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<title>Eplain: Expanded Plain TeX</title>
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<h1 class="settitle" align="center">Eplain: Expanded Plain TeX</h1>
<span id="SEC_Overview"></span>
<h2 class="shortcontents-heading">Short Table of Contents</h2>
<div class="shortcontents">
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="stoc-Introduction-1" href="#toc-Introduction-1">1 Introduction</a></li>
<li><a id="stoc-Installation-1" href="#toc-Installation-1">2 Installation</a></li>
<li><a id="stoc-Invoking-Eplain-1" href="#toc-Invoking-Eplain-1">3 Invoking Eplain</a></li>
<li><a id="stoc-User-definitions-1" href="#toc-User-definitions-1">4 User definitions</a></li>
<li><a id="stoc-Hyperlinks-1" href="#toc-Hyperlinks-1">5 Hyperlinks</a></li>
<li><a id="stoc-Arrow-theoretic-diagrams-1" href="#toc-Arrow-theoretic-diagrams-1">6 Arrow theoretic diagrams</a></li>
<li><a id="stoc-Programming-definitions-1" href="#toc-Programming-definitions-1">7 Programming definitions</a></li>
<li><a id="stoc-Demo-files-1" href="#toc-Demo-files-1">8 Demo files</a></li>
<li><a id="stoc-Macro-index-1" href="#toc-Macro-index-1">Macro index</a></li>
<li><a id="stoc-Concept-index-1" href="#toc-Concept-index-1">Concept index</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<span id="SEC_Contents"></span>
<h2 class="contents-heading">Table of Contents</h2>
<div class="contents">
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-Introduction-1" href="#Introduction">1 Introduction</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Installation-1" href="#Installation">2 Installation</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Invoking-Eplain-1" href="#Invoking-Eplain">3 Invoking Eplain</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-User-definitions-1" href="#User-definitions">4 User definitions</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-Diagnostics-1" href="#Diagnostics">4.1 Diagnostics</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Rules-1" href="#Rules">4.2 Rules</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Citations-1" href="#Citations">4.3 Citations</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-Formatting-citations-1" href="#Formatting-citations">4.3.1 Formatting citations</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Formatting-bibliographies-1" href="#Formatting-bibliographies">4.3.2 Formatting bibliographies</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Commands-from-LaTeX-1" href="#Commands-from-LaTeX">4.3.3 Commands from LaTeX</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Displays-1" href="#Displays">4.4 Displays</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-Formatting-displays-1" href="#Formatting-displays">4.4.1 Formatting displays</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Time-of-day-1" href="#Time-of-day">4.5 Time of day</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Lists-1" href="#Lists">4.6 Lists</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-Formatting-lists-1" href="#Formatting-lists">4.6.1 Formatting lists</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Verbatim-listing-1" href="#Verbatim-listing">4.7 Verbatim listing</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Contents-1" href="#Contents">4.8 Contents</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-Writing-the-_002etoc-file-1" href="#Writing-the-_002etoc-file">4.8.1 Writing the <tt>.toc</tt> file</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Reading-the-_002etoc-file-1" href="#Reading-the-_002etoc-file">4.8.2 Reading the <tt>.toc</tt> file</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Changing-the-_002etoc-file_0027s-root-name-1" href="#Changing-the-_002etoc-file_0027s-root-name">4.8.3 Changing the <tt>.toc</tt> file’s root name</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Alternative-contents-files-1" href="#Alternative-contents-files">4.8.4 Alternative contents files</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Cross_002dreferences-1" href="#Cross_002dreferences">4.9 Cross-references</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-Defining-generic-references-1" href="#Defining-generic-references">4.9.1 Defining generic references</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Using-generic-references-1" href="#Using-generic-references">4.9.2 Using generic references</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Page-references-1" href="#Page-references">4.10 Page references</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Equation-references-1" href="#Equation-references">4.11 Equation references</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-Formatting-equation-references-1" href="#Formatting-equation-references">4.11.1 Formatting equation references</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Subequation-references-1" href="#Subequation-references">4.11.2 Subequation references</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Indexing-1" href="#Indexing">4.12 Indexing</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-Indexing-terms-1" href="#Indexing-terms">4.12.1 Indexing terms</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-Indexing-commands-1" href="#Indexing-commands">4.12.1.1 Indexing commands</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Modifying-index-entries-1" href="#Modifying-index-entries">4.12.1.2 Modifying index entries</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Index-entries-with-special-characters-1" href="#Index-entries-with-special-characters">4.12.1.3 Index entries with special characters</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Proofing-index-terms-1" href="#Proofing-index-terms">4.12.1.4 Proofing index terms</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Typesetting-an-index-1" href="#Typesetting-an-index">4.12.2 Typesetting an index</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Customizing-indexing-1" href="#Customizing-indexing">4.12.3 Customizing indexing</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Justification-1" href="#Justification">4.13 Justification</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Tables-1" href="#Tables">4.14 Tables</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Margins-1" href="#Margins">4.15 Margins</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Multiple-columns-1" href="#Multiple-columns">4.16 Multiple columns</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Footnotes-1" href="#Footnotes">4.17 Footnotes</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Fractions-1" href="#Fractions">4.18 Fractions</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Paths-1" href="#Paths">4.19 Paths</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Logos-1" href="#Logos">4.20 Logos</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Boxes-1" href="#Boxes">4.21 Boxes</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Checking-for-PDF-output-1" href="#Checking-for-PDF-output">4.22 Checking for PDF output</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Loading-LaTeX-packages-1" href="#Loading-LaTeX-packages">4.23 Loading LaTeX packages</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-The-_005cusepackage-command-1" href="#The-_005cusepackage-command">4.23.1 The <code>\usepackage</code> command</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Environment-for-loading-packages-1" href="#Environment-for-loading-packages">4.23.2 Environment for loading packages</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Packages-known-to-work-1" href="#Packages-known-to-work">4.23.3 Packages known to work</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Packages-known-not-to-work-1" href="#Packages-known-not-to-work">4.23.4 Packages known not to work</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Hyperlinks-1" href="#Hyperlinks">5 Hyperlinks</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-Introduction-to-hyperlinks-1" href="#Introduction-to-hyperlinks">5.1 Introduction to hyperlinks</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Explicit-hyperlinks-1" href="#Explicit-hyperlinks">5.2 Explicit hyperlinks</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Implicit-hyperlinks-1" href="#Implicit-hyperlinks">5.3 Implicit hyperlinks</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-General-hyperlinks_003a-hrefint_002c-hrefext" href="#General-hyperlinks">5.3.1 General hyperlinks: hrefint, hrefext</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-URL-hyperlinks_003a-url" href="#URL-hyperlinks">5.3.2 URL hyperlinks: url</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Citation-hyperlinks_003a-cite_002c-bib" href="#Citation-hyperlinks">5.3.3 Citation hyperlinks: cite, bib</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-List-hyperlinks_003a-li" href="#List-hyperlinks">5.3.4 List hyperlinks: li</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Cross_002dreference-hyperlinks_003a-definexref_002c-ref" href="#Cross_002dreference-hyperlinks">5.3.5 Cross-reference hyperlinks: definexref, ref</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Page-reference-hyperlinks_003a-xrdef_002c-xref" href="#Page-reference-hyperlinks">5.3.6 Page reference hyperlinks: xrdef, xref</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Equation-reference-hyperlinks_003a-eq" href="#Equation-reference-hyperlinks">5.3.7 Equation reference hyperlinks: eq</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Index-hyperlinks_003a-idx" href="#Index-hyperlinks">5.3.8 Index hyperlinks: idx</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-Exact-destinations-for-index-terms-1" href="#Exact-destinations-for-index-terms">5.3.8.1 Exact destinations for index terms</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Page-destinations-for-index-terms-1" href="#Page-destinations-for-index-terms">5.3.8.2 Page destinations for index terms</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Choosing-destination-placement-1" href="#Choosing-destination-placement">5.3.8.3 Choosing destination placement</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Index-page-list-and-page-range-parsers-1" href="#Index-page-list-and-page-range-parsers">5.3.8.4 Index page list and page range parsers</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Hyperlinks-in-see-and-see-also-entries-1" href="#Hyperlinks-in-see-and-see-also-entries">5.3.8.5 Hyperlinks in see and see also entries</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Footnote-hyperlinks_003a-foot_002c-footback" href="#Footnote-hyperlinks">5.3.9 Footnote hyperlinks: foot, footback</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Contents-hyperlinks-1" href="#Contents-hyperlinks">5.3.10 Contents hyperlinks</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Hyperlink-drivers-1" href="#Hyperlink-drivers">5.4 Hyperlink drivers</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-Options-supported-by-all-drivers-1" href="#Options-supported-by-all-drivers">5.4.1 Options supported by all drivers</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Hyperlink-driver-hypertex-1" href="#Hyperlink-driver-hypertex">5.4.2 Hyperlink driver <code>hypertex</code></a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-Destination-types-for-hypertex-1" href="#Destination-types-for-hypertex">5.4.2.1 Destination types for <code>hypertex</code></a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Destination-options-for-hypertex-1" href="#Destination-options-for-hypertex">5.4.2.2 Destination options for <code>hypertex</code></a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Link-types-for-hypertex-1" href="#Link-types-for-hypertex">5.4.2.3 Link types for <code>hypertex</code></a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Link-options-for-hypertex-1" href="#Link-options-for-hypertex">5.4.2.4 Link options for <code>hypertex</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Hyperlink-drivers-pdftex-and-dvipdfm-1" href="#Hyperlink-drivers-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">5.4.3 Hyperlink drivers <code>pdftex</code> and <code>dvipdfm</code></a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm-1" href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">5.4.3.1 Destination types for <code>pdftex</code> and <code>dvipdfm</code></a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm-1" href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">5.4.3.2 Destination options for <code>pdftex</code> and <code>dvipdfm</code></a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm-1" href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">5.4.3.3 Link types for <code>pdftex</code> and <code>dvipdfm</code></a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm-1" href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">5.4.3.4 Link options for <code>pdftex</code> and <code>dvipdfm</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Hyperlink-driver-nolinks-1" href="#Hyperlink-driver-nolinks">5.4.4 Hyperlink driver <code>nolinks</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options-1" href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options">5.5 Setting hyperlink types and options</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-Setting-default-types-and-options-1" href="#Setting-default-types-and-options">5.5.1 Setting default types and options</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Setting-group-types-1" href="#Setting-group-types">5.5.2 Setting group types</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Setting-group-options-1" href="#Setting-group-options">5.5.3 Setting group options</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Turning-hyperlinks-on_002foff-1" href="#Turning-hyperlinks-on_002foff">5.6 Turning hyperlinks on/off</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-Turning-low_002dlevel-commands-on_002foff-1" href="#Turning-low_002dlevel-commands-on_002foff">5.6.1 Turning low-level commands on/off</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Turning-hyperlinks-on_002foff-for-a-group-1" href="#Turning-hyperlinks-on_002foff-for-a-group">5.6.2 Turning hyperlinks on/off for a group</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Making-PDF-outlines-1" href="#Making-PDF-outlines">5.7 Making PDF outlines</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Arrow-theoretic-diagrams-1" href="#Arrow-theoretic-diagrams">6 Arrow theoretic diagrams</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-Slanted-lines-and-vectors-1" href="#Slanted-lines-and-vectors">6.1 Slanted lines and vectors</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Commutative-diagrams-1" href="#Commutative-diagrams">6.2 Commutative diagrams</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-Arrows-and-morphisms-1" href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">6.2.1 Arrows and morphisms</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Construction-of-commutative-diagrams-1" href="#Construction-of-commutative-diagrams">6.2.2 Construction of commutative diagrams</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Commutative-diagram-parameters-1" href="#Commutative-diagram-parameters">6.2.3 Commutative diagram parameters</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Programming-definitions-1" href="#Programming-definitions">7 Programming definitions</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-Category-codes-1" href="#Category-codes">7.1 Category codes</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Allocation-macros-1" href="#Allocation-macros">7.2 Allocation macros</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Iteration-1" href="#Iteration">7.3 Iteration</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Macro-arguments-1" href="#Macro-arguments">7.4 Macro arguments</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Converting-to-characters-1" href="#Converting-to-characters">7.5 Converting to characters</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Expansion-1" href="#Expansion">7.6 Expansion</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-_005ccsn-and-_005cece-1" href="#g_t_005ccsn-and-_005cece">7.6.1 <code>\csn</code> and <code>\ece</code></a></li>
<li><a id="toc-_005cedefappend-1" href="#g_t_005cedefappend">7.6.2 <code>\edefappend</code></a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Hooks-1" href="#Hooks">7.6.3 Hooks</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Properties-1" href="#Properties">7.6.4 Properties</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-_005cexpandonce-1" href="#g_t_005cexpandonce">7.6.5 <code>\expandonce</code></a></li>
<li><a id="toc-_005cifundefined-1" href="#g_t_005cifundefined">7.6.6 <code>\ifundefined</code></a></li>
<li><a id="toc-_005cifempty-1" href="#g_t_005cifempty">7.6.7 <code>\ifempty</code></a></li>
<li><a id="toc-_005cifinteger-and-_005cisinteger-1" href="#g_t_005cifinteger-and-_005cisinteger">7.6.8 <code>\ifinteger</code> and <code>\isinteger</code></a></li>
<li><a id="toc-_005cfuturenonspacelet-1" href="#g_t_005cfuturenonspacelet">7.6.9 <code>\futurenonspacelet</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Obeying-spaces-1" href="#Obeying-spaces">7.7 Obeying spaces</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Writing-out-numbers-1" href="#Writing-out-numbers">7.8 Writing out numbers</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Mode_002dspecific-penalties-1" href="#Mode_002dspecific-penalties">7.9 Mode-specific penalties</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Auxiliary-files-1" href="#Auxiliary-files">7.10 Auxiliary files</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-User_002ddefined-environments-1" href="#User_002ddefined-environments">7.11 User-defined environments</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Page-list-and-page-range-parsers-1" href="#Page-list-and-page-range-parsers">7.12 Page list and page range parsers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Demo-files-1" href="#Demo-files">8 Demo files</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029-1" href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">8.1 Hyperlinks (<code>xhyper.tex</code>)</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Highlighting-TeX-comments-in-listings-_0028lscommnt_002etex_0029-1" href="#Highlighting-TeX-comments-in-listings-_0028lscommnt_002etex_0029">8.2 Highlighting TeX comments in listings (<code>lscommnt.tex</code>)</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Macro-index-1" href="#Macro-index">Macro index</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Concept-index-1" href="#Concept-index">Concept index</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<span id="Top"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Introduction" accesskey="n" rel="next">Introduction</a>, Up: <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/" accesskey="u" rel="up">(dir)</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Eplain"></span><h1 class="top">Eplain</h1>
<p>This manual documents the Eplain macros, version 3.9,
May 2019. Eplain provides functionality for plain TeX that
is intended to be useful regardless of how your document is actually
formatted.
</p>
<p>Most of this manual is in the public domain, like most of the Eplain
code. It was originally written by Karl Berry, starting in 1989.
Steven Smith wrote the documentation for the commutative diagram
macros; this chapter is under the GNU General Public License. Adam
Lewenberg has made additions and corrections. Oleg Katsitadze wrote
the section on LaTeX packages and the chapter on hyperlinks, and
updates throughout.
</p>
<p>The Eplain home page is <a href="https://tug.org/eplain">https://tug.org/eplain</a>.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Introduction" accesskey="1">Introduction</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Eplain’s purpose and philosophy.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Installation" accesskey="2">Installation</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Installing Eplain.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Invoking-Eplain" accesskey="3">Invoking Eplain</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Using Eplain from a TeX file.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#User-definitions" accesskey="4">User definitions</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Macros to be used in a document.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Hyperlinks" accesskey="5">Hyperlinks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Producing documents with hyperlinks.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Arrow-theoretic-diagrams" accesskey="6">Arrow theoretic diagrams</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Macros for commutative diagrams.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Programming-definitions" accesskey="7">Programming definitions</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Macros to be used in writing other macros.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Demo-files" accesskey="8">Demo files</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Sample documents demonstrating Eplain.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Macro-index" accesskey="9">Macro index</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Entries for TeX and Eplain control sequences.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Concept-index">Concept index</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">General index.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
</pre></th></tr><tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment"> — The Detailed Node Listing —
User definitions
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Diagnostics">Diagnostics</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Tracing information.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Rules">Rules</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Changing the default rule dimensions.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Citations">Citations</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Using BibTeX and Eplain to make bibliographies.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Displays">Displays</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Changing the formatting of math displays.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Time-of-day">Time of day</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Producing the time of day.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Lists">Lists</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Producing numbered and unordered lists.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Verbatim-listing">Verbatim listing</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Producing text just as it appears.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Contents">Contents</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Making a table of contents.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Cross_002dreferences">Cross-references</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Symbolically referring to pages or equations.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Page-references">Page references</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Symbolic references to page numbers.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Equation-references">Equation references</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Symbolic references to equation numbers.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Indexing">Indexing</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Creating and typesetting indexes.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Justification">Justification</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Left- or right-justification, or centering.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Tables">Tables</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Producing ordered tables.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Margins">Margins</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Changing the margins directly.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Multiple-columns">Multiple columns</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Getting output in two columns.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Autonumbered footnotes; changing formatting.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Fractions">Fractions</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">A better way to produce fractions in text.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Paths">Paths</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Allowing line breaks in pathnames.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Logos">Logos</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Various logos.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Producing filled or open rectangles.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Checking-for-PDF-output">Checking for PDF output</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Checking for pdfTeX in PDF mode.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Loading-LaTeX-packages">Loading LaTeX packages</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Support for LaTeX packages under plain TeX.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Citations
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Formatting-citations">Formatting citations</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Changing the way citations are printed.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Formatting-bibliographies">Formatting bibliographies</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Changing the way bibliographies are printed.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Displays
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Formatting-displays">Formatting displays</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">General formatting of displays.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Lists
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Formatting-lists">Formatting lists</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Changing how the lists look.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Contents
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Writing-the-_002etoc-file">Writing the .toc file</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Reading-the-_002etoc-file">Reading the .toc file</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Changing-the-_002etoc-file_0027s-root-name">Changing the .toc file's root name</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Alternative-contents-files">Alternative contents files</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Cross-references
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Defining-generic-references">Defining generic references</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Using-generic-references">Using generic references</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Equation references
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Formatting-equation-references">Formatting equation references</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Subequation-references">Subequation references</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Indexing
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Indexing-terms">Indexing terms</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Specifying what to index.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Typesetting-an-index">Typesetting an index</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Printing the sorted output.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Customizing-indexing">Customizing indexing</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Creating commands and specifying extra actions.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Indexing terms
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Indexing-commands">Indexing commands</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Making index entries.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Modifying-index-entries">Modifying index entries</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Ranges, see/see also, page number typesetting.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Index-entries-with-special-characters">Index entries with special characters</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Proofing-index-terms">Proofing index terms</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Noting index entries in the margins.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Loading LaTeX packages
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#The-_005cusepackage-command">The \usepackage command</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Command to load packages.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Environment-for-loading-packages">Environment for loading packages</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Environment for the \usepackage commands.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Supported packages.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Packages-known-not-to-work">Packages known not to work</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Packages known not to work with Eplain.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Hyperlinks
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Introduction-to-hyperlinks">Introduction to hyperlinks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Explicit-hyperlinks">Explicit hyperlinks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Implicit-hyperlinks">Implicit hyperlinks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Hyperlink-drivers">Hyperlink drivers</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options">Setting hyperlink types and options</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Turning-hyperlinks-on_002foff">Turning hyperlinks on/off</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Implicit hyperlinks
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#General-hyperlinks">General hyperlinks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">hrefint, hrefext
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#URL-hyperlinks">URL hyperlinks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">url
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Citation-hyperlinks">Citation hyperlinks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">cite, bib
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#List-hyperlinks">List hyperlinks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">li
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Cross_002dreference-hyperlinks">Cross-reference hyperlinks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">definexref, ref
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Page-reference-hyperlinks">Page reference hyperlinks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">xrdef, xref
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Equation-reference-hyperlinks">Equation reference hyperlinks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">eq
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Index-hyperlinks">Index hyperlinks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">idx
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Footnote-hyperlinks">Footnote hyperlinks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">foot, footback
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Contents-hyperlinks">Contents hyperlinks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Index hyperlinks
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Exact-destinations-for-index-terms">Exact destinations for index terms</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Page-destinations-for-index-terms">Page destinations for index terms</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Choosing-destination-placement">Choosing destination placement</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Index-page-list-and-page-range-parsers">Index page list and page range parsers</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Hyperlinks-in-see-and-see-also-entries">Hyperlinks in see and see also entries</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Hyperlink drivers
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Options-supported-by-all-drivers">Options supported by all drivers</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Hyperlink-driver-hypertex">Hyperlink driver hypertex</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Hyperlink-drivers-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Hyperlink drivers pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Hyperlink-driver-nolinks">Hyperlink driver nolinks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Hyperlink driver hypertex::
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Destination-types-for-hypertex">Destination types for hypertex</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Destination-options-for-hypertex">Destination options for hypertex</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Link-types-for-hypertex">Link types for hypertex</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Link-options-for-hypertex">Link options for hypertex</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Hyperlink drivers pdftex and dvipdfm::
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Setting hyperlink types and options
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Setting-default-types-and-options">Setting default types and options</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Setting-group-types">Setting group types</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Setting-group-options">Setting group options</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Turning hyperlinks on/off
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Turning-low_002dlevel-commands-on_002foff">Turning low-level commands on/off</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Turning-hyperlinks-on_002foff-for-a-group">Turning hyperlinks on/off for a group</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Arrow theoretic diagrams
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Slanted-lines-and-vectors">Slanted lines and vectors</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Commutative-diagrams">Commutative diagrams</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Commutative diagrams
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Construction-of-commutative-diagrams">Construction of commutative diagrams</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Commutative-diagram-parameters">Commutative diagram parameters</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Programming definitions
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Category-codes">Category codes</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Changing category codes.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Allocation-macros">Allocation macros</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Non-outer versions of \newcount et al.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Iteration">Iteration</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Doing ‘for’ and ‘while’ loops in TeX.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Macro-arguments">Macro arguments</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Reading and ignoring them.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Converting-to-characters">Converting to characters</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Normalizing control sequences and spaces.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Expansion">Expansion</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Controlling expansion.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Obeying-spaces">Obeying spaces</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Making whitespace count anywhere.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Writing-out-numbers">Writing out numbers</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Making ‘1’ into ‘one’.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Mode_002dspecific-penalties">Mode-specific penalties</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Auxiliary-files">Auxiliary files</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Testing for their existence.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#User_002ddefined-environments">User-defined environments</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">User-defined environments.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Page-list-and-page-range-parsers">Page list and page range parsers</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Expansion
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005ccsn-and-_005cece">\csn and \ece</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cedefappend">\edefappend</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Hooks">Hooks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Manipulating and executing named actions.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Properties">Properties</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Associating information with a csname.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cexpandonce">\expandonce</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cifundefined">\ifundefined</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cifempty">\ifempty</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cifinteger-and-_005cisinteger">\ifinteger and \isinteger</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cfuturenonspacelet">\futurenonspacelet</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Demo files
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Highlighting-TeX-comments-in-listings-_0028lscommnt_002etex_0029">Highlighting TeX comments in listings (lscommnt.tex)</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="Introduction"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Installation" accesskey="n" rel="next">Installation</a>, Previous: <a href="#Top" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Top</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Introduction-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">1 Introduction</h2>
<span id="index-Eplain_002c-purpose-of"></span>
<span id="index-xeplain_002etex"></span>
<p>The <em>Eplain</em> macro package expands on and extends the definitions in
plain TeX. Its home on the web is <a href="https://tug.org/eplain">https://tug.org/eplain</a>.
</p>
<p>This manual describes the definitions that you, as either an author or
a macro writer, might like to use. It doesn’t discuss the
implementation; see comments in the source code (<samp>xeplain.tex</samp>)
for that.
</p>
<p>Eplain is not intended to provide typesetting capabilities, as
does LaTeX (originally written by Leslie Lamport)
<span id="index-LaTeX"></span>
<span id="index-Lamport_002c-Leslie"></span>
and Texinfo
<span id="index-Texinfo"></span>
(Originally written by Richard Stallman).
<span id="index-Stallman_002c-Richard"></span>
<span id="index-rms"></span>
Instead, it provides definitions that are intended to be useful
regardless of the high-level commands that you use when you actually
prepare your manuscript.
</p>
<p>For example, Eplain does not have a command <code>\section</code> to format
section headings in an “appropriate” way, such as LaTeX’s
<code>\section</code>. The philosophy of Eplain is that some people will
always need or want to go beyond the macro designer’s idea of
“appropriate”. Such canned macros are fine—as long as you are
willing to accept the resulting output. If you don’t like the
results, or if you are trying to match a different format, you have to
put in extra work to override the defaults.
</p>
<p>On the other hand, almost everyone would like capabilities such as
cross-referencing by labels, so that you don’t have to put actual page
numbers in the manuscript. The author of Eplain
<span id="index-Berry_002c-Karl"></span>
is not aware of any generally available macro packages that (1) do
not force their typographic style on an author, and yet (2) provide
such capabilities.
</p>
<p>Besides such generic macros as cross-referencing, Eplain contains
another set of definitions: ones that change the conventions of plain
TeX’s output. For example, math displays in TeX are, by
default, centered. If you want your displays to come out
left-justified, you have to plow through <cite>The TeXbook</cite> to find
some way to do it, and then adapt the code to your own needs. Eplain
tries to take care of the messy details of such things, while still
leaving the detailed appearance of the output up to you.
</p>
<p>Finally, numerous definitions turned out to be useful as Eplain was
developed. They are also documented in this manual, on the chance that
people writing other macros will be able to use them.
</p>
<p>You can send bug reports or suggestions to
<a href="mailto:tex-eplain@tug.org">tex-eplain@tug.org</a>. The current version number of Eplain is
defined as the macro <code>\fmtversion</code>
<span id="index-version-number"></span>
<span id="index-fmtversion"></span>
at the end of the source file <samp>eplain.tex</samp>. When corresponding,
please refer to it.
</p>
<p>To get on this mailing list yourself, email
<a href="mailto:tex-eplain-request@tug.org">tex-eplain-request@tug.org</a> with a message whose body contains
a line
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">subscribe <var>you@your.preferred.address</var>
</pre></div>
<p>or visit <a href="http://lists.tug.org/tex-eplain">http://lists.tug.org/tex-eplain</a>.
</p>
<span id="index-Walden_002c-David"></span>
<p>David Walden had reported his experience with Eplain as a new user.
The article is available online at
<a href="https://tug.org/pracjourn/2005-4/walden">https://tug.org/pracjourn/2005-4/walden</a>. An introductory
article (written for
<span id="index-TUGboat"></span>
<i>TUGboat</i>) is also available online at
<a href="https://tug.org/eplain/misc/tb84katsi.pdf">https://tug.org/eplain/misc/tb84katsi.pdf</a>.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Installation"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Invoking-Eplain" accesskey="n" rel="next">Invoking Eplain</a>, Previous: <a href="#Introduction" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Introduction</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Installation-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">2 Installation</h2>
<span id="index-Eplain_002c-installing"></span>
<span id="index-installation"></span>
<span id="index-Eplain_002c-upgrading"></span>
<span id="index-upgrading"></span>
<p>Your TeX installation should already contain a version of Eplain
(<samp>eplain.tex</samp>) in its main <samp>texmf</samp> tree (usually under
<samp>/usr/share/texmf/tex/eplain/</samp> on Unix systems). To install a
newer version of Eplain, put the new <samp>eplain.tex</samp> (included in
Eplain distributions) in the <samp>tex/eplain/</samp> subdirectory of your
local <samp>texmf</samp> tree. The newer version you install in the local
tree should override the older one in the main tree.
</p>
<p>The location of the local <samp>texmf</samp> tree obviously depends on your
operating system and TeX installation. On Unix systems the usual
location is <samp>/usr/local/share/texmf/</samp>. If you don’t have write
permissions for <samp>/usr/local/share/texmf/</samp>, many installations read
the <samp>texmf</samp> tree in the user’s home directory; <samp>eplain.tex</samp>
then should go under <samp>~/texmf/tex/eplain/</samp>. For more information
about TeX directory structure, please see
<a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=tds">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=tds</a>.
</p>
<span id="index-TEXINPUTS"></span>
<p>If you prefer to install <samp>eplain.tex</samp> in a non-standard place, set
an environment variable (<code>TEXINPUTS</code> for the Web2C port of TeX
to Unix) to tell TeX how to find it.
</p>
<p>If you want, you can also create a format (<samp>.fmt</samp>)
<span id="index-_002efmt-file"></span>
<span id="index-format-file"></span>
<span id="index-eplain_002efmt"></span>
file for Eplain, which will eliminate the time spent reading the macro
source file with <code>\input</code>. You do this by issuing a sequence of
Unix commands something like this:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">prompt$ touch eplain.aux
prompt$ initex
This is TeX, ...
**&plain eplain
(eplain.tex)
*\dump
... <var>messages</var> ...
</pre></div>
<span id="index-eplain_002eaux"></span>
<span id="index-undefined-labels_002c-warnings-about"></span>
<p>You must make sure that <samp>eplain.aux</samp> exists <em>before</em> you
run <samp>initex</samp>; otherwise, warning messages about undefined labels
will never be issued.
</p>
<span id="index-TEXFORMATS"></span>
<p>You then have to install the resulting <samp>eplain.fmt</samp> in your local
<samp>texmf</samp> tree or set an environment variable to tell TeX how to
find it. For the Web2C port of TeX to Unix, format files are usually
installed under <samp>/usr/local/share/texmf/web2c/</samp> or
<samp>/var/lib/texmf/web2c/</samp>; the environment variable is
<code>TEXFORMATS</code>.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Invoking-Eplain"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#User-definitions" accesskey="n" rel="next">User definitions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Installation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Installation</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Invoking-Eplain-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">3 Invoking Eplain</h2>
<span id="index-Eplain_002c-invoking"></span>
<p>The simplest way to use Eplain is simply to put:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\input eplain
</pre></div>
<p>at the beginning of your input file. The macro file is small
enough that reading it does not take an unbearably long time—at least on
contemporary machines.
</p>
<p>In addition, if a format (<samp>.fmt</samp>)
<span id="index-_002efmt-file-1"></span>
file has been created for Eplain (see the previous section), you can
eliminate the time spent reading the macro source file. You do this
by responding <code>&eplain</code> to TeX’s ‘<samp>**</samp>’ prompt. For
example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">initex
This is TeX, ...
**&eplain myfile
</pre></div>
<p>Depending on the implementation of TeX which you are using, you might
also be able to invoke TeX as <samp>eplain</samp> and have the format file
automatically read.
</p>
<p>If you write something which you will be distributing to others, you
won’t know if the Eplain format will be loaded already. If it is, then
doing <code>\input eplain</code> will waste time; if it isn’t, then you must
load it. To solve this, Eplain defines the control sequence
<code>\eplain</code>
<span id="index-eplain"></span>
to be the letter <code>t</code> (a convention borrowed from Lisp; it doesn’t
actually matter what the definition is, only that the definition
exists). Therefore, you can do the following:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\ifx\eplain\undefined \input eplain \fi
</pre></div>
<p>where <code>\undefined</code> must never acquire a definition.
</p>
<p>Eplain consists of several source files:
</p><dl compact="compact">
<dt><samp>xeplain.tex</samp></dt>
<dd><p>most of the macros;
</p>
</dd>
<dt><samp>arrow.tex</samp></dt>
<dd><p>commutative diagram macros (see <a href="#Arrow-theoretic-diagrams">Arrow theoretic diagrams</a>), written by
Steven Smith;
</p>
</dd>
<dt><samp>btxmac.tex</samp></dt>
<dd><p>bibliography-related macros (see <a href="#Citations">Citations</a>);
</p>
</dd>
<dt><samp>ifpdf.sty</samp></dt>
<dd><p>sets the switch <code>\ifpdf</code>, which can be used to detect pdfTeX
in PDF mode (see <a href="#Checking-for-PDF-output">Checking for PDF output</a>), written by Heiko
Oberdiek;
</p>
</dd>
<dt><samp>path.sty</samp></dt>
<dd><p>macro for allowing line breaks at punctuation characters within long
pathnames, electronic mail addresses, etc., (see <a href="#Paths">Paths</a>), written
by Philip Taylor;
</p>
</dd>
<dt><samp>texnames.sty</samp></dt>
<dd><p>abbreviations for various TeX-related names (see <a href="#Logos">Logos</a>), edited
by Nelson Beebe.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>The file <samp>eplain.tex</samp> is all of these files merged
together, with comments removed. The original sources can be found in
Eplain source zip archive in your TeX distribution, on <acronym>CTAN</acronym>
or on Eplain’s home page at <a href="https://tug.org/eplain">https://tug.org/eplain</a>.
</p>
<p>All of these files except <samp>xeplain.tex</samp> can be input individually,
if all you want are the definitions in that file.
</p>
<p>Also, since the bibliography macros are fairly extensive, you might not
want to load them, to conserve TeX’s memory. Therefore, if the
control sequence <code>\nobibtex</code>
<span id="index-nobibtex"></span>
is defined, then the bibliography definitions are skipped. You must set
<code>\nobibtex</code> before <samp>eplain.tex</samp> is read, naturally. For
example, you could start your input file like this:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\let\nobibtex = t
\input eplain
</pre></div>
<p>By default, <code>\nobibtex</code> is undefined, and so the
bibliography definitions <em>are</em> made.
</p>
<span id="index-noarrow"></span>
<p>Likewise, define <code>\noarrow</code> if you don’t want to include the
commutative diagram macros from <samp>arrow.tex</samp>, perhaps because you
already have conflicting ones.
</p>
<p>If you don’t want to read or write an <samp>aux</samp> file at all, for any
kind of cross-referencing, define <code>\noauxfile</code>
<span id="index-noauxfile"></span>
before reading <samp>eplain.tex</samp>. This also turns off all warnings
about undefined labels.
</p>
<span id="index-amsppt_002esty"></span>
<span id="index-AMSTeX-conflicts"></span>
<p>Eplain conflicts with AMSTeX (to be precise, with <samp>amsppt.sty</samp>):
the macros <code>\cite</code> and <code>\ref</code> are defined by both.
</p>
<p>If you want to use AMSTeX’s <code>\cite</code>, the solution is to define
<code>\nobibtex</code> before reading Eplain, as described above.
</p>
<p>If you have <samp>amsppt.sty</samp> loaded and use <code>\ref</code>, Eplain writes
a warning on your terminal. If you want to use the AMSTeX
<code>\ref</code>, do <code>\let\ref = \amsref</code> after reading Eplain.
To avoid the warning, do <code>\let\ref = \eplainref</code> after reading
Eplain and before using <code>\ref</code>.
</p>
<span id="index-texi2dvi"></span>
<span id="index-bibtex"></span>
<span id="index-makeindex"></span>
<p>Sometimes you may need to run TeX more then once on your
<samp>.tex</samp> file in order to produce and typeset indexes, resolve
undefined cross-references and/or citations. The shell script
<code>texi2dvi</code> from the Texinfo documentation system (see
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo">http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo</a>) can automate this process:
it runs BibTeX, MakeIndex and TeX as many times as needed to
complete the compilation process. You will need to set the
<code>LATEX</code> environment variable to ‘<samp>tex</samp>’. For example, in a
Bourne-compatible shell, the following command will do all the work:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">prompt$ LATEX=tex texi2dvi file.tex
</pre></div>
<span id="index-pdftex"></span>
<p>(Despite the name, <code>texi2dvi</code> can also produce
<samp>.pdf</samp> files; just set ‘<samp>LATEX=pdftex</samp>’.) See the output from
the command <code>texi2dvi --help</code> for invoking information and a
full list of options.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="User-definitions"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Hyperlinks" accesskey="n" rel="next">Hyperlinks</a>, Previous: <a href="#Invoking-Eplain" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Invoking Eplain</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="User-definitions-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">4 User definitions</h2>
<p>This chapter describes definitions that are meant to be used directly
in a document. When appropriate, ways to change the default
formatting are described in subsections.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Diagnostics" accesskey="1">Diagnostics</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Tracing information.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Rules" accesskey="2">Rules</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Changing the default rule dimensions.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Citations" accesskey="3">Citations</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Using BibTeX and Eplain to make bibliographies.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Displays" accesskey="4">Displays</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Changing the formatting of math displays.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Time-of-day" accesskey="5">Time of day</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Producing the time of day.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Lists" accesskey="6">Lists</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Producing numbered and unordered lists.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Verbatim-listing" accesskey="7">Verbatim listing</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Producing text just as it appears.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Contents" accesskey="8">Contents</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Making a table of contents.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Cross_002dreferences" accesskey="9">Cross-references</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Symbolic references to equations, figures, etc.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Page-references">Page references</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Symbolic references to page numbers.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Equation-references">Equation references</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Symbolic references to equation numbers.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Indexing">Indexing</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Creating and typesetting indexes.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Justification">Justification</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Ragged left, ragged right, centered.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Tables">Tables</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Producing ordered tables.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Margins">Margins</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Changing the margins directly.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Multiple-columns">Multiple columns</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Getting output in two columns.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Autonumbered footnotes; changing formatting.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Fractions">Fractions</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">A better way to produce fractions in text.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Paths">Paths</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Allowing line breaks in pathnames.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Logos">Logos</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Various logos.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Producing filled or open rectangles.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Checking-for-PDF-output">Checking for PDF output</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Checking for pdfTeX in PDF mode.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Loading-LaTeX-packages">Loading LaTeX packages</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Support for LaTeX packages under plain TeX.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="Diagnostics"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Rules" accesskey="n" rel="next">Rules</a>, Up: <a href="#User-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">User definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Diagnostics-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.1 Diagnostics</h3>
<span id="index-diagnostics"></span>
<span id="index-tracing"></span>
<p>Plain TeX provides the <code>\tracingall</code> command, to turn on the
maximum amount of tracing possible in TeX. The (usually voluminous)
output from <code>\tracingall</code> goes both on the terminal and into the
transcript file.
<span id="index-tracingall"></span>
It is sometimes easier to have the output go only to the transcript
file, so you can peruse it at your leisure and not obscure other output
to the terminal. So, Eplain provides the command <code>\loggingall</code>.
<span id="index-loggingall"></span>
(For some reason, this command is available in Metafont, but not in
TeX.)
</p>
<p>It is also sometimes useful to see the complete contents of boxes.
<code>\tracingboxes</code> does this. (It doesn’t affect whether or not the
contents
<span id="index-tracingboxes"></span>
are shown on the terminal.)
</p>
<p>You can turn off all tracing with <code>\tracingoff</code>.
<span id="index-tracingoff"></span>
</p>
<p>You can also turn logging on and off globally, so you don’t have to
worry about whether or not you’re inside a group at the time of command.
These variants are named <code>\gloggingall</code>
<span id="index-gloggingall"></span>
and <code>\gtracingall</code>.
<span id="index-gtracingall"></span>
</p>
<p>Finally, if you write your own help messages (see <code>\newhelp</code>
<span id="index-help-messages"></span>
<span id="index-error-messages"></span>
in <cite>The TeXbook</cite>), you want a convenient way to break lines in
them. This is what TeX’s <code>\newlinechar</code> parameter is for;
<span id="index-newlinechar"></span>
however, plain TeX doesn’t set <code>\newlinechar</code>. Therefore,
Eplain defines it to be the character <code>^^J</code>.
</p>
<p>For example, one of Eplain’s own error messages is defined as follows:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newhelp\envhelp{Perhaps you forgot to end the previous^^J%
environment? I'm finishing off the current group,^^J%
hoping that will fix it.}%
</pre></div>
<hr>
<span id="Rules"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Citations" accesskey="n" rel="next">Citations</a>, Previous: <a href="#Diagnostics" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Diagnostics</a>, Up: <a href="#User-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">User definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Rules-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.2 Rules</h3>
<p>The default dimensions of rules are defined in chapter 21 of the
<cite>The TeXbook</cite>. To sum up what is given there, the “thickness”
of rules is
<span id="index-rule-thickness"></span>
0.4pt by default. Eplain defines three parameters that let you change
this dimension: <code>\hruledefaultheight</code>, <code>\hruledefaultdepth</code>,
<span id="index-hruledefaultheight"></span>
<span id="index-hruledefaultdepth"></span>
and <code>\vruledefaultwidth</code>. By default, they are defined as
<span id="index-vruledefaultwidth"></span>
<cite>The TeXbook</cite> describes.
</p>
<p>But it would be wrong to redefine <code>\hrule</code> and <code>\vrule</code>. For
one thing, some macros in plain TeX depend on the default dimensions
being used; for another, rules are used quite heavily, and the
performance impact of making it a macro can be noticeable. Therefore,
to take advantage of the default rule parameters, you must use
<code>\ehrule</code>
<span id="index-ehrule"></span>
and <code>\evrule</code>.
<span id="index-evrule"></span>
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Citations"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Displays" accesskey="n" rel="next">Displays</a>, Previous: <a href="#Rules" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Rules</a>, Up: <a href="#User-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">User definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Citations-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.3 Citations</h3>
<span id="index-citations"></span>
<span id="index-bibliographies"></span>
<p>Bibliographies are part of almost every technical document. To handle
them conveniently, you need two things: a program to do the tedious
formatting, and a way to cite references by labels, rather than by
numbers. The BibTeX program, written by Oren Patashnik, takes care
<span id="index-BibTeX"></span>
<span id="index-Patashnik_002c-Oren"></span>
of the first item; the citation commands in LaTeX, written to be used
<span id="index-LaTeX-1"></span>
with BibTeX, take care of the second. Therefore,
Eplain adopts the use of BibTeX, and virtually the same interface as
LaTeX.
</p>
<p>The general idea is that you put citation commands in the text of your
document, and commands saying where the bibliography data is. When you
run TeX, these commands produce output on the file with the same root
name as your document (by default) and the extension <samp>.aux</samp>.
<span id="index-_002eaux-file"></span>
<span id="index-jobname"></span>
BibTeX reads this file. You should put the bibliography data in a
file or files with the extension <samp>.bib</samp>. BibTeX writes out a
file with the same root
<span id="index-_002ebib-file"></span>
name as your document and extension <samp>.bbl</samp>. Eplain reads this file
<span id="index-_002ebbl-file"></span>
the next time you run your document through TeX. (It takes
multiple passes to get everything straight, because usually after seeing
your bibliography typeset, you want to make changes in the <samp>.bib</samp>
file, which means you have to run BibTeX again, which means you have
to run TeX again…) An annotated example of the whole process is
given below.
</p>
<p>If your document has more than one bibliography—for example, if it
is a collection of papers—you can tell Eplain to use a different root
name for the <samp>.bbl</samp> file by defining the control sequence
<code>\bblfilebasename</code>.
<span id="index-bblfilebasename"></span>
The default definition is simply <code>\jobname</code>.
</p>
<p>On the other hand, if your document’s bibliography is very simple, you
may prefer to create the <samp>.bbl</samp> file yourself, by hand, instead of
using BibTeX. An annotated example of this approach is also given
below.
</p>
<p>See the document <cite>BibTeXing</cite> (whose text is in the file
<samp>btxdoc.tex</samp>, which should be in the Eplain distribution you got)
for information on how to write your <tt>.bib</tt> files. Both the
BibTeX and the Eplain distributions contain several examples, also.
</p>
<p>The <code>\cite</code>
<span id="index-cite"></span>
command produces a citation in the text of your document. The exact
printed form the citation will take is under your control
(see <a href="#Formatting-citations">Formatting citations</a>). <code>\cite</code> takes one
required argument, a comma-separated list of cross-reference labels
(see <a href="#Cross_002dreferences">Cross-references</a>, for exactly what characters are allowed in
such labels). Warning: spaces in this list are taken as part of the
following label name, which is probably not what you expect.
<span id="index-citations_002c-undefined"></span>
The <code>\cite</code> command also produces a command
in the <tt>.aux</tt> file that tells BibTeX to retrieve the given reference(s)
from the <tt>.bib</tt> file. <code>\cite</code> also takes one optional argument,
which you specify within square brackets, as in LaTeX. This text is
simply typeset after the citations. (See the example below.)
</p>
<p>Eplain can create hypertext links for citations pointing to the relevant
bibliography entries (see <a href="#Citation-hyperlinks">Citation hyperlinks</a>).
</p>
<p>Another command, <code>\nocite</code>,
<span id="index-nocite"></span>
puts the given reference(s) into the bibliography, but produces nothing
in the text.
</p>
<p>The <code>\bibliography</code>
<span id="index-bibliography"></span>
command is next. It serves two purposes: producing the typeset
bibliography, and telling BibTeX the root names of the <tt>.bib</tt>
files. Therefore, the argument to <code>\bibliography</code> is a comma
separated list of the <tt>.bib</tt> files (without the ‘<samp>.bib</samp>’). Again,
spaces in this list are significant.
</p>
<p>You tell BibTeX the particular style in which you want your
bibliography typeset with one more command:
<code>\bibliographystyle</code>.
<span id="index-bibliographystyle"></span>
The argument to this is a single filename <var>style</var>, which tells
BibTeX to look for a file <var>style</var><tt>.bst</tt>.
<span id="index-_002ebst-files"></span>
See the document <cite>Designing BibTeX styles</cite> (whose text is in the
<samp>btxhak.tex</samp>) for information on how to write your own styles.
</p>
<p>Eplain automatically reads the citations from the <tt>.aux</tt> file when
your job starts.
</p>
<p>If you don’t want to see the messages about undefined citations, you
can say <code>\xrefwarningfalse</code> before making any citations.
<span id="index-xrefwarningfalse"></span>
Eplain automatically does this if the <tt>.aux</tt> file does not exist.
You can restore the default by saying <code>\xrefwarningtrue</code>.
</p>
<p>Here is a TeX input file that illustrates the various commands.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\input eplain % Reads the .aux file.
Two citations to Knuthian works:
\cite[note]{surreal,concrete-math}.
\beginsection{References.}\par % Title for the bibliography.
\bibliography{knuth} % Use knuth.bib for the labels.
\bibliographystyle{plain} % Number the references.
\end % End of the document.
</pre></div>
<span id="index-Knuth_002c-Donald-Ervin"></span>
<span id="index-Graham_002c-Ronald-L_002e"></span>
<span id="index-numbered-references"></span>
<span id="index-references_002c-numbered"></span>
<p>If we suppose that this file was named <samp>citex.tex</samp> and that the
bibliography data is in <samp>knuth.bib</samp> (as the above
<code>\bibliography</code> command says), the following commands do what’s
required. (‘<samp>$ </samp>’ represents the shell prompt.)
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">$ tex citex <i>(produces undefined citation messages)</i>
$ bibtex citex <i>(read knuth.bib and citex.aux, write citex.bbl)</i>
$ tex citex <i>(read citex.bbl, still have undefined citations)</i>
$ tex citex <i>(one more time, to resolve the references)</i>
</pre></div>
<span id="index-texi2dvi-1"></span>
<p>The <code>texi2dvi</code> program can help you automate this
process (see <a href="#Invoking-Eplain">Invoking Eplain</a>).
</p>
<p>For simple documents you might choose to write the <samp>.bbl</samp> file
yourself, instead of running BibTeX. For this scenario, the
following commands should suffice:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">$ tex citex <i>(read citex.bbl, produces undefined citation messages)</i>
$ tex citex <i>(one more time, to resolve the references)</i>
</pre></div>
<p>The output looks something like (because we used the <tt>plain</tt>
bibliography style):
</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Two citations to Knuthian works: [2,1 note].
</p>
<p><b>References</b>
</p>
<p>[1] Ronald L. Graham, Donald E. Knuth, and Oren Patashnik. <i>Concrete
Mathematics</i>. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1989.
</p>
<p>[2] Donald E. Knuth. <i>Surreal Numbers</i>. Addison-Wesley, Reading,
Massachusetts, 1974.
</p></blockquote>
<p>See the BibTeX documentation for information on how to write the
bibliography databases, and the bibliography styles that are available.
(If you want your references printed with names, as in [Knu74], instead
of numbered, the bibliography style is <code>alpha</code>.)
<span id="index-alphanumeric-references"></span>
<span id="index-references_002c-alphanumeric"></span>
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Formatting-citations" accesskey="1">Formatting citations</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Changing the way citations are printed.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Formatting-bibliographies" accesskey="2">Formatting bibliographies</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Changing the way bibliographies are printed.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Commands-from-LaTeX" accesskey="3">Commands from LaTeX</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">LaTeX commands defined by <samp>btxmac</samp>.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="Formatting-citations"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Formatting-bibliographies" accesskey="n" rel="next">Formatting bibliographies</a>, Up: <a href="#Citations" accesskey="u" rel="up">Citations</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Formatting-citations-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.3.1 Formatting citations</h4>
<span id="index-citations_002c-formatting"></span>
<p>You may wish to change Eplain’s formatting of citations; i.e., the
result of your <code>\cite</code> commands. By default, the citation labels
are printed one after another, separated by commas and enclosed in
brackets, using the main text font. Some formats require other styles,
such as superscripted labels. You can accommodate such formats by
redefining the following macros.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\printcitestart</code></dt>
<dt><code>\printcitefinish</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-printcitestart"></span>
<span id="index-printcitefinish"></span>
<p>Eplain expands these macros at the beginning and end of the list of
citations for each <code>\cite</code> command. By default, they produce a
‘<samp>[</samp>’ and ‘<samp>]</samp>’, respectively.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\printbetweencitations</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-printbetweencitations"></span>
<p>If a <code>\cite</code> command has multiple citations, as in
<code>\cite{acp,texbook}</code>, Eplain expands this macro in between each
pair of citations. By default, it produces a comma followed by a space.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\printcitenote</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-printcitenote"></span>
<p>This macro takes one argument, which is the optional note to the
<code>\cite</code> command. If the <code>\cite</code> command had no note, this
macro isn’t used. Otherwise, it should print the note. By default, the
note is preceded with a comma and a space.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<p>Here is an example, showing you could produce citations as
superscripted labels, with the optional notes in parentheses.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\def\printcitestart{\unskip $^\bgroup}
\def\printbetweencitations{,}
\def\printcitefinish{\egroup$}
\def\printcitenote#1{\hbox{\sevenrm\space (#1)}}
</pre></div>
<hr>
<span id="Formatting-bibliographies"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Commands-from-LaTeX" accesskey="n" rel="next">Commands from LaTeX</a>, Previous: <a href="#Formatting-citations" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Formatting citations</a>, Up: <a href="#Citations" accesskey="u" rel="up">Citations</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Formatting-bibliographies-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.3.2 Formatting bibliographies</h4>
<span id="index-bibliography_002c-formatting-the"></span>
<p>You may wish to change Eplain’s formatting of the bibliography,
especially with respect to the fonts that are used. Therefore, Eplain
provides the following control sequences:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\biblabelwidth</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-biblabelwidth"></span>
<p>This control sequence represents a <code>\dimen</code> register, and its value
is the width of the widest label in the bibliography. Although it is
unlikely you will ever want to redefine it, you might want
to use it if you redefine <code>\biblabelprint</code>, below.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\biblabelprint</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-biblabelprint"></span>
<p>This macro takes one argument, the label to print. By default, the
label is put in a box of width <code>\biblabelwidth</code>, and is followed by
an enspace. When you want to change the spacing around the labels, this
is the right macro to redefine.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\biblabelcontents</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-biblabelcontents"></span>
<p>This macro also takes one argument, the label to print. By default, the
label is printed using the font <code>\bblrm</code> (below), and enclosed in
brackets. When you want to change the appearance of the label, but not
the spacing around it, this is the right macro to redefine.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\biblabelprecontents</code></dt>
<dt><code>\biblabelpostcontents</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-biblabelprecontents"></span>
<span id="index-biblabelpostcontents"></span>
<p>Macros expanded before and after <code>\biblabelcontents</code>,
respectively. For example, to get left-justified numeric labels (they
are right-justified by default):
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\def\biblabelprecontents{\relax}
\def\biblabelpostcontents{\hss}
</pre></div>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bblrm</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-bblrm"></span>
<span id="index-bibliography-fonts"></span>
<p>The default font used for printing the bibliography.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bblem</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-bblem"></span>
<p>The font used for printing the titles and other “emphasized” material.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bblemph</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-bblemph"></span>
<span id="index-italic-correction"></span>
<p>Typesets its argument using <code>\bblem</code>, then inserts an italic correction.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bblsc</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-bblsc"></span>
<p>In some styles, authors’ names are printed in a caps-and-small-caps
font. In those cases, this font is used.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bblnewblock</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-bblnewblock"></span>
<p>This is invoked between each of the parts of a bibliography entry. The
default is to leave some extra space between the parts; you could
redefine it to start each part on a new line (for example). A part is
simply a main element of the entry; for example, the author is a part.
(It was LaTeX that introduced the (misleading, as far as I am
concerned) term ‘block’ for this.)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\biblabelextraspace</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-biblabelextraspace"></span>
<p>Bibliography entries are typeset with a hanging indentation of
<code>\biblabelwidth</code> plus this. The default is <code>.5em</code>, where the
em width is taken from the <code>\bblrm</code> font. If you want to change
this, you should do it inside <code>\bblhook</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bblhook</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-bblhook"></span>
<span id="index-bibliography-items_002c-extra-space-between"></span>
<p>This is expanded before reading the <tt>.bbl</tt> file. By
default, it does nothing. You could, for example, define it to set the
bibliography fonts, or produce the heading for the references. Two
spacing parameters must be changed inside <code>\bblhook</code>:
<code>\parskip</code>, which produces extra space between the items; and
<code>\biblabelextraspace</code>, which is described above.
(By the way, <code>\hookappend</code> won’t work with <code>\bblhook</code>, despite
the names. Just use <code>\def</code>.)
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>If you are desperate, of course you can also hand-edit the <tt>.bbl</tt>
file that BibTeX produces to do anything you wish.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Commands-from-LaTeX"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Formatting-bibliographies" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Formatting bibliographies</a>, Up: <a href="#Citations" accesskey="u" rel="up">Citations</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Commands-from-LaTeX-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.3.3 Commands from LaTeX</h4>
<span id="index-LaTeX-commands_002c-in-btxmac_002etex"></span>
<p>Because of the historical connection between BibTeX and LaTeX,
in practice many bibliography styles and bibliographies use LaTeX
commmands that are not part of bibliography handling, per se.
</p>
<p>To support this, <samp>btxmac.tex</samp> (and thus Eplain) define the
following. In all cases, an existing definition (e.g., from
<samp>miniltx.tex</samp>, see <a href="#Loading-LaTeX-packages">Loading LaTeX
packages</a>) will not be overwritten. Here is the list:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\newcommand</code></dt>
<dt><code>\renewcommand</code></dt>
<dt><code>\providecommand</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-newcommand"></span>
<span id="index-renewcommand"></span>
<span id="index-providecommand"></span>
<span id="index-_002a_002dform-of-LaTeX-commands"></span>
<p>Defining new commands in various ways. The Eplain versions do not
support the *-form of these; use <samp>miniltx</samp> for that.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\em</code></dt>
<dt><code>\emph</code></dt>
<dt><code>\sc</code></dt>
<dt><code>\textbf</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-em"></span>
<span id="index-emph"></span>
<span id="index-sc"></span>
<span id="index-textbf"></span>
<p>Selecting fonts.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mbox</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-mbox"></span>
<p>A horizontal box.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\newblock</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-newblock"></span>
<p>Starts elements of a bibliography entry.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<p>For full information about these, see the LaTeX manual and sources.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Displays"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Time-of-day" accesskey="n" rel="next">Time of day</a>, Previous: <a href="#Citations" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Citations</a>, Up: <a href="#User-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">User definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Displays-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.4 Displays</h3>
<span id="index-displays_002c-left_002djustifying"></span>
<span id="index-mathematics-displays_002c-formatting"></span>
<span id="index-left_002djustification-of-displays"></span>
<span id="index-equation-numbers_002c-left_002dalignment"></span>
<span id="index-left_002dalignment-of-equation-numbers"></span>
<p>By default, TeX centers displayed material. (Displayed material is
just whatever you put between <code>$$</code>’s—it’s not necessarily
mathematics.) Many layouts would be better served if the displayed
material was left-justified. Therefore, Eplain provides the command
<code>\leftdisplays</code>,
<span id="index-leftdisplays"></span>
which indents displayed material by <code>\parindent</code> plus
<code>\leftskip</code>, plus <code>\leftdisplayindent</code>.
<span id="index-leftdisplayindent"></span>
</p>
<p>You can go back to centering displays with <code>\centereddisplays</code>.
<span id="index-centereddisplays"></span>
(It is usually poor typography to have both centered and left-justified
displays in a single publication, though.)
</p>
<p><code>\leftdisplays</code> also changes the plain TeX commands that deal
with alignments inside math displays,
<code>\displaylines</code>,
<span id="index-displaylines"></span>
<code>\eqalignno</code>,
<span id="index-eqalignno"></span>
and <code>\leqalignno</code>,
<span id="index-leqalignno"></span>
to produce left-justified text. You can still override this formatting
by inserting <code>\hfill</code> glue, as explained in <cite>The TeXbook</cite>.
</p>
<span id="index-lefteqnumbers"></span>
<span id="index-righteqnumbers"></span>
<span id="index-eqnum"></span>
<span id="index-eqalignnum"></span>
<span id="index-eqno"></span>
<span id="index-leqno"></span>
<span id="index-eqalignno-1"></span>
<span id="index-leqalignno-1"></span>
<p>Eplain defines <code>\eqnum</code> and <code>\eqalignnum</code> which can be set
up to produce either left-aligned or right-aligned equation numbers.
<code>\lefteqnumbers</code> (<code>\righteqnumbers</code>) will define
<code>\eqnum</code> to expand to <code>\eqno</code> (<code>\leqno</code>), and
<code>\eqalignnum</code> to expand to <code>\eqalignno</code>
(<code>\leqalignno</code>). Default is <code>\righteqnumbers</code>
(right-aligned equation numbers).
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Formatting-displays" accesskey="1">Formatting displays</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">General formatting of displays.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="Formatting-displays"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Up: <a href="#Displays" accesskey="u" rel="up">Displays</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Formatting-displays-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.4.1 Formatting displays</h4>
<p>If you want some other kind of formatting, you can write a definition
of your own, analogous to <code>\leftdisplays</code>. You need only make sure
that <code>\leftdisplaysetup</code>
<span id="index-leftdisplaysetup"></span>
is called at the beginning of every display (presumably by invoking it
in TeX’s <code>\everydisplay</code> parameter).
</p>
<p><code>\leftdisplays</code> expands the old value of <code>\everydisplay</code>
before calling <code>\leftdisplaysetup</code>, so that any changes you have made
to it won’t be lost. That old token list as available as the value of
the token register <code>\previouseverydisplay</code>.
<span id="index-previouseverydisplay"></span>
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Time-of-day"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Lists" accesskey="n" rel="next">Lists</a>, Previous: <a href="#Displays" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Displays</a>, Up: <a href="#User-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">User definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Time-of-day-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.5 Time of day</h3>
<span id="index-time-of-day"></span>
<span id="index-date"></span>
<p>TeX provides the day, month, and year as numeric quantities (unless
your TeX implementation is woefully deficient). Eplain provides some
control sequences to make them a little more friendly to humans.
</p>
<p><code>\monthname</code>
<span id="index-monthname"></span>
produces the name of the current month, abbreviated to three letters.
</p>
<p><code>\fullmonthname</code>
<span id="index-fullmonthname"></span>
produces the name of the current month, unabbreviated (in English).
</p>
<p><code>\timestring</code>
<span id="index-timestring"></span>
produces the current time, as in ‘1:14 p.m.’
</p>
<p><code>\timestamp</code>
<span id="index-timestamp"></span>
produces the current date and time, as in ‘23 Apr 64 1:14 p.m.’.
(Except the spacing is slightly different.)
</p>
<p><code>\today</code>
<span id="index-today"></span>
produces the current date, as in ‘23 April 1964’.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Lists"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Verbatim-listing" accesskey="n" rel="next">Verbatim listing</a>, Previous: <a href="#Time-of-day" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Time of day</a>, Up: <a href="#User-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">User definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Lists-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.6 Lists</h3>
<span id="index-lists"></span>
<span id="index-numbered-lists"></span>
<span id="index-ordered-list"></span>
<span id="index-unordered-lists"></span>
<p>Many documents require lists of items, either numbered or simply
enumerated. Plain TeX defines one macro to help with creating lists,
<code>\item</code>, but that is insufficient in many cases. Therefore,
Eplain provides two pairs of commands:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\numberedlist … \endnumberedlist</code></dt>
<dt><code>\orderedlist … \endorderedlist</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-numberedlist"></span>
<span id="index-endnumberedlist"></span>
<span id="index-orderedlist"></span>
<span id="index-endorderedlist"></span>
<p>These commands (they are synonyms) produce a list with the items
numbered sequentially, starting from one. A nested <code>\numberedlist</code>
labels the items with lowercase letters, starting with ‘a’. Another
nested <code>\numberedlist</code> labels the items with roman numerals. Yet
more deeply nested numbered lists label items with ‘<samp>*</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\unorderedlist … \endunorderedlist</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-unorderedlist"></span>
<span id="index-endunorderedlist"></span>
<p>This produces a list with the items labelled with small black boxes
(“square bullets”). A nested <code>\unorderedlist</code> labels items with
em-dashes. Doubly (and deeper) nested unordered lists label items with
‘*’s.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>The two kinds of lists can be nested within each other, as well.
</p>
<p>In both kinds of lists, you begin an item with <code>\li</code>.
<span id="index-li"></span>
An item may continue for several paragraphs. Each item starts a
paragraph.
</p>
<p>You can give <code>\li</code> an optional argument, a cross-reference label.
It’s defined to be the “marker” for the current item. This is useful
if the list items are numbered. You can produce the value of the label
with <code>\xrefn</code>. See <a href="#Cross_002dreferences">Cross-references</a>.
</p>
<p>Eplain can create hypertext links for the markers produced by
<code>\xrefn</code> pointing to the relevant list item (see <a href="#List-hyperlinks">List hyperlinks</a>).
</p>
<p>You can also say <code>\listcompact</code>
<span id="index-listcompact"></span>
right after <code>\numberedlist</code> or <code>\unorderedlist</code>. The items in
the list will then not have any extra space between them
(see <a href="#Formatting-lists">Formatting lists</a>). You might want to do this if the items in
this particular list are short.
</p>
<p>Here is an example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\numberedlist\listcompact
\li The first item.
\li The second item.
The second paragraph of the second item.
\endnumberedlist
</pre></div>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Formatting-lists" accesskey="1">Formatting lists</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Changing how the lists look.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="Formatting-lists"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Up: <a href="#Lists" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lists</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Formatting-lists-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.6.1 Formatting lists</h4>
<span id="index-lists_002c-formatting"></span>
<p>Several registers define the spacing associated with lists. It is
likely that their default values won’t suit your particular layout.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\abovelistskipamount, \belowlistskipamount</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-abovelistskipamount"></span>
<span id="index-belowlistskipamount"></span>
<p>The vertical glue inserted before and after every list, respectively.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\interitemskipamount</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-interitemskipamount"></span>
<p>The vertical glue inserted before each item except the first.
<code>\listcompact</code> resets this to zero, as mentioned above.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\listleftindent, \listrightindent</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-listleftindent"></span>
<span id="index-listrightindent"></span>
<p><code>\listrightindent</code> is the amount of space by which the list is
indented on the right; i.e., it is added to <code>\rightskip</code>.
<code>\listleftindent</code> is the amount of space, <em>relative to</em>
<code>\parindent</code>, by which the list is indented on the left. Why treat
the two parameters differently? Because (a) it is more useful to
make the list indentation depend on the paragraph indentation;
(b) footnotes aren’t formatted right if <code>\parindent</code> is reset
to zero.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>The three vertical glues are inserted by macros, and preceded by
penalties: <code>\abovelistskip</code>
<span id="index-abovelistskip"></span>
does <code>\vpenalty\abovelistpenalty</code>
<span id="index-abovelistpenalty"></span>
and then <code>\vskip\abovelistskip</code>. <code>\belowlistskip</code>
<span id="index-belowlistskip"></span>
and <code>\interitemskip</code>
<span id="index-interitemskip"></span>
are analogous.
</p>
<p>In addition, the macro <code>\listmarkerspace</code>
<span id="index-listmarkerspace"></span>
is called to separate the item label from the item text. This is set to
<code>\enspace</code> by default.
</p>
<p>If you want to change the labels on the items, you can redefine these
macros:
<code>\numberedmarker</code>
<span id="index-numberedmarker"></span>
or <code>\unorderedmarker</code>.
<span id="index-unorderedmarker"></span>
The following registers might be useful if you do:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\numberedlistdepth, \unorderedlistdepth</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-numberedlistdepth"></span>
<span id="index-unorderedlistdepth"></span>
<p>These keep track of the depth of nesting of the two kinds of lists.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\itemnumber, \itemletter</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-itemnumber"></span>
<span id="index-itemletter"></span>
<p>These keep track of the number of items that have been seen in the current
numbered list. They are both integer registers. The difference is that
<code>\itemnumber</code> starts at one, and <code>\itemletter</code> starts at 97,
i.e., lowercase ‘a’.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>You can also redefine the control sequences that are used internally,
if you want to do something radically different: <code>\beginlist</code>
<span id="index-beginlist"></span>
is invoked to begin both kinds of lists; <code>\printitem</code>
<span id="index-printitem"></span>
is invoked to print the label (and space following the label) for each
item; and <code>\endlist</code>
<span id="index-endlist"></span>
is invoked to end both kinds of
lists.
<span id="index-item-labels_002c-changing"></span>
<span id="index-labels-on-items_002c-changing"></span>
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Verbatim-listing"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Contents" accesskey="n" rel="next">Contents</a>, Previous: <a href="#Lists" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Lists</a>, Up: <a href="#User-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">User definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Verbatim-listing-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.7 Verbatim listing</h3>
<span id="index-verbatim-listing"></span>
<span id="index-listing-files"></span>
<span id="index-files_002c-verbatim-listing-of"></span>
<p>It is sometimes useful to include a file verbatim in your document;
for example, part of a computer program. The <code>\listing</code>
<span id="index-listing"></span>
command is given one argument, a filename, and produces the contents of
that file in your document. <code>\listing</code> expands <code>\listingfont</code>
to set the current font. The default value of <code>\listingfont</code>
<span id="index-listingfont"></span>
is <code>\tt</code>.
</p>
<p>You can take arbitrary actions before reading the file by defining the macro
<code>\setuplistinghook</code>.
<span id="index-setuplistinghook"></span>
This is expanded just before the file is input.
</p>
<p>If you want to have line numbers on the output, you can say
<code>\let\setuplistinghook = \linenumberedlisting</code>.
<span id="index-linenumberedlisting"></span>
The line numbers are stored in the count register <code>\lineno</code> while
the file is being read. You can redefine the macro
<code>\printlistinglineno</code>
<span id="index-printlistinglineno"></span>
to change how they are printed.
</p>
<p>Normally, the <code>\listing</code> command will add a final empty line at
the end of the output, even if the file does not end in a newline. To
suppress this final line, you can say
<code>\let\setuplistinghook = \nolastlinelisting</code>.
<span id="index-nolastlinelisting"></span>
This also works with line numbers (say
<code>\def\setuplistinghook{\linenumberedlisting \nolastlinelisting}</code>),
but only if <code>\printlistinglineno</code>
<span id="index-printlistinglineno-1"></span>
consists exclusively of boxes at the top level (i.e., any
<code>\kern</code>s or glue should be wrapped up in a box).
</p>
<span id="index-form-feed-character_002c-and-verbatim-listing"></span>
<span id="index-CTRL_002dL_002c-and-verbatim-listing"></span>
<p>You can use the form feed control character (<acronym>ASCII</acronym>
code 12, typed as <kbd>CTRL-L</kbd>) in the file to force a page break
in the output.
</p>
<p>You can produce in-line verbatim text in your document with <code>\verbatim</code>.
<span id="index-verbatim"></span>
End the text with <code>|endverbatim</code>. If you need a ‘<samp>|</samp>’ in the text,
double it. If the first character of the verbatim text is a space, use
<code>| </code>. (<code>| </code> will work elsewhere in the argument, too, but
isn’t necessary.)
</p>
<p>For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\verbatim| ||\#%&!|endverbatim
</pre></div>
<p>produces <code> |\#%&!</code>.
</p>
<p>Line breaks and spaces in the verbatim text are preserved.
</p>
<span id="index-verbatimescapechar"></span>
<span id="index-escape-character_002c-changing-verbatim"></span>
<p>You can change the verbatim escape character from the default ‘<samp>|</samp>’
with <code>\verbatimescapechar <var>char</var></code>; for example, this changes
it to ‘<samp>@</samp>’.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\verbatimescapechar \@
</pre></div>
<p>The backslash is not necessary in some cases, but is in
others, depending on the catcode of the character. The argument to
<code>\verbatimescapechar</code> is used as <code>\catcode `<var>char</var></code>, so
the exact rules follow that for <code>\catcode</code>.
</p>
<span id="index-special-characters"></span>
<span id="index-characters_002c-special"></span>
<span id="index-uncatcodespecials"></span>
<span id="index-dospecials"></span>
<p>To reset the category code of all special characters to 12
(“other”), <code>\verbatim</code> uses <code>\uncatcodespecials</code>
(see <a href="#Category-codes">Category codes</a>). If you make additional characters
“special”, you should extend <code>\dospecials</code> to include those
characters, lest they be given special treatment inside verbatim
environments. For example,
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\catcode`\A=\active
% Try commenting out the following line.
\expandafter\def\expandafter\dospecials\expandafter{\dospecials\do\A}
\verbatimA#$%_^|endverbatim
</pre></div>
<p>Because <code>\verbatim</code> must change the category code of special
characters, calling inside a macro definition of your own does not work
properly. For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\def\mymacro{\verbatim &#%|endverbatim}% Doesn't work!
</pre></div>
<p>To accomplish this, you must change the category codes yourself before
making the macro definition. Perhaps <code>\uncatcodespecials</code> will
help you (see <a href="#Category-codes">Category codes</a>).
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Contents"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Cross_002dreferences" accesskey="n" rel="next">Cross-references</a>, Previous: <a href="#Verbatim-listing" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Verbatim listing</a>, Up: <a href="#User-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">User definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Contents-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.8 Contents</h3>
<span id="index-table-of-contents"></span>
<span id="index-contents"></span>
<p>Producing a table of contents that is both useful and aesthetic is one
of the most difficult design problems in any work. Naturally, Eplain
does not pretend to solve the design problem. Collecting the raw data
for a table of contents, however, is much the same across documents.
Eplain uses an auxiliary file with extension <samp>.toc</samp>
<span id="index-_002etoc-file"></span>
(and the same root name as your document) to save the information.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Writing-the-_002etoc-file" accesskey="1">Writing the .toc file</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Reading-the-_002etoc-file" accesskey="2">Reading the .toc file</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Changing-the-_002etoc-file_0027s-root-name" accesskey="3">Changing the .toc file's root name</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Alternative-contents-files" accesskey="4">Alternative contents files</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="Writing-the-_002etoc-file"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Reading-the-_002etoc-file" accesskey="n" rel="next">Reading the .toc file</a>, Up: <a href="#Contents" accesskey="u" rel="up">Contents</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Writing-the-_002etoc-file-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.8.1 Writing the <tt>.toc</tt> file</h4>
<p>To write an entry for the table of contents, you say
<code>\writetocentry{<var>part</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code>,
<span id="index-writetocentry"></span>
where <var>part</var> is the type of part this entry is, e.g.,
‘<samp>chapter</samp>’, and <var>text</var> is the text of the title.
<code>\writetocentry</code> puts an entry into the <tt>.toc</tt> file that looks
<span id="index-toc_2026entry"></span>
like <code>\toc<var>part</var>entry{<var>text</var>}{<var>page number</var>}</code>
(unless <var>part</var> is an integer, see below). The <var>text</var> is
written unexpanded.
</p>
<span id="index-writenumberedtocentry"></span>
<p>A related command, <code>\writenumberedtocentry</code>, takes one additional
argument, the first token of which is expanded at the point of the
<code>\writenumberedtocentry</code>, but the rest of the argument is not
expanded. The usual application is when the parts of the document are
numbered. On the other hand, the one-level expansion allows you to use
the argument for other things as well (author’s names in a proceedings,
say), and not have accents or other control sequences expanded. The
downside is that if you <em>want</em> full expansion of the third
argument, you don’t get it—you must expand it yourself, before you
call <code>\writenumberedtocentry</code>.
</p>
<p>For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\writenumberedtocentry{chapter}{A $\sin$ wave}{\the\chapno}
\writetocentry{section}{A section title}
</pre></div>
<p>Supposing <code>\the\chapno</code> expanded to ‘<samp>3</samp>’ and that the
<code>\write</code>’s occurred on pages eight and nine, respectively, the
above writes the following to the <tt>.toc</tt> file:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\tocchapterentry{A $\sin$ wave}{3}{8}
\tocsectionentry{A section title}{9}
</pre></div>
<span id="index-writenumberedtocline"></span>
<p>A variation on <code>\writenumberedtocentry</code> is
<code>\writenumberedtocline</code>, differing only in the order of the
parameters it takes and writes for the <code>\toc<var>part</var>entry</code>
control sequences. To continue the previous example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\writenumberedtocline{chapter}{\the\chapno}{A $\sin$ wave}
</pre></div>
<p>writes the following to the <tt>.toc</tt> file:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\tocchapterentry{3}{A $\sin$ wave}{8}
</pre></div>
<p>Such ordering of the parameters allows the
<code>\toc<var>part</var>entry</code> macros to typeset the text of the entry
without actually reading it as an argument. This is required for
entries which need to change character catcodes, e.g., to produce
<span id="index-table-of-contents_002c-and-verbatim-text"></span>
<span id="index-contents_002c-and-verbatim-text"></span>
<span id="index-verbatim-text_002c-in-table-of-contents"></span>
<span id="index-special-characters_002c-in-table-of-contents"></span>
verbatim text (see <a href="#Verbatim-listing">Verbatim listing</a>).
</p>
<p>Each of <code>\writetocentry</code>, <code>\writenumberedtocentry</code> and
<code>\writenumberedtocline</code> processes a numeric <var>part</var> argument
specially. If you pass <var>part</var> expanding to an integer, these
macros write into the <tt>.toc</tt> file an entry that starts with
<span id="index-toc_2026entry-1"></span>
<code>\tocentry{<var>part</var>}</code>. Thus, you can define a single
<code>\tocentry</code> macro which formats all entries for a table of
contents. To continue the previous examples:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\writenumberedtocentry{1}{A $\sin$ wave}{\the\chapno}
\writenumberedtocline{1}{\the\chapno}{A $\sin$ wave}
\writetocentry{2}{A section title}
</pre></div>
<p>writes the following to the .toc file:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\tocentry{1}{A $\sin$ wave}{3}{8}
\tocentry{1}{3}{A $\sin$ wave}{8}
\tocentry{2}{A section title}{9}
</pre></div>
<hr>
<span id="Reading-the-_002etoc-file"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Changing-the-_002etoc-file_0027s-root-name" accesskey="n" rel="next">Changing the .toc file's root name</a>, Previous: <a href="#Writing-the-_002etoc-file" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Writing the .toc file</a>, Up: <a href="#Contents" accesskey="u" rel="up">Contents</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Reading-the-_002etoc-file-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.8.2 Reading the <tt>.toc</tt> file</h4>
<span id="index-readtocfile"></span>
<p>You read the <tt>.toc</tt> file with the command <code>\readtocfile</code>.
Naturally, whatever <code>\toc… entry</code> commands that were written
to the file must be defined when <code>\readtocfile</code> is invoked. Eplain
has minimal definitions for <code>\tocchapterentry</code>,
<code>\tocsectionentry</code>, and <code>\tocsubsectionentry</code>, just to prevent
undefined control sequence errors in common cases. They aren’t suitable
for anything but preliminary proofs.
</p>
<p>Each of <code>\writetocentry</code>, <code>\writenumberedtocentry</code> and
<code>\writenumberedtocline</code> opens
the <tt>.toc</tt> file for writing, thereby deleting the information from the
previous run. You should therefore arrange that <code>\readtocfile</code> be
called <em>before</em> the first call to a <code>\writetoc…</code> macro.
<code>\readtocfile</code> does not itself delete the information
from the <tt>.toc</tt> file, so that you can call it several times,
e.g., to create both a short
<span id="index-table-of-contents_002c-short"></span>
and normal table of contents. (To produce this in particular, define
<code>\tocsectionentry</code> to produce nothing while you are reading
<tt>.toc</tt> file for a short table of contents (see <a href="#Macro-arguments">Macro arguments</a>).)
</p>
<p>On the other hand, if you don’t want to rewrite the <tt>.toc</tt> file at
all, perhaps because you are only running TeX on part of your
manuscript, you can set <code>\rewritetocfilefalse</code>.
<span id="index-ifrewritetocfile"></span>
<span id="index-rewritetocfile-_0028conditional_0029"></span>
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Changing-the-_002etoc-file_0027s-root-name"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Alternative-contents-files" accesskey="n" rel="next">Alternative contents files</a>, Previous: <a href="#Reading-the-_002etoc-file" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Reading the .toc file</a>, Up: <a href="#Contents" accesskey="u" rel="up">Contents</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Changing-the-_002etoc-file_0027s-root-name-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.8.3 Changing the <tt>.toc</tt> file’s root name</h4>
<p>By default, the <samp>.toc</samp> file has the root <code>\jobname</code>. If your
document has more than one contents—for example, if it is a collection
of papers, some of which have their own contents—you can tell Eplain
to use a different root name by defining the control sequence
<code>\tocfilebasename</code>.
<span id="index-tocfilebasename"></span>
</p>
<span id="index-writing-several-toc-files"></span>
<span id="index-toc-files_002c-writing-several"></span>
<p>Note that <code>\writetocentry</code>, <code>\writenumberedtocentry</code> and
<code>\writenumberedtocline</code> will
open the contents file for writing only at the first call, using the
value of <code>\tocfilebasename</code> at that time. Changing the value of
<code>\tocfilebasename</code> afterwards will not affect which file gets
<em>written</em>, although it will affect which file gets <em>read</em> by
<code>\readcontentsfile</code>. In case you need to write several contents
files from a single TeX job, use <code>\definecontentsfile</code>
(see <a href="#Alternative-contents-files">Alternative contents files</a>).
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Alternative-contents-files"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Changing-the-_002etoc-file_0027s-root-name" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Changing the .toc file's root name</a>, Up: <a href="#Contents" accesskey="u" rel="up">Contents</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Alternative-contents-files-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.8.4 Alternative contents files</h4>
<span id="index-list-of-figures"></span>
<span id="index-list-of-tables"></span>
<span id="index-definecontentsfile"></span>
<p>In addition to the usual table of contents, you may want to have a list
of figures, list of tables, or other such contents-like list. You can do
this with <code>\definecontentsfile{<var>abbrev</var>}</code>. All of the
above commands are actually a special case that Eplain predefines with
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\definecontentsfile{toc}
</pre></div>
<p>The <var>abbrev</var> is used both for the file extension and in
the control sequence names.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Cross_002dreferences"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Page-references" accesskey="n" rel="next">Page references</a>, Previous: <a href="#Contents" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Contents</a>, Up: <a href="#User-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">User definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Cross_002dreferences-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.9 Cross-references</h3>
<span id="index-cross_002dreferences"></span>
<p>It is often useful to refer the reader to other parts of your document;
but putting literal page, section, equation, or whatever numbers in the
text is certainly a bad thing.
</p>
<p>Eplain therefore provides commands for symbolic cross-references. It
uses an auxiliary file with extension <tt>.aux</tt>
<span id="index-_002eaux-file-1"></span>
(and the same root name as your document) to keep track of the
information. Therefore, it takes two passes to get the cross-references
right—one to write them out, and one to read them in. Eplain
automatically reads the <tt>.aux</tt> file at the first reference; after
reading it, Eplain reopens it for writing.
</p>
<p>You can control whether or not Eplain warns you about undefined
labels. See <a href="#Citations">Citations</a>.
</p>
<span id="index-labels_002c-characters-valid-in"></span>
<p>Labels in Eplain’s cross-reference commands can use characters of
category code eleven (letter), twelve (other), ten (space), three (math
shift), four (alignment tab), seven (superscript), or eight (subscript).
For example, ‘<samp>(a1 $&^_</samp>’ is a valid label (assuming the category
codes of plain TeX), but ‘<samp>%#\{</samp>’ has no valid characters.
</p>
<p>You can also do symbolic cross-references for bibliographic citations
and list items. See <a href="#Citations">Citations</a>, and <a href="#Lists">Lists</a>.
</p>
<p>Eplain can create hypertext links for the cross-references
(see <a href="#Cross_002dreference-hyperlinks">Cross-reference hyperlinks</a>).
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Defining-generic-references" accesskey="1">Defining generic references</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Using-generic-references" accesskey="2">Using generic references</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="Defining-generic-references"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Using-generic-references" accesskey="n" rel="next">Using generic references</a>, Up: <a href="#Cross_002dreferences" accesskey="u" rel="up">Cross-references</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Defining-generic-references-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.9.1 Defining generic references</h4>
<span id="index-defining-general-references"></span>
<span id="index-references_002c-defining-general"></span>
<span id="index-cross_002dreferences_002c-defining-general"></span>
<span id="index-definexref"></span>
<p>Eplain provides the command <code>\definexref</code> for general
cross-references. It takes three arguments: the name of the label (see
section above for valid label names), the value of the label (which can
be anything), and the “class” of the reference—whether it’s a
section, or theorem, or what. For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\definexref{sec-intro}{3.1}{section}
</pre></div>
<p>Of course, the label value is usually generated by another
macro using TeX count registers or some such.
</p>
<p><code>\definexref</code> doesn’t actually define <var>label</var>; instead, it
writes out the definition to the <tt>.aux</tt> file, where Eplain will read
it on the next TeX run.
</p>
<p>The <var>class</var> argument is used by the <code>\ref</code> and <code>\refs</code>
commands. See the next section.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Using-generic-references"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Defining-generic-references" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Defining generic references</a>, Up: <a href="#Cross_002dreferences" accesskey="u" rel="up">Cross-references</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Using-generic-references-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.9.2 Using generic references</h4>
<span id="index-defining-general-references-1"></span>
<span id="index-references_002c-defining-general-1"></span>
<span id="index-cross_002dreferences_002c-defining-general-1"></span>
<p>To retrieve the value of the label defined via <code>\definexref</code> (see
the previous section), Eplain provides the following macros:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dd>
<span id="index-refn"></span>
</dd>
<dt><code>\refn{<var>label</var>}</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-xrefn"></span>
</dd>
<dt><code>\xrefn{<var>label</var>}</code></dt>
<dd><p><code>\refn</code> and <code>\xrefn</code> (they are synonyms) produce the bare
definition of <var>label</var>. If <var>label</var> isn’t defined, issue a
warning, and produce <var>label</var> itself instead, in typewriter. (The
warning isn’t given if <code>\xrefwarningfalse</code>.)
<span id="index-xrefwarning-conditional"></span>
</p>
<span id="index-ref"></span>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ref{<var>label</var>}</code></dt>
<dd><p>Given the class <var>c</var> for <var>label</var> (see the description of
<code>\definexref</code> in the previous section), expand the control sequence
<code>\<var>c</var> word</code> (if it’s defined) followed by a tie. Then call
<code>\refn</code> on <var>label</var>. (Example below.)
</p>
<span id="index-refs"></span>
</dd>
<dt><code>\refs{<var>label</var>}</code></dt>
<dd><p>Like <code>\ref</code>, but append the letter ‘<samp>s</samp>’ to the
<code>\…word</code>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>The purpose of the <code>\…word</code> macro is to produce the word
‘Section’ or ‘Figure’ or whatever that usually precedes the actual
reference number.
</p>
<p>Here is an example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\def\sectionword{Section}
\definexref{sec-intro}{3.1}{section}
\definexref{sec-next}{3.2}{section}
See \refs{sec-intro} and \refn{sec-next} …
</pre></div>
<p>This produces ‘See Sections 3.1 and 3.2 …’
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Page-references"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Equation-references" accesskey="n" rel="next">Equation references</a>, Previous: <a href="#Cross_002dreferences" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Cross-references</a>, Up: <a href="#User-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">User definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Page-references-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.10 Page references</h3>
<p>Eplain provides two commands for handling references to page numbers,
one for definition and one for use.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\xrdef{<var>label</var>}</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-xrdef"></span>
<p>Define <var>label</var> to be the current page number. This produces no
printed output, and ignores following spaces.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\xref{<var>label</var>}</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-xref"></span>
<p>Produce the text ‘p. <var>pageno</var>’, which is the usual form for
cross-references. The <var>pageno</var> is actually <var>label</var>’s
definition; if <var>label</var> isn’t defined, the text of the label itself
is printed. The ‘p. ’ prefix is defined by <code>\xrefpageword</code>.
<span id="index-xrefpageword"></span>
Its default definition is <code>p.\thinspace</code>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>Eplain can create hypertext links for the page references (see <a href="#Page-reference-hyperlinks">Page reference hyperlinks</a>).
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Equation-references"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Indexing" accesskey="n" rel="next">Indexing</a>, Previous: <a href="#Page-references" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Page references</a>, Up: <a href="#User-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">User definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Equation-references-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.11 Equation references</h3>
<span id="index-equations_002c-references-to"></span>
<span id="index-equations_002c-numbering"></span>
<p>Instead of referring to pages, it’s most useful if equation labels
refer to equation numbers. Therefore, Eplain reserves a <code>\count</code>
register, <code>\eqnumber</code>,
<span id="index-eqnumber"></span>
for the current equation number, and increments it at each
numbered equation.
</p>
<p>Here are the commands to define equation labels and then refer to them:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\eqdef{<var>label</var>}</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-eqdef"></span>
<span id="index-eqnum-1"></span>
<p>This defines <var>label</var> to be the current value of <code>\eqnumber</code>,
and, if the current context is not inner, then produces a <code>\eqnum</code>
command (see <a href="#Displays">Displays</a>). (The condition makes it possible to use
<code>\eqdef</code> in an
<code>\eqalignno</code> construction, for example.) The text of the equation
number is produced using <code>\eqprint</code>. See <a href="#Formatting-equation-references">Formatting equation references</a>.
</p>
<span id="index-empty-equation-labels"></span>
<span id="index-labels_002c-empty-equation"></span>
<span id="index-equations_002c-giving-numbers-to-all"></span>
<p>If <var>label</var> is empty, you still get an equation number (although
naturally you can’t reliably refer to it). This is useful if you want
to put numbers on all equations in your document, and you don’t want to
think up unique labels.
</p>
<span id="index-empty-equation-labels_002c-referring-to"></span>
<span id="index-labels_002c-empty-equation_002c-referring-to"></span>
<p>To refer to the last equation with the empty label, you use the empty
label in one of the equation reference macros (see below). This can
be handy when you want to refer to an equation shortly after its
definition, say, in the sentence following the displayed equation, and
do not intend to refer to the equation later. But use this trick with
extreme caution: if later you change the text and insert another empty
definition between the original definition and the reference, the
reference will start to refer to the new empty-labeled equation.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\eqdefn{<var>label</var>}</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-eqdefn"></span>
<span id="index-eqnum-2"></span>
<p>This is like <code>\eqdef</code>, except it always omits the <code>\eqnum</code>
command. It can therefore be used in places where <code>\eqdef</code> can’t;
for example, in a non-displayed equation. The text of the equation
number is not produced, so you can also use it in the (admittedly
unusual) circumstance when you want to define an equation label but not
print that label.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\eqref{<var>label</var>}</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-eqref"></span>
<p>This produces a formatted reference to <var>label</var>. If <var>label</var> is
undefined (perhaps because it is a forward reference), it just produces
the text of the label itself. Otherwise, it calls <code>\eqprint</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\eqrefn{<var>label</var>}</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-eqrefn"></span>
<p>This produces the cross-reference text for <var>label</var>. That is, it
is like <code>\eqref</code>, except it doesn’t call <code>\eqprint</code>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<span id="index-equation-labels_002c-characters-valid-in"></span>
<p>Equation labels can contain the same characters that are valid in
general cross-references.
</p>
<p>Eplain can create hypertext links for the equation references
(see <a href="#Equation-reference-hyperlinks">Equation reference hyperlinks</a>).
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Formatting-equation-references" accesskey="1">Formatting equation references</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Subequation-references" accesskey="2">Subequation references</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="Formatting-equation-references"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Subequation-references" accesskey="n" rel="next">Subequation references</a>, Up: <a href="#Equation-references" accesskey="u" rel="up">Equation references</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Formatting-equation-references-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.11.1 Formatting equation references</h4>
<span id="index-equation-numbers_002c-formatting-of"></span>
<p>Both defining an equation label and referring to it should usually
produce output. This output is produced with the <code>\eqprint</code> macro,
which takes one argument, the equation number being defined or referred
to. By default, this just produces ‘<samp>(<var>number</var>)</samp>’, where
<var>number</var> is the equation number. To produce the equation number in
a different font, or with different surrounding symbols, or whatever,
you can redefine <code>\eqprint</code>.
<span id="index-eqprint"></span>
For example, the following definition would print all equation numbers
in italics. (The extra braces define a group, to keep the font change
from affecting surrounding text.)
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\def\eqprint#1{{\it (#1)}}
</pre></div>
<p>In addition to changing the formatting of equation numbers, you might want
to add more structure to the equation number; for example, you might
want to include the chapter number, to get equation numbers like
‘(1.2)’. To achieve this, you redefine <code>\eqconstruct</code>.
<span id="index-eqconstruct"></span>
For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\def\eqconstruct#1{\the\chapternumber.#1}
</pre></div>
<p>(If you are keeping the chapter number in a count register named
<code>\chapternumber</code>, naturally.)
</p>
<p>The reason for having both <code>\eqconstruct</code> and <code>\eqprint</code> may
not be immediately apparent. The difference is that <code>\eqconstruct</code>
affects the text that cross-reference label is defined to be, while
<code>\eqprint</code> affects only what is typeset on the page. The example
just below might help.
</p>
<p>Usually, you want equation labels to refer to equation numbers. But
sometimes you might want a more complicated text. For example, you
might have an equation ‘(1)’, and then have a variation several pages
later which you want to refer to as ‘(1*)’.
</p>
<p>Therefore, Eplain allows you to give an optional argument (i.e.,
arbitrary text in square brackets) before the cross-reference label to
<code>\eqdef</code>. Then, when you refer to the equation, that text is
produced. Here’s how to get the example just mentioned:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">$$…\eqdef{a-eq}$$
…
$$…\eqdef[\eqrefn{a-eq}*]{a-eq-var}$$
In \eqref{a-eq-var}, we expand on \eqref{a-eq}, …
</pre></div>
<p>We use <code>\eqrefn</code> in the cross-reference text, not
<code>\eqref</code>, so that <code>\eqprint</code> is called only once.
</p>
<p>As another example, consider the following requirement: we want to
include chapter number in all equation references, and additionally we
want to include the part number when referencing an equation from any
part other than the one where the equation appears. For example,
references to the third equation in chapter 2 of part 1
should be typeset as ‘(2.3)’ throughout part 1, but as ‘(I.2.3)’
in any other part. Let’s assume we have the current chapter and part
numbers in count registers <code>\chapnum</code> and <code>\partnum</code>,
respectively.
</p>
<p>The idea is to have <code>\eqconstruct</code> store the part number of the
equation (that is, the part number <em>at the time of definition</em>),
so that later <code>\eqprint</code> can compare the stored number with the
current part number (that is, the part number <em>at the time of
reference</em>). The complicating factor is that internally, the result
of <code>\eqconstruct</code> is both expanded and written out to the
<samp>.aux</samp> file, <em>and</em> used to typeset the equation number, so
the commands that store the part number should behave correctly in
both situations. This is difficult to achieve with expandable
commands; therefore, to avoid expansion problems, we are going to use
only TeX primitives, which are non-expandable:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newcount\eqpartnum
\def\eqconstruct#1{%
\global\eqpartnum=\the\partnum\relax
\number\chapnum.#1%
}
\def\eqprint#1{%
\setbox0=\hbox{#1}%
(\ifnum\partnum=\eqpartnum \else
\uppercase\expandafter{\romannumeral\eqpartnum}.%
\fi
\box0)%
}%
</pre></div>
<p>In <code>\eqconstruct</code>, besides constructing the base equation number
(e.g., ‘1.2’), we also store the part number of the equation in the
count register <code>\eqpartnum</code> (<code>\the\partnum</code> is expanded when
the equation number is written to the <samp>.aux</samp> file, so the
equation label definition in the <samp>.aux</samp> file will contain the
actual part number). In <code>\eqprint</code>, we need to know the
equation’s part number before we typeset the base equation number,
therefore we first put the argument in a box, thus causing
<code>\eqpartnum</code> to be set.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Subequation-references"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Formatting-equation-references" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Formatting equation references</a>, Up: <a href="#Equation-references" accesskey="u" rel="up">Equation references</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Subequation-references-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.11.2 Subequation references</h4>
<span id="index-equations_002c-groups-of"></span>
<span id="index-subequations_002c-referring-to"></span>
<p>Eplain also provides for one level of substructure for equations. That
is, you might want to define a related group of equations with numbers
like ‘2.1’ and ‘2.2’, and then be able to refer to the group as a whole:
“… in the system of equations (2)…”.
</p>
<p>The commands to do this are <code>\eqsubdef</code> and
<span id="index-eqsubdef"></span>
<code>\eqsubdefn</code>.
<span id="index-eqsubdefn"></span>
They take one <var>label</var> argument like their counterparts above,
and generally behave in the same way. The difference is in how they
construct the equation number: instead of using just <code>\eqnumber</code>,
they also use another counter, <code>\subeqnumber</code>.
<span id="index-subeqnumber"></span>
This counter is advanced by one at every <code>\eqsubdef</code> or
<code>\eqsubdefn</code>, and reset to zero at every <code>\eqdef</code> or
<code>\eqdefn</code>.
</p>
<p>You use <code>\eqref</code> to refer to subequations as well as main
equations.
</p>
<p>To put the two together to construct the text that the label will
produce, they use a macro <code>\eqsubreftext</code>.
<span id="index-eqsubreftext"></span>
This macros takes two arguments, the “main” equation number (which,
because the equation label can be defined as arbitrary text, as
described in the previous section, might be anything at all) and the
“sub” equation number (which is always just a number). Eplain’s
default definition just puts a period between them:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\def\eqsubreftext#1#2{#1.#2}%
</pre></div>
<p>You can redefine <code>\eqsubreftext</code> to print however you
like. For example, this definition makes the labels print as ‘2a’,
‘2b’, and so on.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newcount\subref
\def\eqsubreftext#1#2{%
\subref = #2 % The space stops a <number>.
\advance\subref by 96 % `a' is character code 97.
#1\char\subref
}
</pre></div>
<p>Sadly, we must define a new count register, <code>\subref</code>,
instead of using the scratch count register <code>\count255</code>, because
‘<samp>#1</samp>’ might include other macro calls which use <code>\count255</code>.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Indexing"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Justification" accesskey="n" rel="next">Justification</a>, Previous: <a href="#Equation-references" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Equation references</a>, Up: <a href="#User-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">User definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Indexing-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.12 Indexing</h3>
<span id="index-indexing"></span>
<span id="index-sorting-an-index"></span>
<p>Eplain provides support for generating raw material for an index, and
for typesetting a sorted index. A separate program must do the actual
collection and sorting of terms, because TeX itself has no support
for sorting.
</p>
<p>Eplain can create hypertext links pointing from the index to the index
terms (see <a href="#Index-hyperlinks">Index hyperlinks</a>).
</p>
<span id="index-makeindex-1"></span>
<p>Eplain’s indexing commands were designed to work with the program
MakeIndex (<a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/makeindex">https://ctan.org/pkg/makeindex</a>); MakeIndex is also
commonly included in prepackaged TeX distributions. It is beyond
the scope of this manual to explain how to run MakeIndex, and all of
its many options.
</p>
<p>The basic strategy for indexing works like this:
</p>
<ol>
<li> <span id="index-_002eidx-files"></span>
For a document <samp>foo.tex</samp>, Eplain’s indexing commands (e.g.,
<code>\idx</code>; see the section ‘Indexing terms’ below) write the raw index
material to <samp>foo.idx</samp>.
</li><li> <span id="index-_002eind-files"></span>
MakeIndex reads <samp>foo.idx</samp>, collects and sorts the index, and
writes the result to <samp>foo.ind</samp>.
</li><li> Eplain reads and typesets <samp>foo.ind</samp> on a subsequent run of
TeX. See the section ‘Typesetting an index’ below.
</li></ol>
<span id="index-texi2dvi-2"></span>
<p>The <code>texi2dvi</code> program can help you automate this
process (see <a href="#Invoking-Eplain">Invoking Eplain</a>).
</p>
<span id="index-multiple-indexes"></span>
<span id="index-indexes_002c-multiple"></span>
<span id="index-defineindex"></span>
<p>If your document needs more than one index, each must have its own
file. Therefore, Eplain provides the command <code>\defineindex</code>, which
takes an argument that is a single letter, which replaces ‘<samp>i</samp>’ in
the filenames and in the indexing command names described below. For
example,
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\defineindex{m}
</pre></div>
<p>defines the command <code>\mdx</code> to write to the file
<samp>foo.mdx</samp>. Eplain simply does <code>\defineindex{i}</code> to define
the default commands.
</p>
<p>Note that MakeIndex does not use the above naming scheme for multiple
indexes. Unless instructed otherwise, MakeIndex always writes its
output to a file with extension <samp>.ind</samp>. For example, if you
define an additional index with the command <code>\defineindex{j}</code>,
you’ll need to run MakeIndex like this:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">$ makeindex book.jdx -o book.jnd
</pre></div>
<span id="index-indexes_002c-disabling"></span>
<span id="index-disabling-indexes"></span>
<span id="index-ifidx"></span>
<p>For each index defined with <code>\defineindex{<var>n</var>}</code>, Eplain
provides a switch <code>\if<var>n</var>dx</code> which controls whether indexing
commands write index entries to the corresponding index file. However,
even when index term writing is disabled, indexing commands still do
all other processing of their arguments, including typesetting of
proof index terms (see <a href="#Proofing-index-terms">Proofing index terms</a>.
</p>
<p>For example, if you write <code>\idxfalse</code> near the beginning of a
document <samp>foo.tex</samp> (before the first indexing command), Eplain
will not open the default index file (<samp>foo.idx</samp>) and the
corresponding indexing commands (<code>\idx</code>, <code>\sidx</code>, etc.)
will not write index entries there. This may be useful for draft
compilations of a manuscript, e.g., to avoid the overhead of index
file input/output.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Indexing-terms" accesskey="1">Indexing terms</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Specifying what to index.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Typesetting-an-index" accesskey="2">Typesetting an index</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Printing the sorted output.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Customizing-indexing" accesskey="3">Customizing indexing</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Creating commands and specifying extra actions.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="Indexing-terms"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Typesetting-an-index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Typesetting an index</a>, Up: <a href="#Indexing" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexing</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Indexing-terms-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.12.1 Indexing terms</h4>
<span id="index-indexing-terms"></span>
<span id="index-silent-indexing"></span>
<p>Indexing commands in Eplain come in pairs: one command that only
writes the index entry to the ‘<samp>.idx</samp>’ file (see above section), and
one that also typesets the term being indexed. The former always starts
with ‘<samp>s</samp>’ (for “silent”). In either case, the name always includes
‘<samp><var>I</var>dx</samp>’, where <var>I</var> is the index letter, also described
above. Eplain defines the index ‘<samp>i</samp>’ itself, so that’s what we’ll
use in the names below.
</p>
<span id="index-subterm-in-indexing"></span>
<p>The silent form of the commands take a subterm as a trailing optional
argument. For example, <code>\sidx{truth}[definition of]</code> on page 75
makes an index entry that will eventually be typeset (by default) as
</p>
<div class="display">
<pre class="display">truth
definition of, 75
</pre></div>
<span id="index-trailing-spaces-and-indexing-commands"></span>
<span id="index-spaces_002c-trailing-and-indexing-commands"></span>
<span id="index-indexing-and-trailing-spaces"></span>
<p>Also, the silent commands ignore trailing spaces. The non-silent ones do not.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Indexing-commands" accesskey="1">Indexing commands</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Making index entries.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Modifying-index-entries" accesskey="2">Modifying index entries</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Ranges, see/see also, page number typesetting.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Index-entries-with-special-characters" accesskey="3">Index entries with special characters</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Proofing-index-terms" accesskey="4">Proofing index terms</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Noting index entries in the margins.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="Indexing-commands"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Modifying-index-entries" accesskey="n" rel="next">Modifying index entries</a>, Up: <a href="#Indexing-terms" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexing terms</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Indexing-commands-1"></span><h4 class="subsubsection">4.12.1.1 Indexing commands</h4>
<span id="index-indexing-commands"></span>
<p>Here are the commands.
</p>
<ul>
<li> <span id="index-sidx"></span>
<span id="index-idx"></span>
<code>\sidx{<var>term</var>}[<var>subterm</var>]</code> makes an index entry for
<var>term</var>, optionally with subterm <var>subterm</var>.
<code>\idx{<var>term</var>}</code> also produces <var>term</var> as output. Example:
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\sidx{truth}[beauty of]
The beauty of truth is \idx{death}.
</pre></div>
<p>Subterms at the second and further levels can also be
specified in <var>subterm</var>, using the
<code>\idxsubentryseparator</code> character to separate
them. This character is by default ‘<samp>!</samp>’.
</p>
</li><li> <span id="index-sidxname"></span>
<span id="index-idxnameseparator"></span>
<span id="index-idxname"></span>
<code>\sidxname{<var>First M.</var>}{<var>von Last</var>}[<var>subterm</var>]</code>
makes an index
entry for ‘<samp><var>von Last</var>, <var>First M.</var></samp>’. You can change the
‘<samp>, </samp>’ by redefining <code>\idxnameseparator</code>.
<code>\idxname{<var>First M.</var>}{<var>von Last</var>}</code> also produces <var>First M. von
Last</var> as output. (These commands are useful special cases of <code>\idx</code>
and <code>\sidx</code>.) Example:
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\sidxname{Richard}{Stark}
\idxname{Donald}{Westlake} has written many kinds of novels, under
almost as many names.
</pre></div>
</li><li> <span id="index-sidxmarked"></span>
<span id="index-idxmarked"></span>
<code>\sidxmarked\<var>cs</var>{<var>term</var>}[<var>subterm</var>]</code> makes an index
entry for <code><var>term</var>[<var>subterm</var>]</code>, but <var>term</var> will be put
in the index as <code>\<var>cs</var>{term}</code>, but still sorted as just
<var>term</var>. <code>\idxmarked\<var>cs</var>{<var>term</var>}</code> also typesets
<code>\<var>cs</var>{term}</code>. This provides for the usual ways of changing
the typesetting of index entries. Example:
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\def\article#1{``#1''}
\sidxmarked\article{Miss Elsa and Aunt Sophie}
Peter Drucker's \idxmarked\article{The Polanyis} is a remarkable
essay about a remarkable family.
</pre></div>
</li><li> <span id="index-idxsubmarked"></span>
<span id="index-sidxsubmarked"></span>
<code>\sidxsubmarked{<var>term</var>}\<var>cs</var>{subterm}</code> makes an index
entry for <var>term</var>, <var>subterm</var> as usual, but also puts <var>subterm</var> in
the index as <code>\<var>cs</var>{term}</code>.
<code>\idxsubmarked{<var>term</var>}\<var>cs</var>{subterm}</code> also typesets
<code><var>term</var> \<var>cs</var>{subterm}</code>, in the unlikely event that your
syntax is convoluted enough to make this useful. Example:
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\def\title#1{{\sl #1}}
\sidxsubmarked{Anderson, Laurie}\title{Strange Angels}
The \idxsubmarked{Anderson}\title{Carmen} is a strange twist.
</pre></div>
</li></ul>
<span id="index-index-entry-general-sorting"></span>
<span id="index-sorting-of-index-entries"></span>
<p>The commands above rely on MakeIndex’s feature for separating sorting of
an index entry’s from its typesetting. You can use this directly by
specifying an index entry as <code><var>sort</var>@<var>typeset</var></code>. For
example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\sidx{Ap-weight@$A_\pi$-weight}
</pre></div>
<p>will sort as <code>Ap-weight</code>, but print with the proper math.
The <code>@</code> here is MakeIndex’s default character for this purpose.
To make an index entry with an <code>@</code> in it, you have to escape it
with a backslash; Eplain provides no macros for doing this.
</p>
<span id="index-afterindexterm-hook"></span>
<span id="index-whatsits-made-by-index-entries"></span>
<p>After any index command, Eplain runs
<code>\hookaction{afterindexterm}</code>. Because the index commands always
add a whatsit item to the current list, you may wish to preserve a
penalty or space past the new item. For example, given a conditional
<code>\if@aftersctnhead</code> set true when you’re at a section heading, you
could do:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hookaction{afterindexterm}{\if@aftersctnhead \nobreak \fi}
</pre></div>
<hr>
<span id="Modifying-index-entries"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Index-entries-with-special-characters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Index entries with special characters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Indexing-commands" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Indexing commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Indexing-terms" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexing terms</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Modifying-index-entries-1"></span><h4 class="subsubsection">4.12.1.2 Modifying index entries</h4>
<span id="index-modifying-index-entries_0027-page-numbers"></span>
<span id="index-index-entries_0027-page-numbers_002c-modifying"></span>
<p>All the index commands described in the previous section take an initial
optional argument before the index term, which modify the index entry’s
meaning in various ways. You can specify only one of the following in
any given command, except that <code>begin</code> and <code>end</code> can be
specified together with <code>pagemarkup=<var>cs</var></code> (separate them with
a comma without a following space, like this:
<code>[begin,pagemarkup=defn]</code>).
</p>
<p>These work via MakeIndex’s “encapsulation” feature. See <a href="#Customizing-indexing">Customizing indexing</a>, if you’re not using the default characters for the
MakeIndex operators. The other optional argument (specifying a subterm)
is independent of these.
</p>
<p>Here are the possibilities:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>begin</code></dt>
<dt><code>end</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-begin-for-index-entries"></span>
<span id="index-end-for-index-entries"></span>
<span id="index-index-entries-and-ranges"></span>
<span id="index-ranges-and-index-entry"></span>
<p>These mark an index entry as the beginning or end of a range. The index
entries must match exactly for MakeIndex to recognize them.
Example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\sidx[begin]{future}[Cohen, Leonard]
…
\sidx[end]{future}[Cohen, Leonard]
</pre></div>
<p>will typeset as something like
</p>
<div class="display">
<pre class="display">future,
Cohen, Leonard, 65–94
</pre></div>
</dd>
<dt><code>see</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-see-for-index-entries"></span>
<span id="index-see_002c-and-index-entries"></span>
<span id="index-cross_002dreferencing-index-entries"></span>
<span id="index-index-entries_002c-and-cross_002dreferencing"></span>
<p>This marks an index entry as pointing to another; the real index term is
an additional (non-optional) argument to the command. Thus you can
anticipate a term readers may wish to look up, yet which you have
decided not to index. Example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\sidx[see]{analysis}[archetypal]{archetypal criticism}
</pre></div>
<p>becomes
</p>
<div class="display">
<pre class="display">analysis,
archetypal, <i>see</i> archetypal criticism
</pre></div>
</dd>
<dt><code>seealso</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-seealso-for-index-entries"></span>
<p>Similar to <code>see</code> (the previous item), but also allows for normal
index entries of the referencing term. The normal index entries have
to be created separately—<code>seealso</code> does <em>not</em> contribute a
page number to the index entry. For example, if you have indexed a
term on pages 75, 97 and 114, and then add a <code>seealso</code>
entry for the term:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\sidx[seealso]{archetypal criticism}[elements of]{dichotomies}
</pre></div>
<p>the index will contain
</p>
<div class="display">
<pre class="display">archetypal criticism,
elements of, 75, 97, 114, <i>see also</i> dichotomies
</pre></div>
<p>(Aside for the academically curious: The archetypal critical book I
took these dichotomous examples from is Laurence Berman’s <cite>The
Musical Image</cite>, which I happened to co-design and typeset.)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>pagemarkup=<var>cs</var></code></dt>
<dd><p>This puts <code>\<var>cs</var></code> before the page number in the typeset index,
thus allowing you to underline definitive entries, italicize examples,
and the like. You do <em>not</em> precede the control sequence <var>cs</var>
with a backslash. (That just leads to expansive difficulties.) Naturally
it is up to you to define the control sequences you want to use. Example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\def\defn#1{{\sl #1}}
\sidx[pagemarkeup=defn]{indexing}
</pre></div>
<p>becomes something like
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">indexing, <code>\defn{75}</code>
</pre></div>
</dd>
</dl>
<hr>
<span id="Index-entries-with-special-characters"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Proofing-index-terms" accesskey="n" rel="next">Proofing index terms</a>, Previous: <a href="#Modifying-index-entries" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Modifying index entries</a>, Up: <a href="#Indexing-terms" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexing terms</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Index-entries-with-special-characters-1"></span><h4 class="subsubsection">4.12.1.3 Index entries with special characters</h4>
<span id="index-special-characters_002c-in-index-entries"></span>
<span id="index-index-entries-with-special-characters"></span>
<p>Indexing terms with special characters can become quite cumbersome
because you have to keep both TeX and MakeIndex happy at the same
time. For example, while ‘<samp>!</samp>’ has no special meaning for TeX,
it is a subentry separator for MakeIndex, therefore you’d have to
escape occurrences of literal ‘<samp>!</samp>’ in index terms. Things get
even more interesting with characters which are special in both TeX
and MakeIndex.
</p>
<p>This in turn has some implications for the non-silent forms of the
indexing commands (see <a href="#Indexing-terms">Indexing terms</a>), since TeX and MakeIndex
use different conventions for escaping characters. For example, this
will not typeset the exclamation point correctly within the text,
while it will come out right inside the index, after MakeIndex strips
the quoting character (‘<samp>"</samp>’):
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\idx{"!}
</pre></div>
<p>This would have to be rewritten using the silent command:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">!\sidx{"!}
</pre></div>
<p>In general, it is a good idea to eschew the non-silent
commands whenever index term contains anything unusual.
</p>
<p>To understand this keep in mind that indexing commands read the terms
verbatim so that the terms can embed almost any character, and that’s
what gets written into the <samp>.idx</samp> file. The non-silent forms
then typeset the term by rescanning the verbatim copy, hence for
the non-silent commands the term, besides being a valid MakeIndex
input, must also represent a valid TeX input. The silent commands
don’t have this restriction—their terms only need to become valid
TeX input <em>after</em> MakeIndex processes the <samp>.idx</samp> file and
writes the <samp>.ind</samp> file. This is what makes the non-silent
commands less powerful and more troublesome when dealing with special
characters.
</p>
<span id="index-index-entries_002c-with-verbatim-text"></span>
<span id="index-index_002c-and-verbatim-text"></span>
<span id="index-verbatim-text_002c-in-index"></span>
<p>Here’s an example showing that terms for the silent commands can
contain almost any character:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\sidx[see]{comments}[with %@with \verbatim %"|endverbatim]
{commenting with \verbatim %"|endverbatim}
</pre></div>
<p>We didn’t have to escape ‘<samp>%</samp>’ in the sort string for
MakeIndex, while we had to put it inside the verbatim environment
(see <a href="#Verbatim-listing">Verbatim listing</a>) in the part which MakeIndex will pass back
to TeX. Also, we had to escape the ‘<samp>|</samp>’ character because it
is special for MakeIndex. If you have trouble understanding the
reasons for the different types of escaping used, it is best to
examine the <samp>.idx</samp> and <samp>.ind</samp> files resulting from
processing the above input.
</p>
<p>As was mentioned, index terms can embed “almost any character”, so
now we’ll describe the exceptions.
</p>
<p>The following characters are reset to their usual meanings because
they are not useful verbatim: multiple consequent spaces are
converted into a single space; <acronym>ASCII</acronym> tab characters are
treated as spaces; <acronym>ASCII</acronym> return is treated as end-of-line
(this means, among other things, that long terms can be broken across
several lines).
</p>
<span id="index-braces_002c-inside-index-entries"></span>
<span id="index-index-entries-containing-braces"></span>
<p>You have to be careful with the begin- and end-group characters
(‘<samp>{</samp>’ and ‘<samp>}</samp>’ by default). If they are matched, you don’t
have to do anything special. For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\sidx {braces {, }@braces
\verbatim {"|endverbatim, \verbatim }"|endverbatim}
</pre></div>
<p>However, if they are not matched you have two problems on
hand. The first one is TeX—you have to instruct TeX to use
something else as begin- and/or end-group characters. Eplain provides
an easy way to do this: just define
<span id="index-idxargopen"></span>
<code>\idxargopen</code> and/or
<span id="index-idxargclose"></span>
<code>\idxargclose</code> to the begin- and end-group characters you are
going to use with indexing macros, and use braces inside index terms
without any restrictions. Here’s an example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\def\idxargopen{`\<}
\def\idxargclose{`\>}
\sidx <left brace "{@left brace \verbatim "{"|endverbatim>
</pre></div>
<p>In this example we’ve also dealt with the second
problem—braces are MakeIndex’s grouping characters as well (by
default), so we have escaped unmatched braces with ‘<samp>"</samp>’.
</p>
<span id="index-brackets_002c-inside-index-entries"></span>
<span id="index-index-entries-containing-brackets"></span>
<p>And the final note: if you need a subentry containing brackets
(‘<samp>[</samp>’ and ‘<samp>]</samp>’), avoid the optional argument of <code>\sidx</code>
and friends, and use instead MakeIndex’s subentry separator to create
the subentry with the brackets in it:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\sidx{entry!subentry with a bracket [}
</pre></div>
<hr>
<span id="Proofing-index-terms"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Index-entries-with-special-characters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Index entries with special characters</a>, Up: <a href="#Indexing-terms" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexing terms</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Proofing-index-terms-1"></span><h4 class="subsubsection">4.12.1.4 Proofing index terms</h4>
<span id="index-proofing-index-terms"></span>
<span id="index-index-entries_002c-proofing"></span>
<span id="index-margins_002c-index-terms-in"></span>
<p>As you are reading through a manuscript, it is helpful to see what terms
have been indexed, so you can add others, catch miscellaneous errors,
etc. (Speaking from bitter experience, I can say it is extremely
error-prone to leave all indexing to the end of the writing, since it
involves adding many TeX commands to the source files.)
</p>
<span id="index-ifindexproofing"></span>
<span id="index-indexproofingtrue"></span>
<span id="index-indexproofingfalse"></span>
<span id="index-indexproofterm"></span>
<span id="index-indexprooffont"></span>
<span id="index-cmtt8"></span>
<p>So Eplain puts index terms in the margin of each page, if you
set <code>\indexproofingtrue</code>. It is <code>false</code> by default. The terms
are typeset by the macro <code>\indexproofterm</code>, which takes a single
argument, the term to be typeset. Eplain’s definition of
<code>\indexproofterm</code> just puts it into an <code>\hbox</code>, first doing
<code>\indexprooffont</code>, which Eplain defines to select the font
<code>cmtt8</code>. With this definition long terms run off the page, but
since this is just for proofreading anyway, it seems acceptable.
</p>
<span id="index-pageno"></span>
<span id="index-insidemargin"></span>
<span id="index-hoffset"></span>
<span id="index-outsidemargin"></span>
<span id="index-indexsetmargins"></span>
<p>On the other hand, we certainly don’t want the index term to run into
the text of the page, so Eplain uses the right-hand side of the page
rather than the left-hand page (assuming a language read left to right
here). So <code>\ifodd\pageno</code>, Eplain kerns by <code>\outsidemargin</code>,
otherwise by <code>\insidemargin</code>. If those macros are undefined,
<code>\indexsetmargins</code> defines them to be one inch plus <code>\hoffset</code>.
</p>
<span id="index-_0040indexproof-insertion-class"></span>
<span id="index-indexproofunbox"></span>
<span id="index-makeheadline"></span>
<span id="index-output-routine-and-index-proofing"></span>
<p>To get the proofing index entries on the proper page, Eplain defines a new
insertion class <code>\@indexproof</code>. To unbox any index proofing
material, Eplain redefines <code>\makeheadline</code> to call
<code>\indexproofunbox</code> before the original <code>\makeheadline</code>. Thus,
if you have your own output routine, that redefines or doesn’t use
<code>\makeheadline</code>, it’s up to you to call <code>\indexproofunbox</code> at
the appropriate time.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Typesetting-an-index"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Customizing-indexing" accesskey="n" rel="next">Customizing indexing</a>, Previous: <a href="#Indexing-terms" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Indexing terms</a>, Up: <a href="#Indexing" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexing</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Typesetting-an-index-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.12.2 Typesetting an index</h4>
<span id="index-typesetting-an-index"></span>
<span id="index-index-typesetting"></span>
<span id="index-readindexfile"></span>
<p>The command <code>\readindexfile{i}</code> reads and typesets the
<samp>.ind</samp> file that MakeIndex outputs (from the <samp>.idx</samp> file which
the indexing commands in the previous sections write). Eplain defines a
number of commands that support the default MakeIndex output.
</p>
<span id="index-indexfilebasename"></span>
<span id="index-jobname-1"></span>
<p>More precisely, <code>\readindexfile</code> reads
<code>\indexfilebasename.<var>index-letter</var>nd</code>, where the
<var>index-letter</var> is the argument. <code>\indexfilebasename</code> is
<code>\jobname</code> by default, but if you have different indexes in
different parts of a book, you may wish to change it, just as with
bibliographies (see <a href="#Citations">Citations</a>).
</p>
<span id="index-begin_007btheindex_007d"></span>
<span id="index-end_007btheindex_007d"></span>
<p>MakeIndex was designed to work with LaTeX; therefore, by default the
<samp>.ind</samp> file starts with <code>\begin{theindex}</code> and ends with
<code>\end{theindex}</code>. If no <code>\begin</code> has been defined, Eplain
defines one to ignore its argument and set up for typesetting the index
(see below), and also defines a <code>\end</code> to ignore its argument. (In
a group, naturally, since there is a primitive <code>\end</code>).
</p>
<span id="index-parindent-in-indexes"></span>
<span id="index-index-fonts"></span>
<span id="index-indexfonts"></span>
<span id="index-double-columns-in-indexes"></span>
<p>Eplain calls <code>\indexfonts</code>, sets <code>\parindent = 0pt</code>, and does
<code>\doublecolumns</code> (see <a href="#Multiple-columns">Multiple columns</a>) at the
<code>\begin{theindex}</code>. <code>\indexfonts</code> does nothing by default;
it’s just there for you to override. (Indexes are usually typeset in
smaller type than the main text.)
</p>
<span id="index-beginindex-hook"></span>
<p>It ends the setup with <code>\hookrun{beginindex}</code>, so you can
override anything you like in that hook (see <a href="#Hooks">Hooks</a>). For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hookaction{beginindex}{\triplecolumns}
</pre></div>
<span id="index-item-in-indexes"></span>
<span id="index-subitem-in-indexes"></span>
<span id="index-subsubitem-in-indexes"></span>
<span id="index-index-entry-formatting"></span>
<span id="index-formatting-index-entries"></span>
<span id="index-space-above-index-entries"></span>
<span id="index-continued-index-entries"></span>
<span id="index-index-entry-continuations"></span>
<p>MakeIndex turns each main index entry into an <code>\item</code>, subentries
into <code>\subitem</code>, and subsubentries into <code>\subsubitem</code>. By
default, the first line of main entries are not indented, and subentries
are indented 1em per level. Main entries are preceded by a <code>\vskip</code>
of <code>\aboveitemskipamount</code>, <code>0pt plus2pt</code> by default. Page
breaks are encouraged before main entries (<code>\penalty -100</code>), but
prohibited afterwards—Eplain has no provision for “continued”
index entries.
</p>
<p>All levels do the following:
</p>
<span id="index-hangindent-for-index-entries"></span>
<span id="index-raggedright-for-index-entries"></span>
<span id="index-hyphenpenalty-for-index-entries"></span>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hangindent = 1em
\raggedright
\hyphenpenalty = 10000
</pre></div>
<span id="index-indexitem-hook"></span>
<p>Each entry ends with <code>\hookrun{indexitem}</code>, so you can change any
of this. For example, to increase the allowable rag:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hookaction{indexitem}{\advance\rightskip by 2em}
</pre></div>
<span id="index-indexspace"></span>
<span id="index-index-groupings"></span>
<p>Finally, MakeIndex outputs <code>\indexspace</code> between each group of
entries in the <samp>.ind</samp> file. Eplain makes this equivalent to
<code>\bigbreak</code>.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Customizing-indexing"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Typesetting-an-index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Typesetting an index</a>, Up: <a href="#Indexing" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexing</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Customizing-indexing-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.12.3 Customizing indexing</h4>
<span id="index-customizing-indexing"></span>
<span id="index-afterindexterm"></span>
<span id="index-commas-after-index-terms"></span>
<span id="index-after-index-terms"></span>
<p>By default, MakeIndex outputs ‘<samp>, </samp>’ after each term in the index. To
change this, you can add the following to your MakeIndex style
(<samp>.ist</samp>) file:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">delim_0 "\\afterindexterm "
delim_1 "\\afterindexterm "
delim_2 "\\afterindexterm "
</pre></div>
<p>Eplain makes <code>\afterindexterm</code> equivalent to
<code>\quad</code>.
</p>
<p>You can also change the keywords Eplain recognizes (see <a href="#Modifying-index-entries">Modifying index entries</a>):
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\idxrangebeginword</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-idxrangebeginword"></span>
<p>‘begin’
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\idxrangeendword</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-idxrangeendword"></span>
<p>‘end’
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\idxseecmdword</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-idxseecmdword"></span>
<p>‘see’
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\idxseealsocmdword</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-idxseealsocmdword"></span>
<p>‘seealso’
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>You can also change the magic characters Eplain puts into the
<samp>.idx</samp> file, in case you’ve changed them in the <code>.ist</code> file:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\idxsubentryseparator</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-idxsubentryseparator"></span>
<p>‘<samp>!</samp>’
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\idxencapoperator</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-idxencapoperator"></span>
<p>‘<samp>|</samp>’
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\idxbeginrangemark</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-idxbeginrangemark"></span>
<p>‘<samp>(</samp>’
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\idxendrangemark</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-idxendrangemark"></span>
<p>‘<samp>)</samp>’
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>There is no macro for the <code>actual</code> (‘<samp>@</samp>’ by default)
character, because it’s impossible to make it expand properly.
</p>
<span id="index-idxpagenum"></span>
<span id="index-see-also-index-entries-and-sorting"></span>
<p>You can change the (imaginary) page number that “see also”
entries sort as by redefining <code>\idxmaxpagenum</code>. This is 99999 by
default, which is one digit too many for old versions of MakeIndex.
</p>
<span id="index-indexseeword"></span>
<span id="index-indexseealsowords"></span>
<span id="index-seevariant"></span>
<span id="index-indexsee"></span>
<span id="index-indexseealso"></span>
<p>The words output by Eplain for “see” and “see also” index entries
are defined by <code>\indexseeword</code> and <code>\indexseealsowords</code>
respectively. You can change the typeface used for these words by
redefining <code>\seevariant</code>. And finally, the macros
<code>\indexsee</code> and <code>\indexseealso</code> actually produce the “see
…” entries, so you can redefine them if you want something
entirely different. If you do redefine them, make them take two
parameters, the term being referenced and the <code>\idxmaxpagenum</code>
(the latter should normally be ignored). See the example below.
</p>
<span id="index-see-for-index-entries-1"></span>
<span id="index-see_002c-and-index-entries-1"></span>
<span id="index-cross_002dreferencing-index-entries-1"></span>
<span id="index-index-entries_002c-and-cross_002dreferencing-1"></span>
<span id="index-commas-in-cross_002dreferencing-index-entries"></span>
<p>Unfortunately, it is impossible to reliably control the commas
produced by MakeIndex in front of “see …” entries in the
<samp>.ind</samp> file, either at MakeIndex level or at Eplain level.
However, the
<span id="index-sed"></span>
<code>sed</code> script contained in <code>trimsee</code>
<span id="index-trimsee"></span>
distributed with Eplain in the <samp>util</samp> directory can be used to
filter out these commas from the output of MakeIndex. For example,
suppose you want the following style for your “see …” entries:
</p>
<div class="display">
<pre class="display">analysis,
archetypal (<i>see</i> archetypal criticism)
archetypal criticism,
elements of, 75, 97, 114 (<i>see also</i> dichotomies)
</pre></div>
<p>You would need to redefine these macros in your TeX
file:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\def\indexsee#1#2{({\seevariant \indexseeword\/ }#1)}
\def\indexseealso#1#2{({\seevariant \indexseealsowords\/ }#1)}
</pre></div>
<p>and then filter out the commas in front of the “see …”
entries by running the following command to produce the <samp>.ind</samp>
file (assuming the name of the <samp>.idx</samp> file is <samp>myfile.idx</samp>
and the <samp>trimsee</samp> script is placed in the current directory):
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">prompt$ cat myfile.idx | makeindex | ./trimsee > myfile.ind
</pre></div>
<p>By default, <samp>trimsee</samp> uses default page list separators and
default “see …” command names. If you set up MakeIndex to use
different page list separator or change the names of <code>\indexsee</code>
and <code>\indexseealso</code> commands, it is possible to adjust the
<samp>trimsee</samp> script through its command line options, which are the
following:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><samp>-i <var>is</var></samp></dt>
<dd><p>Use <var>is</var> as a regular expression matching separator before “see
…” commands in the input (default: ‘<samp>, \+</samp>’).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><samp>-o <var>os</var></samp></dt>
<dd><p>Use <var>os</var> as a separator to replace <var>is</var> before “see …”
commands (default: ‘<samp> </samp>’).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><samp>-s <var>see</var></samp></dt>
<dd><p>Use <var>see</var> as a regular expression matching “see …”
commands (default: ‘<samp>\\indexsee</samp>’).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><samp>-h</samp></dt>
<dt><samp>--help</samp></dt>
<dd><p>Print a usage message.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><samp>-v</samp></dt>
<dt><samp>--version</samp></dt>
<dd><p>Print version.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<p><samp>trimsee</samp> reads input from the standard input, and directs its
output to the standard output.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Justification"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Tables" accesskey="n" rel="next">Tables</a>, Previous: <a href="#Indexing" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Indexing</a>, Up: <a href="#User-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">User definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Justification-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.13 Justification</h3>
<span id="index-centering"></span>
<span id="index-left_002djustification"></span>
<span id="index-right_002djustification"></span>
<span id="index-justification"></span>
<p>Eplain defines three commands to conveniently justify multiple
lines of text: <code>\flushright</code>, <code>\flushleft</code>, and
<code>\center</code>.
<span id="index-flushright"></span>
<span id="index-flushleft"></span>
<span id="index-center"></span>
</p>
<p>They all work in the same way; let’s take <code>\center</code> as the
example. To start centering lines, you say <code>\center</code> inside a
group; to stop, you end the group. Between the two commands, each
end-of-line in the input file also starts a new line in the output file.
</p>
<p>The entire block of text is broken into paragraphs at blank lines,
so all the TeX paragraph-shaping parameters apply in the usual way.
This is convenient, but it implies something else that isn’t so
convenient: changes to any linespacing parameters, such as
<code>\baselineskip</code>, will have <em>no effect</em> on the paragraph in
which they are changed. TeX does not handle linespacing changes
within a paragraph (because it doesn’t know where the line breaks are
until the end of the paragraph).
</p>
<p>The space between paragraphs is by default one blank line’s worth.
You can adjust this space by assigning to <code>\blanklineskipamount</code>;
<span id="index-blanklineskipamount-in-justified-text"></span>
this (vertical) glue is inserted after each blank line.
</p>
<p>Here is an example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">{\center First line.
Second line, with a blank line before.
}
</pre></div>
<p>This produces:
</p>
<div align="center">First line.
</div><div align="center"><!-- /@w -->
</div><div align="center">Second line, with a blank line before.
</div>
<p>You may wish to use the justification macros inside of your own
macros. Just be sure to put them in a group. For example, here is how
a title macro might be defined:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\def\title{\begingroup\titlefont\center}
\def\endtitle{\endgroup}
</pre></div>
<span id="index-raggedleft"></span>
<span id="index-raggedright"></span>
<span id="index-leftskip"></span>
<span id="index-raggedleftskip"></span>
<span id="index-spaceskip_002c-reset-by-_005cragged_002e_002e_002e"></span>
<span id="index-xspaceskip_002c-reset-by-_005cragged_002e_002e_002e"></span>
<span id="index-parfillskip_002c-reset-by-_005cragged_002e_002e_002e"></span>
<p>In addition, Eplain defines <code>\raggedleft</code>, analogous to plain
TeX’s <code>\raggedright</code>. This macro is also typically used
inside a group, but unlike the environments above, TeX does normal
line breaking; that is, ends-of-lines in the input file aren’t treated
specially. Just like plain’s <code>\raggedright</code>, it also resets
<code>\spaceskip</code> and <code>\xspaceskip</code> so that interword spacing is
uniform. It also sets <code>\parfillskip</code> to zero so that last lines
of paragraphs are also “ragged left”. Finally, <code>\leftskip</code>’s
new value is taken from a new glue register, <code>\raggedleft</code>; its
default value is <code>0pt plus 2em</code>, the same as
<code>\raggedright</code>’s <code>\rightskip</code>.
</p>
<p>Here’s an example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">{\raggedleft This text will be set ragged left,
although the left margin won't be too ragged by default.
You may well want to increase the value of
{\tt \char`\\raggedleftskip} before calling the macro.
It's necessary to end the paragraph before ending the group
or the setting won't have any effect, so: {\tt \char`\\par}
}
</pre></div>
<p>Despite <code>\raggedleft</code> resetting <code>\parfillskip</code> to zero,
TeX’s line breaking may still prefer to make the last line of a
paragraph considerably shorter than the rest, to minimize overall
badness. Increasing <code>\raggedleftskip</code> may help somewhat, but
using <code>\emergencystretch</code>, retaining interword stretchability by
assigning <code>\leftskip</code> directly, or even forcing line breaks may
be necessary.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Tables"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Margins" accesskey="n" rel="next">Margins</a>, Previous: <a href="#Justification" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Justification</a>, Up: <a href="#User-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">User definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Tables-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.14 Tables</h3>
<span id="index-tables"></span>
<span id="index-alignments"></span>
<p>Eplain provides a single command, <code>\makecolumns</code>,
<span id="index-makecolumns"></span>
to make generating one particular kind of table easier. More
ambitious LaTeX styles and macro packages tackle more difficult
applications. The <code>autorows</code> feature of the Memoir package
provides similar functionality to this.
</p>
<p>Many tables are homogenous, i.e., all the entries are semantically the
same. The arrangement into columns is to save space on the page, not
to encode different meanings. In this kind of the table, it is useful to
have the column breaks chosen automatically, so that you can add or
delete entries without worrying about the column breaks.
</p>
<p><code>\makecolumns</code> takes two arguments: the number of entries in the
table, and the number of columns to break them into. As you can see
from the example below, the first argument is delimited by a slash, and
the second by a colon and a space (or end-of-line). The entries for the
table then follow, one per line (not including the line with the
<code>\makecolumns</code> command itself).
</p>
<p><code>\parindent</code> defines the space to the left of the
table. <code>\hsize</code> defines the width of the table.
So you can adjust the position of the table on the page by assignments
to these parameters, probably inside a group.
</p>
<p>You can also control the penalty at a page break before the
<code>\makecolumns</code> by setting the parameter
<code>\abovecolumnspenalty</code>.
<span id="index-abovecolumnspenalty"></span>
Usually, the table is preceded by some explanatory text. You wouldn’t
want a page break to occur after the text and before the table, so
Eplain sets it to <code>10000</code>. But if the table produced by
<code>\makecolumns</code> is standing on its own, <code>\abovecolumnspenalty</code>
should be decreased.
</p>
<p>If you happen to give <code>\makecolumns</code> a smaller number of entries
than you really have, some text beyond the (intended) end of the table
will be incorporated into the table, probably producing an error
message, or at least some strange looking entries. And if you give
<code>\makecolumns</code> a larger number of entries than you really have,
some of the entries will be typeset as straight text, probably also
looking somewhat out of place.
</p>
<p>Here is an example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">% Arrange 6 entries into 2 columns:
\makecolumns 6/2: % This line doesn't have an entry.
one
two
three
four
five
six
Text after the table.
</pre></div>
<p>This produces ‘one’, ‘two’, and ‘three’ in the first column, and
‘four’, ‘five’, and ‘six’ in the second.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Margins"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Multiple-columns" accesskey="n" rel="next">Multiple columns</a>, Previous: <a href="#Tables" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Tables</a>, Up: <a href="#User-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">User definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Margins-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.15 Margins</h3>
<span id="index-margins_002c-changing"></span>
<p>TeX’s primitives describe the type area in terms of an offset from
the upper left corner, and the width and height of the type. Some
people prefer to think in terms of the <em>margins</em> at the top, bottom,
left, and right of the page, and most composition systems other than
TeX conceive of the page laid out in this way. Therefore, Eplain
provides commands to directly assign and increment the margins.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\topmargin = <var>dimen</var></code></dt>
<dt><code>\bottommargin = <var>dimen</var></code></dt>
<dt><code>\leftmargin = <var>dimen</var></code></dt>
<dt><code>\rightmargin = <var>dimen</var></code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-topmargin"></span>
<span id="index-bottommargin"></span>
<span id="index-leftmargin"></span>
<span id="index-rightmargin"></span>
<p>These commands set the specified margin to the <var>dimen</var> given.
The <code>=</code> and the spaces around it are optional. The control
sequences here are not TeX registers, despite appearances;
therefore, commands like <code>\showthe\topmargin</code> will not do what you
expect.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\advancetopmargin by <var>dimen</var></code></dt>
<dt><code>\advancebottommargin by <var>dimen</var></code></dt>
<dt><code>\advanceleftmargin by <var>dimen</var></code></dt>
<dt><code>\advancerightmargin by <var>dimen</var></code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-advancetopmargin"></span>
<span id="index-advancebottommargin"></span>
<span id="index-advanceleftmargin"></span>
<span id="index-advancerightmargin"></span>
<p>These commands change the specified margin by the <var>dimen</var> given.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<p>Regardless of whether you use the assignment or the advance commands,
Eplain always changes the type area in response, not the other margins.
For example, when TeX starts, the left and right margins are both one
inch. If you then say <code>\leftmargin = 2in</code>, the right margin will
remain at one inch, and the width of the lines (i.e., <code>\hsize</code>)
<span id="index-hsize"></span>
will decrease by one inch.
</p>
<p>When you use any of these commands, Eplain computes the old value of
the particular margin, by how much you want to change it, and then
resets the values of TeX’s primitive parameters to correspond.
Unfortunately, Eplain cannot compute the right or bottom margin without
help: you must tell it the full width and height of the final output
page. It defines two new parameters for this:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\paperheight</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-paperheight"></span>
<p>The height of the output page; default is 11truein.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\paperwidth</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-paperwidth"></span>
<p>The width of the output page; default is 8.5truein.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<p>If your output page has different dimensions than this, you must
reassign to these parameters, as in
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\paperheight = 11truein
\paperwidth = 17truein
</pre></div>
<hr>
<span id="Multiple-columns"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnotes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Margins" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Margins</a>, Up: <a href="#User-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">User definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Multiple-columns-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.16 Multiple columns</h3>
<span id="index-double-column-output"></span>
<span id="index-triple-column-output"></span>
<span id="index-quadruple-column-output"></span>
<span id="index-multiple-column-output"></span>
<p>Eplain provides for double, triple, and quadruple column output: say
<code>\doublecolumns</code>,
<span id="index-doublecolumns"></span>
<code>\triplecolumns</code>,
<span id="index-triplecolumns"></span>
or <code>\quadcolumns</code>,
<span id="index-quadcolumns"></span>
and from that point on, the manuscript will be
set in columns. To go back to one column, say
<code>\singlecolumn</code>.
<span id="index-singlecolumn"></span>
</p>
<span id="index-column-balancing-with-_005csinglecolumn"></span>
<span id="index-balancing-of-columns-with-_005csinglecolumn"></span>
<p>You may need to invoke <code>\singlecolumn</code> to balance the columns
on the last page of output.
</p>
<span id="index-columnfill"></span>
<span id="index-column-eject"></span>
<span id="index-eject-in-multicolumns"></span>
<span id="index-pagetotal"></span>
<p>To do a “column eject”, i.e., move to the top of the next column, do
<code>\columnfill</code>. This does not actually force an eject, however: it
merely inserts an unbreakable space of (essentially) size
<code>\@normalvsize</code> minus <code>\pagetotal</code> (where
<code>\@normalvsize</code> is the usual height of the page; to implement
multicolumns, Eplain multiplies <code>\vsize</code> itself by the number of
columns). In most circumstances, a column break will be forced after
this space (during the column splitting operation when the whole page
is output). Bugs are easily possible, unfortunately.
</p>
<span id="index-gutter"></span>
<p>The columns are separated by the value of the dimen parameter
<code>\gutter</code>. Default value is two picas.
<span id="index-gutterbox"></span>
If you want to add vertical material between the columns, use
<code>\gutterbox</code>. For example, to put a vertical line between columns,
define
<code>\gutterbox</code> as
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\def\gutterbox{\vbox to \dimen0{\vfil\hbox{\vrule height\dimen0}\vfil}}%
</pre></div>
<p>The dimension counter
<code>\dimen0</code>
contains the height of the column.
</p>
<p>All the <code>\…columns</code> macros insert the value of the glue parameter
<code>\abovecolumnskip</code>
<span id="index-abovecolumnskip"></span>
before the multicolumn text, and the value of the glue parameter
<code>\belowcolumnskip</code>
<span id="index-belowcolumnskip"></span>
after it. The default value for both of these parameters is
<code>\bigskipamount</code>, i.e., one linespace in plain TeX.
</p>
<p>The macros take into account only the insertion classes
<span id="index-insertion-classes"></span>
defined by plain TeX; namely, footnotes and <code>\topinsert</code>s. If
you have additional insertion classes, you will need to change
the implementation.
</p>
<p>Also, Eplain makes insertions the full page width. There is no
provision for column-width insertions.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Footnotes"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Fractions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Fractions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Multiple-columns" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Multiple columns</a>, Up: <a href="#User-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">User definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Footnotes-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.17 Footnotes</h3>
<span id="index-footnotes_002c-numbered"></span>
<p>The most common reference mark for footnotes is a raised number,
incremented on each footnote. The <code>\numberedfootnote</code>
<span id="index-numberedfootnote"></span>
macro provides this. It takes one argument, the footnote text.
</p>
<p>If your document uses only numbered footnotes, you could make typing
<code>\numberedfootnote</code> more convenient with a command such as:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\let\footnote = \numberedfootnote
</pre></div>
<p>After doing this, you can type your footnotes as
<code>\footnote{<var>footnote text</var>}</code>, instead of as
<code>\numberedfootnote{<var>footnote text</var>}</code>.
</p>
<p>Eplain keeps the current footnote number in the count register
<code>\footnotenumber</code>. So, to reset the footnote number to zero,
as you might want to do at, for example, the beginning of a chapter, you
could say <code>\footnotenumber=0</code>.
</p>
<p>Plain TeX separates the footnote marker from the footnote text by
an en space (it uses the <code>\textindent</code> macro). In Eplain, you can
change this space by setting the dimension register
<code>\footnotemarkseparation</code>.
<span id="index-footnotemarkseparation"></span>
The default is still an en.
</p>
<p>You can produce a space between footenotes by setting the glue
register <code>\interfootnoteskip</code>.
<span id="index-interfootnoteskip"></span>
The default is zero.
</p>
<p><code>\parskip</code> is also set to zero by default before the beginning of
each footnote (but not for the text of the footnote).
</p>
<p>You can also control footnote formatting in a more general way:
Eplain expands the token register <code>\everyfootnote</code>
<span id="index-everyfootnote"></span>
before a footnote is typeset, but after the default values for all the
parameters have been established. For example, if you want your
footnotes to be printed in seven-point type, indented by one inch, you
could say:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\everyfootnote = {\sevenrm \leftskip = 1in}
</pre></div>
<p>By default, an <code>\hrule</code> is typeset above each group of footnotes
on a page. You can control the dimensions of this rule by setting
the dimension registers <code>\footnoterulewidth</code>
<span id="index-footnoterulewidth"></span>
and <code>\footnoteruleheight</code>.
<span id="index-footnoteruleheight"></span>
The space between the rule and the first footnote on the page is
determined by the dimension register <code>\belowfootnoterulespace</code>.
<span id="index-belowfootnoterulespace"></span>
If you don’t want any rule at all, set <code>\footenoteruleheight=0pt</code>,
and, most likely, <code>\belowfootnoterulespace=0pt</code>. The defaults for
these parameters typeset the rule in the same way as plain TeX: the
rule is 0.4 points high, 2 true inches wide, with 2.6 points below it.
</p>
<p>The space above the rule and below the text on the page is controlled
by the glue register <code>\skip\footins</code>. The default is a plain TeX
<code>\bigskip</code>.
</p>
<p>Eplain can create hypertext links for the footnote marks (see <a href="#Footnote-hyperlinks">Footnote hyperlinks</a>).
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Fractions"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Paths" accesskey="n" rel="next">Paths</a>, Previous: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Footnotes</a>, Up: <a href="#User-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">User definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Fractions-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.18 Fractions</h3>
<span id="index-fractions"></span>
<p>Exercise 11.6 of <cite>The TeXbook</cite> describes a macro <code>\frac</code>
<span id="index-frac"></span>
for setting fractions, but <code>\frac</code> never made it into plain TeX.
So Eplain includes it.
</p>
<p><code>\frac</code> typesets the numerator and denominator in
<code>\scriptfont0</code>, slightly raised and lowered. The numerator and
denominator are separated by a slash. The denominator must be enclosed
in braces if it’s more than one token long, but the numerator need not
be. (This is a consequence of <code>\frac</code> taking delimited arguments;
see page 203 of <cite>The TeXbook</cite> for an explanation of
delimited macro arguments.)
</p>
<p>For example, <code>\frac 23/{64}</code> turns ‘23/64’ into
.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Paths"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Logos" accesskey="n" rel="next">Logos</a>, Previous: <a href="#Fractions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Fractions</a>, Up: <a href="#User-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">User definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Paths-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.19 Paths</h3>
<span id="index-pathnames_002c-breaking"></span>
<span id="index-filenames_002c-breaking"></span>
<span id="index-electronic-mail-addresses_002c-breaking"></span>
<p>When you typeset long pathnames, electronic mail addresses, or other
such “computer” names, you would like TeX to break lines at
punctuation characters within the name, rather than trying to find
hyphenation points within the words. For example, it would be better to
break the email address <code>letters@alpha.gnu.ai.mit.edu</code> at the
‘<samp>@</samp>’ or a ‘<samp>.</samp>’, rather than at the hyphenation points in
‘<samp>letters</samp>’ and ‘<samp>alpha</samp>’.
</p>
<span id="index-path"></span>
<p>If you use the <code>\path</code> macro to typeset the names, TeX will find
these good breakpoints. The argument to <code>\path</code> is delimited by
any character other than ‘<samp>\</samp>’ which does not appear in the
name itself.
‘<samp>|</samp>’ is often a good choice, as in:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\path|letters@alpha.gnu.ai.mit.edu|
</pre></div>
<span id="index-discretionaries"></span>
<p>You can control the exact set of characters at which breakpoints will be
allowed by calling <code>\discretionaries</code>. This takes the same sort of
delimited argument; any character in the argument will henceforth be a valid
breakpoint within <code>\path</code>. The default set is essentially all the
punctuation characters:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\discretionaries |~!@$%^&*()_+`-=#{}[]:";'<>,.?\/|
</pre></div>
<span id="index-specialpathdelimiters-_0028conditional_0029"></span>
<p>If for some reason you absolutely must use <code>\</code> as the delimiter
character for <code>\path</code>, you can set
<code>\specialpathdelimiterstrue</code>. (Other delimiter characters can
still be used.) TeX then processes the <code>\path</code> argument
about four times more slowly.
</p>
<span id="index-URL-for-path_002esty"></span>
<p>The <code>\path</code> macro comes from <samp>path.sty</samp>, written by Nelson
Beebe and Philip Taylor, and available at
<a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/path">https://ctan.org/pkg/path</a>.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Logos"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Boxes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Paths" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Paths</a>, Up: <a href="#User-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">User definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Logos-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.20 Logos</h3>
<span id="index-logos"></span>
<span id="index-names_002c-of-TeX-variants"></span>
<p>Eplain redefines the <code>\TeX</code>
<span id="index-TeX"></span>
macro of plain TeX to end with <code>\null</code>, so that the proper
spacing is produced when <code>\TeX</code> is used at the end of a sentence.
The other …TeX macros listed here do this, also.
</p>
<p>Eplain defines
<code>\AMSLaTeX</code>,
<span id="index-AMSLaTeX"></span>
<span id="index-AMSLaTeX-1"></span>
<code>\AMSTeX</code>,
<span id="index-AMSTeX"></span>
<span id="index-AMSTeX-1"></span>
<code>\BibTeX</code>
<span id="index-BibTeX-1"></span>
<span id="index-BibTeX-2"></span>
<code>\eTeX</code>,
<span id="index-eTeX"></span>
<span id="index-eTeX-1"></span>
<code>\ExTeX</code>,
<span id="index-ExTeX"></span>
<span id="index-ExTeX-1"></span>
<code>\LAMSTeX</code>,
<span id="index-LAMSTeX"></span>
<span id="index-LAMSTeX-1"></span>
<code>\LaTeX</code>,
<span id="index-LaTeX-2"></span>
<span id="index-LaTeX-4"></span>
<code>\MF</code>,
<span id="index-Metafont"></span>
<span id="index-MF"></span>
<code>\SLiTeX</code>,
<span id="index-SLiTeX"></span>
<span id="index-SLiTeX-1"></span>
<code>\XeLaTeX</code>,
<span id="index-XeLaTeX"></span>
<span id="index-XeLaTeX-1"></span>
and <code>\XeTeX</code>
<span id="index-XeTeX"></span>
<span id="index-XeTeX-1"></span>
to produce their respective logos. (Sorry, the logos are not shown
here.) Some spelling variants of these are also supported.
</p>
<span id="index-texnames_002esty"></span>
<p>Most of these macros come from <samp>texnames.sty</samp>, compiled by Nelson
Beebe and available at
<a href="http://mirror.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/biblio/texnames.sty">http://mirror.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/biblio/texnames.sty</a>
(part of the <code>biblio</code> package, <a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/biblio">https://ctan.org/pkg/biblio</a>).
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Boxes"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Checking-for-PDF-output" accesskey="n" rel="next">Checking for PDF output</a>, Previous: <a href="#Logos" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Logos</a>, Up: <a href="#User-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">User definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Boxes-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.21 Boxes</h3>
<span id="index-black-boxes"></span>
<span id="index-rectangles"></span>
<p>The solid rectangle that Eplain uses as a marker in unordered lists
(see <a href="#Lists">Lists</a>) is available by itself: just say <code>\blackbox</code>.
<span id="index-blackbox"></span>
</p>
<p>You can create black boxes of arbitrary size with <code>\hrule</code> or
<code>\vrule</code>.
</p>
<span id="index-open-boxes"></span>
<span id="index-boxes_002c-open"></span>
<p>You can also get unfilled rectangles with <code>\makeblankbox</code>.
<span id="index-makeblankbox"></span>
This takes two explicit arguments: the height and depth of the rules that
define the top and bottom of the rectangle. (The two arguments are
added to get the width of the left and right borders, so that the
thickness of the border is the same on all four sides.) It also uses,
as implicit arguments, the dimensions of <code>\box0</code> to define the
dimensions of the rectangle it produces. (The contents of <code>\box0</code>
are ignored.)
</p>
<p>Here is an example. This small raised open box is suitable for
putting next to numbers in, e.g., a table of contents.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\def\openbox{%
\ht0 = 1.75pt \dp0 = 1.75pt \wd0 = 3.5pt
\raise 2.75pt \makeblankbox{.2pt}{.2pt}
}
</pre></div>
<p>Finally, you can put a box around arbitrary text with <code>\boxit</code>.
<span id="index-boxit"></span>
This takes one argument, which must itself be a (TeX) box, and puts a
printed box around it, separated by <code>\boxitspace</code>
<span id="index-boxitspace"></span>
white space (3 points by default) on all four sides. For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\boxit{\hbox{This text is boxed.}}
</pre></div>
<p>The reason that the argument must be a box is that when the text is
more than one line long, TeX cannot figure out the line length for
itself. Eplain does set <code>\parindent</code> to zero inside <code>\boxit</code>,
since it is very unlikely you would want indentation there. (If you do,
you can always reset it yourself.)
</p>
<p><code>\boxit</code> uses <code>\ehrule</code> and <code>\evrule</code> so that you can
easily adjust the thicknesses of the box rules. See <a href="#Rules">Rules</a>.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Checking-for-PDF-output"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Loading-LaTeX-packages" accesskey="n" rel="next">Loading LaTeX packages</a>, Previous: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Boxes</a>, Up: <a href="#User-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">User definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Checking-for-PDF-output-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.22 Checking for PDF output</h3>
<span id="index-URL-for-pdfTeX"></span>
<span id="index-PDF-output"></span>
<span id="index-pdftex-1"></span>
<span id="index-_002epdf-files"></span>
<p>pdfTeX is an extended TeX that can output both <samp>.dvi</samp> and
<samp>.pdf</samp> (Adobe’s Portable Document Format) files (see
<a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/pdftex">https://ctan.org/pkg/pdftex</a>). You might sometimes want to know
whether the target format is <samp>.pdf</samp> or <samp>.dvi</samp>. The
<code>\ifpdf</code>
<span id="index-ifpdf"></span>
switch can be used to detect pdfTeX in PDF mode:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\ifpdf
This text is produced when pdfTeX is in PDF mode.
\else
This text is produced when pdfTeX is in DVI mode,
or when some program other than pdfTeX is used.
\fi
</pre></div>
<p>Keep in mind that <code>\ifpdf</code> is set based on the value of the
<code>\pdfoutput</code>
<span id="index-pdfoutput"></span>
primitive of pdfTeX at the time Eplain is loaded. If you change
the value of <code>\pdfoutput</code> after you load Eplain, <code>\ifpdf</code>
will not reflect the change.
</p>
<span id="index-ifpdf_002esty"></span>
<span id="index-Oberdiek_002c-Heiko"></span>
<p>Eplain defines <code>\ifpdf</code> by incorporating Heiko Oberdiek’s
<samp>ifpdf.sty</samp>, which is available at
<a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/ifpdf">https://ctan.org/pkg/ifpdf</a>.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Loading-LaTeX-packages"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Checking-for-PDF-output" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Checking for PDF output</a>, Up: <a href="#User-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">User definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Loading-LaTeX-packages-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.23 Loading LaTeX packages</h3>
<span id="index-LaTeX-packages"></span>
<span id="index-packages_002c-LaTeX"></span>
<span id="index-_002esty-files"></span>
<span id="index-_002ecls-files"></span>
<p>Eplain provides a limited support for loading LaTeX packages
(<samp>.sty</samp> files—not <samp>.cls</samp>). This will mostly work for
packages which were designed with plain TeX compatibility in mind,
which means that most LaTeX packages cannot be loaded. The
packages which are known to work are listed below (see <a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a>). If you discover a working package which is not in
the list, please report it to the Eplain mailing list
(see <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a>).
</p>
<span id="index-graphics-collection_002c-LaTeX"></span>
<span id="index-LaTeX-graphics-collection"></span>
<span id="index-miniltx_002etex"></span>
<span id="index-Carlisle_002c-David"></span>
<span id="index-Rahtz_002c-Sebastian"></span>
<p>To set up a pseudo-LaTeX environment for the packages, Eplain uses
<samp>miniltx.tex</samp> (<a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/miniltx">https://ctan.org/pkg/miniltx</a>) from the
LaTeX graphics collection, written by David Carlisle and Sebastian
Rahtz. Eplain extends <samp>miniltx.tex</samp> to provide (primarily)
support for package options.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#The-_005cusepackage-command" accesskey="1">The \usepackage command</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Command to load packages.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Environment-for-loading-packages" accesskey="2">Environment for loading packages</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Environment for the \usepackage commands.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Packages-known-to-work" accesskey="3">Packages known to work</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Packages supported with Eplain.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Packages-known-not-to-work" accesskey="4">Packages known not to work</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Packages known not to work with Eplain.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="The-_005cusepackage-command"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Environment-for-loading-packages" accesskey="n" rel="next">Environment for loading packages</a>, Up: <a href="#Loading-LaTeX-packages" accesskey="u" rel="up">Loading LaTeX packages</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="The-_005cusepackage-command-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.23.1 The <code>\usepackage</code> command</h4>
<span id="index-usepackage"></span>
<p><code>\usepackage</code> loads a LaTeX package. Its syntax is similar to
that of LaTeX’s <code>\usepackage</code> command:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\usepackage[<var>options</var>]{<var>packages</var>}[<var>version</var>]
</pre></div>
<p>where <var>options</var> is a comma-separated list of package
options, <var>packages</var> is a comma-separated list of packages to load
(without the <samp>.sty</samp> suffix), and <var>version</var> is a package
version number given as a date in the format ‘<samp>YYYY/MM/DD</samp>’. If an
older version of the package is found, a warning is issued. If
several packages are loaded within a single <code>\usepackage</code>
command, the <var>options</var> will be applied to each of the packages.
As usual, parameters in square brackets are optional and can be
omitted (together with the square brackets).
</p>
<p>For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\usepackage[foo,bar]{pack1,pack2}[2005/08/29]
</pre></div>
<p>will load packages ‘<samp>pack1</samp>’ and ‘<samp>pack2</samp>’, each with
the options ‘<samp>foo</samp>’ and ‘<samp>bar</samp>’, and will check that each of the
packages are dated 2005/08/29 or newer.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Environment-for-loading-packages"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Packages-known-to-work" accesskey="n" rel="next">Packages known to work</a>, Previous: <a href="#The-_005cusepackage-command" accesskey="p" rel="prev">The \usepackage command</a>, Up: <a href="#Loading-LaTeX-packages" accesskey="u" rel="up">Loading LaTeX packages</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Environment-for-loading-packages-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.23.2 Environment for loading packages</h4>
<span id="index-loading-packages_002c-environment-for"></span>
<span id="index-beginpackages"></span>
<span id="index-endpackages"></span>
<p>Some packages request that certain commands are executed after all
packages have been loaded. In LaTeX, this means that the commands
are executed at the beginning of the document, after the so-called
<em>preamble</em>. Neither plain TeX nor Eplain have a concept of
preamble; therefore, Eplain requires that all packages be loaded inside
a <code>\beginpackages...\endpackages</code> block. For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\beginpackages
\usepackage[foo,bar]{pack1}
\usepackage{pack2}
\endpackages
</pre></div>
<p>This requirement enables Eplain to execute the “delayed”
commands at the end of the <code>\beginpackages...\endpackages</code> block.
</p>
<p>For the same reason, it is advisable to specify only one such block
per document, just like there is only one preamble in LaTeX.
</p>
<span id="index-input"></span>
<span id="index-eplaininput"></span>
<span id="index-LaTeX-packages_002c-restoring-_005cinput"></span>
<span id="index-restoring-_005cinput_002c-LaTeX-packages"></span>
<p>Both the <samp>miniltx.tex</samp> file used by Eplain and some LaTeX
packages redefine TeX’s primitive <code>\input</code> to be a macro.
Under plain TeX, users probably expect the primitive
<code>\input</code>. Therefore, at the beginning of the
<code>\beginpackages...\endpackages</code> block Eplain saves the meaning of
<code>\input</code> as <code>\eplaininput</code> and restores the original
<code>\input</code> at the end of the block. This usually means that the
primitive <code>\input</code> is restored, unless you (or some other macro
package you’ve loaded directly) have redefined it before calling
<code>\beginpackages</code>. In case you need to access the
package-provided <code>\input</code>, Eplain saves it as
<code>\packageinput</code>.
</p>
<span id="index-resetatcatcode"></span>
<span id="index-catcode-of-_0040"></span>
<p>Along the same lines, Eplain restores the catcode of ‘<samp>@</samp>’ at
<code>\endpackages</code> to whatever it was before (using
<code>\resetatcatcode</code>, as defined by <samp>miniltx.tex</samp>). This is
needed because <samp>miniltx.tex</samp>, read by <code>\beginpackages</code>, does
not restore the catcode of ‘<samp>@</samp>’, but leaves it as 11 (letter).
</p>
<span id="index-hanging-on-_005cinput"></span>
<span id="index-error-on-_005cinput"></span>
<p>Sometimes you may encounter packages which make conflicting
redefinitions of <code>\input</code>. Common symptoms are TeX spewing
incomprehensible error messages or hanging in a loop at a call to
<code>\input</code>. This sometimes can be cured by restoring <code>\input</code>
to <code>\eplaininput</code> before loading each package. For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\beginpackages
\usepackage{pack1}
\let\input\eplaininput
\usepackage{pack2}
\endpackages
</pre></div>
<hr>
<span id="Packages-known-to-work"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Packages-known-not-to-work" accesskey="n" rel="next">Packages known not to work</a>, Previous: <a href="#Environment-for-loading-packages" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Environment for loading packages</a>, Up: <a href="#Loading-LaTeX-packages" accesskey="u" rel="up">Loading LaTeX packages</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Packages-known-to-work-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.23.3 Packages known to work</h4>
<span id="index-LaTeX-packages-1"></span>
<span id="index-packages_002c-LaTeX-1"></span>
<p>The following table lists packages that had been tested and are known
to work with Eplain, and locations where you can find manuals for
these packages. Some of the short descriptions of the packages were
taken from the documentation for those packages.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt>autopict (‘<samp>2001/06/04 v1.1j Picture mode autoload file</samp>’)</dt>
<dd><span id="index-autopict_002esty"></span>
<p><a href="https://tug.org/eplain/misc/ltpictur.pdf">https://tug.org/eplain/misc/ltpictur.pdf</a>
</p>
<span id="index-picture-mode"></span>
<span id="index-begin_007bpicture_007d"></span>
<span id="index-end_007bpicture_007d"></span>
<p>This is the LaTeX “picture mode”, started by
<code>\begin{picture}</code> and ended by <code>\end{picture}</code> (in
LaTeX, this package is not explicitly loaded since it is part of
the LaTeX kernel). It provides commands to draw simple figures
inside your document without resorting to any external tools.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>color (‘<samp>1999/02/16 v1.0i Standard LaTeX Color (DPC)</samp>’)</dt>
<dd><span id="index-color_002esty"></span>
</dd>
<dt>graphics (‘<samp>2001/07/07 v1.0n Standard LaTeX Graphics (DPC,SPQR)</samp>’)</dt>
<dd><span id="index-graphics_002esty"></span>
</dd>
<dt>graphicx (‘<samp>1999/02/16 v1.0f Enhanced LaTeX Graphics (DPC,SPQR)</samp>’)</dt>
<dd><span id="index-graphicx_002esty"></span>
<p><a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/graphics">https://ctan.org/pkg/graphics</a>
</p>
<span id="index-graphics-collection_002c-LaTeX-1"></span>
<span id="index-LaTeX-graphics-collection-1"></span>
<span id="index-color"></span>
<span id="index-rotation"></span>
<span id="index-scaling"></span>
<p>These packages are from the LaTeX graphics collection. (The
independent <samp>xcolor</samp> package does not work with Eplain.) They
provide commands for changing text/page colors, text rotation and
scaling, and much more.
</p>
<span id="index-color_002c-problems-with-pdfTeX"></span>
<span id="index-graphics_002c-problems-with-pdfTeX"></span>
<span id="index-pdfTeX_002c-problems-using-color-and-graphics"></span>
<span id="index-pdfTeX_002c-problems-with-supp_002dmis_002etex"></span>
<span id="index-ConTeXt"></span>
<span id="index-supp_002dmis_002etex_002c-problems-with-pdfTeX"></span>
<span id="index-supp_002dpdf_002etex"></span>
<p><strong>Warning 1:</strong> If you encounter problems loading one of
these packages under pdfTeX (when pdfTeX
reads <samp>supp-mis.tex</samp>), the cause may be an outdated
<samp>supp-mis.tex</samp> (part of ConTeXt, a typesetting system for
TeX) installed on your system. The problem was fixed in
<samp>supp-mis.tex</samp> version 2004.10.26. You can obtain
up-to-date versions of <samp>supp-mis.tex</samp> and the accompanying
<samp>supp-pdf.tex</samp> from
<a href="http://mirror.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/pdftex/graphics">http://mirror.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/pdftex/graphics</a>.
To convince TeX to use the new files, you have the following
options:
</p>
<ol>
<li> put the new files in the same directory with your document;
</li><li> overwrite the outdated files installed by your TeX distribution;
</li><li> install the new <samp>supp-mis.tex</samp> and <samp>supp-pdf.tex</samp> files in
the relevant subdirectory of your local <samp>texmf</samp> tree (for info on
TeX directory structure see <a href="https://tug.org/tds/">https://tug.org/tds/</a> and
<a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=tds">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=tds</a>);
</li><li> upgrade your ConTeXt installation.
</li></ol>
<p>Note that option 1 is the safest but provides the fix
only for your current document. Options 2 and 3 will
usually suffice for Eplain but may break ConTeXt. Option 4 is
the most general but is more complicated than the first three. Be
sure to backup any files you overwrite. Also keep in mind that
upgrading your TeX distribution may overwrite files you install in
the system <samp>texmf</samp> tree.<br> <strong>End of warning 1.</strong>
</p>
<p><strong>Warning 2:</strong> If you encounter problems using the
<code>\pagecolor</code> command from the <samp>color.sty</samp> package under
pdfTeX, the cause may be an outdated pdfTeX color and graphics
driver <samp>pdftex.def</samp>. The problem was fixed in <samp>pdftex.def</samp>
version 0.03p. You can obtain an up-to-date version from
<a href="http://ctan.org/pkg/pdftex-def">http://ctan.org/pkg/pdftex-def</a>.<br>
<strong>End of warning 2.</strong>
</p>
<p>The <code>\fcolorbox</code> macro provided by the <code>color</code> package
requires the macro <code>\fbox</code> to work, but <code>miniltx</code> does not
provide that. Here is a definition for it that uses Eplain’s
<code>\boxit</code> (see <a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a>), thanks to Dan Luecking and Helmut
Jarausch:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\makeatletter
\def\fbox#1{{%
\hruledefaultheight=\fboxrule
\hruledefaultdepth=0pt
\vruledefaultwidth=\fboxrule
\let\boxitspace\fboxsep % use miniltx register
\boxit{\color@begingroup\hbox{#1}\color@endgroup}%
}}
\makeatother
</pre></div>
<span id="index-omitting-typesetting-of-graphics"></span>
<span id="index-graphics_002c-omitting-typesetting-of"></span>
<p>The <samp>graphics</samp>/<samp>graphicx</samp> packages have the option
<span id="index-draft_002c-option-for-graphics_002esty"></span>
<code>draft</code> which instructs <code>\includegraphics</code> not to include the
graphics but instead typeset a box with the dimensions of the graphics
and the name of the graphics file in typewriter type at the center of
the box. These packages expect the LaTeX-provided command
<span id="index-ttfamily"></span>
<code>\ttfamily</code> to switch to typewriter type. This command is not
defined by <samp>miniltx.tex</samp>, therefore Eplain defines it and makes it
equivalent to plain TeX’s
<span id="index-tt"></span>
<code>\tt</code>.
</p>
<p>See <a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a>, for the demonstration of text rotation and
graphics inclusion using the <samp>graphicx</samp> package, and using the
<samp>color</samp> package to colorize hypertext links.
</p>
<span id="index-Hoppner_002c-Klaus"></span>
<p>Klaus Höppner has written a nice introduction to the LaTeX graphics
packages and different graphics formats. You can download it from
</p><div class="display">
<pre class="display"><a href="https://tug.org/pracjourn/2005-3/hoeppner">https://tug.org/pracjourn/2005-3/hoeppner</a>
</pre></div>
</dd>
<dt>epstopdf (‘<samp>2009/07/16 v2.2 Conversion with epstopdf on the fly (HO)</samp>’)</dt>
<dd><span id="index-epstopdf_002esty"></span>
<p><a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/epstopdf-pkg">https://ctan.org/pkg/epstopdf-pkg</a>
</p>
<span id="index-Encapsulated-PostScript"></span>
<span id="index-EPS"></span>
<span id="index-_002eeps-files"></span>
<span id="index-Portable-Document-Format"></span>
<span id="index-PDF"></span>
<span id="index-_002epdf-files-1"></span>
<span id="index-epstopdf"></span>
<p>This package does on-the-fly conversion of Encapsulated PostScript
(<acronym>EPS</acronym>) graphics into Portable Document Format (<acronym>PDF</acronym>)
graphics for inclusion with the <code>\includegraphics</code> command from
the <samp>graphics</samp>/<samp>graphicx</samp> packages, so that you do not have
to explicitly call the <samp>epstopdf</samp> script.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>psfrag (‘<samp>1998/04/11 v3.04 PSfrag (MCG)</samp>’)</dt>
<dd><span id="index-psfrag_002esty"></span>
<p><a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/psfrag">https://ctan.org/pkg/psfrag</a>
</p>
<span id="index-Encapsulated-PostScript-1"></span>
<span id="index-EPS-1"></span>
<span id="index-_002eeps-files-1"></span>
<p>PSfrag allows the user to precisely overlay Encapsulated PostScript
(<acronym>EPS</acronym>) files with arbitrary (La)TeX constructions. In order to
accomplish this, the user places a simple text “tag” in the graphics
file, as a “position marker” of sorts. Then, using simple
(La)TeX commands, the user instructs PSfrag to remove that tag from
the figure, and replace it with a properly sized, aligned, and rotated
(La)TeX equation.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>soul (‘<samp>2003/11/17 v2.4 letterspacing/underlining (mf)</samp>’)</dt>
<dd><span id="index-soul_002esty"></span>
<p><a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/soul">https://ctan.org/pkg/soul</a>
</p>
<span id="index-letterspacing"></span>
<span id="index-spacing-out"></span>
<span id="index-underlining"></span>
<span id="index-striking-out"></span>
<span id="index-overstriking"></span>
<span id="index-highlighting"></span>
<p>This package provides hyphenatable letterspacing (spacing out),
underlining, and some derivatives. The package is optimized for
LaTeX, but works with plain TeX—you don’t actually need to
load it with the <code>\usepackage</code> command, just say <code>\input
soul.sty</code>. If you intend to use the highlighting macros of
<samp>soul</samp>, don’t forget to load the <samp>color</samp> package.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>url (‘<samp>2005/06/27 ver 3.2 Verb mode for urls, etc.</samp>’)</dt>
<dd><span id="index-url_002esty"></span>
<p><a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/url">https://ctan.org/pkg/url</a>
</p>
<span id="index-pathnames_002c-breaking-1"></span>
<span id="index-filenames_002c-breaking-1"></span>
<span id="index-electronic-mail-addresses_002c-breaking-1"></span>
<p>This package provides a form of <code>\verbatim</code> that allows
line breaks at certain characters or combinations of characters,
accepts reconfiguration, and can usually be used in the argument to
another command. It is intended for email addresses, hypertext links,
directories/paths, etc., which normally have no spaces.
</p>
<p>Eplain can create hypertext links with the <code>\url</code> command
(see <a href="#URL-hyperlinks">URL hyperlinks</a>).
</p>
<p>Be sure to get a version dated at least 2005/06/27, as older versions
have problems in plain TeX.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<hr>
<span id="Packages-known-not-to-work"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Packages-known-to-work" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Packages known to work</a>, Up: <a href="#Loading-LaTeX-packages" accesskey="u" rel="up">Loading LaTeX packages</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Packages-known-not-to-work-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.23.4 Packages known not to work</h4>
<span id="index-LaTeX-packages-2"></span>
<span id="index-packages_002c-LaTeX-2"></span>
<p>The following packages are known not to work with Eplain:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt>hyperref</dt>
<dd><span id="index-hyperref_002esty"></span>
<p><a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/hyperref">https://ctan.org/pkg/hyperref</a>
</p>
<p>This package depends heavily on LaTeX, so that it is essentially
unusable outside of LaTeX. Eplain provides its own macros for
creating hyperlinks; see <a href="#Hyperlinks">Hyperlinks</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>microtype (‘<samp>2013/05/23 v2.51 Micro-typographical refinements (RS)</samp>’)</dt>
<dd><span id="index-microtype_002esty"></span>
<p><a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/microtype">https://ctan.org/pkg/microtype</a>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>pict2e (‘<samp>2005/07/15 v0.2r Improved picture commands (HjG,RN)</samp>’)</dt>
<dd><span id="index-pict2e_002esty"></span>
<p><a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/pict2e">https://ctan.org/pkg/pict2e</a>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>xcolor (‘<samp>2005/06/06 v2.03 LaTeX color extensions (UK)</samp>’)</dt>
<dd><span id="index-xcolor_002esty"></span>
<p><a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/xcolor">https://ctan.org/pkg/xcolor</a>
</p></dd>
</dl>
<hr>
<span id="Hyperlinks"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Arrow-theoretic-diagrams" accesskey="n" rel="next">Arrow theoretic diagrams</a>, Previous: <a href="#User-definitions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">User definitions</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Hyperlinks-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">5 Hyperlinks</h2>
<span id="index-links_002c-hypertext"></span>
<span id="index-hypertext-links"></span>
<p>This chapter describes the support which Eplain provides for hypertext
links (<em>hyperlinks</em> for short). Hyperlinks can be created
implicitly by the cross-reference, indexing and other macros in
Eplain. Macros for constructing explicit hyperlinks are also
provided.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Introduction-to-hyperlinks" accesskey="1">Introduction to hyperlinks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Explicit-hyperlinks" accesskey="2">Explicit hyperlinks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Implicit-hyperlinks" accesskey="3">Implicit hyperlinks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Hyperlink-drivers" accesskey="4">Hyperlink drivers</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options" accesskey="5">Setting hyperlink types and options</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Turning-hyperlinks-on_002foff" accesskey="6">Turning hyperlinks on/off</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Making-PDF-outlines" accesskey="7">Making PDF outlines</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Also known as bookmarks.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="Introduction-to-hyperlinks"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Explicit-hyperlinks" accesskey="n" rel="next">Explicit hyperlinks</a>, Up: <a href="#Hyperlinks" accesskey="u" rel="up">Hyperlinks</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Introduction-to-hyperlinks-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.1 Introduction to hyperlinks</h3>
<span id="index-hyperlink-drivers"></span>
<span id="index-drivers_002c-hyperlink"></span>
<p>The original TeX engine has no built-in support for hyperlinks
(a.k.a. hypertext links).
Many of the present-day file formats with hyperlinking capabilities
did not even exist at the time TeX was written. However, TeX’s
<span id="index-special"></span>
<code>\special</code> primitive can be used to instruct TeX to write
special directives into its <samp>.dvi</samp> output file. These directives
are not interpreted by TeX in any way; they are intended for programs
which process the <samp>.dvi</samp> files produced by TeX, be it printing
or converting to other formats, such as
<span id="index-_002eps-files"></span>
<span id="index-_002epdf-files-2"></span>
<samp>.ps</samp> or <samp>.pdf</samp>.
</p>
<p>Another approach is to extend the original TeX engine with the
ability to generate one of the hyperlinking formats; TeX’s set of
primitives can be extended to include hyperlink commands. This is the
approach used by the pdfTeX engine, which is capable of producing
<samp>.pdf</samp> files directly from the TeX source, skipping the
<samp>.dvi</samp> generation and processing step.
</p>
<p>It turns out that the sets of commands for different formats are mostly
not interchangeable, as each of the file formats has its own quirks and
capabilities. And this is where Eplain <em>hyperlink drivers</em> come
into play.
</p>
<p>In order for Eplain to generate proper commands, Eplain has to know
two things: which engine or <samp>.dvi</samp> processor you are using, and
the set of commands it understands.
</p>
<p>The knowledge about the commands that the various processors
understand is programmed into Eplain’s hyperlink drivers. Eplain
provides three drivers: <code>hypertex</code> (implementation of the
HyperTeX standard, see <a href="http://arxiv.org/hypertex">http://arxiv.org/hypertex</a>), and
<code>pdftex</code> and <code>dvipdfm</code> (named after the programs which
process the hyperlink commands,
<span id="index-pdftex-2"></span>
pdfTeX and
<span id="index-dvipdfm"></span>
dvipdfm). Therefore, Eplain can only produce HyperTeX commands and
hyperlink commands for one of these two programs—except that the
extended <code>dvipdfmx</code> program can be used as well as the original
<code>dvipdfm</code>, since they are compatible.
</p>
<p>To tell Eplain which <samp>.dvi</samp> processor or extended TeX engine you
are using, use the command
<span id="index-enablehyperlinks"></span>
<code>\enablehyperlinks</code>.
</p>
<p>For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\enablehyperlinks
</pre></div>
<p>instructs Eplain to attempt to automatically detect which
driver to use, as follows: if it detects pdfTeX in <acronym>PDF</acronym>
mode, it loads the <code>pdftex</code> driver. If it does not detect
pdfTeX in <acronym>PDF</acronym> mode, the <code>hypertex</code> driver is loaded.
The detection is based on the
<span id="index-ifpdf-1"></span>
<code>\ifpdf</code> switch (see <a href="#Checking-for-PDF-output">Checking for PDF output</a>).
</p>
<p>If necessary, you can explicitly specify the driver name:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\enablehyperlinks[dvipdfm]
</pre></div>
<p>will start producing hyperlinks under the assumption that
you are using pdfTeX.
</p>
<p>Eplain does not produce any hyperlinks until you explicitly enable
them with <code>\enablehyperlinks</code>. For one thing, this keeps Eplain
backward-compatible with previous releases without hyperlink support.
For another, you may be using a program other than pdfTeX or
<code>dvipdfm</code>, which does not understand their hyperlink commands or
the HyperTeX commands.
</p>
<span id="Concepts-and-Terminology"></span><h4 class="subheading">Concepts and Terminology</h4>
<p>In general, hyperlinks work as follows. You mark some place in your
document as a hyperlink destination, associating a <em>hyperlink
label</em> with that destination. Next, somewhere within your document,
you create a hyperlink, using a label to identify the destination you
want this link to point to. A hyperlink is a region in the document
(which can take many forms, for example, text or a picture); when a
user clicks on that region, they will be taken to a place in the
document marked by the corresponding destination. The following two
sections (<a href="#Explicit-hyperlinks">Explicit hyperlinks</a>, and <a href="#Implicit-hyperlinks">Implicit hyperlinks</a>)
describe the macros you can use to define destinations and create
links pointing to those destinations.
</p>
<p>In the rest of this chapter, we will often need to refer to links and
destinations jointly, in which case we will use the term
<em>hyperlinks</em>. We will use the terms <em>links</em> and
<em>destinations</em> in cases when we need to refer specifically to
links or destinations.
</p>
<span id="index-link-type"></span>
<span id="index-destination-type"></span>
<span id="index-type_002c-link-and-destination"></span>
<p>Hyperlink drivers provide several kinds of links and destinations. We
will refer to them as <em>link types</em> and <em>destination types</em>.
</p>
<p>For example, one of the destination types that the <code>pdftex</code>
driver provides is the ‘<samp>xyz</samp>’ type; when the user follows a link
pointing to an ‘<samp>xyz</samp>’ destination, the exact location marked by
that destination is displayed. Another destination type provided by
the <code>pdftex</code> driver is the ‘<samp>fit</samp>’ type; when the user follows
a link pointing to a ‘<samp>fit</samp>’ destination, the page containing that
destination is zoomed to fit into the window in which the document is
displayed.
</p>
<p>Similarly, drivers support various link types. For example, with the
<code>pdftex</code> driver, the usual link type used to refer to
destinations in the current document is called ‘<samp>name</samp>’. You can
also create a link pointing to another local document (by using the
‘<samp>filename</samp>’ link type) or to a <acronym>URL</acronym> (by using the
‘<samp>url</samp>’ link type).
</p>
<span id="index-link-options"></span>
<span id="index-destination-options"></span>
<span id="index-options_002c-link-and-destination"></span>
<p>In addition, each hyperlink driver supports a number of destination and
link <em>options</em>. By setting these options you can customize
hyperlink parameters (e.g., the thickness of the border drawn around a
hyperlink) or pass information to hyperlinks (for example, file name of
a document, for a link pointing to a destination in another document).
</p>
<p>See <a href="#Hyperlink-drivers">Hyperlink drivers</a>, for the description of hyperlink types and
options supported by the drivers. See <a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options">Setting hyperlink types and options</a>, for the information on how to set hyperlink options.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Explicit-hyperlinks"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Implicit-hyperlinks" accesskey="n" rel="next">Implicit hyperlinks</a>, Previous: <a href="#Introduction-to-hyperlinks" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Introduction to hyperlinks</a>, Up: <a href="#Hyperlinks" accesskey="u" rel="up">Hyperlinks</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Explicit-hyperlinks-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.2 Explicit hyperlinks</h3>
<span id="index-explicit-hyperlinks"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-explicit"></span>
<span id="index-hldest"></span>
<p>Explicit hyperlinks are created by you, in the source of your
document. The simplest command is <code>\hldest</code>, which marks the
current position in your document as a destination:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hldest{<var>type</var>}{<var>options</var>}{<var>label</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>Here <var>type</var> is one of the destination types supported by
the hyperlink driver (see <a href="#Hyperlink-drivers">Hyperlink drivers</a>), <var>options</var> is a
comma-separated list of option assignments, and <var>label</var> is the
hyperlink label to associate with this destination. This label will
identify the destination when creating links pointing to this
destination. For example, with the <code>pdftex</code> driver, the command
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hldest{xyz}{zoom=2000}{index}
</pre></div>
<p>creates a destination of type ‘<samp>xyz</samp>’ (“the current
position”), sets the magnification ratio for this destination to be
200%, and associates the label <code>index</code> with the destination.
</p>
<span id="index-hlstart"></span>
<span id="index-hlend"></span>
<p>Another command, <code>\hlstart</code>, paired with <code>\hlend</code>, turns all
intervening material into a link:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hlstart{<var>type</var>}{<var>options</var>}{<var>label</var>} … \hlend
</pre></div>
<p>Here <var>type</var>, <var>options</var> and <var>label</var> have the same
meaning as for <code>\hldest</code>. Continuing the previous example,
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hlstart{name}{bstyle=U,bwidth=2}{index} Index\hlend
</pre></div>
<p>typesets the word ‘Index’ as a link with underline border of
width 2 PostScript points, pointing to the named destination
<code>index</code> defined in the previous example. (The other options, like
highlight mode and border color, are determined by the defaults,
see <a href="#Setting-default-types-and-options">Setting default types and options</a>).
</p>
<p>The <var>label</var> argument of both <code>\hldest</code> and <code>\hlstart</code>
can contain special characters (such as ‘<samp>#</samp>’, ‘<samp>%</samp>’, ‘<samp>&</samp>’,
‘<samp>~</samp>’, etc.) without any escaping. This is especially important
for <acronym>URL</acronym> links supported by some drivers (see <a href="#Hyperlink-drivers">Hyperlink drivers</a>).
</p>
<p>Both <code>\hldest</code> and <code>\hlstart</code> ignore following spaces.
</p>
<p>Both <code>\hldest</code> and <code>\hlstart</code> expand the first token of
<var>options</var> once, so you can save a list of options in a macro and
pass it for the <var>options</var>. For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\def\linkopts{bstyle=U,bwidth=2}
\hlstart{name}{\linkopts}{index}Index\hlend
</pre></div>
<p>is functionally equivalent to the previous example.
</p>
<p>See <a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a>, for a demonstration of the usage of
explicit hyperlinks.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Implicit-hyperlinks"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Hyperlink-drivers" accesskey="n" rel="next">Hyperlink drivers</a>, Previous: <a href="#Explicit-hyperlinks" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Explicit hyperlinks</a>, Up: <a href="#Hyperlinks" accesskey="u" rel="up">Hyperlinks</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Implicit-hyperlinks-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.3 Implicit hyperlinks</h3>
<span id="index-implicit-hyperlinks"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-implicit"></span>
<p><em>Implicit hyperlinks</em> are hyperlinks created implicitly by various
Eplain macros, such as the macros for citations, cross-references,
indexing, etc.
</p>
<span id="index-link-group"></span>
<span id="index-linkgroup"></span>
<span id="index-group_002c-link"></span>
<span id="index-destination-group"></span>
<span id="index-destgroup"></span>
<span id="index-group_002c-destination"></span>
<p>All such macros are divided into <em>link groups</em> and
<em>destination groups</em> (or <em>linkgroups</em> and <em>destgroups</em> for
short) so that parameters can be set individually for each group. For
example, all equation macros which define a destination are assigned
to the ‘eq’ destgroup; equation macros which create a link are
assigned to the ‘eq’ linkgroup. By setting parameters for the ‘eq’
linkgroup (destgroup), you can uniformly customize all links
(destinations) related to equation references, without interfering
with settings for the other groups.
</p>
<p>See <a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options">Setting hyperlink types and options</a>, for information on how to
set parameters for a group.
</p>
<p>Here is the list of the linkgroups:
</p>
<div class="display">
<pre class="display">hrefint, hrefext, url, cite, ref, xref, eq, idx, foot, footback.
</pre></div>
<p>And here are the destgroups:
</p>
<div class="display">
<pre class="display">bib, li, definexref, xrdef, eq, idx, foot, footback.
</pre></div>
<p>See <a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a>, for a demonstration of the usage of
implicit hyperlinks.
</p>
<p>The following subsections describe each of the linkgroups and destgroups
and the hyperlink support provided.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#General-hyperlinks" accesskey="1">General hyperlinks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">hrefint, hrefext
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#URL-hyperlinks" accesskey="2">URL hyperlinks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">url
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Citation-hyperlinks" accesskey="3">Citation hyperlinks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">cite, bib
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#List-hyperlinks" accesskey="4">List hyperlinks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">li
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Cross_002dreference-hyperlinks" accesskey="5">Cross-reference hyperlinks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">definexref, ref
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Page-reference-hyperlinks" accesskey="6">Page reference hyperlinks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">xrdef, xref
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Equation-reference-hyperlinks" accesskey="7">Equation reference hyperlinks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">eq
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Index-hyperlinks" accesskey="8">Index hyperlinks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">idx
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Footnote-hyperlinks" accesskey="9">Footnote hyperlinks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">foot, footback
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Contents-hyperlinks">Contents hyperlinks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="General-hyperlinks"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#URL-hyperlinks" accesskey="n" rel="next">URL hyperlinks</a>, Up: <a href="#Implicit-hyperlinks" accesskey="u" rel="up">Implicit hyperlinks</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="General-hyperlinks_003a-hrefint_002c-hrefext"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.3.1 General hyperlinks: hrefint, hrefext</h4>
<span id="index-href"></span>
<p><code>\href{<var>url</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code> typesets <var>text</var> as a link
to <var>url</var>. It basically does what the explicit hyperlink macros do
(see <a href="#Explicit-hyperlinks">Explicit hyperlinks</a>), but is more convenient (at the expense
of flexibility).
</p>
<p>If <var>url</var> starts with ‘<samp>#</samp>’, the rest of <var>url</var> is assumed to
be a local hyperlink destination name (destination within the same
document). Parameters for these links can be set by customizing the
<span id="index-group-_0060hrefint_0027"></span>
<span id="index-linkgroup-_0060hrefint_0027"></span>
‘hrefint’ linkgroup. For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">See \href{#intro}{Introduction}
</pre></div>
<p>will make ‘Introduction’ into an internal link, which might
have been created, e.g., with <code>\xrdef{intro}</code>.
</p>
<span id="index-URL-hyperlink"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-URL"></span>
<p>If <var>url</var> does not start with ‘<samp>#</samp>’, it is assumed to be a
<acronym>URL</acronym> link. Parameters for these links can be set by
customizing the
<span id="index-group-_0060hrefext_0027"></span>
<span id="index-linkgroup-_0060hrefext_0027"></span>
‘hrefext’ linkgroup. The special characters (such as ‘<samp>#</samp>’ and
‘<samp>~</samp>’) in the <acronym>URL</acronym> don’t need to be escaped. For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\href{https://tug.org/eplain/doc/eplain.html#Hyperlinks}{Hyperlinks
in Eplain}
\href{mailto:tex-eplain@tug.org}{Eplain mailing list}
</pre></div>
<p>See <a href="#URL-hyperlinks">URL hyperlinks</a>, for another way to create
<acronym>URL</acronym> hyperlinks.
</p>
<p>The <var>text</var> argument of <code>\href</code> can contain verbatim text
(see <a href="#Verbatim-listing">Verbatim listing</a>) or other macros which manipulate character
catcodes. For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\href{#WeirdChars}{The weird chars \verbatim #&%$~|endverbatim}
</pre></div>
<p><code>\href</code> does not currently handle other link types, such as
<span id="index-file_003a-links"></span>
‘<samp>file:</samp>’ and
<span id="index-run_003a-links"></span>
‘<samp>run:</samp>’ links.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="URL-hyperlinks"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Citation-hyperlinks" accesskey="n" rel="next">Citation hyperlinks</a>, Previous: <a href="#General-hyperlinks" accesskey="p" rel="prev">General hyperlinks</a>, Up: <a href="#Implicit-hyperlinks" accesskey="u" rel="up">Implicit hyperlinks</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="URL-hyperlinks_003a-url"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.3.2 URL hyperlinks: url</h4>
<span id="index-URL-hyperlink-1"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-URL-1"></span>
<span id="index-group-_0060url_0027"></span>
<span id="index-linkgroup-_0060url_0027"></span>
<p>The ‘url’ linkgroup covers the
<span id="index-url-_0028hyperlinks_0029"></span>
<code>\url</code> command from the LaTeX package
<span id="index-url_002esty-1"></span>
<samp>url</samp> (see <a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a>), as well as any new
<code>\url</code>-like commands you define. The type for this linkgroup is
set to ‘<samp>url</samp>’ by the drivers which support this link type.
‘<samp>url</samp>’ links use the parameter to the <code>\url</code> command as the
<acronym>URL</acronym> to point to.
</p>
<p>You may be using the <code>\url</code> command to typeset something other than
a <acronym>URL</acronym>, e.g., a path, for which you do not want a link to be
created; in that case, you can disable the ‘url’ linkgroup with the
command <code>\hloff[url]</code> (see <a href="#Turning-hyperlinks-on_002foff-for-a-group">Turning hyperlinks on/off for a group</a>).
</p>
<span id="index-boxed-links_002c-avoiding"></span>
<span id="index-avoiding-boxed-links"></span>
<span id="index-color_002c-hyperlinks"></span>
<span id="index-colored-links"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlink-color"></span>
<p>By default, <acronym>URL</acronym> (and other types of) links are boxed, so
that they are visually marked even if you do not load the LaTeX
<span id="index-color_002esty-1"></span>
‘color’ package (see <a href="#Loading-LaTeX-packages">Loading LaTeX packages</a>) and therefore link text
is not colored. You can see the effect by compiling the following code
snippet (be sure to get a modern <samp>url.sty</samp>, older versions do not
work in plain TeX; see <a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a>):
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\input eplain
\beginpackages
\usepackage{url}
\endpackages
\enablehyperlinks
\url{http://foo/bar}
\url{mailto:foobar@example.org}
\bye
</pre></div>
<p>If the hyperlink driver you use supports the link option <code>bwidth</code>
(see <a href="#Hyperlink-drivers">Hyperlink drivers</a>), you can produce colored links with no
border around them. Try this:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\input eplain
\beginpackages
\usepackage{url}
\usepackage{color}
\endpackages
\enablehyperlinks
\hlopts{bwidth=0}
\url{http://foo/bar}
\url{mailto:foobar@example.org}
\bye
</pre></div>
<p>The command <code>\hlopts{bwidth=0}</code> sets border width to
zero as the default for all links, and loading the <samp>color</samp> package
automatically colors links using the default color (see <a href="#Options-supported-by-all-drivers">Options supported by all drivers</a>). If you want the border width setting to
apply to <acronym>URL</acronym> links only, say <code>\hlopts[url]{bwidth=0}</code>
(see <a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options">Setting hyperlink types and options</a>).
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Citation-hyperlinks"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#List-hyperlinks" accesskey="n" rel="next">List hyperlinks</a>, Previous: <a href="#URL-hyperlinks" accesskey="p" rel="prev">URL hyperlinks</a>, Up: <a href="#Implicit-hyperlinks" accesskey="u" rel="up">Implicit hyperlinks</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Citation-hyperlinks_003a-cite_002c-bib"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.3.3 Citation hyperlinks: cite, bib</h4>
<span id="index-citations_002c-hyperlinks"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-citations"></span>
<span id="index-group-_0060cite_0027"></span>
<span id="index-linkgroup-_0060cite_0027"></span>
<span id="index-cite-_0028hyperlinks_0029"></span>
<p>The ‘cite’ linkgroup includes only the <code>\cite</code> command
(see <a href="#Citations">Citations</a>). <code>\cite</code> turns each of the references in the
list into a link pointing to the respective bibliography entry
produced by the <code>\bibliography</code> command.
</p>
<span id="index-bibliography_002c-hyperlinks"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-bibliography"></span>
<span id="index-group-_0060bib_0027"></span>
<span id="index-destgroup-_0060bib_0027"></span>
<span id="index-bibliography-_0028hyperlinks_0029"></span>
<p>The ‘bib’ destgroup includes the macros related to the
<code>\bibliography</code> command (see <a href="#Citations">Citations</a>). <code>\bibliography</code>
inputs a <samp>.bbl</samp> file, which contains a list of bibliography
entries. For each of the entries, a destination is defined.
</p>
<p>Both commands use the citation label as the hyperlink label.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="List-hyperlinks"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Cross_002dreference-hyperlinks" accesskey="n" rel="next">Cross-reference hyperlinks</a>, Previous: <a href="#Citation-hyperlinks" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Citation hyperlinks</a>, Up: <a href="#Implicit-hyperlinks" accesskey="u" rel="up">Implicit hyperlinks</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="List-hyperlinks_003a-li"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.3.4 List hyperlinks: li</h4>
<span id="index-lists_002c-hyperlinks"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-lists"></span>
<span id="index-li-_0028hyperlinks_0029"></span>
<span id="index-group-_0060li_0027"></span>
<span id="index-destgroup-_0060li_0027"></span>
<p>The ‘li’ destgroup consists of the <code>\li</code> command (see <a href="#Lists">Lists</a>),
which defines a destination if you supply the optional argument
(cross-reference label). This label is also used as the hyperlink
label.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Cross_002dreference-hyperlinks"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Page-reference-hyperlinks" accesskey="n" rel="next">Page reference hyperlinks</a>, Previous: <a href="#List-hyperlinks" accesskey="p" rel="prev">List hyperlinks</a>, Up: <a href="#Implicit-hyperlinks" accesskey="u" rel="up">Implicit hyperlinks</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Cross_002dreference-hyperlinks_003a-definexref_002c-ref"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.3.5 Cross-reference hyperlinks: definexref, ref</h4>
<span id="index-definexref-_0028hyperlinks_0029"></span>
<span id="index-cross_002dreferences_002c-hyperlinks"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-cross_002dreferences"></span>
<span id="index-group-_0060definexref_0027"></span>
<span id="index-destgroup-_0060definexref_0027"></span>
<p>The ‘definexref’ destgroup is for the <code>\definexref</code> command
(see <a href="#Defining-generic-references">Defining generic references</a>). <code>\definexref</code> defines a
destination using the cross-reference label (the first argument) as the
hyperlink label.
</p>
<span id="index-group-_0060ref_0027"></span>
<span id="index-linkgroup-_0060ref_0027"></span>
<p>The ‘ref’ linkgroup includes <code>\refn</code> and <code>\xrefn</code> (they are
synonyms), <code>\ref</code>, and <code>\refs</code> (see <a href="#Using-generic-references">Using generic references</a>).
</p>
<span id="index-refn-_0028hyperlinks_0029"></span>
<span id="index-xrefn-_0028hyperlinks_0029"></span>
<p><code>\refn</code> turns the cross-reference it produces into a link, using
the cross-reference label as the hyperlink label. If an optional
argument is present, it is tied by
<span id="index-reftie"></span>
<code>\reftie</code> to the reference and become part of the link.
</p>
<span id="index-ref-_0028hyperlinks_0029"></span>
<p><code>\ref</code> works similarly to <code>\refn</code>. It takes an optional
argument, which is treated the same way as the optional argument to
<code>\refn</code>. In addition, <code>\ref</code> can produce a “class word”.
Both the optional argument and the class word become part of the link,
when present. The cross-reference is tied by
<span id="index-reftie-1"></span>
<code>\reftie</code> to the preceding word. The optional argument is
separated from the class word by
<span id="index-refspace"></span>
<code>\refspace</code>.
</p>
<span id="index-refs-_0028hyperlinks_0029"></span>
<p>Unlike <code>\ref</code>, <code>\refs</code> does not take an optional argument and
does not make the class word part of the link, which is appropriate for
its intended use.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Page-reference-hyperlinks"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Equation-reference-hyperlinks" accesskey="n" rel="next">Equation reference hyperlinks</a>, Previous: <a href="#Cross_002dreference-hyperlinks" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Cross-reference hyperlinks</a>, Up: <a href="#Implicit-hyperlinks" accesskey="u" rel="up">Implicit hyperlinks</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Page-reference-hyperlinks_003a-xrdef_002c-xref"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.3.6 Page reference hyperlinks: xrdef, xref</h4>
<span id="index-xrdef-_0028hyperlinks_0029"></span>
<span id="index-page-reference-hyperlink"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-page-references"></span>
<span id="index-group-_0060xrdef_0027"></span>
<span id="index-destgroup-_0060xrdef_0027"></span>
<p>The ‘xrdef’ destgroup is for <code>\xrdef</code> (see <a href="#Page-references">Page references</a>).
<code>\xrdef</code> defines a destination using cross-reference label as the
hyperlink label.
</p>
<span id="index-xref-_0028hyperlinks_0029"></span>
<span id="index-refspace-1"></span>
<span id="index-xrefpageword-1"></span>
<span id="index-group-_0060xref_0027"></span>
<span id="index-linkgroup-_0060xref_0027"></span>
<p>The ‘xref’ linkgroup includes the <code>\xref</code> command (see <a href="#Page-references">Page references</a>). <code>\xref</code> turns its optional argument (followed by
<code>\refspace</code>), <code>\xrefpageword</code> and the cross-reference (page
number) into a link, using the cross-reference label as the hyperlink
label.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Equation-reference-hyperlinks"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Index-hyperlinks" accesskey="n" rel="next">Index hyperlinks</a>, Previous: <a href="#Page-reference-hyperlinks" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Page reference hyperlinks</a>, Up: <a href="#Implicit-hyperlinks" accesskey="u" rel="up">Implicit hyperlinks</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Equation-reference-hyperlinks_003a-eq"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.3.7 Equation reference hyperlinks: eq</h4>
<span id="index-eqdef-_0028hyperlinks_0029"></span>
<span id="index-eqdefn-_0028hyperlinks_0029"></span>
<span id="index-eqsubdef-_0028hyperlinks_0029"></span>
<span id="index-eqsubdefn-_0028hyperlinks_0029"></span>
<span id="index-equations_002c-hyperlinks"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-equations"></span>
<span id="index-group-_0060eq_0027"></span>
<span id="index-destgroup-_0060eq_0027"></span>
<p>All commands that define equation labels are part of the ‘eq’ destgroup.
These are <code>\eqdef</code>, <code>\eqdefn</code>, <code>\eqsubdef</code> and
<code>\eqsubdefn</code> (see <a href="#Equation-references">Equation references</a>). All these commands use
the equation label as the hyperlink label. However, if the equation
label is empty, they make up a (hopefully) unique hyperlink label for
the destination. This label will be used for the link when you refer to
this empty-labeled equation with one of the equation reference macros.
</p>
<span id="index-phantomeqlabel"></span>
<span id="index-phantomeqnumber"></span>
<p>The command <code>\phantomeqlabel</code> is called to generate hyperlink
labels for the empty-labeled equations. By default, it produces the
labels in the format ‘<samp>PHEQ<var>number</var></samp>’, where <var>number</var> comes
from the count register <code>\phantomeqnumber</code>; this count register is
incremented at every empty-labeled equation definition.
</p>
<span id="index-eqref-1"></span>
<span id="index-eqrefn-1"></span>
<span id="index-reftie-2"></span>
<span id="index-group-_0060eq_0027-1"></span>
<span id="index-linkgroup-_0060eq_0027"></span>
<p>The commands <code>\eqref</code> and <code>\eqrefn</code> (see <a href="#Equation-references">Equation references</a>) form the ‘eq’ linkgroup. These commands take an optional
argument, which, when present, is tied with <code>\reftie</code> to the
equation reference and becomes part of the link. The equation label is
used for the hyperlink label; if the label is empty, the link is for the
label generated for the last empty-labeled equation.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Index-hyperlinks"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Footnote-hyperlinks" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnote hyperlinks</a>, Previous: <a href="#Equation-reference-hyperlinks" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Equation reference hyperlinks</a>, Up: <a href="#Implicit-hyperlinks" accesskey="u" rel="up">Implicit hyperlinks</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Index-hyperlinks_003a-idx"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.3.8 Index hyperlinks: idx</h4>
<span id="index-idx-_0028hyperlinks_0029"></span>
<span id="index-idxname-_0028hyperlinks_0029"></span>
<span id="index-idxmarked-_0028hyperlinks_0029"></span>
<span id="index-idxsubmarked-_0028hyperlinks_0029"></span>
<span id="index-index-hyperlink"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-index"></span>
<span id="index-group-_0060idx_0027"></span>
<span id="index-linkgroup-_0060idx_0027"></span>
<span id="index-destgroup-_0060idx_0027"></span>
<p>All indexing commands (<code>\idx</code>, <code>\idxname</code>, <code>\idxmarked</code>,
<code>\idxsubmarked</code> and their silent equivalents, see <a href="#Indexing-commands">Indexing commands</a>) form the ‘idx’ destgroup. The ‘idx’ linkgroup consists of
the macros which are used to typeset the index when you say
<span id="index-readindexfile-_0028hyperlinks_0029"></span>
<code>\readindexfile{<var>index-letter</var>}</code> (see <a href="#Typesetting-an-index">Typesetting an index</a>).
</p>
<span id="index-makeindex-2"></span>
<p>To create the links in index entries, Eplain uses MakeIndex’s
“encapsulation” feature. When you use an indexing macro to mark an
index term, Eplain writes out a line to the
<span id="index-_002eidx-files-1"></span>
<samp>.idx</samp> file of the following general form:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\indexentry{<var>entry</var>|<var>pagemarkup</var>}{<var>pageno</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>where <var>entry</var> is the index entry (converted into the
internal format that MakeIndex understands), <var>cs</var> is the markup
command you specified with the <code>pagemarkup=<var>cs</var></code> optional
argument to the indexing commands (see <a href="#Modifying-index-entries">Modifying index entries</a>),
and <var>pageno</var> is the page number on which the term appeared. When
processing the <samp>.idx</samp> file, MakeIndex makes the page number an
argument to the page markup command (“encapsulates” the page
number), so the page number in the
<span id="index-_002eind-files-1"></span>
<samp>.ind</samp> file appears as <code>\<var>cs</var>{<var>pageno</var>}</code>. Eplain
internally replaces the <var>cs</var> command name with its own command,
which, in addition to calling the original <code>\<var>cs</var></code>
encapsulator, turns the page number into a link.
</p>
<p>Eplain provides two approaches to linking page numbers in the index to
locations of index terms in the text.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Exact-destinations-for-index-terms" accesskey="1">Exact destinations for index terms</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Page-destinations-for-index-terms" accesskey="2">Page destinations for index terms</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Choosing-destination-placement" accesskey="3">Choosing destination placement</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Index-page-list-and-page-range-parsers" accesskey="4">Index page list and page range parsers</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Hyperlinks-in-see-and-see-also-entries" accesskey="5">Hyperlinks in see and see also entries</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="Exact-destinations-for-index-terms"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Page-destinations-for-index-terms" accesskey="n" rel="next">Page destinations for index terms</a>, Up: <a href="#Index-hyperlinks" accesskey="u" rel="up">Index hyperlinks</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Exact-destinations-for-index-terms-1"></span><h4 class="subsubsection">5.3.8.1 Exact destinations for index terms</h4>
<p>In this approach, each command that marks an index term defines a unique
destination and passes its label on to the <samp>.idx</samp> file as part of
the <code>\indexentry</code> command. The <code>\indexentry</code> line that Eplain
writes to the <samp>.idx</samp> file becomes
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\indexentry{<var>entry</var>|hlidx{<var>label</var>}{<var>cs</var>}}{<var>pageno}</var>
</pre></div>
<span id="index-hlidx"></span>
<p>where <code>\hlidx</code> is the command that is defined by Eplain
to take three arguments: a hyperlink label (<var>label</var>), a name of
page number encapsulator (<var>cs</var>) and a page number (<var>pageno</var>).
In the <samp>.ind</samp> file that MakeIndex will generate, the page number
will now appear as
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hlidx{<var>label</var>}{<var>cs</var>}{<var>pageno</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>The result of this command is
<code>\<var>cs</var>{<var>pageno</var>}</code>, wrapped up into a link pointing to
<var>label</var> destination.
</p>
<p>The hyperlink labels for the index terms are generated by the
<span id="index-hlidxlabel"></span>
<code>\hlidxlabel</code> command, by default in the format
‘<samp>IDX<var>number</var></samp>’, where <var>number</var> is the value of the count
register
<span id="index-hlidxlabelnumber"></span>
<code>\hlidxlabelnumber</code>. This count register is incremented at each
index term.
</p>
<span id="index-exact-index-hyperlinks"></span>
<span id="index-index_002c-exact-hyperlinks"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-index_002c-exact"></span>
<p>The advantage of this approach, as compared to the second approach
described below, is that links in the index point to exact locations of
the indexed terms on the page. The disadvantage of this approach is
that MakeIndex will regard <em>all</em> index entries as distinct, because
each one contains a (unique) hyperlink label. This disadvantage can be
partially overcome by the script
<span id="index-idxuniq"></span>
<span id="index-filtering-index-entries-with-hyperlinks"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-filtering-index-entries"></span>
<samp>idxuniq</samp> distributed with Eplain in the <samp>util</samp> directory.
This script filters out <code>\indexentry</code> lines differing only in the
hyperlink label but identical otherwise. You should process the
<samp>.idx</samp> with this script before passing it on to MakeIndex. For
example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">prompt$ ./idxuniq file.idx | makeindex > file.ind
</pre></div>
<p>Still, this solution is not ideal, as the page-range formation
ability of MakeIndex will not work, and there will be problems of
apparently identical index entries clashing (e.g., when a range-end
entry appears on the same page as another entry with the same
definition; <samp>idxuniq</samp> will not filter out the second entry).
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Page-destinations-for-index-terms"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Choosing-destination-placement" accesskey="n" rel="next">Choosing destination placement</a>, Previous: <a href="#Exact-destinations-for-index-terms" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Exact destinations for index terms</a>, Up: <a href="#Index-hyperlinks" accesskey="u" rel="up">Index hyperlinks</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Page-destinations-for-index-terms-1"></span><h4 class="subsubsection">5.3.8.2 Page destinations for index terms</h4>
<p>In the second approach, Eplain does not write out any destination labels
for the index terms. Instead, Eplain writes out a wrapper for page
number encapsulator which can parse the page number and generate a link
pointing to the <em>page</em> on which the term appeared. On top of each
page containing an index term, Eplain defines a destination with label
produced by
<span id="index-hlidxpagelabel"></span>
<code>\hlidxpagelabel</code>. The <code>\hlidxpagelabel</code> command takes a
single argument (page number <var>number</var>) and by default produces the
label in the format ‘<samp>IDXPG<var>number</var></samp>’.
</p>
<p>With this approach, the <code>\indexentry</code> line which Eplain writes to
the <code>.idx</code> file looks like this:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\indexentry{<var>entry</var>|hlidxpage{<var>cs</var>}}{<var>pageno}</var>
</pre></div>
<span id="index-hlidxpage"></span>
<p>where <code>\hlidxpage</code> is the command that is defined by Eplain
to take two arguments: a name of page number encapsulator (<var>cs</var>)
and a page number (<var>pageno</var>). In the <samp>.ind</samp> file that
MakeIndex will generate, the page number will appear as
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hlidxpage{<var>cs</var>}{<var>pageno</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>The advantage of this approach is that all features of MakeIndex are
intact. The drawback is that links in the index do not point to exact
locations of indexed terms on a page, but to the top of a page on
which the term appears.
</p>
<span id="index-index_002c-parsing-page-numbers"></span>
<span id="index-page-range_002c-parsing"></span>
<span id="index-page-list_002c-parsing"></span>
<span id="index-parsing-page-numbers"></span>
<p>Another disadvantage is that this approach depends on the page range and
page list separators which MakeIndex was configured to output.
<code>\hlidxpage</code> must be able to parse the first page number in a page
range like ‘<samp>1--4</samp>’. In addition, page list parsing is needed
because MakeIndex combines two consecutive page numbers in one call to
the page number encapsulator, so <code>\hlidxpage</code> can be passed, e.g.,
‘<samp>1, 2</samp>’ for the <var>pageno</var>. In this last case, <code>\hlidxpage</code>
splits the two page numbers, applies <code>\<var>cs</var></code> to each of them,
and makes each of the page numbers a link to the appropriate page. Note
that this will alter typesetting slightly, because now the page list
separator (a comma followed by a space, by default) is not typeset using
the page number encapsulator (<code>\<var>cs</var></code>).
</p>
<p>Eplain’s defaults for the page list and page number delimiters are the
same as those in MakeIndex, a comma followed by a space (‘<samp>, </samp>’) and
two dashes (‘<samp>--</samp>’), respectively. If you customize MakeIndex to use
different delimiters, you must not forget to let Eplain know about them
with the commands
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\setidxpagelistdelimiter{<var>list-delim</var>}
\setidxpagerangedelimiter{<var>page-delim</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>(see <a href="#Page-list-and-page-range-parsers">Page list and page range parsers</a>).
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Choosing-destination-placement"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Index-page-list-and-page-range-parsers" accesskey="n" rel="next">Index page list and page range parsers</a>, Previous: <a href="#Page-destinations-for-index-terms" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Page destinations for index terms</a>, Up: <a href="#Index-hyperlinks" accesskey="u" rel="up">Index hyperlinks</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Choosing-destination-placement-1"></span><h4 class="subsubsection">5.3.8.3 Choosing destination placement</h4>
<span id="index-index_002c-placement-of-destinations"></span>
<span id="index-index_002c-destination-placement"></span>
<span id="index-index_002c-selecting-destination-placement"></span>
<span id="index-index_002c-choosing-destination-placement"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-index-destination-placement"></span>
<p>The approach that Eplain should use for the index terms can be
selected in the
<span id="index-enablehyperlinks-1"></span>
<code>\enablehyperlinks</code> command. The optional argument it accepts is
a comma-separated list of options. The
<span id="index-idxexact"></span>
<code>idxexact</code> option selects the first approach,
<span id="index-idxpage"></span>
<code>idxpage</code> the second, and
<span id="index-idxnone"></span>
<code>idxnone</code> disables hyperlink support for the index terms
altogether, in case you want to stop Eplain from writing its link
wrappers into the <samp>.idx</samp> file. The default is <code>idxpage</code>.
</p>
<p>For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\enablehyperlinks[idxexact]
</pre></div>
<p>selects the first approach (“exact index links”).
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Index-page-list-and-page-range-parsers"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Hyperlinks-in-see-and-see-also-entries" accesskey="n" rel="next">Hyperlinks in see and see also entries</a>, Previous: <a href="#Choosing-destination-placement" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Choosing destination placement</a>, Up: <a href="#Index-hyperlinks" accesskey="u" rel="up">Index hyperlinks</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Index-page-list-and-page-range-parsers-1"></span><h4 class="subsubsection">5.3.8.4 Index page list and page range parsers</h4>
<p>The macros that Eplain uses to parse page lists and page ranges,
<code>\idxparselist</code> and <code>\idxparserange</code>, can sometimes be useful
when defining page number encapsulators. See <a href="#Page-list-and-page-range-parsers">Page list and page range parsers</a>, for the description of these commands and an example of their
usage.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Hyperlinks-in-see-and-see-also-entries"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Index-page-list-and-page-range-parsers" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Index page list and page range parsers</a>, Up: <a href="#Index-hyperlinks" accesskey="u" rel="up">Index hyperlinks</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Hyperlinks-in-see-and-see-also-entries-1"></span><h4 class="subsubsection">5.3.8.5 Hyperlinks in see and see also entries</h4>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-see-and-see-also-index-entries"></span>
<span id="index-index_002c-hyperlinks-in-see-and-see-also-entries"></span>
<span id="index-see-also-index-entries-and-hyperlinks"></span>
<span id="index-see_002c-and-index-entries_002c-hyperlinks"></span>
<p>There is no automatic support for hyperlinks with “see” and “see
also” index entries, as there is not enough information to trace the
parameters of
<span id="index-indexsee-1"></span>
<code>\indexsee</code> and
<span id="index-indexseealso-1"></span>
<code>\indexseealso</code> to corresponding index entries. But if desired,
this can be implemented with <code>\hldest</code> and <code>\hlstart</code>
(see <a href="#Explicit-hyperlinks">Explicit hyperlinks</a>); for example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\sidx{semantic theory of truth@%
\leavevmode\hldest{}{}{idx:theo truth}semantic theory of truth}
…
\sidx[seealso]{truth}[definition of]%
{\hlstart{}{}{idx:theo truth}semantic theory of truth\hlend}
</pre></div>
<hr>
<span id="Footnote-hyperlinks"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Contents-hyperlinks" accesskey="n" rel="next">Contents hyperlinks</a>, Previous: <a href="#Index-hyperlinks" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Index hyperlinks</a>, Up: <a href="#Implicit-hyperlinks" accesskey="u" rel="up">Implicit hyperlinks</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Footnote-hyperlinks_003a-foot_002c-footback"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.3.9 Footnote hyperlinks: foot, footback</h4>
<span id="index-footnotes_002c-hyperlinks"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-footnotes"></span>
<span id="index-group-_0060foot_0027"></span>
<span id="index-group-_0060footback_0027"></span>
<span id="index-linkgroup-_0060foot_0027"></span>
<span id="index-linkgroup-_0060footback_0027"></span>
<span id="index-destgroup-_0060foot_0027"></span>
<span id="index-destgroup-_0060footback_0027"></span>
<p>The ‘foot’ link and destination groups include the
<span id="index-numberedfootnote-_0028hyperlinks_0029"></span>
<code>\numberedfootnote</code> and
<span id="index-footnote-_0028hyperlinks_0029"></span>
<code>\footnote</code> macros (see <a href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a>). The ‘footback’ groups
include the same macros, but control parameters for links and
destinations created inside the footnote to point back to the footnote
mark within the text body.
</p>
<p>The macros use hyperlink labels generated by
<span id="index-hlfootlabel"></span>
<code>\hlfootlabel</code> and
<span id="index-hlfootbacklabel"></span>
<code>\hlfootbacklabel</code>. The default formats for the labels are
‘<samp>FOOT<var>number</var></samp>’ and ‘<samp>FOOTB<var>number</var></samp>’, respectively,
where <var>number</var> is the value of the count register
<span id="index-hlfootlabelnumber"></span>
<code>\hlfootlabelnumber</code>. This register is incremented at every
footnote.
</p>
<p>Generally, footnote hyperlinks are not of much use, because the
footnotes are usually placed on the same page as the footnote mark.
Therefore, footnote hyperlinks are disabled by default. Here is how you
can turn them on selectively, without affecting the other kinds of
hyperlinks (see <a href="#Turning-hyperlinks-on_002foff-for-a-group">Turning hyperlinks on/off for a group</a>):
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hldeston[foot,footback]
\hlon[foot,footback]
</pre></div>
<hr>
<span id="Contents-hyperlinks"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Footnote-hyperlinks" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Footnote hyperlinks</a>, Up: <a href="#Implicit-hyperlinks" accesskey="u" rel="up">Implicit hyperlinks</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Contents-hyperlinks-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.3.10 Contents hyperlinks</h4>
<span id="index-table-of-contents_002c-hyperlinks"></span>
<span id="index-contents_002c-hyperlinks"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-table-of-contents"></span>
<p>There is currently no special support for hyperlinks in the table of
contents (see <a href="#Contents">Contents</a>), but implementing them with the
<code>\hldest</code> and <code>\hlstart … \hlend</code> commands
(see <a href="#Explicit-hyperlinks">Explicit hyperlinks</a>) should be possible.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Hyperlink-drivers"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options" accesskey="n" rel="next">Setting hyperlink types and options</a>, Previous: <a href="#Implicit-hyperlinks" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Implicit hyperlinks</a>, Up: <a href="#Hyperlinks" accesskey="u" rel="up">Hyperlinks</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Hyperlink-drivers-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.4 Hyperlink drivers</h3>
<p>This section describes the hyperlink drivers: the types of hyperlinks
they support, and the options they accept. During the first reading,
you may only want to skim through this section.
</p>
<p>Some of the descriptions below come from <cite>Portable Document Format
Reference Manual Version 1.3</cite>, March 11, 1999.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Options-supported-by-all-drivers" accesskey="1">Options supported by all drivers</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Hyperlink-driver-hypertex" accesskey="2">Hyperlink driver hypertex</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Hyperlink-drivers-pdftex-and-dvipdfm" accesskey="3">Hyperlink drivers pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Hyperlink-driver-nolinks" accesskey="4">Hyperlink driver nolinks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="Options-supported-by-all-drivers"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Hyperlink-driver-hypertex" accesskey="n" rel="next">Hyperlink driver hypertex</a>, Up: <a href="#Hyperlink-drivers" accesskey="u" rel="up">Hyperlink drivers</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Options-supported-by-all-drivers-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.4.1 Options supported by all drivers</h4>
<span id="index-hyperlink-options_002c-common"></span>
<p>This subsection describes the destination and link options which are
supported by all hyperlink drivers.
</p>
<span id="Destination-options-supported-by-all-drivers"></span><h4 class="subsubheading">Destination options supported by all drivers</h4>
<span id="index-destination-options_002c-common"></span>
<span id="index-options_002c-destination_002c-common"></span>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>raise</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-raise-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"></span>
<span id="index-raising-hyperlink-destinations"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlink-destination_002c-raising"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-raising"></span>
<p>Specifies how much to raise destinations above the baseline. When set
to zero or empty, destinations are placed at the baseline.
</p>
<p>It is usually convenient to set this option to some variable parameter,
so that the height to which destinations are raised is automatically
adjusted according to the current context. For example, setting it to
<span id="index-normalbaselineskip"></span>
<code>\normalbaselineskip</code> (or some fraction of it, like
<code>1.7\normalbaselineskip</code>) makes the setting appropriate for
different point sizes, in case your document uses more than one.
</p>
<p>The default setting is <code>\normalbaselineskip</code>. Initially, the
destgroups do not define this option, so they fall back on the default,
except for the ‘eq’ destgroup, for which this option is set to
<code>1.7\normalbaselineskip</code>,
<span id="index-mathematics-displays_002c-hyperlinks"></span>
<span id="index-displayed-math-and-hyperlinks"></span>
<span id="index-large-operators-and-hyperlinks"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-large-operators"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-large-operators"></span>
to accommodate the usual cases of large operators in displayed math.
</p>
<p>Example: <code>\hldestopts[eq]{raise=2.5\normalbaselineskip}</code>
</p></dd>
</dl>
<span id="Link-options-supported-by-all-drivers"></span><h4 class="subsubheading">Link options supported by all drivers</h4>
<span id="index-link-options_002c-common"></span>
<span id="index-options_002c-link_002c-common"></span>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>colormodel</code></dt>
<dt><code>color</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-colormodel-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"></span>
<span id="index-color-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"></span>
<span id="index-color_002c-hyperlinks-1"></span>
<span id="index-colored-links-1"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlink-color-1"></span>
<p>These two options define the color to be used for rendering the link
text. The colors are used only when a <code>\color</code> command is defined,
e.g., by loading the LaTeX ‘color’ package (see <a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a>). The <code>\color</code> command is called as
<code>\color[<var>colormodel</var>]{<var>color</var>}</code>, where <var>colormodel</var>
and <var>color</var> are the definitions of the <code>colormodel</code> and
<code>color</code> options, respectively. However, if <var>colormodel</var> is
empty, the optional argument to <code>\color</code> is omitted; and if
<var>color</var> is empty, the <code>\color</code> command is omitted altogether.
The default setting is <code><var>colormodel</var>=cmyk</code> and
<code><var>color</var>=0.28,1,1,0.35</code>.
</p>
<p>When specifying colors with several components delimited by commas
(e.g., RGB and CMYK colors in the LaTeX ‘color’ package), it is not
possible to specify the components directly in the option list of
<code>\hlopts</code>, because comma is the option list delimiter. With the
‘color’ package, it is possible to specify such colors by defining a
custom color with <code>\definecolor</code> and using the new color name with
an empty <var>colormodel</var> (see examples below).
</p>
<p>Examples:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hlopts{colormodel=,color=blue}% predefined color
\definecolor{mycolor}{rgb}{.3,.8,.95}
\hlopts{colormodel=,color=mycolor}% custom color
\hlopts{colormodel=gray,color=.4}
</pre></div>
</dd>
</dl>
<hr>
<span id="Hyperlink-driver-hypertex"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Hyperlink-drivers-pdftex-and-dvipdfm" accesskey="n" rel="next">Hyperlink drivers pdftex and dvipdfm</a>, Previous: <a href="#Options-supported-by-all-drivers" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Options supported by all drivers</a>, Up: <a href="#Hyperlink-drivers" accesskey="u" rel="up">Hyperlink drivers</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Hyperlink-driver-hypertex-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.4.2 Hyperlink driver <code>hypertex</code></h4>
<span id="index-hypertex-_0028hyperlink-driver_0029"></span>
<span id="index-hypertex_002c-hyperlink-driver"></span>
<span id="index-driver-hypertex"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlink-driver-hypertex"></span>
<p>HyperTeX is a standard for inclusion of hyperlink information in
TeX (and LaTeX) documents (see <a href="http://arxiv.org/hypertex">http://arxiv.org/hypertex</a>).
This standard defines a set of hyperlink tags implemented as
<code>\special</code> commands written into the <acronym>DVI</acronym> file. The
major advantage of such standard is that a single <samp>.dvi</samp> file
containing HyperTeX commands can be viewed by any
HyperTeX-enabled viewer (e.g., any more or less modern version of
<span id="index-xdvi"></span>
<code>xdvi</code>) or converted to other file formats (e.g., <acronym>PDF</acronym>)
by any HyperTeX-enabled <acronym>DVI</acronym> converter (e.g.,
<span id="index-dvipdfm-1"></span>
<code>dvipdfmx</code> or
<span id="index-dvips"></span>
<code>dvips</code> with
<span id="index-Ghostscript"></span>
Ghostscript’s
<span id="index-ps2pdf"></span>
<code>ps2pdf</code> script).
</p>
<p>The downside to the standard is that it is by design “the common
factor” of other formats supporting hyperlinks, so many features of a
particular file format cannot be supported by HyperTeX. Therefore,
if you need to use special features of a particular format, HyperTeX
is not a good choice. For the <acronym>PDF</acronym> file format, Eplain
provides the <code>pdftex</code> and <code>dvipdfm</code> drivers which provide
fine control over the <acronym>PDF</acronym> options (see <a href="#Hyperlink-drivers-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Hyperlink drivers pdftex and dvipdfm</a>).
</p>
<p>For more information on programs which support the HyperTeX standard,
please see
</p>
<div class="display">
<pre class="display"><a href="http://arxiv.org/hypertex">http://arxiv.org/hypertex</a>
<a href="http://mirror.ctan.org/tex-archive/support/hypertex/hypertex">http://mirror.ctan.org/tex-archive/support/hypertex/hypertex</a>
</pre></div>
<p>For convenience, we list a few HyperTeX-enabled converters:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dd><span id="index-dvips-1"></span>
</dd>
<dt><code>dvips</code></dt>
<dd><p>Note that you need to pass the <samp>-z</samp> option to <code>dvips</code> to
tell it to preserve the information about the hyperlinks. To generate a
<samp>.pdf</samp> file with hyperlinks, you can use the
<span id="index-ps2pdf-1"></span>
<samp>ps2pdf</samp> script of
<span id="index-Ghostscript-1"></span>
Ghostscript. For example, if <samp>foo.tex</samp> is a TeX file using
HyperTeX commands, then
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">prompt$ tex foo.tex
prompt$ dvips -z foo.dvi -o
prompt$ ps2pdf foo.ps
</pre></div>
<p>will produce <samp>foo.pdf</samp> with hyperlinks.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>dvipdfm</code></dt>
<dt><code>dvipdfmx</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-dvipdfm-2"></span>
<p>No special command line arguments are required, these programs
automatically detect the HyperTeX commands.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>One more note is in place: support for the HyperTeX commands varies
from one previewer/converter to another, so you might need to experiment
to see if what you need is supported by the program(s) you intend to
use. For example, dvips(k) as of version 5.92b converts all
internal hyperlinks into page links pointing to a page containing the
destination, so that “exact” linking to destinations is not possible
(this was confirmed to be a bug and most probably has already been fixed
in later versions of dvips(k)); dvipdfm as of version 0.13.2c and
dvipdfmx as of version 20040411 do not correctly parse links to
external local files, and produce a <acronym>URL</acronym> link instead of a
file link.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Destination-types-for-hypertex" accesskey="1">Destination types for hypertex</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Destination-options-for-hypertex" accesskey="2">Destination options for hypertex</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Link-types-for-hypertex" accesskey="3">Link types for hypertex</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Link-options-for-hypertex" accesskey="4">Link options for hypertex</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="Destination-types-for-hypertex"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Destination-options-for-hypertex" accesskey="n" rel="next">Destination options for hypertex</a>, Up: <a href="#Hyperlink-driver-hypertex" accesskey="u" rel="up">Hyperlink driver hypertex</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Destination-types-for-hypertex-1"></span><h4 class="subsubsection">5.4.2.1 Destination types for <code>hypertex</code></h4>
<span id="index-destination-types_002c-hypertex"></span>
<span id="index-types_002c-destination_002c-hypertex"></span>
<span id="index-hypertex_002c-destination-types"></span>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>xyz</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-xyz-_0028destination-type_0029"></span>
<p>“Current position”. This is the default type.
</p>
<p>Example: <code>\hldest{xyz}{}{dest123}</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>raw</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-raw-_0028destination-type_0029"></span>
<p>The destination specification (in the form of a HyperTeX
<code>\special</code>) is taken from the command sequence <code>\<var>cs</var></code>,
where <var>cs</var> is the value of the
<span id="index-cmd-_0028destination-option_0029"></span>
<code>cmd</code> option. In the definition of <code>\<var>cs</var></code>, use
<span id="index-_0040hllabel"></span>
<code>\@hllabel</code> to refer to the hyperlink label. This option is
intended to be used with destgroups (see <a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options">Setting hyperlink types and options</a>), as it does not make sense in a direct call to
<span id="index-hldest-1"></span>
<code>\hldest</code>—you can just call the raw command.
</p>
<p>Example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\makeatletter
\def\mydest{\special{html:<a name="\@hllabel">}%
\special{html:</a>}}
\resetatcatcode
\indent\hldest{raw}{cmd=mydest}{SpecialDest}
Special destination.
</pre></div>
</dd>
</dl>
<hr>
<span id="Destination-options-for-hypertex"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Link-types-for-hypertex" accesskey="n" rel="next">Link types for hypertex</a>, Previous: <a href="#Destination-types-for-hypertex" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Destination types for hypertex</a>, Up: <a href="#Hyperlink-driver-hypertex" accesskey="u" rel="up">Hyperlink driver hypertex</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Destination-options-for-hypertex-1"></span><h4 class="subsubsection">5.4.2.2 Destination options for <code>hypertex</code></h4>
<span id="index-destination-options_002c-hypertex"></span>
<span id="index-options_002c-destination_002c-hypertex"></span>
<span id="index-hypertex_002c-destination-options"></span>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>cmd</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-cmd-_0028destination-option_0029-1"></span>
<p>Name of the macro (without the leading ‘<samp>\</samp>’) containing a
HyperTeX <code>\special</code> for the <code>raw</code> destination.
</p>
<p>See <a href="#Destination-types-for-hypertex">Destination types for hypertex</a>, the description of the <code>raw</code>
destination, for an example.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<hr>
<span id="Link-types-for-hypertex"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Link-options-for-hypertex" accesskey="n" rel="next">Link options for hypertex</a>, Previous: <a href="#Destination-options-for-hypertex" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Destination options for hypertex</a>, Up: <a href="#Hyperlink-driver-hypertex" accesskey="u" rel="up">Hyperlink driver hypertex</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Link-types-for-hypertex-1"></span><h4 class="subsubsection">5.4.2.3 Link types for <code>hypertex</code></h4>
<span id="index-link-types_002c-hypertex"></span>
<span id="index-types_002c-link_002c-hypertex"></span>
<span id="index-hypertex_002c-link-types"></span>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>name</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-name-_0028hyperlink-type_0029"></span>
<span id="index-named-destination"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-named"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlink-destination_002c-named"></span>
<p>Go to a “named destination”. The label is the destination name. All
destinations in HyperTeX are named destinations. This is the default
type.
</p>
<p>Example: <code>\hlstart{name}{}{dest123}Link to dest123\hlend</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>url</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-url-_0028hyperlink-type_0029"></span>
<span id="index-URL-hyperlink-2"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-URL"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-URL-2"></span>
<p>Go to a <acronym>URL</acronym>. The label is the <acronym>URL</acronym>.
</p>
<p>Example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example"><code>\hlstart{url}{}{https://tug.org/eplain/}Eplain home\hlend</code>
</pre></div>
</dd>
<dt><code>filename</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-filename-_0028hyperlink-type_0029"></span>
<span id="index-file_002c-hyperlink-to"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-in-another-file"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-to-another-file"></span>
<p>Go to a named destination in another file. The label is the
destination name. The file name is specified by the
<span id="index-file-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"></span>
<code>file</code> option. The file name extension can be specified separately
by the
<span id="index-ext-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"></span>
<code>ext</code> option. The idea is to set the <code>ext</code> option globally at
the beginning of the document to avoid hard-coding the extension
together with the file name within each link—HyperTeX is not
restricted to any single output format, it can be <acronym>DVI</acronym>,
<acronym>PDF</acronym>, possibly other formats.
</p>
<p>Example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hlopts{ext=.pdf}
\hlstart{filename}{file=book}{dest123}
Link to dest123 in file `book.pdf'\hlend
</pre></div>
</dd>
<dt><code>raw</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-raw-_0028hyperlink-type_0029"></span>
<p>The link specification (in the form of a HyperTeX <code>\special</code>) is
taken from the command sequence <code>\<var>cs</var></code>, where <var>cs</var> is the
value of the
<span id="index-cmd-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"></span>
<code>cmd</code> option. In the definition of <code>\<var>cs</var></code>, use
<span id="index-_0040hllabel-1"></span>
<code>\@hllabel</code> to refer to the hyperlink label. Use the predefined
command
<span id="index-hlhash"></span>
<code>\hlhash</code> to insert the <code>#</code> characters. This option is
intended to be used with linkgroups (see <a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options">Setting hyperlink types and options</a>), as it does not make sense in a direct call to
<span id="index-hlstart-1"></span>
<code>\hlstart</code>—you can just call the raw command.
</p>
<p>Example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\makeatletter
\def\mylink{\special{html:<a href="\hlhash\@hllabel">}}
\resetatcatcode
\hlstart{raw}{cmd=mylink}{SpecialDest}
Link to the special destination.\hlend
</pre></div>
</dd>
</dl>
<hr>
<span id="Link-options-for-hypertex"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Link-types-for-hypertex" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Link types for hypertex</a>, Up: <a href="#Hyperlink-driver-hypertex" accesskey="u" rel="up">Hyperlink driver hypertex</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Link-options-for-hypertex-1"></span><h4 class="subsubsection">5.4.2.4 Link options for <code>hypertex</code></h4>
<span id="index-link-options_002c-hypertex"></span>
<span id="index-options_002c-link_002c-hypertex"></span>
<span id="index-hypertex_002c-link-options"></span>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>cmd</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-cmd-_0028hyperlink-option_0029-1"></span>
<p>Name of the macro (without the leading ‘<samp>\</samp>’) containing a
HyperTeX <code>\special</code> for the <code>raw</code> link.
</p>
<p>See <a href="#Link-types-for-hypertex">Link types for hypertex</a>, the description of the <code>raw</code> link,
for an example.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>file</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-file-_0028hyperlink-option_0029-1"></span>
<p>File name for the <code>filename</code> link type. See also the <code>ext</code>
option.
</p>
<p>See <a href="#Link-types-for-hypertex">Link types for hypertex</a>, the description of the <code>filename</code>
link, for an example.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>ext</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-ext-_0028hyperlink-option_0029-1"></span>
<p>File name extension for the <code>filename</code> link type. The idea is to
set the <code>ext</code> option globally at the beginning of the document to
avoid hard-coding the extension together with the file name within each
link—HyperTeX is not restricted to any single output format, it can
be <acronym>DVI</acronym>, <acronym>PDF</acronym>, possibly other formats.
</p>
<p>See <a href="#Link-types-for-hypertex">Link types for hypertex</a>, the description of the <code>filename</code>
link, for an example.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<hr>
<span id="Hyperlink-drivers-pdftex-and-dvipdfm"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Hyperlink-driver-nolinks" accesskey="n" rel="next">Hyperlink driver nolinks</a>, Previous: <a href="#Hyperlink-driver-hypertex" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Hyperlink driver hypertex</a>, Up: <a href="#Hyperlink-drivers" accesskey="u" rel="up">Hyperlink drivers</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Hyperlink-drivers-pdftex-and-dvipdfm-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.4.3 Hyperlink drivers <code>pdftex</code> and <code>dvipdfm</code></h4>
<span id="index-pdftex-_0028hyperlink-driver_0029"></span>
<span id="index-dvipdfm-_0028hyperlink-driver_0029"></span>
<span id="index-pdftex_002c-hyperlink-driver"></span>
<span id="index-dvipdfm_002c-hyperlink-driver"></span>
<span id="index-driver-pdftex"></span>
<span id="index-driver-dvipdfm"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlink-driver-pdftex"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlink-driver-dvipdfm"></span>
<p>This subsection describes link and destination types and options
supported by the <code>pdftex</code> and <code>dvipdfm</code> drivers. Many of the
hyperlink types and options are common to both drivers, so we describe
them together.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm" accesskey="1">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm" accesskey="2">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm" accesskey="3">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm" accesskey="4">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm" accesskey="n" rel="next">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a>, Up: <a href="#Hyperlink-drivers-pdftex-and-dvipdfm" accesskey="u" rel="up">Hyperlink drivers pdftex and dvipdfm</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm-1"></span><h4 class="subsubsection">5.4.3.1 Destination types for <code>pdftex</code> and <code>dvipdfm</code></h4>
<span id="index-destination-types_002c-pdftex"></span>
<span id="index-destination-types_002c-dvipdfm"></span>
<span id="index-types_002c-destination_002c-pdftex"></span>
<span id="index-types_002c-destination_002c-dvipdfm"></span>
<span id="index-pdftex_002c-destination-types"></span>
<span id="index-dvipdfm_002c-destination-types"></span>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>xyz</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-xyz-_0028destination-type_0029-1"></span>
<p>“Current position”. The option
<span id="index-zoom-_0028destination-option_0029"></span>
<code>zoom</code> specifies magnification to use (zero or empty means leave
magnification unchanged, which is the default). This is the default
type.
</p>
<p>For <code>dvipdfm</code>: the options
<span id="index-left-_0028destination-option_0029"></span>
<code>left</code> and
<span id="index-top-_0028destination-option_0029"></span>
<code>top</code> specify position coordinates to use (empty options mean
current position coordinate, which is the default).
</p>
<p>Example: <code>\hldest{xyz}{zoom=2000}{dest123}</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>fit</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-fit-_0028destination-type_0029"></span>
<p>Fit the page to the window.
</p>
<p>Example: <code>\hldest{fit}{}{dest123}</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>fith</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-fith-_0028destination-type_0029"></span>
<p>Fit the width of the page to the window.
</p>
<p>For <code>dvipdfm</code>: the
<span id="index-top-_0028destination-option_0029-1"></span>
<code>top</code> option specifies vertical position (default is empty, meaning
current position).
</p>
<p>Example: <code>\hldest{fith}{}{dest123}</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>fitv</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-fitv-_0028destination-type_0029"></span>
<p>Fit the height of the page to the window.
</p>
<p>For <code>dvipdfm</code>: The option
<span id="index-left-_0028destination-option_0029-1"></span>
<code>left</code> specifies horizontal position (default is empty, meaning
current position).
</p>
<p>Example: <code>\hldest{fitv}{}{dest123}</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>fitb</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-fitb-_0028destination-type_0029"></span>
<p>Fit the page’s bounding box to the window.
</p>
<p>Example: <code>\hldest{fitb}{}{dest123}</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>fitbh</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-fitbh-_0028destination-type_0029"></span>
<p>Fit the width of the page’s bounding box to the window.
</p>
<p>For <code>dvipdfm</code>: the option
<span id="index-top-_0028destination-option_0029-2"></span>
<code>top</code> specifies vertical position (default is empty, meaning
current position).
</p>
<p>Example: <code>\hldest{fitbh}{}{dest123}</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>fitbv</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-fitbv-_0028destination-type_0029"></span>
<p>Fit the height of the page’s bounding box to the window.
</p>
<p>For <code>dvipdfm</code>: the option
<span id="index-left-_0028destination-option_0029-2"></span>
<code>left</code> specifies horizontal position (default is empty, meaning
current position).
</p>
<p>Example: <code>\hldest{fitbv}{}{dest123}</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>fitr</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-fitr-_0028destination-type_0029"></span>
<p>For <code>pdftex</code>: fit the rectangle specified by the options
<span id="index-width-_0028destination-option_0029"></span>
<code>width</code>,
<span id="index-height-_0028destination-option_0029"></span>
<code>height</code> and
<span id="index-depth-_0028destination-option_0029"></span>
<code>depth</code> (as a TeX rule specification) in the window. For
dimensions set to empty, the corresponding value of the parent box is
used (these are the defaults).
</p>
<p>For <code>dvipdfm</code>: fit the rectangle specified by the options
<span id="index-left-_0028destination-option_0029-3"></span>
<code>left</code>,
<span id="index-bottom-_0028destination-option_0029"></span>
<code>bottom</code>,
<span id="index-right-_0028destination-option_0029"></span>
<code>right</code> and
<span id="index-top-_0028destination-option_0029-3"></span>
<code>top</code> (in
<span id="index-PostScript-point"></span>
PostScript points, 72 points per inch) in the window. For
dimensions set to empty, current position coordinate is substituted
(these are the defaults).
</p>
<p>Example for <code>pdftex</code>:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hldest{fitr}{width=\hsize,
height=.5\vsize,depth=0pt}{dest123}
</pre></div>
<p>Example for <code>dvipdfm</code>:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hldest{fitr}{left=72,bottom=72,
right=720,top=360}{dest123}
</pre></div>
</dd>
<dt><code>raw</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-raw-_0028destination-type_0029-1"></span>
<p>The destination specification (in the form of a pdfTeX command or a
dvipdfm <code>\special</code>) is taken from the command sequence
<code>\<var>cs</var></code>, where <var>cs</var> is the value of the
<span id="index-cmd-_0028destination-option_0029-2"></span>
<code>cmd</code> option. In the definition of <code>\<var>cs</var></code>, use
<span id="index-_0040hllabel-2"></span>
<code>\@hllabel</code> to refer to the hyperlink label. This option is
intended to be used with destgroups (see <a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options">Setting hyperlink types and options</a>), as it does not make sense in a direct call to
<span id="index-hldest-2"></span>
<code>\hldest</code>—you can just call the raw command.
</p>
<p>Example for <code>pdftex</code>:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\makeatletter
\def\mydest{\pdfdest name{\@hllabel} xyz}
\resetatcatcode
\hldesttype{raw}
\hldestopts{cmd=mydest}
</pre></div>
<p>Example for <code>dvipdfm</code>:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\makeatletter
\def\mydest{\special{pdf: dest (\@hllabel)
[@thispage /XYZ @xpos @ypos 0]}}
\resetatcatcode
\hldesttype{raw}
\hldestopts{cmd=mydest}
</pre></div>
</dd>
</dl>
<hr>
<span id="Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm" accesskey="n" rel="next">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a>, Previous: <a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a>, Up: <a href="#Hyperlink-drivers-pdftex-and-dvipdfm" accesskey="u" rel="up">Hyperlink drivers pdftex and dvipdfm</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm-1"></span><h4 class="subsubsection">5.4.3.2 Destination options for <code>pdftex</code> and <code>dvipdfm</code></h4>
<span id="index-destination-options_002c-pdftex"></span>
<span id="index-destination-options_002c-dvipdfm"></span>
<span id="index-options_002c-destination_002c-pdftex"></span>
<span id="index-options_002c-destination_002c-dvipdfm"></span>
<span id="index-pdftex_002c-destination-options"></span>
<span id="index-dvipdfm_002c-destination-options"></span>
<p>With respect to the destination options, the <code>pdftex</code> and
<code>dvipdfm</code> differ in the way the fit rectangle is specified
(relative coordinates for <code>pdftex</code>, absolute coordinates for
<code>dvipdfm</code>).
</p>
<span id="Common-destination-options"></span><h4 class="subsubheading">Common destination options</h4>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>cmd</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-cmd-_0028destination-option_0029-3"></span>
<p>Name of the macro (without the leading ‘<samp>\</samp>’) containing a
pdfTeX command or a dvipdfm <code>\special</code> for the <code>raw</code>
destination.
</p>
<p>See <a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a>, the description of the
<code>raw</code> destination, for an example.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>zoom</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-zoom-_0028destination-option_0029-1"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-magnification"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlink-destination_002c-magnification"></span>
<span id="index-magnification_002c-hyperlink-destination"></span>
<span id="index-zooming_002c-hyperlink-destination"></span>
<p>Magnification ratio times 1000 (like TeX’s scale factor).
Zero or empty means leave magnification unchanged, which is the
default.
</p>
<p>Example: <code>\hldest{xyz}{zoom=2000}{dest123}</code>
</p></dd>
</dl>
<span id="pdftex_002dspecific-destination-options"></span><h4 class="subsubheading"><code>pdftex</code>-specific destination options</h4>
<p>The dimension options below must be specified as a TeX rule
specification. When set to empty, the corresponding value
of the parent box is used (this is the default for all dimension
options).
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>depth</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-depth-_0028destination-option_0029-1"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-dimensions"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlink-destination_002c-dimensions"></span>
<span id="index-dimensions_002c-hyperlink-destination"></span>
<p>Depth of the fit rectangle for the <code>fitr</code> destination.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>height</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-height-_0028destination-option_0029-1"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-dimensions-1"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlink-destination_002c-dimensions-1"></span>
<span id="index-dimensions_002c-hyperlink-destination-1"></span>
<p>Height of the fit rectangle for the <code>fitr</code> destination.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>width</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-width-_0028destination-option_0029-1"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-dimensions-2"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlink-destination_002c-dimensions-2"></span>
<span id="index-dimensions_002c-hyperlink-destination-2"></span>
<p>Width of the fit rectangle for the <code>fitr</code> destination.
</p>
<p>Example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hldest{fitr}{width=\hsize,
height=.5\vsize,depth=0pt}{dest123}
</pre></div>
</dd>
</dl>
<span id="dvipdfm_002dspecific-destination-options"></span><h4 class="subsubheading"><code>dvipdfm</code>-specific destination options</h4>
<p>The dimension options below must be specified in
<span id="index-PostScript-point-1"></span>
PostScript points (72 points per inch), as a number without the
‘<samp>bp</samp>’ unit name. When set to empty, the current position
coordinate is used (this is the default for all dimension options).
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>bottom</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-bottom-_0028destination-option_0029-1"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-dimensions-3"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlink-destination_002c-dimensions-3"></span>
<span id="index-dimensions_002c-hyperlink-destination-3"></span>
<p>Bottom position coordinate of a box specification for the various
destination types.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>left</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-left-_0028destination-option_0029-4"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-dimensions-4"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlink-destination_002c-dimensions-4"></span>
<span id="index-dimensions_002c-hyperlink-destination-4"></span>
<p>Left position coordinate of a box specification for the various
destination types.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>right</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-right-_0028destination-option_0029-1"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-dimensions-5"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlink-destination_002c-dimensions-5"></span>
<span id="index-dimensions_002c-hyperlink-destination-5"></span>
<p>Right position coordinate of a box specification for the various
destination types.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>top</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-top-_0028destination-option_0029-4"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-dimensions-6"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlink-destination_002c-dimensions-6"></span>
<span id="index-dimensions_002c-hyperlink-destination-6"></span>
<p>Top position coordinate of a box specification for the various
destination types.
</p>
<p>Example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hldest{fitr}{left=72,bottom=72,
right=720,top=360}{dest123}
</pre></div>
</dd>
</dl>
<hr>
<span id="Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm" accesskey="n" rel="next">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a>, Previous: <a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a>, Up: <a href="#Hyperlink-drivers-pdftex-and-dvipdfm" accesskey="u" rel="up">Hyperlink drivers pdftex and dvipdfm</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm-1"></span><h4 class="subsubsection">5.4.3.3 Link types for <code>pdftex</code> and <code>dvipdfm</code></h4>
<span id="index-link-types_002c-pdftex"></span>
<span id="index-link-types_002c-dvipdfm"></span>
<span id="index-types_002c-link_002c-pdftex"></span>
<span id="index-types_002c-link_002c-dvipdfm"></span>
<span id="index-pdftex_002c-link-types"></span>
<span id="index-dvipdfm_002c-link-types"></span>
<p>Link types are the same for the <code>pdftex</code> and <code>dvipdfm</code>
drivers, except that the <code>pdftex</code> driver provides one additional
link type <code>num</code> (link to a numbered destination). dvipdfm does not
support numbered destinations, therefore it does not have this link
type. Note that all destinations created by Eplain hyperlink macros are
named destinations; to define a numbered destination, you have to use
low-level pdfTeX commands.
</p>
<span id="Common-link-types"></span><h4 class="subsubheading">Common link types</h4>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>name</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-name-_0028hyperlink-type_0029-1"></span>
<span id="index-named-destination-1"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-named-1"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlink-destination_002c-named-1"></span>
<p>Go to a “named destination”. The label is the destination name.
All destinations created with <code>\hldest</code> are named destinations
(see <a href="#Explicit-hyperlinks">Explicit hyperlinks</a>). This is the default type.
</p>
<p>Example: <code>\hlstart{name}{}{dest123}Link to dest123\hlend</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>url</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-url-_0028hyperlink-type_0029-1"></span>
<span id="index-URL-hyperlink-3"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-URL-1"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-URL-3"></span>
<p>Go to a <acronym>URL</acronym>. The label is the <acronym>URL</acronym>.
</p>
<p>Example: <code>\hlstart{url}{}{https://tug.org/eplain/}Eplain home\hlend</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>page</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-page-_0028hyperlink-type_0029"></span>
<span id="index-page-destination"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-page"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlink-destination_002c-page"></span>
<p>Go to a page. The label is the page number (counting from 1).
Page fitting is specified by the
<span id="index-pagefit-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"></span>
<code>pagefit</code> option.
</p>
<p>Example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hlstart{page}{pagefit=/FitH 600}{123}
Link to page~123\hlend
</pre></div>
</dd>
<dt><code>filename</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-filename-_0028hyperlink-type_0029-1"></span>
<span id="index-file_002c-hyperlink-to-1"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-in-another-file-1"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-to-another-file-1"></span>
<p>Go to a named destination in another file. The label is the
destination name. The file name is specified by the
<span id="index-file-_0028hyperlink-option_0029-2"></span>
<code>file</code> option. Page fitting is specified by the
<span id="index-pagefit-_0028hyperlink-option_0029-1"></span>
<code>pagefit</code> option. The
<span id="index-newwin-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"></span>
<code>newwin</code> option specifies whether the destination document is
opened in the same window or in a new window.
</p>
<p>Example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hlstart{filename}{file=book.pdf,newwin=1}{dest123}
Link to dest123 in file `book.pdf'\hlend
</pre></div>
</dd>
<dt><code>filepage</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-filepage-_0028hyperlink-type_0029"></span>
<span id="index-file_002c-hyperlink-to-2"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-in-another-file-2"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-to-another-file-2"></span>
<p>Go to a page in another file. The label is the page number (counting
from 1). The file name is specified by the
<span id="index-file-_0028hyperlink-option_0029-3"></span>
<code>file</code> option. Page fitting is specified by the
<span id="index-pagefit-_0028hyperlink-option_0029-2"></span>
<code>pagefit</code> option. The
<span id="index-newwin-_0028hyperlink-option_0029-1"></span>
<code>newwin</code> option specifies whether the destination document is
opened in the same window or in a new window.
</p>
<p>Example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hlstart{filepage}{file=book.pdf,newwin=,
pagefit=/FitR 50 100 300 500}{1}
Link to page~1 in file `book.pdf'\hlend
</pre></div>
</dd>
<dt><code>raw</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-raw-_0028hyperlink-type_0029-1"></span>
<p>The link specification (in the form of a pdfTeX command or a dvipdfm
<code>\special</code> primitive) is taken from the command sequence
<code>\<var>cs</var></code>, where <var>cs</var> is the value of the
<span id="index-cmd-_0028hyperlink-option_0029-2"></span>
<code>cmd</code> option. In the definition of <code>\<var>cs</var></code>, use
<span id="index-_0040hllabel-3"></span>
<code>\@hllabel</code> to refer to the hyperlink label. This option is
intended to be used with linkgroups (see <a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options">Setting hyperlink types and options</a>), as it does not make sense in a direct call to
<span id="index-hlstart-2"></span>
<code>\hlstart</code>—you can just call the raw command.
</p>
<p>Example for <code>pdftex</code>:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">% Redirect all \url links to the first page
\def\mycmd{\pdfstartlink goto page 1 {/Fit}}
\hltype[url]{raw}
\hlopts[url]{cmd=mycmd}
</pre></div>
<p>Example for <code>dvipdfm</code>:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">% Redirect all \url links to the first page
\def\mycmd{\special{pdf: beginann <</Type/Annot /Subtype/Link
/Dest[0 /Fit]>>}}
\hltype[url]{raw}
\hlopts[url]{cmd=mycmd}
</pre></div>
</dd>
</dl>
<span id="pdftex_002dspecific-link-types"></span><h4 class="subsubheading"><code>pdftex</code>-specific link types</h4>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>num</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-num-_0028hyperlink-type_0029"></span>
<span id="index-numbered-destination"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-numbered"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlink-destination_002c-numbered"></span>
<p>Go to a “numbered destination”. The label is the destination
number.
</p>
<p>Example: <code>\hlstart{num}{}{123}Link to 123\hlend</code>
</p></dd>
</dl>
<hr>
<span id="Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a>, Up: <a href="#Hyperlink-drivers-pdftex-and-dvipdfm" accesskey="u" rel="up">Hyperlink drivers pdftex and dvipdfm</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm-1"></span><h4 class="subsubsection">5.4.3.4 Link options for <code>pdftex</code> and <code>dvipdfm</code></h4>
<span id="index-link-options_002c-pdftex"></span>
<span id="index-link-options_002c-dvipdfm"></span>
<span id="index-options_002c-link_002c-pdftex"></span>
<span id="index-options_002c-link_002c-dvipdfm"></span>
<span id="index-pdftex_002c-link-options"></span>
<span id="index-dvipdfm_002c-link-options"></span>
<p>Link options are mostly the same for the <code>pdftex</code> and
<code>dvipdfm</code> drivers. The <code>pdftex</code> driver has additional
options to specify link dimensions.
</p>
<span id="Common-link-options"></span><h4 class="subsubheading">Common link options</h4>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>bcolor</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-bcolor-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlink-border-color"></span>
<span id="index-border-color_002c-hyperlink"></span>
<span id="index-color_002c-hyperlink-border"></span>
<p>Border color. An array of three numbers in the range 0 to 1,
representing a color in DeviceRGB.
</p>
<p>Example: <code>\hlstart{name}{bcolor=.1 .5 1}{dest123}Link\hlend</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>bdash</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-bdash-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"></span>
<span id="index-dashed-hyperlink-border"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-border-style"></span>
<span id="index-border-style_002c-hyperlink"></span>
<p>Array of numbers representing on and off stroke lengths for drawing
dashes.
</p>
<p>Example: <code>\hlstart{name}{bstyle=D,bdash=2 4}{dest123}Link\hlend</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>bstyle</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-bstyle-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"></span>
<span id="index-solid-hyperlink-border"></span>
<span id="index-dashed-hyperlink-border-1"></span>
<span id="index-beveled-hyperlink-border"></span>
<span id="index-inset-hyperlink-border"></span>
<span id="index-underline-hyperlink-border"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-border-style-1"></span>
<span id="index-style_002c-hyperlink-border"></span>
<span id="index-border-style_002c-hyperlink-1"></span>
<p>Link border style:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>S</code></dt>
<dd><p>The border is drawn as a solid line.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>D</code></dt>
<dd><p>The border is drawn with a dashed line (the dash pattern is specified
by the
<span id="index-bdash-_0028hyperlink-option_0029-1"></span>
<code>bdash</code> option).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>B</code></dt>
<dd><p>The border is drawn in a beveled style.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>I</code></dt>
<dd><p>The border is drawn in an inset style.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>U</code></dt>
<dd><p>The border is drawn as a line on the bottom of the link rectangle.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<p>The default is ‘<samp>S</samp>’.
</p>
<p>Example: <code>\hlstart{name}{bstyle=D,bdash=2 4}{dest123}Link\hlend</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>bwidth</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-bwidth-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"></span>
<span id="index-width_002c-hyperlink-border"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-border-width"></span>
<span id="index-border-width_002c-hyperlink"></span>
<p>Border width in
<span id="index-PostScript-point-2"></span>
PostScript points (72 points per inch). The default is 1.
</p>
<p>Example: <code>\hlstart{name}{bwidth=2}{dest123}Link\hlend</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>cmd</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-cmd-_0028hyperlink-option_0029-3"></span>
<p>Name of the macro (without the leading ‘<samp>\</samp>’) containing a
pdfTeX command or a dvipdfm <code>\special</code> for the <code>raw</code> link.
</p>
<p>See <a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a>, the description of the
<code>raw</code> link, for an example.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>file</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-file-_0028hyperlink-option_0029-4"></span>
<p>File name for the <code>filename</code> and <code>filepage</code> link types.
</p>
<p>See <a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a>, the descriptions of the
<code>filename</code> and <code>filepage</code> links, for an example.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>hlight</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-hlight-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-highlight-mode"></span>
<span id="index-highlight-modes_002c-hyperlink"></span>
<p>Link border highlight modes:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>I</code></dt>
<dd><p>The rectangle specified by the bounding box of the link is inverted.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>N</code></dt>
<dd><p>No highlighting is done.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>O</code></dt>
<dd><p>The border of the link is inverted.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>P</code></dt>
<dd><p>The region underneath the bounding box of the link is drawn inset into
the page.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<p>The default is ‘<samp>I</samp>’.
</p>
<p>Example: <code>\hlstart{name}{bstyle=S,hlight=O}{dest123}Link\hlend</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>newwin</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-newwin-_0028hyperlink-option_0029-2"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-opening-in-a-new-window"></span>
<span id="index-new-window_002c-opening-hyperlink-in"></span>
<p>For the <code>filename</code> and <code>filepage</code> links, specifies whether the destination document is
opened in the same window or in a new window. The settings are:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>0</code></dt>
<dd><p>Open in the same window.
</p></dd>
<dt><code><span class="roman">non-</span>0</code></dt>
<dd><p>Open in a new window.
</p></dd>
<dt><code><span class="roman">empty</span></code></dt>
<dd><p>Behavior according to the viewer settings.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<p>The default is empty.
</p>
<p>See <a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a>, the descriptions of the
<code>filename</code> and <code>filepage</code> links, for an example.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>pagefit</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-pagefit-_0028hyperlink-option_0029-3"></span>
<p>For the <code>page</code> and <code>filepage links</code>, specifies how the page
must be fitted to the window. <code>pagefit</code> specification is written
to the <acronym>PDF</acronym> file as is, so it must conform to the
<acronym>PDF</acronym> standard.
</p>
<p>See <a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a>, the descriptions of the
<code>page</code> and <code>filepage</code> links, for an example.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<span id="pdftex_002dspecific-link-options"></span><h4 class="subsubheading"><code>pdftex</code>-specific link options</h4>
<p>The dimension options below must be specified as a TeX rule
specification. When set to empty, the corresponding value
of the parent box is used (this is the default for all dimension
options).
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>depth</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-depth-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlink-dimensions"></span>
<span id="index-dimensions_002c-hyperlink"></span>
<p>Depth of the link.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>height</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-height-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlink-dimensions-1"></span>
<span id="index-dimensions_002c-hyperlink-1"></span>
<p>Height of the link.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>width</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-width-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlink-dimensions-2"></span>
<span id="index-dimensions_002c-hyperlink-2"></span>
<p>Width of the link.
</p>
<p>Example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hlstart{name}{width=5in,height=20pc,depth=0pt}{dest123}
Link\hlend
</pre></div>
</dd>
</dl>
<hr>
<span id="Hyperlink-driver-nolinks"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Hyperlink-drivers-pdftex-and-dvipdfm" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Hyperlink drivers pdftex and dvipdfm</a>, Up: <a href="#Hyperlink-drivers" accesskey="u" rel="up">Hyperlink drivers</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Hyperlink-driver-nolinks-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.4.4 Hyperlink driver <code>nolinks</code></h4>
<span id="index-nolinks-_0028hyperlink-driver_0029"></span>
<span id="index-nolinks_002c-hyperlink-driver"></span>
<span id="index-driver-nolinks"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlink-driver-nolinks"></span>
<span id="index-omitting-hyperlinks"></span>
<span id="index-disabling-hyperlinks"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-disabling"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-disabling"></span>
<span id="index-spacing_002c-preserving-with-hyperlinks"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-preserving-spacing"></span>
<span id="index-page_002dbreaking_002c-preserving-with-hyperlinks"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-preserving-page_002dbreaking"></span>
<p>Select this driver to suppress all hyperlinks in your document.
</p>
<p>Selecting this driver is quite different from not selecting any driver
at all, or from selecting some driver and then turning hyperlinks off
for the entire document with
<span id="index-hloff"></span>
<code>\hloff</code> and
<span id="index-hldestoff"></span>
<code>\hldestoff</code> (see <a href="#Turning-hyperlinks-on_002foff">Turning hyperlinks on/off</a>).
</p>
<p>The purpose of <code>\hldestoff</code> and <code>\hloff</code> is to mark (parts) of
your document where hyperlinks should never appear. (Imagine you want
to prevent a cross-referencing macro from generating a link at a certain
spot in your document.)
</p>
<p>If instead you have prepared a document with hyperlinks and just want to
compile a version without them, it is better to select the driver
<code>nolinks</code>. This ensures that spacing and page-breaking are the
same as what you were getting with hyperlinks enabled.
</p>
<p>The reason for this is that hyperlinks are produced by the
<code>\special</code> primitives or low-level hyperlink commands. Each such
command is placed inside a
<span id="index-whatsits-made-by-hyperlinks"></span>
<em>whatsit</em> (an internal TeX object), which may introduce
legitimate breakpoints at places where none would exist without the
whatsits. The macros <code>\hldestoff</code> and <code>\hloff</code> disable the
hyperlink macros completely, so that no whatsits are produced.
</p>
<p>In contrast, the <code>nolinks</code> driver does not completely disable
hyperlink macros. Instead, it defines them to merely write to the log
file (what gets written is unimportant). This also produces
whatsits, thus imitating the whatsits from the hyperlink commands.
(This trick was borrowed from the
<span id="index-color_002esty-2"></span>
<span id="index-graphics-collection_002c-LaTeX-2"></span>
<span id="index-LaTeX-graphics-collection-2"></span>
LaTeX ‘color’ package.)
</p>
<p>Another reason for using <code>nolinks</code> is that in horizontal mode
<code>\hldest</code> places destinations inside boxes of zero width, height,
and depth. When you say <code>\hldestoff</code>, <code>\hldest</code> will omit
both destination definitions and these boxes. The missing boxes can
again cause the typesetting to be inconsistent with that with
destinations enabled. Here again, the <code>nolinks</code> driver helps by
defining <code>\hldest</code> to produce the empty boxes.
</p>
<p>So, if you are planning to produce versions of your <acronym>PDF</acronym>
document both with and without hyperlinks, here is the recommended way
to enable the hyperlinks under pdfTeX:
</p>
<span id="index-enablehyperlinks-2"></span>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\ifpdf
\enablehyperlinks
\else
\enablehyperlinks[nolinks]%
\fi
</pre></div>
<hr>
<span id="Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Turning-hyperlinks-on_002foff" accesskey="n" rel="next">Turning hyperlinks on/off</a>, Previous: <a href="#Hyperlink-drivers" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Hyperlink drivers</a>, Up: <a href="#Hyperlinks" accesskey="u" rel="up">Hyperlinks</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.5 Setting hyperlink types and options</h3>
<span id="index-default-hyperlink-type"></span>
<span id="index-default-hyperlink-options"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-default-type"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-default-options"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-default-type"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-default-options"></span>
<p>You can define default types for links and destinations, which will be
used when you do not specify a type in
<span id="index-hlstart-3"></span>
<code>\hlstart</code> or
<span id="index-hldest-3"></span>
<code>\hldest</code>. Similarly, you can define default values for the
options; the default value for an option is used when you do not set the
option in the argument to <code>\hlstart</code> or <code>\hldest</code>.
</p>
<span id="index-group-type_002c-hyperlink"></span>
<span id="index-group-options_002c-hyperlink"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-group-type"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-group-options"></span>
<span id="index-link_002c-group-type"></span>
<span id="index-link_002c-group-options"></span>
<span id="index-linkgroup-type"></span>
<span id="index-linkgroup-options"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-group-type"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-group-options"></span>
<span id="index-destgroup-type"></span>
<span id="index-destgroup-options"></span>
<p>The parameters for implicit links and destinations can be customized by
setting the “group” types and options. When not set, the defaults are
used.
</p>
<p>All these settings are local to the current (TeX) group, so if
you want to set an option temporarily, you can do so inside a
<code>\begingroup…\endgroup</code> block; when the group ends, the
previous settings are restored.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Setting-default-types-and-options" accesskey="1">Setting default types and options</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Setting-group-types" accesskey="2">Setting group types</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Setting-group-options" accesskey="3">Setting group options</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="Setting-default-types-and-options"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Setting-group-types" accesskey="n" rel="next">Setting group types</a>, Up: <a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options" accesskey="u" rel="up">Setting hyperlink types and options</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Setting-default-types-and-options-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.5.1 Setting default types and options</h4>
<span id="index-hltype"></span>
<span id="index-hldesttype"></span>
<p>The default types for links and destinations can be set with the
following commands:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hltype{<var>type</var>}
\hldesttype{<var>type</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>where <var>type</var> is one of the
link/destination types supported by the selected hyperlink driver
(see <a href="#Hyperlink-drivers">Hyperlink drivers</a>).
</p>
<span id="index-hlopts"></span>
<span id="index-hldestopts"></span>
<p>Default values for the options can be set with the following commands:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hlopts{<var>options</var>}
\hldestopts{<var>options</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>where <var>options</var> is a comma-separated list of option
assignments in the format ‘<samp><var>option</var>=<var>value</var></samp>’. Again, what options
are allowed depends on the selected hyperlink driver.
</p>
<span id="index-boxed-links_002c-avoiding-1"></span>
<span id="index-avoiding-boxed-links-1"></span>
<span id="index-color_002c-hyperlinks-2"></span>
<span id="index-colored-links-2"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlink-color-2"></span>
<p>Many people regard the default boxed links as not aesthetic and
intruding on page layout. The reason why boxed links are the default is
that the links are not colored until you load the LaTeX
<span id="index-color_002esty-3"></span>
‘color’ package (see <a href="#Loading-LaTeX-packages">Loading LaTeX packages</a>) or use other means to
define the <code>\color</code> command; therefore, not producing any kind of
link border may result in the links not being marked in any way.
However, when the links are actually colored, there is no need to
produce the link boxes anymore; to avoid the boxes, you can set the
default border width to zero (if the driver you use supports the link
option <code>bwidth</code>; see <a href="#Hyperlink-drivers">Hyperlink drivers</a>):
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hlopts{bwidth=0}
</pre></div>
<hr>
<span id="Setting-group-types"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Setting-group-options" accesskey="n" rel="next">Setting group options</a>, Previous: <a href="#Setting-default-types-and-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Setting default types and options</a>, Up: <a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options" accesskey="u" rel="up">Setting hyperlink types and options</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Setting-group-types-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.5.2 Setting group types</h4>
<span id="index-hltype-1"></span>
<span id="index-hldesttype-1"></span>
<span id="index-group-type_002c-hyperlink-1"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-group-type-1"></span>
<span id="index-link_002c-group-type-1"></span>
<span id="index-linkgroup-type-1"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-group-type-1"></span>
<span id="index-destgroup-type-1"></span>
<p>When called with an optional argument, as in
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hltype[<var>groups</var>]{<var>type</var>}
\hldesttype[<var>groups</var>]{<var>type</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>where <var>groups</var> is a comma-separated list of groups,
<code>\hltype</code> and <code>\hldesttype</code> set the type for each group from
<var>groups</var> to <var>type</var>. The default type is used for all groups
with an empty type (this is the initial setting for all groups, except
that the type for the ‘url’ linkgroup is set to ‘<samp>url</samp>’ by the
drivers which support this link type).
</p>
<span id="index-group-_0060_0027-_0028empty_0029"></span>
<span id="index-default-hyperlink-type-1"></span>
<span id="index-default-hyperlink-options-1"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-default-type-1"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-default-options-1"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-default-type-1"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-default-options-1"></span>
<p>There are two special “groups” which can be used inside the
<var>groups</var> list. An empty group sets the default type. This allows
to set the default type and group types in one command, for example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hltype[eq,]{<var>type</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>sets the link type for the ‘eq’ linkgroup and the
default link type to <var>type</var>.
</p>
<span id="index-group-_0060_002a_0027"></span>
<span id="index-groups_002c-specifying-all"></span>
<span id="index-all-groups_002c-specifying"></span>
<p>Another special group is a star (‘<samp>*</samp>’) group, which signifies all
defined groups. For example, the command
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hldesttype[*,]{<var>type</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>sets the destination type to <var>type</var> for each group,
as well as the default destination type.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Setting-group-options"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Setting-group-types" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Setting group types</a>, Up: <a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options" accesskey="u" rel="up">Setting hyperlink types and options</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Setting-group-options-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.5.3 Setting group options</h4>
<span id="index-group-options_002c-hyperlink-1"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-group-options-1"></span>
<span id="index-link_002c-group-options-1"></span>
<span id="index-linkgroup-options-1"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-group-options-1"></span>
<span id="index-destgroup-options-1"></span>
<p>Option values for each group are stored as a list of option
assignments. This list does not have to contain every supported
option. Values for options missing from this list are taken from the
default option values.
</p>
<span id="index-hlopts-1"></span>
<span id="index-hldestopts-1"></span>
<p>To manipulate the list of option values for the groups, you use the
<code>\hlopts</code> and <code>\hldestopts</code> commands with an optional
argument:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hlopts[<var>groups</var>]{<var>options</var>}
\hldestopts[<var>groups</var>]{<var>options</var>}
\hlopts![<var>groups</var>]{<var>options</var>}
\hldestopts![<var>groups</var>]{<var>options</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>where <var>groups</var> is a comma-separated list of groups and
<var>options</var> is a comma-separated list of option assignments. The
two special “groups”, the empty group and the star (‘<samp>*</samp>’)
group, have the same meaning as for <code>\hltype</code> and
<code>\hldesttype</code>.
<span id="index-group_002c-preserving-option-list"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlink-group_002c-preserving-option-list"></span>
<span id="index-option-list_002c-preserving-for-group"></span>
When used without the exclamation mark, <code>\hlopts</code> and
<code>\hldestopts</code> preserve the current list of options for the groups,
and only update the options listed in <var>options</var>. If you add the
exclamation mark, the current list of options for each group in
<var>groups</var> is discarded and the new list is set to <var>options</var>.
</p>
<p>The “overriding” nature of the ‘<samp>!</samp>’ is appropriate when you give
a complete specification of the options for a group, e.g., at the
beginning of your document. On the other hand, when you want to
adjust some option(s) and leave others intact, you should use the
macros without the ‘<samp>!</samp>’.
</p>
<span id="index-raise-_0028hyperlink-option_0029-1"></span>
<span id="index-mathematics-displays_002c-hyperlinks-1"></span>
<span id="index-displayed-math-and-hyperlinks-1"></span>
<span id="index-large-operators-and-hyperlinks-1"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-large-operators-1"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-large-operators-1"></span>
<span id="index-raising-hyperlink-destinations-1"></span>
<p>For example, with displayed mathematical formulas, you often need to
adjust the ‘<samp>raise</samp>’ option for the
<span id="index-group-_0060eq_0027-2"></span>
<span id="index-linkgroup-_0060eq_0027-1"></span>
‘eq’ destgroup, because the formulas often contain large parentheses and
brackets. But when doing so, you want to leave the other settings
unchanged. To achieve this, call <code>\hldestopts</code> without the
‘<samp>!</samp>’, for example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">$$\hldestopts[eq]{raise=2.5\normalbaselineskip}
…
$$
</pre></div>
<p>The display commands (‘<samp>$$</samp>’) implicitly put the entire
formula inside a (TeX) group (<code>\begingroup…\endgroup</code>), so
you do not need to isolate the setting of the ‘<samp>raise</samp>’ option—it
will be restored after the closing ‘<samp>$$</samp>’.
</p>
<span id="index-option-list_002c-group"></span>
<span id="index-group-option-list"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-group-option-list"></span>
<p>Initially, Eplain sets the option lists for almost all groups to empty,
so that the groups fall back on the default values for all options. The
one exception to this rule is the ‘eq’ destgroup, whose initial option
list contains one setting:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">raise=1.7\normalbaselineskip
</pre></div>
<p>This setting usually accommodates the large operators, which often
appear in displayed math.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Turning-hyperlinks-on_002foff"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Making-PDF-outlines" accesskey="n" rel="next">Making PDF outlines</a>, Previous: <a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Setting hyperlink types and options</a>, Up: <a href="#Hyperlinks" accesskey="u" rel="up">Hyperlinks</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Turning-hyperlinks-on_002foff-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.6 Turning hyperlinks on/off</h3>
<span id="index-omitting-hyperlinks-1"></span>
<span id="index-disabling-hyperlinks-1"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-disabling-1"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-disabling-1"></span>
<p>Links and/or destinations can be turned on or off globally by disabling
the low-level commands, or for each group individually.
</p>
<p>All these settings are local to the current (TeX) group, so if you
want to enable or disable links/destinations temporarily, you can do so
inside a <code>\begingroup…\endgroup</code> block; when the group ends, the
previous settings are restored.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Turning-low_002dlevel-commands-on_002foff" accesskey="1">Turning low-level commands on/off</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Turning-hyperlinks-on_002foff-for-a-group" accesskey="2">Turning hyperlinks on/off for a group</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="Turning-low_002dlevel-commands-on_002foff"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Turning-hyperlinks-on_002foff-for-a-group" accesskey="n" rel="next">Turning hyperlinks on/off for a group</a>, Up: <a href="#Turning-hyperlinks-on_002foff" accesskey="u" rel="up">Turning hyperlinks on/off</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Turning-low_002dlevel-commands-on_002foff-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.6.1 Turning low-level commands on/off</h4>
<span id="index-hldeston"></span>
<span id="index-hldestoff-1"></span>
<span id="index-hlon"></span>
<span id="index-hloff-1"></span>
<p>The low-level commands <code>\hlstart</code>, <code>\hlend</code> and
<code>\hldest</code> can be turned on/off with the following commands:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hldeston
\hldestoff
\hlon
\hloff
</pre></div>
<p>See <a href="#Hyperlink-driver-nolinks">Hyperlink driver nolinks</a>, for the implications of using
these commands to disable hyperlinks for the entire document.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Turning-hyperlinks-on_002foff-for-a-group"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Turning-low_002dlevel-commands-on_002foff" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Turning low-level commands on/off</a>, Up: <a href="#Turning-hyperlinks-on_002foff" accesskey="u" rel="up">Turning hyperlinks on/off</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Turning-hyperlinks-on_002foff-for-a-group-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.6.2 Turning hyperlinks on/off for a group</h4>
<span id="index-group_002c-disabling-hyperlinks"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlink-group_002c-disabling-hyperlinks"></span>
<p>If you want to disable links/destinations produced by certain groups,
you can give a list of the groups as an optional argument to these
commands:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hldeston[<var>groups</var>]
\hldestoff[<var>groups</var>]
\hlon[<var>groups</var>]
\hloff[<var>groups</var>]
</pre></div>
<p>where <var>groups</var> is the list of linkgroups/destgroups. This
list can contain two special groups. The empty group switches the
low-level commands (see <a href="#Turning-low_002dlevel-commands-on_002foff">Turning low-level commands on/off</a>), and the
star (‘<samp>*</samp>’) group operates on all defined groups.
</p>
<p>Note that turning off the low-level commands disables all hyperlinks
globally, including groups which have them enabled. Turning off certain
linkgroups/destgroups records the fact that the macros in the group
should not produce links/destinations. To illustrate the distinction,
assume that all links are on; after the following sequence of commands:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\hloff
\hloff[eq]
\hlon
</pre></div>
<p>all links are on except for the ‘eq’ linkgroup.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Making-PDF-outlines"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Turning-hyperlinks-on_002foff" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Turning hyperlinks on/off</a>, Up: <a href="#Hyperlinks" accesskey="u" rel="up">Hyperlinks</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Making-PDF-outlines-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.7 Making PDF outlines</h3>
<span id="index-outlines_002c-making-PDF"></span>
<span id="index-bookmarks_002c-making-PDF"></span>
<span id="index-PDF-outlines-_0028a_002ek_002ea_002e-bookmarks_0029"></span>
<p>PDF outlines (a.k.a. bookmarks) are more or less a table of contents
that PDF viewers can display alongside the main document. Eplain’s
hyperlink features can be used to create them; there isn’t any special
support for them. A continuing example interspersed with commentary
follows.
</p>
<p>First we must enable hyperlinks.
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">\input eplain
\enablehyperlinks %[dvipdfm] doesn't work
</pre></div>
<span id="index-ifpdf-2"></span>
<span id="index-pdftex_002c-making-PDF-outlines-for"></span>
<span id="index-dvips_002c-making-PDF-outlines-for"></span>
<p>We will separate the code to support <code>pdftex</code> from <code>dvips</code>
with the <code>\ifpdf</code> conditional (provided by Eplain).
</p>
<span id="index-pdfoutline-_0028pdftex-primitive_0029"></span>
<p>For <code>pdftex</code>, we can use the <code>\pdfoutline</code> primitive. The
keyword "count" is followed by the number of subentries in this entry.
If negative, the bookmark is closed (that is, subentries are hidden).
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\ifpdf
\pdfoutline goto name {sec1} count -1 {Mysec-pdf}%
\pdfoutline goto name {sec1.1} {Mysubsec-pdf}%
</pre></div>
<span id="index-special-ps_003a-for-dvips"></span>
<p>For <code>dvips</code>, we use TeX’s <code>\special</code> command to emit a
<code>ps:</code> special using the PDF <code>pdfmark</code> operator. The
<code>ps:</code> prefix tells <code>dvips</code> that the following is literal
PostScript.
</p>
<span id="index-pdfmark-_0028PDF-language-primitive_0029"></span>
<p><code>[ ... pdfmark</code> (there is no closing ‘<samp>]</samp>’) is a extension to
the PostScript language for specifying various PDF-related things. It
is recognized by Ghostscript, Distiller, et al. Adobe publishes a
reference manual for it:
<a href="https://adobe.com/content/dam/Adobe/en/devnet/acrobat/pdfs/pdfmark_reference.pdf">https://adobe.com/content/dam/Adobe/en/devnet/acrobat/pdfs/pdfmark_reference.pdf</a>.
</p>
<span id="index-DOCVIEW-pdfmark"></span>
<p>The <code>/DOCVIEW</code> pdfmark used here says the outline panel should be used.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\else % not pdf output
\special{ps:[/PageMode /UseOutlines /DOCVIEW pdfmark}
%
% The individual outline entries, using a different syntax
% than pdftex, but the same information.
\special{ps:[/Count -1 /Dest (sec1) cvn /Title (Mysec-dvi)
/OUT pdfmark}
\special{ps:[/Count -0 /Dest (sec1.1) cvn /Title (Mysubsec-dvi)
/OUT pdfmark}
\fi
</pre></div>
<p>The ‘<samp>-pdf</samp>’ and ‘<samp>-dvi</samp>’ suffixes in the strings above in the
outline entries are just to make it clear which branch is being
executed, for purposes of this example. Ordinarily the entries would
be the same in both branches.
</p>
<p>Also, the strings above are literal PostScript constants, again for
this example. Usually they would come from control sequences, e.g.,
as the table of contents is read.
</p>
<span id="index-pdfescapestring-pdfTeX-primitive"></span>
<p>It is necessary to "pdf-escape" such arbitrary strings, else
backslashes, parentheses, etc., would not come out right. pdfTeX’s
<code>\pdfescapestring</code> primitive is an easy way to do this, e.g.,
<code>\xdef#1{\pdfescapestring{#1}}</code>.
</p>
<p>Here is the document text, constructing three pages with the section
and subsection given above in the outlines.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">First page.\vfil\eject
\hldest{}{}{sec1}%
1. Mysec on second page.\vfil\eject
\hldest{}{}{sec1.1}%
1.1. Mysubsec on third page.
\end
</pre></div>
<hr>
<span id="Arrow-theoretic-diagrams"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Programming-definitions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Programming definitions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Hyperlinks" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Hyperlinks</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Arrow-theoretic-diagrams-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">6 Arrow theoretic diagrams</h2>
<p>This chapter describes definitions for producing commutative diagrams.
</p>
<p>Steven Smith wrote this documentation (and the macros).
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Slanted-lines-and-vectors" accesskey="1">Slanted lines and vectors</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Commutative-diagrams" accesskey="2">Commutative diagrams</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="Slanted-lines-and-vectors"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Commutative-diagrams" accesskey="n" rel="next">Commutative diagrams</a>, Up: <a href="#Arrow-theoretic-diagrams" accesskey="u" rel="up">Arrow theoretic diagrams</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Slanted-lines-and-vectors-1"></span><h3 class="section">6.1 Slanted lines and vectors</h3>
<p>The macros <code>\drawline</code>
<span id="index-drawline"></span>
and <code>\drawvector</code>
<span id="index-drawvector"></span>
provide the capability found in LaTeX’s
<span id="index-LaTeX-3"></span>
<span id="index-picture-mode-1"></span>
picture mode to draw slanted lines and vectors of certain directions.
Both of these macros take three arguments: two integer arguments to
specify the direction of the line or vector, and one argument to specify
its length. For example, ‘<samp>\drawvector(-4,1){60pt}</samp>’ produces the
vector
<span id="index-lines"></span>
<span id="index-vectors"></span>
which lies in the 2d quadrant, has a slope of minus 1/4, and a width of
60 pt.
</p>
<p>Note that if an <code>\hbox</code> is placed around <code>\drawline</code> or
<code>\drawvector</code>, then the width of the <code>\hbox</code> will be the
positive dimension specified in the third argument, except when a
vertical line or vector is specified, e.g.,
<code>\drawline(0,1){1in}</code>, which has zero width. If the specified
direction lies in the 1st or 2d quadrant (e.g., <code>(1,1)</code> or
<code>(-2,3)</code>), then the <code>\hbox</code> will have positive height and zero
depth. Conversely, if the specified direction lies in the 3d or 4th
quadrant (e.g., <code>(-1,-1)</code> or <code>(2,-3)</code>), then the <code>\hbox</code>
will have positive depth and zero height.
</p>
<p>There are a finite number of directions that can be specified. For
<code>\drawline</code>, the absolute value of each integer defining the
direction must be less than or equal to six, i.e., <code>(7,-1)</code> is
incorrect, but <code>(6,-1)</code> is acceptable. For <code>\drawvector</code>, the
absolute value of each integer must be less than or equal to four.
Furthermore, the two integers cannot have common divisors; therefore, if
a line with slope 2 is desired, say <code>(2,1)</code> instead of
<code>(4,2)</code>. Also, specify <code>(1,0)</code> instead of, say, <code>(3,0)</code>
for horizontal lines and likewise for vertical lines.
</p>
<p>Finally, these macros depend upon the LaTeX font <code>line10</code>. If
your site doesn’t have this font, ask your system administrator to get
it. Future enhancements will include macros to draw dotted lines and
dotted vectors of various directions.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Commutative-diagrams"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Slanted-lines-and-vectors" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Slanted lines and vectors</a>, Up: <a href="#Arrow-theoretic-diagrams" accesskey="u" rel="up">Arrow theoretic diagrams</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Commutative-diagrams-1"></span><h3 class="section">6.2 Commutative diagrams</h3>
<span id="index-commutative-diagrams"></span>
<p>The primitive commands <code>\drawline</code> and <code>\drawvector</code> can be
used to typeset arrow theoretic diagrams. This section describes (1)
macros to facilitate typesetting arrows and morphisms, and (2) macros to
facilitate the construction of commutative diagrams. All macros
described in this section must be used in math mode.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms" accesskey="1">Arrows and morphisms</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Construction-of-commutative-diagrams" accesskey="2">Construction of commutative diagrams</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Commutative-diagram-parameters" accesskey="3">Commutative diagram parameters</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="Arrows-and-morphisms"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Construction-of-commutative-diagrams" accesskey="n" rel="next">Construction of commutative diagrams</a>, Up: <a href="#Commutative-diagrams" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commutative diagrams</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Arrows-and-morphisms-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">6.2.1 Arrows and morphisms</h4>
<span id="index-arrows"></span>
<span id="index-morphisms"></span>
<p>The macros <code>\mapright</code> and <code>\mapleft</code> produce right and left
<span id="index-mapright"></span>
<span id="index-mapleft"></span>
pointing arrows, respectively. Use superscript (<code>^</code>) to place a
morphism above the arrow, e.g., ‘<samp>\mapright^\alpha</samp>’; use subscript
(<code>_</code>) to place a morphism below the arrow, e.g.,
‘<samp>\mapright_{\tilde l}</samp>’. Superscripts and subscripts may be used
simultaneously, e.g., ‘<samp>\mapright^\pi_{\rm epimor.}</samp>’.
</p>
<p>Similarly, the macros <code>\mapup</code> and <code>\mapdown</code> produce up and
<span id="index-mapup"></span>
<span id="index-mapdown"></span>
down pointing arrows, respectively. Use <code>\rt</code>
<span id="index-rt"></span>
to place a morphism to the right of the arrow, e.g., ‘<samp>\mapup\rt{\rm
id}</samp>’; use <code>\lft</code>
<span id="index-lft"></span>
to place a morphism to the left of the arrow, e.g., ‘<samp>\mapup\lft\omega</samp>’.
<code>\lft</code> and <code>\rt</code> may be used simultaneously, e.g.,
‘<samp>\mapdown\lft\pi\rt{\rm monomor.}</samp>’.
</p>
<p>Slanted arrows are produced by the macro <code>\arrow</code>, which takes
<span id="index-arrow"></span>
a direction argument (e.g., ‘<samp>\arrow(3,-4)</samp>’). Use <code>\rt</code> and
<code>\lft</code> to place morphisms to the right and left, respectively, of
the arrow. A slanted line (no arrowhead) is produced with the macro
<code>\sline</code>,
<span id="index-sline"></span>
whose syntax is identical to that of <code>\arrow</code>.
</p>
<p>The length of these macros is predefined by the default TeX
dimensions <code>\harrowlength</code>,
<span id="index-harrowlength"></span>
for horizontal arrows (or lines),
<code>\varrowlength</code>,
<span id="index-varrowlength"></span>
for vertical arrows (or lines), and
<code>\sarrowlength</code>,
<span id="index-sarrowlength"></span>
for slanted arrows (or lines). To change any of these dimensions, say,
e.g., ‘<samp>\harrowlength=40pt</samp>’. As with all other TeX dimensions,
the change may be as global or as local as you like. Furthermore, the
placement of morphisms on the arrows is controlled by the dimensions
<code>\hmorphposn</code>,
<span id="index-hmorphposn"></span>
<code>\vmorphposn</code>,
<span id="index-vmorphposn"></span>
and <code>\morphdist</code>.
<span id="index-morphdist"></span>
The first two dimensions control the horizontal and vertical position of
the morphism from its default position; the latter dimension controls
the distance of the morphism from the arrow. If you have more than one
morphism per arrow (i.e., a <code>^</code>/<code>_</code> or <code>\lft</code>/<code>\rt</code>
construction), use the parameters
<code>\hmorphposnup</code>,
<span id="index-hmorphposnup"></span>
<code>\hmorphposndn</code>,
<span id="index-hmorphposndn"></span>
<code>\vmorphposnup</code>,
<span id="index-vmorphposnup"></span>
<code>\vmorphposndn</code>,
<span id="index-vmorphposndn"></span>
<code>\hmorphposnrt</code>,
<span id="index-hmorphposnrt"></span>
<code>\hmorphposnlft</code>,
<span id="index-hmorphposnlft"></span>
<code>\vmorphposnrt</code>,
<span id="index-vmorphposnrt"></span>
and <code>\vmorphposnlft</code>.
<span id="index-vmorphposnlft"></span>
The default values of all these dimensions are provided in the section
on parameters that follows below.
</p>
<p>There is a family of macros to produce horizontal lines, arrows, and
adjoint arrows. The following macros produce horizontal maps and have
the same syntax as <code>\mapright</code>:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\mapright</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-mapright-1"></span>
<p><code>$X\mapright Y$</code>
= (a right arrow).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mapleft</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-mapleft-1"></span>
<p><code>$X\mapleft Y$</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\hline</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-hline"></span>
<p><code>$X\hline Y$</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bimapright</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-bimapright"></span>
<p><code>$X\bimapright Y$</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bimapleft</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-bimapleft"></span>
<p><code>$X\bimapleft Y$</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\adjmapright</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-adjmapright"></span>
<p><code>$X\adjmapright Y$</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\adjmapleft</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-adjmapleft"></span>
<p><code>$X\adjmapleft Y$</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bihline</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-bihline"></span>
<p><code>$X\bihline Y$</code>
</p></dd>
</dl>
<p>There is also a family of macros to produce vertical lines, arrows, and
adjoint arrows. The following macros produce vertical maps and have
the same syntax as <code>\mapdown</code>:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\mapdown</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-mapdown-1"></span>
<p>(a down arrow)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mapup</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-mapup-1"></span>
<p>(an up arrow)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\vline</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-vline"></span>
<p>(vertical line)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bimapdown</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-bimapdown"></span>
<p>(two down arrows)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bimapup</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-bimapup"></span>
<p>(two up arrows)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\adjmapdown</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-adjmapdown"></span>
<p>(two adjoint arrows; down then up)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\adjmapup</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-adjmapup"></span>
<p>(two adjoint arrows; up then down)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bivline</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-bivline"></span>
<p>(two vertical lines)
</p></dd>
</dl>
<p>Finally, there is a family of macros to produce slanted lines, arrows,
and adjoint arrows. The following macros produce slanted maps and have
the same syntax as <code>\arrow</code>:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\arrow</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-arrow-1"></span>
<p>(a slanted arrow)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sline</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-sline-1"></span>
<p>(a slanted line)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\biarrow</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-biarrow"></span>
<p>(two straight arrows)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\adjarrow</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-adjarrow"></span>
<p>(two adjoint arrows)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bisline</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-bisline"></span>
<p>(two straight lines)
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>The width between double arrows is controlled by the parameter
<code>\channelwidth</code>.
<span id="index-channelwidth"></span>
The parameters <code>\hchannel</code> and <code>\vchannel</code>, if nonzero,
override <code>\channelwidth</code> by controlling the horizontal and vertical
shifting from the first arrow to the second.
</p>
<p>There are no adornments on these arrows to distinguish inclusions from
epimorphisms from monomorphisms. Many texts, such as Lang’s book
<cite>Algebra</cite>, use as a tasteful alternative the symbol ‘inc’ (in roman) next
to an arrow to denote inclusion.
<span id="index-Lang_002c-Serge"></span>
</p>
<p>Future enhancements will include a mechanism to draw curved arrows
found in, e.g., the Snake Lemma, by employing a version of the
<code>\path</code> macros of Appendix D of <cite>The TeXbook</cite>.
<span id="index-Snake-Lemma"></span>
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Construction-of-commutative-diagrams"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Commutative-diagram-parameters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Commutative diagram parameters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Arrows and morphisms</a>, Up: <a href="#Commutative-diagrams" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commutative diagrams</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Construction-of-commutative-diagrams-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">6.2.2 Construction of commutative diagrams</h4>
<p>There are two approaches to the construction of commutative diagrams
described here. The first approach, and the simplest, treats
commutative diagrams like fancy matrices, as Knuth does in Exercise
18.46 of <cite>The TeXbook</cite>. This case is covered by the macro
<code>\commdiag</code>,
<span id="index-commdiag"></span>
which is an altered version of the Plain TeX macro <code>\matrix</code>.
<span id="index-matrix"></span>
An example suffices to demonstrate this macro. The following
commutative diagram (illustrating the covering homotopy property; Bott
and Tu, <cite>Differential Forms in Algebraic Topology</cite>)
<span id="index-Bott_002c-Raoul"></span>
<span id="index-Tu_002c-Loring-W_002e"></span>
<span id="index-covering-homotopy-property"></span>
is produced with the code
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">$$\commdiag{Y&\mapright^f&E\cr \mapdown&\arrow(3,2)\lft{f_t}&\mapdown\cr
Y\times I&\mapright^{\bar f_t}&X}$$
</pre></div>
<p>Of course, the parameters may be changed to produce a different effect.
The following commutative diagram (illustrating the universal mapping
property; Warner, <cite>Foundations of Differentiable Manifolds and Lie
Groups</cite>)
<span id="index-Warner_002c-Frank-W_002e"></span>
<span id="index-universal-mapping-property"></span>
is produced with the code
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">$$\varrowlength=20pt
\commdiag{V\otimes W\cr \mapup\lft\phi&\arrow(3,-1)\rt{\tilde l}\cr
V\times W&\mapright^l&U\cr}$$
</pre></div>
<p>A diagram containing isosceles triangles is achieved by placing the apex
of the triangle in the center column, as shown in the example
(illustrating all constant minimal realizations of a linear system;
Brockett, <cite>Finite Dimensional Linear Systems</cite>)
<span id="index-Brockett_002c-Roger-W_002e"></span>
<span id="index-minimal-realizations"></span>
<span id="index-linear-systems-theory"></span>
which is produced with the code
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">$$\sarrowlength=.42\harrowlength
\commdiag{&R^m\cr &\arrow(-1,-1)\lft{\bf B}\quad \arrow(1,-1)\rt{\bf G}\cr
R^n&\mapright^{\bf P}&R^n\cr
\mapdown\lft{e^{{\bf A}t}}&&\mapdown\rt{e^{{\bf F}t}}\cr
R^n&\mapright^{\bf P}&R^n\cr
&\arrow(1,-1)\lft{\bf C}\quad \arrow(-1,-1)\rt{\bf H}\cr
&R^q\cr}$$
</pre></div>
<p>Other commutative diagram examples appear in the file
<code>commdiags.tex</code>, which is distributed with this package.
</p>
<p>In these examples the arrow lengths and line slopes were carefully
chosen to blend with each other. In the first example, the default
settings for the arrow lengths are used, but a direction for the arrow
must be chosen. The ratio of the default horizontal and vertical arrow
lengths is approximately the golden mean
<span id="index-golden-mean"></span>
<span id="index-golden-mean-1"></span>
the arrow direction closest to this mean is <code>(3,2)</code>. In the second
example, a slope of
is desired and the default horizontal arrow length is 60 pt; therefore,
choose a vertical arrow length of 20 pt. You may affect the interline
glue settings of <code>\commdiag</code> by redefining the macro
<code>\commdiagbaselines</code>.
<span id="index-commdiagbaselines"></span>
(cf. Exercise 18.46 of <cite>The TeXbook</cite> and the section on
parameters below.)
</p>
<p>The width, height, and depth of all morphisms are hidden so that the
morphisms’ size do not affect arrow positions. This can cause a large
morphism at the top or bottom of a diagram to impinge upon the text
surrounding the diagram. To overcome this problem, use TeX’s
<code>\noalign</code> primitive to insert a <code>\vskip</code> immediately above or
below the offending line, e.g.,
‘<samp>$$\commdiag{\noalign{\vskip6pt}X&\mapright^\int&Y\cr ...}</samp>’.
</p>
<p>The macro <code>\commdiag</code> is too simple to be used for more complicated
diagrams, which may have intersecting or overlapping arrows. A second
approach, borrowed from Francis Borceux’s <cite>Diagram</cite> macros for
LaTeX, treats the commutative diagram like a grid of identically
shaped boxes. To compose the commutative diagram, first draw an equally
spaced grid, e.g.,
<span id="index-grid"></span>
<span id="index-Borceux_002c-Francis"></span>
<span id="index-Diagram_002c-macros-for-LaTeX"></span>
on a piece of scratch paper. Then draw each element (vertices and
arrows) of the commutative diagram on this grid, centered at each
grid point. Finally, use the macro <code>\gridcommdiag</code>
<span id="index-gridcommdiag"></span>
to implement your design as a TeX alignment. For example, the cubic
diagram
<span id="index-cube"></span>
that appears in Francis Borceux’s documentation can be implemented on
a 7 by 7 grid, and is achieved with the code
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">$$\harrowlength=48pt \varrowlength=48pt \sarrowlength=20pt
\def\cross#1#2{\setbox0=\hbox{$#1$}%
\hbox to\wd0{\hss\hbox{$#2$}\hss}\llap{\unhbox0}}
\gridcommdiag{&&B&&\mapright^b&&D\cr
&\arrow(1,1)\lft a&&&&\arrow(1,1)\lft d\cr
A&&\cross{\hmorphposn=12pt\mapright^c}{\vmorphposn=-12pt\mapdown\lft f}
&&C&&\mapdown\rt h\cr\cr
\mapdown\lft e&&F&&\cross{\hmorphposn=-12pt\mapright_j}
{\vmorphposn=12pt\mapdown\rt g}&&H\cr
&\arrow(1,1)\lft i&&&&\arrow(1,1)\rt l\cr
E&&\mapright_k&&G\cr}$$
</pre></div>
<p>The dimensions <code>\hgrid</code> and <code>\vgrid</code>
<span id="index-hgrid"></span>
<span id="index-vgrid"></span>
control the horizontal and vertical spacing of the grid used by
<code>\gridcommdiag</code>. The default setting for both of these dimensions
is 15 pt. Note that in the example of the cube the arrow lengths must
be adjusted so that the arrows overlap into neighboring boxes by the
desired amount. Hence, the <code>\gridcommdiag</code> method, albeit more
powerful, is less automatic than the simpler <code>\commdiag</code> method.
Furthermore, the ad hoc macro <code>\cross</code> is introduced to allow the
effect of overlapping arrows. Finally, note that the positions of four
of the morphisms are adjusted by setting <code>\hmorphposn</code> and
<code>\vmorphposn</code>.
</p>
<p>One is not restricted to a square grid. For example, the proof of
Zassenhaus’s Butterfly Lemma can be illustrated by the diagram (appearing
in Lang’s book <cite>Algebra</cite>)
<span id="index-Zassenhaus_002c-Hans"></span>
<span id="index-Lang_002c-Serge-1"></span>
<span id="index-Butterfly-Lemma"></span>
This diagram may be implemented on a 9 by 12 grid with an aspect ratio
of 1/2, and is set with the code
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">$$\hgrid=16pt \vgrid=8pt \sarrowlength=32pt
\def\cross#1#2{\setbox0=\hbox{$#1$}%
\hbox to\wd0{\hss\hbox{$#2$}\hss}\llap{\unhbox0}}
\def\l#1{\llap{$#1$\hskip.5em}}
\def\r#1{\rlap{\hskip.5em$#1$}}
\gridcommdiag{&&U&&&&V\cr &&\bullet&&&&\bullet\cr
&&\sarrowlength=16pt\sline(0,1)&&&&\sarrowlength=16pt\sline(0,1)\cr
&&\l{u(U\cap V)}\bullet&&&&\bullet\r{(U\cap V)v}\cr
&&&\sline(2,-1)&&\sline(2,1)\cr
&&\cross{=}{\sline(0,1)}&&\bullet&&\cross{=}{\sline(0,1)}\cr\cr
&&\l{^{\textstyle u(U\cap v)}}\bullet&&\cross{=}{\sline(0,1)}&&
\bullet\r{^{\textstyle(u\cap V)v}}\cr
&\sline(2,1)&&\sline(2,-1)&&\sline(2,1)&&\sline(2,-1)\cr
\l{u}\bullet&&&&\bullet&&&&\bullet\r{v}\cr
&\sline(2,-1)&&\sline(2,1)&&\sline(2,-1)&&\sline(2,1)\cr
&&\bullet&&&&\bullet\cr &&u\cap V&&&&U\cap v\cr}$$
</pre></div>
<p>Again, the construction of this diagram requires careful choices for the
arrow lengths and is facilitated by the introduction of the ad hoc
macros <code>\cross</code>, <code>\r</code>, and <code>\l</code>. Note also that
superscripts were used to adjust the position of the vertices
Many diagrams may be typeset with the predefined macros that appear
here; however, ingenuity is often required to handle special cases.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Commutative-diagram-parameters"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Construction-of-commutative-diagrams" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Construction of commutative diagrams</a>, Up: <a href="#Commutative-diagrams" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commutative diagrams</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Commutative-diagram-parameters-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">6.2.3 Commutative diagram parameters</h4>
<p>The following is a list describing the parameters used in the
commutative diagram macros. These dimensions may be changed globally or
locally.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\harrowlength</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-harrowlength-1"></span>
<p>(Default: 60 pt) The length of right or left arrows.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\varrowlength</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-varrowlength-1"></span>
<p>(Default: 0.618<code>\harrowlength</code>) The length of up or down
arrows.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sarrowlength</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-sarrowlength-1"></span>
<p>(Default: 60 pt) The horizontal length of slanted arrows.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\hmorphposn</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-hmorphposn-1"></span>
<p>(Default: 0 pt) The horizontal position of the morphism with
respect to its default position. There are also the dimensions
<code>\hmorphposnup</code>,
<span id="index-hmorphposnup-1"></span>
<code>\hmorphposndn</code>,
<span id="index-hmorphposndn-1"></span>
<code>\hmorphposnrt</code>,
<span id="index-hmorphposnrt-1"></span>
and <code>\hmorphposnlft</code>
<span id="index-hmorphposnlft-1"></span>
for <code>^</code>/<code>_</code> or <code>\lft</code>/<code>\rt</code> constructions.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\vmorphposn</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-vmorphposn-1"></span>
<p>(Default: 0 pt) The vertical position of the morphism with
respect to its default position. There are also the dimensions
<code>\vmorphposnup</code>,
<span id="index-vmorphposnup-1"></span>
<code>\vmorphposndn</code>,
<span id="index-vmorphposndn-1"></span>
<code>\vmorphposnrt</code>,
<span id="index-vmorphposnrt-1"></span>
and <code>\vmorphposnlft</code>
<span id="index-vmorphposnlft-1"></span>
for <code>^</code>/<code>_</code> or <code>\lft</code>/<code>\rt</code> constructions.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\morphdist</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-morphdist-1"></span>
<p>(Default: 4 pt) The distance of morphisms from slanted lines
or arrows.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\channelwidth</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-channelwidth-1"></span>
<p>(Default: 3 pt) The distance between double lines or arrows.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\hchannel, \vchannel</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-hchannel"></span>
<span id="index-vchannel"></span>
<p>(Defaults: 0 pt) Overrides <code>\channelwidth</code>. The
horizontal and vertical shifts between double lines or arrows.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\commdiagbaselines</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-commdiagbaselines-1"></span>
<p>(Default: <code>\baselineskip=15pt
\lineskip=3pt
\lineskiplimit=3pt </code>)
The parameters used by <code>\commdiag</code> for setting interline glue.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\hgrid</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-hgrid-1"></span>
<p>(Default: 15 pt) The horizontal spacing of the grid used by
<code>\gridcommdiag</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\vgrid</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-vgrid-1"></span>
<p>(Default: 15 pt) The vertical spacing of the grid used by
<code>\gridcommdiag</code>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<hr>
<span id="Programming-definitions"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Demo-files" accesskey="n" rel="next">Demo files</a>, Previous: <a href="#Arrow-theoretic-diagrams" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Arrow theoretic diagrams</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Programming-definitions-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">7 Programming definitions</h2>
<p>The definitions in this section are only likely to be useful when you
are writing nontrivial macros, not when writing a document.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Category-codes" accesskey="1">Category codes</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Changing category codes.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Allocation-macros" accesskey="2">Allocation macros</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Non-outer versions of \newcount et al.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Iteration" accesskey="3">Iteration</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Doing ‘for’ and ‘while’ loops in TeX.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Macro-arguments" accesskey="4">Macro arguments</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Reading and ignoring them.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Converting-to-characters" accesskey="5">Converting to characters</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Normalizing control sequences and spaces.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Expansion" accesskey="6">Expansion</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Controlling expansion.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Obeying-spaces" accesskey="7">Obeying spaces</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Making whitespace count anywhere.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Writing-out-numbers" accesskey="8">Writing out numbers</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Making ‘1’ into ‘one’.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Mode_002dspecific-penalties" accesskey="9">Mode-specific penalties</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Auxiliary-files">Auxiliary files</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Testing for their existence.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#User_002ddefined-environments">User-defined environments</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">User-defined environments.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Page-list-and-page-range-parsers">Page list and page range parsers</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="Category-codes"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Allocation-macros" accesskey="n" rel="next">Allocation macros</a>, Up: <a href="#Programming-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Programming definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Category-codes-1"></span><h3 class="section">7.1 Category codes</h3>
<span id="index-category-codes"></span>
<p>Plain TeX defines <code>\active</code> (as the number 13) for use in
changing category codes. Although the author of <cite>The TeXbook</cite>
<span id="index-Knuth_002c-Donald-Ervin-1"></span>
has “intentionally kept the category codes numeric”, two other
categories are commonly used: letters (category code 11) and others
(12). Therefore, Eplain defines <code>\letter</code> and
<code>\other</code>.
<span id="index-letter"></span>
<span id="index-other"></span>
</p>
<p>Sometimes it is cleaner to make a character active without actually
<span id="index-active-characters"></span>
writing a <code>\catcode</code> command. The <code>\makeactive</code> command takes
<span id="index-catcode"></span>
<span id="index-makeactive"></span>
a character as an argument to make active (and ignores following
spaces). For example, here are two commands which both make <kbd>\</kbd>
active:
<span id="index-backslash-character"></span>
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\makeactive\\ \makeactive92
</pre></div>
<span id="index-user_002dinaccessible-macros"></span>
<span id="index-inaccessible-macros"></span>
<p>Sometimes you might want to temporarily change the category code of
the ‘@’ character to <code>\letter</code>, so that you can use or define
macros which are normally inaccessible to the user. For such
situations, Eplain provides the <code>\makeatletter</code>
<span id="index-makeatletter"></span>
command. It sets the category code of ‘@’ to <code>\letter</code> (11) and
defines
<code>\resetatcatcode</code>
<span id="index-resetatcatcode-1"></span>
to restore the category code to whatever it was before the call to
<code>\makeatletter</code>. For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\makeatletter
\def\@hidden@macro{This macro cannot normally be
called / redefined by the user}
\resetatcatcode
</pre></div>
<p>There is also <code>\makeatother</code>
<span id="index-makeatother"></span>
which works similarly but sets the category code of ‘@’ to
<code>\other</code> (12).
</p>
<p>Usually, when you give a definition to an active character, you have
to do so inside a group where you temporarily make the character active,
and then give it a global definition (cf. the definition of
<code>\obeyspaces</code> in <cite>The TeXbook</cite>).
<span id="index-definitions_002c-global"></span>
This is inconvenient if you are writing a long macro, or if the
character already has a global definition you do not wish to transcend.
Eplain provides <code>\letreturn</code>, which defines the usual end-of-line
<span id="index-letreturn"></span>
<span id="index-return-character"></span>
character to be the argument. For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\def\mymacro{… \letreturn\myreturn … }
\mymacro hello
there
</pre></div>
<p>The end-of-line between ‘<samp>hello</samp>’ and ‘<samp>there</samp>’ causes
<code>\myreturn</code> to be expanded.
</p>
<p><cite>The TeXbook</cite> describes <code>\uncatcodespecials</code>,
<span id="index-uncatcodespecials-1"></span>
which makes all characters which are normally “special” into “other”
characters, but the definition never made it into plain TeX.
Eplain therefore defines it. For notes on the usage, see <a href="#Verbatim-listing">Verbatim listing</a>.
</p>
<p>Finally, <code>\percentchar</code>
<span id="index-percentchar"></span>
expands into a literal ‘%’ character. This is useful when you
<code>\write</code> TeX output to a file, and want to avoid spurious
spaces. For example, Eplain writes a <code>\percentchar</code> after the
definition of cross-references. The macros <code>\lbracechar</code>
<span id="index-lbracechar"></span>
and <code>\rbracechar</code>
<span id="index-rbracechar"></span>
expand similarly.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Allocation-macros"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Iteration" accesskey="n" rel="next">Iteration</a>, Previous: <a href="#Category-codes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Category codes</a>, Up: <a href="#Programming-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Programming definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Allocation-macros-1"></span><h3 class="section">7.2 Allocation macros</h3>
<span id="index-allocation-macros"></span>
<span id="index-register-allocation"></span>
<p>Plain TeX provides macros that allocate registers of each primitive
type in TeX, to prevent different sets of macros from using the same
register for two different things. The macros are all named starting
with ‘<samp>new</samp>’,
<span id="index-new_2026"></span>
e.g., <code>\newcount</code> allocates a new “count”
(integer) register. Such allocations are usually needed only at the top
level of some macro definition file; therefore, plain TeX makes the
allocation registers <code>\outer</code>,
<span id="index-outer"></span>
to help find errors. (The error this helps to find is a missing right
brace in some macro definition.)
</p>
<p>Sometimes, however, it is useful to allocate a register as part of
some macro. An outer control sequence cannot be used as part of a macro
definition (or in a few other contexts: the parameter text of a
definition, an argument to a definition, the preamble of an alignment,
or in conditional text that is being skipped). Therefore, Eplain
defines “inner” versions of all the allocation macros, named with the
prefix ‘<samp>inner</samp>’:
<code>\innernewbox</code>,
<span id="index-innernewbox"></span>
<code>\innernewcount</code>,
<span id="index-innernewcount"></span>
<code>\innernewdimen</code>,
<span id="index-innernewdimen"></span>
<code>\innernewfam</code>,
<span id="index-innernewfam"></span>
<code>\innernewhelp</code>,
<span id="index-innernewhelp"></span>
<code>\innernewif</code>,
<span id="index-innernewif"></span>
<code>\innernewinsert</code>,
<span id="index-innernewinsert"></span>
<code>\innernewlanguage</code>,
<span id="index-innernewlanguage"></span>
<code>\innernewread</code>,<br>
<span id="index-innernewread"></span>
<code>\innernewskip</code>,
<span id="index-innernewskip"></span>
<code>\innernewtoks</code>,
<span id="index-innernewtoks"></span>
<code>\innernewwrite</code>.
<span id="index-innernewwrite"></span>
</p>
<p>You can also define non-outer versions of other macros in the same way
that Eplain defines the above. The basic macro is called
<code>\innerdef</code>:
<span id="index-innerdef"></span>
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\innerdef <var>\innername</var> {<var>outername</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>The first argument (<var>\innername</var>) to <code>\innerdef</code> is the
control sequence that you want to define. Any previous definition of
<var>\innername</var> is replaced. The second argument
(<var>outername</var>) is the <em>characters</em> in the name of the outer
control sequence. (You can’t use the actual control sequence name,
since it’s outer!)
</p>
<p>If the outer control sequence is named <var>\cs</var>, and you want to
define <code>inner<var>cs</var></code> as the inner one, you can use
<code>\innerinnerdef</code>,
<span id="index-innerinnerdef"></span>
which is just an abbreviation for a call to <code>\innerdef</code>. For
example, these two calls are equivalent:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\innerdef\innerproclaim{proclaim}
\innerinnerdef{proclaim}
</pre></div>
<hr>
<span id="Iteration"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Macro-arguments" accesskey="n" rel="next">Macro arguments</a>, Previous: <a href="#Allocation-macros" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Allocation macros</a>, Up: <a href="#Programming-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Programming definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Iteration-1"></span><h3 class="section">7.3 Iteration</h3>
<span id="index-iteration"></span>
<span id="index-loops"></span>
<span id="index-for-loops"></span>
<span id="index-while-loops"></span>
<span id="index-do_2026while-loops"></span>
<p>You can iterate through a comma-separated list of items with
<code>\for</code>.
<span id="index-for"></span>
Here is an example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\for\name:=karl,kathy\do{%
\message{\name}%
}%
</pre></div>
<p>This writes ‘<samp>karl</samp>’ and ‘<samp>kathy</samp>’ to the terminal. Spaces
before or after the commas in the list, or after the <code>:=</code>, are
<em>not</em> ignored. To strip leading spaces off the items, use
<code>\For</code>:
<span id="index-For"></span>
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\For\name:=
karl,
kathy\do{%
\message{\name}%
}%
</pre></div>
<p>Note that trailing spaces are still <em>not</em> ignored.
</p>
<p>Both <code>\for</code> and <code>\For</code> expand the first token of the item
list fully, so this is equivalent to the above:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\def\namelist{karl,kathy}%
\for\name:=\namelist\do …
</pre></div>
<p>However, this won’t work, either with <code>\for</code> or with
<code>\For</code>:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\def\namelist{karl,kathy}%
\For\name:= \namelist\do …
</pre></div>
<p>because <code>\for</code> and <code>\For</code> expand the first
token after <code>:=</code> which is space, not <code>\namelist</code>.
</p>
<p>Eplain provides another kind of loops, which is an extension of plain
TeX’s
<span id="index-loop"></span>
<code>\loop</code>. If you say:
</p>
<span id="index-repeat"></span>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\loop
<var>loop-text</var>
\if <var>condition</var>
<var>if-text</var>
\repeat
</pre></div>
<p>then <var>loop-text</var> will be repeated as long as <var>condition</var>
is satisfied (<code>\if</code> can be any of the TeX’s conditional
commands, without the matching <code>\fi</code>). Eplain extends this with
the optional else clause:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\loop
<var>loop-text</var>
\if <var>condition</var>
<var>if-text</var>
\else
<var>else-text</var>
\repeat
</pre></div>
<p>Here, <var>loop-text</var> will be repeated as long as
<var>condition</var> is <em>not</em> satisfied. This extension is from
<span id="index-Eijkhout_002c-Victor"></span>
Victor Eijkhout’s
<span id="index-TeX-by-Topic"></span>
<i>TeX by Topic</i> (page 104).
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Macro-arguments"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Converting-to-characters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Converting to characters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Iteration" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Iteration</a>, Up: <a href="#Programming-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Programming definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Macro-arguments-1"></span><h3 class="section">7.4 Macro arguments</h3>
<span id="index-arguments_002c-ignoring"></span>
<span id="index-ignoring-arguments"></span>
<span id="index-gobbling-arguments"></span>
<p>It is occasionally useful to redefine a macro that takes arguments to
do nothing. Eplain defines <code>\gobble</code>,
<span id="index-gobble"></span>
<code>\gobbletwo</code>,
<span id="index-gobbletwo"></span>
and <code>\gobblethree</code> to swallow one, two, and three arguments,
respectively.
</p>
<p>For example, if you want to produce a “short” table of
<span id="index-table-of-contents_002c-short-1"></span>
contents—one that includes only chapters, say—the easiest thing to
do is read the entire <code>.toc</code> file (see <a href="#Contents">Contents</a>), and just
ignore the commands that produce section or subsection entries. To be
specific:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\let\tocchapterentry = \shorttocchapter
\let\tocsectionentry = \gobbletwo
\let\tocsubsectionentry = \gobbletwo
\readtocfile
</pre></div>
<p>(Of course, this assumes you only have chapters, sections, and
subsections in your document.)
</p>
<p>In addition, Eplain defines <code>\eattoken</code>
<span id="index-eattoken"></span>
to swallow the single following token, using <code>\let</code>. Thus,
<code>\gobble</code> followed by ‘<samp>{…}</samp>’ ignores the entire
brace-enclosed text. <code>\eattoken</code> followed by the same ignores only
the opening left brace.
</p>
<p>Eplain defines a macro <code>\identity</code>
<span id="index-identity"></span>
which takes one argument and expands to that argument. This may be
useful if you want to provide a function for the user to redefine, but
don’t need to do anything by default. (For example, the default
definition of <code>\eqconstruct</code> (see <a href="#Formatting-equation-references">Formatting equation references</a>) is <code>\identity</code>.)
</p>
<p>You may also want to read an optional argument. The established
convention is that optional arguments are put in square brackets, so
that is the syntax Eplain recognizes. Eplain ignores space tokens
before and after optional arguments, via <code>\futurenonspacelet</code>.
</p>
<p>You test for an optional argument by using <code>\@getoptionalarg</code>.
<span id="index-_0040getoptionalarg"></span>
It takes one argument, a control sequence to expand after reading the
argument, if present. If an optional argument is present, the control
sequence <code>\@optionalarg</code> expands to it; otherwise,
<code>\@optionalarg</code> is <code>\empty</code>. You must therefore have the
category code of <kbd>@</kbd> set to 11 (letter). Here is an example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\catcode`@=\letter
\def\cmd{\@getoptionalarg\finishcmd}
\def\finishcmd{%
\ifx\@optionalarg\empty
% <span class="roman">No optional argument present.</span>
\else
% <span class="roman">One was present.</span>
\fi
}
</pre></div>
<p>It’s possible to define macros that appear to accept optional
arguments intermixed with mandatory arguments in any imaginable way.
For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\makeatletter
% \mo{m}[o]
\def\mo#1{\def\mo@arg{#1}\@getoptionalarg\fin@mo}
\def\fin@mo{\vskip1pc
ARG: \mo@arg \par
OPTARG: \@optionalarg \par
}
% \mom{m}[o]{m}
\def\mom#1{\def\mom@arg{#1}\@getoptionalarg\fin@mom}
\def\fin@mom#1{\vskip1pc
ARG1: \mom@arg \par
OPTARG: \@optionalarg \par
ARG2: #1\par
}
% \omo[o]{m}[o]
\def\omo{\@getoptionalarg\fin@omo}
\def\fin@omo#1{\let\omo@optarg\@optionalarg
\def\omo@arg{#1}\@getoptionalarg\@fin@omo}
\def\@fin@omo{\vskip1pc
OPTARG1: \omo@optarg \par
ARG: \omo@arg \par
OPTARG2: \@optionalarg \par
}
\makeatother
</pre></div>
<p>If an optional argument contains another optional argument, the inner
one will need to be enclosed in braces, so TeX does not mistake the
end of the first for the end of the second.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Converting-to-characters"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Expansion" accesskey="n" rel="next">Expansion</a>, Previous: <a href="#Macro-arguments" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Macro arguments</a>, Up: <a href="#Programming-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Programming definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Converting-to-characters-1"></span><h3 class="section">7.5 Converting to characters</h3>
<span id="index-characters_002c-converting-to"></span>
<p>Eplain defines <code>\xrlabel</code>
<span id="index-xrlabel"></span>
to produce control sequence names for cross-reference labels, et al.
This macro expands to its argument with an ‘<samp>_</samp>’ appended. (It does
this because the usual use of <code>\xrlabel</code> is to generate a control
sequence name, and we naturally want to avoid conflicts between control
sequence names.)
</p>
<p>Because <code>\xrlabel</code> is fully expandable, to make a control
sequence name out of the result you need only do
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example"><code>\csname \xrlabel{<var>label</var>}\endcsname</code>
</pre></div>
<p>The <code>\csname</code> primitive makes a control sequence name out
of any sequence of character tokens, regardless of category code.
Labels can therefore include any characters except for ‘<samp>\</samp>’,
‘<samp>{</samp>’, ‘<samp>}</samp>’, and ‘<samp>#</samp>’, all of which are used in macro
definitions themselves.
</p>
<span id="index-sanitize"></span>
<p><code>\sanitize</code> takes a control sequence as an argument and converts
the expansion of the control sequence into a list of character tokens.
This is the behavior you want when writing information like chapter
titles to an output file. For example, here is part of the definition
of <code>\writenumberedtocentry</code>; <code>#2</code> is the title that the user
has given.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">…
\def\temp{#2}%
…
\write\tocfile{%
…
\sanitize\temp
…
}%
</pre></div>
<hr>
<span id="Expansion"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Obeying-spaces" accesskey="n" rel="next">Obeying spaces</a>, Previous: <a href="#Converting-to-characters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Converting to characters</a>, Up: <a href="#Programming-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Programming definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Expansion-1"></span><h3 class="section">7.6 Expansion</h3>
<p>This section describes some miscellanous macros for expansion, etc.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005ccsn-and-_005cece" accesskey="1">\csn and \ece</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Abbreviations for \csname expansions.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cedefappend" accesskey="2">\edefappend</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Hooks" accesskey="3">Hooks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Manipulating and executing named actions.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Properties" accesskey="4">Properties</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Associating information with a csname.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cexpandonce" accesskey="5">\expandonce</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cifundefined" accesskey="6">\ifundefined</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cifempty" accesskey="7">\ifempty</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cifinteger-and-_005cisinteger" accesskey="8">\ifinteger and \isinteger</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cfuturenonspacelet" accesskey="9">\futurenonspacelet</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="g_t_005ccsn-and-_005cece"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cedefappend" accesskey="n" rel="next">\edefappend</a>, Up: <a href="#Expansion" accesskey="u" rel="up">Expansion</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005ccsn-and-_005cece-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">7.6.1 <code>\csn</code> and <code>\ece</code></h4>
<span id="index-csn"></span>
<p><code>\csn</code>{<var>name</var>} simply abbreviates <code>\csname</code> <var>name</var>
<code>\endcsname</code>, thus saving some typing. The extra level of expansion
does take some time, though, so I don’t recommend it for an inner loop.
</p>
<span id="index-ece"></span>
<p><code>\ece</code>{<var>token</var>}{<var>name</var>} abbreviates
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\expandafter <var>token</var> \csname <var>name</var> \endcsname
</pre></div>
<p>For example,
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\def\fontabbrevdef#1#2{\ece\def{@#1font}{#2}}
\fontabbrevdef{normal}{ptmr}
</pre></div>
<p>defines a control sequence <code>\@normalfont</code> to expand to
<code>ptmr</code>.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="g_t_005cedefappend"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Hooks" accesskey="n" rel="next">Hooks</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccsn-and-_005cece" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\csn and \ece</a>, Up: <a href="#Expansion" accesskey="u" rel="up">Expansion</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cedefappend-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">7.6.2 <code>\edefappend</code></h4>
<span id="index-edefappend"></span>
<p><code>\edefappend</code> is a way of adding on to an existing definition. It
takes two arguments: the first is the control sequence name, the second
the new tokens to append to the definition. The second argument is
fully expanded (in the <code>\edef</code> that redefines the control sequence).
</p>
<p>For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\def\foo{abc}
\def\bar{xyz}
\edefappend\foo{\bar karl}
</pre></div>
<p>results in <code>\foo</code> being defined as ‘<samp>abcxyzkarl</samp>’.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Hooks"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Properties" accesskey="n" rel="next">Properties</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cedefappend" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\edefappend</a>, Up: <a href="#Expansion" accesskey="u" rel="up">Expansion</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Hooks-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">7.6.3 Hooks</h4>
<span id="index-hooks"></span>
<p>A <em>hook</em> is simply a name for a group of actions which is executed
in certain places—presumably when it is most useful to allow
customization or modification. TeX already provides many builtin
hooks; for example, the <code>\every …</code> token lists are all
examples of hooks.
</p>
<p>Eplain provides several macros for adding actions to hooks. They all
take two arguments: the name of the hook and the new actions.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dd>
<span id="index-hookaction"></span>
</dd>
<dt><code>hookaction <var>name</var> <var>actions</var></code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-hookappend"></span>
</dd>
<dt><code>hookappend <var>name</var> <var>actions</var></code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-hookprepend"></span>
</dd>
<dt><code>hookprepend <var>name</var> <var>actions</var></code></dt>
<dd><p>Each of these adds <var>actions</var> to the hook <var>name</var>. (Any
previously-defined actions are retained.) <var>name</var> is not a control
sequence, but rather the characters of the name.
</p>
<span id="index-hookactiononce"></span>
</dd>
<dt><code>hookactiononce <var>name</var> <code>\<var>cs</var></code></code></dt>
<dd><p><code>\hookactiononce</code> adds <var>cs</var> to <var>name</var>, like the macros
above, but first it adds
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\global\let <var>\cs</var> \relax
</pre></div>
<p>to the definition of <var>\cs</var>. (This implies <var>\cs</var> must
be a true expandable macro, not a control sequence <code>\let</code> to a
primitive or some other such thing.) Thus, <var>\cs</var> is expanded the
next time the hook <var>name</var> is run, but it will disappear after that.
</p>
<p>The <code>\global</code> is useful because <code>\hookactiononce</code> is most
useful when the grouping structure of the TeX code could be anything.
Neither this nor the other hook macros do global assignments to the hook
variable itself, so TeX’s usual grouping rules apply.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<span id="index-hookrun"></span>
<p>The companion macro to defining hook actions is <code>\hookrun</code>, for
running them. This takes a single argument, the name of the hook. If
no actions for the hook are defined, no error ensues.
</p>
<p>Here is a skeleton of general <code>\begin</code> and <code>\end</code> macros that
run hooks, and a couple of calls to define actions. The use of
<code>\hookprepend</code> for the begin action and <code>\hookappend</code> for the
end action ensures that the actions are executed in proper sequence with
other actions (as long as the other actions use <code>\hookprepend</code> and
<code>\hookappend</code> also).
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\def\begin#1{ … \hookrun{begin} … }
\def\end#1{ … \hookrun{end} … }
\hookprepend{begin}\start_underline
\hookappend{end}\finish_underline
</pre></div>
<hr>
<span id="Properties"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cexpandonce" accesskey="n" rel="next">\expandonce</a>, Previous: <a href="#Hooks" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Hooks</a>, Up: <a href="#Expansion" accesskey="u" rel="up">Expansion</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Properties-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">7.6.4 Properties</h4>
<span id="index-properties"></span>
<span id="index-atom"></span>
<p>A <em>property</em> is a name/value pair associated with another symbol,
traditionally called an <em>atom</em>. Both atom and property names are
control sequence names.
</p>
<p>Eplain provides two macros for dealing with property lists:
<code>\setproperty</code> and <code>\getproperty</code>.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dd>
<span id="index-setproperty"></span>
</dd>
<dt><code>\setproperty <var>atom</var> <var>propname</var> <var>value</var></code></dt>
<dd><p><code>\setproperty</code> defines the property <var>property</var> on the atom
<var>atom</var> to be <var>value</var>. <var>atom</var> and <var>propname</var> can be
anything acceptable to <code>\csname</code>. <var>value</var> can be anything.
</p>
<span id="index-getproperty"></span>
</dd>
<dt><code>\getproperty <var>atom</var> <var>propname</var></code></dt>
<dd><p><code>\getproperty</code> expands to the value stored for <var>propname</var> on
<var>atom</var>. If <var>propname</var> is undefined, it expands to nothing
(i.e., <code>\empty</code>).
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>The idea of properties originated in Lisp (I believe). There, the
implementation truly does associate properties with atoms. In TeX,
where we have no builtin support for properties, the association is only
conceptual.
</p>
<p>The following example typesets ‘<samp>xyz</samp>’.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\setproperty{a}{pr}{xyz}
\getproperty{a}{pr}
</pre></div>
<hr>
<span id="g_t_005cexpandonce"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cifundefined" accesskey="n" rel="next">\ifundefined</a>, Previous: <a href="#Properties" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Properties</a>, Up: <a href="#Expansion" accesskey="u" rel="up">Expansion</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cexpandonce-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">7.6.5 <code>\expandonce</code></h4>
<span id="index-expansion_002c-one_002dlevel"></span>
<span id="index-expandonce"></span>
<p><code>\expandonce</code> is defined as <code>\expandafter\noexpand</code>. Thus,
<code>\expandonce <var>token</var></code> expands <var>token</var> once, instead of to
TeX primitives. This is most useful in an <code>\edef</code>.
</p>
<p>For example, the following defines <code>\temp</code> to be <code>\foo</code>, not
‘<samp>abc</samp>’.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\def\foo{abc}
\def\bar{\foo}
\edef\temp{\expandonce\bar}
</pre></div>
<hr>
<span id="g_t_005cifundefined"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cifempty" accesskey="n" rel="next">\ifempty</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cexpandonce" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\expandonce</a>, Up: <a href="#Expansion" accesskey="u" rel="up">Expansion</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cifundefined-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">7.6.6 <code>\ifundefined</code></h4>
<span id="index-ifundefined"></span>
<p><code>\ifundefined{<var>cs</var>} <var>t</var> \else <var>f</var> \fi</code> expands the
<var>t</var> text if the control sequence <code>\<var>cs</var></code> is undefined or
has been <code>\let</code> to <code>\relax</code>, and the <var>f</var> text otherwise.
</p>
<span id="index-skipping-tokens"></span>
<span id="index-undefined-control-sequence_002c-checking-for"></span>
<p>Since <code>\ifundefined</code> is not a primitive conditional, it cannot be
used in places where TeX might skip tokens “at high speed”, e.g.,
within another conditional—TeX can’t match up the <code>\if</code>’s and
<code>\fi</code>’s.
</p>
<p>This macro was taken directly from <cite>The TeXbook</cite>, page 308.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="g_t_005cifempty"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cifinteger-and-_005cisinteger" accesskey="n" rel="next">\ifinteger and \isinteger</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cifundefined" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\ifundefined</a>, Up: <a href="#Expansion" accesskey="u" rel="up">Expansion</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cifempty-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">7.6.7 <code>\ifempty</code></h4>
<span id="index-ifempty"></span>
<span id="index-empty-string_002c-checking-for"></span>
<span id="index-empty-argument_002c-checking-for"></span>
<p><code>\ifempty{<var>arg</var>} <var>t</var> \else <var>f</var> \fi</code> expands the
<var>t</var> text if <var>arg</var> is the empty string, and the <var>f</var> text
otherwise. This macro is useful when you need to test for empty
arguments to your macros, for example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\def\foo#1{\ifempty{#1} <var>t</var> \else <var>f</var> \fi}
</pre></div>
<span id="index-skipping-tokens-1"></span>
<p>Since <code>\ifempty</code> is not a primitive conditional, it cannot be
used in places where TeX might skip tokens “at high speed”, e.g.,
within another conditional—TeX can’t match up the <code>\if</code>’s and
<code>\fi</code>’s.
</p>
<p>Note that the following code
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\def\empty{}
\ifempty\empty\message{empty}\else\message{not empty}\fi
</pre></div>
<p>will produce the message ‘<samp>not empty</samp>’.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="g_t_005cifinteger-and-_005cisinteger"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfuturenonspacelet" accesskey="n" rel="next">\futurenonspacelet</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cifempty" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\ifempty</a>, Up: <a href="#Expansion" accesskey="u" rel="up">Expansion</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cifinteger-and-_005cisinteger-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">7.6.8 <code>\ifinteger</code> and <code>\isinteger</code></h4>
<span id="index-ifinteger"></span>
<span id="index-integers_002c-detecting"></span>
<span id="index-numbers_002c-detecting"></span>
<span id="index-detecting-numbers"></span>
<span id="index-identifying-numbers"></span>
<span id="index-recognizing-numbers"></span>
<p><code>\ifinteger{<var>arg</var>} <var>t</var> \else <var>f</var> \fi</code> expands the
<var>t</var> text if <var>arg</var> is an integer, and the <var>f</var> text
otherwise. This macro can detect positive and negative integers.
</p>
<p>Since <code>\ifinteger</code> is not a primitive conditional, it cannot be
used in places where TeX might skip tokens “at high speed”, e.g.,
within another conditional—TeX can’t match up the <code>\if</code>’s
and <code>\fi</code>’s. For such situations Eplain provides
<span id="index-isinteger"></span>
<code>\isinteger</code>, which can be used as follows:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\if\isinteger{<var>arg</var>} <var>t</var> \else <var>f</var> \fi
</pre></div>
<p>Although <code>\ifinteger</code> and <code>\isinteger</code> work well
with regular input, they are not bullet-proof. For example, the
following code
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\ifinteger{12_ab}integer\else not integer\fi
</pre></div>
<p>will expand to ‘<samp>ab_integer</samp>’ (and thus would not
even compile outside math mode).
</p>
<span id="index-TeX-Frequently-Asked-Questions"></span>
<p>These macros come from the TeX Frequently Asked Questions
(<a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html</a>).
</p>
<hr>
<span id="g_t_005cfuturenonspacelet"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cifinteger-and-_005cisinteger" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\ifinteger and \isinteger</a>, Up: <a href="#Expansion" accesskey="u" rel="up">Expansion</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cfuturenonspacelet-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">7.6.9 <code>\futurenonspacelet</code></h4>
<span id="index-lookahead-without-spaces"></span>
<span id="index-spaces_002c-ignoring"></span>
<span id="index-futurenonspacelet"></span>
<p>The <code>\futurelet</code> primitive allows you to look at the next token
from the input. Sometimes, though, you want to look ahead while
ignoring any spaces. This is what <code>\futurenonspacelet</code> does. It
is otherwise the same as <code>\futurelet</code>: you give it two control
sequences as arguments, and it assigns the next nonspace token to the
first, and then expands the second. For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\futurenonspacelet\temp\finishup
\def\finishup{\ifx\temp …}
</pre></div>
<hr>
<span id="Obeying-spaces"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Writing-out-numbers" accesskey="n" rel="next">Writing out numbers</a>, Previous: <a href="#Expansion" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Expansion</a>, Up: <a href="#Programming-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Programming definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Obeying-spaces-1"></span><h3 class="section">7.7 Obeying spaces</h3>
<span id="index-whitespace"></span>
<span id="index-spaces_002c-obeying"></span>
<span id="index-newlines_002c-obeying"></span>
<span id="index-obeywhitespace"></span>
<p><code>\obeywhitespace</code> makes both end-of-lines and space characters in
the input be respected in the output. Unlike plain TeX’s
<code>\obeyspaces</code>, even spaces at the beginnings of lines turn into
blank space.
</p>
<p>By default, the size of the space that is produced by a space
character is the natural space of the current font, i.e.,
what <code>\ </code> produces.
</p>
<p>Ordinarily, a blank line in the input produces as much blank vertical
space as a line of text would occupy. You can adjust this by assigning
to the parameter <code>\blanklineskipamount</code>:
<span id="index-blanklineskipamount-in-obeyed-text"></span>
if you set this negative, the space produced by a blank line will be
smaller; if positive, larger.
</p>
<p>Tabs are not affected by this routine. In particular, if tabs occur
at the beginning of a line, they will disappear. (If you are trying to
make TeX do the “right thing” with tabs, don’t. Use a utility
program like <i>expand</i> instead.)
<span id="index-tabs"></span>
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Writing-out-numbers"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Mode_002dspecific-penalties" accesskey="n" rel="next">Mode-specific penalties</a>, Previous: <a href="#Obeying-spaces" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Obeying spaces</a>, Up: <a href="#Programming-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Programming definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Writing-out-numbers-1"></span><h3 class="section">7.8 Writing out numbers</h3>
<span id="index-numbers_002c-written-form-of"></span>
<p><code>\numbername</code>
<span id="index-numbername"></span>
produces the written-out form of its argument, i.e., ‘zero’ through
‘ten’ for the numbers 0–10, and numerals for all others.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Mode_002dspecific-penalties"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Auxiliary-files" accesskey="n" rel="next">Auxiliary files</a>, Previous: <a href="#Writing-out-numbers" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Writing out numbers</a>, Up: <a href="#Programming-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Programming definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Mode_002dspecific-penalties-1"></span><h3 class="section">7.9 Mode-specific penalties</h3>
<p>TeX’s built-in <code>\penalty</code> command simply appends to the
current list, no matter what kind of list it is. You might intend a
particular penalty to always be a “vertical” penalty, however, i.e.,
appended to a vertical list. Therefore, Eplain provides
<code>\vpenalty</code>
<span id="index-vpenalty"></span>
and <code>\hpenalty</code>
which first leave the other mode and then do <code>\penalty</code>.
</p>
<p>More precisely, <code>\vpenalty</code> inserts <code>\par</code> if the current
mode is horizontal, and <code>\hpenalty</code> inserts <code>\leavevmode</code> if
the current mode is vertical. (Thus, <code>\vpenalty</code> cannot be used in
math mode.)
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Auxiliary-files"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#User_002ddefined-environments" accesskey="n" rel="next">User-defined environments</a>, Previous: <a href="#Mode_002dspecific-penalties" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Mode-specific penalties</a>, Up: <a href="#Programming-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Programming definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Auxiliary-files-1"></span><h3 class="section">7.10 Auxiliary files</h3>
<span id="index-auxiliary-files_002c-existence-of"></span>
<p>It is common to write some information out to a file to be used on a
subsequent run. But when it is time to read the file again, you only
want to do so if the file actually exists. <code>\testfileexistence</code>
<span id="index-testfileexistence"></span>
is given an argument which is appended to <code>\jobname</code>,
<span id="index-jobname-2"></span>
and sets the conditional <code>\iffileexists</code>
<span id="index-iffileexists"></span>
<span id="index-fileexists-_0028conditional_0029"></span>
appropriately. For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\testfileexistence{toc}%
\iffileexists
\input \jobname.toc
\fi
</pre></div>
<p><code>\testfileexistence</code> takes an optional parameter; when
given, it will override <code>\jobname</code> for the root part of the file
name. For example, if you want to test for the file
<samp>answers.aux</samp>, you can do this with the following:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\testfileexistence[answers]{aux}%
\iffileexists
\input answers.aux
\fi
</pre></div>
<hr>
<span id="User_002ddefined-environments"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Page-list-and-page-range-parsers" accesskey="n" rel="next">Page list and page range parsers</a>, Previous: <a href="#Auxiliary-files" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Auxiliary files</a>, Up: <a href="#Programming-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Programming definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="User_002ddefined-environments-1"></span><h3 class="section">7.11 User-defined environments</h3>
<span id="index-environments_002c-user_002ddefined"></span>
<p>Plain TeX does not provide “named” block structures, only the anonymous
<code>\begingroup</code> and <code>\endgroup</code> pair. The disadvantage of this
is that when there are several such groups and one is mismatched, it can
be difficult to find the error. Eplain provides a named block structure
so that if you forget an <code>\environment</code> or an
<code>\endenvironment</code>, you will (probably) get an error message about
it.
</p>
<p>For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\def\itpar{
\environment{@italicpar}
\it\par
}
\def\enditpar{
\par
\endenvironment{@italicpar}%
}
</pre></div>
<p>which could then be used to set italicized paragraphs:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\itpar
If I reprehend anything in this world, it is the use of my oracular
tongue, and a nice derangement of epitaphs!
\enditpar
</pre></div>
<p>The above sort of environment allows nesting. But environments
shouldn’t always be allowed to nest. Put the control sequence
<code>\checkenv</code> at the beginning of a macro that is going to define an
environment that should not be nested.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Page-list-and-page-range-parsers"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#User_002ddefined-environments" accesskey="p" rel="prev">User-defined environments</a>, Up: <a href="#Programming-definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Programming definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Page-list-and-page-range-parsers-1"></span><h3 class="section">7.12 Page list and page range parsers</h3>
<span id="index-idxparselist"></span>
<span id="index-idxparserange"></span>
<span id="index-idxpagei"></span>
<span id="index-idxpageii"></span>
<p>The macros which Eplain uses to parse the page lists and ranges in the
index, <code>\idxparselist</code> and <code>\idxparserange</code> (see <a href="#Page-destinations-for-index-terms">Page destinations for index terms</a>), are sometimes useful when defining page
number encapsulators. They take one argument, text to parse. When a
page list (range) is not present, they set <code>\idxpagei</code> to be
<code>\empty</code>; when a list (range) is detected, they set
<code>\idxpagei</code> and <code>\idxpageii</code> to the first and the second page
numbers, respectively.
</p>
<span id="index-setidxpagelistdelimiter"></span>
<span id="index-setidxpagerangedelimiter"></span>
<p>Eplain’s defaults for the page list and page range delimiters are the
same as those in MakeIndex, a comma followed by a space (‘<samp>, </samp>’) and
two dashes (‘<samp>--</samp>’), respectively. If you customize MakeIndex to use
different delimiters, you must not forget to let Eplain know about them
with the commands
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\setidxpagelistdelimiter{<var>list-delim</var>}
\setidxpagerangedelimiter{<var>page-delim</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>These commands save the <var>list-delim</var> and
<var>page-delim</var> delimiters in
<span id="index-idxpagelistdelimiter"></span>
<span id="index-idxpagerangedelimiter"></span>
<code>\idxpagelistdelimiter</code> and <code>\idxpagerangedelimiter</code>,
respectively.
</p>
<span id="index-underlining-page-numbers-in-index"></span>
<span id="index-index_002c-underlining-page-numbers"></span>
<span id="index-ituline"></span>
<p>For example, you may want to define a page number markup command which
italicizes and properly underlines page ranges by underlining only the
page numbers and not the delimiter:
</p>
<span id="index-idxpagerangedelimiter-1"></span>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\def\ituline#1{%
{\it
\idxparserange{#1}%
\ifx\idxpagei\empty
% The argument is a single page number.
\underbar{#1}%
\else
% The argument is a page range.
\underbar{\idxpagei}\idxpagerangedelimiter\underbar{\idxpageii}%
\fi}%
}
</pre></div>
<p>Note that the <code>\ituline</code> macro is not aware of page
lists. This is not needed if you use hyperlinks in the index, because
<code>\hlidx</code> and <code>\hlidxpage</code> will break up the page lists before
calling the user’s page encapsulator (see <a href="#Page-destinations-for-index-terms">Page destinations for index terms</a>), so <code>\ituline</code> will never see the lists. If, however, you
need to design a macro which also takes care of the lists, you can
extend <code>\ituline</code> with an additional call to <code>\idxparselist</code>.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Demo-files"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Macro-index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Macro index</a>, Previous: <a href="#Programming-definitions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Programming definitions</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Demo-files-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">8 Demo files</h2>
<span id="index-demo-files"></span>
<p>This chapter contains listings of source files, along with the output
they produce (where appropriate), which illustrate various aspects of
Eplain. The files can be found in the <code>demo</code> subdirectory of
Eplain distribution. These demos, both the sources and the compiled PDF
and PS files, are also available from <a href="https://tug.org/eplain/demo">https://tug.org/eplain/demo</a>.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029" accesskey="1">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Highlighting-TeX-comments-in-listings-_0028lscommnt_002etex_0029" accesskey="2">Highlighting TeX comments in listings (lscommnt.tex)</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Highlighting-TeX-comments-in-listings-_0028lscommnt_002etex_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next">Highlighting TeX comments in listings (lscommnt.tex)</a>, Up: <a href="#Demo-files" accesskey="u" rel="up">Demo files</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.1 Hyperlinks (<code>xhyper.tex</code>)</h3>
<img src="xhyper.jpg" alt="xhyper">
<span id="index-xhyper_002etex"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-demo"></span>
<span id="index-explicit-hyperlinks_002c-demo"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-explicit_002c-demo"></span>
<span id="index-implicit-hyperlinks_002c-demo"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-implicit_002c-demo"></span>
<span id="index-hlstart-4"></span>
<span id="index-hlend-1"></span>
<span id="index-group-options_002c-hyperlink_002c-demo"></span>
<span id="index-hyperlinks_002c-group-options_002c-demo"></span>
<span id="index-link_002c-group-options_002c-demo"></span>
<span id="index-linkgroup-options_002c-demo"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-group-options_002c-demo"></span>
<span id="index-destgroup-options_002c-demo"></span>
<span id="index-group-type_002c-hyperlink_002c-demo"></span>
<span id="index-destinations_002c-group-type_002c-demo"></span>
<span id="index-destgroup-type_002c-demo"></span>
<span id="index-hlopts-2"></span>
<span id="index-hldesttype-2"></span>
<span id="index-hldestopts-2"></span>
<span id="index-cross_002dreferences_002c-demo"></span>
<span id="index-definexref-1"></span>
<span id="index-ref-1"></span>
<span id="index-graphics-collection_002c-LaTeX_002c-demo"></span>
<span id="index-LaTeX-graphics-collection_002c-demo"></span>
<span id="index-color_002c-demo"></span>
<span id="index-rotation_002c-demo"></span>
<span id="index-scaling_002c-demo"></span>
<span id="index-color_002esty-4"></span>
<span id="index-graphicx_002esty-1"></span>
<span id="index-url_002esty-2"></span>
<span id="index-includegraphics"></span>
<span id="index-rotatebox"></span>
<span id="index-definecolor"></span>
<span id="index-url"></span>
<pre class="verbatim">% (This file is public domain.)
%
% This file demonstrates the following features of Eplain:
%
% - explicit and implicit hyperlinks;
% - symbolic cross-references;
% - inserting external graphics using |\includegraphics| from
% the \LaTeX\ package |graphicx.sty|.
% - rotating text using |\rotatebox| from |graphicx.sty|.
%
% The compiled demo can be downloaded from
%
% http://tug.org/eplain/demo
%
% In order to compile this file yourself, you will need the CTAN lion
% drawing by Duane Bibby from
%
% ftp://tug.ctan.org/ftpmaint/CTAN_lion/ctan_lion_350x350.png
%
% (thanks, |www.ctan.org|). Place the image file in the same
% directory with this file, and change to that directory. Now, to
% produce a PDF, run twice the command
%
% pdftex xhyper.tex
%
% During the first run, Eplain will write the information about the
% cross-references into |xhyper.aux|, and during the second run this
% information will be read by Eplain to typeset the references.
%
% Demo case:
%
% Suppose you are using pdf\TeX, have a figure you want to insert
% scaled to $200\,pt$ horizontally, and you want this figure to
% completely fill the PDF viewer's window whenever the reader
% selects a link pointing to this figure. Additionally, you want to
% typeset some text as live hyperlinks, clicking on which will start
% a Web browser and open a URL.
\input eplain
% Load \LaTeX\ packages.
\beginpackages
% |url.sty| provides the |\url| command which we will use to typeset
% a URL. We request that |url.sty| be the version from June~27,
% 2005, or later, because earlier versions had problems interacting
% with plain \TeX.
\usepackage{url}[2005/06/27]
% |color.sty| provides support for colored text; all hyperlinks are
% automatically colored by Eplain when this package is loaded. We give
% the |dvipsnames| option because we want to use named colors from the
% |dvips| graphics driver.
\usepackage[dvipsnames]{color}
% Finally, we load |graphicx.sty|, for the macros |\includegraphics|
% and |\rotatebox|.
\usepackage{graphicx}
\endpackages
% Remember that hyperlinks are off by default. Therefore, we need to
% enable them.
\enablehyperlinks
% Customize some hyperlink options. First, we set border width to~$0$
% for all links to get rid of the default boxes around links (we
% prefer colored links over the boxed links). Next, we say that all
% links created by the |url| hyperlink group (which means the |\url|
% command from |url.sty|) must be colored using the named color
% |BlueViolet|.
\hlopts{bwidth=0}
\hlopts[url]{colormodel=named,color=BlueViolet}
% Inhibit page numbering (we have only one page).
\nopagenumbers
% Define a class word for the cross-reference class |figure|. This
% word, when defined, will be automatically prepended by Eplain to the
% reference created by |\ref| (read on to see its use).
\def\figureword{fig.}
% Allocate a count register for the figure's number, and a box
% register which we'll use to measure dimensions of the image.
\newcount\fignumber
\newbox\imgbox
% Now comes the fun part--constructing the figure for the image of the
% \CTAN\ lion. We define a macro
%
% \fig{LABEL}{FILENAME}{CAPTION}{WIDTH}
%
% which creates a figure using LABEL for the cross-reference and
% hyperlink label, reading the image from file FILENAME, using CAPTION
% to name the figure, and WIDTH to scale the image horizontally.
\def\fig#1#2#3#4{%
% Leave some space above the figure. This will also ensure that we
% are in the vertical mode before we produce a |\vbox|.
\medskip
% Advance the figure number. |\global| ensures that the change to
% the count register is global, even when |\fig| is buried inside a
% group.
\global\advance\fignumber by 1
% We use |\includegraphics| (from |graphicx.sty|) to load the image,
% scaled to the specified width, into our ``measuring'' box
% |\imgbox|.
\setbox\imgbox = \hbox{\includegraphics[width=#4]{#2}}%
% To make the demo even more exciting, let's put the figure's
% caption to the left of the image into the |\indent| space of the
% new paragraph, and rotate the caption~$90^\circ$.
\textindent{%
\rotatebox{90}{F{\sc IGURE}~\the\fignumber. #3}%
}%
% Continue the paragraph by constructing a |\vbox| with the image of
% the lion. We use |\definexref| to define the cross-reference
% label.
\vbox{%
% In addition to the cross-reference label, |\definexref| will
% create a hyperlink destination with the same label. Therefore,
% we customize this destination to do what we need. We say that
% destination type for the hyperlink group |definexref| (to which
% |\definexref| belongs) should be |fitr|. This destination type
% will magnify the rectangle specified by the options |width|,
% |height| and |depth| to the PDF viewer's window. Therefore, we
% set those options accordingly with |\hldestopts| (notice the use
% of |depth| instead of |height|---we will want the rectangle to
% extend {\it downward}, to cover the image which will come
% next). Notice that these settings will be isolated within the
% current group (i.e., the |\vbox| we're constructing).
\hldesttype[definexref]{fitr}%
\hldestopts[definexref]{width=\wd\imgbox,height=0pt,depth=\ht\imgbox}%
% We define a symbolic label so that we can later refer
% to the figure with |\ref|. The command |\definexref| does
% exactly that. The last argument to |\definexref| specifies
% class of the label, which determines the word used by |\ref| in
% front of the reference text (remember that we've defined
% |\figureword| above).
\definexref{#1}{\the\fignumber}{figure}%
% Finally, produce the image which we've been stashing in the box
% register |\imgbox|.
\box\imgbox
}%
\medskip
}
% Create the figure.
\fig{CTANlion}{ctan_lion_350x350}{Lion in the archives}{200pt}
% Finished with the fun part, we can relax and typeset some
% hyperlinks. The easiest way to do that is to use the |\ref|
% cross-reference command. We can even pass an optional argument
% (|the lion in|), which will be placed before the class word (|fig.|)
% and become part of the link (to make sure the reader does not have
% to aim too hard).
Show me \ref[the lion in]{CTANlion}.
% If you are the restless kind, here's another way to create a
% hyperlink to the image: we create a link explicitly by using
% |\hlstart ... \hlend|. We don't specify the link type, therefore
% the default type |name| will be used (these are ``named links'',
% i.e., links pointing to destinations identified by labels). In the
% options argument, we specify that the border of the link should be
% inverted when the user clicks the link (|hlight=O|), and also set
% special color for this link, overriding the default dark-red. The
% label for the destination is the same as the cross-reference label,
% |CTANlion|.
Show me
\hlstart{}{hlight=O,colormodel=named,color=OliveGreen}{CTANlion}
the CTAN lion\hlend.
% Let's now point somewhere outside our document. Eplain homepage is
% a good target. In the similar spirit, let's consider two
% approaches. The easy one is to use the |\url| command from
% |url.sty|. Remember that we have customized the color of |url|
% hyperlinks, so this one will show up with a different color than the
% default dark-red.
Take me to \url{http://tug.org/eplain}.
% The second approach is to create an explicit URL link. We specify
% yet another border highlighting mode, |P|, which means that the
% region underneath the bounding box of the link will be drawn inset
% into the page. Also, let's set the color of the hyperlink to an RGB
% color |0.4,0.1,0.4|. Since we cannot use commas to separate the
% color elements inside the options parameter to |\hlstart| (commas
% there separate options), we have to first create a user-defined
% color with |\definecolor| from |color.sty|, and use that in
% |\hlstart|.
\definecolor{mycolor}{rgb}{0.4,0.1,0.4}
Take me to
\hlstart{url}{hlight=P,colormodel=,color=mycolor}{http://tug.org/eplain}
Eplain homepage\hlend.
\bye
</pre>
<hr>
<span id="Highlighting-TeX-comments-in-listings-_0028lscommnt_002etex_0029"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a>, Up: <a href="#Demo-files" accesskey="u" rel="up">Demo files</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Highlighting-TeX-comments-in-listings-_0028lscommnt_002etex_0029-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.2 Highlighting TeX comments in listings (<code>lscommnt.tex</code>)</h3>
<img src="lscommnt.jpg" alt="lscommnt">
<span id="index-lscommnt_002etex"></span>
<span id="index-verbatim-listing_002c-demo"></span>
<span id="index-listing-files_002c-demo"></span>
<span id="index-files_002c-verbatim-listing-of_002c-demo"></span>
<span id="index-comments_002c-highlighting-in-listings"></span>
<span id="index-highlighting_002c-in-listings"></span>
<span id="index-listing-1"></span>
<span id="index-setuplistinghook-1"></span>
<span id="index-linenumberedlisting-1"></span>
<span id="index-nolastlinelisting-1"></span>
<span id="index-hlightcommentslisting"></span>
<pre class="verbatim">% (This file is public domain.)
% Demonstrate how Eplain can be used to include a TeX source file
% verbatim, typesetting comments in colored italic typewriter type.
% Load Eplain and LaTeX's color.sty package.
\input eplain
\beginpackages \usepackage{color} \endpackages
\nopagenumbers % Disable page numbers.
\font\commentfont = cmitt10 % Font for the comments (italic \tt).
% We'll define some `protected' macros with `@' in their names.
\makeatletter
% Define an equivalent of Eplain's \letreturn, to be able to assign
% various actions to the (active) percent character.
\begingroup \makeactive\%
\gdef\letpercent{\let%}
\endgroup
% The listing hook to be called in \setuplistinghook, see below. It
% makes `%' active and assigns it a `start comment' action.
\def\hlightcommentslisting{\makeactive\% \letpercent\start@comment}%
% This is what `%' is aliased to before a comment is started.
\def\start@comment{%
\leavevmode % Needed in the very first line of the input to process
% the new par (possibly inserting line number) before we
% kick in with the color and stuff.
\begingroup % Isolate color and font changes and the redefinitions.
\commentfont
\color[cmyk]{0.28,1,1,0.35}%
\percentchar % Produce the actual `%' and
\letpercent\percentchar % make all following `%'s do the same.
\letreturn\end@comment % Call \end@comment at end-of-line.
}
% \end@comment (alias for ^^M inside a comment) will end the comment
% started by \start@comment. We make ^^M active temporarily so that
% the active version of ^^M gets "frozen" into \end@comment.
\begingroup \makeactive\^^M % Avoid ^^M's from here on.
\gdef\end@comment{\endgroup ^^M}%
\endgroup
\resetatcatcode % Make `@' again inaccessible for use in macro names.
% Define \setuplistinghook to setup comments highlighting, line
% numbering and omitting the last (empty) line of input.
\def\setuplistinghook{\hlightcommentslisting \linenumberedlisting
\nolastlinelisting}
% Isn't this fun? This file typesets itself, with the extra bonus of
% the pretty-printed comments and numbered source lines!
\listing{lscommnt}
\bye
</pre>
<hr>
<span id="Macro-index"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Concept-index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Concept index</a>, Previous: <a href="#Demo-files" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Demo files</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Macro-index-1"></span><h2 class="unnumbered">Macro index</h2>
<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_symbol-1"><b>@</b></a>
<br>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-B"><b>B</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-G"><b>G</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-H"><b>H</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-I"><b>I</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-J"><b>J</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-L"><b>L</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-M"><b>M</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-N"><b>N</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-O"><b>O</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-P"><b>P</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-Q"><b>Q</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-R"><b>R</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-U"><b>U</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-V"><b>V</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-W"><b>W</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-X"><b>X</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-Z"><b>Z</b></a>
</td></tr></table>
<table class="index-fn" border="0">
<tr><td></td><th align="left">Index Entry</th><td> </td><th align="left"> Section</th></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Macro-index_fn_symbol-1">@</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0040getoptionalarg"><code>@getoptionalarg</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Macro-arguments">Macro arguments</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0040hllabel"><code>@hllabel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-hypertex">Destination types for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0040hllabel-1"><code>@hllabel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-hypertex">Link types for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0040hllabel-2"><code>@hllabel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0040hllabel-3"><code>@hllabel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0040indexproof-insertion-class"><code>@indexproof <span class="roman">insertion class</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Proofing-index-terms">Proofing index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Macro-index_fn_letter-A">A</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-abovecolumnskip"><code>abovecolumnskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Multiple-columns">Multiple columns</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-abovecolumnspenalty"><code>abovecolumnspenalty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tables">Tables</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-abovelistpenalty"><code>abovelistpenalty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-lists">Formatting lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-abovelistskip"><code>abovelistskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-lists">Formatting lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-abovelistskipamount"><code>abovelistskipamount</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-lists">Formatting lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-adjarrow"><code>adjarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-adjmapdown"><code>adjmapdown</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-adjmapleft"><code>adjmapleft</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-adjmapright"><code>adjmapright</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-adjmapup"><code>adjmapup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-advancebottommargin"><code>advancebottommargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Margins">Margins</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-advanceleftmargin"><code>advanceleftmargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Margins">Margins</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-advancerightmargin"><code>advancerightmargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Margins">Margins</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-advancetopmargin"><code>advancetopmargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Margins">Margins</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-afterindexterm"><code>afterindexterm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Customizing-indexing">Customizing indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-afterindexterm-hook"><code>afterindexterm <span class="roman">hook</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing-commands">Indexing commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-AMSLaTeX-1"><code>AMSLaTeX</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logos">Logos</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-AMSTeX-1"><code>AMSTeX</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logos">Logos</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-arrow"><code>arrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-arrow-1"><code>arrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Macro-index_fn_letter-B">B</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bblem"><code>bblem</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-bibliographies">Formatting bibliographies</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bblemph"><code>bblemph</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-bibliographies">Formatting bibliographies</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bblfilebasename"><code>bblfilebasename</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citations">Citations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bblhook"><code>bblhook</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-bibliographies">Formatting bibliographies</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bblnewblock"><code>bblnewblock</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-bibliographies">Formatting bibliographies</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bblrm"><code>bblrm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-bibliographies">Formatting bibliographies</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bblsc"><code>bblsc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-bibliographies">Formatting bibliographies</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bcolor-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"><code>bcolor <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bdash-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"><code>bdash <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bdash-_0028hyperlink-option_0029-1"><code>bdash <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-begin-for-index-entries"><code>begin <span class="roman">for index entries</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modifying-index-entries">Modifying index entries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-beginindex-hook"><code>beginindex <span class="roman">hook</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Typesetting-an-index">Typesetting an index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-beginlist"><code>beginlist</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-lists">Formatting lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-beginpackages"><code>beginpackages</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Environment-for-loading-packages">Environment for loading packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-begin_007bpicture_007d"><code>begin{picture}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-begin_007btheindex_007d"><code>begin{theindex}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Typesetting-an-index">Typesetting an index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-belowcolumnskip"><code>belowcolumnskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Multiple-columns">Multiple columns</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-belowfootnoterulespace"><code>belowfootnoterulespace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-belowlistskip"><code>belowlistskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-lists">Formatting lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-belowlistskipamount"><code>belowlistskipamount</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-lists">Formatting lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-biarrow"><code>biarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-biblabelcontents"><code>biblabelcontents</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-bibliographies">Formatting bibliographies</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-biblabelextraspace"><code>biblabelextraspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-bibliographies">Formatting bibliographies</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-biblabelpostcontents"><code>biblabelpostcontents</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-bibliographies">Formatting bibliographies</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-biblabelprecontents"><code>biblabelprecontents</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-bibliographies">Formatting bibliographies</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-biblabelprint"><code>biblabelprint</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-bibliographies">Formatting bibliographies</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-biblabelwidth"><code>biblabelwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-bibliographies">Formatting bibliographies</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bibliography"><code>bibliography</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citations">Citations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bibliography-_0028hyperlinks_0029"><code>bibliography <span class="roman">(hyperlinks)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citation-hyperlinks">Citation hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bibliographystyle"><code>bibliographystyle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citations">Citations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BibTeX-2"><code>BibTeX</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logos">Logos</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bihline"><code>bihline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bimapdown"><code>bimapdown</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bimapleft"><code>bimapleft</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bimapright"><code>bimapright</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bimapup"><code>bimapup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bisline"><code>bisline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bivline"><code>bivline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-blackbox"><code>blackbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-blanklineskipamount-in-justified-text"><code>blanklineskipamount <span class="roman">in justified text</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Justification">Justification</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-blanklineskipamount-in-obeyed-text"><code>blanklineskipamount <span class="roman">in obeyed text</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Obeying-spaces">Obeying spaces</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bottom-_0028destination-option_0029"><code>bottom <span class="roman">(destination option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bottom-_0028destination-option_0029-1"><code>bottom <span class="roman">(destination option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bottommargin"><code>bottommargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Margins">Margins</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-boxit"><code>boxit</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-boxitspace"><code>boxitspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bstyle-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"><code>bstyle <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bwidth-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"><code>bwidth <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Macro-index_fn_letter-C">C</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-catcode"><code>catcode</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Category-codes">Category codes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-center"><code>center</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Justification">Justification</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-centereddisplays"><code>centereddisplays</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Displays">Displays</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-channelwidth"><code>channelwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-channelwidth-1"><code>channelwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commutative-diagram-parameters">Commutative diagram parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cite"><code>cite</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citations">Citations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cite-_0028hyperlinks_0029"><code>cite <span class="roman">(hyperlinks)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citation-hyperlinks">Citation hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cmd-_0028destination-option_0029"><code>cmd <span class="roman">(destination option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-hypertex">Destination types for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cmd-_0028destination-option_0029-1"><code>cmd <span class="roman">(destination option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-hypertex">Destination options for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cmd-_0028destination-option_0029-2"><code>cmd <span class="roman">(destination option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cmd-_0028destination-option_0029-3"><code>cmd <span class="roman">(destination option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cmd-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"><code>cmd <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-hypertex">Link types for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cmd-_0028hyperlink-option_0029-1"><code>cmd <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-hypertex">Link options for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cmd-_0028hyperlink-option_0029-2"><code>cmd <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cmd-_0028hyperlink-option_0029-3"><code>cmd <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"><code>color <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Options-supported-by-all-drivers">Options supported by all drivers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-colormodel-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"><code>colormodel <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Options-supported-by-all-drivers">Options supported by all drivers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-columnfill"><code>columnfill</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Multiple-columns">Multiple columns</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commdiag"><code>commdiag</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Construction-of-commutative-diagrams">Construction of commutative diagrams</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commdiagbaselines"><code>commdiagbaselines</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Construction-of-commutative-diagrams">Construction of commutative diagrams</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commdiagbaselines-1"><code>commdiagbaselines</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commutative-diagram-parameters">Commutative diagram parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-csn"><code>csn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccsn-and-_005cece">\csn and \ece</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Macro-index_fn_letter-D">D</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-definecolor"><code>definecolor</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-definecontentsfile"><code>definecontentsfile</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Alternative-contents-files">Alternative contents files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-defineindex"><code>defineindex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing">Indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-definexref"><code>definexref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Defining-generic-references">Defining generic references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-definexref-1"><code>definexref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-definexref-_0028hyperlinks_0029"><code>definexref <span class="roman">(hyperlinks)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross_002dreference-hyperlinks">Cross-reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-depth-_0028destination-option_0029"><code>depth <span class="roman">(destination option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-depth-_0028destination-option_0029-1"><code>depth <span class="roman">(destination option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-depth-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"><code>depth <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-discretionaries"><code>discretionaries</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Paths">Paths</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-displaylines"><code>displaylines</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Displays">Displays</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-DOCVIEW-pdfmark"><code>DOCVIEW <span class="roman">pdfmark</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Making-PDF-outlines">Making PDF outlines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dospecials"><code>dospecials</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Verbatim-listing">Verbatim listing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-doublecolumns"><code>doublecolumns</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Multiple-columns">Multiple columns</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-drawline"><code>drawline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Slanted-lines-and-vectors">Slanted lines and vectors</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-drawvector"><code>drawvector</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Slanted-lines-and-vectors">Slanted lines and vectors</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dvipdfm-_0028hyperlink-driver_0029"><code>dvipdfm <span class="roman">(hyperlink driver)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-drivers-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Hyperlink drivers pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Macro-index_fn_letter-E">E</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eattoken"><code>eattoken</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Macro-arguments">Macro arguments</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ece"><code>ece</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccsn-and-_005cece">\csn and \ece</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-edefappend"><code>edefappend</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cedefappend">\edefappend</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ehrule"><code>ehrule</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Rules">Rules</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-em"><code>em</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-from-LaTeX">Commands from LaTeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-emph"><code>emph</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-from-LaTeX">Commands from LaTeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enablehyperlinks"><code>enablehyperlinks</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction-to-hyperlinks">Introduction to hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enablehyperlinks-1"><code>enablehyperlinks</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Choosing-destination-placement">Choosing destination placement</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enablehyperlinks-2"><code>enablehyperlinks</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-nolinks">Hyperlink driver nolinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-end-for-index-entries"><code>end <span class="roman">for index entries</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modifying-index-entries">Modifying index entries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-endlist"><code>endlist</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-lists">Formatting lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-endnumberedlist"><code>endnumberedlist</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Lists">Lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-endorderedlist"><code>endorderedlist</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Lists">Lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-endpackages"><code>endpackages</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Environment-for-loading-packages">Environment for loading packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-endunorderedlist"><code>endunorderedlist</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Lists">Lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-end_007bpicture_007d"><code>end{picture}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-end_007btheindex_007d"><code>end{theindex}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Typesetting-an-index">Typesetting an index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eplain"><code>eplain</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Invoking-Eplain">Invoking Eplain</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eplaininput"><code>eplaininput</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Environment-for-loading-packages">Environment for loading packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eqalignno"><code>eqalignno</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Displays">Displays</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eqalignno-1"><code>eqalignno</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Displays">Displays</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eqalignnum"><code>eqalignnum</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Displays">Displays</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eqconstruct"><code>eqconstruct</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-equation-references">Formatting equation references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eqdef"><code>eqdef</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Equation-references">Equation references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eqdef-_0028hyperlinks_0029"><code>eqdef <span class="roman">(hyperlinks)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Equation-reference-hyperlinks">Equation reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eqdefn"><code>eqdefn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Equation-references">Equation references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eqdefn-_0028hyperlinks_0029"><code>eqdefn <span class="roman">(hyperlinks)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Equation-reference-hyperlinks">Equation reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eqno"><code>eqno</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Displays">Displays</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eqnum"><code>eqnum</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Displays">Displays</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eqnum-1"><code>eqnum</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Equation-references">Equation references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eqnum-2"><code>eqnum</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Equation-references">Equation references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eqnumber"><code>eqnumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Equation-references">Equation references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eqprint"><code>eqprint</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-equation-references">Formatting equation references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eqref"><code>eqref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Equation-references">Equation references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eqref-1"><code>eqref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Equation-reference-hyperlinks">Equation reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eqrefn"><code>eqrefn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Equation-references">Equation references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eqrefn-1"><code>eqrefn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Equation-reference-hyperlinks">Equation reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eqsubdef"><code>eqsubdef</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subequation-references">Subequation references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eqsubdef-_0028hyperlinks_0029"><code>eqsubdef <span class="roman">(hyperlinks)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Equation-reference-hyperlinks">Equation reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eqsubdefn"><code>eqsubdefn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subequation-references">Subequation references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eqsubdefn-_0028hyperlinks_0029"><code>eqsubdefn <span class="roman">(hyperlinks)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Equation-reference-hyperlinks">Equation reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eqsubreftext"><code>eqsubreftext</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subequation-references">Subequation references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eTeX-1"><code>eTeX</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logos">Logos</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-everyfootnote"><code>everyfootnote</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-evrule"><code>evrule</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Rules">Rules</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expandonce"><code>expandonce</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cexpandonce">\expandonce</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ext-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"><code>ext <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-hypertex">Link types for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ext-_0028hyperlink-option_0029-1"><code>ext <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-hypertex">Link options for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ExTeX-1"><code>ExTeX</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logos">Logos</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Macro-index_fn_letter-F">F</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-file-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"><code>file <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-hypertex">Link types for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-file-_0028hyperlink-option_0029-1"><code>file <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-hypertex">Link options for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-file-_0028hyperlink-option_0029-2"><code>file <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-file-_0028hyperlink-option_0029-3"><code>file <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-file-_0028hyperlink-option_0029-4"><code>file <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fileexists-_0028conditional_0029"><code>fileexists <span class="roman">(conditional)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Auxiliary-files">Auxiliary files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-filename-_0028hyperlink-type_0029"><code>filename <span class="roman">(hyperlink type)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-hypertex">Link types for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-filename-_0028hyperlink-type_0029-1"><code>filename <span class="roman">(hyperlink type)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-filepage-_0028hyperlink-type_0029"><code>filepage <span class="roman">(hyperlink type)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fit-_0028destination-type_0029"><code>fit <span class="roman">(destination type)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fitb-_0028destination-type_0029"><code>fitb <span class="roman">(destination type)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fitbh-_0028destination-type_0029"><code>fitbh <span class="roman">(destination type)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fitbv-_0028destination-type_0029"><code>fitbv <span class="roman">(destination type)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fith-_0028destination-type_0029"><code>fith <span class="roman">(destination type)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fitr-_0028destination-type_0029"><code>fitr <span class="roman">(destination type)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fitv-_0028destination-type_0029"><code>fitv <span class="roman">(destination type)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-flushleft"><code>flushleft</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Justification">Justification</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-flushright"><code>flushright</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Justification">Justification</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fmtversion"><code>fmtversion</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnote-_0028hyperlinks_0029"><code>footnote <span class="roman">(hyperlinks)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnote-hyperlinks">Footnote hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnotemarkseparation"><code>footnotemarkseparation</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnoteruleheight"><code>footnoteruleheight</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnoterulewidth"><code>footnoterulewidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-for"><code>for</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Iteration">Iteration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-For"><code>For</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Iteration">Iteration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-frac"><code>frac</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Fractions">Fractions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fullmonthname"><code>fullmonthname</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Time-of-day">Time of day</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-futurenonspacelet"><code>futurenonspacelet</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfuturenonspacelet">\futurenonspacelet</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Macro-index_fn_letter-G">G</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-getproperty"><code>getproperty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Properties">Properties</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-gloggingall"><code>gloggingall</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Diagnostics">Diagnostics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-gobble"><code>gobble</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Macro-arguments">Macro arguments</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-gobbletwo"><code>gobbletwo</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Macro-arguments">Macro arguments</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-gridcommdiag"><code>gridcommdiag</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Construction-of-commutative-diagrams">Construction of commutative diagrams</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-gtracingall"><code>gtracingall</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Diagnostics">Diagnostics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-gutter"><code>gutter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Multiple-columns">Multiple columns</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-gutterbox"><code>gutterbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Multiple-columns">Multiple columns</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Macro-index_fn_letter-H">H</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hangindent-for-index-entries"><code>hangindent <span class="roman">for index entries</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Typesetting-an-index">Typesetting an index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-harrowlength"><code>harrowlength</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-harrowlength-1"><code>harrowlength</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commutative-diagram-parameters">Commutative diagram parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hchannel"><code>hchannel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commutative-diagram-parameters">Commutative diagram parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-height-_0028destination-option_0029"><code>height <span class="roman">(destination option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-height-_0028destination-option_0029-1"><code>height <span class="roman">(destination option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-height-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"><code>height <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hgrid"><code>hgrid</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Construction-of-commutative-diagrams">Construction of commutative diagrams</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hgrid-1"><code>hgrid</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commutative-diagram-parameters">Commutative diagram parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hldest"><code>hldest</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Explicit-hyperlinks">Explicit hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hldest-1"><code>hldest</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-hypertex">Destination types for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hldest-2"><code>hldest</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hldest-3"><code>hldest</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options">Setting hyperlink types and options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hldestoff"><code>hldestoff</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-nolinks">Hyperlink driver nolinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hldestoff-1"><code>hldestoff</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Turning-low_002dlevel-commands-on_002foff">Turning low-level commands on/off</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hldeston"><code>hldeston</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Turning-low_002dlevel-commands-on_002foff">Turning low-level commands on/off</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hldestopts"><code>hldestopts</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-default-types-and-options">Setting default types and options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hldestopts-1"><code>hldestopts</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-options">Setting group options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hldestopts-2"><code>hldestopts</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hldesttype"><code>hldesttype</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-default-types-and-options">Setting default types and options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hldesttype-1"><code>hldesttype</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-types">Setting group types</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hldesttype-2"><code>hldesttype</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hlend"><code>hlend</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Explicit-hyperlinks">Explicit hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hlend-1"><code>hlend</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hlfootbacklabel"><code>hlfootbacklabel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnote-hyperlinks">Footnote hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hlfootlabel"><code>hlfootlabel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnote-hyperlinks">Footnote hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hlfootlabelnumber"><code>hlfootlabelnumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnote-hyperlinks">Footnote hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hlhash"><code>hlhash</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-hypertex">Link types for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hlidx"><code>hlidx</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Exact-destinations-for-index-terms">Exact destinations for index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hlidxlabel"><code>hlidxlabel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Exact-destinations-for-index-terms">Exact destinations for index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hlidxlabelnumber"><code>hlidxlabelnumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Exact-destinations-for-index-terms">Exact destinations for index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hlidxpage"><code>hlidxpage</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-destinations-for-index-terms">Page destinations for index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hlidxpagelabel"><code>hlidxpagelabel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-destinations-for-index-terms">Page destinations for index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hlight-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"><code>hlight <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hlightcommentslisting"><code>hlightcommentslisting</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Highlighting-TeX-comments-in-listings-_0028lscommnt_002etex_0029">Highlighting TeX comments in listings (lscommnt.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hline"><code>hline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hloff"><code>hloff</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-nolinks">Hyperlink driver nolinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hloff-1"><code>hloff</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Turning-low_002dlevel-commands-on_002foff">Turning low-level commands on/off</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hlon"><code>hlon</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Turning-low_002dlevel-commands-on_002foff">Turning low-level commands on/off</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hlopts"><code>hlopts</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-default-types-and-options">Setting default types and options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hlopts-1"><code>hlopts</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-options">Setting group options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hlopts-2"><code>hlopts</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hlstart"><code>hlstart</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Explicit-hyperlinks">Explicit hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hlstart-1"><code>hlstart</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-hypertex">Link types for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hlstart-2"><code>hlstart</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hlstart-3"><code>hlstart</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options">Setting hyperlink types and options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hlstart-4"><code>hlstart</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hltype"><code>hltype</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-default-types-and-options">Setting default types and options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hltype-1"><code>hltype</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-types">Setting group types</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hmorphposn"><code>hmorphposn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hmorphposn-1"><code>hmorphposn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commutative-diagram-parameters">Commutative diagram parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hmorphposndn"><code>hmorphposndn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hmorphposndn-1"><code>hmorphposndn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commutative-diagram-parameters">Commutative diagram parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hmorphposnlft"><code>hmorphposnlft</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hmorphposnlft-1"><code>hmorphposnlft</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commutative-diagram-parameters">Commutative diagram parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hmorphposnrt"><code>hmorphposnrt</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hmorphposnrt-1"><code>hmorphposnrt</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commutative-diagram-parameters">Commutative diagram parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hmorphposnup"><code>hmorphposnup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hmorphposnup-1"><code>hmorphposnup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commutative-diagram-parameters">Commutative diagram parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hoffset"><code>hoffset</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Proofing-index-terms">Proofing index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hookaction"><code>hookaction</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hooks">Hooks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hookactiononce"><code>hookactiononce</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hooks">Hooks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hookappend"><code>hookappend</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hooks">Hooks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hookprepend"><code>hookprepend</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hooks">Hooks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hookrun"><code>hookrun</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hooks">Hooks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-href"><code>href</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#General-hyperlinks">General hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hruledefaultdepth"><code>hruledefaultdepth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Rules">Rules</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hruledefaultheight"><code>hruledefaultheight</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Rules">Rules</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hsize"><code>hsize</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Margins">Margins</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hypertex-_0028hyperlink-driver_0029"><code>hypertex <span class="roman">(hyperlink driver)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-hypertex">Hyperlink driver hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyphenpenalty-for-index-entries"><code>hyphenpenalty <span class="roman">for index entries</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Typesetting-an-index">Typesetting an index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Macro-index_fn_letter-I">I</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-identity"><code>identity</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Macro-arguments">Macro arguments</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idx"><code>idx</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing-commands">Indexing commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idx-_0028hyperlinks_0029"><code>idx <span class="roman">(hyperlinks)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Index-hyperlinks">Index hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idxargclose"><code>idxargclose</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Index-entries-with-special-characters">Index entries with special characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idxargopen"><code>idxargopen</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Index-entries-with-special-characters">Index entries with special characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idxbeginrangemark"><code>idxbeginrangemark</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Customizing-indexing">Customizing indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idxencapoperator"><code>idxencapoperator</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Customizing-indexing">Customizing indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idxendrangemark"><code>idxendrangemark</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Customizing-indexing">Customizing indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idxexact"><code>idxexact</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Choosing-destination-placement">Choosing destination placement</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idxmarked"><code>idxmarked</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing-commands">Indexing commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idxmarked-_0028hyperlinks_0029"><code>idxmarked <span class="roman">(hyperlinks)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Index-hyperlinks">Index hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idxname"><code>idxname</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing-commands">Indexing commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idxname-_0028hyperlinks_0029"><code>idxname <span class="roman">(hyperlinks)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Index-hyperlinks">Index hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idxnameseparator"><code>idxnameseparator</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing-commands">Indexing commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idxnone"><code>idxnone</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Choosing-destination-placement">Choosing destination placement</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idxpage"><code>idxpage</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Choosing-destination-placement">Choosing destination placement</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idxpagei"><code>idxpagei</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-list-and-page-range-parsers">Page list and page range parsers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idxpageii"><code>idxpageii</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-list-and-page-range-parsers">Page list and page range parsers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idxpagelistdelimiter"><code>idxpagelistdelimiter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-list-and-page-range-parsers">Page list and page range parsers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idxpagenum"><code>idxpagenum</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Customizing-indexing">Customizing indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idxpagerangedelimiter"><code>idxpagerangedelimiter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-list-and-page-range-parsers">Page list and page range parsers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idxpagerangedelimiter-1"><code>idxpagerangedelimiter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-list-and-page-range-parsers">Page list and page range parsers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idxparselist"><code>idxparselist</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-list-and-page-range-parsers">Page list and page range parsers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idxparserange"><code>idxparserange</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-list-and-page-range-parsers">Page list and page range parsers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idxrangebeginword"><code>idxrangebeginword</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Customizing-indexing">Customizing indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idxrangeendword"><code>idxrangeendword</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Customizing-indexing">Customizing indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idxseealsocmdword"><code>idxseealsocmdword</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Customizing-indexing">Customizing indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idxseecmdword"><code>idxseecmdword</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Customizing-indexing">Customizing indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idxsubentryseparator"><code>idxsubentryseparator</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Customizing-indexing">Customizing indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idxsubmarked"><code>idxsubmarked</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing-commands">Indexing commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idxsubmarked-_0028hyperlinks_0029"><code>idxsubmarked <span class="roman">(hyperlinks)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Index-hyperlinks">Index hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ifempty"><code>ifempty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cifempty">\ifempty</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-iffileexists"><code>iffileexists</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Auxiliary-files">Auxiliary files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ifidx"><code>ifidx</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing">Indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ifindexproofing"><code>ifindexproofing</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Proofing-index-terms">Proofing index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ifinteger"><code>ifinteger</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cifinteger-and-_005cisinteger">\ifinteger and \isinteger</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ifpdf"><code>ifpdf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Checking-for-PDF-output">Checking for PDF output</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ifpdf-1"><code>ifpdf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction-to-hyperlinks">Introduction to hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ifpdf-2"><code>ifpdf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Making-PDF-outlines">Making PDF outlines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ifrewritetocfile"><code>ifrewritetocfile</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reading-the-_002etoc-file">Reading the .toc file</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ifundefined"><code>ifundefined</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cifundefined">\ifundefined</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-includegraphics"><code>includegraphics</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indexfilebasename"><code>indexfilebasename</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Typesetting-an-index">Typesetting an index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indexfonts"><code>indexfonts</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Typesetting-an-index">Typesetting an index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indexitem-hook"><code>indexitem <span class="roman">hook</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Typesetting-an-index">Typesetting an index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indexprooffont"><code>indexprooffont</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Proofing-index-terms">Proofing index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indexproofingfalse"><code>indexproofingfalse</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Proofing-index-terms">Proofing index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indexproofingtrue"><code>indexproofingtrue</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Proofing-index-terms">Proofing index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indexproofterm"><code>indexproofterm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Proofing-index-terms">Proofing index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indexproofunbox"><code>indexproofunbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Proofing-index-terms">Proofing index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indexsee"><code>indexsee</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Customizing-indexing">Customizing indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indexsee-1"><code>indexsee</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-in-see-and-see-also-entries">Hyperlinks in see and see also entries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indexseealso"><code>indexseealso</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Customizing-indexing">Customizing indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indexseealso-1"><code>indexseealso</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-in-see-and-see-also-entries">Hyperlinks in see and see also entries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indexseealsowords"><code>indexseealsowords</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Customizing-indexing">Customizing indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indexseeword"><code>indexseeword</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Customizing-indexing">Customizing indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indexsetmargins"><code>indexsetmargins</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Proofing-index-terms">Proofing index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indexspace"><code>indexspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Typesetting-an-index">Typesetting an index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-innerdef"><code>innerdef</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Allocation-macros">Allocation macros</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-innerinnerdef"><code>innerinnerdef</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Allocation-macros">Allocation macros</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-innernewbox"><code>innernewbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Allocation-macros">Allocation macros</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-innernewcount"><code>innernewcount</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Allocation-macros">Allocation macros</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-innernewdimen"><code>innernewdimen</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Allocation-macros">Allocation macros</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-innernewfam"><code>innernewfam</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Allocation-macros">Allocation macros</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-innernewhelp"><code>innernewhelp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Allocation-macros">Allocation macros</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-innernewif"><code>innernewif</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Allocation-macros">Allocation macros</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-innernewinsert"><code>innernewinsert</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Allocation-macros">Allocation macros</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-innernewlanguage"><code>innernewlanguage</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Allocation-macros">Allocation macros</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-innernewread"><code>innernewread</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Allocation-macros">Allocation macros</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-innernewskip"><code>innernewskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Allocation-macros">Allocation macros</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-innernewtoks"><code>innernewtoks</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Allocation-macros">Allocation macros</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-innernewwrite"><code>innernewwrite</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Allocation-macros">Allocation macros</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-input"><code>input</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Environment-for-loading-packages">Environment for loading packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-insidemargin"><code>insidemargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Proofing-index-terms">Proofing index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-interfootnoteskip"><code>interfootnoteskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-interitemskip"><code>interitemskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-lists">Formatting lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-interitemskipamount"><code>interitemskipamount</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-lists">Formatting lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-isinteger"><code>isinteger</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cifinteger-and-_005cisinteger">\ifinteger and \isinteger</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-item-in-indexes"><code>item <span class="roman">in indexes</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Typesetting-an-index">Typesetting an index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-itemletter"><code>itemletter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-lists">Formatting lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-itemnumber"><code>itemnumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-lists">Formatting lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ituline"><code>ituline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-list-and-page-range-parsers">Page list and page range parsers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Macro-index_fn_letter-J">J</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-jobname"><code>jobname</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citations">Citations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-jobname-1"><code>jobname</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Typesetting-an-index">Typesetting an index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-jobname-2"><code>jobname</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Auxiliary-files">Auxiliary files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Macro-index_fn_letter-L">L</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LAMSTeX-1"><code>LAMSTeX</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logos">Logos</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-4"><code>LaTeX</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logos">Logos</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lbracechar"><code>lbracechar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Category-codes">Category codes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-_0028destination-option_0029"><code>left <span class="roman">(destination option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-_0028destination-option_0029-1"><code>left <span class="roman">(destination option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-_0028destination-option_0029-2"><code>left <span class="roman">(destination option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-_0028destination-option_0029-3"><code>left <span class="roman">(destination option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-_0028destination-option_0029-4"><code>left <span class="roman">(destination option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-leftdisplayindent"><code>leftdisplayindent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Displays">Displays</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-leftdisplays"><code>leftdisplays</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Displays">Displays</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-leftdisplaysetup"><code>leftdisplaysetup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-displays">Formatting displays</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lefteqnumbers"><code>lefteqnumbers</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Displays">Displays</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-leftmargin"><code>leftmargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Margins">Margins</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-leftskip"><code>leftskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Justification">Justification</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-leqalignno"><code>leqalignno</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Displays">Displays</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-leqalignno-1"><code>leqalignno</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Displays">Displays</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-leqno"><code>leqno</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Displays">Displays</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letreturn"><code>letreturn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Category-codes">Category codes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letter"><code>letter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Category-codes">Category codes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lft"><code>lft</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-li"><code>li</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Lists">Lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-li-_0028hyperlinks_0029"><code>li <span class="roman">(hyperlinks)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#List-hyperlinks">List hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-linenumberedlisting"><code>linenumberedlisting</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Verbatim-listing">Verbatim listing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-linenumberedlisting-1"><code>linenumberedlisting</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Highlighting-TeX-comments-in-listings-_0028lscommnt_002etex_0029">Highlighting TeX comments in listings (lscommnt.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-listcompact"><code>listcompact</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Lists">Lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-listing"><code>listing</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Verbatim-listing">Verbatim listing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-listing-1"><code>listing</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Highlighting-TeX-comments-in-listings-_0028lscommnt_002etex_0029">Highlighting TeX comments in listings (lscommnt.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-listingfont"><code>listingfont</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Verbatim-listing">Verbatim listing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-listleftindent"><code>listleftindent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-lists">Formatting lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-listmarkerspace"><code>listmarkerspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-lists">Formatting lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-listrightindent"><code>listrightindent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-lists">Formatting lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-loggingall"><code>loggingall</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Diagnostics">Diagnostics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-loop"><code>loop</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Iteration">Iteration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Macro-index_fn_letter-M">M</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-makeactive"><code>makeactive</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Category-codes">Category codes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-makeatletter"><code>makeatletter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Category-codes">Category codes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-makeatother"><code>makeatother</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Category-codes">Category codes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-makeblankbox"><code>makeblankbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-makecolumns"><code>makecolumns</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tables">Tables</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-makeheadline"><code>makeheadline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Proofing-index-terms">Proofing index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mapdown"><code>mapdown</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mapdown-1"><code>mapdown</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mapleft"><code>mapleft</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mapleft-1"><code>mapleft</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mapright"><code>mapright</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mapright-1"><code>mapright</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mapup"><code>mapup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mapup-1"><code>mapup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-matrix"><code>matrix</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Construction-of-commutative-diagrams">Construction of commutative diagrams</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mbox"><code>mbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-from-LaTeX">Commands from LaTeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MF"><code>MF</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logos">Logos</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-monthname"><code>monthname</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Time-of-day">Time of day</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-morphdist"><code>morphdist</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-morphdist-1"><code>morphdist</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commutative-diagram-parameters">Commutative diagram parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Macro-index_fn_letter-N">N</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-name-_0028hyperlink-type_0029"><code>name <span class="roman">(hyperlink type)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-hypertex">Link types for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-name-_0028hyperlink-type_0029-1"><code>name <span class="roman">(hyperlink type)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new_2026"><code>new…</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Allocation-macros">Allocation macros</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-newblock"><code>newblock</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-from-LaTeX">Commands from LaTeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-newcommand"><code>newcommand</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-from-LaTeX">Commands from LaTeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-newwin-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"><code>newwin <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-newwin-_0028hyperlink-option_0029-1"><code>newwin <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-newwin-_0028hyperlink-option_0029-2"><code>newwin <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-noarrow"><code>noarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Invoking-Eplain">Invoking Eplain</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-noauxfile"><code>noauxfile</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Invoking-Eplain">Invoking Eplain</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-nobibtex"><code>nobibtex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Invoking-Eplain">Invoking Eplain</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-nocite"><code>nocite</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citations">Citations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-nolastlinelisting"><code>nolastlinelisting</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Verbatim-listing">Verbatim listing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-nolastlinelisting-1"><code>nolastlinelisting</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Highlighting-TeX-comments-in-listings-_0028lscommnt_002etex_0029">Highlighting TeX comments in listings (lscommnt.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-nolinks-_0028hyperlink-driver_0029"><code>nolinks <span class="roman">(hyperlink driver)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-nolinks">Hyperlink driver nolinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-normalbaselineskip"><code>normalbaselineskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Options-supported-by-all-drivers">Options supported by all drivers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-num-_0028hyperlink-type_0029"><code>num <span class="roman">(hyperlink type)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-numberedfootnote"><code>numberedfootnote</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-numberedfootnote-_0028hyperlinks_0029"><code>numberedfootnote <span class="roman">(hyperlinks)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnote-hyperlinks">Footnote hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-numberedlist"><code>numberedlist</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Lists">Lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-numberedlistdepth"><code>numberedlistdepth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-lists">Formatting lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-numberedmarker"><code>numberedmarker</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-lists">Formatting lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-numbername"><code>numbername</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Writing-out-numbers">Writing out numbers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Macro-index_fn_letter-O">O</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-obeywhitespace"><code>obeywhitespace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Obeying-spaces">Obeying spaces</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-orderedlist"><code>orderedlist</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Lists">Lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-other"><code>other</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Category-codes">Category codes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-outer"><code>outer</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Allocation-macros">Allocation macros</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-outsidemargin"><code>outsidemargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Proofing-index-terms">Proofing index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Macro-index_fn_letter-P">P</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-_0028hyperlink-type_0029"><code>page <span class="roman">(hyperlink type)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pagefit-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"><code>pagefit <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pagefit-_0028hyperlink-option_0029-1"><code>pagefit <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pagefit-_0028hyperlink-option_0029-2"><code>pagefit <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pagefit-_0028hyperlink-option_0029-3"><code>pagefit <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pageno"><code>pageno</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Proofing-index-terms">Proofing index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pagetotal"><code>pagetotal</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Multiple-columns">Multiple columns</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paperheight"><code>paperheight</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Margins">Margins</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paperwidth"><code>paperwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Margins">Margins</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-parfillskip_002c-reset-by-_005cragged_002e_002e_002e"><code>parfillskip<span class="roman">, reset by <code>\ragged...</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Justification">Justification</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-parindent-in-indexes"><code>parindent <span class="roman">in indexes</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Typesetting-an-index">Typesetting an index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-path"><code>path</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Paths">Paths</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdfescapestring-pdfTeX-primitive"><code>pdfescapestring <span class="roman">pdfTeX primitive</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Making-PDF-outlines">Making PDF outlines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdfmark-_0028PDF-language-primitive_0029"><code>pdfmark <span class="roman">(PDF language primitive)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Making-PDF-outlines">Making PDF outlines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdfoutline-_0028pdftex-primitive_0029"><code>pdfoutline <span class="roman">(<code>pdftex</code> primitive)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Making-PDF-outlines">Making PDF outlines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdfoutput"><code>pdfoutput</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Checking-for-PDF-output">Checking for PDF output</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdftex-_0028hyperlink-driver_0029"><code>pdftex <span class="roman">(hyperlink driver)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-drivers-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Hyperlink drivers pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-percentchar"><code>percentchar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Category-codes">Category codes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-phantomeqlabel"><code>phantomeqlabel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Equation-reference-hyperlinks">Equation reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-phantomeqnumber"><code>phantomeqnumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Equation-reference-hyperlinks">Equation reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-previouseverydisplay"><code>previouseverydisplay</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-displays">Formatting displays</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-printbetweencitations"><code>printbetweencitations</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-citations">Formatting citations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-printcitefinish"><code>printcitefinish</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-citations">Formatting citations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-printcitenote"><code>printcitenote</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-citations">Formatting citations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-printcitestart"><code>printcitestart</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-citations">Formatting citations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-printitem"><code>printitem</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-lists">Formatting lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-printlistinglineno"><code>printlistinglineno</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Verbatim-listing">Verbatim listing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-printlistinglineno-1"><code>printlistinglineno</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Verbatim-listing">Verbatim listing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-providecommand"><code>providecommand</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-from-LaTeX">Commands from LaTeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Macro-index_fn_letter-Q">Q</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quadcolumns"><code>quadcolumns</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Multiple-columns">Multiple columns</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Macro-index_fn_letter-R">R</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-raggedleft"><code>raggedleft</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Justification">Justification</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-raggedleftskip"><code>raggedleftskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Justification">Justification</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-raggedright"><code>raggedright</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Justification">Justification</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-raggedright-for-index-entries"><code>raggedright <span class="roman">for index entries</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Typesetting-an-index">Typesetting an index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-raise-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"><code>raise <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Options-supported-by-all-drivers">Options supported by all drivers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-raise-_0028hyperlink-option_0029-1"><code>raise <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-options">Setting group options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-raw-_0028destination-type_0029"><code>raw <span class="roman">(destination type)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-hypertex">Destination types for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-raw-_0028destination-type_0029-1"><code>raw <span class="roman">(destination type)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-raw-_0028hyperlink-type_0029"><code>raw <span class="roman">(hyperlink type)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-hypertex">Link types for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-raw-_0028hyperlink-type_0029-1"><code>raw <span class="roman">(hyperlink type)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rbracechar"><code>rbracechar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Category-codes">Category codes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-readindexfile"><code>readindexfile</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Typesetting-an-index">Typesetting an index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-readindexfile-_0028hyperlinks_0029"><code>readindexfile <span class="roman">(hyperlinks)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Index-hyperlinks">Index hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-readtocfile"><code>readtocfile</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reading-the-_002etoc-file">Reading the .toc file</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ref"><code>ref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-generic-references">Using generic references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ref-1"><code>ref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ref-_0028hyperlinks_0029"><code>ref <span class="roman">(hyperlinks)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross_002dreference-hyperlinks">Cross-reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-refn"><code>refn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-generic-references">Using generic references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-refn-_0028hyperlinks_0029"><code>refn <span class="roman">(hyperlinks)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross_002dreference-hyperlinks">Cross-reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-refs"><code>refs</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-generic-references">Using generic references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-refs-_0028hyperlinks_0029"><code>refs <span class="roman">(hyperlinks)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross_002dreference-hyperlinks">Cross-reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-refspace"><code>refspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross_002dreference-hyperlinks">Cross-reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-refspace-1"><code>refspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-reference-hyperlinks">Page reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-reftie"><code>reftie</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross_002dreference-hyperlinks">Cross-reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-reftie-1"><code>reftie</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross_002dreference-hyperlinks">Cross-reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-reftie-2"><code>reftie</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Equation-reference-hyperlinks">Equation reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-renewcommand"><code>renewcommand</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-from-LaTeX">Commands from LaTeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-repeat"><code>repeat</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Iteration">Iteration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-resetatcatcode"><code>resetatcatcode</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Environment-for-loading-packages">Environment for loading packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-resetatcatcode-1"><code>resetatcatcode</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Category-codes">Category codes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rewritetocfile-_0028conditional_0029"><code>rewritetocfile <span class="roman">(conditional)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reading-the-_002etoc-file">Reading the .toc file</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-_0028destination-option_0029"><code>right <span class="roman">(destination option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-_0028destination-option_0029-1"><code>right <span class="roman">(destination option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-righteqnumbers"><code>righteqnumbers</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Displays">Displays</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rightmargin"><code>rightmargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Margins">Margins</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rotatebox"><code>rotatebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rt"><code>rt</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Macro-index_fn_letter-S">S</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sanitize"><code>sanitize</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Converting-to-characters">Converting to characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sarrowlength"><code>sarrowlength</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sarrowlength-1"><code>sarrowlength</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commutative-diagram-parameters">Commutative diagram parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sc"><code>sc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-from-LaTeX">Commands from LaTeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-see-for-index-entries"><code>see <span class="roman">for index entries</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modifying-index-entries">Modifying index entries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-see-for-index-entries-1"><code>see <span class="roman">for index entries</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Customizing-indexing">Customizing indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-seealso-for-index-entries"><code>seealso <span class="roman">for index entries</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modifying-index-entries">Modifying index entries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-seevariant"><code>seevariant</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Customizing-indexing">Customizing indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-setidxpagelistdelimiter"><code>setidxpagelistdelimiter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-list-and-page-range-parsers">Page list and page range parsers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-setidxpagerangedelimiter"><code>setidxpagerangedelimiter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-list-and-page-range-parsers">Page list and page range parsers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-setproperty"><code>setproperty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Properties">Properties</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-setuplistinghook"><code>setuplistinghook</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Verbatim-listing">Verbatim listing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-setuplistinghook-1"><code>setuplistinghook</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Highlighting-TeX-comments-in-listings-_0028lscommnt_002etex_0029">Highlighting TeX comments in listings (lscommnt.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sidx"><code>sidx</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing-commands">Indexing commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sidxmarked"><code>sidxmarked</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing-commands">Indexing commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sidxname"><code>sidxname</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing-commands">Indexing commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sidxsubmarked"><code>sidxsubmarked</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing-commands">Indexing commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-singlecolumn"><code>singlecolumn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Multiple-columns">Multiple columns</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sline"><code>sline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sline-1"><code>sline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-SLiTeX-1"><code>SLiTeX</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logos">Logos</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spaceskip_002c-reset-by-_005cragged_002e_002e_002e"><code>spaceskip<span class="roman">, reset by <code>\ragged...</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Justification">Justification</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-special"><code>special</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction-to-hyperlinks">Introduction to hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-special-ps_003a-for-dvips"><code>special ps: <span class="roman">for <code>dvips</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Making-PDF-outlines">Making PDF outlines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-specialpathdelimiters-_0028conditional_0029"><code>specialpathdelimiters <span class="roman">(conditional)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Paths">Paths</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subeqnumber"><code>subeqnumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subequation-references">Subequation references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subitem-in-indexes"><code>subitem <span class="roman">in indexes</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Typesetting-an-index">Typesetting an index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subsubitem-in-indexes"><code>subsubitem <span class="roman">in indexes</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Typesetting-an-index">Typesetting an index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Macro-index_fn_letter-T">T</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-testfileexistence"><code>testfileexistence</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Auxiliary-files">Auxiliary files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TeX"><code>TeX</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logos">Logos</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-textbf"><code>textbf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-from-LaTeX">Commands from LaTeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-timestamp"><code>timestamp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Time-of-day">Time of day</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-timestring"><code>timestring</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Time-of-day">Time of day</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-toc_2026entry"><code>toc…entry</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Writing-the-_002etoc-file">Writing the .toc file</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-toc_2026entry-1"><code>toc…entry</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Writing-the-_002etoc-file">Writing the .toc file</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tocfilebasename"><code>tocfilebasename</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Changing-the-_002etoc-file_0027s-root-name">Changing the .toc file's root name</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-today"><code>today</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Time-of-day">Time of day</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-top-_0028destination-option_0029"><code>top <span class="roman">(destination option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-top-_0028destination-option_0029-1"><code>top <span class="roman">(destination option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-top-_0028destination-option_0029-2"><code>top <span class="roman">(destination option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-top-_0028destination-option_0029-3"><code>top <span class="roman">(destination option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-top-_0028destination-option_0029-4"><code>top <span class="roman">(destination option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-topmargin"><code>topmargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Margins">Margins</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tracingall"><code>tracingall</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Diagnostics">Diagnostics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tracingboxes"><code>tracingboxes</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Diagnostics">Diagnostics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tracingoff"><code>tracingoff</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Diagnostics">Diagnostics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-triplecolumns"><code>triplecolumns</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Multiple-columns">Multiple columns</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tt"><code>tt</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ttfamily"><code>ttfamily</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Macro-index_fn_letter-U">U</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-uncatcodespecials"><code>uncatcodespecials</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Verbatim-listing">Verbatim listing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-uncatcodespecials-1"><code>uncatcodespecials</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Category-codes">Category codes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unorderedlist"><code>unorderedlist</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Lists">Lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unorderedlistdepth"><code>unorderedlistdepth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-lists">Formatting lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unorderedmarker"><code>unorderedmarker</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-lists">Formatting lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-url"><code>url</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-url-_0028hyperlink-type_0029"><code>url <span class="roman">(hyperlink type)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-hypertex">Link types for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-url-_0028hyperlink-type_0029-1"><code>url <span class="roman">(hyperlink type)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-url-_0028hyperlinks_0029"><code>url <span class="roman">(hyperlinks)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#URL-hyperlinks">URL hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-usepackage"><code>usepackage</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#The-_005cusepackage-command">The \usepackage command</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Macro-index_fn_letter-V">V</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-varrowlength"><code>varrowlength</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-varrowlength-1"><code>varrowlength</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commutative-diagram-parameters">Commutative diagram parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vchannel"><code>vchannel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commutative-diagram-parameters">Commutative diagram parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-verbatim"><code>verbatim</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Verbatim-listing">Verbatim listing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-verbatimescapechar"><code>verbatimescapechar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Verbatim-listing">Verbatim listing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vgrid"><code>vgrid</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Construction-of-commutative-diagrams">Construction of commutative diagrams</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vgrid-1"><code>vgrid</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commutative-diagram-parameters">Commutative diagram parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vline"><code>vline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vmorphposn"><code>vmorphposn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vmorphposn-1"><code>vmorphposn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commutative-diagram-parameters">Commutative diagram parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vmorphposndn"><code>vmorphposndn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vmorphposndn-1"><code>vmorphposndn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commutative-diagram-parameters">Commutative diagram parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vmorphposnlft"><code>vmorphposnlft</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vmorphposnlft-1"><code>vmorphposnlft</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commutative-diagram-parameters">Commutative diagram parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vmorphposnrt"><code>vmorphposnrt</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vmorphposnrt-1"><code>vmorphposnrt</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commutative-diagram-parameters">Commutative diagram parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vmorphposnup"><code>vmorphposnup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vmorphposnup-1"><code>vmorphposnup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commutative-diagram-parameters">Commutative diagram parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vpenalty"><code>vpenalty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Mode_002dspecific-penalties">Mode-specific penalties</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vruledefaultwidth"><code>vruledefaultwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Rules">Rules</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Macro-index_fn_letter-W">W</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-width-_0028destination-option_0029"><code>width <span class="roman">(destination option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-width-_0028destination-option_0029-1"><code>width <span class="roman">(destination option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-width-_0028hyperlink-option_0029"><code>width <span class="roman">(hyperlink option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-writenumberedtocentry"><code>writenumberedtocentry</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Writing-the-_002etoc-file">Writing the .toc file</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-writenumberedtocline"><code>writenumberedtocline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Writing-the-_002etoc-file">Writing the .toc file</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-writetocentry"><code>writetocentry</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Writing-the-_002etoc-file">Writing the .toc file</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Macro-index_fn_letter-X">X</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-XeLaTeX-1"><code>XeLaTeX</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logos">Logos</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-XeTeX-1"><code>XeTeX</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logos">Logos</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xrdef"><code>xrdef</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-references">Page references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xrdef-_0028hyperlinks_0029"><code>xrdef <span class="roman">(hyperlinks)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-reference-hyperlinks">Page reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xref"><code>xref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-references">Page references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xref-_0028hyperlinks_0029"><code>xref <span class="roman">(hyperlinks)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-reference-hyperlinks">Page reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xrefn"><code>xrefn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-generic-references">Using generic references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xrefn-_0028hyperlinks_0029"><code>xrefn <span class="roman">(hyperlinks)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross_002dreference-hyperlinks">Cross-reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xrefpageword"><code>xrefpageword</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-references">Page references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xrefpageword-1"><code>xrefpageword</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-reference-hyperlinks">Page reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xrefwarning-conditional"><code>xrefwarning <span class="roman">conditional</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-generic-references">Using generic references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xrefwarningfalse"><code>xrefwarningfalse</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citations">Citations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xrlabel"><code>xrlabel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Converting-to-characters">Converting to characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xspaceskip_002c-reset-by-_005cragged_002e_002e_002e"><code>xspaceskip<span class="roman">, reset by <code>\ragged...</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Justification">Justification</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xyz-_0028destination-type_0029"><code>xyz <span class="roman">(destination type)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-hypertex">Destination types for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xyz-_0028destination-type_0029-1"><code>xyz <span class="roman">(destination type)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Macro-index_fn_letter-Z">Z</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-zoom-_0028destination-option_0029"><code>zoom <span class="roman">(destination option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-zoom-_0028destination-option_0029-1"><code>zoom <span class="roman">(destination option)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
</table>
<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_symbol-1"><b>@</b></a>
<br>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-B"><b>B</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-G"><b>G</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-H"><b>H</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-I"><b>I</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-J"><b>J</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-L"><b>L</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-M"><b>M</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-N"><b>N</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-O"><b>O</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-P"><b>P</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-Q"><b>Q</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-R"><b>R</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-U"><b>U</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-V"><b>V</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-W"><b>W</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-X"><b>X</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Macro-index_fn_letter-Z"><b>Z</b></a>
</td></tr></table>
<hr>
<span id="Concept-index"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Macro-index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Macro index</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Macro-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Concept-index-1"></span><h2 class="unnumbered">Concept index</h2>
<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_symbol-1"><b>*</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_symbol-2"><b>.</b></a>
<br>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-B"><b>B</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-G"><b>G</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-H"><b>H</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-I"><b>I</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-J"><b>J</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-K"><b>K</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-L"><b>L</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-M"><b>M</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-N"><b>N</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-O"><b>O</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-P"><b>P</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-Q"><b>Q</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-R"><b>R</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-U"><b>U</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-V"><b>V</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-W"><b>W</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-X"><b>X</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-Z"><b>Z</b></a>
</td></tr></table>
<table class="index-cp" border="0">
<tr><td></td><th align="left">Index Entry</th><td> </td><th align="left"> Section</th></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Concept-index_cp_symbol-1">*</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002a_002dform-of-LaTeX-commands">*-form of LaTeX commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-from-LaTeX">Commands from LaTeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Concept-index_cp_symbol-2">.</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eaux-file"><code>.aux <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citations">Citations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eaux-file-1"><code>.aux <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross_002dreferences">Cross-references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002ebbl-file"><code>.bbl <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citations">Citations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002ebib-file"><code>.bib <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citations">Citations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002ebst-files"><code>.bst <span class="roman">files</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citations">Citations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002ecls-files"><code>.cls <span class="roman">files</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Loading-LaTeX-packages">Loading LaTeX packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eeps-files"><code>.eps <span class="roman">files</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eeps-files-1"><code>.eps <span class="roman">files</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002efmt-file"><code>.fmt <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Installation">Installation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002efmt-file-1"><code>.fmt <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Invoking-Eplain">Invoking Eplain</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eidx-files"><code>.idx <span class="roman">files</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing">Indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eidx-files-1"><code>.idx <span class="roman">files</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Index-hyperlinks">Index hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eind-files"><code>.ind <span class="roman">files</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing">Indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eind-files-1"><code>.ind <span class="roman">files</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Index-hyperlinks">Index hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002epdf-files"><code>.pdf <span class="roman">files</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Checking-for-PDF-output">Checking for PDF output</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002epdf-files-1"><code>.pdf <span class="roman">files</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002epdf-files-2"><code>.pdf <span class="roman">files</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction-to-hyperlinks">Introduction to hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eps-files"><code>.ps <span class="roman">files</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction-to-hyperlinks">Introduction to hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002esty-files"><code>.sty <span class="roman">files</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Loading-LaTeX-packages">Loading LaTeX packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002etoc-file"><code>.toc <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Concept-index_cp_letter-A">A</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-active-characters">active characters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Category-codes">Category codes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-after-index-terms">after index terms</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Customizing-indexing">Customizing indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-alignments">alignments</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tables">Tables</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-all-groups_002c-specifying">all groups, specifying</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-types">Setting group types</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-allocation-macros">allocation macros</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Allocation-macros">Allocation macros</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-alphanumeric-references">alphanumeric references</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citations">Citations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-AMSLaTeX">AMSLaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logos">Logos</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsppt_002esty"><code>amsppt.sty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Invoking-Eplain">Invoking Eplain</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-AMSTeX">AMSTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logos">Logos</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-AMSTeX-conflicts">AMSTeX conflicts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Invoking-Eplain">Invoking Eplain</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-arguments_002c-ignoring">arguments, ignoring</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Macro-arguments">Macro arguments</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-arrows">arrows</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-atom">atom</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Properties">Properties</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-autopict_002esty"><code>autopict.sty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-auxiliary-files_002c-existence-of">auxiliary files, existence of</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Auxiliary-files">Auxiliary files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-avoiding-boxed-links">avoiding boxed links</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#URL-hyperlinks">URL hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-avoiding-boxed-links-1">avoiding boxed links</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-default-types-and-options">Setting default types and options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Concept-index_cp_letter-B">B</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-backslash-character">backslash character</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Category-codes">Category codes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-balancing-of-columns-with-_005csinglecolumn">balancing of columns with <code>\singlecolumn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Multiple-columns">Multiple columns</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Berry_002c-Karl">Berry, Karl</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-beveled-hyperlink-border">beveled hyperlink border</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bibliographies">bibliographies</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citations">Citations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bibliography-fonts">bibliography fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-bibliographies">Formatting bibliographies</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bibliography-items_002c-extra-space-between">bibliography items, extra space between</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-bibliographies">Formatting bibliographies</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bibliography_002c-formatting-the">bibliography, formatting the</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-bibliographies">Formatting bibliographies</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bibliography_002c-hyperlinks">bibliography, hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citation-hyperlinks">Citation hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bibtex"><code>bibtex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Invoking-Eplain">Invoking Eplain</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BibTeX">BibTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citations">Citations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BibTeX-1">BibTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logos">Logos</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-black-boxes">black boxes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bookmarks_002c-making-PDF">bookmarks, making PDF</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Making-PDF-outlines">Making PDF outlines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Borceux_002c-Francis">Borceux, Francis</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Construction-of-commutative-diagrams">Construction of commutative diagrams</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-border-color_002c-hyperlink">border color, hyperlink</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-border-style_002c-hyperlink">border style, hyperlink</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-border-style_002c-hyperlink-1">border style, hyperlink</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-border-width_002c-hyperlink">border width, hyperlink</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Bott_002c-Raoul">Bott, Raoul</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Construction-of-commutative-diagrams">Construction of commutative diagrams</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-boxed-links_002c-avoiding">boxed links, avoiding</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#URL-hyperlinks">URL hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-boxed-links_002c-avoiding-1">boxed links, avoiding</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-default-types-and-options">Setting default types and options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-boxes_002c-open">boxes, open</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-braces_002c-inside-index-entries">braces, inside index entries</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Index-entries-with-special-characters">Index entries with special characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-brackets_002c-inside-index-entries">brackets, inside index entries</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Index-entries-with-special-characters">Index entries with special characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Brockett_002c-Roger-W_002e">Brockett, Roger W.</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Construction-of-commutative-diagrams">Construction of commutative diagrams</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Butterfly-Lemma">Butterfly Lemma</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Construction-of-commutative-diagrams">Construction of commutative diagrams</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Concept-index_cp_letter-C">C</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Carlisle_002c-David">Carlisle, David</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Loading-LaTeX-packages">Loading LaTeX packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-catcode-of-_0040">catcode of ‘<samp>@</samp>’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Environment-for-loading-packages">Environment for loading packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-category-codes">category codes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Category-codes">Category codes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-centering">centering</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Justification">Justification</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-characters_002c-converting-to">characters, converting to</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Converting-to-characters">Converting to characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-characters_002c-special">characters, special</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Verbatim-listing">Verbatim listing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-citations">citations</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citations">Citations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-citations_002c-formatting">citations, formatting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-citations">Formatting citations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-citations_002c-hyperlinks">citations, hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citation-hyperlinks">Citation hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-citations_002c-undefined">citations, undefined</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citations">Citations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cmtt8"><code>cmtt8</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Proofing-index-terms">Proofing index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color">color</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color_002c-demo">color, demo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color_002c-hyperlink-border">color, hyperlink border</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color_002c-hyperlinks">color, hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#URL-hyperlinks">URL hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color_002c-hyperlinks-1">color, hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Options-supported-by-all-drivers">Options supported by all drivers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color_002c-hyperlinks-2">color, hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-default-types-and-options">Setting default types and options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color_002c-problems-with-pdfTeX">color, problems with pdfTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color_002esty"><code>color.sty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color_002esty-1"><code>color.sty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#URL-hyperlinks">URL hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color_002esty-2"><code>color.sty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-nolinks">Hyperlink driver nolinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color_002esty-3"><code>color.sty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-default-types-and-options">Setting default types and options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color_002esty-4"><code>color.sty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-colored-links">colored links</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#URL-hyperlinks">URL hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-colored-links-1">colored links</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Options-supported-by-all-drivers">Options supported by all drivers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-colored-links-2">colored links</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-default-types-and-options">Setting default types and options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-column-balancing-with-_005csinglecolumn">column balancing with <code>\singlecolumn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Multiple-columns">Multiple columns</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-column-eject">column eject</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Multiple-columns">Multiple columns</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commas-after-index-terms">commas after index terms</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Customizing-indexing">Customizing indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commas-in-cross_002dreferencing-index-entries">commas in cross-referencing index entries</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Customizing-indexing">Customizing indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-comments_002c-highlighting-in-listings">comments, highlighting in listings</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Highlighting-TeX-comments-in-listings-_0028lscommnt_002etex_0029">Highlighting TeX comments in listings (lscommnt.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commutative-diagrams">commutative diagrams</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commutative-diagrams">Commutative diagrams</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-contents">contents</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-contents_002c-and-verbatim-text">contents, and verbatim text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Writing-the-_002etoc-file">Writing the .toc file</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-contents_002c-hyperlinks">contents, hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Contents-hyperlinks">Contents hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ConTeXt">ConTeXt</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-continued-index-entries">continued index entries</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Typesetting-an-index">Typesetting an index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-covering-homotopy-property">covering homotopy property</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Construction-of-commutative-diagrams">Construction of commutative diagrams</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cross_002dreferences">cross-references</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross_002dreferences">Cross-references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cross_002dreferences_002c-defining-general">cross-references, defining general</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Defining-generic-references">Defining generic references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cross_002dreferences_002c-defining-general-1">cross-references, defining general</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-generic-references">Using generic references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cross_002dreferences_002c-demo">cross-references, demo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cross_002dreferences_002c-hyperlinks">cross-references, hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross_002dreference-hyperlinks">Cross-reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cross_002dreferencing-index-entries">cross-referencing index entries</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modifying-index-entries">Modifying index entries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cross_002dreferencing-index-entries-1">cross-referencing index entries</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Customizing-indexing">Customizing indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-CTRL_002dL_002c-and-verbatim-listing"><kbd>CTRL-L</kbd>, and verbatim listing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Verbatim-listing">Verbatim listing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cube">cube</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Construction-of-commutative-diagrams">Construction of commutative diagrams</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-customizing-indexing">customizing indexing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Customizing-indexing">Customizing indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Concept-index_cp_letter-D">D</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dashed-hyperlink-border">dashed hyperlink border</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dashed-hyperlink-border-1">dashed hyperlink border</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-date">date</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Time-of-day">Time of day</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-default-hyperlink-options">default hyperlink options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options">Setting hyperlink types and options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-default-hyperlink-options-1">default hyperlink options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-types">Setting group types</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-default-hyperlink-type">default hyperlink type</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options">Setting hyperlink types and options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-default-hyperlink-type-1">default hyperlink type</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-types">Setting group types</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-defining-general-references">defining general references</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Defining-generic-references">Defining generic references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-defining-general-references-1">defining general references</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-generic-references">Using generic references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-definitions_002c-global">definitions, global</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Category-codes">Category codes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-demo-files">demo files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Demo-files">Demo files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destgroup">destgroup</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Implicit-hyperlinks">Implicit hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destgroup-options">destgroup options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options">Setting hyperlink types and options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destgroup-options-1">destgroup options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-options">Setting group options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destgroup-options_002c-demo">destgroup options, demo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destgroup-type">destgroup type</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options">Setting hyperlink types and options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destgroup-type-1">destgroup type</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-types">Setting group types</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destgroup-type_002c-demo">destgroup type, demo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destgroup-_0060bib_0027">destgroup ‘bib’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citation-hyperlinks">Citation hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destgroup-_0060definexref_0027">destgroup ‘definexref’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross_002dreference-hyperlinks">Cross-reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destgroup-_0060eq_0027">destgroup ‘eq’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Equation-reference-hyperlinks">Equation reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destgroup-_0060foot_0027">destgroup ‘foot’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnote-hyperlinks">Footnote hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destgroup-_0060footback_0027">destgroup ‘footback’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnote-hyperlinks">Footnote hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destgroup-_0060idx_0027">destgroup ‘idx’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Index-hyperlinks">Index hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destgroup-_0060li_0027">destgroup ‘li’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#List-hyperlinks">List hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destgroup-_0060xrdef_0027">destgroup ‘xrdef’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-reference-hyperlinks">Page reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destination-group">destination group</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Implicit-hyperlinks">Implicit hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destination-options">destination options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction-to-hyperlinks">Introduction to hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destination-options_002c-common">destination options, common</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Options-supported-by-all-drivers">Options supported by all drivers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destination-options_002c-dvipdfm">destination options, <code>dvipdfm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destination-options_002c-hypertex">destination options, <code>hypertex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-hypertex">Destination options for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destination-options_002c-pdftex">destination options, <code>pdftex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destination-type">destination type</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction-to-hyperlinks">Introduction to hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destination-types_002c-dvipdfm">destination types, <code>dvipdfm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destination-types_002c-hypertex">destination types, <code>hypertex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-hypertex">Destination types for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destination-types_002c-pdftex">destination types, <code>pdftex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-default-options">destinations, default options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options">Setting hyperlink types and options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-default-options-1">destinations, default options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-types">Setting group types</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-default-type">destinations, default type</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options">Setting hyperlink types and options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-default-type-1">destinations, default type</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-types">Setting group types</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-dimensions">destinations, dimensions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-dimensions-1">destinations, dimensions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-dimensions-2">destinations, dimensions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-dimensions-3">destinations, dimensions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-dimensions-4">destinations, dimensions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-dimensions-5">destinations, dimensions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-dimensions-6">destinations, dimensions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-disabling">destinations, disabling</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-nolinks">Hyperlink driver nolinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-disabling-1">destinations, disabling</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Turning-hyperlinks-on_002foff">Turning hyperlinks on/off</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-group-options">destinations, group options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options">Setting hyperlink types and options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-group-options-1">destinations, group options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-options">Setting group options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-group-options_002c-demo">destinations, group options, demo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-group-type">destinations, group type</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options">Setting hyperlink types and options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-group-type-1">destinations, group type</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-types">Setting group types</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-group-type_002c-demo">destinations, group type, demo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-in-another-file">destinations, in another file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-hypertex">Link types for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-in-another-file-1">destinations, in another file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-in-another-file-2">destinations, in another file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-large-operators">destinations, large operators</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Options-supported-by-all-drivers">Options supported by all drivers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-large-operators-1">destinations, large operators</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-options">Setting group options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-magnification">destinations, magnification</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-named">destinations, named</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-hypertex">Link types for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-named-1">destinations, named</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-numbered">destinations, numbered</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-page">destinations, page</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-raising">destinations, raising</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Options-supported-by-all-drivers">Options supported by all drivers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-URL">destinations, <acronym>URL</acronym></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-hypertex">Link types for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-destinations_002c-URL-1">destinations, <acronym>URL</acronym></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-detecting-numbers">detecting numbers</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cifinteger-and-_005cisinteger">\ifinteger and \isinteger</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-diagnostics">diagnostics</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Diagnostics">Diagnostics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Diagram_002c-macros-for-LaTeX">Diagram, macros for LaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Construction-of-commutative-diagrams">Construction of commutative diagrams</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dimensions_002c-hyperlink">dimensions, hyperlink</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dimensions_002c-hyperlink-1">dimensions, hyperlink</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dimensions_002c-hyperlink-2">dimensions, hyperlink</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dimensions_002c-hyperlink-destination">dimensions, hyperlink destination</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dimensions_002c-hyperlink-destination-1">dimensions, hyperlink destination</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dimensions_002c-hyperlink-destination-2">dimensions, hyperlink destination</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dimensions_002c-hyperlink-destination-3">dimensions, hyperlink destination</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dimensions_002c-hyperlink-destination-4">dimensions, hyperlink destination</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dimensions_002c-hyperlink-destination-5">dimensions, hyperlink destination</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dimensions_002c-hyperlink-destination-6">dimensions, hyperlink destination</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-disabling-hyperlinks">disabling hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-nolinks">Hyperlink driver nolinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-disabling-hyperlinks-1">disabling hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Turning-hyperlinks-on_002foff">Turning hyperlinks on/off</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-disabling-indexes">disabling indexes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing">Indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-displayed-math-and-hyperlinks">displayed math and hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Options-supported-by-all-drivers">Options supported by all drivers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-displayed-math-and-hyperlinks-1">displayed math and hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-options">Setting group options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-displays_002c-left_002djustifying">displays, left-justifying</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Displays">Displays</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-do_2026while-loops">do…while loops</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Iteration">Iteration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-column-output">double column output</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Multiple-columns">Multiple columns</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-columns-in-indexes">double columns in indexes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Typesetting-an-index">Typesetting an index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-draft_002c-option-for-graphics_002esty"><code>draft</code>, option for <samp>graphics.sty</samp></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-driver-dvipdfm">driver <code>dvipdfm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-drivers-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Hyperlink drivers pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-driver-hypertex">driver <code>hypertex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-hypertex">Hyperlink driver hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-driver-nolinks">driver <code>nolinks</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-nolinks">Hyperlink driver nolinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-driver-pdftex">driver <code>pdftex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-drivers-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Hyperlink drivers pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-drivers_002c-hyperlink">drivers, hyperlink</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction-to-hyperlinks">Introduction to hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dvipdfm"><code>dvipdfm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction-to-hyperlinks">Introduction to hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dvipdfm-1"><code>dvipdfm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-hypertex">Hyperlink driver hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dvipdfm-2"><code>dvipdfm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-hypertex">Hyperlink driver hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dvipdfm_002c-destination-options"><code>dvipdfm</code>, destination options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dvipdfm_002c-destination-types"><code>dvipdfm</code>, destination types</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dvipdfm_002c-hyperlink-driver"><code>dvipdfm</code>, hyperlink driver</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-drivers-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Hyperlink drivers pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dvipdfm_002c-link-options"><code>dvipdfm</code>, link options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dvipdfm_002c-link-types"><code>dvipdfm</code>, link types</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dvips"><code>dvips</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-hypertex">Hyperlink driver hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dvips-1"><code>dvips</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-hypertex">Hyperlink driver hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dvips_002c-making-PDF-outlines-for"><code>dvips</code>, making PDF outlines for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Making-PDF-outlines">Making PDF outlines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Concept-index_cp_letter-E">E</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Eijkhout_002c-Victor">Eijkhout, Victor</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Iteration">Iteration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eject-in-multicolumns">eject in multicolumns</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Multiple-columns">Multiple columns</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-electronic-mail-addresses_002c-breaking">electronic mail addresses, breaking</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Paths">Paths</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-electronic-mail-addresses_002c-breaking-1">electronic mail addresses, breaking</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-empty-argument_002c-checking-for">empty argument, checking for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cifempty">\ifempty</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-empty-equation-labels">empty equation labels</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Equation-references">Equation references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-empty-equation-labels_002c-referring-to">empty equation labels, referring to</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Equation-references">Equation references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-empty-string_002c-checking-for">empty string, checking for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cifempty">\ifempty</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Encapsulated-PostScript">Encapsulated PostScript</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Encapsulated-PostScript-1">Encapsulated PostScript</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environments_002c-user_002ddefined">environments, user-defined</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#User_002ddefined-environments">User-defined environments</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Eplain_002c-installing">Eplain, installing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Installation">Installation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Eplain_002c-invoking">Eplain, invoking</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Invoking-Eplain">Invoking Eplain</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Eplain_002c-purpose-of">Eplain, purpose of</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Eplain_002c-upgrading">Eplain, upgrading</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Installation">Installation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eplain_002eaux"><code>eplain.aux</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Installation">Installation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eplain_002efmt"><code>eplain.fmt</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Installation">Installation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-EPS"><acronym>EPS</acronym></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-EPS-1"><acronym>EPS</acronym></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-epstopdf"><code>epstopdf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-epstopdf_002esty"><code>epstopdf.sty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-labels_002c-characters-valid-in">equation labels, characters valid in</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Equation-references">Equation references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-numbers_002c-formatting-of">equation numbers, formatting of</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-equation-references">Formatting equation references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-numbers_002c-left_002dalignment">equation numbers, left-alignment</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Displays">Displays</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equations_002c-giving-numbers-to-all">equations, giving numbers to all</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Equation-references">Equation references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equations_002c-groups-of">equations, groups of</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subequation-references">Subequation references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equations_002c-hyperlinks">equations, hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Equation-reference-hyperlinks">Equation reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equations_002c-numbering">equations, numbering</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Equation-references">Equation references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equations_002c-references-to">equations, references to</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Equation-references">Equation references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-error-messages">error messages</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Diagnostics">Diagnostics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-error-on-_005cinput">error on <code>\input</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Environment-for-loading-packages">Environment for loading packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-escape-character_002c-changing-verbatim">escape character, changing verbatim</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Verbatim-listing">Verbatim listing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eTeX">eTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logos">Logos</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-exact-index-hyperlinks">exact index hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Exact-destinations-for-index-terms">Exact destinations for index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expansion_002c-one_002dlevel">expansion, one-level</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cexpandonce">\expandonce</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-explicit-hyperlinks">explicit hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Explicit-hyperlinks">Explicit hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-explicit-hyperlinks_002c-demo">explicit hyperlinks, demo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ExTeX">ExTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logos">Logos</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Concept-index_cp_letter-F">F</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-file_002c-hyperlink-to">file, hyperlink to</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-hypertex">Link types for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-file_002c-hyperlink-to-1">file, hyperlink to</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-file_002c-hyperlink-to-2">file, hyperlink to</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-file_003a-links">‘<samp>file:</samp>’ links</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#General-hyperlinks">General hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-filenames_002c-breaking">filenames, breaking</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Paths">Paths</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-filenames_002c-breaking-1">filenames, breaking</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-files_002c-verbatim-listing-of">files, verbatim listing of</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Verbatim-listing">Verbatim listing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-files_002c-verbatim-listing-of_002c-demo">files, verbatim listing of, demo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Highlighting-TeX-comments-in-listings-_0028lscommnt_002etex_0029">Highlighting TeX comments in listings (lscommnt.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-filtering-index-entries-with-hyperlinks">filtering index entries with hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Exact-destinations-for-index-terms">Exact destinations for index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnotes_002c-hyperlinks">footnotes, hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnote-hyperlinks">Footnote hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnotes_002c-numbered">footnotes, numbered</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-for-loops">for loops</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Iteration">Iteration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-form-feed-character_002c-and-verbatim-listing">form feed character, and verbatim listing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Verbatim-listing">Verbatim listing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-format-file">format file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Installation">Installation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-formatting-index-entries">formatting index entries</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Typesetting-an-index">Typesetting an index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fractions">fractions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Fractions">Fractions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Concept-index_cp_letter-G">G</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Ghostscript"><code><span class="roman">Ghostscript</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-hypertex">Hyperlink driver hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Ghostscript-1"><code><span class="roman">Ghostscript</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-hypertex">Hyperlink driver hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-gobbling-arguments">gobbling arguments</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Macro-arguments">Macro arguments</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-golden-mean">golden mean</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Construction-of-commutative-diagrams">Construction of commutative diagrams</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-golden-mean-1">golden mean</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Construction-of-commutative-diagrams">Construction of commutative diagrams</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Graham_002c-Ronald-L_002e">Graham, Ronald L.</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citations">Citations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-collection_002c-LaTeX">graphics collection, LaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Loading-LaTeX-packages">Loading LaTeX packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-collection_002c-LaTeX-1">graphics collection, LaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-collection_002c-LaTeX-2">graphics collection, LaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-nolinks">Hyperlink driver nolinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-collection_002c-LaTeX_002c-demo">graphics collection, LaTeX, demo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics_002c-omitting-typesetting-of">graphics, omitting typesetting of</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics_002c-problems-with-pdfTeX">graphics, problems with pdfTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics_002esty"><code>graphics.sty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphicx_002esty"><code>graphicx.sty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphicx_002esty-1"><code>graphicx.sty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-grid">grid</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Construction-of-commutative-diagrams">Construction of commutative diagrams</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group-option-list">group option list</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-options">Setting group options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group-options_002c-hyperlink">group options, hyperlink</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options">Setting hyperlink types and options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group-options_002c-hyperlink-1">group options, hyperlink</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-options">Setting group options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group-options_002c-hyperlink_002c-demo">group options, hyperlink, demo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group-type_002c-hyperlink">group type, hyperlink</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options">Setting hyperlink types and options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group-type_002c-hyperlink-1">group type, hyperlink</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-types">Setting group types</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group-type_002c-hyperlink_002c-demo">group type, hyperlink, demo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group-_0060_0027-_0028empty_0029">group ‘’ (empty)</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-types">Setting group types</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group-_0060_002a_0027">group ‘*’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-types">Setting group types</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group-_0060bib_0027">group ‘bib’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citation-hyperlinks">Citation hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group-_0060cite_0027">group ‘cite’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citation-hyperlinks">Citation hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group-_0060definexref_0027">group ‘definexref’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross_002dreference-hyperlinks">Cross-reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group-_0060eq_0027">group ‘eq’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Equation-reference-hyperlinks">Equation reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group-_0060eq_0027-1">group ‘eq’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Equation-reference-hyperlinks">Equation reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group-_0060eq_0027-2">group ‘eq’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-options">Setting group options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group-_0060foot_0027">group ‘foot’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnote-hyperlinks">Footnote hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group-_0060footback_0027">group ‘footback’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnote-hyperlinks">Footnote hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group-_0060hrefext_0027">group ‘hrefext’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#General-hyperlinks">General hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group-_0060hrefint_0027">group ‘hrefint’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#General-hyperlinks">General hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group-_0060idx_0027">group ‘idx’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Index-hyperlinks">Index hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group-_0060li_0027">group ‘li’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#List-hyperlinks">List hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group-_0060ref_0027">group ‘ref’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross_002dreference-hyperlinks">Cross-reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group-_0060url_0027">group ‘url’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#URL-hyperlinks">URL hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group-_0060xrdef_0027">group ‘xrdef’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-reference-hyperlinks">Page reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group-_0060xref_0027">group ‘xref’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-reference-hyperlinks">Page reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group_002c-destination">group, destination</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Implicit-hyperlinks">Implicit hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group_002c-disabling-hyperlinks">group, disabling hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Turning-hyperlinks-on_002foff-for-a-group">Turning hyperlinks on/off for a group</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group_002c-link">group, link</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Implicit-hyperlinks">Implicit hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group_002c-preserving-option-list">group, preserving option list</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-options">Setting group options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-groups_002c-specifying-all">groups, specifying all</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-types">Setting group types</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Concept-index_cp_letter-H">H</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hanging-on-_005cinput">hanging on <code>\input</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Environment-for-loading-packages">Environment for loading packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-help-messages">help messages</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Diagnostics">Diagnostics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-highlight-modes_002c-hyperlink">highlight modes, hyperlink</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-highlighting">highlighting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-highlighting_002c-in-listings">highlighting, in listings</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Highlighting-TeX-comments-in-listings-_0028lscommnt_002etex_0029">Highlighting TeX comments in listings (lscommnt.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Hoppner_002c-Klaus">Höppner, Klaus</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hooks">hooks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hooks">Hooks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlink-border-color">hyperlink border color</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlink-color">hyperlink color</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#URL-hyperlinks">URL hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlink-color-1">hyperlink color</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Options-supported-by-all-drivers">Options supported by all drivers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlink-color-2">hyperlink color</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-default-types-and-options">Setting default types and options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlink-destination_002c-dimensions">hyperlink destination, dimensions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlink-destination_002c-dimensions-1">hyperlink destination, dimensions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlink-destination_002c-dimensions-2">hyperlink destination, dimensions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlink-destination_002c-dimensions-3">hyperlink destination, dimensions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlink-destination_002c-dimensions-4">hyperlink destination, dimensions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlink-destination_002c-dimensions-5">hyperlink destination, dimensions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlink-destination_002c-dimensions-6">hyperlink destination, dimensions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlink-destination_002c-magnification">hyperlink destination, magnification</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlink-destination_002c-named">hyperlink destination, named</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-hypertex">Link types for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlink-destination_002c-named-1">hyperlink destination, named</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlink-destination_002c-numbered">hyperlink destination, numbered</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlink-destination_002c-page">hyperlink destination, page</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlink-destination_002c-raising">hyperlink destination, raising</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Options-supported-by-all-drivers">Options supported by all drivers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlink-dimensions">hyperlink dimensions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlink-dimensions-1">hyperlink dimensions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlink-dimensions-2">hyperlink dimensions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlink-driver-dvipdfm">hyperlink driver <code>dvipdfm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-drivers-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Hyperlink drivers pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlink-driver-hypertex">hyperlink driver <code>hypertex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-hypertex">Hyperlink driver hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlink-driver-nolinks">hyperlink driver <code>nolinks</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-nolinks">Hyperlink driver nolinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlink-driver-pdftex">hyperlink driver <code>pdftex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-drivers-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Hyperlink drivers pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlink-drivers">hyperlink drivers</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction-to-hyperlinks">Introduction to hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlink-group_002c-disabling-hyperlinks">hyperlink group, disabling hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Turning-hyperlinks-on_002foff-for-a-group">Turning hyperlinks on/off for a group</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlink-group_002c-preserving-option-list">hyperlink group, preserving option list</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-options">Setting group options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlink-options_002c-common">hyperlink options, common</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Options-supported-by-all-drivers">Options supported by all drivers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-bibliography">hyperlinks, bibliography</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citation-hyperlinks">Citation hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-border-style">hyperlinks, border style</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-border-style-1">hyperlinks, border style</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-border-width">hyperlinks, border width</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-citations">hyperlinks, citations</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citation-hyperlinks">Citation hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-cross_002dreferences">hyperlinks, cross-references</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross_002dreference-hyperlinks">Cross-reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-default-options">hyperlinks, default options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options">Setting hyperlink types and options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-default-options-1">hyperlinks, default options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-types">Setting group types</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-default-type">hyperlinks, default type</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options">Setting hyperlink types and options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-default-type-1">hyperlinks, default type</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-types">Setting group types</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-demo">hyperlinks, demo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-disabling">hyperlinks, disabling</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-nolinks">Hyperlink driver nolinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-disabling-1">hyperlinks, disabling</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Turning-hyperlinks-on_002foff">Turning hyperlinks on/off</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-equations">hyperlinks, equations</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Equation-reference-hyperlinks">Equation reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-explicit">hyperlinks, explicit</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Explicit-hyperlinks">Explicit hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-explicit_002c-demo">hyperlinks, explicit, demo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-filtering-index-entries">hyperlinks, filtering index entries</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Exact-destinations-for-index-terms">Exact destinations for index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-footnotes">hyperlinks, footnotes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnote-hyperlinks">Footnote hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-group-option-list">hyperlinks, group option list</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-options">Setting group options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-group-options">hyperlinks, group options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options">Setting hyperlink types and options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-group-options-1">hyperlinks, group options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-options">Setting group options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-group-options_002c-demo">hyperlinks, group options, demo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-group-type">hyperlinks, group type</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options">Setting hyperlink types and options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-group-type-1">hyperlinks, group type</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-types">Setting group types</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-highlight-mode">hyperlinks, highlight mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-implicit">hyperlinks, implicit</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Implicit-hyperlinks">Implicit hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-implicit_002c-demo">hyperlinks, implicit, demo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-index">hyperlinks, index</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Index-hyperlinks">Index hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-index-destination-placement">hyperlinks, index destination placement</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Choosing-destination-placement">Choosing destination placement</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-index_002c-exact">hyperlinks, index, exact</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Exact-destinations-for-index-terms">Exact destinations for index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-large-operators">hyperlinks, large operators</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Options-supported-by-all-drivers">Options supported by all drivers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-large-operators-1">hyperlinks, large operators</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-options">Setting group options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-lists">hyperlinks, lists</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#List-hyperlinks">List hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-opening-in-a-new-window">hyperlinks, opening in a new window</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-page-references">hyperlinks, page references</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-reference-hyperlinks">Page reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-preserving-page_002dbreaking">hyperlinks, preserving page-breaking</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-nolinks">Hyperlink driver nolinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-preserving-spacing">hyperlinks, preserving spacing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-nolinks">Hyperlink driver nolinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-see-and-see-also-index-entries">hyperlinks, see and see also index entries</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-in-see-and-see-also-entries">Hyperlinks in see and see also entries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-table-of-contents">hyperlinks, table of contents</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Contents-hyperlinks">Contents hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-to-another-file">hyperlinks, to another file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-hypertex">Link types for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-to-another-file-1">hyperlinks, to another file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-to-another-file-2">hyperlinks, to another file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-URL">hyperlinks, <acronym>URL</acronym></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#General-hyperlinks">General hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-URL-1">hyperlinks, <acronym>URL</acronym></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#URL-hyperlinks">URL hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-URL-2">hyperlinks, <acronym>URL</acronym></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-hypertex">Link types for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperlinks_002c-URL-3">hyperlinks, <acronym>URL</acronym></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperref_002esty"><code>hyperref.sty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-not-to-work">Packages known not to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hypertex_002c-destination-options"><code>hypertex</code>, destination options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-hypertex">Destination options for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hypertex_002c-destination-types"><code>hypertex</code>, destination types</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-hypertex">Destination types for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hypertex_002c-hyperlink-driver"><code>hypertex</code>, hyperlink driver</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-hypertex">Hyperlink driver hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hypertex_002c-link-options"><code>hypertex</code>, link options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-hypertex">Link options for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hypertex_002c-link-types"><code>hypertex</code>, link types</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-hypertex">Link types for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hypertext-links">hypertext links</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks">Hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Concept-index_cp_letter-I">I</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-identifying-numbers">identifying numbers</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cifinteger-and-_005cisinteger">\ifinteger and \isinteger</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idxuniq"><code>idxuniq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Exact-destinations-for-index-terms">Exact destinations for index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ifpdf_002esty"><code>ifpdf.sty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Checking-for-PDF-output">Checking for PDF output</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ignoring-arguments">ignoring arguments</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Macro-arguments">Macro arguments</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-implicit-hyperlinks">implicit hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Implicit-hyperlinks">Implicit hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-implicit-hyperlinks_002c-demo">implicit hyperlinks, demo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-inaccessible-macros">inaccessible macros</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Category-codes">Category codes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index-entries-and-ranges">index entries and ranges</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modifying-index-entries">Modifying index entries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index-entries-containing-braces">index entries containing braces</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Index-entries-with-special-characters">Index entries with special characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index-entries-containing-brackets">index entries containing brackets</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Index-entries-with-special-characters">Index entries with special characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index-entries-with-special-characters">index entries with special characters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Index-entries-with-special-characters">Index entries with special characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index-entries_0027-page-numbers_002c-modifying">index entries’ page numbers, modifying</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modifying-index-entries">Modifying index entries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index-entries_002c-and-cross_002dreferencing">index entries, and cross-referencing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modifying-index-entries">Modifying index entries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index-entries_002c-and-cross_002dreferencing-1">index entries, and cross-referencing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Customizing-indexing">Customizing indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index-entries_002c-proofing">index entries, proofing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Proofing-index-terms">Proofing index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index-entries_002c-with-verbatim-text">index entries, with verbatim text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Index-entries-with-special-characters">Index entries with special characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index-entry-continuations">index entry continuations</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Typesetting-an-index">Typesetting an index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index-entry-formatting">index entry formatting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Typesetting-an-index">Typesetting an index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index-entry-general-sorting">index entry general sorting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing-commands">Indexing commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index-fonts">index fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Typesetting-an-index">Typesetting an index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index-groupings">index groupings</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Typesetting-an-index">Typesetting an index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index-hyperlink">index hyperlink</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Index-hyperlinks">Index hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index-typesetting">index typesetting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Typesetting-an-index">Typesetting an index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index_002c-and-verbatim-text">index, and verbatim text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Index-entries-with-special-characters">Index entries with special characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index_002c-choosing-destination-placement">index, choosing destination placement</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Choosing-destination-placement">Choosing destination placement</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index_002c-destination-placement">index, destination placement</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Choosing-destination-placement">Choosing destination placement</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index_002c-exact-hyperlinks">index, exact hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Exact-destinations-for-index-terms">Exact destinations for index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index_002c-hyperlinks-in-see-and-see-also-entries">index, hyperlinks in see and see also entries</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-in-see-and-see-also-entries">Hyperlinks in see and see also entries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index_002c-parsing-page-numbers">index, parsing page numbers</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-destinations-for-index-terms">Page destinations for index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index_002c-placement-of-destinations">index, placement of destinations</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Choosing-destination-placement">Choosing destination placement</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index_002c-selecting-destination-placement">index, selecting destination placement</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Choosing-destination-placement">Choosing destination placement</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index_002c-underlining-page-numbers">index, underlining page numbers</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-list-and-page-range-parsers">Page list and page range parsers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indexes_002c-disabling">indexes, disabling</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing">Indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indexes_002c-multiple">indexes, multiple</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing">Indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indexing">indexing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing">Indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indexing-and-trailing-spaces">indexing and trailing spaces</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing-terms">Indexing terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indexing-commands">indexing commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing-commands">Indexing commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indexing-terms">indexing terms</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing-terms">Indexing terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-insertion-classes">insertion classes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Multiple-columns">Multiple columns</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-inset-hyperlink-border">inset hyperlink border</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-installation">installation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Installation">Installation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-integers_002c-detecting">integers, detecting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cifinteger-and-_005cisinteger">\ifinteger and \isinteger</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-italic-correction">italic correction</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-bibliographies">Formatting bibliographies</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-item-labels_002c-changing">item labels, changing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-lists">Formatting lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-iteration">iteration</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Iteration">Iteration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Concept-index_cp_letter-J">J</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-justification">justification</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Justification">Justification</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Concept-index_cp_letter-K">K</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Knuth_002c-Donald-Ervin">Knuth, Donald Ervin</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citations">Citations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Knuth_002c-Donald-Ervin-1">Knuth, Donald Ervin</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Category-codes">Category codes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Concept-index_cp_letter-L">L</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-labels-on-items_002c-changing">labels on items, changing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-lists">Formatting lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-labels_002c-characters-valid-in">labels, characters valid in</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross_002dreferences">Cross-references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-labels_002c-empty-equation">labels, empty equation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Equation-references">Equation references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-labels_002c-empty-equation_002c-referring-to">labels, empty equation, referring to</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Equation-references">Equation references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Lamport_002c-Leslie">Lamport, Leslie</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LAMSTeX">LAMSTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logos">Logos</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Lang_002c-Serge">Lang, Serge</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Lang_002c-Serge-1">Lang, Serge</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Construction-of-commutative-diagrams">Construction of commutative diagrams</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-large-operators-and-hyperlinks">large operators and hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Options-supported-by-all-drivers">Options supported by all drivers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-large-operators-and-hyperlinks-1">large operators and hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-options">Setting group options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX">LaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-1">LaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citations">Citations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-2">LaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logos">Logos</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-3">LaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Slanted-lines-and-vectors">Slanted lines and vectors</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-commands_002c-in-btxmac_002etex">LaTeX commands, in <samp>btxmac.tex</samp></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-from-LaTeX">Commands from LaTeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-graphics-collection">LaTeX graphics collection</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Loading-LaTeX-packages">Loading LaTeX packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-graphics-collection-1">LaTeX graphics collection</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-graphics-collection-2">LaTeX graphics collection</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-nolinks">Hyperlink driver nolinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-graphics-collection_002c-demo">LaTeX graphics collection, demo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-packages">LaTeX packages</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Loading-LaTeX-packages">Loading LaTeX packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-packages-1">LaTeX packages</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-packages-2">LaTeX packages</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-not-to-work">Packages known not to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-packages_002c-restoring-_005cinput">LaTeX packages, restoring <code>\input</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Environment-for-loading-packages">Environment for loading packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left_002dalignment-of-equation-numbers">left-alignment of equation numbers</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Displays">Displays</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left_002djustification">left-justification</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Justification">Justification</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left_002djustification-of-displays">left-justification of displays</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Displays">Displays</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letterspacing">letterspacing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-linear-systems-theory">linear systems theory</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Construction-of-commutative-diagrams">Construction of commutative diagrams</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lines">lines</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Slanted-lines-and-vectors">Slanted lines and vectors</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-link-group">link group</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Implicit-hyperlinks">Implicit hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-link-options">link options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction-to-hyperlinks">Introduction to hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-link-options_002c-common">link options, common</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Options-supported-by-all-drivers">Options supported by all drivers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-link-options_002c-dvipdfm">link options, <code>dvipdfm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-link-options_002c-hypertex">link options, <code>hypertex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-hypertex">Link options for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-link-options_002c-pdftex">link options, <code>pdftex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-link-type">link type</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction-to-hyperlinks">Introduction to hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-link-types_002c-dvipdfm">link types, <code>dvipdfm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-link-types_002c-hypertex">link types, <code>hypertex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-hypertex">Link types for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-link-types_002c-pdftex">link types, <code>pdftex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-link_002c-group-options">link, group options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options">Setting hyperlink types and options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-link_002c-group-options-1">link, group options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-options">Setting group options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-link_002c-group-options_002c-demo">link, group options, demo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-link_002c-group-type">link, group type</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options">Setting hyperlink types and options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-link_002c-group-type-1">link, group type</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-types">Setting group types</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-linkgroup">linkgroup</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Implicit-hyperlinks">Implicit hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-linkgroup-options">linkgroup options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options">Setting hyperlink types and options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-linkgroup-options-1">linkgroup options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-options">Setting group options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-linkgroup-options_002c-demo">linkgroup options, demo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-linkgroup-type">linkgroup type</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-hyperlink-types-and-options">Setting hyperlink types and options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-linkgroup-type-1">linkgroup type</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-types">Setting group types</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-linkgroup-_0060cite_0027">linkgroup ‘cite’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citation-hyperlinks">Citation hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-linkgroup-_0060eq_0027">linkgroup ‘eq’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Equation-reference-hyperlinks">Equation reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-linkgroup-_0060eq_0027-1">linkgroup ‘eq’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-options">Setting group options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-linkgroup-_0060foot_0027">linkgroup ‘foot’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnote-hyperlinks">Footnote hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-linkgroup-_0060footback_0027">linkgroup ‘footback’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnote-hyperlinks">Footnote hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-linkgroup-_0060hrefext_0027">linkgroup ‘hrefext’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#General-hyperlinks">General hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-linkgroup-_0060hrefint_0027">linkgroup ‘hrefint’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#General-hyperlinks">General hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-linkgroup-_0060idx_0027">linkgroup ‘idx’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Index-hyperlinks">Index hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-linkgroup-_0060ref_0027">linkgroup ‘ref’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross_002dreference-hyperlinks">Cross-reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-linkgroup-_0060url_0027">linkgroup ‘url’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#URL-hyperlinks">URL hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-linkgroup-_0060xref_0027">linkgroup ‘xref’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-reference-hyperlinks">Page reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-links_002c-hypertext">links, hypertext</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks">Hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-list-of-figures">list of figures</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Alternative-contents-files">Alternative contents files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-list-of-tables">list of tables</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Alternative-contents-files">Alternative contents files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-listing-files">listing files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Verbatim-listing">Verbatim listing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-listing-files_002c-demo">listing files, demo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Highlighting-TeX-comments-in-listings-_0028lscommnt_002etex_0029">Highlighting TeX comments in listings (lscommnt.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lists">lists</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Lists">Lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lists_002c-formatting">lists, formatting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Formatting-lists">Formatting lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lists_002c-hyperlinks">lists, hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#List-hyperlinks">List hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-loading-packages_002c-environment-for">loading packages, environment for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Environment-for-loading-packages">Environment for loading packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-logos">logos</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logos">Logos</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lookahead-without-spaces">lookahead without spaces</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfuturenonspacelet">\futurenonspacelet</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-loops">loops</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Iteration">Iteration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lscommnt_002etex"><code>lscommnt.tex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Highlighting-TeX-comments-in-listings-_0028lscommnt_002etex_0029">Highlighting TeX comments in listings (lscommnt.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Concept-index_cp_letter-M">M</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-magnification_002c-hyperlink-destination">magnification, hyperlink destination</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-makeindex"><code>makeindex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Invoking-Eplain">Invoking Eplain</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-makeindex-1"><code>makeindex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing">Indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-makeindex-2"><code>makeindex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Index-hyperlinks">Index hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-margins_002c-changing">margins, changing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Margins">Margins</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-margins_002c-index-terms-in">margins, index terms in</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Proofing-index-terms">Proofing index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mathematics-displays_002c-formatting">mathematics displays, formatting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Displays">Displays</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mathematics-displays_002c-hyperlinks">mathematics displays, hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Options-supported-by-all-drivers">Options supported by all drivers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mathematics-displays_002c-hyperlinks-1">mathematics displays, hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-options">Setting group options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Metafont">Metafont</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logos">Logos</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-microtype_002esty"><code>microtype.sty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-not-to-work">Packages known not to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-miniltx_002etex"><code>miniltx.tex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Loading-LaTeX-packages">Loading LaTeX packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-minimal-realizations">minimal realizations</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Construction-of-commutative-diagrams">Construction of commutative diagrams</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-modifying-index-entries_0027-page-numbers">modifying index entries’ page numbers</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modifying-index-entries">Modifying index entries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-morphisms">morphisms</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-multiple-column-output">multiple column output</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Multiple-columns">Multiple columns</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-multiple-indexes">multiple indexes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing">Indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Concept-index_cp_letter-N">N</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-named-destination">named destination</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-hypertex">Link types for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-named-destination-1">named destination</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-names_002c-of-TeX-variants">names, of TeX variants</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logos">Logos</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-window_002c-opening-hyperlink-in">new window, opening hyperlink in</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-newlinechar">newlinechar</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Diagnostics">Diagnostics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-newlines_002c-obeying">newlines, obeying</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Obeying-spaces">Obeying spaces</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-nolinks_002c-hyperlink-driver"><code>nolinks</code>, hyperlink driver</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-nolinks">Hyperlink driver nolinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-numbered-destination">numbered destination</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-numbered-lists">numbered lists</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Lists">Lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-numbered-references">numbered references</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citations">Citations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-numbers_002c-detecting">numbers, detecting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cifinteger-and-_005cisinteger">\ifinteger and \isinteger</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-numbers_002c-written-form-of">numbers, written form of</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Writing-out-numbers">Writing out numbers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Concept-index_cp_letter-O">O</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Oberdiek_002c-Heiko">Oberdiek, Heiko</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Checking-for-PDF-output">Checking for PDF output</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-omitting-hyperlinks">omitting hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-nolinks">Hyperlink driver nolinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-omitting-hyperlinks-1">omitting hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Turning-hyperlinks-on_002foff">Turning hyperlinks on/off</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-omitting-typesetting-of-graphics">omitting typesetting of graphics</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-open-boxes">open boxes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-option-list_002c-group">option list, group</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-options">Setting group options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-option-list_002c-preserving-for-group">option list, preserving for group</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-options">Setting group options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-destination_002c-common">options, destination, common</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Options-supported-by-all-drivers">Options supported by all drivers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-destination_002c-dvipdfm">options, destination, <code>dvipdfm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-destination_002c-hypertex">options, destination, <code>hypertex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-hypertex">Destination options for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-destination_002c-pdftex">options, destination, <code>pdftex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-link-and-destination">options, link and destination</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction-to-hyperlinks">Introduction to hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-link_002c-common">options, link, common</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Options-supported-by-all-drivers">Options supported by all drivers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-link_002c-dvipdfm">options, link, <code>dvipdfm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-link_002c-hypertex">options, link, <code>hypertex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-hypertex">Link options for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-link_002c-pdftex">options, link, <code>pdftex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ordered-list">ordered list</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Lists">Lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-outlines_002c-making-PDF">outlines, making PDF</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Making-PDF-outlines">Making PDF outlines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-output-routine-and-index-proofing">output routine and index proofing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Proofing-index-terms">Proofing index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-overstriking">overstriking</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Concept-index_cp_letter-P">P</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-packages_002c-LaTeX">packages, LaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Loading-LaTeX-packages">Loading LaTeX packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-packages_002c-LaTeX-1">packages, LaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-packages_002c-LaTeX-2">packages, LaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-not-to-work">Packages known not to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-destination">page destination</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-list_002c-parsing">page list, parsing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-destinations-for-index-terms">Page destinations for index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-range_002c-parsing">page range, parsing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-destinations-for-index-terms">Page destinations for index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-reference-hyperlink">page reference hyperlink</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-reference-hyperlinks">Page reference hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page_002dbreaking_002c-preserving-with-hyperlinks">page-breaking, preserving with hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-nolinks">Hyperlink driver nolinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-parsing-page-numbers">parsing page numbers</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-destinations-for-index-terms">Page destinations for index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Patashnik_002c-Oren">Patashnik, Oren</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citations">Citations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pathnames_002c-breaking">pathnames, breaking</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Paths">Paths</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pathnames_002c-breaking-1">pathnames, breaking</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PDF"><acronym>PDF</acronym></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PDF-outlines-_0028a_002ek_002ea_002e-bookmarks_0029">PDF outlines (a.k.a. bookmarks)</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Making-PDF-outlines">Making PDF outlines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PDF-output"><acronym>PDF</acronym> output</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Checking-for-PDF-output">Checking for PDF output</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdftex"><code>pdftex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Invoking-Eplain">Invoking Eplain</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdftex-1"><code>pdftex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Checking-for-PDF-output">Checking for PDF output</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdftex-2"><code>pdftex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction-to-hyperlinks">Introduction to hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdftex_002c-destination-options"><code>pdftex</code>, destination options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdftex_002c-destination-types"><code>pdftex</code>, destination types</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdftex_002c-hyperlink-driver"><code>pdftex</code>, hyperlink driver</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-drivers-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Hyperlink drivers pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdftex_002c-link-options"><code>pdftex</code>, link options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdftex_002c-link-types"><code>pdftex</code>, link types</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdftex_002c-making-PDF-outlines-for"><code>pdftex</code>, making PDF outlines for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Making-PDF-outlines">Making PDF outlines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdfTeX_002c-problems-using-color-and-graphics">pdfTeX, problems using color and graphics</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdfTeX_002c-problems-with-supp_002dmis_002etex">pdfTeX, problems with <samp>supp-mis.tex</samp></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pict2e_002esty"><code>pict2e.sty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-not-to-work">Packages known not to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-picture-mode">picture mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-picture-mode-1">picture mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Slanted-lines-and-vectors">Slanted lines and vectors</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Portable-Document-Format">Portable Document Format</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PostScript-point">PostScript point</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PostScript-point-1">PostScript point</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PostScript-point-2">PostScript point</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-proofing-index-terms">proofing index terms</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Proofing-index-terms">Proofing index terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-properties">properties</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Properties">Properties</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ps2pdf"><code>ps2pdf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-hypertex">Hyperlink driver hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ps2pdf-1"><code>ps2pdf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-hypertex">Hyperlink driver hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-psfrag_002esty"><code>psfrag.sty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Concept-index_cp_letter-Q">Q</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quadruple-column-output">quadruple column output</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Multiple-columns">Multiple columns</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Concept-index_cp_letter-R">R</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Rahtz_002c-Sebastian">Rahtz, Sebastian</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Loading-LaTeX-packages">Loading LaTeX packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-raising-hyperlink-destinations">raising hyperlink destinations</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Options-supported-by-all-drivers">Options supported by all drivers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-raising-hyperlink-destinations-1">raising hyperlink destinations</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Setting-group-options">Setting group options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ranges-and-index-entry">ranges and index entry</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modifying-index-entries">Modifying index entries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-recognizing-numbers">recognizing numbers</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cifinteger-and-_005cisinteger">\ifinteger and \isinteger</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rectangles">rectangles</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-references_002c-alphanumeric">references, alphanumeric</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citations">Citations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-references_002c-defining-general">references, defining general</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Defining-generic-references">Defining generic references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-references_002c-defining-general-1">references, defining general</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-generic-references">Using generic references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-references_002c-numbered">references, numbered</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citations">Citations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-register-allocation">register allocation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Allocation-macros">Allocation macros</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-restoring-_005cinput_002c-LaTeX-packages">restoring <code>\input</code>, LaTeX packages</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Environment-for-loading-packages">Environment for loading packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-return-character">return character</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Category-codes">Category codes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right_002djustification">right-justification</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Justification">Justification</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rms">rms</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rotation">rotation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rotation_002c-demo">rotation, demo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rule-thickness">rule thickness</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Rules">Rules</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-run_003a-links">‘<samp>run:</samp>’ links</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#General-hyperlinks">General hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Concept-index_cp_letter-S">S</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-scaling">scaling</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-scaling_002c-demo">scaling, demo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sed"><code>sed</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Customizing-indexing">Customizing indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-see-also-index-entries-and-hyperlinks">see also index entries and hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-in-see-and-see-also-entries">Hyperlinks in see and see also entries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-see-also-index-entries-and-sorting">see also index entries and sorting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Customizing-indexing">Customizing indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-see_002c-and-index-entries">see, and index entries</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modifying-index-entries">Modifying index entries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-see_002c-and-index-entries-1">see, and index entries</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Customizing-indexing">Customizing indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-see_002c-and-index-entries_002c-hyperlinks">see, and index entries, hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-in-see-and-see-also-entries">Hyperlinks in see and see also entries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-silent-indexing">silent indexing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing-terms">Indexing terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-skipping-tokens">skipping tokens</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cifundefined">\ifundefined</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-skipping-tokens-1">skipping tokens</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cifempty">\ifempty</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-SLiTeX">SLiTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logos">Logos</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Snake-Lemma">Snake Lemma</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows-and-morphisms">Arrows and morphisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-solid-hyperlink-border">solid hyperlink border</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sorting-an-index">sorting an index</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing">Indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sorting-of-index-entries">sorting of index entries</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing-commands">Indexing commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-soul_002esty"><code>soul.sty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-space-above-index-entries">space above index entries</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Typesetting-an-index">Typesetting an index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spaces_002c-ignoring">spaces, ignoring</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfuturenonspacelet">\futurenonspacelet</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spaces_002c-obeying">spaces, obeying</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Obeying-spaces">Obeying spaces</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spaces_002c-trailing-and-indexing-commands">spaces, trailing and indexing commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing-terms">Indexing terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spacing-out">spacing out</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spacing_002c-preserving-with-hyperlinks">spacing, preserving with hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-nolinks">Hyperlink driver nolinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-special-characters">special characters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Verbatim-listing">Verbatim listing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-special-characters_002c-in-index-entries">special characters, in index entries</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Index-entries-with-special-characters">Index entries with special characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-special-characters_002c-in-table-of-contents">special characters, in table of contents</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Writing-the-_002etoc-file">Writing the .toc file</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Stallman_002c-Richard">Stallman, Richard</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-striking-out">striking out</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-style_002c-hyperlink-border">style, hyperlink border</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subequations_002c-referring-to">subequations, referring to</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subequation-references">Subequation references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subterm-in-indexing">subterm in indexing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing-terms">Indexing terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-supp_002dmis_002etex_002c-problems-with-pdfTeX"><code>supp-mis.tex<span class="roman">, problems with pdfTeX</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-supp_002dpdf_002etex"><code>supp-pdf.tex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Concept-index_cp_letter-T">T</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents">table of contents</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents_002c-and-verbatim-text">table of contents, and verbatim text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Writing-the-_002etoc-file">Writing the .toc file</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents_002c-hyperlinks">table of contents, hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Contents-hyperlinks">Contents hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents_002c-short">table of contents, short</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reading-the-_002etoc-file">Reading the .toc file</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents_002c-short-1">table of contents, short</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Macro-arguments">Macro arguments</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tables">tables</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tables">Tables</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tabs">tabs</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Obeying-spaces">Obeying spaces</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TeX-by-Topic"><i>TeX by Topic</i></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Iteration">Iteration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TeX-Frequently-Asked-Questions">TeX Frequently Asked Questions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cifinteger-and-_005cisinteger">\ifinteger and \isinteger</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXFORMATS"><code>TEXFORMATS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Installation">Installation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-texi2dvi"><code>texi2dvi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Invoking-Eplain">Invoking Eplain</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-texi2dvi-1"><code>texi2dvi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Citations">Citations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-texi2dvi-2"><code>texi2dvi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing">Indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Texinfo">Texinfo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXINPUTS"><code>TEXINPUTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Installation">Installation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-texnames_002esty"><code>texnames.sty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logos">Logos</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-time-of-day">time of day</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Time-of-day">Time of day</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-toc-files_002c-writing-several"><code>toc</code> files, writing several</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Changing-the-_002etoc-file_0027s-root-name">Changing the .toc file's root name</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tracing">tracing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Diagnostics">Diagnostics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-trailing-spaces-and-indexing-commands">trailing spaces and indexing commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing-terms">Indexing terms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-trimsee"><code>trimsee</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Customizing-indexing">Customizing indexing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-triple-column-output">triple column output</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Multiple-columns">Multiple columns</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Tu_002c-Loring-W_002e">Tu, Loring W.</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Construction-of-commutative-diagrams">Construction of commutative diagrams</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TUGboat"><i>TUGboat</i></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-type_002c-link-and-destination">type, link and destination</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction-to-hyperlinks">Introduction to hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-types_002c-destination_002c-dvipdfm">types, destination, <code>dvipdfm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-types_002c-destination_002c-hypertex">types, destination, <code>hypertex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-hypertex">Destination types for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-types_002c-destination_002c-pdftex">types, destination, <code>pdftex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-types_002c-link_002c-dvipdfm">types, link, <code>dvipdfm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-types_002c-link_002c-hypertex">types, link, <code>hypertex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-hypertex">Link types for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-types_002c-link_002c-pdftex">types, link, <code>pdftex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-typesetting-an-index">typesetting an index</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Typesetting-an-index">Typesetting an index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Concept-index_cp_letter-U">U</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-undefined-control-sequence_002c-checking-for">undefined control sequence, checking for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cifundefined">\ifundefined</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-undefined-labels_002c-warnings-about">undefined labels, warnings about</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Installation">Installation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-underline-hyperlink-border">underline hyperlink border</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-underlining">underlining</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-underlining-page-numbers-in-index">underlining page numbers in index</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-list-and-page-range-parsers">Page list and page range parsers</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-universal-mapping-property">universal mapping property</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Construction-of-commutative-diagrams">Construction of commutative diagrams</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unordered-lists">unordered lists</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Lists">Lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-upgrading">upgrading</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Installation">Installation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-URL-for-path_002esty"><acronym>URL</acronym> for <samp>path.sty</samp></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Paths">Paths</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-URL-for-pdfTeX"><acronym>URL</acronym> for pdfTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Checking-for-PDF-output">Checking for PDF output</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-URL-hyperlink"><acronym>URL</acronym> hyperlink</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#General-hyperlinks">General hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-URL-hyperlink-1"><acronym>URL</acronym> hyperlink</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#URL-hyperlinks">URL hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-URL-hyperlink-2"><acronym>URL</acronym> hyperlink</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-hypertex">Link types for hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-URL-hyperlink-3"><acronym>URL</acronym> hyperlink</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-types-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link types for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-url_002esty"><code>url.sty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-to-work">Packages known to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-url_002esty-1"><code>url.sty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#URL-hyperlinks">URL hyperlinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-url_002esty-2"><code>url.sty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-user_002dinaccessible-macros">user-inaccessible macros</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Category-codes">Category codes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Concept-index_cp_letter-V">V</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vectors">vectors</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Slanted-lines-and-vectors">Slanted lines and vectors</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-verbatim-listing">verbatim listing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Verbatim-listing">Verbatim listing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-verbatim-listing_002c-demo">verbatim listing, demo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Highlighting-TeX-comments-in-listings-_0028lscommnt_002etex_0029">Highlighting TeX comments in listings (lscommnt.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-verbatim-text_002c-in-index">verbatim text, in index</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Index-entries-with-special-characters">Index entries with special characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-verbatim-text_002c-in-table-of-contents">verbatim text, in table of contents</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Writing-the-_002etoc-file">Writing the .toc file</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-version-number">version number</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Concept-index_cp_letter-W">W</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Walden_002c-David">Walden, David</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Warner_002c-Frank-W_002e">Warner, Frank W.</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Construction-of-commutative-diagrams">Construction of commutative diagrams</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-whatsits-made-by-hyperlinks">whatsits made by hyperlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-nolinks">Hyperlink driver nolinks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-whatsits-made-by-index-entries">whatsits made by index entries</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexing-commands">Indexing commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-while-loops">while loops</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Iteration">Iteration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-whitespace">whitespace</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Obeying-spaces">Obeying spaces</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-width_002c-hyperlink-border">width, hyperlink border</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Link-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Link options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-writing-several-toc-files">writing several <code>toc</code> files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Changing-the-_002etoc-file_0027s-root-name">Changing the .toc file's root name</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Concept-index_cp_letter-X">X</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xcolor_002esty"><code>xcolor.sty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Packages-known-not-to-work">Packages known not to work</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xdvi"><code>xdvi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlink-driver-hypertex">Hyperlink driver hypertex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-XeLaTeX">XeLaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logos">Logos</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xeplain_002etex"><code>xeplain.tex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-XeTeX">XeTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logos">Logos</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xhyper_002etex"><code>xhyper.tex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hyperlinks-_0028xhyper_002etex_0029">Hyperlinks (xhyper.tex)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Concept-index_cp_letter-Z">Z</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Zassenhaus_002c-Hans">Zassenhaus, Hans</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Construction-of-commutative-diagrams">Construction of commutative diagrams</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-zooming_002c-hyperlink-destination">zooming, hyperlink destination</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Destination-options-for-pdftex-and-dvipdfm">Destination options for pdftex and dvipdfm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
</table>
<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_symbol-1"><b>*</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_symbol-2"><b>.</b></a>
<br>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-B"><b>B</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-G"><b>G</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-H"><b>H</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-I"><b>I</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-J"><b>J</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-K"><b>K</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-L"><b>L</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-M"><b>M</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-N"><b>N</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-O"><b>O</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-P"><b>P</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-Q"><b>Q</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-R"><b>R</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-U"><b>U</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-V"><b>V</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-W"><b>W</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-X"><b>X</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-Z"><b>Z</b></a>
</td></tr></table>
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