#Index-hyperlinks" accesskey="u" rel="up">Index hyperlinks</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Index-page-list-and-page-range-parsers-1"></span><h4 class="subsubsection">5.3.8.4 Index page list and page range parsers</h4>
<p>The macros that Eplain uses to parse page lists and page ranges,
<code>\idxparselist</code> and <code>\idxparserange</code>, can sometimes be useful
when defining page number encapsulators. See <a href="#Page-list-and-page-range-parsers">Page list and page range parsers</a>, for the description of these commands and an example of their
usage.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Hyperlinks-in-see-and-see-also-entries"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Index-page-list-and-page-range-parsers" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Index page list and page range parsers</a>, Up: <a href="#Index-hyperlinks" accesskey="u" rel="up">Index hyperlinks</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Hyperlinks-in-see-and-see-also-entries-1"></span><h4 class="subsubsection">5.3.8.5 Hyperlinks in see and see also entries</h4>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-see-and-see-also-index-entries"></span>
<span id="index-index_002c-hyperlinks-in-see-and-see-also-entries"></span>
<span id="index-see-also-index-entries-and-hyperlinks"></span>
<span id="index-see_002c-and-index-entries_002c-hyperlinks"></span>
<p>There is no automatic support for hyperlinks with “see” and “see
also” index entries, as there is not enough information to trace the
parameters of
<span id="index-indexsee-1"></span>
<code>\indexsee</code> and
<span id="index-indexseealso-1"></span>
<code>\indexseealso</code> to corresponding index entries. But if desired,
this can be implemented with <code>\hldest</code> and <code>\hlstart</code>
(see <a href="#Explicit-hyperlinks">Explicit hyperlinks</a>); for example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\sidx{semantic theory of truth@%
\leavevmode\hldest{}{}{idx:theo truth}semantic theory of truth}
…
\sidx[seealso]{truth}[definition of]%
{\hlstart{}{}{idx:theo truth}semantic theory of truth\hlend}
</pre></div>
<hr>
<span id="Footnote-hyperlinks"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Contents-hyperlinks" accesskey="n" rel="next">Contents hyperlinks</a>, Previous: <a href="#Index-hyperlinks" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Index hyperlinks</a>, Up: <a href="#Implicit-hyperlinks" accesskey="u" rel="up">Implicit hyperlinks</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Footnote-hyperlinks_003a-foot_002c-footback"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.3.9 Footnote hyperlinks: foot, footback</h4>
<span id="index-footnotes_002c-hyperlinks"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-footnotes"></span>
<span id="index-group-_0060foot_0027"></span>
<span id="index-group-_0060footback_0027"></span>
<span id="index-linkgroup-_0060foot_0027"></span>
<span id="index-linkgroup-_0060footback_0027"></span>
<span id="index-destgroup-_0060foot_0027"></span>
<span id="index-destgroup-_0060footback_0027"></span>
<p>The ‘foot’ link and destination groups include the
<span id="index-numberedfootnote-_0028hyperlinks_0029"></span>
<code>\numberedfootnote</code> and
<span id="index-footnote-_0028hyperlinks_0029"></span>
<code>\footnote</code> macros (see <a href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a>). The ‘footback’ groups
include the same macros, but control parameters for links and
destinations created inside the footnote to point back to the footnote
mark within the text body.
</p>
<p>The macros use hyperlink labels generated by
<span id="index-hlfootlabel"></span>
<code>\hlfootlabel</code> and
<span id="index-hlfootbacklabel"></span>
<code>\hlfootbacklabel</code>. The default formats for the labels are
‘<samp>FOOT<var>number</var></samp>’ and ‘<samp>FOOTB<var>number</var></samp>’, respectively,
where <var>number</var> is the value of the count register
<span id="index-hlfootlabelnumber"></span>
<code>\hlfootlabelnumber</code>. This register is incremented at every
footnote.
</p>
<p>Generally, footnote hyperlinks are not of much use, because the
footnotes are usually placed on the same page as the footnote mark.
Therefore, footnote hyperlinks are disabled by default. Here is how you
can turn them on selectively, without affecting the other kinds of
hyperlinks (see <a href="#Turning-hyperlinks-on_002foff-for-a-group">Turning hyperlinks on/off for a group</a>):
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hldeston[foot,footback]
\hlon[foot,footback]
</pre></div>
<hr>
<span id="Contents-hyperlinks"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Footnote-hyperlinks" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Footnote hyperlinks</a>, Up: <a href="#Implicit-hyperlinks" accesskey="u" rel="up">Implicit hyperlinks</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Contents-hyperlinks-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.3.10 Contents hyperlinks</h4>
<span id="index-table-of-contents_002c-hyperlinks"></span>
<span id="index-contents_002c-hyperlinks"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-table-of-contents"></span>
<p>There is currently no special support for hyperlinks in the table of
contents (see <a href="#Contents">Contents</a>), but implementing them with the
<code>\hldest</code> and <code>\hlstart … \hlend</code> commands
(see <a href="#Explicit-hyperlinks">Explicit hyperlinks</a>) should be possible.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Hyperlink-drivers"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options" accesskey="n" rel="next">Setting hyperlink types and options</a>, Previous: <a href="#Implicit-hyperlinks" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Implicit hyperlinks</a>, Up: <a href="#Hyperlinks" accesskey="u" rel="up">Hyperlinks</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Hyperlink-drivers-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.4 Hyperlink drivers</h3>
<p>This section describes the hyperlink drivers: the types of hyperlinks
they support, and the options they accept. During the first reading,
you may only want to skim through this section.
</p>
<p>Some of the descriptions below come from <cite>Portable Document Format
Reference Manual Version 1.3</cite>, March 11, 1999.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Options-supported-by-all-drivers" accesskey="1">Options supported by all drivers</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Hyperlink-driver-hypertex" accesskey="2">Hyperlink driver hypertex</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Hyperlink-drivers-pdftex-and-dvipdfm" accesskey="3">Hyperlink drivers pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Hyperlink-driver-nolinks" accesskey="4">Hyperlink driver nolinks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="Options-supported-by-all-drivers"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Hyperlink-driver-hypertex" accesskey="n" rel="next">Hyperlink driver hypertex</a>, Up: <a href="#Hyperlink-drivers" accesskey="u" rel="up">Hyperlink drivers</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Options-supported-by-all-drivers-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.4.1 Options supported by all drivers</h4>
<span id="index-hyperlink-options_002c-common"></span>
<p>This subsection describes the destination and link options which are
supported by all hyperlink drivers.
</p>
<span id="Destination-options-supported-by-all-drivers"></span><h4 class="subsubheading">Destination options supported by all drivers</h4>
<span id="index-destination-options_002c-common"></span>
<span id="index-options_002c-destination_002c-common"></span>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>raise</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-raise-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"></span>
<span id="index-raising-hyperlink-destinations"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlink-destination_002c-raising"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-raising"></span>
<p>Specifies how much to raise destinations above the baseline. When set
to zero or empty, destinations are placed at the baseline.
</p>
<p>It is usually convenient to set this option to some variable parameter,
so that the height to which destinations are raised is automatically
adjusted according to the current context. For example, setting it to
<span id="index-normalbaselineskip"></span>
<code>\normalbaselineskip</code> (or some fraction of it, like
<code>1.7\normalbaselineskip</code>) makes the setting appropriate for
different point sizes, in case your document uses more than one.
</p>
<p>The default setting is <code>\normalbaselineskip</code>. Initially, the
destgroups do not define this option, so they fall back on the default,
except for the ‘eq’ destgroup, for which this option is set to
<code>1.7\normalbaselineskip</code>,
<span id="index-mathematics-displays_002c-hyperlinks"></span>
<span id="index-displayed-math-and-hyperlinks"></span>
<span id="index-large-operators-and-hyperlinks"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-large-operators"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-large-operators"></span>
to accommodate the usual cases of large operators in displayed math.
</p>
<p>Example: <code>\hldestopts[eq]{raise=2.5\normalbaselineskip}</code>
</p></dd>
</dl>
<span id="Link-options-supported-by-all-drivers"></span><h4 class="subsubheading">Link options supported by all drivers</h4>
<span id="index-link-options_002c-common"></span>
<span id="index-options_002c-link_002c-common"></span>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>colormodel</code></dt>
<dt><code>color</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-colormodel-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"></span>
<span id="index-color-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"></span>
<span id="index-color_002c-hyperlinks-1"></span>
<span id="index-colored-links-1"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlink-color-1"></span>
<p>These two options define the color to be used for rendering the link
text. The colors are used only when a <code>\color</code> command is defined,
e.g., by loading the LaTeX ‘color’ package (see <a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a>). The <code>\color</code> command is called as
<code>\color[<var>colormodel</var>]{<var>color</var>}</code>, where <var>colormodel</var>
and <var>color</var> are the definitions of the <code>colormodel</code> and
<code>color</code> options, respectively. However, if <var>colormodel</var> is
empty, the optional argument to <code>\color</code> is omitted; and if
<var>color</var> is empty, the <code>\color</code> command is omitted altogether.
The default setting is <code><var>colormodel</var>=cmyk</code> and
<code><var>color</var>=0.28,1,1,0.35</code>.
</p>
<p>When specifying colors with several components delimited by commas
(e.g., RGB and CMYK colors in the LaTeX ‘color’ package), it is not
possible to specify the components directly in the option list of
<code>\hlopts</code>, because comma is the option list delimiter. With the
‘color’ package, it is possible to specify such colors by defining a
custom color with <code>\definecolor</code> and using the new color name with
an empty <var>colormodel</var> (see examples below).
</p>
<p>Examples:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hlopts{colormodel=,color=blue}% predefined color
\definecolor{mycolor}{rgb}{.3,.8,.95}
\hlopts{colormodel=,color=mycolor}% custom color
\hlopts{colormodel=gray,color=.4}
</pre></div>
</dd>
</dl>
<hr>
<span id="Hyperlink-driver-hypertex"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Hyperlink-drivers-pdftex-and-dvipdfm" accesskey="n" rel="next">Hyperlink drivers pdftex and dvipdfm</a>, Previous: <a href="#Options-supported-by-all-drivers" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Options supported by all drivers</a>, Up: <a href="#Hyperlink-drivers" accesskey="u" rel="up">Hyperlink drivers</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Hyperlink-driver-hypertex-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.4.2 Hyperlink driver <code>hypertex</code></h4>
<span id="index-hypertex-_0028hyperlink-driver_0029"></span>
<span id="index-hypertex_002c-hyperlink-driver"></span>
<span id="index-driver-hypertex"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlink-driver-hypertex"></span>
<p>HyperTeX is a standard for inclusion of hyperlink information in
TeX (and LaTeX) documents (see <a href="http://arxiv.org/hypertex">http://arxiv.org/hypertex</a>).
This standard defines a set of hyperlink tags implemented as
<code>\special</code> commands written into the <acronym>DVI</acronym> file. The
major advantage of such standard is that a single <samp>.dvi</samp> file
containing HyperTeX commands can be viewed by any
HyperTeX-enabled viewer (e.g., any more or less modern version of
<span id="index-xdvi"></span>
<code>xdvi</code>) or converted to other file formats (e.g., <acronym>PDF</acronym>)
by any HyperTeX-enabled <acronym>DVI</acronym> converter (e.g.,
<span id="index-dvipdfm-1"></span>
<code>dvipdfmx</code> or
<span id="index-dvips"></span>
<code>dvips</code> with
<span id="index-Ghostscript"></span>
Ghostscript’s
<span id="index-ps2pdf"></span>
<code>ps2pdf</code> script).
</p>
<p>The downside to the standard is that it is by design “the common
factor” of other formats supporting hyperlinks, so many features of a
particular file format cannot be supported by HyperTeX. Therefore,
if you need to use special features of a particular format, HyperTeX
is not a good choice. For the <acronym>PDF</acronym> file format, Eplain
provides the <code>pdftex</code> and <code>dvipdfm</code> drivers which provide
fine control over the <acronym>PDF</acronym> options (see <a href="#Hyperlink-drivers-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Hyperlink drivers pdftex and dvipdfm</a>).
</p>
<p>For more information on programs which support the HyperTeX standard,
please see
</p>
<div class="display">
<pre class="display"><a href="http://arxiv.org/hypertex">http://arxiv.org/hypertex</a>
<a href="http://mirror.ctan.org/support/hypertex/hypertex">http://mirror.ctan.org/support/hypertex/hypertex</a>
</pre></div>
<p>For convenience, we list a few HyperTeX-enabled converters:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dd><span id="index-dvips-1"></span>
</dd>
<dt><code>dvips</code></dt>
<dd><p>Note that you need to pass the <samp>-z</samp> option to <code>dvips</code> to
tell it to preserve the information about the hyperlinks. To generate a
<samp>.pdf</samp> file with hyperlinks, you can use the
<span id="index-ps2pdf-1"></span>
<samp>ps2pdf</samp> script of
<span id="index-Ghostscript-1"></span>
Ghostscript. For example, if <samp>foo.tex</samp> is a TeX file using
HyperTeX commands, then
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">prompt$ tex foo.tex
prompt$ dvips -z foo.dvi -o
prompt$ ps2pdf foo.ps
</pre></div>
<p>will produce <samp>foo.pdf</samp> with hyperlinks.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>dvipdfm</code></dt>
<dt><code>dvipdfmx</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-dvipdfm-2"></span>
<p>No special command line arguments are required, these programs
automatically detect the HyperTeX commands.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>One more note is in place: support for the HyperTeX commands varies
from one previewer/converter to another, so you might need to experiment
to see if what you need is supported by the program(s) you intend to
use. For example, dvips(k) as of version 5.92b converts all
internal hyperlinks into page links pointing to a page containing the
destination, so that “exact” linking to destinations is not possible
(this was confirmed to be a bug and most probably has already been fixed
in later versions of dvips(k)); dvipdfm as of version 0.13.2c and
dvipdfmx as of version 20040411 do not correctly parse links to
external local files, and produce a <acronym>URL</acronym> link instead of a
file link.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Destination-types-for-hypertex" accesskey="1">Destination types for hypertex</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Destination-options-for-hypertex" accesskey="2">Destination options for hypertex</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Link-types-for-hypertex" accesskey="3">Link types for hypertex</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Link-options-for-hypertex" accesskey="4">Link options for hypertex</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="Destination-types-for-hypertex"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Destination-options-for-hypertex" accesskey="n" rel="next">Destination options for hypertex</a>, Up: <a href="#Hyperlink-driver-hypertex" accesskey="u" rel="up">Hyperlink driver hypertex</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Destination-types-for-hypertex-1"></span><h4 class="subsubsection">5.4.2.1 Destination types for <code>hypertex</code></h4>
<span id="index-destination-types_002c-hypertex"></span>
<span id="index-types_002c-destination_002c-hypertex"></span>
<span id="index-hypertex_002c-destination-types"></span>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>xyz</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-xyz-_0028destination-type_0029"></span>
<p>“Current position”. This is the default type.
</p>
<p>Example: <code>\hldest{xyz}{}{dest123}</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>raw</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-raw-_0028destination-type_0029"></span>
<p>The destination specification (in the form of a HyperTeX
<code>\special</code>) is taken from the command sequence <code>\<var>cs</var></code>,
where <var>cs</var> is the value of the
<span id="index-cmd-_0028destination-option_0029"></span>
<code>cmd</code> option. In the definition of <code>\<var>cs</var></code>, use
<span id="index-_0040hllabel"></span>
<code>\@hllabel</code> to refer to the hyperlink label. This option is
intended to be used with destgroups (see <a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options">Setting hyperlink types and options</a>), as it does not make sense in a direct call to
<span id="index-hldest-1"></span>
<code>\hldest</code>—you can just call the raw command.
</p>
<p>Example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\makeatletter
\def\mydest{\special{html:<a name="\@hllabel">}%
\special{html:</a>}}
\resetatcatcode
\indent\hldest{raw}{cmd=mydest}{SpecialDest}
Special destination.
</pre></div>
</dd>
</dl>
<hr>
<span id="Destination-options-for-hypertex"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Link-types-for-hypertex" accesskey="n" rel="next">Link types for hypertex</a>, Previous: <a href="#Destination-types-for-hypertex" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Destination types for hypertex</a>, Up: <a href="#Hyperlink-driver-hypertex" accesskey="u" rel="up">Hyperlink driver hypertex</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Destination-options-for-hypertex-1"></span><h4 class="subsubsection">5.4.2.2 Destination options for <code>hypertex</code></h4>
<span id="index-destination-options_002c-hypertex"></span>
<span id="index-options_002c-destination_002c-hypertex"></span>
<span id="index-hypertex_002c-destination-options"></span>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>cmd</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-cmd-_0028destination-option_0029-1"></span>
<p>Name of the macro (without the leading ‘<samp>\</samp>’) containing a
HyperTeX <code>\special</code> for the <code>raw</code> destination.
</p>
<p>See <a href="#Destination-types-for-hypertex">Destination types for hypertex</a>, the description of the <code>raw</code>
destination, for an example.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<hr>
<span id="Link-types-for-hypertex"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Link-options-for-hypertex" accesskey="n" rel="next">Link options for hypertex</a>, Previous: <a href="#Destination-options-for-hypertex" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Destination options for hypertex</a>, Up: <a href="#Hyperlink-driver-hypertex" accesskey="u" rel="up">Hyperlink driver hypertex</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Link-types-for-hypertex-1"></span><h4 class="subsubsection">5.4.2.3 Link types for <code>hypertex</code></h4>
<span id="index-link-types_002c-hypertex"></span>
<span id="index-types_002c-link_002c-hypertex"></span>
<span id="index-hypertex_002c-link-types"></span>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>name</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-name-_0028hyperlink-type_0029"></span>
<span id="index-named-destination"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-named"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlink-destination_002c-named"></span>
<p>Go to a “named destination”. The label is the destination name. All
destinations in HyperTeX are named destinations. This is the default
type.
</p>
<p>Example: <code>\hlstart{name}{}{dest123}Link to dest123\hlend</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>url</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-url-_0028hyperlink-type_0029"></span>
<span id="index-URL-hyperlink-2"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-URL"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-URL-2"></span>
<p>Go to a <acronym>URL</acronym>. The label is the <acronym>URL</acronym>.
</p>
<p>Example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example"><code>\hlstart{url}{}{https://tug.org/eplain/}Eplain home\hlend</code>
</pre></div>
</dd>
<dt><code>filename</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-filename-_0028hyperlink-type_0029"></span>
<span id="index-file_002c-hyperlink-to"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-in-another-file"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-to-another-file"></span>
<p>Go to a named destination in another file. The label is the
destination name. The file name is specified by the
<span id="index-file-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"></span>
<code>file</code> option. The file name extension can be specified separately
by the
<span id="index-ext-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"></span>
<code>ext</code> option. The idea is to set the <code>ext</code> option globally at
the beginning of the document to avoid hard-coding the extension
together with the file name within each link—HyperTeX is not
restricted to any single output format, it can be <acronym>DVI</acronym>,
<acronym>PDF</acronym>, possibly other formats.
</p>
<p>Example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hlopts{ext=.pdf}
\hlstart{filename}{file=book}{dest123}
Link to dest123 in file `book.pdf'\hlend
</pre></div>
</dd>
<dt><code>raw</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-raw-_0028hyperlink-type_0029"></span>
<p>The link specification (in the form of a HyperTeX <code>\special</code>) is
taken from the command sequence <code>\<var>cs</var></code>, where <var>cs</var> is the
value of the
<span id="index-cmd-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"></span>
<code>cmd</code> option. In the definition of <code>\<var>cs</var></code>, use
<span id="index-_0040hllabel-1"></span>
<code>\@hllabel</code> to refer to the hyperlink label. Use the predefined
command
<span id="index-hlhash"></span>
<code>\hlhash</code> to insert the <code>#</code> characters. This option is
intended to be used with linkgroups (see <a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options">Setting hyperlink types and options</a>), as it does not make sense in a direct call to
<span id="index-hlstart-1"></span>
<code>\hlstart</code>—you can just call the raw command.
</p>
<p>Example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\makeatletter
\def\mylink{\special{html:<a href="\hlhash\@hllabel">}}
\resetatcatcode
\hlstart{raw}{cmd=mylink}{SpecialDest}
Link to the special destination.\hlend
</pre></div>
</dd>
</dl>
<hr>
<span id="Link-options-for-hypertex"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Link-types-for-hypertex" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Link types for hypertex</a>, Up: <a href="#Hyperlink-driver-hypertex" accesskey="u" rel="up">Hyperlink driver hypertex</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Link-options-for-hypertex-1"></span><h4 class="subsubsection">5.4.2.4 Link options for <code>hypertex</code></h4>
<span id="index-link-options_002c-hypertex"></span>
<span id="index-options_002c-link_002c-hypertex"></span>
<span id="index-hypertex_002c-link-options"></span>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>cmd</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-cmd-_0028hyperlink-option_0029-1"></span>
<p>Name of the macro (without the leading ‘<samp>\</samp>’) containing a
HyperTeX <code>\special</code> for the <code>raw</code> link.
</p>
<p>See <a href="#Link-types-for-hypertex">Link types for hypertex</a>, the description of the <code>raw</code> link,
for an example.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>file</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-file-_0028hyperlink-option_0029-1"></span>
<p>File name for the <code>filename</code> link type. See also the <code>ext</code>
option.
</p>
<p>See <a href="#Link-types-for-hypertex">Link types for hypertex</a>, the description of the <code>filename</code>
link, for an example.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>ext</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-ext-_0028hyperlink-option_0029-1"></span>
<p>File name extension for the <code>filename</code> link type. The idea is to
set the <code>ext</code> option globally at the beginning of the document to
avoid hard-coding the extension together with the file name within each
link—HyperTeX is not restricted to any single output format, it can
be <acronym>DVI</acronym>, <acronym>PDF</acronym>, possibly other formats.
</p>
<p>See <a href="#Link-types-for-hypertex">Link types for hypertex</a>, the description of the <code>filename</code>
link, for an example.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<hr>
<span id="Hyperlink-drivers-pdftex-and-dvipdfm"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Hyperlink-driver-nolinks" accesskey="n" rel="next">Hyperlink driver nolinks</a>, Previous: <a href="#Hyperlink-driver-hypertex" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Hyperlink driver hypertex</a>, Up: <a href="#Hyperlink-drivers" accesskey="u" rel="up">Hyperlink drivers</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Hyperlink-drivers-pdftex-and-dvipdfm-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.4.3 Hyperlink drivers <code>pdftex</code> and <code>dvipdfm</code></h4>
<span id="index-pdftex-_0028hyperlink-driver_0029"></span>
<span id="index-dvipdfm-_0028hyperlink-driver_0029"></span>
<span id="index-pdftex_002c-hyperlink-driver"></span>
<span id="index-dvipdfm_002c-hyperlink-driver"></span>
<span id="index-driver-pdftex"></span>
<span id="index-driver-dvipdfm"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlink-driver-pdftex"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlink-driver-dvipdfm"></span>
<p>This subsection describes link and destination types and options
supported by the <code>pdftex</code> and <code>dvipdfm</code> drivers. Many of the
hyperlink types and options are common to both drivers, so we describe
them together.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm" accesskey="1">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm" accesskey="2">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm" accesskey="3">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm" accesskey="4">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm" accesskey="n" rel="next">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a>, Up: <a href="#Hyperlink-drivers-pdftex-and-dvipdfm" accesskey="u" rel="up">Hyperlink drivers pdftex and dvipdfm</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm-1"></span><h4 class="subsubsection">5.4.3.1 Destination types for <code>pdftex</code> and <code>dvipdfm</code></h4>
<span id="index-destination-types_002c-pdftex"></span>
<span id="index-destination-types_002c-dvipdfm"></span>
<span id="index-types_002c-destination_002c-pdftex"></span>
<span id="index-types_002c-destination_002c-dvipdfm"></span>
<span id="index-pdftex_002c-destination-types"></span>
<span id="index-dvipdfm_002c-destination-types"></span>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>xyz</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-xyz-_0028destination-type_0029-1"></span>
<p>“Current position”. The option
<span id="index-zoom-_0028destination-option_0029"></span>
<code>zoom</code> specifies magnification to use (zero or empty means leave
magnification unchanged, which is the default). This is the default
type.
</p>
<p>For <code>dvipdfm</code>: the options
<span id="index-left-_0028destination-option_0029"></span>
<code>left</code> and
<span id="index-top-_0028destination-option_0029"></span>
<code>top</code> specify position coordinates to use (empty options mean
current position coordinate, which is the default).
</p>
<p>Example: <code>\hldest{xyz}{zoom=2000}{dest123}</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>fit</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-fit-_0028destination-type_0029"></span>
<p>Fit the page to the window.
</p>
<p>Example: <code>\hldest{fit}{}{dest123}</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>fith</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-fith-_0028destination-type_0029"></span>
<p>Fit the width of the page to the window.
</p>
<p>For <code>dvipdfm</code>: the
<span id="index-top-_0028destination-option_0029-1"></span>
<code>top</code> option specifies vertical position (default is empty, meaning
current position).
</p>
<p>Example: <code>\hldest{fith}{}{dest123}</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>fitv</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-fitv-_0028destination-type_0029"></span>
<p>Fit the height of the page to the window.
</p>
<p>For <code>dvipdfm</code>: The option
<span id="index-left-_0028destination-option_0029-1"></span>
<code>left</code> specifies horizontal position (default is empty, meaning
current position).
</p>
<p>Example: <code>\hldest{fitv}{}{dest123}</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>fitb</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-fitb-_0028destination-type_0029"></span>
<p>Fit the page’s bounding box to the window.
</p>
<p>Example: <code>\hldest{fitb}{}{dest123}</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>fitbh</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-fitbh-_0028destination-type_0029"></span>
<p>Fit the width of the page’s bounding box to the window.
</p>
<p>For <code>dvipdfm</code>: the option
<span id="index-top-_0028destination-option_0029-2"></span>
<code>top</code> specifies vertical position (default is empty, meaning
current position).
</p>
<p>Example: <code>\hldest{fitbh}{}{dest123}</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>fitbv</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-fitbv-_0028destination-type_0029"></span>
<p>Fit the height of the page’s bounding box to the window.
</p>
<p>For <code>dvipdfm</code>: the option
<span id="index-left-_0028destination-option_0029-2"></span>
<code>left</code> specifies horizontal position (default is empty, meaning
current position).
</p>
<p>Example: <code>\hldest{fitbv}{}{dest123}</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>fitr</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-fitr-_0028destination-type_0029"></span>
<p>For <code>pdftex</code>: fit the rectangle specified by the options
<span id="index-width-_0028destination-option_0029"></span>
<code>width</code>,
<span id="index-height-_0028destination-option_0029"></span>
<code>height</code> and
<span id="index-depth-_0028destination-option_0029"></span>
<code>depth</code> (as a TeX rule specification) in the window. For
dimensions set to empty, the corresponding value of the parent box is
used (these are the defaults).
</p>
<p>For <code>dvipdfm</code>: fit the rectangle specified by the options
<span id="index-left-_0028destination-option_0029-3"></span>
<code>left</code>,
<span id="index-bottom-_0028destination-option_0029"></span>
<code>bottom</code>,
<span id="index-right-_0028destination-option_0029"></span>
<code>right</code> and
<span id="index-top-_0028destination-option_0029-3"></span>
<code>top</code> (in
<span id="index-PostScript-point"></span>
PostScript points, 72 points per inch) in the window. For
dimensions set to empty, current position coordinate is substituted
(these are the defaults).
</p>
<p>Example for <code>pdftex</code>:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hldest{fitr}{width=\hsize,
height=.5\vsize,depth=0pt}{dest123}
</pre></div>
<p>Example for <code>dvipdfm</code>:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hldest{fitr}{left=72,bottom=72,
right=720,top=360}{dest123}
</pre></div>
</dd>
<dt><code>raw</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-raw-_0028destination-type_0029-1"></span>
<p>The destination specification (in the form of a pdfTeX command or a
dvipdfm <code>\special</code>) is taken from the command sequence
<code>\<var>cs</var></code>, where <var>cs</var> is the value of the
<span id="index-cmd-_0028destination-option_0029-2"></span>
<code>cmd</code> option. In the definition of <code>\<var>cs</var></code>, use
<span id="index-_0040hllabel-2"></span>
<code>\@hllabel</code> to refer to the hyperlink label. This option is
intended to be used with destgroups (see <a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options">Setting hyperlink types and options</a>), as it does not make sense in a direct call to
<span id="index-hldest-2"></span>
<code>\hldest</code>—you can just call the raw command.
</p>
<p>Example for <code>pdftex</code>:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\makeatletter
\def\mydest{\pdfdest name{\@hllabel} xyz}
\resetatcatcode
\hldesttype{raw}
\hldestopts{cmd=mydest}
</pre></div>
<p>Example for <code>dvipdfm</code>:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\makeatletter
\def\mydest{\special{pdf: dest (\@hllabel)
[@thispage /XYZ @xpos @ypos 0]}}
\resetatcatcode
\hldesttype{raw}
\hldestopts{cmd=mydest}
</pre></div>
</dd>
</dl>
<hr>
<span id="Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm" accesskey="n" rel="next">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a>, Previous: <a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a>, Up: <a href="#Hyperlink-drivers-pdftex-and-dvipdfm" accesskey="u" rel="up">Hyperlink drivers pdftex and dvipdfm</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm-1"></span><h4 class="subsubsection">5.4.3.2 Destination options for <code>pdftex</code> and <code>dvipdfm</code></h4>
<span id="index-destination-options_002c-pdftex"></span>
<span id="index-destination-options_002c-dvipdfm"></span>
<span id="index-options_002c-destination_002c-pdftex"></span>
<span id="index-options_002c-destination_002c-dvipdfm"></span>
<span id="index-pdftex_002c-destination-options"></span>
<span id="index-dvipdfm_002c-destination-options"></span>
<p>With respect to the destination options, the <code>pdftex</code> and
<code>dvipdfm</code> differ in the way the fit rectangle is specified
(relative coordinates for <code>pdftex</code>, absolute coordinates for
<code>dvipdfm</code>).
</p>
<span id="Common-destination-options"></span><h4 class="subsubheading">Common destination options</h4>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>cmd</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-cmd-_0028destination-option_0029-3"></span>
<p>Name of the macro (without the leading ‘<samp>\</samp>’) containing a
pdfTeX command or a dvipdfm <code>\special</code> for the <code>raw</code>
destination.
</p>
<p>See <a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a>, the description of the
<code>raw</code> destination, for an example.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>zoom</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-zoom-_0028destination-option_0029-1"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-magnification"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlink-destination_002c-magnification"></span>
<span id="index-magnification_002c-hyperlink-destination"></span>
<span id="index-zooming_002c-hyperlink-destination"></span>
<p>Magnification ratio times 1000 (like TeX’s scale factor).
Zero or empty means leave magnification unchanged, which is the
default.
</p>
<p>Example: <code>\hldest{xyz}{zoom=2000}{dest123}</code>
</p></dd>
</dl>
<span id="pdftex_002dspecific-destination-options"></span><h4 class="subsubheading"><code>pdftex</code>-specific destination options</h4>
<p>The dimension options below must be specified as a TeX rule
specification. When set to empty, the corresponding value
of the parent box is used (this is the default for all dimension
options).
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>depth</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-depth-_0028destination-option_0029-1"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-dimensions"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlink-destination_002c-dimensions"></span>
<span id="index-dimensions_002c-hyperlink-destination"></span>
<p>Depth of the fit rectangle for the <code>fitr</code> destination.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>height</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-height-_0028destination-option_0029-1"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-dimensions-1"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlink-destination_002c-dimensions-1"></span>
<span id="index-dimensions_002c-hyperlink-destination-1"></span>
<p>Height of the fit rectangle for the <code>fitr</code> destination.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>width</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-width-_0028destination-option_0029-1"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-dimensions-2"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlink-destination_002c-dimensions-2"></span>
<span id="index-dimensions_002c-hyperlink-destination-2"></span>
<p>Width of the fit rectangle for the <code>fitr</code> destination.
</p>
<p>Example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hldest{fitr}{width=\hsize,
height=.5\vsize,depth=0pt}{dest123}
</pre></div>
</dd>
</dl>
<span id="dvipdfm_002dspecific-destination-options"></span><h4 class="subsubheading"><code>dvipdfm</code>-specific destination options</h4>
<p>The dimension options below must be specified in
<span id="index-PostScript-point-1"></span>
PostScript points (72 points per inch), as a number without the
‘<samp>bp</samp>’ unit name. When set to empty, the current position
coordinate is used (this is the default for all dimension options).
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>bottom</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-bottom-_0028destination-option_0029-1"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-dimensions-3"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlink-destination_002c-dimensions-3"></span>
<span id="index-dimensions_002c-hyperlink-destination-3"></span>
<p>Bottom position coordinate of a box specification for the various
destination types.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>left</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-left-_0028destination-option_0029-4"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-dimensions-4"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlink-destination_002c-dimensions-4"></span>
<span id="index-dimensions_002c-hyperlink-destination-4"></span>
<p>Left position coordinate of a box specification for the various
destination types.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>right</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-right-_0028destination-option_0029-1"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-dimensions-5"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlink-destination_002c-dimensions-5"></span>
<span id="index-dimensions_002c-hyperlink-destination-5"></span>
<p>Right position coordinate of a box specification for the various
destination types.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>top</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-top-_0028destination-option_0029-4"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-dimensions-6"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlink-destination_002c-dimensions-6"></span>
<span id="index-dimensions_002c-hyperlink-destination-6"></span>
<p>Top position coordinate of a box specification for the various
destination types.
</p>
<p>Example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hldest{fitr}{left=72,bottom=72,
right=720,top=360}{dest123}
</pre></div>
</dd>
</dl>
<hr>
<span id="Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm" accesskey="n" rel="next">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a>, Previous: <a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a>, Up: <a href="#Hyperlink-drivers-pdftex-and-dvipdfm" accesskey="u" rel="up">Hyperlink drivers pdftex and dvipdfm</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm-1"></span><h4 class="subsubsection">5.4.3.3 Link types for <code>pdftex</code> and <code>dvipdfm</code></h4>
<span id="index-link-types_002c-pdftex"></span>
<span id="index-link-types_002c-dvipdfm"></span>
<span id="index-types_002c-link_002c-pdftex"></span>
<span id="index-types_002c-link_002c-dvipdfm"></span>
<span id="index-pdftex_002c-link-types"></span>
<span id="index-dvipdfm_002c-link-types"></span>
<p>Link types are the same for the <code>pdftex</code> and <code>dvipdfm</code>
drivers, except that the <code>pdftex</code> driver provides one additional
link type <code>num</code> (link to a numbered destination). dvipdfm does not
support numbered destinations, therefore it does not have this link
type. Note that all destinations created by Eplain hyperlink macros are
named destinations; to define a numbered destination, you have to use
low-level pdfTeX commands.
</p>
<span id="Common-link-types"></span><h4 class="subsubheading">Common link types</h4>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>name</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-name-_0028hyperlink-type_0029-1"></span>
<span id="index-named-destination-1"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-named-1"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlink-destination_002c-named-1"></span>
<p>Go to a “named destination”. The label is the destination name.
All destinations created with <code>\hldest</code> are named destinations
(see <a href="#Explicit-hyperlinks">Explicit hyperlinks</a>). This is the default type.
</p>
<p>Example: <code>\hlstart{name}{}{dest123}Link to dest123\hlend</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>url</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-url-_0028hyperlink-type_0029-1"></span>
<span id="index-URL-hyperlink-3"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-URL-1"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-URL-3"></span>
<p>Go to a <acronym>URL</acronym>. The label is the <acronym>URL</acronym>.
</p>
<p>Example: <code>\hlstart{url}{}{https://tug.org/eplain/}Eplain home\hlend</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>page</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-page-_0028hyperlink-type_0029"></span>
<span id="index-page-destination"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-page"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlink-destination_002c-page"></span>
<p>Go to a page. The label is the page number (counting from 1).
Page fitting is specified by the
<span id="index-pagefit-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"></span>
<code>pagefit</code> option.
</p>
<p>Example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hlstart{page}{pagefit=/FitH 600}{123}
Link to page~123\hlend
</pre></div>
</dd>
<dt><code>filename</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-filename-_0028hyperlink-type_0029-1"></span>
<span id="index-file_002c-hyperlink-to-1"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-in-another-file-1"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-to-another-file-1"></span>
<p>Go to a named destination in another file. The label is the
destination name. The file name is specified by the
<span id="index-file-_0028hyperlink-option_0029-2"></span>
<code>file</code> option. Page fitting is specified by the
<span id="index-pagefit-_0028hyperlink-option_0029-1"></span>
<code>pagefit</code> option. The
<span id="index-newwin-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"></span>
<code>newwin</code> option specifies whether the destination document is
opened in the same window or in a new window.
</p>
<p>Example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hlstart{filename}{file=book.pdf,newwin=1}{dest123}
Link to dest123 in file `book.pdf'\hlend
</pre></div>
</dd>
<dt><code>filepage</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-filepage-_0028hyperlink-type_0029"></span>
<span id="index-file_002c-hyperlink-to-2"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-in-another-file-2"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-to-another-file-2"></span>
<p>Go to a page in another file. The label is the page number (counting
from 1). The file name is specified by the
<span id="index-file-_0028hyperlink-option_0029-3"></span>
<code>file</code> option. Page fitting is specified by the
<span id="index-pagefit-_0028hyperlink-option_0029-2"></span>
<code>pagefit</code> option. The
<span id="index-newwin-_0028hyperlink-option_0029-1"></span>
<code>newwin</code> option specifies whether the destination document is
opened in the same window or in a new window.
</p>
<p>Example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hlstart{filepage}{file=book.pdf,newwin=,
pagefit=/FitR 50 100 300 500}{1}
Link to page~1 in file `book.pdf'\hlend
</pre></div>
</dd>
<dt><code>raw</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-raw-_0028hyperlink-type_0029-1"></span>
<p>The link specification (in the form of a pdfTeX command or a dvipdfm
<code>\special</code> primitive) is taken from the command sequence
<code>\<var>cs</var></code>, where <var>cs</var> is the value of the
<span id="index-cmd-_0028hyperlink-option_0029-2"></span>
<code>cmd</code> option. In the definition of <code>\<var>cs</var></code>, use
<span id="index-_0040hllabel-3"></span>
<code>\@hllabel</code> to refer to the hyperlink label. This option is
intended to be used with linkgroups (see <a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options">Setting hyperlink types and options</a>), as it does not make sense in a direct call to
<span id="index-hlstart-2"></span>
<code>\hlstart</code>—you can just call the raw command.
</p>
<p>Example for <code>pdftex</code>:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">% Redirect all \url links to the first page
\def\mycmd{\pdfstartlink goto page 1 {/Fit}}
\hltype[url]{raw}
\hlopts[url]{cmd=mycmd}
</pre></div>
<p>Example for <code>dvipdfm</code>:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">% Redirect all \url links to the first page
\def\mycmd{\special{pdf: beginann <</Type/Annot /Subtype/Link
/Dest[0 /Fit]>>}}
\hltype[url]{raw}
\hlopts[url]{cmd=mycmd}
</pre></div>
</dd>
</dl>
<span id="pdftex_002dspecific-link-types"></span><h4 class="subsubheading"><code>pdftex</code>-specific link types</h4>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>num</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-num-_0028hyperlink-type_0029"></span>
<span id="index-numbered-destination"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-numbered"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlink-destination_002c-numbered"></span>
<p>Go to a “numbered destination”. The label is the destination
number.
</p>
<p>Example: <code>\hlstart{num}{}{123}Link to 123\hlend</code>
</p></dd>
</dl>
<hr>
<span id="Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a>, Up: <a href="#Hyperlink-drivers-pdftex-and-dvipdfm" accesskey="u" rel="up">Hyperlink drivers pdftex and dvipdfm</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm-1"></span><h4 class="subsubsection">5.4.3.4 Link options for <code>pdftex</code> and <code>dvipdfm</code></h4>
<span id="index-link-options_002c-pdftex"></span>
<span id="index-link-options_002c-dvipdfm"></span>
<span id="index-options_002c-link_002c-pdftex"></span>
<span id="index-options_002c-link_002c-dvipdfm"></span>
<span id="index-pdftex_002c-link-options"></span>
<span id="index-dvipdfm_002c-link-options"></span>
<p>Link options are mostly the same for the <code>pdftex</code> and
<code>dvipdfm</code> drivers. The <code>pdftex</code> driver has additional
options to specify link dimensions.
</p>
<span id="Common-link-options"></span><h4 class="subsubheading">Common link options</h4>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>bcolor</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-bcolor-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlink-border-color"></span>
<span id="index-border-color_002c-hyperlink"></span>
<span id="index-color_002c-hyperlink-border"></span>
<p>Border color. An array of three numbers in the range 0 to 1,
representing a color in DeviceRGB.
</p>
<p>Example: <code>\hlstart{name}{bcolor=.1 .5 1}{dest123}Link\hlend</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>bdash</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-bdash-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"></span>
<span id="index-dashed-hyperlink-border"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-border-style"></span>
<span id="index-border-style_002c-hyperlink"></span>
<p>Array of numbers representing on and off stroke lengths for drawing
dashes.
</p>
<p>Example: <code>\hlstart{name}{bstyle=D,bdash=2 4}{dest123}Link\hlend</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>bstyle</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-bstyle-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"></span>
<span id="index-solid-hyperlink-border"></span>
<span id="index-dashed-hyperlink-border-1"></span>
<span id="index-beveled-hyperlink-border"></span>
<span id="index-inset-hyperlink-border"></span>
<span id="index-underline-hyperlink-border"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-border-style-1"></span>
<span id="index-style_002c-hyperlink-border"></span>
<span id="index-border-style_002c-hyperlink-1"></span>
<p>Link border style:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>S</code></dt>
<dd><p>The border is drawn as a solid line.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>D</code></dt>
<dd><p>The border is drawn with a dashed line (the dash pattern is specified
by the
<span id="index-bdash-_0028hyperlink-option_0029-1"></span>
<code>bdash</code> option).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>B</code></dt>
<dd><p>The border is drawn in a beveled style.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>I</code></dt>
<dd><p>The border is drawn in an inset style.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>U</code></dt>
<dd><p>The border is drawn as a line on the bottom of the link rectangle.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<p>The default is ‘<samp>S</samp>’.
</p>
<p>Example: <code>\hlstart{name}{bstyle=D,bdash=2 4}{dest123}Link\hlend</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>bwidth</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-bwidth-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"></span>
<span id="index-width_002c-hyperlink-border"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-border-width"></span>
<span id="index-border-width_002c-hyperlink"></span>
<p>Border width in
<span id="index-PostScript-point-2"></span>
PostScript points (72 points per inch). The default is 1.
</p>
<p>Example: <code>\hlstart{name}{bwidth=2}{dest123}Link\hlend</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>cmd</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-cmd-_0028hyperlink-option_0029-3"></span>
<p>Name of the macro (without the leading ‘<samp>\</samp>’) containing a
pdfTeX command or a dvipdfm <code>\special</code> for the <code>raw</code> link.
</p>
<p>See <a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a>, the description of the
<code>raw</code> link, for an example.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>file</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-file-_0028hyperlink-option_0029-4"></span>
<p>File name for the <code>filename</code> and <code>filepage</code> link types.
</p>
<p>See <a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a>, the descriptions of the
<code>filename</code> and <code>filepage</code> links, for an example.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>hlight</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-hlight-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-highlight-mode"></span>
<span id="index-highlight-modes_002c-hyperlink"></span>
<p>Link border highlight modes:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>I</code></dt>
<dd><p>The rectangle specified by the bounding box of the link is inverted.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>N</code></dt>
<dd><p>No highlighting is done.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>O</code></dt>
<dd><p>The border of the link is inverted.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>P</code></dt>
<dd><p>The region underneath the bounding box of the link is drawn inset into
the page.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<p>The default is ‘<samp>I</samp>’.
</p>
<p>Example: <code>\hlstart{name}{bstyle=S,hlight=O}{dest123}Link\hlend</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>newwin</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-newwin-_0028hyperlink-option_0029-2"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-opening-in-a-new-window"></span>
<span id="index-new-window_002c-opening-hyperlink-in"></span>
<p>For the <code>filename</code> and <code>filepage</code> links, specifies whether the destination document is
opened in the same window or in a new window. The settings are:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>0</code></dt>
<dd><p>Open in the same window.
</p></dd>
<dt><code><span class="roman">non-</span>0</code></dt>
<dd><p>Open in a new window.
</p></dd>
<dt><code><span class="roman">empty</span></code></dt>
<dd><p>Behavior according to the viewer settings.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<p>The default is empty.
</p>
<p>See <a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a>, the descriptions of the
<code>filename</code> and <code>filepage</code> links, for an example.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>pagefit</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-pagefit-_0028hyperlink-option_0029-3"></span>
<p>For the <code>page</code> and <code>filepage links</code>, specifies how the page
must be fitted to the window. <code>pagefit</code> specification is written
to the <acronym>PDF</acronym> file as is, so it must conform to the
<acronym>PDF</acronym> standard.
</p>
<p>See <a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a>, the descriptions of the
<code>page</code> and <code>filepage</code> links, for an example.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<span id="pdftex_002dspecific-link-options"></span><h4 class="subsubheading"><code>pdftex</code>-specific link options</h4>
<p>The dimension options below must be specified as a TeX rule
specification. When set to empty, the corresponding value
of the parent box is used (this is the default for all dimension
options).
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>depth</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-depth-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlink-dimensions"></span>
<span id="index-dimensions_002c-hyperlink"></span>
<p>Depth of the link.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>height</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-height-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlink-dimensions-1"></span>
<span id="index-dimensions_002c-hyperlink-1"></span>
<p>Height of the link.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>width</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-width-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlink-dimensions-2"></span>
<span id="index-dimensions_002c-hyperlink-2"></span>
<p>Width of the link.
</p>
<p>Example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hlstart{name}{width=5in,height=20pc,depth=0pt}{dest123}
Link\hlend
</pre></div>
</dd>
</dl>
<hr>
<span id="Hyperlink-driver-nolinks"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Hyperlink-drivers-pdftex-and-dvipdfm" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Hyperlink drivers pdftex and dvipdfm</a>, Up: <a href="#Hyperlink-drivers" accesskey="u" rel="up">Hyperlink drivers</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Hyperlink-driver-nolinks-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.4.4 Hyperlink driver <code>nolinks</code></h4>
<span id="index-nolinks-_0028hyperlink-driver_0029"></span>
<span id="index-nolinks_002c-hyperlink-driver"></span>
<span id="index-driver-nolinks"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlink-driver-nolinks"></span>
<span id="index-omitting-hyperlinks"></span>
<span id="index-disabling-hyperlinks"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-disabling"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-disabling"></span>
<span id="index-spacing_002c-preserving-with-hyperlinks"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-preserving-spacing"></span>
<span id="index-page_002dbreaking_002c-preserving-with-hyperlinks"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-preserving-page_002dbreaking"></span>
<p>Select this driver to suppress all hyperlinks in your document.
</p>
<p>Selecting this driver is quite different from not selecting any driver
at all, or from selecting some driver and then turning hyperlinks off
for the entire document with
<span id="index-hloff"></span>
<code>\hloff</code> and
<span id="index-hldestoff"></span>
<code>\hldestoff</code> (see <a href="#Turning-hyperlinks-on_002foff">Turning hyperlinks on/off</a>).
</p>
<p>The purpose of <code>\hldestoff</code> and <code>\hloff</code> is to mark (parts) of
your document where hyperlinks should never appear. (Imagine you want
to prevent a cross-referencing macro from generating a link at a certain
spot in your document.)
</p>
<p>If instead you have prepared a document with hyperlinks and just want to
compile a version without them, it is better to select the driver
<code>nolinks</code>. This ensures that spacing and page-breaking are the
same as what you were getting with hyperlinks enabled.
</p>
<p>The reason for this is that hyperlinks are produced by the
<code>\special</code> primitives or low-level hyperlink commands. Each such
command is placed inside a
<span id="index-whatsits-made-by-hyperlinks"></span>
<em>whatsit</em> (an internal TeX object), which may introduce
legitimate breakpoints at places where none would exist without the
whatsits. The macros <code>\hldestoff</code> and <code>\hloff</code> disable the
hyperlink macros completely, so that no whatsits are produced.
</p>
<p>In contrast, the <code>nolinks</code> driver does not completely disable
hyperlink macros. Instead, it defines them to merely write to the log
file (what gets written is unimportant). This also produces
whatsits, thus imitating the whatsits from the hyperlink commands.
(This trick was borrowed from the
<span id="index-color_002esty-2"></span>
<span id="index-graphics-collection_002c-LaTeX-2"></span>
<span id="index-LaTeX-graphics-collection-2"></span>
LaTeX ‘color’ package.)
</p>
<p>Another reason for using <code>nolinks</code> is that in horizontal mode
<code>\hldest</code> places destinations inside boxes of zero width, height,
and depth. When you say <code>\hldestoff</code>, <code>\hldest</code> will omit
both destination definitions and these boxes. The missing boxes can
again cause the typesetting to be inconsistent with that with
destinations enabled. Here again, the <code>nolinks</code> driver helps by
defining <code>\hldest</code> to produce the empty boxes.
</p>
<p>So, if you are planning to produce versions of your <acronym>PDF</acronym>
document both with and without hyperlinks, here is the recommended way
to enable the hyperlinks under pdfTeX:
</p>
<span id="index-enablehyperlinks-2"></span>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\ifpdf
\enablehyperlinks
\else
\enablehyperlinks[nolinks]%
\fi
</pre></div>
<hr>
<span id="Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Turning-hyperlinks-on_002foff" accesskey="n" rel="next">Turning hyperlinks on/off</a>, Previous: <a href="#Hyperlink-drivers" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Hyperlink drivers</a>, Up: <a href="#Hyperlinks" accesskey="u" rel="up">Hyperlinks</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.5 Setting hyperlink types and options</h3>
<span id="index-default-hyperlink-type"></span>
<span id="index-default-hyperlink-options"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-default-type"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-default-options"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-default-type"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-default-options"></span>
<p>You can define default types for links and destinations, which will be
used when you do not specify a type in
<span id="index-hlstart-3"></span>
<code>\hlstart</code> or
<span id="index-hldest-3"></span>
<code>\hldest</code>. Similarly, you can define default values for the
options; the default value for an option is used when you do not set the
option in the argument to <code>\hlstart</code> or <code>\hldest</code>.
</p>
<span id="index-group-type_002c-hyperlink"></span>
<span id="index-group-options_002c-hyperlink"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-group-type"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-group-options"></span>
<span id="index-link_002c-group-type"></span>
<span id="index-link_002c-group-options"></span>
<span id="index-linkgroup-type"></span>
<span id="index-linkgroup-options"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-group-type"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-group-options"></span>
<span id="index-destgroup-type"></span>
<span id="index-destgroup-options"></span>
<p>The parameters for implicit links and destinations can be customized by
setting the “group” types and options. When not set, the defaults are
used.
</p>
<p>All these settings are local to the current (TeX) group, so if
you want to set an option temporarily, you can do so inside a
<code>\begingroup…\endgroup</code> block; when the group ends, the
previous settings are restored.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Setting-default-types-and-options" accesskey="1">Setting default types and options</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Setting-group-types" accesskey="2">Setting group types</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Setting-group-options" accesskey="3">Setting group options</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="Setting-default-types-and-options"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Setting-group-types" accesskey="n" rel="next">Setting group types</a>, Up: <a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options" accesskey="u" rel="up">Setting hyperlink types and options</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Setting-default-types-and-options-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.5.1 Setting default types and options</h4>
<span id="index-hltype"></span>
<span id="index-hldesttype"></span>
<p>The default types for links and destinations can be set with the
following commands:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hltype{<var>type</var>}
\hldesttype{<var>type</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>where <var>type</var> is one of the
link/destination types supported by the selected hyperlink driver
(see <a href="#Hyperlink-drivers">Hyperlink drivers</a>).
</p>
<span id="index-hlopts"></span>
<span id="index-hldestopts"></span>
<p>Default values for the options can be set with the following commands:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hlopts{<var>options</var>}
\hldestopts{<var>options</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>where <var>options</var> is a comma-separated list of option
assignments in the format ‘<samp><var>option</var>=<var>value</var></samp>’. Again, what options
are allowed depends on the selected hyperlink driver.
</p>
<span id="index-boxed-links_002c-avoiding-1"></span>
<span id="index-avoiding-boxed-links-1"></span>
<span id="index-color_002c-hyperlinks-2"></span>
<span id="index-colored-links-2"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlink-color-2"></span>
<p>Many people regard the default boxed links as not aesthetic and
intruding on page layout. The reason why boxed links are the default is
that the links are not colored until you load the LaTeX
<span id="index-color_002esty-3"></span>
‘color’ package (see <a href="#Loading-LaTeX-packages">Loading LaTeX packages</a>) or use other means to
define the <code>\color</code> command; therefore, not producing any kind of
link border may result in the links not being marked in any way.
However, when the links are actually colored, there is no need to
produce the link boxes anymore; to avoid the boxes, you can set the
default border width to zero (if the driver you use supports the link
option <code>bwidth</code>; see <a href="#Hyperlink-drivers">Hyperlink drivers</a>):
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hlopts{bwidth=0}
</pre></div>
<hr>
<span id="Setting-group-types"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Setting-group-options" accesskey="n" rel="next">Setting group options</a>, Previous: <a href="#Setting-default-types-and-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Setting default types and options</a>, Up: <a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options" accesskey="u" rel="up">Setting hyperlink types and options</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Setting-group-types-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.5.2 Setting group types</h4>
<span id="index-hltype-1"></span>
<span id="index-hldesttype-1"></span>
<span id="index-group-type_002c-hyperlink-1"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-group-type-1"></span>
<span id="index-link_002c-group-type-1"></span>
<span id="index-linkgroup-type-1"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-group-type-1"></span>
<span id="index-destgroup-type-1"></span>
<p>When called with an optional argument, as in
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hltype[<var>groups</var>]{<var>type</var>}
\hldesttype[<var>groups</var>]{<var>type</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>where <var>groups</var> is a comma-separated list of groups,
<code>\hltype</code> and <code>\hldesttype</code> set the type for each group from
<var>groups</var> to <var>type</var>. The default type is used for all groups
with an empty type (this is the initial setting for all groups, except
that the type for the ‘url’ linkgroup is set to ‘<samp>url</samp>’ by the
drivers which support this link type).
</p>
<span id="index-group-_0060_0027-_0028empty_0029"></span>
<span id="index-default-hyperlink-type-1"></span>
<span id="index-default-hyperlink-options-1"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-default-type-1"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-default-options-1"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-default-type-1"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-default-options-1"></span>
<p>There are two special “groups” which can be used inside the
<var>groups</var> list. An empty group sets the default type. This allows
to set the default type and group types in one command, for example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hltype[eq,]{<var>type</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>sets the link type for the ‘eq’ linkgroup and the
default link type to <var>type</var>.
</p>
<span id="index-group-_0060_002a_0027"></span>
<span id="index-groups_002c-specifying-all"></span>
<span id="index-all-groups_002c-specifying"></span>
<p>Another special group is a star (‘<samp>*</samp>’) group, which signifies all
defined groups. For example, the command
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hldesttype[*,]{<var>type</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>sets the destination type to <var>type</var> for each group,
as well as the default destination type.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Setting-group-options"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Setting-group-types" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Setting group types</a>, Up: <a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options" accesskey="u" rel="up">Setting hyperlink types and options</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Setting-group-options-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.5.3 Setting group options</h4>
<span id="index-group-options_002c-hyperlink-1"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-group-options-1"></span>
<span id="index-link_002c-group-options-1"></span>
<span id="index-linkgroup-options-1"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-group-options-1"></span>
<span id="index-destgroup-options-1"></span>
<p>Option values for each group are stored as a list of option
assignments. This list does not have to contain every supported
option. Values for options missing from this list are taken from the
default option values.
</p>
<span id="index-hlopts-1"></span>
<span id="index-hldestopts-1"></span>
<p>To manipulate the list of option values for the groups, you use the
<code>\hlopts</code> and <code>\hldestopts</code> commands with an optional
argument:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hlopts[<var>groups</var>]{<var>options</var>}
\hldestopts[<var>groups</var>]{<var>options</var>}
\hlopts![<var>groups</var>]{<var>options</var>}
\hldestopts![<var>groups</var>]{<var>options</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>where <var>groups</var> is a comma-separated list of groups and
<var>options</var> is a comma-separated list of option assignments. The
two special “groups”, the empty group and the star (‘<samp>*</samp>’)
group, have the same meaning as for <code>\hltype</code> and
<code>\hldesttype</code>.
<span id="index-group_002c-preserving-option-list"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlink-group_002c-preserving-option-list"></span>
<span id="index-option-list_002c-preserving-for-group"></span>
When used without the exclamation mark, <code>\hlopts</code> and
<code>\hldestopts</code> preserve the current list of options for the groups,
and only update the options listed in <var>options</var>. If you add the
exclamation mark, the current list of options for each group in
<var>groups</var> is discarded and the new list is set to <var>options</var>.
</p>
<p>The “overriding” nature of the ‘<samp>!</samp>’ is appropriate when you give
a complete specification of the options for a group, e.g., at the
beginning of your document. On the other hand, when you want to
adjust some option(s) and leave others intact, you should use the
macros without the ‘<samp>!</samp>’.
</p>
<span id="index-raise-_0028hyperlink-option_0029-1"></span>
<span id="index-mathematics-displays_002c-hyperlinks-1"></span>
<span id="index-displayed-math-and-hyperlinks-1"></span>
<span id="index-large-operators-and-hyperlinks-1"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-large-operators-1"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-large-operators-1"></span>
<span id="index-raising-hyperlink-destinations-1"></span>
<p>For example, with displayed mathematical formulas, you often need to
adjust the ‘<samp>raise</samp>’ option for the
<span id="index-group-_0060eq_0027-2"></span>
<span id="index-linkgroup-_0060eq_0027-1"></span>
‘eq’ destgroup, because the formulas often contain large parentheses and
brackets. But when doing so, you want to leave the other settings
unchanged. To achieve this, call <code>\hldestopts</code> without the
‘<samp>!</samp>’, for example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">$$\hldestopts[eq]{raise=2.5\normalbaselineskip}
…
$$
</pre></div>
<p>The display commands (‘<samp>$$</samp>’) implicitly put the entire
formula inside a (TeX) group (<code>\begingroup…\endgroup</code>), so
you do not need to isolate the setting of the ‘<samp>raise</samp>’ option—it
will be restored after the closing ‘<samp>$$</samp>’.
</p>
<span id="index-option-list_002c-group"></span>
<span id="index-group-option-list"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-group-option-list"></span>
<p>Initially, Eplain sets the option lists for almost all groups to empty,
so that the groups fall back on the default values for all options. The
one exception to this rule is the ‘eq’ destgroup, whose initial option
list contains one setting:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">raise=1.7\normalbaselineskip
</pre></div>
<p>This setting usually accommodates the large operators, which often
appear in displayed math.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Turning-hyperlinks-on_002foff"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Making-PDF-outlines" accesskey="n" rel="next">Making PDF outlines</a>, Previous: <a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Setting hyperlink types and options</a>, Up: <a href="#Hyperlinks" accesskey="u" rel="up">Hyperlinks</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Turning-hyperlinks-on_002foff-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.6 Turning hyperlinks on/off</h3>
<span id="index-omitting-hyperlinks-1"></span>
<span id="index-disabling-hyperlinks-1"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-disabling-1"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-disabling-1"></span>
<p>Links and/or destinations can be turned on or off globally by disabling
the low-level commands, or for each group individually.
</p>
<p>All these settings are local to the current (TeX) group, so if you
want to enable or disable links/destinations temporarily, you can do so
inside a <code>\begingroup…\endgroup</code> block; when the group ends, the
previous settings are restored.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Turning-low_002dlevel-commands-on_002foff" accesskey="1">Turning low-level commands on/off</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Turning-hyperlinks-on_002foff-for-a-group" accesskey="2">Turning hyperlinks on/off for a group</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="Turning-low_002dlevel-commands-on_002foff"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Turning-hyperlinks-on_002foff-for-a-group" accesskey="n" rel="next">Turning hyperlinks on/off for a group</a>, Up: <a href="#Turning-hyperlinks-on_002foff" accesskey="u" rel="up">Turning hyperlinks on/off</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Turning-low_002dlevel-commands-on_002foff-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.6.1 Turning low-level commands on/off</h4>
<span id="index-hldeston"></span>
<span id="index-hldestoff-1"></span>
<span id="index-hlon"></span>
<span id="index-hloff-1"></span>
<p>The low-level commands <code>\hlstart</code>, <code>\hlend</code> and
<code>\hldest</code> can be turned on/off with the following commands:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hldeston
\hldestoff
\hlon
\hloff
</pre></div>
<p>See <a href="#Hyperlink-driver-nolinks">Hyperlink driver nolinks</a>, for the implications of using
these commands to disable hyperlinks for the entire document.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Turning-hyperlinks-on_002foff-for-a-group"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Turning-low_002dlevel-commands-on_002foff" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Turning low-level commands on/off</a>, Up: <a href="#Turning-hyperlinks-on_002foff" accesskey="u" rel="up">Turning hyperlinks on/off</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Turning-hyperlinks-on_002foff-for-a-group-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.6.2 Turning hyperlinks on/off for a group</h4>
<span id="index-group_002c-disabling-hyperlinks"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlink-group_002c-disabling-hyperlinks"></span>
<p>If you want to disable links/destinations produced by certain groups,
you can give a list of the groups as an optional argument to these
commands:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hldeston[<var>groups</var>]
\hldestoff[<var>groups</var>]
\hlon[<var>groups</var>]
\hloff[<var>groups</var>]
</pre></div>
<p>where <var>groups</var> is the list of linkgroups/destgroups. This
list can contain two special groups. The empty group switches the
low-level commands (see <a href="#Turning-low_002dlevel-commands-on_002foff">Turning low-level commands on/off</a>), and the
star (‘<samp>*</samp>’) group operates on all defined groups.
</p>
<p>Note that turning off the low-level commands disables all hyperlinks
globally, including groups which have them enabled. Turning off certain
linkgroups/destgroups records the fact that the macros in the group
should not produce links/destinations. To illustrate the distinction,
assume that all links are on; after the following sequence of commands:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hloff
\hloff[eq]
\hlon
</pre></div>
<p>all links are on except for the ‘eq’ linkgroup.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Making-PDF-outlines"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Turning-hyperlinks-on_002foff" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Turning hyperlinks on/off</a>, Up: <a href="#Hyperlinks" accesskey="u" rel="up">Hyperlinks</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Making-PDF-outlines-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.7 Making PDF outlines</h3>
<span id="index-outlines_002c-making-PDF"></span>
<span id="index-bookmarks_002c-making-PDF"></span>
<span id="index-PDF-outlines-_0028a_002ek_002ea_002e-bookmarks_0029"></span>
<p>PDF outlines (a.k.a. bookmarks) are more or less a table of contents
that PDF viewers can display alongside the main document. Eplain’s
hyperlink features can be used to create them; there isn’t any special
support for them. A continuing example interspersed with commentary
follows.
</p>
<p>First we must enable hyperlinks.
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">\input eplain
\enablehyperlinks %[dvipdfm] doesn't work
</pre></div>
<span id="index-ifpdf-2"></span>
<span id="index-pdftex_002c-making-PDF-outlines-for"></span>
<span id="index-dvips_002c-making-PDF-outlines-for"></span>
<p>We will separate the code to support <code>pdftex</code> from <code>dvips</code>
with the <code>\ifpdf</code> conditional (provided by Eplain).
</p>
<span id="index-pdfoutline-_0028pdftex-primitive_0029"></span>
<p>For <code>pdftex</code>, we can use the <code>\pdfoutline</code> primitive. The
keyword "count" is followed by the number of subentries in this entry.
If negative, the bookmark is closed (that is, subentries are hidden).
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\ifpdf
\pdfoutline goto name {sec1} count -1 {Mysec-pdf}%
\pdfoutline goto name {sec1.1} {Mysubsec-pdf}%
</pre></div>
<span id="index-special-ps_003a-for-dvips"></span>
<p>For <code>dvips</code>, we use TeX’s <code>\special</code> command to emit a
<code>ps:</code> special using the PDF <code>pdfmark</code> operator. The
<code>ps:</code> prefix tells <code>dvips</code> that the following is literal
PostScript.
</p>
<span id="index-pdfmark-_0028PDF-language-primitive_0029"></span>
<p><code>[ ... pdfmark</code> (there is no closing ‘<samp>]</samp>’) is a extension to
the PostScript language for specifying various PDF-related things. It
is recognized by Ghostscript, Distiller, et al. Adobe publishes a
reference manual for it:
<a href="https://adobe.com/content/dam/Adobe/en/devnet/acrobat/pdfs/pdfmark_reference.pdf">https://adobe.com/content/dam/Adobe/en/devnet/acrobat/pdfs/pdfmark_reference.pdf</a>.
</p>
<span id="index-DOCVIEW-pdfmark"></span>
<p>The <code>/DOCVIEW</code> pdfmark used here says the outline panel should be used.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\else % not pdf output
\special{ps:[/PageMode /UseOutlines /DOCVIEW pdfmark}
%
% The individual outline entries, using a different syntax
% than pdftex, but the same information.
\special{ps:[/Count -1 /Dest (sec1) cvn /Title (Mysec-dvi)
/OUT pdfmark}
\special{ps:[/Count -0 /Dest (sec1.1) cvn /Title (Mysubsec-dvi)
/OUT pdfmark}
\fi
</pre></div>
<p>The ‘<samp>-pdf</samp>’ and ‘<samp>-dvi</samp>’ suffixes in the strings above in the
outline entries are just to make it clear which branch is being
executed, for purposes of this example. Ordinarily the entries would
be the same in both branches.
</p>
<p>Also, the strings above are literal PostScript constants, again for
this example. Usually they would come from control sequences, e.g.,
as the table of contents is read.
</p>
<span id="index-pdfescapestring-pdfTeX-primitive"></span>
<p>It is necessary to "pdf-escape" such arbitrary strings, else
backslashes, parentheses, etc., would not come out right. pdfTeX’s
<code>\pdfescapestring</code> primitive is an easy way to do this, e.g.,
<code>\xdef#1{\pdfescapestring{#1}}</code>.
</p>
<p>Here is the document text, constructing three pages with the section
and subsection given above in the outlines.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">First page.\vfil\eject
\hldest{}{}{sec1}%
1. Mysec on second page.\vfil\eject
\hldest{}{}{sec1.1}%
1.1. Mysubsec on third page.
\end
</pre></div>
<hr>
<span id="Arrow-theoretic-diagrams"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Programming-definitions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Programming definitions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Hyperlinks" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Hyperlinks</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Arrow-theoretic-diagrams-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">6 Arrow theoretic diagrams</h2>
<p>This chapter describes definitions for producing commutative diagrams.
</p>
<p>Steven Smith wrote this documentation (and the macros).
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Slanted-lines-and-vectors" accesskey="1">Slanted lines and vectors</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Commutative-diagrams" accesskey="2">Commutative diagrams</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="Slanted-lines-and-vectors"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Commutative-diagrams" accesskey="n" rel="next">Commutative diagrams</a>, Up: <a href="#Arrow-theoretic-diagrams" accesskey="u" rel="up">Arrow theoretic diagrams</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Slanted-lines-and-vectors-1"></span><h3 class="section">6.1 Slanted lines and vectors</h3>
<p>The macros <code>\drawline</code>
<span id="index-drawline"></span>
and <code>\drawvector</code>
<span id="index-drawvector"></span>
provide the capability found in LaTeX’s
<span id="index-LaTeX-3"></span>
<span id="index-picture-mode-1"></span>
picture mode to draw slanted lines and vectors of certain directions.
Both of these macros take three arguments: two integer arguments to
specify the direction of the line or vector, and one argument to specify
its length. For example, ‘<samp>\drawvector(-4,1){60pt}</samp>’ produces the
vector
<span id="index-lines"></span>
<span id="index-vectors"></span>
which lies in the 2d quadrant, has a slope of minus 1/4, and a width of
60 pt.
</p>
<p>Note that if an <code>\hbox</code> is placed around <code>\drawline</code> or
<code>\drawvector</code>, then the width of the <code>\hbox</code> will be the
positive dimension specified in the third argument, except when a
vertical line or vector is specified, e.g.,
<code>\drawline(0,1){1in}</code>, which has zero width. If the specified
direction lies in the 1st or 2d quadrant (e.g., <code>(1,1)</code> or
<code>(-2,3)</code>), then the <code>\hbox</code> will have positive height and zero
depth. Conversely, if the specified direction lies in the 3d or 4th
quadrant (e.g., <code>(-1,-1)</code> or <code>(2,-3)</code>), then the <code>\hbox</code>
will have positive depth and zero height.
</p>
<p>There are a finite number of directions that can be specified. For
<code>\drawline</code>, the absolute value of each integer defining the
direction must be less than or equal to six, i.e., <code>(7,-1)</code> is
incorrect, but <code>(6,-1)</code> is acceptable. For <code>\drawvector</code>, the
absolute value of each integer must be less than or equal to four.
Furthermore, the two integers cannot have common divisors; therefore, if
a line with slope 2 is desired, say <code>(2,1)</code> instead of
<code>(4,2)</code>. Also, specify <code>(1,0)</code> instead of, say, <code>(3,0)</code>
for horizontal lines and likewise for vertical lines.
</p>
<p>Finally, these macros depend upon the LaTeX font <code>line10</code>. If
your site doesn’t have this font, ask your system administrator to get
it. Future enhancements will include macros to draw dotted lines and
dotted vectors of various directions.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Commutative-diagrams"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Slanted-lines-and-vectors" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Slanted lines and vectors</a>, Up: <a href="#Arrow-theoretic-diagrams" accesskey="u" rel="up">Arrow theoretic diagrams</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Commutative-diagrams-1"></span><h3 class="section">6.2 Commutative diagrams</h3>
<span id="index-commutative-diagrams"></span>
<p>The primitive commands <code>\drawline</code> and <code>\drawvector</code> can be
used to typeset arrow theoretic diagrams. This section describes (1)
macros to facilitate typesetting arrows and morphisms, and (2) macros to
facilitate the construction of commutative diagrams. All macros
described in this section must be used in math mode.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms" accesskey="1">Arrows and morphisms</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Construction-of-commutative-diagrams" accesskey="2">Construction of commutative diagrams</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Commutative-diagram-parameters" accesskey="3">Commutative diagram parameters</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="Arrows-and-morphisms"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Construction-of-commutative-diagrams" accesskey="n" rel="next">Construction of commutative diagrams</a>, Up: <a href="#Commutative-diagrams" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commutative diagrams</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Arrows-and-morphisms-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">6.2.1 Arrows and morphisms</h4>
<span id="index-arrows"></span>
<span id="index-morphisms"></span>
<p>The macros <code>\mapright</code> and <code>\mapleft</code> produce right and left
<span id="index-mapright"></span>
<span id="index-mapleft"></span>
pointing arrows, respectively. Use superscript (<code>^</code>) to place a
morphism above the arrow, e.g., ‘<samp>\mapright^\alpha</samp>’; use subscript
(<code>_</code>) to place a morphism below the arrow, e.g.,
‘<samp>\mapright_{\tilde l}</samp>’. Superscripts and subscripts may be used
simultaneously, e.g., ‘<samp>\mapright^\pi_{\rm epimor.}</samp>’.
</p>
<p>Similarly, the macros <code>\mapup</code> and <code>\mapdown</code> produce up and
<span id="index-mapup"></span>
<span id="index-mapdown"></span>
down pointing arrows, respectively. Use <code>\rt</code>
<span id="index-rt"></span>
to place a morphism to the right of the arrow, e.g., ‘<samp>\mapup\rt{\rm
id}</samp>’; use <code>\lft</code>
<span id="index-lft"></span>
to place a morphism to the left of the arrow, e.g., ‘<samp>\mapup\lft\omega</samp>’.
<code>\lft</code> and <code>\rt</code> may be used simultaneously, e.g.,
‘<samp>\mapdown\lft\pi\rt{\rm monomor.}</samp>’.
</p>
<p>Slanted arrows are produced by the macro <code>\arrow</code>, which takes
<span id="index-arrow"></span>
a direction argument (e.g., ‘<samp>\arrow(3,-4)</samp>’). Use <code>\rt</code> and
<code>\lft</code> to place morphisms to the right and left, respectively, of
the arrow. A slanted line (no arrowhead) is produced with the macro
<code>\sline</code>,
<span id="index-sline"></span>
whose syntax is identical to that of <code>\arrow</code>.
</p>
<p>The length of these macros is predefined by the default TeX
dimensions <code>\harrowlength</code>,
<span id="index-harrowlength"></span>
for horizontal arrows (or lines),
<code>\varrowlength</code>,
<span id="index-varrowlength"></span>
for vertical arrows (or lines), and
<code>\sarrowlength</code>,
<span id="index-sarrowlength"></span>
for slanted arrows (or lines). To change any of these dimensions, say,
e.g., ‘<samp>\harrowlength=40pt</samp>’. As with all other TeX dimensions,
the change may be as global or as local as you like. Furthermore, the
placement of morphisms on the arrows is controlled by the dimensions
<code>\hmorphposn</code>,
<span id="index-hmorphposn"></span>
<code>\vmorphposn</code>,
<span id="index-vmorphposn"></span>
and <code>\morphdist</code>.
<span id="index-morphdist"></span>
The first two dimensions control the horizontal and vertical position of
the morphism from its default position; the latter dimension controls
the distance of the morphism from the arrow. If you have more than one
morphism per arrow (i.e., a <code>^</code>/<code>_</code> or <code>\lft</code>/<code>\rt</code>
construction), use the parameters
<code>\hmorphposnup</code>,
<span id="index-hmorphposnup"></span>
<code>\hmorphposndn</code>,
<span id="index-hmorphposndn"></span>
<code>\vmorphposnup</code>,
<span id="index-vmorphposnup"></span>
<code>\vmorphposndn</code>,
<span id="index-vmorphposndn"></span>
<code>\hmorphposnrt</code>,
<span id="index-hmorphposnrt"></span>
<code>\hmorphposnlft</code>,
<span id="index-hmorphposnlft"></span>
<code>\vmorphposnrt</code>,
<span id="index-vmorphposnrt"></span>
and <code>\vmorphposnlft</code>.
<span id="index-vmorphposnlft"></span>
The default values of all these dimensions are provided in the section
on parameters that follows below.
</p>
<p>There is a family of macros to produce horizontal lines, arrows, and
adjoint arrows. The following macros produce horizontal maps and have
the same syntax as <code>\mapright</code>:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\mapright</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-mapright-1"></span>
<p><code>$X\mapright Y$</code>
= (a right arrow).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mapleft</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-mapleft-1"></span>
<p><code>$X\mapleft Y$</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\hline</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-hline"></span>
<p><code>$X\hline Y$</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bimapright</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-bimapright"></span>
<p><code>$X\bimapright Y$</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bimapleft</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-bimapleft"></span>
<p><code>$X\bimapleft Y$</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\adjmapright</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-adjmapright"></span>
<p><code>$X\adjmapright Y$</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\adjmapleft</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-adjmapleft"></span>
<p><code>$X\adjmapleft Y$</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bihline</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-bihline"></span>
<p><code>$X\bihline Y$</code>
</p></dd>
</dl>
<p>There is also a family of macros to produce vertical lines, arrows, and
adjoint arrows. The following macros produce vertical maps and have
the same syntax as <code>\mapdown</code>:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\mapdown</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-mapdown-1"></span>
<p>(a down arrow)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mapup</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-mapup-1"></span>
<p>(an up arrow)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\vline</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-vline"></span>
<p>(vertical line)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bimapdown</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-bimapdown"></span>
<p>(two down arrows)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bimapup</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-bimapup"></span>
<p>(two up arrows)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\adjmapdown</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-adjmapdown"></span>
<p>(two adjoint arrows; down then up)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\adjmapup</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-adjmapup"></span>
<p>(two adjoint arrows; up then down)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bivline</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-bivline"></span>
<p>(two vertical lines)
</p></dd>
</dl>
<p>Finally, there is a family of macros to produce slanted lines, arrows,
and adjoint arrows. The following macros produce slanted maps and have
the same syntax as <code>\arrow</code>:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\arrow</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-arrow-1"></span>
<p>(a slanted arrow)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sline</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-sline-1"></span>
<p>(a slanted line)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\biarrow</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-biarrow"></span>
<p>(two straight arrows)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\adjarrow</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-adjarrow"></span>
<p>(two adjoint arrows)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bisline</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-bisline"></span>
<p>(two straight lines)
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>The width between double arrows is controlled by the parameter
<code>\channelwidth</code>.
<span id="index-channelwidth"></span>
The parameters <code>\hchannel</code> and <code>\vchannel</code>, if nonzero,
override <code>\channelwidth</code> by controlling the horizontal and vertical
shifting from the first arrow to the second.
</p>
<p>There are no adornments on these arrows to distinguish inclusions from
epimorphisms from monomorphisms. Many texts, such as Lang’s book
<cite>Algebra</cite>, use as a tasteful alternative the symbol ‘inc’ (in roman) next
to an arrow to denote inclusion.
<span id="index-Lang_002c-Serge"></span>
</p>
<p>Future enhancements will include a mechanism to draw curved arrows
found in, e.g., the Snake Lemma, by employing a version of the
<code>\path</code> macros of Appendix D of <cite>The TeXbook</cite>.
<span id="index-Snake-Lemma"></span>
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Construction-of-commutative-diagrams"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Commutative-diagram-parameters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Commutative diagram parameters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Arrows and morphisms</a>, Up: <a href="#Commutative-diagrams" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commutative diagrams</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Construction-of-commutative-diagrams-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">6.2.2 Construction of commutative diagrams</h4>
<p>There are two approaches to the construction of commutative diagrams
described here. The first approach, and the simplest, treats
commutative diagrams like fancy matrices, as Knuth does in Exercise
18.46 of <cite>The TeXbook</cite>. This case is covered by the macro
<code>\commdiag</code>,
<span id="index-commdiag"></span>
which is an altered version of the Plain TeX macro <code>\matrix</code>.
<span id="index-matrix"></span>
An example suffices to demonstrate this macro. The following
commutative diagram (illustrating the covering homotopy property; Bott
and Tu, <cite>Differential Forms in Algebraic Topology</cite>)
<span id="index-Bott_002c-Raoul"></span>
<span id="index-Tu_002c-Loring-W_002e"></span>
<span id="index-covering-homotopy-property"></span>
is produced with the code
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">$$\commdiag{Y&\mapright^f&E\cr \mapdown&\arrow(3,2)\lft{f_t}&\mapdown\cr
Y\times I&\mapright^{\bar f_t}&X}$$
</pre></div>
<p>Of course, the parameters may be changed to produce a different effect.
The following commutative diagram (illustrating the universal mapping
property; Warner, <cite>Foundations of Differentiable Manifolds and Lie
Groups</cite>)
<span id="index-Warner_002c-Frank-W_002e"></span>
<span id="index-universal-mapping-property"></span>
is produced with the code
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">$$\varrowlength=20pt
\commdiag{V\otimes W\cr \mapup\lft\phi&\arrow(3,-1)\rt{\tilde l}\cr
V\times W&\mapright^l&U\cr}$$
</pre></div>
<p>A diagram containing isosceles triangles is achieved by placing the apex
of the triangle in the center column, as shown in the example
(illustrating all constant minimal realizations of a linear system;
Brockett, <cite>Finite Dimensional Linear Systems</cite>)
<span id="index-Brockett_002c-Roger-W_002e"></span>
<span id="index-minimal-realizations"></span>
<span id="index-linear-systems-theory"></span>
which is produced with the code
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">$$\sarrowlength=.42\harrowlength
\commdiag{&R^m\cr &\arrow(-1,-1)\lft{\bf B}\quad \arrow(1,-1)\rt{\bf G}\cr
R^n&\mapright^{\bf P}&R^n\cr
\mapdown\lft{e^{{\bf A}t}}&&\mapdown\rt{e^{{\bf F}t}}\cr
R^n&\mapright^{\bf P}&R^n\cr
&\arrow(1,-1)\lft{\bf C}\quad \arrow(-1,-1)\rt{\bf H}\cr
&R^q\cr}$$
</pre></div>
<p>Other commutative diagram examples appear in the file
<code>commdiags.tex</code>, which is distributed with this package.
</p>
<p>In these examples the arrow lengths and line slopes were carefully
chosen to blend with each other. In the first example, the default
settings for the arrow lengths are used, but a direction for the arrow
must be chosen. The ratio of the default horizontal and vertical arrow
lengths is approximately the golden mean
<span id="index-golden-mean"></span>
<span id="index-golden-mean-1"></span>
the arrow direction closest to this mean is <code>(3,2)</code>. In the second
example, a slope of
is desired and the default horizontal arrow length is 60 pt; therefore,
choose a vertical arrow length of 20 pt. You may affect the interline
glue settings of <code>\commdiag</code> by redefining the macro
<code>\commdiagbaselines</code>.
<span id="index-commdiagbaselines"></span>
(cf. Exercise 18.46 of <cite>The TeXbook</cite> and the section on
parameters below.)
</p>
<p>The width, height, and depth of all morphisms are hidden so that the
morphisms’ size do not affect arrow positions. This can cause a large
morphism at the top or bottom of a diagram to impinge upon the text
surrounding the diagram. To overcome this problem, use TeX’s
<code>\noalign</code> primitive to insert a <code>\vskip</code> immediately above or
below the offending line, e.g.,
‘<samp>$$\commdiag{\noalign{\vskip6pt}X&\mapright^\int&Y\cr ...}</samp>’.
</p>
<p>The macro <code>\commdiag</code> is too simple to be used for more complicated
diagrams, which may have intersecting or overlapping arrows. A second
approach, borrowed from Francis Borceux’s <cite>Diagram</cite> macros for
LaTeX, treats the commutative diagram like a grid of identically
shaped boxes. To compose the commutative diagram, first draw an equally
spaced grid, e.g.,
<span id="index-grid"></span>
<span id="index-Borceux_002c-Francis"></span>
<span id="index-Diagram_002c-macros-for-LaTeX"></span>
on a piece of scratch paper. Then draw each element (vertices and
arrows) of the commutative diagram on this grid, centered at each
grid point. Finally, use the macro <code>\gridcommdiag</code>
<span id="index-gridcommdiag"></span>
to implement your design as a TeX alignment. For example, the cubic
diagram
<span id="index-cube"></span>
that appears in Francis Borceux’s documentation can be implemented on
a 7 by 7 grid, and is achieved with the code
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">$$\harrowlength=48pt \varrowlength=48pt \sarrowlength=20pt
\def\cross#1#2{\setbox0=\hbox{$#1$}%
\hbox to\wd0{\hss\hbox{$#2$}\hss}\llap{\unhbox0}}
\gridcommdiag{&&B&&\mapright^b&&D\cr
&\arrow(1,1)\lft a&&&&\arrow(1,1)\lft d\cr
A&&\cross{\hmorphposn=12pt\mapright^c}{\vmorphposn=-12pt\mapdown\lft f}
&&C&&\mapdown\rt h\cr\cr
\mapdown\lft e&&F&&\cross{\hmorphposn=-12pt\mapright_j}
{\vmorphposn=12pt\mapdown\rt g}&&H\cr
&\arrow(1,1)\lft i&&&&\arrow(1,1)\rt l\cr
E&&\mapright_k&&G\cr}$$
</pre></div>
<p>The dimensions <code>\hgrid</code> and <code>\vgrid</code>
<span id="index-hgrid"></span>
<span id="index-vgrid"></span>
control the horizontal and vertical spacing of the grid used by
<code>\gridcommdiag</code>. The default setting for both of these dimensions
is 15 pt. Note that in the example of the cube the arrow lengths must
be adjusted so that the arrows overlap into neighboring boxes by the
desired amount. Hence, the <code>\gridcommdiag</code> method, albeit more
powerful, is less automatic than the simpler <code>\commdiag</code> method.
Furthermore, the ad hoc macro <code>\cross</code> is introduced to allow the
effect of overlapping arrows. Finally, note that the positions of four
of the morphisms are adjusted by setting <code>\hmorphposn</code> and
<code>\vmorphposn</code>.
</p>
<p>One is not restricted to a square grid. For example, the proof of
Zassenhaus’s Butterfly Lemma can be illustrated by the diagram (appearing
in Lang’s book <cite>Algebra</cite>)
<span id="index-Zassenhaus_002c-Hans"></span>
<span id="index-Lang_002c-Serge-1"></span>
<span id="index-Butterfly-Lemma"></span>
This diagram may be implemented on a 9 by 12 grid with an aspect ratio
of 1/2, and is set with the code
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">$$\hgrid=16pt \vgrid=8pt \sarrowlength=32pt
\def\cross#1#2{\setbox0=\hbox{$#1$}%
\hbox to\wd0{\hss\hbox{$#2$}\hss}\llap{\unhbox0}}
\def\l#1{\llap{$#1$\hskip.5em}}
\def\r#1{\rlap{\hskip.5em$#1$}}
\gridcommdiag{&&U&&&&V\cr &&\bullet&&&&\bullet\cr
&&\sarrowlength=16pt\sline(0,1)&&&&\sarrowlength=16pt\sline(0,1)\cr
&&\l{u(U\cap V)}\bullet&&&&\bullet\r{(U\cap V)v}\cr
&&&\sline(2,-1)&&\sline(2,1)\cr
&&\cross{=}{\sline(0,1)}&&\bullet&&\cross{=}{\sline(0,1)}\cr\cr
&&\l{^{\textstyle u(U\cap v)}}\bullet&&\cross{=}{\sline(0,1)}&&
\bullet\r{^{\textstyle(u\cap V)v}}\cr
&\sline(2,1)&&\sline(2,-1)&&\sline(2,1)&&\sline(2,-1)\cr
\l{u}\bullet&&&&\bullet&&&&\bullet\r{v}\cr
&\sline(2,-1)&&\sline(2,1)&&\sline(2,-1)&&\sline(2,1)\cr
&&\bullet&&&&\bullet\cr &&u\cap V&&&&U\cap v\cr}$$
</pre></div>
<p>Again, the construction of this diagram requires careful choices for the
arrow lengths and is facilitated by the introduction of the ad hoc
macros <code>\cross</code>, <code>\r</code>, and <code>\l</code>. Note also that
superscripts were used to adjust the position of the vertices
Many diagrams may be typeset with the predefined macros that appear
here; however, ingenuity is often required to handle special cases.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Commutative-diagram-parameters"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Construction-of-commutative-diagrams" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Construction of commutative diagrams</a>, Up: <a href="#Commutative-diagrams" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commutative diagrams</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Commutative-diagram-parameters-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">6.2.3 Commutative diagram parameters</h4>
<p>The following is a list describing the parameters used in the
commutative diagram macros. These dimensions may be changed globally or
locally.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\harrowlength</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-harrowlength-1"></span>
<p>(Default: 60 pt) The length of right or left arrows.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\varrowlength</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-varrowlength-1"></span>
<p>(Default: 0.618<code>\harrowlength</code>) The length of up or down
arrows.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sarrowlength</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-sarrowlength-1"></span>
<p>(Default: 60 pt) The horizontal length of slanted arrows.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\hmorphposn</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-hmorphposn-1"></span>
<p>(Default: 0 pt) The horizontal position of the morphism with
respect to its default position. There are also the dimensions
<code>\hmorphposnup</code>,
<span id="index-hmorphposnup-1"></span>
<code>\hmorphposndn</code>,
<span id="index-hmorphposndn-1"></span>
<code>\hmorphposnrt</code>,
<span id="index-hmorphposnrt-1"></span>
and <code>\hmorphposnlft</code>
<span id="index-hmorphposnlft-1"></span>
for <code>^</code>/<code>_</code> or <code>\lft</code>/<code>\rt</code> constructions.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\vmorphposn</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-vmorphposn-1"></span>
<p>(Default: 0 pt) The vertical position of the morphism with
respect to its default position. There are also the dimensions
<code>\vmorphposnup</code>,
<span id="index-vmorphposnup-1"></span>
<code>\vmorphposndn</code>,
<span id="index-vmorphposndn-1"></span>
<code>\vmorphposnrt</code>,
<span id="index-vmorphposnrt-1"></span>
and <code>\vmorphposnlft</code>
<span id="index-vmorphposnlft-1"></span>
for <code>^</code>/<code>_</code> or <code>\lft</code>/<code>\rt</code> constructions.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\morphdist</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-morphdist-1"></span>
<p>(Default: 4 pt) The distance of morphisms from slanted lines
or arrows.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\channelwidth</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-channelwidth-1"></span>
<p>(Default: 3 pt) The distance between double lines or arrows.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\hchannel, \vchannel</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-hchannel"></span>
<span id="index-vchannel"></span>
<p>(Defaults: 0 pt) Overrides <code>\channelwidth</code>. The
horizontal and vertical shifts between double lines or arrows.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\commdiagbaselines</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-commdiagbaselines-1"></span>
<p>(Default: <code>\baselineskip=15pt
\lineskip=3pt
\lineskiplimit=3pt </code>)
The parameters used by <code>\commdiag</code> for setting interline glue.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\hgrid</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-hgrid-1"></span>
<p>(Default: 15 pt) The horizontal spacing of the grid used by
<code>\gridcommdiag</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\vgrid</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-vgrid-1"></span>
<p>(Default: 15 pt) The vertical spacing of the grid used by
<code>\gridcommdiag</code>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<hr>
<span id="Programming-definitions"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Demo-files" accesskey="n" rel="next">Demo files</a>, Previous: <a href="#Arrow-theoretic-diagrams" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Arrow theoretic diagrams</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Programming-definitions-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">7 Programming definitions</h2>
<p>The definitions in this section are only likely to be useful when you
are writing nontrivial macros, not when writing a document.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Category-codes" accesskey="1">Category codes</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Changing category codes.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Allocation-macros" accesskey="2">Allocation macros</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Non-outer versions of \newcount et al.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Iteration" accesskey="3">Iteration</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Doing ‘for’ and ‘while’ loops in TeX.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Macro-arguments" accesskey="4">Macro arguments</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Reading and ignoring them.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Converting-to-characters" accesskey="5">Converting to characters</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Normalizing control sequences and spaces.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Expansion" accesskey="6">Expansion</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Controlling expansion.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Obeying-spaces" accesskey="7">Obeying spaces</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Making whitespace count anywhere.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Writing-out-numbers" accesskey="8">Writing out numbers</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Making ‘1’ into ‘one’.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Mode_002dspecific-penalties" accesskey="9">Mode-specific penalties</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Auxiliary-files">Auxiliary files</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Testing for their existence.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#User_002ddefined-environments">User-defined environments</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">User-defined environments.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Page-list-and-page-range-parsers">Page list and page range parsers</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="Category-codes"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Allocation-macros" accesskey="n" rel="next">Allocation macros</a>, Up: <a href="#Programming-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Programming definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Category-codes-1"></span><h3 class="section">7.1 Category codes</h3>
<span id="index-category-codes"></span>
<p>Plain TeX defines <code>\active</code> (as the number 13) for use in
changing category codes. Although the author of <cite>The TeXbook</cite>
<span id="index-Knuth_002c-Donald-Ervin-1"></span>
has “intentionally kept the category codes numeric”, two other
categories are commonly used: letters (category code 11) and others
(12). Therefore, Eplain defines <code>\letter</code> and
<code>\other</code>.
<span id="index-letter"></span>
<span id="index-other"></span>
</p>
<p>Sometimes it is cleaner to make a character active without actually
<span id="index-active-characters"></span>
writing a <code>\catcode</code> command. The <code>\makeactive</code> command takes
<span id="index-catcode"></span>
<span id="index-makeactive"></span>
a character as an argument to make active (and ignores following
spaces). For example, here are two commands which both make <kbd>\</kbd>
active:
<span id="index-backslash-character"></span>
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\makeactive\\ \makeactive92
</pre></div>
<span id="index-user_002dinaccessible-macros"></span>
<span id="index-inaccessible-macros"></span>
<p>Sometimes you might want to temporarily change the category code of
the ‘@’ character to <code>\letter</code>, so that you can use or define
macros which are normally inaccessible to the user. For such
situations, Eplain provides the <code>\makeatletter</code>
<span id="index-makeatletter"></span>
command. It sets the category code of ‘@’ to <code>\letter</code> (11) and
defines
<code>\resetatcatcode</code>
<span id="index-resetatcatcode-1"></span>
to restore the category code to whatever it was before the call to
<code>\makeatletter</code>. For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\makeatletter
\def\@hidden@macro{This macro cannot normally be
called / redefined by the user}
\resetatcatcode
</pre></div>
<p>There is also <code>\makeatother</code>
<span id="index-makeatother"></span>
which works similarly but sets the category code of ‘@’ to
<code>\other</code> (12).
</p>
<p>Usually, when you give a definition to an active character, you have
to do so inside a group where you temporarily make the character active,
and then give it a global definition (cf. the definition of
<code>\obeyspaces</code> in <cite>The TeXbook</cite>).
<span id="index-definitions_002c-global"></span>
This is inconvenient if you are writing a long macro, or if the
character already has a global definition you do not wish to transcend.
Eplain provides <code>\letreturn</code>, which defines the usual end-of-line
<span id="index-letreturn"></span>
<span id="index-return-character"></span>
character to be the argument. For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\def\mymacro{… \letreturn\myreturn … }
\mymacro hello
there
</pre></div>
<p>The end-of-line between ‘<samp>hello</samp>’ and ‘<samp>there</samp>’ causes
<code>\myreturn</code> to be expanded.
</p>
<p><cite>The TeXbook</cite> describes <code>\uncatcodespecials</code>,
<span id="index-uncatcodespecials-1"></span>
which makes all characters which are normally “special” into “other”
characters, but the definition never made it into plain TeX.
Eplain therefore defines it. For notes on the usage, see <a href="#Verbatim-listing">Verbatim listing</a>.
</p>
<p>Finally, <code>\percentchar</code>
<span id="index-percentchar"></span>
expands into a literal ‘%’ character. This is useful when you
<code>\write</code> TeX output to a file, and want to avoid spurious
spaces. For example, Eplain writes a <code>\percentchar</code> after the
definition of cross-references. The macros <code>\lbracechar</code>
<span id="index-lbracechar"></span>
and <code>\rbracechar</code>
<span id="index-rbracechar"></span>
expand similarly.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Allocation-macros"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Iteration" accesskey="n" rel="next">Iteration</a>, Previous: <a href="#Category-codes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Category codes</a>, Up: <a href="#Programming-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Programming definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Allocation-macros-1"></span><h3 class="section">7.2 Allocation macros</h3>
<span id="index-allocation-macros"></span>
<span id="index-register-allocation"></span>
<p>Plain TeX provides macros that allocate registers of each primitive
type in TeX, to prevent different sets of macros from using the same
register for two different things. The macros are all named starting
with ‘<samp>new</samp>’,
<span id="index-new_2026"></span>
e.g., <code>\newcount</code> allocates a new “count”
(integer) register. Such allocations are usually needed only at the top
level of some macro definition file; therefore, plain TeX makes the
allocation registers <code>\outer</code>,
<span id="index-outer"></span>
to help find errors. (The error this helps to find is a missing right
brace in some macro definition.)
</p>
<p>Sometimes, however, it is useful to allocate a register as part of
some macro. An outer control sequence cannot be used as part of a macro
definition (or in a few other contexts: the parameter text of a
definition, an argument to a definition, the preamble of an alignment,
or in conditional text that is being skipped). Therefore, Eplain
defines “inner” versions of all the allocation macros, named with the
prefix ‘<samp>inner</samp>’:
<code>\innernewbox</code>,
<span id="index-innernewbox"></span>
<code>\innernewcount</code>,
<span id="index-innernewcount"></span>
<code>\innernewdimen</code>,
<span id="index-innernewdimen"></span>
<code>\innernewfam</code>,
<span id="index-innernewfam"></span>
<code>\innernewhelp</code>,
<span id="index-innernewhelp"></span>
<code>\innernewif</code>,
<span id="index-innernewif"></span>
<code>\innernewinsert</code>,
<span id="index-innernewinsert"></span>
<code>\innernewlanguage</code>,
<span id="index-innernewlanguage"></span>
<code>\innernewread</code>,<br>
<span id="index-innernewread"></span>
<code>\innernewskip</code>,
<span id="index-innernewskip"></span>
<code>\innernewtoks</code>,
<span id="index-innernewtoks"></span>
<code>\innernewwrite</code>.
<span id="index-innernewwrite"></span>
</p>
<p>You can also define non-outer versions of other macros in the same way
that Eplain defines the above. The basic macro is called
<code>\innerdef</code>:
<span id="index-innerdef"></span>
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\innerdef <var>\innername</var> {<var>outername</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>The first argument (<var>\innername</var>) to <code>\innerdef</code> is the
control sequence that you want to define. Any previous definition of
<var>\innername</var> is replaced. The second argument
(<var>outername</var>) is the <em>characters</em> in the name of the outer
control sequence. (You can’t use the actual control sequence name,
since it’s outer!)
</p>
<p>If the outer control sequence is named <var>\cs</var>, and you want to
define <code>inner<var>cs</var></code> as the inner one, you can use
<code>\innerinnerdef</code>,
<span id="index-innerinnerdef"></span>
which is just an abbreviation for a call to <code>\innerdef</code>. For
example, these two calls are equivalent:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\innerdef\innerproclaim{proclaim}
\innerinnerdef{proclaim}
</pre></div>
<hr>
<span id="Iteration"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Macro-arguments" accesskey="n" rel="next">Macro arguments</a>, Previous: <a href="#Allocation-macros" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Allocation macros</a>, Up: <a href="#Programming-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Programming definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Iteration-1"></span><h3 class="section">7.3 Iteration</h3>
<span id="index-iteration"></span>
<span id="index-loops"></span>
<span id="index-for-loops"></span>
<span id="index-while-loops"></span>
<span id="index-do_2026while-loops"></span>
<p>You can iterate through a comma-separated list of items with
<code>\for</code>.
<span id="index-for"></span>
Here is an example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\for\name:=karl,kathy\do{%
\message{\name}%
}%
</pre></div>
<p>This writes ‘<samp>karl</samp>’ and ‘<samp>kathy</samp>’ to the terminal. Spaces
before or after the commas in the list, or after the <code>:=</code>, are
<em>not</em> ignored. To strip leading spaces off the items, use
<code>\For</code>:
<span id="index-For"></span>
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\For\name:=
karl,
kathy\do{%
\message{\name}%
}%
</pre></div>
<p>Note that trailing spaces are still <em>not</em> ignored.
</p>
<p>Both <code>\for</code> and <code>\For</code> expand the first token of the item
list fully, so this is equivalent to the above:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\def\namelist{karl,kathy}%
\for\name:=\namelist\do …
</pre></div>
<p>However, this won’t work, either with <code>\for</code> or with
<code>\For</code>:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\def\namelist{karl,kathy}%
\For\name:= \namelist\do …
</pre></div>
<p>because <code>\for</code> and <code>\For</code> expand the first
token after <code>:=</code> which is space, not <code>\namelist</code>.
</p>
<p>Eplain provides another kind of loops, which is an extension of plain
TeX’s
<span id="index-loop"></span>
<code>\loop</code>. If you say:
</p>
<span id="index-repeat"></span>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\loop
<var>loop-text</var>
\if <var>condition</var>
<var>if-text</var>
\repeat
</pre></div>
<p>then <var>loop-text</var> will be repeated as long as <var>condition</var>
is satisfied (<code>\if</code> can be any of the TeX’s conditional
commands, without the matching <code>\fi</code>). Eplain extends this with
the optional else clause:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\loop
<var>loop-text</var>
\if <var>condition</var>
<var>if-text</var>
\else
<var>else-text</var>
\repeat
</pre></div>
<p>Here, <var>loop-text</var> will be repeated as long as
<var>condition</var> is <em>not</em> satisfied. This extension is from
<span id="index-Eijkhout_002c-Victor"></span>
Victor Eijkhout’s
<span id="index-TeX-by-Topic"></span>
<i>TeX by Topic</i> (page 104).
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Macro-arguments"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Converting-to-characters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Converting to characters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Iteration" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Iteration</a>, Up: <a href="#Programming-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Programming definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Macro-arguments-1"></span><h3 class="section">7.4 Macro arguments</h3>
<span id="index-arguments_002c-ignoring"></span>
<span id="index-ignoring-arguments"></span>
<span id="index-gobbling-arguments"></span>
<p>It is occasionally useful to redefine a macro that takes arguments to
do nothing. Eplain defines <code>\gobble</code>,
<span id="index-gobble"></span>
<code>\gobbletwo</code>,
<span id="index-gobbletwo"></span>
and <code>\gobblethree</code> to swallow one, two, and three arguments,
respectively.
</p>
<p>For example, if you want to produce a “short” table of
<span id="index-table-of-contents_002c-short-1"></span>
contents—one that includes only chapters, say—the easiest thing to
do is read the entire <code>.toc</code> file (see <a href="#Contents">Contents</a>), and just
ignore the commands that produce section or subsection entries. To be
specific:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\let\tocchapterentry = \shorttocchapter
\let\tocsectionentry = \gobbletwo
\let\tocsubsectionentry = \gobbletwo
\readtocfile
</pre></div>
<p>(Of course, this assumes you only have chapters, sections, and
subsections in your document.)
</p>
<p>In addition, Eplain defines <code>\eattoken</code>
<span id="index-eattoken"></span>
to swallow the single following token, using <code>\let</code>. Thus,
<code>\gobble</code> followed by ‘<samp>{…}</samp>’ ignores the entire
brace-enclosed text. <code>\eattoken</code> followed by the same ignores only
the opening left brace.
</p>
<p>Eplain defines a macro <code>\identity</code>
<span id="index-identity"></span>
which takes one argument and expands to that argument. This may be
useful if you want to provide a function for the user to redefine, but
don’t need to do anything by default. (For example, the default
definition of <code>\eqconstruct</code> (see <a href="#Formatting-equation-references">Formatting equation references</a>) is <code>\identity</code>.)
</p>
<p>You may also want to read an optional argument. The established
convention is that optional arguments are put in square brackets, so
that is the syntax Eplain recognizes. Eplain ignores space tokens
before and after optional arguments, via <code>\futurenonspacelet</code>.
</p>
<p>You test for an optional argument by using <code>\@getoptionalarg</code>.
<span id="index-_0040getoptionalarg"></span>
It takes one argument, a control sequence to expand after reading the
argument, if present. If an optional argument is present, the control
sequence <code>\@optionalarg</code> expands to it; otherwise,
<code>\@optionalarg</code> is <code>\empty</code>. You must therefore have the
category code of <kbd>@</kbd> set to 11 (letter). Here is an example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\catcode`@=\letter
\def\cmd{\@getoptionalarg\finishcmd}
\def\finishcmd{%
\ifx\@optionalarg\empty
% <span class="roman">No optional argument present.</span>
\else
% <span class="roman">One was present.</span>
\fi
}
</pre></div>
<p>It’s possible to define macros that appear to accept optional
arguments intermixed with mandatory arguments in any imaginable way.
For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\makeatletter
% \mo{m}[o]
\def\mo#1{\def\mo@arg{#1}\@getoptionalarg\fin@mo}
\def\fin@mo{\vskip1pc
ARG: \mo@arg \par
OPTARG: \@optionalarg \par
}
% \mom{m}[o]{m}
\def\mom#1{\def\mom@arg{#1}\@getoptionalarg\fin@mom}
\def\fin@mom#1{\vskip1pc
ARG1: \mom@arg \par
OPTARG: \@optionalarg \par
ARG2: #1\par
}
% \omo[o]{m}[o]
\def\omo{\@getoptionalarg\fin@omo}
\def\fin@omo#1{\let\omo@optarg\@optionalarg
\def\omo@arg{#1}\@getoptionalarg\@fin@omo}
\def\@fin@omo{\vskip1pc
OPTARG1: \omo@optarg \par
ARG: \omo@arg \par
OPTARG2: \@optionalarg \par
}
\makeatother
</pre></div>
<p>If an optional argument contains another optional argument, the inner
one will need to be enclosed in braces, so TeX does not mistake the
end of the first for the end of the second.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Converting-to-characters"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Expansion" accesskey="n" rel="next">Expansion</a>, Previous: <a href="#Macro-arguments" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Macro arguments</a>, Up: <a href="#Programming-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Programming definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Converting-to-characters-1"></span><h3 class="section">7.5 Converting to characters</h3>
<span id="index-characters_002c-converting-to"></span>
<p>Eplain defines <code>\xrlabel</code>
<span id="index-xrlabel"></span>
to produce control sequence names for cross-reference labels, et al.
This macro expands to its argument with an ‘<samp>_</samp>’ appended. (It does
this because the usual use of <code>\xrlabel</code> is to generate a control
sequence name, and we naturally want to avoid conflicts between control
sequence names.)
</p>
<p>Because <code>\xrlabel</code> is fully expandable, to make a control
sequence name out of the result you need only do
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example"><code>\csname \xrlabel{<var>label</var>}\endcsname</code>
</pre></div>
<p>The <code>\csname</code> primitive makes a control sequence name out
of any sequence of character tokens, regardless of category code.
Labels can therefore include any characters except for ‘<samp>\</samp>’,
‘<samp>{</samp>’, ‘<samp>}</samp>’, and ‘<samp>#</samp>’, all of which are used in macro
definitions themselves.
</p>
<span id="index-sanitize"></span>
<p><code>\sanitize</code> takes a control sequence as an argument and converts
the expansion of the control sequence into a list of character tokens.
This is the behavior you want when writing information like chapter
titles to an output file. For example, here is part of the definition
of <code>\writenumberedtocentry</code>; <code>#2</code> is the title that the user
has given.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">…
\def\temp{#2}%
…
\write\tocfile{%
…
\sanitize\temp
…
}%
</pre></div>
<hr>
<span id="Expansion"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Obeying-spaces" accesskey="n" rel="next">Obeying spaces</a>, Previous: <a href="#Converting-to-characters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Converting to characters</a>, Up: <a href="#Programming-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Programming definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Expansion-1"></span><h3 class="section">7.6 Expansion</h3>
<p>This section describes some miscellanous macros for expansion, etc.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005ccsn-and-_005cece" accesskey="1">\csn and \ece</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Abbreviations for \csname expansions.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cedefappend" accesskey="2">\edefappend</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Hooks" accesskey="3">Hooks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Manipulating and executing named actions.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Properties" accesskey="4">Properties</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Associating information with a csname.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cexpandonce" accesskey="5">\expandonce</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cifundefined" accesskey="6">\ifundefined</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cifempty" accesskey="7">\ifempty</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cifinteger-and-_005cisinteger" accesskey="8">\ifinteger and \isinteger</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cfuturenonspacelet" accesskey="9">\futurenonspacelet</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="g_t_005ccsn-and-_005cece"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cedefappend" accesskey="n" rel="next">\edefappend</a>, Up: <a href="#Expansion" accesskey="u" rel="up">Expansion</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005ccsn-and-_005cece-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">7.6.1 <code>\csn</code> and <code>\ece</code></h4>
<span id="index-csn"></span>
<p><code>\csn</code>{<var>name</var>} simply abbreviates <code>\csname</code> <var>name</var>
<code>\endcsname</code>, thus saving some typing. The extra level of expansion
does take some time, though, so I don’t recommend it for an inner loop.
</p>
<span id="index-ece"></span>
<p><code>\ece</code>{<var>token</var>}{<var>name</var>} abbreviates
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\expandafter <var>token</var> \csname <var>name</var> \endcsname
</pre></div>
<p>For example,
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\def\fontabbrevdef#1#2{\ece\def{@#1font}{#2}}
\fontabbrevdef{normal}{ptmr}
</pre></div>
<p>defines a control sequence <code>\@normalfont</code> to expand to
<code>ptmr</code>.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="g_t_005cedefappend"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Hooks" accesskey="n" rel="next">Hooks</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccsn-and-_005cece" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\csn and \ece</a>, Up: <a href="#Expansion" accesskey="u" rel="up">Expansion</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cedefappend-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">7.6.2 <code>\edefappend</code></h4>
<span id="index-edefappend"></span>
<p><code>\edefappend</code> is a way of adding on to an existing definition. It
takes two arguments: the first is the control sequence name, the second
the new tokens to append to the definition. The second argument is
fully expanded (in the <code>\edef</code> that redefines the control sequence).
</p>
<p>For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\def\foo{abc}
\def\bar{xyz}
\edefappend\foo{\bar karl}
</pre></div>
<p>results in <code>\foo</code> being defined as ‘<samp>abcxyzkarl</samp>’.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Hooks"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Properties" accesskey="n" rel="next">Properties</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cedefappend" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\edefappend</a>, Up: <a href="#Expansion" accesskey="u" rel="up">Expansion</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Hooks-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">7.6.3 Hooks</h4>
<span id="index-hooks"></span>
<p>A <em>hook</em> is simply a name for a group of actions which is executed
in certain places—presumably when it is most useful to allow
customization or modification. TeX already provides many builtin
hooks; for example, the <code>\every …</code> token lists are all
examples of hooks.
</p>
<p>Eplain provides several macros for adding actions to hooks. They all
take two arguments: the name of the hook and the new actions.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dd>
<span id="index-hookaction"></span>
</dd>
<dt><code>hookaction <var>name</var> <var>actions</var></code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-hookappend"></span>
</dd>
<dt><code>hookappend <var>name</var> <var>actions</var></code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-hookprepend"></span>
</dd>
<dt><code>hookprepend <var>name</var> <var>actions</var></code></dt>
<dd><p>Each of these adds <var>actions</var> to the hook <var>name</var>. (Any
previously-defined actions are retained.) <var>name</var> is not a control
sequence, but rather the characters of the name.
</p>
<span id="index-hookactiononce"></span>
</dd>
<dt><code>hookactiononce <var>name</var> <code>\<var>cs</var></code></code></dt>
<dd><p><code>\hookactiononce</code> adds <var>cs</var> to <var>name</var>, like the macros
above, but first it adds
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\global\let <var>\cs</var> \relax
</pre></div>
<p>to the definition of <var>\cs</var>. (This implies <var>\cs</var> must
be a true expandable macro, not a control sequence <code>\let</code> to a
primitive or some other such thing.) Thus, <var>\cs</var> is expanded the
next time the hook <var>name</var> is run, but it will disappear after that.
</p>
<p>The <code>\global</code> is useful because <code>\hookactiononce</code> is most
useful when the grouping structure of the TeX code could be anything.
Neither this nor the other hook macros do global assignments to the hook
variable itself, so TeX’s usual grouping rules apply.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<span id="index-hookrun"></span>
<p>The companion macro to defining hook actions is <code>\hookrun</code>, for
running them. This takes a single argument, the name of the hook. If
no actions for the hook are defined, no error ensues.
</p>
<p>Here is a skeleton of general <code>\begin</code> and <code>\end</code> macros that
run hooks, and a couple of calls to define actions. The use of
<code>\hookprepend</code> for the begin action and <code>\hookappend</code> for the
end action ensures that the actions are executed in proper sequence with
other actions (as long as the other actions use <code>\hookprepend</code> and
<code>\hookappend</code> also).
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\def\begin#1{ … \hookrun{begin} … }
\def\end#1{ … \hookrun{end} … }
\hookprepend{begin}\start_underline
\hookappend{end}\finish_underline
</pre></div>
<hr>
<span id="Properties"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cexpandonce" accesskey="n" rel="next">\expandonce</a>, Previous: <a href="#Hooks" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Hooks</a>, Up: <a href="#Expansion" accesskey="u" rel="up">Expansion</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Properties-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">7.6.4 Properties</h4>
<span id="index-properties"></span>
<span id="index-atom"></span>
<p>A <em>property</em> is a name/value pair associated with another symbol,
traditionally called an <em>atom</em>. Both atom and property names are
control sequence names.
</p>
<p>Eplain provides two macros for dealing with property lists:
<code>\setproperty</code> and <code>\getproperty</code>.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dd>
<span id="index-setproperty"></span>
</dd>
<dt><code>\setproperty <var>atom</var> <var>propname</var> <var>value</var></code></dt>
<dd><p><code>\setproperty</code> defines the property <var>property</var> on the atom
<var>atom</var> to be <var>value</var>. <var>atom</var> and <var>propname</var> can be
anything acceptable to <code>\csname</code>. <var>value</var> can be anything.
</p>
<span id="index-getproperty"></span>
</dd>
<dt><code>\getproperty <var>atom</var> <var>propname</var></code></dt>
<dd><p><code>\getproperty</code> expands to the value stored for <var>propname</var> on
<var>atom</var>. If <var>propname</var> is undefined, it expands to nothing
(i.e., <code>\empty</code>).
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>The idea of properties originated in Lisp (I believe). There, the
implementation truly does associate properties with atoms. In TeX,
where we have no builtin support for properties, the association is only
conceptual.
</p>
<p>The following example typesets ‘<samp>xyz</samp>’.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\setproperty{a}{pr}{xyz}
\getproperty{a}{pr}
</pre></div>
<hr>
<span id="g_t_005cexpandonce"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cifundefined" accesskey="n" rel="next">\ifundefined</a>, Previous: <a href="#Properties" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Properties</a>, Up: <a href="#Expansion" accesskey="u" rel="up">Expansion</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cexpandonce-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">7.6.5 <code>\expandonce</code></h4>
<span id="index-expansion_002c-one_002dlevel"></span>
<span id="index-expandonce"></span>
<p><code>\expandonce</code> is defined as <code>\expandafter\noexpand</code>. Thus,
<code>\expandonce <var>token</var></code> expands <var>token</var> once, instead of to
TeX primitives. This is most useful in an <code>\edef</code>.
</p>
<p>For example, the following defines <code>\temp</code> to be <code>\foo</code>, not
‘<samp>abc</samp>’.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\def\foo{abc}
\def\bar{\foo}
\edef\temp{\expandonce\bar}
</pre></div>
<hr>
<span id="g_t_005cifundefined"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cifempty" accesskey="n" rel="next">\ifempty</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cexpandonce" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\expandonce</a>, Up: <a href="#Expansion" accesskey="u" rel="up">Expansion</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cifundefined-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">7.6.6 <code>\ifundefined</code></h4>
<span id="index-ifundefined"></span>
<p><code>\ifundefined{<var>cs</var>} <var>t</var> \else <var>f</var> \fi</code> expands the
<var>t</var> text if the control sequence <code>\<var>cs</var></code> is undefined or
has been <code>\let</code> to <code>\relax</code>, and the <var>f</var> text otherwise.
</p>
<span id="index-skipping-tokens"></span>
<span id="index-undefined-control-sequence_002c-checking-for"></span>
<p>Since <code>\ifundefined</code> is not a primitive conditional, it cannot be
used in places where TeX might skip tokens “at high speed”, e.g.,
within another conditional—TeX can’t match up the <code>\if</code>’s and
<code>\fi</code>’s.
</p>
<p>This macro was taken directly from <cite>The TeXbook</cite>, page 308.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="g_t_005cifempty"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cifinteger-and-_005cisinteger" accesskey="n" rel="next">\ifinteger and \isinteger</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cifundefined" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\ifundefined</a>, Up: <a href="#Expansion" accesskey="u" rel="up">Expansion</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cifempty-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">7.6.7 <code>\ifempty</code></h4>
<span id="index-ifempty"></span>
<span id="index-empty-string_002c-checking-for"></span>
<span id="index-empty-argument_002c-checking-for"></span>
<p><code>\ifempty{<var>arg</var>} <var>t</var> \else <var>f</var> \fi</code> expands the
<var>t</var> text if <var>arg</var> is the empty string, and the <var>f</var> text
otherwise. This macro is useful when you need to test for empty
arguments to your macros, for example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\def\foo#1{\ifempty{#1} <var>t</var> \else <var>f</var> \fi}
</pre></div>
<span id="index-skipping-tokens-1"></span>
<p>Since <code>\ifempty</code> is not a primitive conditional, it cannot be
used in places where TeX might skip tokens “at high speed”, e.g.,
within another conditional—TeX can’t match up the <code>\if</code>’s and
<code>\fi</code>’s.
</p>
<p>Note that the following code
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\def\empty{}
\ifempty\empty\message{empty}\else\message{not empty}\fi
</pre></div>
<p>will produce the message ‘<samp>not empty</samp>’.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="g_t_005cifinteger-and-_005cisinteger"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfuturenonspacelet" accesskey="n" rel="next">\futurenonspacelet</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cifempty" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\ifempty</a>, Up: <a href="#Expansion" accesskey="u" rel="up">Expansion</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cifinteger-and-_005cisinteger-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">7.6.8 <code>\ifinteger</code> and <code>\isinteger</code></h4>
<span id="index-ifinteger"></span>
<span id="index-integers_002c-detecting"></span>
<span id="index-numbers_002c-detecting"></span>
<span id="index-detecting-numbers"></span>
<span id="index-identifying-numbers"></span>
<span id="index-recognizing-numbers"></span>
<p><code>\ifinteger{<var>arg</var>} <var>t</var> \else <var>f</var> \fi</code> expands the
<var>t</var> text if <var>arg</var> is an integer, and the <var>f</var> text
otherwise. This macro can detect positive and negative integers.
</p>
<p>Since <code>\ifinteger</code> is not a primitive conditional, it cannot be
used in places where TeX might skip tokens “at high speed”, e.g.,
within another conditional—TeX can’t match up the <code>\if</code>’s
and <code>\fi</code>’s. For such situations Eplain provides
<span id="index-isinteger"></span>
<code>\isinteger</code>, which can be used as follows:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\if\isinteger{<var>arg</var>} <var>t</var> \else <var>f</var> \fi
</pre></div>
<p>Although <code>\ifinteger</code> and <code>\isinteger</code> work well
with regular input, they are not bullet-proof. For example, the
following code
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\ifinteger{12_ab}integer\else not integer\fi
</pre></div>
<p>will expand to ‘<samp>ab_integer</samp>’ (and thus would not
even compile outside math mode).
</p>
<span id="index-TeX-Frequently-Asked-Questions"></span>
<p>These macros come from the TeX Frequently Asked Questions
(<a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html</a>).
</p>
<hr>
<span id="g_t_005cfuturenonspacelet"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cifinteger-and-_005cisinteger" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\ifinteger and \isinteger</a>, Up: <a href="#Expansion" accesskey="u" rel="up">Expansion</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cfuturenonspacelet-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">7.6.9 <code>\futurenonspacelet</code></h4>
<span id="index-lookahead-without-spaces"></span>
<span id="index-spaces_002c-ignoring"></span>
<span id="index-futurenonspacelet"></span>
<p>The <code>\futurelet</code> primitive allows you to look at the next token
from the input. Sometimes, though, you want to look ahead while
ignoring any spaces. This is what <code>\futurenonspacelet</code> does. It
is otherwise the same as <code>\futurelet</code>: you give it two control
sequences as arguments, and it assigns the next nonspace token to the
first, and then expands the second. For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\futurenonspacelet\temp\finishup
\def\finishup{\ifx\temp …}
</pre></div>
<hr>
<span id="Obeying-spaces"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Writing-out-numbers" accesskey="n" rel="next">Writing out numbers</a>, Previous: <a href="#Expansion" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Expansion</a>, Up: <a href="#Programming-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Programming definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Obeying-spaces-1"></span><h3 class="section">7.7 Obeying spaces</h3>
<span id="index-whitespace"></span>
<span id="index-spaces_002c-obeying"></span>
<span id="index-newlines_002c-obeying"></span>
<span id="index-obeywhitespace"></span>
<p><code>\obeywhitespace</code> makes both end-of-lines and space characters in
the input be respected in the output. Unlike plain TeX’s
<code>\obeyspaces</code>, even spaces at the beginnings of lines turn into
blank space.
</p>
<p>By default, the size of the space that is produced by a space
character is the natural space of the current font, i.e.,
what <code>\ </code> produces.
</p>
<p>Ordinarily, a blank line in the input produces as much blank vertical
space as a line of text would occupy. You can adjust this by assigning
to the parameter <code>\blanklineskipamount</code>:
<span id="index-blanklineskipamount-in-obeyed-text"></span>
if you set this negative, the space produced by a blank line will be
smaller; if positive, larger.
</p>
<p>Tabs are not affected by this routine. In particular, if tabs occur
at the beginning of a line, they will disappear. (If you are trying to
make TeX do the “right thing” with tabs, don’t. Use a utility
program like <i>expand</i> instead.)
<span id="index-tabs"></span>
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Writing-out-numbers"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Mode_002dspecific-penalties" accesskey="n" rel="next">Mode-specific penalties</a>, Previous: <a href="#Obeying-spaces" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Obeying spaces</a>, Up: <a href="#Programming-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Programming definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Writing-out-numbers-1"></span><h3 class="section">7.8 Writing out numbers</h3>
<span id="index-numbers_002c-written-form-of"></span>
<p><code>\numbername</code>
<span id="index-numbername"></span>
produces the written-out form of its argument, i.e., ‘zero’ through
‘ten’ for the numbers 0–10, and numerals for all others.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Mode_002dspecific-penalties"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Auxiliary-files" accesskey="n" rel="next">Auxiliary files</a>, Previous: <a href="#Writing-out-numbers" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Writing out numbers</a>, Up: <a href="#Programming-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Programming definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Mode_002dspecific-penalties-1"></span><h3 class="section">7.9 Mode-specific penalties</h3>
<p>TeX’s built-in <code>\penalty</code> command simply appends to the
current list, no matter what kind of list it is. You might intend a
particular penalty to always be a “vertical” penalty, however, i.e.,
appended to a vertical list. Therefore, Eplain provides
<code>\vpenalty</code>
<span id="index-vpenalty"></span>
and <code>\hpenalty</code>
which first leave the other mode and then do <code>\penalty</code>.
</p>
<p>More precisely, <code>\vpenalty</code> inserts <code>\par</code> if the current
mode is horizontal, and <code>\hpenalty</code> inserts <code>\leavevmode</code> if
the current mode is vertical. (Thus, <code>\vpenalty</code> cannot be used in
math mode.)
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Auxiliary-files"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#User_002ddefined-environments" accesskey="n" rel="next">User-defined environments</a>, Previous: <a href="#Mode_002dspecific-penalties" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Mode-specific penalties</a>, Up: <a href="#Programming-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Programming definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Auxiliary-files-1"></span><h3 class="section">7.10 Auxiliary files</h3>
<span id="index-auxiliary-files_002c-existence-of"></span>
<p>It is common to write some information out to a file to be used on a
subsequent run. But when it is time to read the file again, you only
want to do so if the file actually exists. <code>\testfileexistence</code>
<span id="index-testfileexistence"></span>
is given an argument which is appended to <code>\jobname</code>,
<span id="index-jobname-2"></span>
and sets the conditional <code>\iffileexists</code>
<span id="index-iffileexists"></span>
<span id="index-fileexists-_0028conditional_0029"></span>
appropriately. For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\testfileexistence{toc}%
\iffileexists
\input \jobname.toc
\fi
</pre></div>
<p><code>\testfileexistence</code> takes an optional parameter; when
given, it will override <code>\jobname</code> for the root part of the file
name. For example, if you want to test for the file
<samp>answers.aux</samp>, you can do this with the following:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\testfileexistence[answers]{aux}%
\iffileexists
\input answers.aux
\fi
</pre></div>
<hr>
<span id="User_002ddefined-environments"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Page-list-and-page-range-parsers" accesskey="n" rel="next">Page list and page range parsers</a>, Previous: <a href="#Auxiliary-files" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Auxiliary files</a>, Up: <a href="#Programming-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Programming definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="User_002ddefined-environments-1"></span><h3 class="section">7.11 User-defined environments</h3>
<span id="index-environments_002c-user_002ddefined"></span>
<p>Plain TeX does not provide “named” block structures, only the anonymous
<code>\begingroup</code> and <code>\endgroup</code> pair. The disadvantage of this
is that when there are several such groups and one is mismatched, it can
be difficult to find the error. Eplain provides a named block structure
so that if you forget an <code>\environment</code> or an
<code>\endenvironment</code>, you will (probably) get an error message about
it.
</p>
<p>For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\def\itpar{
\environment{@italicpar}
\it\par
}
\def\enditpar{
\par
\endenvironment{@italicpar}%
}
</pre></div>
<p>which could then be used to set italicized paragraphs:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\itpar
If I reprehend anything in this world, it is the use of my oracular
tongue, and a nice derangement of epitaphs!
\enditpar
</pre></div>
<p>The above sort of environment allows nesting. But environments
shouldn’t always be allowed to nest. Put the control sequence
<code>\checkenv</code> at the beginning of a macro that is going to define an
environment that should not be nested.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Page-list-and-page-range-parsers"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#User_002ddefined-environments" accesskey="p" rel="prev">User-defined environments</a>, Up: <a href="#Programming-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Programming definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Page-list-and-page-range-parsers-1"></span><h3 class="section">7.12 Page list and page range parsers</h3>
<span id="index-idxparselist"></span>
<span id="index-idxparserange"></span>
<span id="index-idxpagei"></span>
<span id="index-idxpageii"></span>
<p>The macros which Eplain uses to parse the page lists and ranges in the
index, <code>\idxparselist</code> and <code>\idxparserange</code> (see <a href="#Page-destinations-for-index-terms">Page destinations for index terms</a>), are sometimes useful when defining page
number encapsulators. They take one argument, text to parse. When a
page list (range) is not present, they set <code>\idxpagei</code> to be
<code>\empty</code>; when a list (range) is detected, they set
<code>\idxpagei</code> and <code>\idxpageii</code> to the first and the second page
numbers, respectively.
</p>
<span id="index-setidxpagelistdelimiter"></span>
<span id="index-setidxpagerangedelimiter"></span>
<p>Eplain’s defaults for the page list and page range delimiters are the
same as those in MakeIndex, a comma followed by a space (‘<samp>, </samp>’) and
two dashes (‘<samp>--</samp>’), respectively. If you customize MakeIndex to use
different delimiters, you must not forget to let Eplain know about them
with the commands
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\setidxpagelistdelimiter{<var>list-delim</var>}
\setidxpagerangedelimiter{<var>page-delim</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>These commands save the <var>list-delim</var> and
<var>page-delim</var> delimiters in
<span id="index-idxpagelistdelimiter"></span>
<span id="index-idxpagerangedelimiter"></span>
<code>\idxpagelistdelimiter</code> and <code>\idxpagerangedelimiter</code>,
respectively.
</p>
<span id="index-underlining-page-numbers-in-index"></span>
<span id="index-index_002c-underlining-page-numbers"></span>
<span id="index-ituline"></span>
<p>For example, you may want to define a page number markup command which
italicizes and properly underlines page ranges by underlining only the
page numbers and not the delimiter:
</p>
<span id="index-idxpagerangedelimiter-1"></span>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\def\ituline#1{%
{\it
\idxparserange{#1}%
\ifx\idxpagei\empty
% The argument is a single page number.
\underbar{#1}%
\else
% The argument is a page range.
\underbar{\idxpagei}\idxpagerangedelimiter\underbar{\idxpageii}%
\fi}%
}
</pre></div>
<p>Note that the <code>\ituline</code> macro is not aware of page
lists. This is not needed if you use hyperlinks in the index, because
<code>\hlidx</code> and <code>\hlidxpage</code> will break up the page lists before
calling the user’s page encapsulator (see <a href="#Page-destinations-for-index-terms">Page destinations for index terms</a>), so <code>\ituline</code> will never see the lists. If, however, you
need to design a macro which also takes care of the lists, you can
extend <code>\ituline</code> with an additional call to <code>\idxparselist</code>.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Demo-files"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Macro-index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Macro index</a>, Previous: <a href="#Programming-definitions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Programming definitions</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Demo-files-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">8 Demo files</h2>
<span id="index-demo-files"></span>
<p>This chapter contains listings of source files, along with the output
they produce (where appropriate), which illustrate various aspects of
Eplain. The files can be found in the <code>demo</code> subdirectory of
Eplain distribution. These demos, both the sources and the compiled PDF
and PS files, are also available from <a href="https://tug.org/eplain/demo">https://tug.org/eplain/demo</a>.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029" accesskey="1">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Highlighting-TeX-comments-in-listings-_0028lscommnt_002etex_0029" accesskey="2">Highlighting TeX comments in listings (lscommnt.tex)</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Highlighting-TeX-comments-in-listings-_0028lscommnt_002etex_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next">Highlighting TeX comments in listings (lscommnt.tex)</a>, Up: <a href="#Demo-files" accesskey="u" rel="up">Demo files</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.1 Hyperlinks (<code>xhyper.tex</code>)</h3>
<img src="xhyper.jpg" alt="xhyper">
<span id="index-xhyper_002etex"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-demo"></span>
<span id="index-explicit-hyperlinks_002c-demo"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-explicit_002c-demo"></span>
<span id="index-implicit-hyperlinks_002c-demo"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-implicit_002c-demo"></span>
<span id="index-hlstart-4"></span>
<span id="index-hlend-1"></span>
<span id="index-group-options_002c-hyperlink_002c-demo"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-group-options_002c-demo"></span>
<span id="index-link_002c-group-options_002c-demo"></span>
<span id="index-linkgroup-options_002c-demo"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-group-options_002c-demo"></span>
<span id="index-destgroup-options_002c-demo"></span>
<span id="index-group-type_002c-hyperlink_002c-demo"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-group-type_002c-demo"></span>
<span id="index-destgroup-type_002c-demo"></span>
<span id="index-hlopts-2"></span>
<span id="index-hldesttype-2"></span>
<span id="index-hldestopts-2"></span>
<span id="index-cross_002dreferences_002c-demo"></span>
<span id="index-definexref-1"></span>
<span id="index-ref-1"></span>
<span id="index-graphics-collection_002c-LaTeX_002c-demo"></span>
<span id="index-LaTeX-graphics-collection_002c-demo"></span>
<span id="index-color_002c-demo"></span>
<span id="index-rotation_002c-demo"></span>
<span id="index-scaling_002c-demo"></span>
<span id="index-color_002esty-4"></span>
<span id="index-graphicx_002esty-1"></span>
<span id="index-url_002esty-2"></span>
<span id="index-includegraphics"></span>
<span id="index-rotatebox"></span>
<span id="index-definecolor"></span>
<span id="index-url"></span>
<pre class="verbatim">% (This file is public domain.)
%
% This file demonstrates the following features of Eplain:
%
% - explicit and implicit hyperlinks;
% - symbolic cross-references;
% - inserting external graphics using |\includegraphics| from
% the \LaTeX\ package |graphicx.sty|.
% - rotating text using |\rotatebox| from |graphicx.sty|.
%
% The compiled demo can be downloaded from
%
% http://tug.org/eplain/demo
%
% In order to compile this file yourself, you will need the CTAN lion
% drawing by Duane Bibby from
%
% ftp://tug.ctan.org/ftpmaint/CTAN_lion/ctan_lion_350x350.png
%
% (thanks, |www.ctan.org|). Place the image file in the same
% directory with this file, and change to that directory. Now, to
% produce a PDF, run twice the command
%
% pdftex xhyper.tex
%
% During the first run, Eplain will write the information about the
% cross-references into |xhyper.aux|, and during the second run this
% information will be read by Eplain to typeset the references.
%
% Demo case:
%
% Suppose you are using pdf\TeX, have a figure you want to insert
% scaled to $200\,pt$ horizontally, and you want this figure to
% completely fill the PDF viewer's window whenever the reader
% selects a link pointing to this figure. Additionally, you want to
% typeset some text as live hyperlinks, clicking on which will start
% a Web browser and open a URL.
\input eplain
% Load \LaTeX\ packages.
\beginpackages
% |url.sty| provides the |\url| command which we will use to typeset
% a URL. We request that |url.sty| be the version from June~27,
% 2005, or later, because earlier versions had problems interacting
% with plain \TeX.
\usepackage{url}[2005/06/27]
% |color.sty| provides support for colored text; all hyperlinks are
% automatically colored by Eplain when this package is loaded. We give
% the |dvipsnames| option because we want to use named colors from the
% |dvips| graphics driver.
\usepackage[dvipsnames]{color}
% Finally, we load |graphicx.sty|, for the macros |\includegraphics|
% and |\rotatebox|.
\usepackage{graphicx}
\endpackages
% Remember that hyperlinks are off by default. Therefore, we need to
% enable them.
\enablehyperlinks
% Customize some hyperlink options. First, we set border width to~$0$
% for all links to get rid of the default boxes around links (we
% prefer colored links over the boxed links). Next, we say that all
% links created by the |url| hyperlink group (which means the |\url|
% command from |url.sty|) must be colored using the named color
% |BlueViolet|.
\hlopts{bwidth=0}
\hlopts[url]{colormodel=named,color=BlueViolet}
% Inhibit page numbering (we have only one page).
\nopagenumbers
% Define a class word for the cross-reference class |figure|. This
% word, when defined, will be automatically prepended by Eplain to the
% reference created by |\ref| (read on to see its use).
\def\figureword{fig.}
% Allocate a count register for the figure's number, and a box
% register which we'll use to measure dimensions of the image.
\newcount\fignumber
\newbox\imgbox
% Now comes the fun part--constructing the figure for the image of the
% \CTAN\ lion. We define a macro
%
% \fig{LABEL}{FILENAME}{CAPTION}{WIDTH}
%
% which creates a figure using LABEL for the cross-reference and
% hyperlink label, reading the image from file FILENAME, using CAPTION
% to name the figure, and WIDTH to scale the image horizontally.
\def\fig#1#2#3#4{%
% Leave some space above the figure. This will also ensure that we
% are in the vertical mode before we produce a |\vbox|.
\medskip
% Advance the figure number. |\global| ensures that the change to
% the count register is global, even when |\fig| is buried inside a
% group.
\global\advance\fignumber by 1
% We use |\includegraphics| (from |graphicx.sty|) to load the image,
% scaled to the specified width, into our ``measuring'' box
% |\imgbox|.
\setbox\imgbox = \hbox{\includegraphics[width=#4]{#2}}%
% To make the demo even more exciting, let's put the figure's
% caption to the left of the image into the |\indent| space of the
% new paragraph, and rotate the caption~$90^\circ$.
\textindent{%
\rotatebox{90}{F{\sc IGURE}~\the\fignumber. #3}%
}%
% Continue the paragraph by constructing a |\vbox| with the image of
% the lion. We use |\definexref| to define the cross-reference
% label.
\vbox{%
% In addition to the cross-reference label, |\definexref| will
% create a hyperlink destination with the same label. Therefore,
% we customize this destination to do what we need. We say that
% destination type for the hyperlink group |definexref| (to which
% |\definexref| belongs) should be |fitr|. This destination type
% will magnify the rectangle specified by the options |width|,
% |height| and |depth| to the PDF viewer's window. Therefore, we
% set those options accordingly with |\hldestopts| (notice the use
% of |depth| instead of |height|---we will want the rectangle to
% extend {\it downward}, to cover the image which will come
% next). Notice that these settings will be isolated within the
% current group (i.e., the |\vbox| we're constructing).
\hldesttype[definexref]{fitr}%
\hldestopts[definexref]{width=\wd\imgbox,height=0pt,depth=\ht\imgbox}%
% We define a symbolic label so that we can later refer
% to the figure with |\ref|. The command |\definexref| does
% exactly that. The last argument to |\definexref| specifies
% class of the label, which determines the word used by |\ref| in
% front of the reference text (remember that we've defined
% |\figureword| above).
\definexref{#1}{\the\fignumber}{figure}%
% Finally, produce the image which we've been stashing in the box
% register |\imgbox|.
\box\imgbox
}%
\medskip
}
% Create the figure.
\fig{CTANlion}{ctan_lion_350x350}{Lion in the archives}{200pt}
% Finished with the fun part, we can relax and typeset some
% hyperlinks. The easiest way to do that is to use the |\ref|
% cross-reference command. We can even pass an optional argument
% (|the lion in|), which will be placed before the class word (|fig.|)
% and become part of the link (to make sure the reader does not have
% to aim too hard).
Show me \ref[the lion in]{CTANlion}.
% If you are the restless kind, here's another way to create a
% hyperlink to the image: we create a link explicitly by using
% |\hlstart ... \hlend|. We don't specify the link type, therefore
% the default type |name| will be used (these are ``named links'',
% i.e., links pointing to destinations identified by labels). In the
% options argument, we specify that the border of the link should be
% inverted when the user clicks the link (|hlight=O|), and also set
% special color for this link, overriding the default dark-red. The
% label for the destination is the same as the cross-reference label,
% |CTANlion|.
Show me
\hlstart{}{hlight=O,colormodel=named,color=OliveGreen}{CTANlion}
the CTAN lion\hlend.
% Let's now point somewhere outside our document. Eplain homepage is
% a good target. In the similar spirit, let's consider two
% approaches. The easy one is to use the |\url| command from
% |url.sty|. Remember that we have customized the color of |url|
% hyperlinks, so this one will show up with a different color than the
% default dark-red.
Take me to \url{http://tug.org/eplain}.
% The second approach is to create an explicit URL link. We specify
% yet another border highlighting mode, |P|, which means that the
% region underneath the bounding box of the link will be drawn inset
% into the page. Also, let's set the color of the hyperlink to an RGB
% color |0.4,0.1,0.4|. Since we cannot use commas to separate the
% color elements inside the options parameter to |\hlstart| (commas
% there separate options), we have to first create a user-defined
% color with |\definecolor| from |color.sty|, and use that in
% |\hlstart|.
\definecolor{mycolor}{rgb}{0.4,0.1,0.4}
Take me to
\hlstart{url}{hlight=P,colormodel=,color=mycolor}{http://tug.org/eplain}
Eplain homepage\hlend.
\bye
</pre>
<hr>
<span id="Highlighting-TeX-comments-in-listings-_0028lscommnt_002etex_0029"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a>, Up: <a href="#Demo-files" accesskey="u" rel="up">Demo files</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Highlighting-TeX-comments-in-listings-_0028lscommnt_002etex_0029-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.2 Highlighting TeX comments in listings (<code>lscommnt.tex</code>)</h3>
<img src="lscommnt.jpg" alt="lscommnt">
<span id="index-lscommnt_002etex"></span>
<span id="index-verbatim-listing_002c-demo"></span>
<span id="index-listing-files_002c-demo"></span>
<span id="index-files_002c-verbatim-listing-of_002c-demo"></span>
<span id="index-comments_002c-highlighting-in-listings"></span>
<span id="index-highlighting_002c-in-listings"></span>
<span id="index-listing-1"></span>
<span id="index-setuplistinghook-1"></span>
<span id="index-linenumberedlisting-1"></span>
<span id="index-nolastlinelisting-1"></span>
<span id="index-hlightcommentslisting"></span>
<pre class="verbatim">% (This file is public domain.)
% Demonstrate how Eplain can be used to include a TeX source file
% verbatim, typesetting comments in colored italic typewriter type.
% Load Eplain and LaTeX's color.sty package.
\input eplain
\beginpackages \usepackage{color} \endpackages
\nopagenumbers % Disable page numbers.
\font\commentfont = cmitt10 % Font for the comments (italic \tt).
% We'll define some `protected' macros with `@' in their names.
\makeatletter
% Define an equivalent of Eplain's \letreturn, to be able to assign
% various actions to the (active) percent character.
\begingroup \makeactive\%
\gdef\letpercent{\let%}
\endgroup
% The listing hook to be called in \setuplistinghook, see below. It
% makes `%' active and assigns it a `start comment' action.
\def\hlightcommentslisting{\makeactive\% \letpercent\start@comment}%
% This is what `%' is aliased to before a comment is started.
\def\start@comment{%
\leavevmode % Needed in the very first line of the input to process
% the new par (possibly inserting line number) before we
% kick in with the color and stuff.
\begingroup % Isolate color and font changes and the redefinitions.
\commentfont
\color[cmyk]{0.28,1,1,0.35}%
\percentchar % Produce the actual `%' and
\letpercent\percentchar % make all following `%'s do the same.
\letreturn\end@comment % Call \end@comment at end-of-line.
}
% \end@comment (alias for ^^M inside a comment) will end the comment
% started by \start@comment. We make ^^M active temporarily so that
% the active version of ^^M gets "frozen" into \end@comment.
\begingroup \makeactive\^^M % Avoid ^^M's from here on.
\gdef\end@comment{\endgroup ^^M}%
\endgroup
\resetatcatcode % Make `@' again inaccessible for use in macro names.
% Define \setuplistinghook to setup comments highlighting, line
% numbering and omitting the last (empty) line of input.
\def\setuplistinghook{\hlightcommentslisting \linenumberedlisting
\nolastlinelisting}
% Isn't this fun? This file typesets itself, with the extra bonus of
% the pretty-printed comments and numbered source lines!
\listing{lscommnt}
\bye
</pre>
<hr>
<span id="Macro-index"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Concept-index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Concept index</a>, Previous: <a href="#Demo-files" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Demo files</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Macro-index-1"></span><h2 class="unnumbered">Macro index</h2>
<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_symbol-1"><b>@</b></a>
<br>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-B"><b>B</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-G"><b>G</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-H"><b>H</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-I"><b>I</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-J"><b>J</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-L"><b>L</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-M"><b>M</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-N"><b>N</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-O"><b>O</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-P"><b>P</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-Q"><b>Q</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-R"><b>R</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-U"><b>U</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-V"><b>V</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-W"><b>W</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-X"><b>X</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-Z"><b>Z</b></a>
</td></tr></table>
<table class="index-fn" border="0">
<tr><td></td><th align="left">Index Entry</th><td> </td><th align="left"> Section</th></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Macro-index_fn_symbol-1">@</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0040getoptionalarg"><code>@getoptionalarg</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Macro-arguments">Macro arguments</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0040hllabel"><code>@hllabel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-hypertex">Destination types for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0040hllabel-1"><code>@hllabel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-hypertex">Link types for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0040hllabel-2"><code>@hllabel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0040hllabel-3"><code>@hllabel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0040indexproof-insertion-class"><code>@indexproof <span class="roman">insertion class</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Proofing-index-terms">Proofing index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Macro-index_fn_letter-A">A</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-abovecolumnskip"><code>abovecolumnskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Multiple-columns">Multiple columns</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-abovecolumnspenalty"><code>abovecolumnspenalty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tables">Tables</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-abovelistpenalty"><code>abovelistpenalty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-lists">Formatting lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-abovelistskip"><code>abovelistskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-lists">Formatting lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-abovelistskipamount"><code>abovelistskipamount</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-lists">Formatting lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-adjarrow"><code>adjarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-adjmapdown"><code>adjmapdown</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-adjmapleft"><code>adjmapleft</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-adjmapright"><code>adjmapright</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-adjmapup"><code>adjmapup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-advancebottommargin"><code>advancebottommargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Margins">Margins</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-advanceleftmargin"><code>advanceleftmargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Margins">Margins</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-advancerightmargin"><code>advancerightmargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Margins">Margins</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-advancetopmargin"><code>advancetopmargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Margins">Margins</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-afterindexterm"><code>afterindexterm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Customizing-indexing">Customizing indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-afterindexterm-hook"><code>afterindexterm <span class="roman">hook</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing-commands">Indexing commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-AMSLaTeX-1"><code>AMSLaTeX</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logos">Logos</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-AMSTeX-1"><code>AMSTeX</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logos">Logos</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-arrow"><code>arrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-arrow-1"><code>arrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Macro-index_fn_letter-B">B</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bblem"><code>bblem</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-bibliographies">Formatting bibliographies</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bblemph"><code>bblemph</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-bibliographies">Formatting bibliographies</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bblfilebasename"><code>bblfilebasename</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citations">Citations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bblhook"><code>bblhook</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-bibliographies">Formatting bibliographies</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bblnewblock"><code>bblnewblock</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-bibliographies">Formatting bibliographies</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bblrm"><code>bblrm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-bibliographies">Formatting bibliographies</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bblsc"><code>bblsc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-bibliographies">Formatting bibliographies</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bcolor-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"><code>bcolor <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bdash-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"><code>bdash <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bdash-_0028hyperlink-option_0029-1"><code>bdash <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-begin-for-index-entries"><code>begin <span class="roman">for index entries</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modifying-index-entries">Modifying index entries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-beginindex-hook"><code>beginindex <span class="roman">hook</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Typesetting-an-index">Typesetting an index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-beginlist"><code>beginlist</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-lists">Formatting lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-beginpackages"><code>beginpackages</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Environment-for-loading-packages">Environment for loading packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-begin_007bpicture_007d"><code>begin{picture}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-begin_007btheindex_007d"><code>begin{theindex}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Typesetting-an-index">Typesetting an index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-belowcolumnskip"><code>belowcolumnskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Multiple-columns">Multiple columns</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-belowfootnoterulespace"><code>belowfootnoterulespace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-belowlistskip"><code>belowlistskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-lists">Formatting lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-belowlistskipamount"><code>belowlistskipamount</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-lists">Formatting lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-biarrow"><code>biarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-biblabelcontents"><code>biblabelcontents</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-bibliographies">Formatting bibliographies</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-biblabelextraspace"><code>biblabelextraspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-bibliographies">Formatting bibliographies</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-biblabelpostcontents"><code>biblabelpostcontents</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-bibliographies">Formatting bibliographies</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-biblabelprecontents"><code>biblabelprecontents</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-bibliographies">Formatting bibliographies</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-biblabelprint"><code>biblabelprint</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-bibliographies">Formatting bibliographies</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-biblabelwidth"><code>biblabelwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-bibliographies">Formatting bibliographies</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bibliography"><code>bibliography</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citations">Citations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bibliography-_0028hyperlinks_0029"><code>bibliography <span class="roman">(hyperlinks)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citation-hyperlinks">Citation hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bibliographystyle"><code>bibliographystyle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citations">Citations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BibTeX-2"><code>BibTeX</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logos">Logos</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bihline"><code>bihline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bimapdown"><code>bimapdown</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bimapleft"><code>bimapleft</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bimapright"><code>bimapright</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bimapup"><code>bimapup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bisline"><code>bisline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bivline"><code>bivline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-blackbox"><code>blackbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-blanklineskipamount-in-justified-text"><code>blanklineskipamount <span class="roman">in justified text</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Justification">Justification</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-blanklineskipamount-in-obeyed-text"><code>blanklineskipamount <span class="roman">in obeyed text</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Obeying-spaces">Obeying spaces</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bottom-_0028destination-option_0029"><code>bottom <span class="roman">(destination option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bottom-_0028destination-option_0029-1"><code>bottom <span class="roman">(destination option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bottommargin"><code>bottommargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Margins">Margins</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-boxit"><code>boxit</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-boxitspace"><code>boxitspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bstyle-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"><code>bstyle <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bwidth-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"><code>bwidth <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Macro-index_fn_letter-C">C</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-catcode"><code>catcode</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Category-codes">Category codes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-center"><code>center</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Justification">Justification</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-centereddisplays"><code>centereddisplays</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Displays">Displays</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-channelwidth"><code>channelwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-channelwidth-1"><code>channelwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commutative-diagram-parameters">Commutative diagram parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cite"><code>cite</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citations">Citations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cite-_0028hyperlinks_0029"><code>cite <span class="roman">(hyperlinks)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citation-hyperlinks">Citation hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cmd-_0028destination-option_0029"><code>cmd <span class="roman">(destination option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-hypertex">Destination types for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cmd-_0028destination-option_0029-1"><code>cmd <span class="roman">(destination option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-hypertex">Destination options for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cmd-_0028destination-option_0029-2"><code>cmd <span class="roman">(destination option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cmd-_0028destination-option_0029-3"><code>cmd <span class="roman">(destination option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cmd-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"><code>cmd <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-hypertex">Link types for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cmd-_0028hyperlink-option_0029-1"><code>cmd <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-hypertex">Link options for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cmd-_0028hyperlink-option_0029-2"><code>cmd <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cmd-_0028hyperlink-option_0029-3"><code>cmd <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"><code>color <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Options-supported-by-all-drivers">Options supported by all drivers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-colormodel-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"><code>colormodel <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Options-supported-by-all-drivers">Options supported by all drivers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-columnfill"><code>columnfill</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Multiple-columns">Multiple columns</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commdiag"><code>commdiag</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Construction-of-commutative-diagrams">Construction of commutative diagrams</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commdiagbaselines"><code>commdiagbaselines</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Construction-of-commutative-diagrams">Construction of commutative diagrams</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commdiagbaselines-1"><code>commdiagbaselines</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commutative-diagram-parameters">Commutative diagram parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-csn"><code>csn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccsn-and-_005cece">\csn and \ece</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Macro-index_fn_letter-D">D</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-definecolor"><code>definecolor</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-definecontentsfile"><code>definecontentsfile</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Alternative-contents-files">Alternative contents files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-defineindex"><code>defineindex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing">Indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-definexref"><code>definexref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Defining-generic-references">Defining generic references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-definexref-1"><code>definexref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-definexref-_0028hyperlinks_0029"><code>definexref <span class="roman">(hyperlinks)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross_002dreference-hyperlinks">Cross-reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-depth-_0028destination-option_0029"><code>depth <span class="roman">(destination option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-depth-_0028destination-option_0029-1"><code>depth <span class="roman">(destination option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-depth-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"><code>depth <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-discretionaries"><code>discretionaries</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Paths">Paths</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-displaylines"><code>displaylines</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Displays">Displays</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-DOCVIEW-pdfmark"><code>DOCVIEW <span class="roman">pdfmark</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Making-PDF-outlines">Making PDF outlines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dospecials"><code>dospecials</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Verbatim-listing">Verbatim listing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-doublecolumns"><code>doublecolumns</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Multiple-columns">Multiple columns</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-drawline"><code>drawline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Slanted-lines-and-vectors">Slanted lines and vectors</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-drawvector"><code>drawvector</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Slanted-lines-and-vectors">Slanted lines and vectors</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dvipdfm-_0028hyperlink-driver_0029"><code>dvipdfm <span class="roman">(hyperlink driver)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-drivers-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Hyperlink drivers pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Macro-index_fn_letter-E">E</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eattoken"><code>eattoken</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Macro-arguments">Macro arguments</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ece"><code>ece</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccsn-and-_005cece">\csn and \ece</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-edefappend"><code>edefappend</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cedefappend">\edefappend</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ehrule"><code>ehrule</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Rules">Rules</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-em"><code>em</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-from-LaTeX">Commands from LaTeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-emph"><code>emph</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-from-LaTeX">Commands from LaTeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enablehyperlinks"><code>enablehyperlinks</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction-to-hyperlinks">Introduction to hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enablehyperlinks-1"><code>enablehyperlinks</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Choosing-destination-placement">Choosing destination placement</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enablehyperlinks-2"><code>enablehyperlinks</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-nolinks">Hyperlink driver nolinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-end-for-index-entries"><code>end <span class="roman">for index entries</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modifying-index-entries">Modifying index entries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-endlist"><code>endlist</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-lists">Formatting lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-endnumberedlist"><code>endnumberedlist</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Lists">Lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-endorderedlist"><code>endorderedlist</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Lists">Lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-endpackages"><code>endpackages</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Environment-for-loading-packages">Environment for loading packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-endunorderedlist"><code>endunorderedlist</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Lists">Lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-end_007bpicture_007d"><code>end{picture}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-end_007btheindex_007d"><code>end{theindex}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Typesetting-an-index">Typesetting an index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eplain"><code>eplain</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Invoking-Eplain">Invoking Eplain</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eplaininput"><code>eplaininput</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Environment-for-loading-packages">Environment for loading packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eqalignno"><code>eqalignno</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Displays">Displays</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eqalignno-1"><code>eqalignno</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Displays">Displays</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eqalignnum"><code>eqalignnum</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Displays">Displays</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eqconstruct"><code>eqconstruct</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-equation-references">Formatting equation references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eqdef"><code>eqdef</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Equation-references">Equation references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eqdef-_0028hyperlinks_0029"><code>eqdef <span class="roman">(hyperlinks)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Equation-reference-hyperlinks">Equation reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eqdefn"><code>eqdefn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Equation-references">Equation references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eqdefn-_0028hyperlinks_0029"><code>eqdefn <span class="roman">(hyperlinks)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Equation-reference-hyperlinks">Equation reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eqno"><code>eqno</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Displays">Displays</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eqnum"><code>eqnum</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Displays">Displays</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eqnum-1"><code>eqnum</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Equation-references">Equation references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eqnum-2"><code>eqnum</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Equation-references">Equation references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eqnumber"><code>eqnumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Equation-references">Equation references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eqprint"><code>eqprint</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-equation-references">Formatting equation references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eqref"><code>eqref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Equation-references">Equation references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eqref-1"><code>eqref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Equation-reference-hyperlinks">Equation reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eqrefn"><code>eqrefn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Equation-references">Equation references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eqrefn-1"><code>eqrefn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Equation-reference-hyperlinks">Equation reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eqsubdef"><code>eqsubdef</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subequation-references">Subequation references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eqsubdef-_0028hyperlinks_0029"><code>eqsubdef <span class="roman">(hyperlinks)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Equation-reference-hyperlinks">Equation reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eqsubdefn"><code>eqsubdefn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subequation-references">Subequation references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eqsubdefn-_0028hyperlinks_0029"><code>eqsubdefn <span class="roman">(hyperlinks)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Equation-reference-hyperlinks">Equation reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eqsubreftext"><code>eqsubreftext</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subequation-references">Subequation references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eTeX-1"><code>eTeX</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logos">Logos</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-everyfootnote"><code>everyfootnote</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-evrule"><code>evrule</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Rules">Rules</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expandonce"><code>expandonce</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cexpandonce">\expandonce</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ext-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"><code>ext <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-hypertex">Link types for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ext-_0028hyperlink-option_0029-1"><code>ext <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-hypertex">Link options for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ExTeX-1"><code>ExTeX</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logos">Logos</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Macro-index_fn_letter-F">F</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-file-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"><code>file <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-hypertex">Link types for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-file-_0028hyperlink-option_0029-1"><code>file <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-hypertex">Link options for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-file-_0028hyperlink-option_0029-2"><code>file <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-file-_0028hyperlink-option_0029-3"><code>file <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-file-_0028hyperlink-option_0029-4"><code>file <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fileexists-_0028conditional_0029"><code>fileexists <span class="roman">(conditional)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Auxiliary-files">Auxiliary files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-filename-_0028hyperlink-type_0029"><code>filename <span class="roman">(hyperlink type)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-hypertex">Link types for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-filename-_0028hyperlink-type_0029-1"><code>filename <span class="roman">(hyperlink type)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-filepage-_0028hyperlink-type_0029"><code>filepage <span class="roman">(hyperlink type)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fit-_0028destination-type_0029"><code>fit <span class="roman">(destination type)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fitb-_0028destination-type_0029"><code>fitb <span class="roman">(destination type)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fitbh-_0028destination-type_0029"><code>fitbh <span class="roman">(destination type)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fitbv-_0028destination-type_0029"><code>fitbv <span class="roman">(destination type)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fith-_0028destination-type_0029"><code>fith <span class="roman">(destination type)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fitr-_0028destination-type_0029"><code>fitr <span class="roman">(destination type)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fitv-_0028destination-type_0029"><code>fitv <span class="roman">(destination type)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-flushleft"><code>flushleft</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Justification">Justification</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-flushright"><code>flushright</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Justification">Justification</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fmtversion"><code>fmtversion</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnote-_0028hyperlinks_0029"><code>footnote <span class="roman">(hyperlinks)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnote-hyperlinks">Footnote hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnotemarkseparation"><code>footnotemarkseparation</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnoteruleheight"><code>footnoteruleheight</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnoterulewidth"><code>footnoterulewidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-for"><code>for</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Iteration">Iteration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-For"><code>For</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Iteration">Iteration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-frac"><code>frac</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Fractions">Fractions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fullmonthname"><code>fullmonthname</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Time-of-day">Time of day</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-futurenonspacelet"><code>futurenonspacelet</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfuturenonspacelet">\futurenonspacelet</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Macro-index_fn_letter-G">G</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-getproperty"><code>getproperty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Properties">Properties</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-gloggingall"><code>gloggingall</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Diagnostics">Diagnostics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-gobble"><code>gobble</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Macro-arguments">Macro arguments</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-gobbletwo"><code>gobbletwo</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Macro-arguments">Macro arguments</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-gridcommdiag"><code>gridcommdiag</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Construction-of-commutative-diagrams">Construction of commutative diagrams</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-gtracingall"><code>gtracingall</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Diagnostics">Diagnostics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-gutter"><code>gutter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Multiple-columns">Multiple columns</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-gutterbox"><code>gutterbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Multiple-columns">Multiple columns</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Macro-index_fn_letter-H">H</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hangindent-for-index-entries"><code>hangindent <span class="roman">for index entries</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Typesetting-an-index">Typesetting an index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-harrowlength"><code>harrowlength</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-harrowlength-1"><code>harrowlength</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commutative-diagram-parameters">Commutative diagram parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hchannel"><code>hchannel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commutative-diagram-parameters">Commutative diagram parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-height-_0028destination-option_0029"><code>height <span class="roman">(destination option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-height-_0028destination-option_0029-1"><code>height <span class="roman">(destination option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-height-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"><code>height <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hgrid"><code>hgrid</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Construction-of-commutative-diagrams">Construction of commutative diagrams</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hgrid-1"><code>hgrid</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commutative-diagram-parameters">Commutative diagram parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hldest"><code>hldest</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Explicit-hyperlinks">Explicit hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hldest-1"><code>hldest</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-hypertex">Destination types for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hldest-2"><code>hldest</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hldest-3"><code>hldest</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options">Setting hyperlink types and options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hldestoff"><code>hldestoff</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-nolinks">Hyperlink driver nolinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hldestoff-1"><code>hldestoff</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Turning-low_002dlevel-commands-on_002foff">Turning low-level commands on/off</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hldeston"><code>hldeston</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Turning-low_002dlevel-commands-on_002foff">Turning low-level commands on/off</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hldestopts"><code>hldestopts</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-default-types-and-options">Setting default types and options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hldestopts-1"><code>hldestopts</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-options">Setting group options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hldestopts-2"><code>hldestopts</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hldesttype"><code>hldesttype</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-default-types-and-options">Setting default types and options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hldesttype-1"><code>hldesttype</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-types">Setting group types</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hldesttype-2"><code>hldesttype</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hlend"><code>hlend</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Explicit-hyperlinks">Explicit hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hlend-1"><code>hlend</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hlfootbacklabel"><code>hlfootbacklabel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnote-hyperlinks">Footnote hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hlfootlabel"><code>hlfootlabel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnote-hyperlinks">Footnote hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hlfootlabelnumber"><code>hlfootlabelnumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnote-hyperlinks">Footnote hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hlhash"><code>hlhash</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-hypertex">Link types for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hlidx"><code>hlidx</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Exact-destinations-for-index-terms">Exact destinations for index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hlidxlabel"><code>hlidxlabel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Exact-destinations-for-index-terms">Exact destinations for index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hlidxlabelnumber"><code>hlidxlabelnumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Exact-destinations-for-index-terms">Exact destinations for index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hlidxpage"><code>hlidxpage</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-destinations-for-index-terms">Page destinations for index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hlidxpagelabel"><code>hlidxpagelabel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-destinations-for-index-terms">Page destinations for index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hlight-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"><code>hlight <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hlightcommentslisting"><code>hlightcommentslisting</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Highlighting-TeX-comments-in-listings-_0028lscommnt_002etex_0029">Highlighting TeX comments in listings (lscommnt.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hline"><code>hline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hloff"><code>hloff</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-nolinks">Hyperlink driver nolinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hloff-1"><code>hloff</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Turning-low_002dlevel-commands-on_002foff">Turning low-level commands on/off</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hlon"><code>hlon</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Turning-low_002dlevel-commands-on_002foff">Turning low-level commands on/off</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hlopts"><code>hlopts</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-default-types-and-options">Setting default types and options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hlopts-1"><code>hlopts</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-options">Setting group options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hlopts-2"><code>hlopts</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hlstart"><code>hlstart</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Explicit-hyperlinks">Explicit hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hlstart-1"><code>hlstart</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-hypertex">Link types for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hlstart-2"><code>hlstart</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hlstart-3"><code>hlstart</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options">Setting hyperlink types and options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hlstart-4"><code>hlstart</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hltype"><code>hltype</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-default-types-and-options">Setting default types and options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hltype-1"><code>hltype</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-types">Setting group types</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hmorphposn"><code>hmorphposn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hmorphposn-1"><code>hmorphposn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commutative-diagram-parameters">Commutative diagram parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hmorphposndn"><code>hmorphposndn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hmorphposndn-1"><code>hmorphposndn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commutative-diagram-parameters">Commutative diagram parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hmorphposnlft"><code>hmorphposnlft</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hmorphposnlft-1"><code>hmorphposnlft</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commutative-diagram-parameters">Commutative diagram parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hmorphposnrt"><code>hmorphposnrt</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hmorphposnrt-1"><code>hmorphposnrt</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commutative-diagram-parameters">Commutative diagram parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hmorphposnup"><code>hmorphposnup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hmorphposnup-1"><code>hmorphposnup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commutative-diagram-parameters">Commutative diagram parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hoffset"><code>hoffset</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Proofing-index-terms">Proofing index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hookaction"><code>hookaction</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hooks">Hooks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hookactiononce"><code>hookactiononce</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hooks">Hooks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hookappend"><code>hookappend</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hooks">Hooks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hookprepend"><code>hookprepend</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hooks">Hooks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hookrun"><code>hookrun</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hooks">Hooks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-href"><code>href</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#General-hyperlinks">General hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hruledefaultdepth"><code>hruledefaultdepth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Rules">Rules</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hruledefaultheight"><code>hruledefaultheight</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Rules">Rules</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hsize"><code>hsize</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Margins">Margins</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hypertex-_0028hyperlink-driver_0029"><code>hypertex <span class="roman">(hyperlink driver)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-hypertex">Hyperlink driver hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyphenpenalty-for-index-entries"><code>hyphenpenalty <span class="roman">for index entries</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Typesetting-an-index">Typesetting an index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Macro-index_fn_letter-I">I</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-identity"><code>identity</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Macro-arguments">Macro arguments</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idx"><code>idx</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing-commands">Indexing commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idx-_0028hyperlinks_0029"><code>idx <span class="roman">(hyperlinks)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Index-hyperlinks">Index hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idxargclose"><code>idxargclose</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Index-entries-with-special-characters">Index entries with special characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idxargopen"><code>idxargopen</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Index-entries-with-special-characters">Index entries with special characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idxbeginrangemark"><code>idxbeginrangemark</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Customizing-indexing">Customizing indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idxencapoperator"><code>idxencapoperator</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Customizing-indexing">Customizing indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idxendrangemark"><code>idxendrangemark</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Customizing-indexing">Customizing indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idxexact"><code>idxexact</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Choosing-destination-placement">Choosing destination placement</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idxmarked"><code>idxmarked</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing-commands">Indexing commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idxmarked-_0028hyperlinks_0029"><code>idxmarked <span class="roman">(hyperlinks)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Index-hyperlinks">Index hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idxname"><code>idxname</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing-commands">Indexing commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idxname-_0028hyperlinks_0029"><code>idxname <span class="roman">(hyperlinks)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Index-hyperlinks">Index hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idxnameseparator"><code>idxnameseparator</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing-commands">Indexing commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idxnone"><code>idxnone</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Choosing-destination-placement">Choosing destination placement</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idxpage"><code>idxpage</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Choosing-destination-placement">Choosing destination placement</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idxpagei"><code>idxpagei</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-list-and-page-range-parsers">Page list and page range parsers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idxpageii"><code>idxpageii</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-list-and-page-range-parsers">Page list and page range parsers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idxpagelistdelimiter"><code>idxpagelistdelimiter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-list-and-page-range-parsers">Page list and page range parsers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idxpagenum"><code>idxpagenum</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Customizing-indexing">Customizing indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idxpagerangedelimiter"><code>idxpagerangedelimiter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-list-and-page-range-parsers">Page list and page range parsers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idxpagerangedelimiter-1"><code>idxpagerangedelimiter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-list-and-page-range-parsers">Page list and page range parsers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idxparselist"><code>idxparselist</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-list-and-page-range-parsers">Page list and page range parsers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idxparserange"><code>idxparserange</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-list-and-page-range-parsers">Page list and page range parsers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idxrangebeginword"><code>idxrangebeginword</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Customizing-indexing">Customizing indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idxrangeendword"><code>idxrangeendword</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Customizing-indexing">Customizing indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idxseealsocmdword"><code>idxseealsocmdword</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Customizing-indexing">Customizing indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idxseecmdword"><code>idxseecmdword</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Customizing-indexing">Customizing indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idxsubentryseparator"><code>idxsubentryseparator</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Customizing-indexing">Customizing indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idxsubmarked"><code>idxsubmarked</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing-commands">Indexing commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idxsubmarked-_0028hyperlinks_0029"><code>idxsubmarked <span class="roman">(hyperlinks)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Index-hyperlinks">Index hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ifempty"><code>ifempty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cifempty">\ifempty</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-iffileexists"><code>iffileexists</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Auxiliary-files">Auxiliary files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ifidx"><code>ifidx</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing">Indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ifindexproofing"><code>ifindexproofing</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Proofing-index-terms">Proofing index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ifinteger"><code>ifinteger</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cifinteger-and-_005cisinteger">\ifinteger and \isinteger</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ifpdf"><code>ifpdf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Checking-for-PDF-output">Checking for PDF output</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ifpdf-1"><code>ifpdf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction-to-hyperlinks">Introduction to hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ifpdf-2"><code>ifpdf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Making-PDF-outlines">Making PDF outlines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ifrewritetocfile"><code>ifrewritetocfile</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reading-the-_002etoc-file">Reading the .toc file</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ifundefined"><code>ifundefined</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cifundefined">\ifundefined</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-includegraphics"><code>includegraphics</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indexfilebasename"><code>indexfilebasename</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Typesetting-an-index">Typesetting an index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indexfonts"><code>indexfonts</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Typesetting-an-index">Typesetting an index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indexitem-hook"><code>indexitem <span class="roman">hook</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Typesetting-an-index">Typesetting an index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indexprooffont"><code>indexprooffont</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Proofing-index-terms">Proofing index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indexproofingfalse"><code>indexproofingfalse</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Proofing-index-terms">Proofing index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indexproofingtrue"><code>indexproofingtrue</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Proofing-index-terms">Proofing index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indexproofterm"><code>indexproofterm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Proofing-index-terms">Proofing index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indexproofunbox"><code>indexproofunbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Proofing-index-terms">Proofing index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indexsee"><code>indexsee</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Customizing-indexing">Customizing indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indexsee-1"><code>indexsee</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-in-see-and-see-also-entries">Hyperlinks in see and see also entries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indexseealso"><code>indexseealso</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Customizing-indexing">Customizing indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indexseealso-1"><code>indexseealso</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-in-see-and-see-also-entries">Hyperlinks in see and see also entries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indexseealsowords"><code>indexseealsowords</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Customizing-indexing">Customizing indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indexseeword"><code>indexseeword</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Customizing-indexing">Customizing indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indexsetmargins"><code>indexsetmargins</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Proofing-index-terms">Proofing index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indexspace"><code>indexspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Typesetting-an-index">Typesetting an index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-innerdef"><code>innerdef</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Allocation-macros">Allocation macros</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-innerinnerdef"><code>innerinnerdef</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Allocation-macros">Allocation macros</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-innernewbox"><code>innernewbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Allocation-macros">Allocation macros</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-innernewcount"><code>innernewcount</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Allocation-macros">Allocation macros</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-innernewdimen"><code>innernewdimen</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Allocation-macros">Allocation macros</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-innernewfam"><code>innernewfam</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Allocation-macros">Allocation macros</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-innernewhelp"><code>innernewhelp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Allocation-macros">Allocation macros</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-innernewif"><code>innernewif</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Allocation-macros">Allocation macros</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-innernewinsert"><code>innernewinsert</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Allocation-macros">Allocation macros</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-innernewlanguage"><code>innernewlanguage</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Allocation-macros">Allocation macros</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-innernewread"><code>innernewread</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Allocation-macros">Allocation macros</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-innernewskip"><code>innernewskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Allocation-macros">Allocation macros</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-innernewtoks"><code>innernewtoks</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Allocation-macros">Allocation macros</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-innernewwrite"><code>innernewwrite</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Allocation-macros">Allocation macros</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-input"><code>input</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Environment-for-loading-packages">Environment for loading packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-insidemargin"><code>insidemargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Proofing-index-terms">Proofing index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-interfootnoteskip"><code>interfootnoteskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-interitemskip"><code>interitemskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-lists">Formatting lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-interitemskipamount"><code>interitemskipamount</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-lists">Formatting lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-isinteger"><code>isinteger</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cifinteger-and-_005cisinteger">\ifinteger and \isinteger</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-item-in-indexes"><code>item <span class="roman">in indexes</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Typesetting-an-index">Typesetting an index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-itemletter"><code>itemletter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-lists">Formatting lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-itemnumber"><code>itemnumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-lists">Formatting lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ituline"><code>ituline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-list-and-page-range-parsers">Page list and page range parsers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Macro-index_fn_letter-J">J</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-jobname"><code>jobname</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citations">Citations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-jobname-1"><code>jobname</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Typesetting-an-index">Typesetting an index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-jobname-2"><code>jobname</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Auxiliary-files">Auxiliary files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Macro-index_fn_letter-L">L</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LAMSTeX-1"><code>LAMSTeX</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logos">Logos</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-4"><code>LaTeX</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logos">Logos</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lbracechar"><code>lbracechar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Category-codes">Category codes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-_0028destination-option_0029"><code>left <span class="roman">(destination option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-_0028destination-option_0029-1"><code>left <span class="roman">(destination option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-_0028destination-option_0029-2"><code>left <span class="roman">(destination option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-_0028destination-option_0029-3"><code>left <span class="roman">(destination option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-_0028destination-option_0029-4"><code>left <span class="roman">(destination option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-leftdisplayindent"><code>leftdisplayindent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Displays">Displays</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-leftdisplays"><code>leftdisplays</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Displays">Displays</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-leftdisplaysetup"><code>leftdisplaysetup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-displays">Formatting displays</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lefteqnumbers"><code>lefteqnumbers</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Displays">Displays</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-leftmargin"><code>leftmargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Margins">Margins</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-leftskip"><code>leftskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Justification">Justification</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-leqalignno"><code>leqalignno</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Displays">Displays</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-leqalignno-1"><code>leqalignno</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Displays">Displays</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-leqno"><code>leqno</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Displays">Displays</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letreturn"><code>letreturn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Category-codes">Category codes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letter"><code>letter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Category-codes">Category codes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lft"><code>lft</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-li"><code>li</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Lists">Lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-li-_0028hyperlinks_0029"><code>li <span class="roman">(hyperlinks)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#List-hyperlinks">List hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-linenumberedlisting"><code>linenumberedlisting</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Verbatim-listing">Verbatim listing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-linenumberedlisting-1"><code>linenumberedlisting</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Highlighting-TeX-comments-in-listings-_0028lscommnt_002etex_0029">Highlighting TeX comments in listings (lscommnt.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-listcompact"><code>listcompact</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Lists">Lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-listing"><code>listing</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Verbatim-listing">Verbatim listing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-listing-1"><code>listing</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Highlighting-TeX-comments-in-listings-_0028lscommnt_002etex_0029">Highlighting TeX comments in listings (lscommnt.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-listingfont"><code>listingfont</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Verbatim-listing">Verbatim listing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-listleftindent"><code>listleftindent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-lists">Formatting lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-listmarkerspace"><code>listmarkerspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-lists">Formatting lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-listrightindent"><code>listrightindent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-lists">Formatting lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-loggingall"><code>loggingall</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Diagnostics">Diagnostics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-loop"><code>loop</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Iteration">Iteration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Macro-index_fn_letter-M">M</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-makeactive"><code>makeactive</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Category-codes">Category codes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-makeatletter"><code>makeatletter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Category-codes">Category codes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-makeatother"><code>makeatother</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Category-codes">Category codes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-makeblankbox"><code>makeblankbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-makecolumns"><code>makecolumns</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tables">Tables</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-makeheadline"><code>makeheadline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Proofing-index-terms">Proofing index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mapdown"><code>mapdown</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mapdown-1"><code>mapdown</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mapleft"><code>mapleft</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mapleft-1"><code>mapleft</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mapright"><code>mapright</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mapright-1"><code>mapright</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mapup"><code>mapup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mapup-1"><code>mapup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-matrix"><code>matrix</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Construction-of-commutative-diagrams">Construction of commutative diagrams</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mbox"><code>mbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-from-LaTeX">Commands from LaTeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MF"><code>MF</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logos">Logos</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-monthname"><code>monthname</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Time-of-day">Time of day</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-morphdist"><code>morphdist</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-morphdist-1"><code>morphdist</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commutative-diagram-parameters">Commutative diagram parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Macro-index_fn_letter-N">N</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-name-_0028hyperlink-type_0029"><code>name <span class="roman">(hyperlink type)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-hypertex">Link types for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-name-_0028hyperlink-type_0029-1"><code>name <span class="roman">(hyperlink type)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new_2026"><code>new…</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Allocation-macros">Allocation macros</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-newblock"><code>newblock</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-from-LaTeX">Commands from LaTeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-newcommand"><code>newcommand</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-from-LaTeX">Commands from LaTeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-newwin-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"><code>newwin <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-newwin-_0028hyperlink-option_0029-1"><code>newwin <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-newwin-_0028hyperlink-option_0029-2"><code>newwin <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-noarrow"><code>noarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Invoking-Eplain">Invoking Eplain</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-noauxfile"><code>noauxfile</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Invoking-Eplain">Invoking Eplain</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-nobibtex"><code>nobibtex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Invoking-Eplain">Invoking Eplain</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-nocite"><code>nocite</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citations">Citations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-nolastlinelisting"><code>nolastlinelisting</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Verbatim-listing">Verbatim listing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-nolastlinelisting-1"><code>nolastlinelisting</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Highlighting-TeX-comments-in-listings-_0028lscommnt_002etex_0029">Highlighting TeX comments in listings (lscommnt.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-nolinks-_0028hyperlink-driver_0029"><code>nolinks <span class="roman">(hyperlink driver)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-nolinks">Hyperlink driver nolinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-normalbaselineskip"><code>normalbaselineskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Options-supported-by-all-drivers">Options supported by all drivers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-num-_0028hyperlink-type_0029"><code>num <span class="roman">(hyperlink type)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-numberedfootnote"><code>numberedfootnote</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-numberedfootnote-_0028hyperlinks_0029"><code>numberedfootnote <span class="roman">(hyperlinks)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnote-hyperlinks">Footnote hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-numberedlist"><code>numberedlist</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Lists">Lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-numberedlistdepth"><code>numberedlistdepth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-lists">Formatting lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-numberedmarker"><code>numberedmarker</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-lists">Formatting lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-numbername"><code>numbername</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Writing-out-numbers">Writing out numbers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Macro-index_fn_letter-O">O</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-obeywhitespace"><code>obeywhitespace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Obeying-spaces">Obeying spaces</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-orderedlist"><code>orderedlist</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Lists">Lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-other"><code>other</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Category-codes">Category codes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-outer"><code>outer</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Allocation-macros">Allocation macros</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-outsidemargin"><code>outsidemargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Proofing-index-terms">Proofing index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Macro-index_fn_letter-P">P</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-_0028hyperlink-type_0029"><code>page <span class="roman">(hyperlink type)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pagefit-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"><code>pagefit <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pagefit-_0028hyperlink-option_0029-1"><code>pagefit <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pagefit-_0028hyperlink-option_0029-2"><code>pagefit <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pagefit-_0028hyperlink-option_0029-3"><code>pagefit <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pageno"><code>pageno</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Proofing-index-terms">Proofing index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pagetotal"><code>pagetotal</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Multiple-columns">Multiple columns</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paperheight"><code>paperheight</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Margins">Margins</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paperwidth"><code>paperwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Margins">Margins</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-parfillskip_002c-reset-by-_005cragged_002e_002e_002e"><code>parfillskip<span class="roman">, reset by <code>\ragged...</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Justification">Justification</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-parindent-in-indexes"><code>parindent <span class="roman">in indexes</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Typesetting-an-index">Typesetting an index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-path"><code>path</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Paths">Paths</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdfescapestring-pdfTeX-primitive"><code>pdfescapestring <span class="roman">pdfTeX primitive</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Making-PDF-outlines">Making PDF outlines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdfmark-_0028PDF-language-primitive_0029"><code>pdfmark <span class="roman">(PDF language primitive)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Making-PDF-outlines">Making PDF outlines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdfoutline-_0028pdftex-primitive_0029"><code>pdfoutline <span class="roman">(<code>pdftex</code> primitive)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Making-PDF-outlines">Making PDF outlines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdfoutput"><code>pdfoutput</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Checking-for-PDF-output">Checking for PDF output</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdftex-_0028hyperlink-driver_0029"><code>pdftex <span class="roman">(hyperlink driver)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-drivers-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Hyperlink drivers pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-percentchar"><code>percentchar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Category-codes">Category codes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-phantomeqlabel"><code>phantomeqlabel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Equation-reference-hyperlinks">Equation reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-phantomeqnumber"><code>phantomeqnumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Equation-reference-hyperlinks">Equation reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-previouseverydisplay"><code>previouseverydisplay</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-displays">Formatting displays</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-printbetweencitations"><code>printbetweencitations</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-citations">Formatting citations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-printcitefinish"><code>printcitefinish</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-citations">Formatting citations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-printcitenote"><code>printcitenote</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-citations">Formatting citations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-printcitestart"><code>printcitestart</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-citations">Formatting citations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-printitem"><code>printitem</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-lists">Formatting lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-printlistinglineno"><code>printlistinglineno</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Verbatim-listing">Verbatim listing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-printlistinglineno-1"><code>printlistinglineno</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Verbatim-listing">Verbatim listing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-providecommand"><code>providecommand</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-from-LaTeX">Commands from LaTeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Macro-index_fn_letter-Q">Q</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quadcolumns"><code>quadcolumns</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Multiple-columns">Multiple columns</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Macro-index_fn_letter-R">R</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-raggedleft"><code>raggedleft</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Justification">Justification</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-raggedleftskip"><code>raggedleftskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Justification">Justification</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-raggedright"><code>raggedright</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Justification">Justification</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-raggedright-for-index-entries"><code>raggedright <span class="roman">for index entries</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Typesetting-an-index">Typesetting an index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-raise-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"><code>raise <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Options-supported-by-all-drivers">Options supported by all drivers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-raise-_0028hyperlink-option_0029-1"><code>raise <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-options">Setting group options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-raw-_0028destination-type_0029"><code>raw <span class="roman">(destination type)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-hypertex">Destination types for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-raw-_0028destination-type_0029-1"><code>raw <span class="roman">(destination type)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-raw-_0028hyperlink-type_0029"><code>raw <span class="roman">(hyperlink type)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-hypertex">Link types for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-raw-_0028hyperlink-type_0029-1"><code>raw <span class="roman">(hyperlink type)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rbracechar"><code>rbracechar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Category-codes">Category codes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-readindexfile"><code>readindexfile</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Typesetting-an-index">Typesetting an index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-readindexfile-_0028hyperlinks_0029"><code>readindexfile <span class="roman">(hyperlinks)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Index-hyperlinks">Index hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-readtocfile"><code>readtocfile</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reading-the-_002etoc-file">Reading the .toc file</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ref"><code>ref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-generic-references">Using generic references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ref-1"><code>ref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ref-_0028hyperlinks_0029"><code>ref <span class="roman">(hyperlinks)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross_002dreference-hyperlinks">Cross-reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-refn"><code>refn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-generic-references">Using generic references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-refn-_0028hyperlinks_0029"><code>refn <span class="roman">(hyperlinks)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross_002dreference-hyperlinks">Cross-reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-refs"><code>refs</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-generic-references">Using generic references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-refs-_0028hyperlinks_0029"><code>refs <span class="roman">(hyperlinks)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross_002dreference-hyperlinks">Cross-reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-refspace"><code>refspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross_002dreference-hyperlinks">Cross-reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-refspace-1"><code>refspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-reference-hyperlinks">Page reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-reftie"><code>reftie</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross_002dreference-hyperlinks">Cross-reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-reftie-1"><code>reftie</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross_002dreference-hyperlinks">Cross-reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-reftie-2"><code>reftie</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Equation-reference-hyperlinks">Equation reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-renewcommand"><code>renewcommand</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-from-LaTeX">Commands from LaTeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-repeat"><code>repeat</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Iteration">Iteration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-resetatcatcode"><code>resetatcatcode</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Environment-for-loading-packages">Environment for loading packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-resetatcatcode-1"><code>resetatcatcode</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Category-codes">Category codes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rewritetocfile-_0028conditional_0029"><code>rewritetocfile <span class="roman">(conditional)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reading-the-_002etoc-file">Reading the .toc file</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-_0028destination-option_0029"><code>right <span class="roman">(destination option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-_0028destination-option_0029-1"><code>right <span class="roman">(destination option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-righteqnumbers"><code>righteqnumbers</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Displays">Displays</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rightmargin"><code>rightmargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Margins">Margins</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rotatebox"><code>rotatebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rt"><code>rt</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Macro-index_fn_letter-S">S</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sanitize"><code>sanitize</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Converting-to-characters">Converting to characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sarrowlength"><code>sarrowlength</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sarrowlength-1"><code>sarrowlength</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commutative-diagram-parameters">Commutative diagram parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sc"><code>sc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-from-LaTeX">Commands from LaTeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-see-for-index-entries"><code>see <span class="roman">for index entries</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modifying-index-entries">Modifying index entries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-see-for-index-entries-1"><code>see <span class="roman">for index entries</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Customizing-indexing">Customizing indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-seealso-for-index-entries"><code>seealso <span class="roman">for index entries</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modifying-index-entries">Modifying index entries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-seevariant"><code>seevariant</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Customizing-indexing">Customizing indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-setidxpagelistdelimiter"><code>setidxpagelistdelimiter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-list-and-page-range-parsers">Page list and page range parsers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-setidxpagerangedelimiter"><code>setidxpagerangedelimiter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-list-and-page-range-parsers">Page list and page range parsers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-setproperty"><code>setproperty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Properties">Properties</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-setuplistinghook"><code>setuplistinghook</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Verbatim-listing">Verbatim listing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-setuplistinghook-1"><code>setuplistinghook</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Highlighting-TeX-comments-in-listings-_0028lscommnt_002etex_0029">Highlighting TeX comments in listings (lscommnt.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sidx"><code>sidx</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing-commands">Indexing commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sidxmarked"><code>sidxmarked</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing-commands">Indexing commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sidxname"><code>sidxname</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing-commands">Indexing commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sidxsubmarked"><code>sidxsubmarked</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing-commands">Indexing commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-singlecolumn"><code>singlecolumn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Multiple-columns">Multiple columns</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sline"><code>sline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sline-1"><code>sline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-SLiTeX-1"><code>SLiTeX</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logos">Logos</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spaceskip_002c-reset-by-_005cragged_002e_002e_002e"><code>spaceskip<span class="roman">, reset by <code>\ragged...</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Justification">Justification</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-special"><code>special</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction-to-hyperlinks">Introduction to hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-special-ps_003a-for-dvips"><code>special ps: <span class="roman">for <code>dvips</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Making-PDF-outlines">Making PDF outlines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-specialpathdelimiters-_0028conditional_0029"><code>specialpathdelimiters <span class="roman">(conditional)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Paths">Paths</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subeqnumber"><code>subeqnumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subequation-references">Subequation references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subitem-in-indexes"><code>subitem <span class="roman">in indexes</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Typesetting-an-index">Typesetting an index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subsubitem-in-indexes"><code>subsubitem <span class="roman">in indexes</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Typesetting-an-index">Typesetting an index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Macro-index_fn_letter-T">T</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-testfileexistence"><code>testfileexistence</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Auxiliary-files">Auxiliary files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TeX"><code>TeX</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logos">Logos</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-textbf"><code>textbf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-from-LaTeX">Commands from LaTeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-timestamp"><code>timestamp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Time-of-day">Time of day</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-timestring"><code>timestring</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Time-of-day">Time of day</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-toc_2026entry"><code>toc…entry</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Writing-the-_002etoc-file">Writing the .toc file</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-toc_2026entry-1"><code>toc…entry</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Writing-the-_002etoc-file">Writing the .toc file</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tocfilebasename"><code>tocfilebasename</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Changing-the-_002etoc-file_0027s-root-name">Changing the .toc file's root name</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-today"><code>today</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Time-of-day">Time of day</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-top-_0028destination-option_0029"><code>top <span class="roman">(destination option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-top-_0028destination-option_0029-1"><code>top <span class="roman">(destination option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-top-_0028destination-option_0029-2"><code>top <span class="roman">(destination option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-top-_0028destination-option_0029-3"><code>top <span class="roman">(destination option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-top-_0028destination-option_0029-4"><code>top <span class="roman">(destination option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-topmargin"><code>topmargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Margins">Margins</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tracingall"><code>tracingall</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Diagnostics">Diagnostics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tracingboxes"><code>tracingboxes</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Diagnostics">Diagnostics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tracingoff"><code>tracingoff</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Diagnostics">Diagnostics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-triplecolumns"><code>triplecolumns</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Multiple-columns">Multiple columns</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tt"><code>tt</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ttfamily"><code>ttfamily</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Macro-index_fn_letter-U">U</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-uncatcodespecials"><code>uncatcodespecials</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Verbatim-listing">Verbatim listing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-uncatcodespecials-1"><code>uncatcodespecials</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Category-codes">Category codes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unorderedlist"><code>unorderedlist</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Lists">Lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unorderedlistdepth"><code>unorderedlistdepth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-lists">Formatting lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unorderedmarker"><code>unorderedmarker</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-lists">Formatting lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-url"><code>url</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-url-_0028hyperlink-type_0029"><code>url <span class="roman">(hyperlink type)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-hypertex">Link types for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-url-_0028hyperlink-type_0029-1"><code>url <span class="roman">(hyperlink type)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-url-_0028hyperlinks_0029"><code>url <span class="roman">(hyperlinks)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#URL-hyperlinks">URL hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-usepackage"><code>usepackage</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#The-_005cusepackage-command">The \usepackage command</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Macro-index_fn_letter-V">V</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-varrowlength"><code>varrowlength</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-varrowlength-1"><code>varrowlength</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commutative-diagram-parameters">Commutative diagram parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vchannel"><code>vchannel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commutative-diagram-parameters">Commutative diagram parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-verbatim"><code>verbatim</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Verbatim-listing">Verbatim listing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-verbatimescapechar"><code>verbatimescapechar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Verbatim-listing">Verbatim listing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vgrid"><code>vgrid</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Construction-of-commutative-diagrams">Construction of commutative diagrams</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vgrid-1"><code>vgrid</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commutative-diagram-parameters">Commutative diagram parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vline"><code>vline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vmorphposn"><code>vmorphposn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vmorphposn-1"><code>vmorphposn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commutative-diagram-parameters">Commutative diagram parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vmorphposndn"><code>vmorphposndn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vmorphposndn-1"><code>vmorphposndn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commutative-diagram-parameters">Commutative diagram parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vmorphposnlft"><code>vmorphposnlft</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vmorphposnlft-1"><code>vmorphposnlft</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commutative-diagram-parameters">Commutative diagram parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vmorphposnrt"><code>vmorphposnrt</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vmorphposnrt-1"><code>vmorphposnrt</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commutative-diagram-parameters">Commutative diagram parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vmorphposnup"><code>vmorphposnup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vmorphposnup-1"><code>vmorphposnup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commutative-diagram-parameters">Commutative diagram parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vpenalty"><code>vpenalty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Mode_002dspecific-penalties">Mode-specific penalties</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vruledefaultwidth"><code>vruledefaultwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Rules">Rules</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Macro-index_fn_letter-W">W</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-width-_0028destination-option_0029"><code>width <span class="roman">(destination option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-width-_0028destination-option_0029-1"><code>width <span class="roman">(destination option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-width-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"><code>width <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-writenumberedtocentry"><code>writenumberedtocentry</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Writing-the-_002etoc-file">Writing the .toc file</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-writenumberedtocline"><code>writenumberedtocline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Writing-the-_002etoc-file">Writing the .toc file</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-writetocentry"><code>writetocentry</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Writing-the-_002etoc-file">Writing the .toc file</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Macro-index_fn_letter-X">X</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-XeLaTeX-1"><code>XeLaTeX</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logos">Logos</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-XeTeX-1"><code>XeTeX</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logos">Logos</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xrdef"><code>xrdef</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-references">Page references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xrdef-_0028hyperlinks_0029"><code>xrdef <span class="roman">(hyperlinks)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-reference-hyperlinks">Page reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xref"><code>xref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-references">Page references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xref-_0028hyperlinks_0029"><code>xref <span class="roman">(hyperlinks)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-reference-hyperlinks">Page reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xrefn"><code>xrefn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-generic-references">Using generic references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xrefn-_0028hyperlinks_0029"><code>xrefn <span class="roman">(hyperlinks)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross_002dreference-hyperlinks">Cross-reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xrefpageword"><code>xrefpageword</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-references">Page references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xrefpageword-1"><code>xrefpageword</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-reference-hyperlinks">Page reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xrefwarning-conditional"><code>xrefwarning <span class="roman">conditional</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-generic-references">Using generic references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xrefwarningfalse"><code>xrefwarningfalse</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citations">Citations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xrlabel"><code>xrlabel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Converting-to-characters">Converting to characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xspaceskip_002c-reset-by-_005cragged_002e_002e_002e"><code>xspaceskip<span class="roman">, reset by <code>\ragged...</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Justification">Justification</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xyz-_0028destination-type_0029"><code>xyz <span class="roman">(destination type)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-hypertex">Destination types for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xyz-_0028destination-type_0029-1"><code>xyz <span class="roman">(destination type)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Macro-index_fn_letter-Z">Z</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-zoom-_0028destination-option_0029"><code>zoom <span class="roman">(destination option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-zoom-_0028destination-option_0029-1"><code>zoom <span class="roman">(destination option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
</table>
<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_symbol-1"><b>@</b></a>
<br>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-B"><b>B</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-G"><b>G</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-H"><b>H</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-I"><b>I</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-J"><b>J</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-L"><b>L</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-M"><b>M</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-N"><b>N</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-O"><b>O</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-P"><b>P</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-Q"><b>Q</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-R"><b>R</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-U"><b>U</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-V"><b>V</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-W"><b>W</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-X"><b>X</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-Z"><b>Z</b></a>
</td></tr></table>
<hr>
<span id="Concept-index"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Macro-index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Macro index</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Concept-index-1"></span><h2 class="unnumbered">Concept index</h2>
<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_symbol-1"><b>*</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_symbol-2"><b>.</b></a>
<br>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-B"><b>B</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-G"><b>G</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-H"><b>H</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-I"><b>I</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-J"><b>J</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-K"><b>K</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-L"><b>L</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-M"><b>M</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-N"><b>N</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-O"><b>O</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-P"><b>P</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-Q"><b>Q</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-R"><b>R</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-U"><b>U</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-V"><b>V</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-W"><b>W</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-X"><b>X</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-Z"><b>Z</b></a>
</td></tr></table>
<table class="index-cp" border="0">
<tr><td></td><th align="left">Index Entry</th><td> </td><th align="left"> Section</th></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Concept-index_cp_symbol-1">*</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002a_002dform-of-LaTeX-commands">*-form of LaTeX commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-from-LaTeX">Commands from LaTeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Concept-index_cp_symbol-2">.</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eaux-file"><code>.aux <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citations">Citations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eaux-file-1"><code>.aux <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross_002dreferences">Cross-references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002ebbl-file"><code>.bbl <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citations">Citations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002ebib-file"><code>.bib <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citations">Citations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002ebst-files"><code>.bst <span class="roman">files</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citations">Citations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002ecls-files"><code>.cls <span class="roman">files</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Loading-LaTeX-packages">Loading LaTeX packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eeps-files"><code>.eps <span class="roman">files</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eeps-files-1"><code>.eps <span class="roman">files</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002efmt-file"><code>.fmt <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Installation">Installation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002efmt-file-1"><code>.fmt <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Invoking-Eplain">Invoking Eplain</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eidx-files"><code>.idx <span class="roman">files</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing">Indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eidx-files-1"><code>.idx <span class="roman">files</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Index-hyperlinks">Index hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eind-files"><code>.ind <span class="roman">files</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing">Indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eind-files-1"><code>.ind <span class="roman">files</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Index-hyperlinks">Index hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002epdf-files"><code>.pdf <span class="roman">files</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Checking-for-PDF-output">Checking for PDF output</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002epdf-files-1"><code>.pdf <span class="roman">files</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002epdf-files-2"><code>.pdf <span class="roman">files</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction-to-hyperlinks">Introduction to hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eps-files"><code>.ps <span class="roman">files</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction-to-hyperlinks">Introduction to hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002esty-files"><code>.sty <span class="roman">files</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Loading-LaTeX-packages">Loading LaTeX packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002etoc-file"><code>.toc <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Concept-index_cp_letter-A">A</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-active-characters">active characters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Category-codes">Category codes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-after-index-terms">after index terms</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Customizing-indexing">Customizing indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-alignments">alignments</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tables">Tables</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-all-groups_002c-specifying">all groups, specifying</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-types">Setting group types</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-allocation-macros">allocation macros</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Allocation-macros">Allocation macros</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-alphanumeric-references">alphanumeric references</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citations">Citations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-AMSLaTeX">AMSLaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logos">Logos</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsppt_002esty"><code>amsppt.sty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Invoking-Eplain">Invoking Eplain</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-AMSTeX">AMSTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logos">Logos</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-AMSTeX-conflicts">AMSTeX conflicts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Invoking-Eplain">Invoking Eplain</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-arguments_002c-ignoring">arguments, ignoring</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Macro-arguments">Macro arguments</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-arrows">arrows</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-atom">atom</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Properties">Properties</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-autopict_002esty"><code>autopict.sty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-auxiliary-files_002c-existence-of">auxiliary files, existence of</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Auxiliary-files">Auxiliary files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-avoiding-boxed-links">avoiding boxed links</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#URL-hyperlinks">URL hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-avoiding-boxed-links-1">avoiding boxed links</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-default-types-and-options">Setting default types and options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Concept-index_cp_letter-B">B</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-backslash-character">backslash character</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Category-codes">Category codes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-balancing-of-columns-with-_005csinglecolumn">balancing of columns with <code>\singlecolumn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Multiple-columns">Multiple columns</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Berry_002c-Karl">Berry, Karl</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-beveled-hyperlink-border">beveled hyperlink border</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bibliographies">bibliographies</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citations">Citations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bibliography-fonts">bibliography fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-bibliographies">Formatting bibliographies</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bibliography-items_002c-extra-space-between">bibliography items, extra space between</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-bibliographies">Formatting bibliographies</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bibliography_002c-formatting-the">bibliography, formatting the</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-bibliographies">Formatting bibliographies</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bibliography_002c-hyperlinks">bibliography, hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citation-hyperlinks">Citation hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bibtex"><code>bibtex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Invoking-Eplain">Invoking Eplain</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BibTeX">BibTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citations">Citations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BibTeX-1">BibTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logos">Logos</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-black-boxes">black boxes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bookmarks_002c-making-PDF">bookmarks, making PDF</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Making-PDF-outlines">Making PDF outlines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Borceux_002c-Francis">Borceux, Francis</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Construction-of-commutative-diagrams">Construction of commutative diagrams</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-border-color_002c-hyperlink">border color, hyperlink</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-border-style_002c-hyperlink">border style, hyperlink</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-border-style_002c-hyperlink-1">border style, hyperlink</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-border-width_002c-hyperlink">border width, hyperlink</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Bott_002c-Raoul">Bott, Raoul</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Construction-of-commutative-diagrams">Construction of commutative diagrams</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-boxed-links_002c-avoiding">boxed links, avoiding</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#URL-hyperlinks">URL hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-boxed-links_002c-avoiding-1">boxed links, avoiding</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-default-types-and-options">Setting default types and options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-boxes_002c-open">boxes, open</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-braces_002c-inside-index-entries">braces, inside index entries</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Index-entries-with-special-characters">Index entries with special characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-brackets_002c-inside-index-entries">brackets, inside index entries</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Index-entries-with-special-characters">Index entries with special characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Brockett_002c-Roger-W_002e">Brockett, Roger W.</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Construction-of-commutative-diagrams">Construction of commutative diagrams</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Butterfly-Lemma">Butterfly Lemma</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Construction-of-commutative-diagrams">Construction of commutative diagrams</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Concept-index_cp_letter-C">C</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Carlisle_002c-David">Carlisle, David</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Loading-LaTeX-packages">Loading LaTeX packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-catcode-of-_0040">catcode of ‘<samp>@</samp>’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Environment-for-loading-packages">Environment for loading packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-category-codes">category codes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Category-codes">Category codes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-centering">centering</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Justification">Justification</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-characters_002c-converting-to">characters, converting to</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Converting-to-characters">Converting to characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-characters_002c-special">characters, special</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Verbatim-listing">Verbatim listing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-citations">citations</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citations">Citations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-citations_002c-formatting">citations, formatting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-citations">Formatting citations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-citations_002c-hyperlinks">citations, hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citation-hyperlinks">Citation hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-citations_002c-undefined">citations, undefined</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citations">Citations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cmtt8"><code>cmtt8</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Proofing-index-terms">Proofing index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color">color</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color_002c-demo">color, demo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color_002c-hyperlink-border">color, hyperlink border</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color_002c-hyperlinks">color, hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#URL-hyperlinks">URL hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color_002c-hyperlinks-1">color, hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Options-supported-by-all-drivers">Options supported by all drivers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color_002c-hyperlinks-2">color, hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-default-types-and-options">Setting default types and options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color_002c-problems-with-pdfTeX">color, problems with pdfTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color_002esty"><code>color.sty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color_002esty-1"><code>color.sty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#URL-hyperlinks">URL hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color_002esty-2"><code>color.sty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-nolinks">Hyperlink driver nolinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color_002esty-3"><code>color.sty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-default-types-and-options">Setting default types and options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color_002esty-4"><code>color.sty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-colored-links">colored links</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#URL-hyperlinks">URL hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-colored-links-1">colored links</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Options-supported-by-all-drivers">Options supported by all drivers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-colored-links-2">colored links</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-default-types-and-options">Setting default types and options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-column-balancing-with-_005csinglecolumn">column balancing with <code>\singlecolumn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Multiple-columns">Multiple columns</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-column-eject">column eject</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Multiple-columns">Multiple columns</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commas-after-index-terms">commas after index terms</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Customizing-indexing">Customizing indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commas-in-cross_002dreferencing-index-entries">commas in cross-referencing index entries</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Customizing-indexing">Customizing indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-comments_002c-highlighting-in-listings">comments, highlighting in listings</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Highlighting-TeX-comments-in-listings-_0028lscommnt_002etex_0029">Highlighting TeX comments in listings (lscommnt.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commutative-diagrams">commutative diagrams</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commutative-diagrams">Commutative diagrams</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-contents">contents</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-contents_002c-and-verbatim-text">contents, and verbatim text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Writing-the-_002etoc-file">Writing the .toc file</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-contents_002c-hyperlinks">contents, hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Contents-hyperlinks">Contents hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ConTeXt">ConTeXt</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-continued-index-entries">continued index entries</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Typesetting-an-index">Typesetting an index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-covering-homotopy-property">covering homotopy property</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Construction-of-commutative-diagrams">Construction of commutative diagrams</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cross_002dreferences">cross-references</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross_002dreferences">Cross-references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cross_002dreferences_002c-defining-general">cross-references, defining general</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Defining-generic-references">Defining generic references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cross_002dreferences_002c-defining-general-1">cross-references, defining general</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-generic-references">Using generic references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cross_002dreferences_002c-demo">cross-references, demo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cross_002dreferences_002c-hyperlinks">cross-references, hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross_002dreference-hyperlinks">Cross-reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cross_002dreferencing-index-entries">cross-referencing index entries</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modifying-index-entries">Modifying index entries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cross_002dreferencing-index-entries-1">cross-referencing index entries</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Customizing-indexing">Customizing indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-CTRL_002dL_002c-and-verbatim-listing"><kbd>CTRL-L</kbd>, and verbatim listing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Verbatim-listing">Verbatim listing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cube">cube</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Construction-of-commutative-diagrams">Construction of commutative diagrams</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-customizing-indexing">customizing indexing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Customizing-indexing">Customizing indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Concept-index_cp_letter-D">D</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dashed-hyperlink-border">dashed hyperlink border</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dashed-hyperlink-border-1">dashed hyperlink border</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-date">date</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Time-of-day">Time of day</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-default-hyperlink-options">default hyperlink options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options">Setting hyperlink types and options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-default-hyperlink-options-1">default hyperlink options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-types">Setting group types</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-default-hyperlink-type">default hyperlink type</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options">Setting hyperlink types and options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-default-hyperlink-type-1">default hyperlink type</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-types">Setting group types</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-defining-general-references">defining general references</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Defining-generic-references">Defining generic references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-defining-general-references-1">defining general references</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-generic-references">Using generic references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-definitions_002c-global">definitions, global</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Category-codes">Category codes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-demo-files">demo files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Demo-files">Demo files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destgroup">destgroup</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Implicit-hyperlinks">Implicit hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destgroup-options">destgroup options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options">Setting hyperlink types and options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destgroup-options-1">destgroup options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-options">Setting group options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destgroup-options_002c-demo">destgroup options, demo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destgroup-type">destgroup type</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options">Setting hyperlink types and options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destgroup-type-1">destgroup type</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-types">Setting group types</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destgroup-type_002c-demo">destgroup type, demo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destgroup-_0060bib_0027">destgroup ‘bib’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citation-hyperlinks">Citation hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destgroup-_0060definexref_0027">destgroup ‘definexref’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross_002dreference-hyperlinks">Cross-reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destgroup-_0060eq_0027">destgroup ‘eq’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Equation-reference-hyperlinks">Equation reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destgroup-_0060foot_0027">destgroup ‘foot’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnote-hyperlinks">Footnote hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destgroup-_0060footback_0027">destgroup ‘footback’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnote-hyperlinks">Footnote hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destgroup-_0060idx_0027">destgroup ‘idx’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Index-hyperlinks">Index hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destgroup-_0060li_0027">destgroup ‘li’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#List-hyperlinks">List hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destgroup-_0060xrdef_0027">destgroup ‘xrdef’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-reference-hyperlinks">Page reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destination-group">destination group</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Implicit-hyperlinks">Implicit hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destination-options">destination options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction-to-hyperlinks">Introduction to hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destination-options_002c-common">destination options, common</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Options-supported-by-all-drivers">Options supported by all drivers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destination-options_002c-dvipdfm">destination options, <code>dvipdfm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destination-options_002c-hypertex">destination options, <code>hypertex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-hypertex">Destination options for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destination-options_002c-pdftex">destination options, <code>pdftex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destination-type">destination type</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction-to-hyperlinks">Introduction to hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destination-types_002c-dvipdfm">destination types, <code>dvipdfm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destination-types_002c-hypertex">destination types, <code>hypertex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-hypertex">Destination types for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destination-types_002c-pdftex">destination types, <code>pdftex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-default-options">destinations, default options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options">Setting hyperlink types and options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-default-options-1">destinations, default options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-types">Setting group types</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-default-type">destinations, default type</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options">Setting hyperlink types and options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-default-type-1">destinations, default type</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-types">Setting group types</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-dimensions">destinations, dimensions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-dimensions-1">destinations, dimensions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-dimensions-2">destinations, dimensions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-dimensions-3">destinations, dimensions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-dimensions-4">destinations, dimensions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-dimensions-5">destinations, dimensions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-dimensions-6">destinations, dimensions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-disabling">destinations, disabling</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-nolinks">Hyperlink driver nolinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-disabling-1">destinations, disabling</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Turning-hyperlinks-on_002foff">Turning hyperlinks on/off</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-group-options">destinations, group options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options">Setting hyperlink types and options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-group-options-1">destinations, group options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-options">Setting group options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-group-options_002c-demo">destinations, group options, demo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-group-type">destinations, group type</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options">Setting hyperlink types and options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-group-type-1">destinations, group type</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-types">Setting group types</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-group-type_002c-demo">destinations, group type, demo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-in-another-file">destinations, in another file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-hypertex">Link types for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-in-another-file-1">destinations, in another file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-in-another-file-2">destinations, in another file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-large-operators">destinations, large operators</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Options-supported-by-all-drivers">Options supported by all drivers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-large-operators-1">destinations, large operators</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-options">Setting group options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-magnification">destinations, magnification</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-named">destinations, named</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-hypertex">Link types for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-named-1">destinations, named</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-numbered">destinations, numbered</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-page">destinations, page</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-raising">destinations, raising</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Options-supported-by-all-drivers">Options supported by all drivers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-URL">destinations, <acronym>URL</acronym></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-hypertex">Link types for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-URL-1">destinations, <acronym>URL</acronym></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-detecting-numbers">detecting numbers</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cifinteger-and-_005cisinteger">\ifinteger and \isinteger</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-diagnostics">diagnostics</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Diagnostics">Diagnostics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Diagram_002c-macros-for-LaTeX">Diagram, macros for LaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Construction-of-commutative-diagrams">Construction of commutative diagrams</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dimensions_002c-hyperlink">dimensions, hyperlink</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dimensions_002c-hyperlink-1">dimensions, hyperlink</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dimensions_002c-hyperlink-2">dimensions, hyperlink</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dimensions_002c-hyperlink-destination">dimensions, hyperlink destination</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dimensions_002c-hyperlink-destination-1">dimensions, hyperlink destination</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dimensions_002c-hyperlink-destination-2">dimensions, hyperlink destination</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dimensions_002c-hyperlink-destination-3">dimensions, hyperlink destination</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dimensions_002c-hyperlink-destination-4">dimensions, hyperlink destination</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dimensions_002c-hyperlink-destination-5">dimensions, hyperlink destination</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dimensions_002c-hyperlink-destination-6">dimensions, hyperlink destination</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-disabling-hyperlinks">disabling hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-nolinks">Hyperlink driver nolinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-disabling-hyperlinks-1">disabling hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Turning-hyperlinks-on_002foff">Turning hyperlinks on/off</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-disabling-indexes">disabling indexes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing">Indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-displayed-math-and-hyperlinks">displayed math and hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Options-supported-by-all-drivers">Options supported by all drivers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-displayed-math-and-hyperlinks-1">displayed math and hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-options">Setting group options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-displays_002c-left_002djustifying">displays, left-justifying</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Displays">Displays</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-do_2026while-loops">do…while loops</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Iteration">Iteration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-column-output">double column output</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Multiple-columns">Multiple columns</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-columns-in-indexes">double columns in indexes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Typesetting-an-index">Typesetting an index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-draft_002c-option-for-graphics_002esty"><code>draft</code>, option for <samp>graphics.sty</samp></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-driver-dvipdfm">driver <code>dvipdfm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-drivers-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Hyperlink drivers pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-driver-hypertex">driver <code>hypertex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-hypertex">Hyperlink driver hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-driver-nolinks">driver <code>nolinks</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-nolinks">Hyperlink driver nolinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-driver-pdftex">driver <code>pdftex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-drivers-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Hyperlink drivers pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-drivers_002c-hyperlink">drivers, hyperlink</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction-to-hyperlinks">Introduction to hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dvipdfm"><code>dvipdfm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction-to-hyperlinks">Introduction to hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dvipdfm-1"><code>dvipdfm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-hypertex">Hyperlink driver hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dvipdfm-2"><code>dvipdfm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-hypertex">Hyperlink driver hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dvipdfm_002c-destination-options"><code>dvipdfm</code>, destination options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dvipdfm_002c-destination-types"><code>dvipdfm</code>, destination types</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dvipdfm_002c-hyperlink-driver"><code>dvipdfm</code>, hyperlink driver</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-drivers-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Hyperlink drivers pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dvipdfm_002c-link-options"><code>dvipdfm</code>, link options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dvipdfm_002c-link-types"><code>dvipdfm</code>, link types</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dvips"><code>dvips</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-hypertex">Hyperlink driver hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dvips-1"><code>dvips</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-hypertex">Hyperlink driver hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dvips_002c-making-PDF-outlines-for"><code>dvips</code>, making PDF outlines for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Making-PDF-outlines">Making PDF outlines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Concept-index_cp_letter-E">E</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Eijkhout_002c-Victor">Eijkhout, Victor</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Iteration">Iteration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eject-in-multicolumns">eject in multicolumns</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Multiple-columns">Multiple columns</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-electronic-mail-addresses_002c-breaking">electronic mail addresses, breaking</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Paths">Paths</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-electronic-mail-addresses_002c-breaking-1">electronic mail addresses, breaking</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-empty-argument_002c-checking-for">empty argument, checking for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cifempty">\ifempty</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-empty-equation-labels">empty equation labels</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Equation-references">Equation references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-empty-equation-labels_002c-referring-to">empty equation labels, referring to</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Equation-references">Equation references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-empty-string_002c-checking-for">empty string, checking for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cifempty">\ifempty</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Encapsulated-PostScript">Encapsulated PostScript</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Encapsulated-PostScript-1">Encapsulated PostScript</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environments_002c-user_002ddefined">environments, user-defined</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#User_002ddefined-environments">User-defined environments</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Eplain_002c-installing">Eplain, installing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Installation">Installation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Eplain_002c-invoking">Eplain, invoking</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Invoking-Eplain">Invoking Eplain</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Eplain_002c-purpose-of">Eplain, purpose of</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Eplain_002c-upgrading">Eplain, upgrading</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Installation">Installation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eplain_002eaux"><code>eplain.aux</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Installation">Installation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eplain_002efmt"><code>eplain.fmt</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Installation">Installation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-EPS"><acronym>EPS</acronym></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-EPS-1"><acronym>EPS</acronym></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-epstopdf"><code>epstopdf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-epstopdf_002esty"><code>epstopdf.sty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-labels_002c-characters-valid-in">equation labels, characters valid in</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Equation-references">Equation references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-numbers_002c-formatting-of">equation numbers, formatting of</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-equation-references">Formatting equation references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-numbers_002c-left_002dalignment">equation numbers, left-alignment</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Displays">Displays</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equations_002c-giving-numbers-to-all">equations, giving numbers to all</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Equation-references">Equation references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equations_002c-groups-of">equations, groups of</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subequation-references">Subequation references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equations_002c-hyperlinks">equations, hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Equation-reference-hyperlinks">Equation reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equations_002c-numbering">equations, numbering</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Equation-references">Equation references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equations_002c-references-to">equations, references to</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Equation-references">Equation references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-error-messages">error messages</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Diagnostics">Diagnostics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-error-on-_005cinput">error on <code>\input</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Environment-for-loading-packages">Environment for loading packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-escape-character_002c-changing-verbatim">escape character, changing verbatim</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Verbatim-listing">Verbatim listing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eTeX">eTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logos">Logos</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-exact-index-hyperlinks">exact index hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Exact-destinations-for-index-terms">Exact destinations for index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expansion_002c-one_002dlevel">expansion, one-level</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cexpandonce">\expandonce</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-explicit-hyperlinks">explicit hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Explicit-hyperlinks">Explicit hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-explicit-hyperlinks_002c-demo">explicit hyperlinks, demo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ExTeX">ExTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logos">Logos</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Concept-index_cp_letter-F">F</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-file_002c-hyperlink-to">file, hyperlink to</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-hypertex">Link types for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-file_002c-hyperlink-to-1">file, hyperlink to</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-file_002c-hyperlink-to-2">file, hyperlink to</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-file_003a-links">‘<samp>file:</samp>’ links</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#General-hyperlinks">General hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-filenames_002c-breaking">filenames, breaking</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Paths">Paths</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-filenames_002c-breaking-1">filenames, breaking</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-files_002c-verbatim-listing-of">files, verbatim listing of</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Verbatim-listing">Verbatim listing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-files_002c-verbatim-listing-of_002c-demo">files, verbatim listing of, demo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Highlighting-TeX-comments-in-listings-_0028lscommnt_002etex_0029">Highlighting TeX comments in listings (lscommnt.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-filtering-index-entries-with-hyperlinks">filtering index entries with hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Exact-destinations-for-index-terms">Exact destinations for index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnotes_002c-hyperlinks">footnotes, hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnote-hyperlinks">Footnote hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnotes_002c-numbered">footnotes, numbered</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-for-loops">for loops</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Iteration">Iteration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-form-feed-character_002c-and-verbatim-listing">form feed character, and verbatim listing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Verbatim-listing">Verbatim listing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-format-file">format file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Installation">Installation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-formatting-index-entries">formatting index entries</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Typesetting-an-index">Typesetting an index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fractions">fractions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Fractions">Fractions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Concept-index_cp_letter-G">G</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Ghostscript"><code><span class="roman">Ghostscript</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-hypertex">Hyperlink driver hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Ghostscript-1"><code><span class="roman">Ghostscript</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-hypertex">Hyperlink driver hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-gobbling-arguments">gobbling arguments</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Macro-arguments">Macro arguments</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-golden-mean">golden mean</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Construction-of-commutative-diagrams">Construction of commutative diagrams</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-golden-mean-1">golden mean</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Construction-of-commutative-diagrams">Construction of commutative diagrams</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Graham_002c-Ronald-L_002e">Graham, Ronald L.</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citations">Citations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-collection_002c-LaTeX">graphics collection, LaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Loading-LaTeX-packages">Loading LaTeX packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-collection_002c-LaTeX-1">graphics collection, LaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-collection_002c-LaTeX-2">graphics collection, LaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-nolinks">Hyperlink driver nolinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-collection_002c-LaTeX_002c-demo">graphics collection, LaTeX, demo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics_002c-omitting-typesetting-of">graphics, omitting typesetting of</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics_002c-problems-with-pdfTeX">graphics, problems with pdfTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics_002esty"><code>graphics.sty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphicx_002esty"><code>graphicx.sty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphicx_002esty-1"><code>graphicx.sty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-grid">grid</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Construction-of-commutative-diagrams">Construction of commutative diagrams</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group-option-list">group option list</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-options">Setting group options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group-options_002c-hyperlink">group options, hyperlink</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options">Setting hyperlink types and options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group-options_002c-hyperlink-1">group options, hyperlink</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-options">Setting group options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group-options_002c-hyperlink_002c-demo">group options, hyperlink, demo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group-type_002c-hyperlink">group type, hyperlink</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options">Setting hyperlink types and options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group-type_002c-hyperlink-1">group type, hyperlink</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-types">Setting group types</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group-type_002c-hyperlink_002c-demo">group type, hyperlink, demo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group-_0060_0027-_0028empty_0029">group ‘’ (empty)</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-types">Setting group types</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group-_0060_002a_0027">group ‘*’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-types">Setting group types</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group-_0060bib_0027">group ‘bib’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citation-hyperlinks">Citation hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group-_0060cite_0027">group ‘cite’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citation-hyperlinks">Citation hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group-_0060definexref_0027">group ‘definexref’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross_002dreference-hyperlinks">Cross-reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group-_0060eq_0027">group ‘eq’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Equation-reference-hyperlinks">Equation reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group-_0060eq_0027-1">group ‘eq’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Equation-reference-hyperlinks">Equation reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group-_0060eq_0027-2">group ‘eq’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-options">Setting group options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group-_0060foot_0027">group ‘foot’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnote-hyperlinks">Footnote hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group-_0060footback_0027">group ‘footback’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnote-hyperlinks">Footnote hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group-_0060hrefext_0027">group ‘hrefext’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#General-hyperlinks">General hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group-_0060hrefint_0027">group ‘hrefint’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#General-hyperlinks">General hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group-_0060idx_0027">group ‘idx’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Index-hyperlinks">Index hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group-_0060li_0027">group ‘li’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#List-hyperlinks">List hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group-_0060ref_0027">group ‘ref’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross_002dreference-hyperlinks">Cross-reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group-_0060url_0027">group ‘url’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#URL-hyperlinks">URL hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group-_0060xrdef_0027">group ‘xrdef’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-reference-hyperlinks">Page reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group-_0060xref_0027">group ‘xref’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-reference-hyperlinks">Page reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group_002c-destination">group, destination</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Implicit-hyperlinks">Implicit hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group_002c-disabling-hyperlinks">group, disabling hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Turning-hyperlinks-on_002foff-for-a-group">Turning hyperlinks on/off for a group</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group_002c-link">group, link</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Implicit-hyperlinks">Implicit hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group_002c-preserving-option-list">group, preserving option list</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-options">Setting group options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-groups_002c-specifying-all">groups, specifying all</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-types">Setting group types</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Concept-index_cp_letter-H">H</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hanging-on-_005cinput">hanging on <code>\input</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Environment-for-loading-packages">Environment for loading packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-help-messages">help messages</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Diagnostics">Diagnostics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-highlight-modes_002c-hyperlink">highlight modes, hyperlink</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-highlighting">highlighting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-highlighting_002c-in-listings">highlighting, in listings</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Highlighting-TeX-comments-in-listings-_0028lscommnt_002etex_0029">Highlighting TeX comments in listings (lscommnt.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Hoppner_002c-Klaus">Höppner, Klaus</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hooks">hooks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hooks">Hooks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlink-border-color">hyperlink border color</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlink-color">hyperlink color</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#URL-hyperlinks">URL hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlink-color-1">hyperlink color</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Options-supported-by-all-drivers">Options supported by all drivers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlink-color-2">hyperlink color</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-default-types-and-options">Setting default types and options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlink-destination_002c-dimensions">hyperlink destination, dimensions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlink-destination_002c-dimensions-1">hyperlink destination, dimensions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlink-destination_002c-dimensions-2">hyperlink destination, dimensions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlink-destination_002c-dimensions-3">hyperlink destination, dimensions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlink-destination_002c-dimensions-4">hyperlink destination, dimensions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlink-destination_002c-dimensions-5">hyperlink destination, dimensions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlink-destination_002c-dimensions-6">hyperlink destination, dimensions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlink-destination_002c-magnification">hyperlink destination, magnification</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlink-destination_002c-named">hyperlink destination, named</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-hypertex">Link types for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlink-destination_002c-named-1">hyperlink destination, named</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlink-destination_002c-numbered">hyperlink destination, numbered</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlink-destination_002c-page">hyperlink destination, page</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlink-destination_002c-raising">hyperlink destination, raising</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Options-supported-by-all-drivers">Options supported by all drivers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlink-dimensions">hyperlink dimensions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlink-dimensions-1">hyperlink dimensions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlink-dimensions-2">hyperlink dimensions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlink-driver-dvipdfm">hyperlink driver <code>dvipdfm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-drivers-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Hyperlink drivers pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlink-driver-hypertex">hyperlink driver <code>hypertex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-hypertex">Hyperlink driver hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlink-driver-nolinks">hyperlink driver <code>nolinks</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-nolinks">Hyperlink driver nolinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlink-driver-pdftex">hyperlink driver <code>pdftex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-drivers-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Hyperlink drivers pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlink-drivers">hyperlink drivers</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction-to-hyperlinks">Introduction to hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlink-group_002c-disabling-hyperlinks">hyperlink group, disabling hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Turning-hyperlinks-on_002foff-for-a-group">Turning hyperlinks on/off for a group</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlink-group_002c-preserving-option-list">hyperlink group, preserving option list</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-options">Setting group options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlink-options_002c-common">hyperlink options, common</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Options-supported-by-all-drivers">Options supported by all drivers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-bibliography">hyperlinks, bibliography</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citation-hyperlinks">Citation hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-border-style">hyperlinks, border style</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-border-style-1">hyperlinks, border style</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-border-width">hyperlinks, border width</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-citations">hyperlinks, citations</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citation-hyperlinks">Citation hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-cross_002dreferences">hyperlinks, cross-references</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross_002dreference-hyperlinks">Cross-reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-default-options">hyperlinks, default options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options">Setting hyperlink types and options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-default-options-1">hyperlinks, default options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-types">Setting group types</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-default-type">hyperlinks, default type</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options">Setting hyperlink types and options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-default-type-1">hyperlinks, default type</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-types">Setting group types</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-demo">hyperlinks, demo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-disabling">hyperlinks, disabling</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-nolinks">Hyperlink driver nolinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-disabling-1">hyperlinks, disabling</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Turning-hyperlinks-on_002foff">Turning hyperlinks on/off</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-equations">hyperlinks, equations</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Equation-reference-hyperlinks">Equation reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-explicit">hyperlinks, explicit</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Explicit-hyperlinks">Explicit hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-explicit_002c-demo">hyperlinks, explicit, demo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-filtering-index-entries">hyperlinks, filtering index entries</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Exact-destinations-for-index-terms">Exact destinations for index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-footnotes">hyperlinks, footnotes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnote-hyperlinks">Footnote hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-group-option-list">hyperlinks, group option list</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-options">Setting group options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-group-options">hyperlinks, group options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options">Setting hyperlink types and options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-group-options-1">hyperlinks, group options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-options">Setting group options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-group-options_002c-demo">hyperlinks, group options, demo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-group-type">hyperlinks, group type</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options">Setting hyperlink types and options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-group-type-1">hyperlinks, group type</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-types">Setting group types</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-highlight-mode">hyperlinks, highlight mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-implicit">hyperlinks, implicit</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Implicit-hyperlinks">Implicit hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-implicit_002c-demo">hyperlinks, implicit, demo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-index">hyperlinks, index</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Index-hyperlinks">Index hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-index-destination-placement">hyperlinks, index destination placement</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Choosing-destination-placement">Choosing destination placement</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-index_002c-exact">hyperlinks, index, exact</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Exact-destinations-for-index-terms">Exact destinations for index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-large-operators">hyperlinks, large operators</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Options-supported-by-all-drivers">Options supported by all drivers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-large-operators-1">hyperlinks, large operators</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-options">Setting group options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-lists">hyperlinks, lists</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#List-hyperlinks">List hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-opening-in-a-new-window">hyperlinks, opening in a new window</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-page-references">hyperlinks, page references</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-reference-hyperlinks">Page reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-preserving-page_002dbreaking">hyperlinks, preserving page-breaking</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-nolinks">Hyperlink driver nolinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-preserving-spacing">hyperlinks, preserving spacing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-nolinks">Hyperlink driver nolinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-see-and-see-also-index-entries">hyperlinks, see and see also index entries</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-in-see-and-see-also-entries">Hyperlinks in see and see also entries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-table-of-contents">hyperlinks, table of contents</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Contents-hyperlinks">Contents hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-to-another-file">hyperlinks, to another file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-hypertex">Link types for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-to-another-file-1">hyperlinks, to another file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-to-another-file-2">hyperlinks, to another file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-URL">hyperlinks, <acronym>URL</acronym></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#General-hyperlinks">General hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-URL-1">hyperlinks, <acronym>URL</acronym></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#URL-hyperlinks">URL hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-URL-2">hyperlinks, <acronym>URL</acronym></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-hypertex">Link types for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-URL-3">hyperlinks, <acronym>URL</acronym></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperref_002esty"><code>hyperref.sty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-not-to-work">Packages known not to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hypertex_002c-destination-options"><code>hypertex</code>, destination options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-hypertex">Destination options for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hypertex_002c-destination-types"><code>hypertex</code>, destination types</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-hypertex">Destination types for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hypertex_002c-hyperlink-driver"><code>hypertex</code>, hyperlink driver</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-hypertex">Hyperlink driver hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hypertex_002c-link-options"><code>hypertex</code>, link options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-hypertex">Link options for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hypertex_002c-link-types"><code>hypertex</code>, link types</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-hypertex">Link types for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hypertext-links">hypertext links</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks">Hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Concept-index_cp_letter-I">I</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-identifying-numbers">identifying numbers</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cifinteger-and-_005cisinteger">\ifinteger and \isinteger</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idxuniq"><code>idxuniq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Exact-destinations-for-index-terms">Exact destinations for index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ifpdf_002esty"><code>ifpdf.sty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Checking-for-PDF-output">Checking for PDF output</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ignoring-arguments">ignoring arguments</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Macro-arguments">Macro arguments</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-implicit-hyperlinks">implicit hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Implicit-hyperlinks">Implicit hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-implicit-hyperlinks_002c-demo">implicit hyperlinks, demo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-inaccessible-macros">inaccessible macros</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Category-codes">Category codes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index-entries-and-ranges">index entries and ranges</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modifying-index-entries">Modifying index entries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index-entries-containing-braces">index entries containing braces</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Index-entries-with-special-characters">Index entries with special characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index-entries-containing-brackets">index entries containing brackets</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Index-entries-with-special-characters">Index entries with special characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index-entries-with-special-characters">index entries with special characters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Index-entries-with-special-characters">Index entries with special characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index-entries_0027-page-numbers_002c-modifying">index entries’ page numbers, modifying</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modifying-index-entries">Modifying index entries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index-entries_002c-and-cross_002dreferencing">index entries, and cross-referencing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modifying-index-entries">Modifying index entries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index-entries_002c-and-cross_002dreferencing-1">index entries, and cross-referencing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Customizing-indexing">Customizing indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index-entries_002c-proofing">index entries, proofing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Proofing-index-terms">Proofing index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index-entries_002c-with-verbatim-text">index entries, with verbatim text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Index-entries-with-special-characters">Index entries with special characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index-entry-continuations">index entry continuations</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Typesetting-an-index">Typesetting an index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index-entry-formatting">index entry formatting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Typesetting-an-index">Typesetting an index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index-entry-general-sorting">index entry general sorting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing-commands">Indexing commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index-fonts">index fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Typesetting-an-index">Typesetting an index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index-groupings">index groupings</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Typesetting-an-index">Typesetting an index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index-hyperlink">index hyperlink</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Index-hyperlinks">Index hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index-typesetting">index typesetting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Typesetting-an-index">Typesetting an index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index_002c-and-verbatim-text">index, and verbatim text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Index-entries-with-special-characters">Index entries with special characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index_002c-choosing-destination-placement">index, choosing destination placement</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Choosing-destination-placement">Choosing destination placement</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index_002c-destination-placement">index, destination placement</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Choosing-destination-placement">Choosing destination placement</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index_002c-exact-hyperlinks">index, exact hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Exact-destinations-for-index-terms">Exact destinations for index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index_002c-hyperlinks-in-see-and-see-also-entries">index, hyperlinks in see and see also entries</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-in-see-and-see-also-entries">Hyperlinks in see and see also entries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index_002c-parsing-page-numbers">index, parsing page numbers</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-destinations-for-index-terms">Page destinations for index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index_002c-placement-of-destinations">index, placement of destinations</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Choosing-destination-placement">Choosing destination placement</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index_002c-selecting-destination-placement">index, selecting destination placement</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Choosing-destination-placement">Choosing destination placement</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index_002c-underlining-page-numbers">index, underlining page numbers</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-list-and-page-range-parsers">Page list and page range parsers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indexes_002c-disabling">indexes, disabling</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing">Indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indexes_002c-multiple">indexes, multiple</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing">Indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indexing">indexing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing">Indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indexing-and-trailing-spaces">indexing and trailing spaces</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing-terms">Indexing terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indexing-commands">indexing commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing-commands">Indexing commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indexing-terms">indexing terms</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing-terms">Indexing terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-insertion-classes">insertion classes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Multiple-columns">Multiple columns</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-inset-hyperlink-border">inset hyperlink border</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-installation">installation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Installation">Installation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-integers_002c-detecting">integers, detecting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cifinteger-and-_005cisinteger">\ifinteger and \isinteger</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-italic-correction">italic correction</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-bibliographies">Formatting bibliographies</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-item-labels_002c-changing">item labels, changing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-lists">Formatting lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-iteration">iteration</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Iteration">Iteration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Concept-index_cp_letter-J">J</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-justification">justification</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Justification">Justification</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Concept-index_cp_letter-K">K</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Knuth_002c-Donald-Ervin">Knuth, Donald Ervin</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citations">Citations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Knuth_002c-Donald-Ervin-1">Knuth, Donald Ervin</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Category-codes">Category codes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Concept-index_cp_letter-L">L</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-labels-on-items_002c-changing">labels on items, changing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-lists">Formatting lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-labels_002c-characters-valid-in">labels, characters valid in</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross_002dreferences">Cross-references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-labels_002c-empty-equation">labels, empty equation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Equation-references">Equation references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-labels_002c-empty-equation_002c-referring-to">labels, empty equation, referring to</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Equation-references">Equation references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Lamport_002c-Leslie">Lamport, Leslie</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LAMSTeX">LAMSTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logos">Logos</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Lang_002c-Serge">Lang, Serge</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Lang_002c-Serge-1">Lang, Serge</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Construction-of-commutative-diagrams">Construction of commutative diagrams</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-large-operators-and-hyperlinks">large operators and hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Options-supported-by-all-drivers">Options supported by all drivers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-large-operators-and-hyperlinks-1">large operators and hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-options">Setting group options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX">LaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-1">LaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citations">Citations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-2">LaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logos">Logos</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-3">LaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Slanted-lines-and-vectors">Slanted lines and vectors</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-commands_002c-in-btxmac_002etex">LaTeX commands, in <samp>btxmac.tex</samp></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-from-LaTeX">Commands from LaTeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-graphics-collection">LaTeX graphics collection</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Loading-LaTeX-packages">Loading LaTeX packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-graphics-collection-1">LaTeX graphics collection</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-graphics-collection-2">LaTeX graphics collection</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-nolinks">Hyperlink driver nolinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-graphics-collection_002c-demo">LaTeX graphics collection, demo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-packages">LaTeX packages</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Loading-LaTeX-packages">Loading LaTeX packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-packages-1">LaTeX packages</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-packages-2">LaTeX packages</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-not-to-work">Packages known not to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-packages_002c-restoring-_005cinput">LaTeX packages, restoring <code>\input</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Environment-for-loading-packages">Environment for loading packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left_002dalignment-of-equation-numbers">left-alignment of equation numbers</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Displays">Displays</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left_002djustification">left-justification</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Justification">Justification</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left_002djustification-of-displays">left-justification of displays</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Displays">Displays</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letterspacing">letterspacing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-linear-systems-theory">linear systems theory</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Construction-of-commutative-diagrams">Construction of commutative diagrams</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lines">lines</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Slanted-lines-and-vectors">Slanted lines and vectors</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-link-group">link group</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Implicit-hyperlinks">Implicit hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-link-options">link options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction-to-hyperlinks">Introduction to hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-link-options_002c-common">link options, common</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Options-supported-by-all-drivers">Options supported by all drivers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-link-options_002c-dvipdfm">link options, <code>dvipdfm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-link-options_002c-hypertex">link options, <code>hypertex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-hypertex">Link options for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-link-options_002c-pdftex">link options, <code>pdftex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-link-type">link type</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction-to-hyperlinks">Introduction to hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-link-types_002c-dvipdfm">link types, <code>dvipdfm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-link-types_002c-hypertex">link types, <code>hypertex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-hypertex">Link types for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-link-types_002c-pdftex">link types, <code>pdftex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-link_002c-group-options">link, group options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options">Setting hyperlink types and options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-link_002c-group-options-1">link, group options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-options">Setting group options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-link_002c-group-options_002c-demo">link, group options, demo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-link_002c-group-type">link, group type</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options">Setting hyperlink types and options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-link_002c-group-type-1">link, group type</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-types">Setting group types</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-linkgroup">linkgroup</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Implicit-hyperlinks">Implicit hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-linkgroup-options">linkgroup options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options">Setting hyperlink types and options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-linkgroup-options-1">linkgroup options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-options">Setting group options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-linkgroup-options_002c-demo">linkgroup options, demo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-linkgroup-type">linkgroup type</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options">Setting hyperlink types and options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-linkgroup-type-1">linkgroup type</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-types">Setting group types</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-linkgroup-_0060cite_0027">linkgroup ‘cite’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citation-hyperlinks">Citation hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-linkgroup-_0060eq_0027">linkgroup ‘eq’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Equation-reference-hyperlinks">Equation reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-linkgroup-_0060eq_0027-1">linkgroup ‘eq’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-options">Setting group options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-linkgroup-_0060foot_0027">linkgroup ‘foot’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnote-hyperlinks">Footnote hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-linkgroup-_0060footback_0027">linkgroup ‘footback’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnote-hyperlinks">Footnote hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-linkgroup-_0060hrefext_0027">linkgroup ‘hrefext’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#General-hyperlinks">General hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-linkgroup-_0060hrefint_0027">linkgroup ‘hrefint’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#General-hyperlinks">General hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-linkgroup-_0060idx_0027">linkgroup ‘idx’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Index-hyperlinks">Index hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-linkgroup-_0060ref_0027">linkgroup ‘ref’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross_002dreference-hyperlinks">Cross-reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-linkgroup-_0060url_0027">linkgroup ‘url’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#URL-hyperlinks">URL hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-linkgroup-_0060xref_0027">linkgroup ‘xref’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-reference-hyperlinks">Page reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-links_002c-hypertext">links, hypertext</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks">Hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-list-of-figures">list of figures</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Alternative-contents-files">Alternative contents files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-list-of-tables">list of tables</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Alternative-contents-files">Alternative contents files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-listing-files">listing files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Verbatim-listing">Verbatim listing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-listing-files_002c-demo">listing files, demo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Highlighting-TeX-comments-in-listings-_0028lscommnt_002etex_0029">Highlighting TeX comments in listings (lscommnt.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lists">lists</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Lists">Lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lists_002c-formatting">lists, formatting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-lists">Formatting lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lists_002c-hyperlinks">lists, hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#List-hyperlinks">List hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-loading-packages_002c-environment-for">loading packages, environment for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Environment-for-loading-packages">Environment for loading packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-logos">logos</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logos">Logos</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lookahead-without-spaces">lookahead without spaces</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfuturenonspacelet">\futurenonspacelet</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-loops">loops</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Iteration">Iteration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lscommnt_002etex"><code>lscommnt.tex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Highlighting-TeX-comments-in-listings-_0028lscommnt_002etex_0029">Highlighting TeX comments in listings (lscommnt.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Concept-index_cp_letter-M">M</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-magnification_002c-hyperlink-destination">magnification, hyperlink destination</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-makeindex"><code>makeindex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Invoking-Eplain">Invoking Eplain</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-makeindex-1"><code>makeindex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing">Indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-makeindex-2"><code>makeindex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Index-hyperlinks">Index hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-margins_002c-changing">margins, changing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Margins">Margins</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-margins_002c-index-terms-in">margins, index terms in</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Proofing-index-terms">Proofing index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mathematics-displays_002c-formatting">mathematics displays, formatting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Displays">Displays</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mathematics-displays_002c-hyperlinks">mathematics displays, hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Options-supported-by-all-drivers">Options supported by all drivers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mathematics-displays_002c-hyperlinks-1">mathematics displays, hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-options">Setting group options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Metafont">Metafont</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logos">Logos</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-microtype_002esty"><code>microtype.sty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-not-to-work">Packages known not to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-miniltx_002etex"><code>miniltx.tex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Loading-LaTeX-packages">Loading LaTeX packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-minimal-realizations">minimal realizations</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Construction-of-commutative-diagrams">Construction of commutative diagrams</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-modifying-index-entries_0027-page-numbers">modifying index entries’ page numbers</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modifying-index-entries">Modifying index entries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-morphisms">morphisms</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-multiple-column-output">multiple column output</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Multiple-columns">Multiple columns</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-multiple-indexes">multiple indexes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing">Indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Concept-index_cp_letter-N">N</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-named-destination">named destination</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-hypertex">Link types for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-named-destination-1">named destination</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-names_002c-of-TeX-variants">names, of TeX variants</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logos">Logos</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-window_002c-opening-hyperlink-in">new window, opening hyperlink in</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-newlinechar">newlinechar</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Diagnostics">Diagnostics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-newlines_002c-obeying">newlines, obeying</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Obeying-spaces">Obeying spaces</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-nolinks_002c-hyperlink-driver"><code>nolinks</code>, hyperlink driver</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-nolinks">Hyperlink driver nolinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-numbered-destination">numbered destination</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-numbered-lists">numbered lists</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Lists">Lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-numbered-references">numbered references</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citations">Citations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-numbers_002c-detecting">numbers, detecting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cifinteger-and-_005cisinteger">\ifinteger and \isinteger</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-numbers_002c-written-form-of">numbers, written form of</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Writing-out-numbers">Writing out numbers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Concept-index_cp_letter-O">O</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Oberdiek_002c-Heiko">Oberdiek, Heiko</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Checking-for-PDF-output">Checking for PDF output</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-omitting-hyperlinks">omitting hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-nolinks">Hyperlink driver nolinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-omitting-hyperlinks-1">omitting hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Turning-hyperlinks-on_002foff">Turning hyperlinks on/off</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-omitting-typesetting-of-graphics">omitting typesetting of graphics</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-open-boxes">open boxes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-option-list_002c-group">option list, group</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-options">Setting group options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-option-list_002c-preserving-for-group">option list, preserving for group</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-options">Setting group options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-destination_002c-common">options, destination, common</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Options-supported-by-all-drivers">Options supported by all drivers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-destination_002c-dvipdfm">options, destination, <code>dvipdfm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-destination_002c-hypertex">options, destination, <code>hypertex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-hypertex">Destination options for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-destination_002c-pdftex">options, destination, <code>pdftex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-link-and-destination">options, link and destination</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction-to-hyperlinks">Introduction to hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-link_002c-common">options, link, common</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Options-supported-by-all-drivers">Options supported by all drivers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-link_002c-dvipdfm">options, link, <code>dvipdfm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-link_002c-hypertex">options, link, <code>hypertex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-hypertex">Link options for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-link_002c-pdftex">options, link, <code>pdftex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ordered-list">ordered list</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Lists">Lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-outlines_002c-making-PDF">outlines, making PDF</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Making-PDF-outlines">Making PDF outlines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-output-routine-and-index-proofing">output routine and index proofing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Proofing-index-terms">Proofing index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-overstriking">overstriking</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Concept-index_cp_letter-P">P</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-packages_002c-LaTeX">packages, LaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Loading-LaTeX-packages">Loading LaTeX packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-packages_002c-LaTeX-1">packages, LaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-packages_002c-LaTeX-2">packages, LaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-not-to-work">Packages known not to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-destination">page destination</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-list_002c-parsing">page list, parsing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-destinations-for-index-terms">Page destinations for index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-range_002c-parsing">page range, parsing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-destinations-for-index-terms">Page destinations for index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-reference-hyperlink">page reference hyperlink</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-reference-hyperlinks">Page reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page_002dbreaking_002c-preserving-with-hyperlinks">page-breaking, preserving with hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-nolinks">Hyperlink driver nolinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-parsing-page-numbers">parsing page numbers</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-destinations-for-index-terms">Page destinations for index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Patashnik_002c-Oren">Patashnik, Oren</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citations">Citations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pathnames_002c-breaking">pathnames, breaking</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Paths">Paths</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pathnames_002c-breaking-1">pathnames, breaking</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PDF"><acronym>PDF</acronym></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PDF-outlines-_0028a_002ek_002ea_002e-bookmarks_0029">PDF outlines (a.k.a. bookmarks)</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Making-PDF-outlines">Making PDF outlines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PDF-output"><acronym>PDF</acronym> output</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Checking-for-PDF-output">Checking for PDF output</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdftex"><code>pdftex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Invoking-Eplain">Invoking Eplain</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdftex-1"><code>pdftex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Checking-for-PDF-output">Checking for PDF output</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdftex-2"><code>pdftex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction-to-hyperlinks">Introduction to hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdftex_002c-destination-options"><code>pdftex</code>, destination options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdftex_002c-destination-types"><code>pdftex</code>, destination types</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdftex_002c-hyperlink-driver"><code>pdftex</code>, hyperlink driver</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-drivers-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Hyperlink drivers pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdftex_002c-link-options"><code>pdftex</code>, link options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdftex_002c-link-types"><code>pdftex</code>, link types</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdftex_002c-making-PDF-outlines-for"><code>pdftex</code>, making PDF outlines for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Making-PDF-outlines">Making PDF outlines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdfTeX_002c-problems-using-color-and-graphics">pdfTeX, problems using color and graphics</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdfTeX_002c-problems-with-supp_002dmis_002etex">pdfTeX, problems with <samp>supp-mis.tex</samp></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pict2e_002esty"><code>pict2e.sty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-not-to-work">Packages known not to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-picture-mode">picture mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-picture-mode-1">picture mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Slanted-lines-and-vectors">Slanted lines and vectors</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Portable-Document-Format">Portable Document Format</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PostScript-point">PostScript point</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PostScript-point-1">PostScript point</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PostScript-point-2">PostScript point</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-proofing-index-terms">proofing index terms</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Proofing-index-terms">Proofing index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-properties">properties</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Properties">Properties</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ps2pdf"><code>ps2pdf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-hypertex">Hyperlink driver hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ps2pdf-1"><code>ps2pdf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-hypertex">Hyperlink driver hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-psfrag_002esty"><code>psfrag.sty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Concept-index_cp_letter-Q">Q</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quadruple-column-output">quadruple column output</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Multiple-columns">Multiple columns</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Concept-index_cp_letter-R">R</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Rahtz_002c-Sebastian">Rahtz, Sebastian</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Loading-LaTeX-packages">Loading LaTeX packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-raising-hyperlink-destinations">raising hyperlink destinations</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Options-supported-by-all-drivers">Options supported by all drivers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-raising-hyperlink-destinations-1">raising hyperlink destinations</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-options">Setting group options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ranges-and-index-entry">ranges and index entry</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modifying-index-entries">Modifying index entries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-recognizing-numbers">recognizing numbers</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cifinteger-and-_005cisinteger">\ifinteger and \isinteger</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rectangles">rectangles</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-references_002c-alphanumeric">references, alphanumeric</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citations">Citations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-references_002c-defining-general">references, defining general</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Defining-generic-references">Defining generic references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-references_002c-defining-general-1">references, defining general</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-generic-references">Using generic references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-references_002c-numbered">references, numbered</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citations">Citations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-register-allocation">register allocation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Allocation-macros">Allocation macros</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-restoring-_005cinput_002c-LaTeX-packages">restoring <code>\input</code>, LaTeX packages</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Environment-for-loading-packages">Environment for loading packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-return-character">return character</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Category-codes">Category codes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right_002djustification">right-justification</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Justification">Justification</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rms">rms</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rotation">rotation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rotation_002c-demo">rotation, demo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rule-thickness">rule thickness</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Rules">Rules</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-run_003a-links">‘<samp>run:</samp>’ links</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#General-hyperlinks">General hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Concept-index_cp_letter-S">S</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-scaling">scaling</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-scaling_002c-demo">scaling, demo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sed"><code>sed</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Customizing-indexing">Customizing indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-see-also-index-entries-and-hyperlinks">see also index entries and hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-in-see-and-see-also-entries">Hyperlinks in see and see also entries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-see-also-index-entries-and-sorting">see also index entries and sorting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Customizing-indexing">Customizing indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-see_002c-and-index-entries">see, and index entries</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modifying-index-entries">Modifying index entries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-see_002c-and-index-entries-1">see, and index entries</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Customizing-indexing">Customizing indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-see_002c-and-index-entries_002c-hyperlinks">see, and index entries, hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-in-see-and-see-also-entries">Hyperlinks in see and see also entries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-silent-indexing">silent indexing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing-terms">Indexing terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-skipping-tokens">skipping tokens</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cifundefined">\ifundefined</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-skipping-tokens-1">skipping tokens</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cifempty">\ifempty</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-SLiTeX">SLiTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logos">Logos</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Snake-Lemma">Snake Lemma</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-solid-hyperlink-border">solid hyperlink border</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sorting-an-index">sorting an index</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing">Indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sorting-of-index-entries">sorting of index entries</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing-commands">Indexing commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-soul_002esty"><code>soul.sty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-space-above-index-entries">space above index entries</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Typesetting-an-index">Typesetting an index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spaces_002c-ignoring">spaces, ignoring</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfuturenonspacelet">\futurenonspacelet</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spaces_002c-obeying">spaces, obeying</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Obeying-spaces">Obeying spaces</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spaces_002c-trailing-and-indexing-commands">spaces, trailing and indexing commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing-terms">Indexing terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spacing-out">spacing out</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spacing_002c-preserving-with-hyperlinks">spacing, preserving with hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-nolinks">Hyperlink driver nolinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-special-characters">special characters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Verbatim-listing">Verbatim listing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-special-characters_002c-in-index-entries">special characters, in index entries</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Index-entries-with-special-characters">Index entries with special characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-special-characters_002c-in-table-of-contents">special characters, in table of contents</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Writing-the-_002etoc-file">Writing the .toc file</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Stallman_002c-Richard">Stallman, Richard</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-striking-out">striking out</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-style_002c-hyperlink-border">style, hyperlink border</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subequations_002c-referring-to">subequations, referring to</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subequation-references">Subequation references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subterm-in-indexing">subterm in indexing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing-terms">Indexing terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-supp_002dmis_002etex_002c-problems-with-pdfTeX"><code>supp-mis.tex<span class="roman">, problems with pdfTeX</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-supp_002dpdf_002etex"><code>supp-pdf.tex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Concept-index_cp_letter-T">T</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents">table of contents</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents_002c-and-verbatim-text">table of contents, and verbatim text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Writing-the-_002etoc-file">Writing the .toc file</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents_002c-hyperlinks">table of contents, hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Contents-hyperlinks">Contents hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents_002c-short">table of contents, short</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reading-the-_002etoc-file">Reading the .toc file</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents_002c-short-1">table of contents, short</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Macro-arguments">Macro arguments</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tables">tables</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tables">Tables</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tabs">tabs</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Obeying-spaces">Obeying spaces</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TeX-by-Topic"><i>TeX by Topic</i></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Iteration">Iteration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TeX-Frequently-Asked-Questions">TeX Frequently Asked Questions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cifinteger-and-_005cisinteger">\ifinteger and \isinteger</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXFORMATS"><code>TEXFORMATS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Installation">Installation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-texi2dvi"><code>texi2dvi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Invoking-Eplain">Invoking Eplain</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-texi2dvi-1"><code>texi2dvi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citations">Citations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-texi2dvi-2"><code>texi2dvi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing">Indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Texinfo">Texinfo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXINPUTS"><code>TEXINPUTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Installation">Installation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-texnames_002esty"><code>texnames.sty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logos">Logos</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-time-of-day">time of day</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Time-of-day">Time of day</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-toc-files_002c-writing-several"><code>toc</code> files, writing several</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Changing-the-_002etoc-file_0027s-root-name">Changing the .toc file's root name</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tracing">tracing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Diagnostics">Diagnostics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-trailing-spaces-and-indexing-commands">trailing spaces and indexing commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing-terms">Indexing terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-trimsee"><code>trimsee</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Customizing-indexing">Customizing indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-triple-column-output">triple column output</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Multiple-columns">Multiple columns</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Tu_002c-Loring-W_002e">Tu, Loring W.</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Construction-of-commutative-diagrams">Construction of commutative diagrams</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TUGboat"><i>TUGboat</i></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-type_002c-link-and-destination">type, link and destination</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction-to-hyperlinks">Introduction to hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-types_002c-destination_002c-dvipdfm">types, destination, <code>dvipdfm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-types_002c-destination_002c-hypertex">types, destination, <code>hypertex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-hypertex">Destination types for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-types_002c-destination_002c-pdftex">types, destination, <code>pdftex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-types_002c-link_002c-dvipdfm">types, link, <code>dvipdfm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-types_002c-link_002c-hypertex">types, link, <code>hypertex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-hypertex">Link types for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-types_002c-link_002c-pdftex">types, link, <code>pdftex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-typesetting-an-index">typesetting an index</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Typesetting-an-index">Typesetting an index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Concept-index_cp_letter-U">U</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-undefined-control-sequence_002c-checking-for">undefined control sequence, checking for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cifundefined">\ifundefined</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-undefined-labels_002c-warnings-about">undefined labels, warnings about</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Installation">Installation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-underline-hyperlink-border">underline hyperlink border</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-underlining">underlining</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-underlining-page-numbers-in-index">underlining page numbers in index</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-list-and-page-range-parsers">Page list and page range parsers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-universal-mapping-property">universal mapping property</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Construction-of-commutative-diagrams">Construction of commutative diagrams</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unordered-lists">unordered lists</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Lists">Lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-upgrading">upgrading</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Installation">Installation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-URL-for-path_002esty"><acronym>URL</acronym> for <samp>path.sty</samp></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Paths">Paths</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-URL-for-pdfTeX"><acronym>URL</acronym> for pdfTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Checking-for-PDF-output">Checking for PDF output</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-URL-hyperlink"><acronym>URL</acronym> hyperlink</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#General-hyperlinks">General hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-URL-hyperlink-1"><acronym>URL</acronym> hyperlink</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#URL-hyperlinks">URL hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-URL-hyperlink-2"><acronym>URL</acronym> hyperlink</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-hypertex">Link types for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-URL-hyperlink-3"><acronym>URL</acronym> hyperlink</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-url_002esty"><code>url.sty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-url_002esty-1"><code>url.sty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#URL-hyperlinks">URL hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-url_002esty-2"><code>url.sty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-user_002dinaccessible-macros">user-inaccessible macros</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Category-codes">Category codes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Concept-index_cp_letter-V">V</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vectors">vectors</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Slanted-lines-and-vectors">Slanted lines and vectors</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-verbatim-listing">verbatim listing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Verbatim-listing">Verbatim listing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-verbatim-listing_002c-demo">verbatim listing, demo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Highlighting-TeX-comments-in-listings-_0028lscommnt_002etex_0029">Highlighting TeX comments in listings (lscommnt.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-verbatim-text_002c-in-index">verbatim text, in index</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Index-entries-with-special-characters">Index entries with special characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-verbatim-text_002c-in-table-of-contents">verbatim text, in table of contents</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Writing-the-_002etoc-file">Writing the .toc file</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-version-number">version number</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Concept-index_cp_letter-W">W</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Walden_002c-David">Walden, David</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Warner_002c-Frank-W_002e">Warner, Frank W.</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Construction-of-commutative-diagrams">Construction of commutative diagrams</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-whatsits-made-by-hyperlinks">whatsits made by hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-nolinks">Hyperlink driver nolinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-whatsits-made-by-index-entries">whatsits made by index entries</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing-commands">Indexing commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-while-loops">while loops</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Iteration">Iteration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-whitespace">whitespace</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Obeying-spaces">Obeying spaces</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-width_002c-hyperlink-border">width, hyperlink border</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-writing-several-toc-files">writing several <code>toc</code> files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Changing-the-_002etoc-file_0027s-root-name">Changing the .toc file's root name</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Concept-index_cp_letter-X">X</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xcolor_002esty"><code>xcolor.sty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-not-to-work">Packages known not to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xdvi"><code>xdvi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-hypertex">Hyperlink driver hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-XeLaTeX">XeLaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logos">Logos</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xeplain_002etex"><code>xeplain.tex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-XeTeX">XeTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logos">Logos</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xhyper_002etex"><code>xhyper.tex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Concept-index_cp_letter-Z">Z</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Zassenhaus_002c-Hans">Zassenhaus, Hans</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Construction-of-commutative-diagrams">Construction of commutative diagrams</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-zooming_002c-hyperlink-destination">zooming, hyperlink destination</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
</table>
<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_symbol-1"><b>*</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_symbol-2"><b>.</b></a>
<br>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-B"><b>B</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-G"><b>G</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-H"><b>H</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-I"><b>I</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-J"><b>J</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-K"><b>K</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-L"><b>L</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-M"><b>M</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-N"><b>N</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-O"><b>O</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-P"><b>P</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-Q"><b>Q</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-R"><b>R</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-U"><b>U</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-V"><b>V</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-W"><b>W</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-X"><b>X</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-Z"><b>Z</b></a>
</td></tr></table>
<hr>
</body>
</html>
|
