summaryrefslogtreecommitdiff
path: root/Master/texmf-dist/doc/amstex/base/amsguide.tex
blob: 1219dc1d6df65b21719af4cd3ad65f680755f178 (plain)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043
2044
2045
2046
2047
2048
2049
2050
2051
2052
2053
2054
2055
2056
2057
2058
2059
2060
2061
2062
2063
2064
2065
2066
2067
2068
2069
2070
2071
2072
2073
2074
2075
2076
2077
2078
2079
2080
2081
2082
2083
2084
2085
2086
2087
2088
2089
2090
2091
2092
2093
2094
2095
2096
2097
2098
%%% ====================================================================
%%% @TeX-file{
%%%   filename  = "amsguide.tex",
%%%   version   = "2.2",
%%%   date      = "2001/08/07",
%%%   time      = "16:41:48 EDT",
%%%   checksum  = "38601 2098 10156 78439",
%%%   filetype  = "AMS-TeX: user documentation",
%%%   author    = "American Mathematical Society",
%%%   copyright = "Copyright 2001 American Mathematical Society,
%%%                all rights reserved.  Copying of this file is
%%%                authorized only if either:
%%%                (1) you make absolutely no changes to your copy,
%%%                    including name; OR
%%%                (2) if you do make changes, you first rename it
%%%                    to some other name.",
%%%   address   = "American Mathematical Society,
%%%                Technical Support,
%%%                Publications Technical Group,
%%%                P. O. Box 6248,
%%%                Providence, RI 02940,
%%%                USA",
%%%   telephone = "401-455-4080 or (in the USA and Canada)
%%%                800-321-4AMS (321-4267)",
%%%   FAX       = "401-331-3842",
%%%   email     = "tech-support@ams.org (Internet)",
%%%   codetable = "ISO/ASCII",
%%%   keywords  = "amstex, ams-tex, tex",
%%%   supported = "yes",
%%%   abstract  = "This file is the User's Guide describing the use of
%%%                AMS-TeX 2.2.  Installation instructions are found
%%%                in appendix B, in file amstinst.tex.",
%%%   docstring = "The checksum field above contains a CRC-16 checksum
%%%                as the first value, followed by the equivalent of
%%%                the standard UNIX wc (word count) utility output of
%%%                lines, words, and characters.  This is produced by
%%%                Robert Solovay's checksum utility.",
%%%  }
%%% ====================================================================
%
%      In addition to plain TeX and standard CM fonts, TeXing this file
%      requires the following files and fonts:
%
% amstex.tex (version 2.1 or later)
% amsppt.sty (version 2.1 or later)
% amsppt.sti (version 2.1 or later)
% amssym.tex
% msam10
% msbm10
% eufm10
% cmex7
% cmex8
% cmbsy7
% cmcsc8
% amstinst.tex (Appendices B and C to this User's Guide)
%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\input amstex
\documentstyle{amsppt}

\define\GuideVersion{2.2}
\define\GuideDate{August 2001}

\font\tenss=cmss10

\long\def\usertype#1{\smallskip
  \moveright2pc\vbox{\def\par{\crcr}\halign{%
    \setbox0\hbox{\tt##}%
    \hbox\ifdim\wd0<10pc to10pc\fi{\unhbox0\hfil}%
    \kern1pc \it $\langle$return$\rangle$\hss
    \cr#1\crcr}}%
  \smallskip}
\long\def\systype#1{{\rightskip=4pc\leftskip=4pc\noindent\tt #1\par}}

%      Change default dimensions and fonts
\pageheight{49pc}
\dropfoliodepth=2pc
\hfuzz1pc % to suppress reporting of slightly overfull boxes.
\aboveheadskip=2\bigskipamount
\belowheadskip=\medskipamount
\subheadskip=\bigskipamount
\addto\tenpoint{\abovedisplayskip=6pt plus2pt minus3pt
    \belowdisplayskip=\abovedisplayskip}
\loadbold
%      Prevent hyphenation of "amsppt":
\hyphenation{amsppt}

%      Macros for text substitution and for presentation of examples.
%
\define\Textures{{\it Textures\/}}
\define\AMS{American Mathematical Society}
\define\JAMS{{\it Journal of the \AMS}}
\define\JoT{{\it The Joy of \TeX{}}}
\define\Joy{{\it Joy}}

\def\filnam#1{{\tt\ignorespaces#1\unskip}}
\hyphenchar\tentt=-1 % to prohibit hyphenation in tt text

\newdimen\exindent   \exindent=2\parindent
% Add a high penalty to discourage line breaks within an example
% without absolutely prohibiting them.
{\obeylines
 \gdef^^M{\par\penalty9999}%
 \gdef\beginexample#1{\medskip\bgroup %
   \def~{\char`\~}%
   \NoBlackBoxes\tt\frenchspacing %
   \parindent=0pt#1\leftskip=\exindent\obeylines}
}%  end \obeylines
\def\endexample{\endgraf\egroup\medskip}
\newdimen\exboxwidth
\exboxwidth=3in
\def\exbox#1#2{\noindent \hangindent=\exboxwidth
  \leavevmode\llap{\null\rm#1\unskip\enspace}%
  \hbox to\exboxwidth{\tt\ignorespaces#2\hss}\rm\ignorespaces}
\chardef\\=`\\       \chardef\{=`\{       \chardef\}=`\}
\def\<#1>{{\it$\langle$#1\/$\rangle$}}
\def\Dimen{\<dimen>}

\catcode`\@=11
\def\cs#1{\leavevmode
%      Save the previous skip and put it back after the penalty 0
%      so that the penalty0 won't cause a blank at the end of a line.
  \skip@\lastskip\unskip\penalty\z@
  \ifdim\skip@>\z@ \hskip\skip@\fi
  {\tt\char`\\\ignorespaces#1\unskip}}

%  Redefine the \subhead macro to be on a line by itself and omit period.
\outer\def\subhead#1\endsubhead{\par\penaltyandskip@{-100}\subheadskip
  \noindent{\subheadfont@\ignorespaces#1\unskip\endgraf}\nobreak\noindent}

%  Define macros for presentation of tables of symbols.
\def\BBB#1{\par\bigbreak
  \leavevmode\llap{$\bullet$\enspace}{\bf#1}}
\newdimen\biggest
\setbox0\hbox{$\dashrightarrow$}\biggest=\wd0
\def\1#1{\hbox to\biggest{\hfill$\csname#1\endcsname$\hfill}\ \ %
  \cs{#1}}
\def\fudge{\hbox to\biggest{}\ \ \hphantom{\tt\char'134 }}

\def\getID@#1{\edef\next@{\expandafter\meaning\csname#1\endcsname}%
 \expandafter\getID@@\next@0\getID@@}
\def\getID@@#1"#2#3#4#5#6\getID@@{\def\next@{#6}%
  \edef\msafam@{\the\msafam}\edef\msbfam@{\the\msbfam}%
  \ifx\next@\empty
   \edef\next@{\number"#2}%
    \ifx\next@\msafam@
     \def\ID@{10#3#4}%
    \else
     \ifx\next@\msbfam@
      \def\ID@{20#3#4}%
     \else\message{Invalid family IDs for msam/msbm fonts, path 2}%
    \fi\fi
  \else
   \edef\next@{\number"#3}%
    \ifx\next@\msafam@
     \def\ID@{1#2#4#5}%
    \else
     \ifx\next@\msbfam@
      \def\ID@{2#2#4#5}%
     \else\message{Invalid family IDs for msam/msbm fonts, path 3}%
    \fi\fi
  \fi}
\def\2#1{\hbox to.5\hsize
  {\hbox to\biggest{\hfill$\csname#1\endcsname$\hfill}\ \ %
    \getID@{#1}{\tt\ID@}\ \ \cs{#1}\hfill}}
\def\3#1#2{\hbox to.5\hsize
  {\hbox to\biggest{\hfil$\csname#1\endcsname$\hfil}\ \ %
    \getID@{#1}{\tt\ID@}\ \ \cs{#1}, \cs{#2}\hss}}
\def\4#1{\hbox to.5\hsize
  {\hbox to\biggest{\hfill$\csname#1\endcsname$\hfill}\ \ %
    \getID@{#1}{\tt\ID@}\ \ \cs{#1}\ \ {\eightpoint(U)}\hfill}}

\catcode`\@=\active

\define\thismonth{\ifcase\month % case 0 --- impossible!
  \or January\or February\or March\or April\or May\or June%
  \or July\or August\or September\or October\or November%
  \or December\fi}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% TITLE PAGE

%  Quarantine the large fonts used for the title page
\begingroup
\font\fourtn=cmr10 scaled \magstep2
\font\fourtnsy=cmsy10 scaled \magstep3
\font\fourtnbf=cmbx10 scaled \magstep3
\textfont2=\fourtnsy

\shipout\vbox to\vsize{%
\parindent=0pt
\vskip5pc
\rightline{\fourtnbf User's Guide to \AmSTeX{}}
\bigskip
\rightline{\fourtn Version \GuideVersion}
\medskip
\rightline{\fourtn \GuideDate}
%\rightline{\fourtn {\thismonth} {\number\year}}

\vfill

\tenpoint

This publication was typeset using \AmSTeX{}, the American
Mathematical\newline \quad Society's \TeX{} macro system.

Copyright \copyright{} 2001 by the \AMS{}.

All rights reserved. Any material in this guide may be reproduced or
duplicated for personal or educational use.

\medskip
\begingroup\obeylines
\TeX{} is a trademark of the \AMS{}.
\endgroup
}% End of vbox being shipped out
\endgroup

%% END TITLE PAGE

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\topmatter
\title\nofrills User's Guide to \AmSTeX{} Version 2.2\endtitle

%\date {\thismonth} {\number\year}\enddate
\date \GuideDate\enddate

\toc
\widestnumber\head{7}
\head 1. Overview\endhead
\head 2. Formatting Features\endhead
\head 3. Mathematical Constructions\endhead
\head 4. Fonts\endhead
\head 5. Symbol Names\endhead
\head 6. Other Things You Ought to Know\endhead
\head 7. Getting Help\endhead
\head {} References\endhead
\head {} Appendix A. Sample Bibliography Input and Output\endhead
\head {} Appendix B. Installation Procedures\endhead
\head {} Appendix C. Before Installing \AmSTeX: Facts About Fonts\endhead
\endtoc

\endtopmatter
\document

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\head 1. Overview\endhead

\AmSTeX{} is a macro package for \TeX{}, designed to simplify the input
of mathematical material and format the output according to preset style
specifications.  Although the \AMS{} holds the copyright for \AmSTeX{},
its use is not restricted, but is encouraged for the preparation of
manuscripts intended for publication both in the Society's books and
journals, and also in other mathematical literature.

Version 2.0 of \AmSTeX{} was released in 1990, concurrent with the
publication of the second edition of \JoT{}.  It contained numerous
minor improvements and bug fixes, as well as some major changes
involving additional fonts.  Version 2.1 was first released in 1991;
interim updates are identified by changes in release date.  The present
version 2.2 was released in August 2001. This User's Guide describes all
the new and changed features from these versions and how to use them,
with further additions and revisions pertaining to the current release.
Topics are grouped by type, and then presented in roughly the same order
as they appear in \JoT{}.

This User's Guide assumes that you already have a copy of \JoT{}. It
contains references to specific sections that won't help you much if you
don't have a copy. It also assumes for the most part that you will be
using the ``preprint style'', a set of macros that provides features
specific to the formatting of a document, such as headings, page
numbers, and the like. If you are planning to use the preprint style,
you will also need to have a copy of AMSFonts Version~2.2.  \JoT{} and
AMSFonts 2.2 are available from the \AMS{} and other distributors.

\subhead Files Comprising the \AmSTeX{} Version~2.2 package
\endsubhead

The following files are contained in the \AmSTeX{} Version~2.2 package
distributed by the \AMS{}:
\medskip
\settabs\+\indent&\filnam{amsguide.tex}\qquad&\kern.6\hsize\cr
\+&\filnam{amstex.tex}&
       the \AmSTeX{} Version 2.2 macros\cr
\+&\filnam{amstex.bug}&
       a chronicle of bug fixes to \filnam{amstex.tex} and
       \filnam{amsppt.sty},\cr
\+&&   as well as known open bugs\cr
\+&\filnam{amssym.tex}&
       macros defining the symbols in fonts \filnam{msam} and
       \filnam{msbm}\cr
\+&\filnam{amsppt.sty}&
       the preprint style for \AmSTeX{} Version 2.2\cr
\+&\filnam{amsppt.sti}&
       initialization options for the \AmSTeX{} 2.2 preprint style\cr
\+&\filnam{amsppt.doc}&
       technical documentation for \filnam{amsppt.sty}\cr
\+&\filnam{amsppt.faq}&
       some frequently asked questions and answers about \AmSTeX{}\cr
\+&\filnam{amsguide.tex}&
       the source file for this User's Guide\cr
\+&\filnam{amstinst.tex}&
       the source file for Installation Procedures;\cr
\+&&   appendices to this User's Guide\cr
\+&\filnam{amsppt1.tex}&
       a backward compatibility file for use with documents\cr
\+&&   already completed using \AmSTeX{} versions earlier than 2.0\cr
\+&\filnam{joyerr.tex}&
       errata to \JoT{} (first edition)\cr
\+&\filnam{joyerr2.tex}&
       errata to \JoT{} (second edition)\cr
\+&\filnam{amstex.ini}&
       used in creating format files\cr
\medskip

The file \filnam{amsppt.doc} is an {\smc ascii} file, and is
not intended to be processed with \TeX{}\null.  This  documentation file
is arranged in the same order as the macro file that it describes, and
explains the intent and mechanics of the macros in detail.  A separate
file (\filnam{amstex.doc}), documenting the file \filnam{amstex.tex},
is available on request.

In addition, other files are used during installation.
For instructions on installing the \AmSTeX{} macros and preprint style,
see Appendix B\null.  This appendix describes the installation process
for \TeX{} systems based on the \TeX{} Directory Structure (TDS), and
also gives suggestions for installation on other systems.

\subhead General Description of Changes\endsubhead

\AmSTeX{} 2.0+, the preprint style, and their technical
documentation are the result of a joint effort begun by Michael Spivak
and extended by the Composition Technical Support group of the \AMS{}.

In version 2.0 of \AmSTeX{}, the following changes were made:
\widestnumber\item{10}
\roster
\item All known bugs were eliminated.
\item Messages were added identifying the current versions of
  \filnam{amstex.tex} and \filnam{amsppt.sty}, to be displayed on your
  terminal screen and in the log file.
\item Some error and help messages were changed for the sake of
  clarity or to provide more information.
\item Refinements were made to conserve memory space.
\item The CM versions of the Computer Modern fonts were substituted for the
  older AM versions.
\item Support for additional fonts was added.

  \itemitem{(a)} \filnam{amstex.tex} provides the mechanism for accessing
    the Euler and extra symbol fonts of the AMSFonts collection.
  \itemitem{(b)} The preprint style assumes that fonts \filnam{msam},
    \filnam{msbm}, and \filnam{eufm} are installed and available.

\item Changes were made to the preprint style to make it conform
  more closely to the style of AMS publications, in particular, the \JAMS.

  \itemitem{(a)} Running heads were made automatic; they can be suppressed
    if desired.
  \itemitem{(b)} Additional elements are recognized in both the top matter
    and the body of a document, and the input syntax was regularized.
  \itemitem{(c)} Footnotes were changed to have normal indentation.%
       \footnote{Like this.}
  \itemitem{(d)} The style of the references was changed considerably.

\item The ability to produce roman-numeral page numbers using the
  plain \TeX{} convention (negative \cs{pageno}) was added.
\item In the preprint style, mathematics-oriented hyphenation exceptions
  were added.  (These follow American, not British, rules.)
\item An option was added in the preprint style that
  allows documents to be formatted
  as chapters of a monograph rather than as separate papers.
\item Finally, some optional formatting features requested by
  \AmSTeX{} users were added to the preprint style.
\endroster

\medskip
In version 2.1, the following changes were made:
\roster
\item \cs{curraddr}, \cs{rom}, and \cs{linespacing} were added.
\item Additional error conditions were identified and supplied with more
  informative messages.
\item A sporadic line-breaking problem in the preprint style references
  section was remedied.
\item Some bugs introduced into the preprint style during the
 version 2.0 changes were found and eliminated.
\item Use of the Euler fonts other than medium Euler Fraktur was
  made more convenient.
\item The ability to use multiple \cs{thanks} commands was added.
\item The \cs{proclaim} font was changed from slanted to italic, and
  \cs{proclaimfont} provided so that users can change it if desired.
\item \cs{nologo} was reinstated.
\item The installation instructions were revised and augmented.
\item The backward compatibility file \filnam{amsppt1.tex} was added.
\endroster

\medskip
These changes were made in the January 1997 release:
\roster
\item Bugs reported since the release of version 2.1 were fixed.
\item \cs{urladdr} was added; \cs{linespacing} was documented.
\item Bibliographic elements were added for {\it Math.\ Reviews},
  {\it CMP\/} and AMS preprint server references.
\item Various changes were made to permit easier customization:

  \itemitem{(a)} Command names were given to fonts and dimensions used
    in various environments.
  \itemitem{(b)} Changeable end-of-document processing was split out
    and associated with a new command name.
  \itemitem{(c)} The output routine was simplified.
  \itemitem{(d)} Initialization options that a user might want to
    suppress to save space were moved into a separate file,
    \filnam{amsppt.sti}

\item Page dimensions were changed in the preprint style to match the
  current AMS publication specifications.
\item The mechanism for loading AMSFonts was changed to make it easier
  for a user to specify the use of a PostScript outline version.
\item The installation instructions were updated and augmented.
\endroster

These changes were made in version 2.2:
\roster
\item Bugs reported since the release of version 2.1 were fixed.
\item The requirement to acknowledge use of \AmSTeX{} was removed, and
  the copyright statement and restriction notice is no longer printed
  out on the terminal every time \AmSTeX{} starts up.
\item The installation instructions were completely revised, and based
  on the \TeX{} Directory Structure (TDS) used by most current \TeX{}
  distributions.
\item a \cs{subjclassyear} command was provided to allow a particular
  version of the Mathematics Subject Classification to be cited.
\endroster

\subhead This User's Guide\endsubhead

This User's Guide has been prepared using \AmSTeX{} Version~2.2 with the
preprint style.  Some changes have been made: font and dimension settings
have been reset, the macros for headings have been redefined to produce a
result more suited to documentation, and some {\it ad hoc\/} macros have
been defined to simplify the presentation of particular information.
However, in general, this document and the file from which it was produced
illustrate the general appearance and input for a preprint with running
heads.  Printing the output of \TeX{} for this Guide requires AMSFonts
Version~2.0 or later
(users of AMSFonts Version~2.0 are strongly encouraged to upgrade to
Version~2.2).


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\head 2. Formatting Features
\endhead

Formatting documents prepared with \AmSTeX{} is accomplished by a
``style file''.  The features described here are part of the preprint
style.  The \AmSTeX{} preprint style, Version~2.2, will format an input
file in a manner suitable for a paper in a journal, unless  the style of
a \cs{Monograph} is explicitly selected.  Unless noted otherwise,
the journal style is the style described below.

\setbox1=\hbox{\tt\\dedicatory...\\enddedicatory\ }
\setbox0=\vbox{\hsize=\wd1\parindent=0pt\tt\obeylines
  \strut\\title...\\endtitle
  \\author...\\endauthor
  \\affil...\\endaffil
  \\address...\\endaddress
  \\curraddr...\\endcurraddr
  \\email...\\endemail
  \\urladdr...\\endurladdr
  \\thanks...\\endthanks
  \\dedicatory...\\enddedicatory
  \\date...\\enddate
  \\translator...\\endtranslator
  \\keywords...\\endkeywords
  \\subjclass...\\endsubjclass
  \strut\\abstract...\\endabstract\endgraf}
\setbox1=\hbox{$\dsize\left\lbrace\,\vcenter{\vphantom{\copy0}}\right.
   \nulldelimiterspace=0pt$}%
\setbox2=\hbox{\kern-\wd1$\dsize\left\lbrace\,\vcenter{\copy0}\right\rbrace$}

\subhead Top Matter\endsubhead

Some commands affect the appearance of a whole document.  Such commands
should go at the top of your input file, right after the \cs{documentstyle}
line and before the \cs{topmatter} line.  This area will be referred to as
the ``preamble''.  Commands that should be in the preamble include
\cs{define}, \cs{TagsOnRight} and the like,
\cs{NoPageNumbers}, \cs{NoRunningHeads}, \cs{Monograph},
\cs{pagewidth}, \cs{pageheight}, \cs{pageno},
and commands that load fonts.
The preamble is relevant to any document, whether paper or monograph.

The beginning of an \AmSTeX{} file should look something like what
is shown in Figure 1.

\topinsert

\beginexample{}
\\input amstex
\\documentstyle\{...\}
\medskip
\<preamble commands, such as \cs{define}, \cs{pageno}, \cs{Monograph},
\leavevmode\hbox to20pt{}\cs{NoRunningHeads}, \cs{loadbold}, etc.>
\medskip
\\topmatter
\indent\box2
\strut\\endtopmatter
\\document
\endexample

\botcaption {Figure 1} The beginning of an \AmSTeX{} file
\endcaption
\endinsert

If any \cs{end...}\ tag is omitted (or misspelled), an error message will
appear at \cs{endtopmatter} or at the next blank line: for example, if
you misspell \cs{endtitle}, the message will be something like
``{\tt !~Paragraph ended before \cs{title} was
com\discretionary{-}{}{}plete}.'' If you omit \cs{endtopmatter}, there
won't be any error message, but none of the topmatter material will
print. %{\tolerance2000\par}
Tags should be omitted for any top matter elements for which there is
no data; if ``empty'' tags are included, empty footnotes may appear on
the first page, or labels indicating addresses at the end of a paper.

If you have documents that were prepared for versions of \AmSTeX{}
earlier than version 2.0, you may find the file \filnam{amsppt1.tex}
useful.  By including the line \cs{input amsppt1} immediately after the
\cs{documentstyle} line, the topmatter commands and the sectioning
commands that changed in form will work in the original way. Other than
that, there should be few incompatibility problems with previous
versions. Note: The use of \filnam{amsppt1.tex} is discouraged except
for processing preexisting files.

For multi-line titles, affiliations, authors, or dedications (basically
everywhere that lines are centered individually rather than being set in
paragraphs), line breaks are obtained by using \cs{\\}.  In other parts
of the topmatter, which are set in paragraph form, line breaks are
obtained by \cs{linebreak}.

The title will be set in uppercase.  To turn off the automatic
uppercasing, use the \cs{nofrills} option:
\cs{title\\nofrills...\\endtitle}.

Each author is tagged separately, followed by address(es) and other
information associated with that author.

Normally, the address given with \cs{address} is the address of the
author at the time the research was being done; if the author's
address at the time of publication is different, the current address
should be given with \cs{curraddr}.  This should be entered immediately
following the \cs{address} for the same author.  If a \cs{curraddr} is
not paired with an \cs{address}, the current address will not print.

Electronic mail addresses can be tagged \cs{email...\\endemail}.
Like \cs{curraddr}, every \cs{email} address must be paired with a regular
\cs{address}, otherwise the e-mail address will not print.
The \cs{email} address will be printed at the end of the paper, as
``{\it E-mail address:\/} \<net-address>'', following the address (and
current address, if present) with which it is paired.

URLs, the addresses of ``home pages'' on the World Wide Web, can be
included using \cs{urladdr...\\endurladdr}.  They behave in the same
manner as \cs{email} addresses.

The \cs{thanks} command is provided for acknowledgments of grant support
and other kinds of support for the author's research, or other general
information not covered by one of the predefined tags such as
\cs{keywords} or \cs{subjclass}. The information will be printed as an
unnumbered footnote at the bottom of the first page.  Like \cs{address},
\cs{thanks} can be used more than once, and is associated with a
particular author.

In case a paper has not only an author but a translator, \cs{translator}
is provided.  This information will be printed at the end of the paper in
eight-point roman, as ``Translated by'' followed by the translator's name
in uppercase.

The \cs{dedicatory} command is used for such things as
``Dedicated to Professor X on the occasion of his eightieth birthday.''
The dedication will appear in italics, before the abstract.

The information for \cs{keywords} and \cs{subjclass} appears as
unnumbered footnotes at the foot of the first page, as in AMS journals.
In a monograph chapter they will not print at all, since they should be
handled separately, as part of the front matter for the monograph.
By default, for backward compatibility, the 1991 Mathematics Subject
Classification will be cited; to specify the 2000 Mathematics Subject
Classification, enter
\beginexample{}
\\subjclassyear\{2000\}
\\subjclass ...\\endsubjclass
\endexample

The abstract heading ``{\eightpoint\smc Abstract.}''\ appears in caps
and small caps, in the same size (eight point) as the abstract itself.

A simple table of contents setup is available.  Tables of contents
are typed in the topmatter along with everything else (except for
monographs---see the section {\bf Book Formatting} below), using
\cs{toc...\\endtoc}.
\beginexample{}
\\toc
\\specialhead...\\endspecialhead
\\head...\\endhead
\\subhead...\\endsubhead
\\subsubhead...\\endsubsubhead
\\endtoc
\endexample
\noindent
The syntax of the parts is identical to the syntax used
for headings within the document (see the sections {\bf Headings} and
{\bf Book Formatting} below), so that for those who wish to do so
and have a capable text editor, the table of contents can be constructed
by extracting the relevant lines from the main text.\footnote{But note that
the original line breaks in multi-line headings would not be appropriate
for the table of contents, so you'd want to remove any \cs{\\}es that
might be present.}

Page numbers aren't usually appropriate for the short table of contents
that might appear in a journal article, but if desired, page numbers can
be entered in a manner similar to that for a monograph; see the section
{\bf Book Formatting} below.

The hanging indentation within a table of contents for \cs{head} and
\cs{subhead} is preset to accommodate numbers of the form
``1.''\ and ``1.1.''\ respectively; the amount of indentation can
be adjusted by using \cs{widestnumber}:
\beginexample{}
\\toc
\\widestnumber\\head\{10\}
\\widestnumber\\subhead\{10.1\}
...
\endexample
\noindent This can be done more than once within different sections of
the table of contents, if desired.

If the ``section number'' of a \cs{head} happens to be something like
``Appendix'' (as actually happens in this User's Guide), a pair
of empty braces should be entered before it, as follows:
\beginexample{}
\\head \{\}\ Appendix. Sample bibliography input ...\\endhead
\endexample
\noindent
Insertion of {\tt\{\}} followed by a space at the beginning of the heading
text will cause the entire entry to be set flush left as a unit.

If you are preparing a monograph, the format and content of the top matter
will be different.  See the section below on {\bf Book Formatting} for
details.


\subhead Headings \endsubhead

There are four levels of headings (not counting
\cs{title}):
\beginexample{}
\\specialhead...\\endspecialhead
\\head...\\endhead
\\subhead...\\endsubhead
\\subsubhead...\\endsubsubhead
\endexample
\noindent The heading of
this section was typed as
\beginexample{}
\\head 2. Formatting Features
\\endhead
\endexample

\noindent And the subheading for this subsection was typed as
\beginexample{}
\\subhead Headings\\endsubhead
\endexample
\noindent
Ordinarily, subheadings in the preprint style are run into the text, but for
this User's Guide, the style varies slightly.

\indent\cs{specialhead} is for long articles that need extra divisions at
a level above the \cs{head} level. In the preprint style
\cs{specialhead} uses boldface type and is set ragged right; \cs{head}
is small caps, centered; \cs{subhead} is boldface, flush left,
run in with the following text; and
\cs{subsubhead} is italic, indented as for an ordinary paragraph, and run
into the text.

Explicit line breaks are obtained by a \cs{\\} in a \cs{head} or a
\cs{specialhead}, but for \cs{subhead} and \cs{subsubhead},
which are part of their paragraph, just use \cs{linebreak} as
you would in normal paragraphed text.

If you are preparing a monograph, the styles of headings will be different.
See the section below on {\bf Book Formatting} for details.


\subhead Theorems and Proofs \endsubhead

In addition to the usual proclamations and demonstrations, mathematicians
may pose other kinds of propositions, which editors may prefer to see
presented in different styles.  The following have been provided in
the preprint style.
\beginexample{}
\\definition...\\enddefinition
\\example...\\endexample
\\remark...\\endremark
\endexample
\noindent
The proof of any proclamation is indicated by \cs{demo...}\cs{enddemo}.

Note that all kinds of proclamations, demonstrations and propositions
must be ended explicitly; a check for proper endings is included with
all classes of proclamations and a missing \cs{end...} is reported.

In the preprint style \cs{definition} and \cs{example} have
the spacing and heading font of \cs{proclaim}, but are in roman.
\cs{remark} resembles \cs{demo}
except that extra space added at the end of a proof by \cs{enddemo}
is not added by \cs{endremark}.

In accordance with the style of the \JAMS, the labels on \cs{proclaim}s
and similar constructions are now printed in boldface type (\cs{bf})
and the text in italic (\cs{it}).  (The command \cs{proclaimfont} is
provided so that a user can change the text of a proclamation to
slanted type if desired: \cs{redefine\\proclaimfont\{\\sl\}}.)

It is conventional in mathematical publishing to use roman,  upright
numbers and punctuation even in the midst of
italic text, to avoid visual conflicts with numbers and punctuation in
adjacent math formulas.  Since dedicated ``mathematical text italic''
fonts containing roman numbers and punctuation are not currently
available, the \filnam{amsppt} preprint style provides a command
\cs{rom} to be applied  inside theorems and other stretches of
italic text, to give the desired results.
For example, to~produce

\proclaim{Proposition 2.5} Let $S_1,\dots,S_m$ be the components
of a $J$-holomorphic cusp-curve $S$ and suppose that each
component $S_i$ is \rom(a multiple covering of\rom) a regular
curve and that Assumption \rom{(1.4a)} is satisfied. \dots
\endproclaim

\noindent you would use \cs{rom} in the following places:
\beginexample{}
each component \$S\char`\_i\$ is \\rom(a multiple covering of\\rom) a
regular curve and that Assumption \\rom\{(1.4a)\} is satisfied
\endexample

As you can see, \cs{rom} is used like the math font command \cs{roman}:
it applies to the next single character or the next group enclosed in
braces.

\subhead Other Devices \endsubhead

For a list produced by \cs{roster}, the amount of indentation can be
adjusted to accommodate wide item numbers.  Just before beginning the
\cs{roster}, type, for example, \cs{widestnumber\\item\{(viii)\}}.
This adjustment is temporary.  The default will be reinstated by
\cs{endroster}.

The command \cs{cite} produces
a reference citation in roman type, within square brackets: \cite{21}.

A structure \cs{block...}\cs{endblock} is provided for quotations.
It is intended for use in the middle of a paragraph to quote an
extract from another source.


\subhead Book Formatting \endsubhead

If you are preparing a monograph, several features are available in the
preprint style that will make your output look like chapters rather than
individual papers.

First of all, you must signal your intentions by typing \cs{Monograph}
in the preamble, right after the \cs{documentstyle} line.

A typical topmatter section for a monograph chapter would be typed
like this:
\beginexample{}
\\documentstyle\{amsppt\}
\\Monograph
\\topmatter
\\title\\chapter\{4\} Matrix Algebras\\endtitle
\\endtopmatter
\endexample
\noindent which produces a chapter heading that looks like this:
\bigskip
\vbox{
\centerline{\eightpoint CHAPTER IV}
\bigskip
\centerline{\bf MATRIX ALGEBRAS}}
\bigskip
\noindent
Notice that the number is converted automatically to roman numerals and
the word ``{\eightpoint CHAPTER}'' is added.  For a chapter title that
needs a different sort of treatment, \cs{nofrills} can be used:

\beginexample{}
\\topmatter
\\title\\chapter\\nofrills\{APPENDIX D\} The Poisson Integral\\endtitle
\\endtopmatter
\endexample
\noindent This produces
\bigskip
\vbox{
\centerline{\eightpoint APPENDIX D}
\bigskip
\centerline{\bf THE POISSON INTEGRAL}}
\bigskip
\noindent The replacement \cs{chapter} text will appear exactly as
typed.

Finally, for things like a preface or introduction which have no
pretitle text at all, omit the \cs{chapter} command:
\beginexample{}
\\topmatter
\\title Preface\\endtitle
\\endtopmatter
\endexample

In monographs, the table of contents is usually treated as a separate
chapter.  Start by typing the title ``Contents'' as for a preface or
introduction, and then use the \cs{toc...\\endtoc} structure as the
body of the document (rather than putting it in the topmatter, as you
would for a journal article).
\beginexample{}
\\topmatter
\\title Contents\\endtitle
\\endtopmatter
\bigskip
\\document
\\toc
\\title Preface\\page\{vii\}\\endtitle
\\title\\chapter\{1\} Matrix Algebras\\page\{1\}\\endtitle
\\head \{\} Continuous complex-valued functions\\page\{1\}\\endhead
...
\\title Bibliography\\page\{307\}\\endtitle
\\endtoc
\\enddocument
\endexample

The chapter titles listed in the table of contents are typed in the same
way as in actual use.  To get page numbers in the table of contents, use
\cs{page} as shown, just before the ending of an element.  This option
is available for all levels of headings.

In a monograph using the preprint style, the chapter title is used for
the left running head and the text of section headings
(from \cs{head}) appears as the right running head.
It's not uncommon for the text of a heading to be too long to fit
in the running head width; in such a case use \cs{rightheadtext} to
specify a shortened form of the heading for use in the running heads:
\beginexample{}
\\head Fourier coefficients of continuous periodic functions
of bounded entropy norm\\endhead
\\rightheadtext\{Fourier coefficients of periodic functions\}
\endexample
\noindent This should follow immediately after the \cs{head}, to ensure
that both take effect on the same page.  If the chapter title is too long
to fit as a running head, a shortened form can be supplied in a similar
way with \cs{leftheadtext} immediately after the \cs{title}.
See also the section~{\bf Running Heads}.

The style for a chapter of a monograph differs in some particulars from the
style for a paper.  The text of a \cs{head} will be boldface instead of
small caps; headings of theorems, propositions, definitions, remarks, etc\.
will be small caps instead of boldface, and indented rather than flush
left.


\subhead Inserts with Captions \endsubhead

Figures, tables, and some other kinds of objects are often handled as
inserts.  These objects may be prepared separately from the main document
and pasted in, in which case space must be left for them.
These objects usually have captions; a caption may be positioned above (for
a table) or below (for a figure).

An insert may be specified for the top or ``middle'' of a page, i.e.,
right where the input for the insert occurs in the text.  These are
typed as \cs{topinsert} and \cs{midinsert} respectively.
Furthermore, a caption may be placed at the top or the bottom of the insert,
using the tags \cs{topcaption} and \cs{botcaption} respectively.

The general structure used to specify an insert with a caption at the top is:
\beginexample{}
\\topinsert\quad{\rm or}\quad \\midinsert
\cs{captionwidth}\{\Dimen\}\quad{\rm(optional)}
\\topcaption\{\<caption label>\}
\ \<optional caption text>
\\endcaption
\cs{vspace}\{\Dimen\}\quad{\rm or}\quad%
  \<optional code for the insertion body>
\\endinsert
\endexample

Here the notation \Dimen{} means a valid \TeX{} dimension as
described in the {\bf Dimensions} section of \JoT{}.
If a bottom caption was desired, \cs{topcaption} would be replaced by
\cs{botcaption}, and
the \cs{vspace} command (or the
optional code for the insertion body) would be moved before the
\cs{botcaption} macro.

The \cs{vspace\{\Dimen\}} option would be used to leave blank space for
an object to be pasted into place.  The value of the \Dimen{} should be
the exact height of the object to be pasted in, because extra space
around the object and the caption are dependent on the document style,
and will be provided automatically.

The \cs{captionwidth\{\Dimen\}} option may be used to override the default
caption width specified by the document style.

The \<caption label> is something like ``Figure~1'' or ``Table~2a''.
Do not type any final punctuation; it will be provided.  The caption
label will be set in caps and small caps.

The \<optional caption text> is any descriptive text that may be desired.
The preprint style will set this in roman.  Even if there is no text, the
\cs{endcaption} tag must be present.

If you choose to include the \TeX{} code for a figure, table, or other
captioned object in the input, then omit the \cs{vspace} command
and type the code where appropriate (before \cs{botcaption}
or after the \cs{endcaption} of \cs{topcaption}).

Sometimes a table is small enough that it is not necessary to put it in an
insert.  If the caption is to appear above it, input can be typed as follows:
\beginexample{}
\\topcaption\{\<caption label>\}
\ \<optional caption text>
\\endcaption
\ \<code for the table body>
\endexample
\noindent
The form of the input would be the following if the caption is to appear below:
\beginexample{}
\ \<code for the table body>
\\botcaption\{\<caption label>\}
\ \<optional caption text>
\\endcaption
\endexample
\noindent
To avoid page-breaking problems,
this form of ``insertion'' should be used only for very small objects.


\subhead Page Numbers \endsubhead

If you are using the preprint style, page numbers will appear in the running
heads, at the outside margin, except for the first page, where the running head
will be omitted and the page number will be centered at the bottom of the page.

If you wish to omit page numbers, type \cs{NoPageNumbers} in the preamble
of the document (after the \cs{documentstyle} line).
The running head text will remain; see also {\bf Running Heads}.

You can get roman numeral page numbers, e.g.\ for a table of contents or
preface, using the normal \TeX{} convention of \cs{pageno} plus
a negative number.


\subhead Page Size and Line Spacing \endsubhead

In the preprint style, the default page width is 30pc, and the default
height is 50.5pc.
You can change the size of the page by typing
\beginexample{}
\\pagewidth\{\Dimen\}\newline
\\pageheight\{\Dimen\}
\endexample
\noindent using suitable \Dimen{}s, where by this notation we mean a
valid \TeX{} dimension as described in the {\bf Dimensions} section of
\JoT{}.

The spacing between lines in the preprint style is ordinarily 2pt greater
than the nominal type size.  This can be changed by providing a multiplication
factor to the command \cs{linespacing}; for example, \cs{linespacing\{1.5\}}
gives the effect of typewritten doublespacing.


\subhead QED \endsubhead

In the preprint style, \cs{qed} gives an open box `$\square$',
separated from what precedes it by a quad of space.


\subhead Running Heads \endsubhead

If you are using the preprint style, running heads similar to those in
\Joy{} will appear, with text in the center and page numbers to the
outside.  (On the first page, as usual, the running head is omitted, and
the page number is placed at the bottom.)

If you do nothing to define the text of the running heads, the author's
name will be used on the left-hand and the title on the right-hand pages.
(This is the style for papers; for monographs, see below.)
If you want some other values, say a shortened title, you
can redefine the text to appear on left- and right-hand pages by typing
\beginexample{}
\\leftheadtext\{\<left running head text>\}
\\rightheadtext\{\<right running head text>\}
\endexample

\noindent These instructions can appear anywhere after the
\cs{documentstyle} command, but the most
common place to use them is immediately after a \cs{title} or
\cs{author} or \cs{head} to override the automatic running head text.
If \cs{rightheadtext} or \cs{leftheadtext} is specified above the
topmatter, \cs{title} and \cs{author} will not override them.

If you are doing a monograph rather than a journal article, and use
the \cs{Monograph} switch, it affects the running heads as follows:
The chapter title appears in the left-hand running heads, and the text of
the current section heading (from \cs{head}) appears in the right-hand
running heads.  In chapters that don't contain any \cs{head}s---for
example, a foreword---both the left- and right-hand running heads
will contain the chapter title.

By default, running heads will be uppercase.  This is a frill that
can be turned off by \cs{nofrills}, e.g.,
\beginexample{}
\\rightheadtext\\nofrills\{Text of Running Head\}
\endexample

If for some reason you don't want running heads at all, type
\cs{NoRunningHeads} in the preamble of the document (after the
\cs{documentstyle} line).  When running heads are omitted, page numbers
will appear centered at the bottom of the page.  (And even those can be
turned off using \cs{NoPageNumbers}.)

In a monograph, if you don't want
the text from the section \cs{head}s to appear in the running heads
you must redefine the internal command, \cs{headmark}, that is used
by \cs{head} to set the right-hand running head. To do this, put the
following line in your document file, after \cs{Monograph} and
before \cs{topmatter}:
\beginexample{}
\\redefine\\headmark\#1\{\}
\endexample
\noindent (where the {\tt\#1} is an argument number as explained in \Joy,
in the description of \cs{define} and related commands).

\subhead Tables \endsubhead

There are no special macros to support the creation of tables in
\AmSTeX{}. Plain \TeX{}'s \cs{settabs}
command and \cs{halign} can also be used (see {\it The \TeX{}book} for
documentation of their usage). More sophisticated table macro packages
are available from other sources. See also the section {\bf Inserts with
Captions} above.

\subhead Bibliographies \endsubhead

The references section of a paper begins with \cs{Refs} and must have
\cs{endRefs} at the end.  Each entry in the references begins with
\cs{ref} and ends with \cs{endref}.  The individual elements between
\cs{ref} and \cs{endref} can be specified in any order. However,
following \cs{ref} is usually a number or other label identifying the
particular reference. This label is produced using \cs{key}.
The format of the labels is determined by the current
{\it references style}, which is set by the \cs{refstyle}
command. The preprint document style provides three reference
styles denoted A, B, and C, corresponding to
letter labels, no labels, and arabic numbers respectively.
The form of the \cs{cite} and \cs{key} commands for each
style, and the output they produce, is as follows:
$$
\vbox{\offinterlineskip\def\strut{\vrule depth.35\normalbaselineskip
  width0pt height.75\normalbaselineskip}\tabskip0pt
  \halign{{\tt\strut#}\hfil&\quad#\hfil&\quad\vrule\quad{\tt#}\hfil&
       \quad#\hfil&\quad\vrule\quad{\tt#}\hfil&\quad#\hfil\cr
\multispan2\strut depth.7\normalbaselineskip\cs{refstyle\{A\}}&
       \multispan2\quad\vrule\quad\cs{refstyle\{B\}}&
       \multispan2\quad\vrule\quad\cs{refstyle\{C\}}\cr
%
\noalign{\hrule}
%
 height1.1\normalbaselineskip\cs{cite\{DK\}}& [DK]&
       \cs{cite\{Smith 1989\}}& [Smith 1989]&
       \cs{cite\{19\}}& [19]\cr
%
\cs{key DK}& [DK]&
       \omit\quad\vrule\quad(no key)\hfil & (no label)&
       \cs{key 19}& 19.\cr
}}$$
The \cs{refstyle} command is normally placed in the preamble of
a document.

The references are set with hanging indentation.  The amount of indentation
is preset to accommodate the most common case, two-digit numbers.
It can be increased (or decreased) by specifying the widest
label used in the references. For example,
\beginexample{}
\\widestnumber\\key\{GHMR\} \% refstyle A
\\widestnumber\\key\{999\} \% refstyle C --- 3 digits
\endexample
\noindent
will increase the indentation to accommodate the key \hbox{[GHMR]}, or a
three-digit number, respectively.   You could also specify
\cs{widestnumber}\cs{key\{9\}} to reduce the indentation from two digits'
worth to one, if your bibliography has fewer than ten entries. As the
examples show, you do not include square brackets, periods, font
commands, or other such formatting when using \cs{widestnumber}.  The
indentation will be adjusted for these things automatically.

For consecutive references by the same author(s),  \cs{by} is used for
the first reference, with the author name(s) given in full, and
\cs{bysame} is used for subsequent ones---just the command \cs{bysame}
without repetition of the name(s). The horizontal line produced by
\cs{bysame} has a fixed length of three ems.

Two variations, \cs{ed} and \cs{eds}, are provided for entering editor
names, as with \cs{page} and \cs{pages}, because the note ``ed.''\ or
``eds.''\ is part of the automatic formatting.  If \cs{by} is absent,
the editor name(s) will be used in place of the author name.

For a proceedings volume, the place and date of the meeting can
be recorded in the \cs{procinfo} field.  Parentheses will be
added.

There are two options for miscellaneous notes at the end of a reference,
\cs{finalinfo} and \cs{miscnote}.  \cs{miscnote} differs only by
automatically adding parentheses; it would typically be used for
a note such as ``(preprint)'' or ``(submitted)'' or ``(to appear)''.
Because it's fairly common, the latter has its own command \cs{toappear}
that is equivalent to \cs{miscnote} {\tt to appear}.

\cs{lang} is used to indicate the original language for papers where
bibliographic information has been translated or there is some other reason
to believe that the original language cannot be correctly identified from
information in the reference.

Sometimes several references are combined into one---for example, parts
of a long paper that have been published separately.  Another type of
compound reference is a work cited both in the original and in
translation.  There are commands \cs{moreref} and \cs{transl} to handle
such situations.  After \cs{moreref} and \cs{transl}, any of the normal
reference tags can be used again.

\cs{moreref} is used for citing, e.g., ``part II'' of an article; the
\cs{moreref} command is followed by the desired additional tags and
data.  For example:
\beginexample{}
...\\moreref\\paper\\rom\{II\}
\\jour Comm. Pure Appl. Math. \\vol 36
\\yr 1983 \\pages 571--594\\endref
\endexample

When using \cs{transl}, a note  that describes the translation is
normally entered between \cs{transl} and the next tag. The tags and data
for the translated work then follow. For example:
\beginexample{}
...\\transl English transl. \\publ Birkh\\"auser
\\publaddr Basel \\yr 1985 \\endref
\endexample

Automatic punctuation will be omitted if the pertinent field was
included but left blank.  Otherwise, the command \cs{nofrills} can be
used to keep automatic punctuation from appearing.  For example,
\cs{bookinfo\\nofrills...}\ suppresses the comma or other punctuation
that would normally be added at the end of the \cs{bookinfo}
information. \cs{nofrills} also suppresses other automatic formatting
such as the word ``eds.''\ for \cs{eds}, the word ``vol.''\ for book volumes,
or the parentheses around the year for journal articles. The ending
period of a reference can be suppressed with
\cs{finalinfo}\cs{nofrills}.

Some examples will illustrate the use of these tags.  See Appendix~A for
samples of input and output. See also Appendix~C of \JoT{} (first
edition: Appendix~B) for more information on references.


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\head 3. Mathematical Constructions
\endhead

\subhead Wide Accents in Math Mode \endsubhead

In version 2.0+ of the AMSFonts,
there are wider versions of the \cs{widehat} and \cs{widetilde}
accents; they appear on lines (5) and (6):
\beginexample{}
\exbox{(1)}{\$\\hat x, \\tilde x\$} $\hat x, \tilde x$
\exbox{(2)}{\$\\widehat x, \\widetilde x\$} $\widehat x, \widetilde x$
\exbox{(3)}{\$\\widehat\{xy\}, \\widetilde\{xy\}\$} %
  $\widehat{xy}, \widetilde{xy}$
\exbox{(4)}{\$\\widehat\{xyz\}, \\widetilde\{xyz\}\$} %
  $\widehat{xyz}, \widetilde{xyz}$
\exbox{(5)}{\$\\widehat\{xyzu\}, \\widetilde\{xyzu\}\$} %
  $\widehat{xyzu}, \widetilde{xyzu}$
\exbox{(6)}{\$\\widehat\{xyzuv\}, \\widetilde\{xyzuv\}\$} %
  $\widehat{xyzuv}, \widetilde{xyzuv}$
\endexample
\noindent
These wider accents are in the \filnam{msbm} family.  If \filnam{msbm}
has been loaded, \cs{widehat} and \cs{widetilde} will automatically
select these wider versions when required; otherwise, the characters
on line (4) will be the largest available.  If you are using the
preprint style, \filnam{msbm} is loaded automatically; otherwise,
see the section entitled {\bf Fonts} for instructions on loading it.


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\head 4. Fonts\endhead

\subhead Additional fonts for \AmSTeX{}\endsubhead

A number of fonts were created for use with \AmSTeX{} 2.0+, both
Computer Modern fonts in sizes not previously available and new fonts
of alphabets and symbols intended to be used for mathematical notation.
These fonts are in the collection AMSFonts Version~2.2.  They must be
installed on your computer before you can use \AmSTeX{}'s preprint style
or otherwise refer to them.
Note that AMSFonts Version~2.2 cannot be used with versions of \AmSTeX{}
earlier than Version~2.0, and \AmSTeX{} Version~2.2 cannot be used with
versions of AMSFonts earlier than Version~2.0
(users of AMSFonts Version~2.0 are strongly encouraged to upgrade to
Version~2.2).

Several of these fonts are loaded automatically by the preprint
style and others can be loaded on demand.  The fonts available and the
commands used to load them are described below.

\subsubhead Fonts loaded with the preprint style
\endsubsubhead
Several fonts are loaded automatically for general use.
\roster
\item"--" \filnam{cmcsc8} is an additional size of the Computer Modern
        small caps font.
\item"--" \filnam{cmex8} and \filnam{cmex7} are additional sizes of the
        Computer Modern math extension font.  \filnam{cmex8} is used by the
        preprint style in abstracts and other eight-point environments;
        \filnam{cmex7} is used for all sub- and superscripts.
\endroster
If \cs{PSAMSFonts} is specified (see Appendix C), scaled versions of the
10-point fonts are loaded instead (this is required for submission to
AMS journals).


\subsubhead Math fonts loaded with the preprint style
\endsubsubhead
\roster
\item"--" \filnam{msam} and \filnam{msbm} contain extra symbols.  The symbols
        and the names that will produce them are shown in the section
        {\bf Symbol Names} below.  If you are not using the preprint style,
        each can be loaded separately by \cs{loadmsam} or \cs{loadmsbm}
        as appropriate.
\item"--" \filnam{eufm} is the medium-weight Euler Fraktur (German) font.
        It can also be loaded by \cs{loadeufm} if the preprint style is not
        being used.
\endroster


\subsubhead Math fonts loaded by \cs{loadbold}
\endsubsubhead
See the sections below on {\bf Bold Characters in Math Mode} and
{\bf Bold Greek Letters} for details on accessing particular characters
in these fonts.
\roster
\item"--" \filnam{cmmib} is Computer Modern bold math italic.
        It also contains bold Greek.
\item"--" \filnam{cmbsy} contains Computer Modern bold math symbols.
\endroster


\subsubhead Additional Euler fonts, for use in math, loaded by
\cs{loadeu...}\tt\endsubsubhead
\roster
\item"--" \filnam{eufb} is bold Fraktur (\cs{loadeufb}).
\item"--" \filnam{eusm} is medium-weight script (\cs{loadeusm}).
\item"--" \filnam{eusb} is bold script (\cs{loadeusb}).
\item"--" \filnam{eurm} is medium-weight ``cursive roman'' (\cs{loadeurm}).
\item"--" \filnam{eurb} is bold ``cursive roman'' (\cs{loadeurb}).
\endroster


\subsubhead Considerations and warnings\endsubsubhead
The commands to load these font files should be typed in the preamble area
between the
\cs{documentstyle\{...\}} line and the \cs{topmatter}.
Each \cs{load...} command loads the pertinent fonts (including
subscript sizes), assigns a ``math
family'' for them, and defines a math font command.
The names of the commands are the same as the font names:
\cs{eufm}, \cs{eufb}, \cs{eusm}, \cs{eusb}, \cs{eurm}, and
\cs{eurb}.  These are used in the same way as
\cs{roman} or \cs{bold}, e.g., \cs{eufb\{M\}} or \cs{eufb M}@.
\AmSTeX{} also defines a couple of synonyms,
\cs{frak} and \cs{goth}, for \cs{eufm} (medium Euler Fraktur).

\TeX{} can accommodate only sixteen font families in math mode; eight
are already defined by plain \TeX{} before \AmSTeX{} begins, and the
preprint style loads three more (\filnam{msam}, \filnam{msbm}, and
\filnam{eufm}), for a total of eleven.  For this reason, you should load
additional fonts with care, requesting only those you know for certain
you will need.

All the fonts described here, and some others as well, are included in the
collection AMSFonts Version~2.2, which is available from the AMS and other
distributors.  The math fonts mentioned here are all supplied in sizes from
five through ten point, suitable for use in mathematical text.

If you intend to use the AMSFonts in PostScript Type~1 outline form,
see Appendix C.


\subhead Bold Characters in Math Mode \endsubhead

Bold letters are obtained by \cs{bold} as described in \Joy{}.
In addition, bold symbols, italic, and lowercase Greek can be
obtained once \cs{loadbold} appears in the file (this
requires version 2.0+ of \AmSTeX{} and AMSFonts).  Two control sequences
are used for different kinds of bold symbols:
\beginexample{\exboxwidth=1.25in}
\exbox{}{\\boldkey} for symbols that actually appear on the keyboard
\exbox{}{\\boldsymbol} for symbols specified by a single control sequence
\endexample
\noindent
For example,
$$\hbox{\tt\$\\bold x \\boldsymbol\\in \\boldsymbol\\varGamma\$}$$
gives
$$\bold x \boldsymbol\in \boldsymbol\varGamma$$
[and {\tt\$\\boldsymbol\\lbrack a \\boldsymbol\\rbrack\$} gives
$\boldsymbol\lbrack a \boldsymbol\rbrack$, if you need to use
\cs{lbrack} and \cs{rbrack} instead of the {\tt[} and {\tt]} keys].

More precisely, \cs{boldkey} can be used in math formulas in the
following combinations:
\roster
\item"$\bullet$" With any of the symbols
$$ +\ \ -\ \ =\ \ <\ \ >\ \ (\ \ )\ \ [\ \ ]\ \ |\ \ /\ \ *
    \ \ .\ \ ,\ \ :\ \ ;\ \ !\ \ ?$$
to give
$$
\boldkey+\ \ \boldkey-\ \ \boldkey=\ \ \boldkey<\ \ \boldkey>\ \
\boldkey(\ \ \boldkey)\ \ \boldkey[\ \ \boldkey]\ \ \boldkey|\ \
\boldkey/\ \ \boldkey*\ \ \boldkey.\ \ \boldkey,\ \ \boldkey:\ \
\boldkey;\ \ \boldkey!\ \ \boldkey?
$$
But \cs{bold} cannot be used to get bold versions of these symbols.
{\tt\$\\bold+\$} will give only the ordinary $+$, etc.

The bold $\boldkey+$ and $\boldkey-$ will be  binary operators,
like the ordinary $+$ and $-$ symbols;
the bold $\boldkey=$ will be a binary relation, like the ordinary $=$, etc.

\medskip
\item"$\bullet$" With letters:
\beginexample{\exboxwidth=3.75in}
\exbox{}{\$\\boldkey a\$, ..., \$\\boldkey z\$} %
        $\boldkey a, \dots, \boldkey z$
\exbox{}{\$\\boldkey A\$, ..., \$\\boldkey Z\$} %
        $\boldkey A, \dots, \boldkey Z$
\endexample
\noindent
Notice that these are $\fam\cmmibfam bold\ math\ italic$ letters, as
opposed to the bold text letters $\bold a, \dots, \bold z$, $\bold A,
\dots, \bold Z$ that you get by using \cs{bold} in math mode.

\medskip
\item"$\bullet$" With numerals:
\beginexample{\exboxwidth=3.75in}
\exbox{}{\$\\boldkey 0\$, ..., \$\\boldkey 9\$} %
        $\boldkey 0, \dots, \boldkey 9$
\endexample
\noindent
However, these combinations simply give the same numerals that you get with
{\tt\$\\bold0\$}, \dots, {\tt\$\\bold9\$}.
\endroster

\medskip
The \cs{boldsymbol} construction can be used in any of the following
combinations:
\roster
\item"$\bullet$" With uppercase and lowercase Greek letters
\beginexample{\exboxwidth=3.75in}
\exbox{}{\$\\boldsymbol\\Gamma\$, ..., \$\\boldsymbol\\Omega\$} %
        $\boldsymbol\Gamma$, \dots, $\boldsymbol\Omega$
\exbox{}{\$\\boldsymbol\\varGamma\$, ..., \$\\boldsymbol\\varOmega\$} %
        $\boldsymbol\varGamma$, \dots, $\boldsymbol\varOmega$
\exbox{}{\$\\boldsymbol\\alpha\$, ..., \$\\boldsymbol\\omega\$} %
        $\boldsymbol\alpha$, \dots, $\boldsymbol\omega$
\endexample
\noindent
In versions of \AmSTeX{} earlier than 2.0, bold unslanted uppercase
Greek letters $\boldsymbol\Gamma$, \dots, $\boldsymbol\Omega$ were
specified by \cs{boldGamma}, \dots, \cs{boldOmega}; these control
sequences have now disappeared.

\medskip
\item"$\bullet$"
For convenience, \cs{boldsymbol} may also be followed by a letter (but
not by a numeral or other character), giving the same result as
\cs{boldkey}.

\medskip
\item"$\bullet$"
You can also apply \cs{boldsymbol} to all the other standard symbols that
are specified by single control sequences. For example, to get bold primes:
\beginexample{\exboxwidth=3.75in}
\exbox{}{\$\\boldsymbol\\prime\$} $\boldsymbol\prime$
\exbox{}{\$\\boldsymbol A\^{ }\{\\boldsymbol\\prime\}\$} %
        $\boldsymbol A^{\boldsymbol\prime}$
\endexample
\noindent
(But \cs{boldsymbol'}, using the shorthand notation for \cs{prime},
won't work.)

\medskip
\item"$\bullet$"
You can apply \cs{boldsymbol} to ``delimiters'', such as
\beginexample{\exboxwidth=3.75in}
\exbox{}{\$\\boldsymbol\\\{ ... \\boldsymbol\\\}\$} %
        $\boldsymbol\{ \dots \boldsymbol\}$
\exbox{}{\$\\boldsymbol\\langle ... \\boldsymbol\\rangle\$} %
        $\boldsymbol\langle \dots \boldsymbol\rangle$
\exbox{}{\$\char`\|, \\boldkey\char`\|, \\\char`\|, \\boldsymbol\\\char`\|\$} %
        $|,\ \boldkey|,\ \|,\ \boldsymbol\|$
\exbox{}{\$\\vert, \\boldsymbol\\vert, \\Vert, \\boldsymbol\\Vert\$} %
        $\vert,\ \boldsymbol\vert,\ \Vert,\ \boldsymbol\Vert$
\endexample
\noindent
However, you can't use \cs{boldsymbol} after \cs{left} and \cs{right}.
In particular, typing
\hbox{\tt\\left\\boldsymbol\char`\|\ ...\ \\right\\boldsymbol\char`\|}
will produce only error messages.

\medskip
\item"$\bullet$"
Certain symbols on the bold fonts can't be accessed at all via \cs{boldkey}
or \cs{boldsymbol}: These include bold versions
${\fam\cmbsyfam A}$, \dots, ${\fam\cmbsyfam Z}$
 of the ``calligraphic letters'' $\Cal A$,~\dots, $\Cal Z$ that you type
as \cs{Cal A}, \dots, \cs{Cal Z},
and bold versions {\tencmmib0}, \dots, {\tencmmib9}
 of the oldstyle numbers
\oldnos0, \dots, \oldnos9 that you get with \cs{oldnos}.  If
you really need to have these symbols, you will have to enlist the aid of a
\TeX{}nician, or use \cs{pmb}.
\endroster


\subhead Fraktur Font \endsubhead

The German Fraktur font, which is designed for use
only in math mode, can be made
available by typing \cs{loadeufm} in the preamble area
of your paper.  If you are using the preprint style,
medium-weight Fraktur is loaded automatically.
To produce a Fraktur letter, type
\beginexample{\exboxwidth=3.75in}
\exbox{}{\$\\frak g\$} $\frak g$
\exbox{}{\$\\frak A\$, \\dots, \$\\frak Z\$} $\frak A$, \dots, $\frak Z$
\endexample


\subhead Blackboard Bold \endsubhead

\AmSTeX{} has a ``blackboard bold'' font, \cs{Bbb}.  Like \cs{Cal},
it will work only in math mode, and only when applied to uppercase
letters.  This alphabet is part of the \filnam{msbm} font, and can be
made available by typing \cs{loadmsbm} at the top of your file.  (It is
loaded automatically with the preprint style.)
\beginexample{\exboxwidth=3.75in}
\exbox{}{\$\\Bbb A, \\Bbb C, \\Bbb R\$, etc.} $\Bbb A, \Bbb C, \Bbb R$, etc.
\endexample


\subhead Poor Man's Bold \endsubhead

\AmSTeX{} now has boldface versions of most math symbols.  However, if you
need only one or two bold symbols and have run out of \TeX{} capacity for
new fonts or font families, you can always get a poor man's bold version
of bold with \cs{pmb}, as described in \Joy{}.


\subhead Bold Greek Letters \endsubhead

Bold Greek letters, both lowercase and uppercase, can be obtained by
using the \cs{boldsymbol} construction, as described in {\bf Bold
Characters in Math Mode}.  The upright uppercase bold Greek letters are
part of the ordinary bold font and therefore extra font loading commands
do not need to be used in order to get them.  However, the lowercase and
slanted uppercase bold Greek letters are not loaded automatically, so
you must specify \cs{loadbold} before using them.


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\head 5. Symbol Names
\endhead

The symbols in the \filnam{msam} and \filnam{msbm} fonts have been
assigned ``standard'' control sequence names as shown below.  All
the symbol names are loaded automatically by the preprint style; if
you are not using the preprint style, the command \cs{UseAMSsymbols}
will have the same effect.
This will add about 200 new
control sequences to \TeX{}'s internal table.  If you are short on
space, or need only a few of the symbols, you can use a different
approach to access just the ones you need.  See the section {\bf The
\cs{newsymbol} command} below.


\subhead Special Symbols and Blackboard Bold Letters
\endsubhead

Certain symbols from the \filnam{msam} family can be specified by
control sequences that will be defined as soon as the command
\cs{loadmsam} has appeared in the file.

First there are four symbols that are normally used outside of math mode:
$$\vcenter{\halign to\hsize{\1{#}\hfil\tabskip\centering&
   \hbox to.5\hsize{\1{#}\hfil}\tabskip0pt\cr
checkmark&circledR\cr
maltese&yen\cr}}
$$
These symbols, like \P, \S, \dag, and \ddag, can also be used in
math mode, and will change sizes correctly in subscripts and superscripts.

Next are four symbols that are ``delimiters'' (although there are
no larger versions obtainable with \cs{left} and \cs{right}), so they
must be used in math mode:
$$\vcenter{\halign to\hsize{\1{#}\hfil\tabskip\centering&
   \hbox to.5\hsize{\1{#}\hfil}\tabskip0pt\cr
 ulcorner&urcorner\cr
 llcorner&lrcorner\cr}}$$

Finally, two dashed arrows are constructed from symbols in this family.
Note that one of them has two names; it can be accessed by either one:
$$\vcenter{\halign to\hsize{\1{#}\hfil\tabskip\centering&
   \hbox to.5\hsize{\1{#}\hfil}\tabskip0pt\cr
 \omit\hbox to.5\hsize{\hbox to\biggest{\hfil$\dashrightarrow$\hfil}\ \ %
    \cs{dashrightarrow}, \cs{dasharrow}\hss}&dashleftarrow\cr}}$$

The Blackboard Bold letters $\Bbb A, \dots, \Bbb Z$
appear in the \filnam{msbm} family.  Once \cs{loadmsbm} has appeared
in the file, they can be typed (in math mode) as \cs{Bbb A}, \dots,
\cs{Bbb Z}.

The \filnam{msbm} family also contains wider versions of the \cs{widehat}
and \cs{widetilde} as shown above in {\bf Mathematical Constructions}.


\subhead The \cs{newsymbol} Command\endsubhead

All other symbols of the \filnam{msam} and \filnam{msbm} fonts must be named
by control sequences so that they can be used (in math mode only) when the
fonts are loaded.  This can be done all at once by typing the instruction
\cs{UseAMSsymbols}, which will load in the file \filnam{amssym.tex}\null.
This instruction is included in the preprint style, so the names are
assigned automatically, which requires over~200 control sequences.

If you are very short on space for control sequence names, and need only
a few of these symbols, you can omit \cs{UseAMSsymbols}.  Instead,
assign only the names you will need by using a new \AmSTeX{} control
sequence \cs{newsymbol} to create a control sequence that will
properly produce this symbol.  The control sequence can be either the
``standard'' name, as listed below, or one of your own choosing.

The list of symbols below shows for each symbol the symbol itself, a
four-character~``ID'', and the ``standard'' name of the symbol.
(The first character of the ID identifies the font family in which a
symbol resides.  Symbols from the \filnam{msam} family have {\tt1} as the
first character; symbols from the \filnam{msbm} family have {\tt2} as the
first character.)
For example, the symbol $\nleqslant$ appears as
\medskip
\noindent\kern2\parindent\2{nleqslant}
\medskip
\noindent
To produce a control sequence with this name, the instruction
\medskip
\noindent\kern2\parindent\cs{newsymbol}\cs{nleqslant 230A}
\medskip
\noindent
appears in the file \filnam{amssym.tex}\null.  This same instruction can
be typed by a user who is not using the preprint style and has chosen not
to load all the symbol names by \cs{UseAMSsymbols}.  Thereafter, the
control sequence \cs{nleqslant} will produce the symbol $\nleqslant$
(in math mode), and will act properly as a ``binary relation''.

A few symbols in these fonts replace symbols defined in \filnam{plain.tex}
by combinations of symbols available in the Computer Modern fonts.  These
are \cs{angle}~($\angle$) and \cs{hbar}~($\hbar$) from the group
``Miscellaneous symbols'', and \cs{rightleftharpoons}~($\rightleftharpoons$)
from the group ``Arrows'' below (and \Joy, Appendix~F).  The new symbols will
change sizes correctly in subscripts and superscripts, provided that you
are using appropriate redefinitions.  In order to use \cs{newsymbol} to
replace an existing definition, the name must first be ``undefined''.
Here are the lines you must put in your file if you are not using the
preprint style or \cs{UseAMSsymbols} (which perform the redefinition
automatically):
\medskip
\begingroup
\parindent=2\parindent
\obeylines
\cs{undefine}\cs{angle}
\cs{newsymbol}\cs{angle 105C}
\cs{undefine}\cs{hbar}
\cs{newsymbol}\cs{hbar 207E}
\cs{undefine}\cs{rightleftharpoons}
\cs{newsymbol}\cs{rightleftharpoons 130A}
\endgroup
\medskip
\noindent
These symbols are flagged in the tables below with a ``{\eightpoint(U)}''
as a reminder that they must be undefined.

Note in the tables that some symbols are shown with two names.  In such
cases, either one can be used to access the symbol.

%  since the symbol tables are set in displays, decrease the skip
%  above, so that the space between a section heading and table is
%  not so large.
\abovedisplayskip=3pt plus 3pt minus 0pt

\BBB{Lowercase Greek letters}
$$\halign{\hbox to.5\hsize{\2{#}}&\2{#}\cr
digamma&varkappa\cr}$$

\BBB{Hebrew letters}
$$\halign{\hbox to.5\hsize{\2{#}}&\2{#}\cr
beth&gimel\cr
daleth\cr
}$$

\BBB{Miscellaneous symbols}
$$\halign{\hbox to.5\hsize{\2{#}}&\2{#}\cr
\omit\4{hbar}&backprime\cr
hslash&varnothing\cr
vartriangle&blacktriangle\cr
triangledown&blacktriangledown\cr
square&blacksquare\cr
lozenge&blacklozenge\cr
circledS&bigstar\cr
\omit\4{angle}&sphericalangle\cr
measuredangle&\omit\cr
nexists&complement\cr
mho&eth\cr
Finv&diagup\cr
Game&diagdown\cr
Bbbk&\omit\cr
}$$

\BBB{Binary operators}
$$\halign{\hbox to.5\hsize{\2{#}}&\2{#}\cr
dotplus&ltimes\cr
smallsetminus&rtimes\cr
\omit\3{Cap}{doublecap}&leftthreetimes\cr
\omit\3{Cup}{doublecup}&rightthreetimes\cr
barwedge&curlywedge\cr
veebar&curlyvee\cr
doublebarwedge\cr
boxminus&circleddash\cr
boxtimes&circledast\cr
boxdot&circledcirc\cr
boxplus&centerdot\cr
divideontimes&intercal\cr}
$$

\BBB{Binary relations}
$$\halign{\hbox to.5\hsize{\2{#}}&\2{#}\cr
leqq&geqq\cr
leqslant&geqslant\cr
eqslantless&eqslantgtr\cr
lesssim&gtrsim\cr
lessapprox&gtrapprox\cr
approxeq\cr
lessdot&gtrdot\cr
\omit\3{lll}{llless}&\omit\3{ggg}{gggtr}\cr
lessgtr&gtrless\cr
lesseqgtr&gtreqless\cr
lesseqqgtr&gtreqqless\cr
\omit\3{doteqdot}{Doteq}&eqcirc\cr
risingdotseq&circeq\cr
fallingdotseq&triangleq\cr
backsim&thicksim\cr
backsimeq&thickapprox\cr
subseteqq&supseteqq\cr
Subset&Supset\cr
sqsubset&sqsupset\cr
preccurlyeq&succcurlyeq\cr
curlyeqprec&curlyeqsucc\cr
precsim&succsim\cr
precapprox&succapprox\cr
vartriangleleft&vartriangleright\cr
trianglelefteq&trianglerighteq\cr
vDash&Vdash\cr
Vvdash\cr
smallsmile&shortmid\cr
smallfrown&shortparallel\cr
bumpeq&between\cr
Bumpeq&pitchfork\cr
varpropto&backepsilon\cr
blacktriangleleft&blacktriangleright\cr
therefore&because\cr}$$
\bigbreak
\BBB{Negated relations}
$$\halign{\hbox to.5\hsize{\2{#}}&\2{#}\cr
nless&ngtr\cr
nleq&ngeq\cr
nleqslant&ngeqslant\cr
nleqq&ngeqq\cr
lneq&gneq\cr
lneqq&gneqq\cr
lvertneqq&gvertneqq\cr
lnsim&gnsim\cr
lnapprox&gnapprox\cr
nprec&nsucc\cr
npreceq&nsucceq\cr
precneqq&succneqq\cr
precnsim&succnsim\cr
precnapprox&succnapprox\cr
nsim&ncong\cr
nshortmid&nshortparallel\cr
nmid&nparallel\cr
nvdash&nvDash\cr
nVdash&nVDash\cr
ntriangleleft&ntriangleright\cr
ntrianglelefteq&ntrianglerighteq\cr
nsubseteq&nsupseteq\cr
nsubseteqq&nsupseteqq\cr
subsetneq&supsetneq\cr
varsubsetneq&varsupsetneq\cr
subsetneqq&supsetneqq\cr
varsubsetneqq&varsupsetneqq\cr}$$

\overfullrule=0pt

\BBB{Arrows}
$$\halign{\hbox to.5\hsize{\2{#}}&\2{#}\cr
leftleftarrows&rightrightarrows\cr
leftrightarrows&rightleftarrows\cr
Lleftarrow&Rrightarrow\cr
twoheadleftarrow&twoheadrightarrow\cr
leftarrowtail&rightarrowtail\cr
looparrowleft&looparrowright\cr
leftrightharpoons&\omit\4{rightleftharpoons}\cr
curvearrowleft&curvearrowright\cr
circlearrowleft&circlearrowright\cr
Lsh&Rsh\cr
upuparrows&downdownarrows\cr
%      Some fancy tricks to avoid a lot of extra work.  MJD
upharpoonleft&upharpoonright}\setbox0\lastbox\unhbox0\unskip,\hfill{\cr
downharpoonleft&\omit\kern7em \cs{restriction}\hfil\cr
multimap&downharpoonright\cr
leftrightsquigarrow&rightsquigarrow\cr}$$

\BBB{Negated arrows}
$$\halign{\hbox to.5\hsize{\2{#}}&\2{#}\cr
nleftarrow&nrightarrow\cr
nLeftarrow&nRightarrow\cr
nleftrightarrow&nLeftrightarrow\cr}$$


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\head 6. Other Things You Ought to Know
\endhead

\subhead Errata to \JoT{} prior to \AmSTeX{} 2.0
\endsubhead

The file \filnam{joyerr.tex} contains the full list of errata for the
first edition of \JoT{}, for versions of \AmSTeX{} earlier than
version 2.0; \filnam{joyerr2.tex} contains the errata for the second
edition.  A user who desires a typeset copy of this file may run it
through \TeX{} and print out the \filnam{.dvi} file.  This will
require Version~2.0+ of \AmSTeX{} and \filnam{amsppt.sty}, and also
AMSFonts Version~2.0+ (users of AMSFonts Version~2.0 are strongly
encouraged to upgrade to Version~2.2).


\subhead Acknowledging the Use of \AmSTeX{}\endsubhead

The following are suggested as appropriate statements of acknowledgment
that \AmSTeX{} has been used to format a document for publication.
It is not required that such an acknowledgment be made.

\penalty-9000 % to encourage a break without absolutely forcing it.
A single paper may include the following at the bottom of the first page:
\beginexample{}
\rm{}Typeset by \AmSTeX{}
\endexample
\noindent
(This notation is provided automatically by the \AmSTeX{} preprint style.
It can be suppressed by the command \cs{nologo} in the preamble.)

If an entire journal or book is prepared with \AmSTeX{}, the following
statement can be placed on its copyright page:
\beginexample{}
\rm{}This [journal/book] was typeset by \AmSTeX{}, the \TeX{} macro %
system of the \AMS{}.
\endexample

If only selected papers in a journal or book are set with \AmSTeX{}, these
papers may be identified as shown above, and the following may be placed
on the copyright page:
\beginexample{}
\rm{}\AmSTeX{} is the \TeX{} macro system of the \AMS{}.
\endexample


\head 7. Getting Help
\endhead

If you should find any bugs in the macros or documentation,
send a Problem Report to:
\beginexample{\rm}
Technical Support
\AMS{}
P. O. Box 6248
Providence, RI 02940
\vskip 2pt %
Phone: 800-321-4AMS (4267) \quad or \quad 401-455-4080
E-mail: tech-support\@ams.org
\endexample

A Problem Report should contain the following information:
\roster
\item version and date of \filnam{amstex.tex} and of \filnam{amsppt.sty}
  with which the problem occurred;
\item a detailed description of the problem;
\item a brief input file which includes the input code for
  one or more examples that illustrate the problem;
\item a log file of the \TeX{} session for the input file showing the problem.
\endroster

\head References\endhead

\noindent\hangindent2pc Knuth, Donald E. {\it The \TeX{}book}. Reading:
  Addison Wesley, 1986.

\noindent\hangindent2pc Spivak, Michael D. {\it The Joy of \TeX{}},
  2nd (revised) edition, \AMS{}, Providence, 1990.

\noindent\hangindent2pc {\it Instructions for Preparation of Papers and
  Monographs: \AmSTeX}, version 2.2, \AMS{}, Providence, 2001.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\newpage

%  Arrange for the sample references to be set broadside, with the output
%  pasted up next to the corresponding input.  The section heading should
%  be full-width, and the running heads should be the normal page width.
%  To accomplish the latter, we must redefine plain's \makeheadline.

\begingroup % This will be ended after the broadside section

% To suppress an unimportant `overfull vbox' message (0.8 points):
\vfuzz=1pt

% Retain headlines at usual width while decreasing \hsize.
\newdimen\headlinewidth
\headlinewidth=\hsize
\def\makeheadline{%
  \leftskip=0pt
  \vbox{\vbox to\headlineheight{\vss
      \hbox to\headlinewidth{\hskip0pt plus\headlinewidth\the\headline}%
      \kern-\prevdepth}
    \vskip\headlinespace \vskip-\topskip}%
  \nointerlineskip}

\head Appendix A.\quad Sample Bibliography Input and Output
\endhead

%  This measurement includes the space for the running head.
\pageheight{32pc}

\pagewidth{23pc}
\beginexample{\exindent=0pt}
\\Refs
\\ref\\key 4 \% assuming \\refstyle\{C\}
\\by V. I. Arnol\$'\$d, A. N. Varchenko,
\ and S. M. Guse\\u\\i n-Zade
\\book Singularities of differentiable maps.~\\rom I
\\publ ``Nauka'' \\publaddr Moscow \\yr 1982
\\lang Russian
\\endref
\ {}
\\ref\\key 5\\bysame
\\book Singularities of differentiable maps.~\\rom\{II\}
\\publ ``Nauka'' \\publaddr Moscow \\yr 1984
\\lang Russian
\\endref
\ {}
\\ref\\key 6
\\by O. A. Ladyzhenskaya
\\book Mathematical problems in the dynamics
\ of a viscous incompressible fluid
\\bookinfo 2nd rev. aug. ed.
\\publ ``Nauka'' \\publaddr Moscow \\yr 1970
\\lang Russian
\\transl English transl. of 1st ed.
\\book The mathematical theory of viscous
\ incompressible flow
\\publ Gordon and Breach \\publaddr New York
\\yr 1963; rev. 1969
\\endref
\endexample

\newpage

\beginexample{\exindent=0pt}
\\ref\\key 7
\\by P. D. Lax and C. D. Levermore
\\paper The small dispersion limit for the
\ KdV equation.~\\rom I
\\jour Comm. Pure Appl. Math. \\vol 36 \\yr 1983
\\pages 253--290 \\finalinfo (overview)
\\moreref\\paper \\rom\{II\}
\\jour Comm. Pure Appl. Math.
\\vol 36 \\yr 1983 \\pages 571--594
\\moreref\\paper \\rom\{III\}
\\jour Comm. Pure Appl. Math.
\\vol 36 \\yr 1983 \\pages 809--829 \\endref
\ {}
\\ref\\key 10 \\by S. Osher
\\paper Shock capturing algorithms for equations of
\ mixed type
\\inbook Numerical Methods for Partial Differential
\ Equations \\eds S. I. Hariharan and T. H. Moulton
\\publ Longman \\publaddr New York \\yr 1986
\\pages 305--322
\\endref
\ {}
\\ref\\key 17 \\by G. S. Petrov
\\paper Elliptic integrals and their nonoscillatory
\ behavior
\\jour Funktsional. Anal. i Prilozhen.
\\vol 20 \\yr 1986 \\pages 46--49
\\transl\\nofrills English transl. in
\\jour Functional Anal. Appl. \\vol 20\\yr 1986
\\endref
\endexample

\newpage

\beginexample{\exindent=0pt}
\% switch to a different references style
\\refstyle\{A\}
\\widestnumber\\key\{GHMR\}
\ {}
\\ref\\key C1
\\by B. Coomes
\\book Polynomial flows, symmetry groups, and
\ conditions sufficient for injectivity of maps
\\bookinfo Ph.D. thesis, Univ. Nebraska--Lincoln
\\yr 1988
\\endref
\ {}
\\ref\\key C2
\\bysame \% B. Coomes
\\paper The Lorenz system does not have a
\ polynomial flow
\\jour J. Differential Equations
\\toappear
\\endref
\ {}
\\ref\\key GHMR
\\by J. Guckenheimer, P. Holmes, M. Martineau,
\ and L. P. Robinson
\\book Nonlinear oscillations, dynamical systems,
\ and bifurcations of vector fields
\\bookinfo \% fields can be left blank
\\publ Springer-Verlag \\publaddr New York
\\yr 1983
\\endRefs
\endexample

\newpage

\begingroup
\refstyle{C}
\aboveheadskip=\abovedisplayskip

\Refs
\ref\key 4 % assuming \refstyle{C}
\by V. I. Arnol$'$d, A. N. Varchenko, and S. M. Guse\u\i n-Zade
\book Singularities of differentiable maps.~{\rm I}
\publ ``Nauka'' \publaddr Moscow
\yr 1982
\lang Russian
\endref

\ref\key 5
\bysame
\book Singularities of differentiable maps.~{\rm II}
\publ ``Nauka'' \publaddr Moscow
\yr 1984
\lang Russian
\endref

\ref\key 6
\by O. A. Ladyzhenskaya
\book Mathematical problems in the dynamics of a
 viscous incompressible fluid
\bookinfo 2nd rev. aug. ed.
\publ ``Nauka'' \publaddr Moscow
\yr 1970
\lang Russian
\transl English transl. of 1st ed.
\book The mathematical theory of viscous
incompressible flow
\publ Gordon and Breach \publaddr New York
\yr 1963; rev. 1969
\endref

\bigskip

\ref\key 7
\by P. D. Lax and C. D. Levermore
\paper The small dispersion limit for the KdV equation.~{\rm I}
\jour Comm. Pure Appl. Math.
\vol 36 \yr 1983 \pages 253--290
\finalinfo (overview)
\moreref\paper {\rm II}
\jour Comm. Pure Appl. Math.
\vol 36 \yr 1983 \pages 571--594
\moreref\paper {\rm III}
\jour Comm. Pure Appl. Math.
\vol 36 \yr 1983 \pages 809--829 \endref

\ref\key 10 \by S. Osher
\paper Shock capturing algorithms for equations of mixed type
\inbook Numerical Methods for Partial Differential Equations
\eds S. I. Hariharan and T. H. Moulton
\publ Longman \publaddr New York \yr 1986 \pages 305--322
\endref

\ref\key 17 \by G. S. Petrov
\paper Elliptic integrals and their nonoscillatory behavior
\jour Funktsional. Anal. i Pri\-lo\-zhen.
\vol 20 \yr 1986 \pages 46--49
\transl\nofrills English transl. in \jour Functional Anal. Appl.
\vol 20\yr 1986
\endref

\bigskip

% switch to a different references style
\refstyle{A}
\widestnumber\key{GHMR}

\ref\key C1
\by B. Coomes
\book Polynomial flows, symmetry groups, and conditions
 sufficient for injectivity of maps
\bookinfo Ph.D. thesis, Univ. Nebraska--Lincoln
\yr 1988
\endref

\ref\key C2
\bysame % B. Coomes
\paper The Lorenz system does not have a polynomial flow
\jour J. Differential Equations
\toappear
\endref

\ref\key GHMR
\by J. Guckenheimer, P. Holmes, M. Martineau, and L. P. Robinson
\book Nonlinear oscillations, dynamical systems, and
 bifurcations of vector fields
\bookinfo % fields can be left blank
\publ Springer-Verlag \publaddr New York
\yr 1983
\endref
\endRefs

\endgroup       % end special value of \aboveheadskip


\newpage
\endgroup % end broadside section

% Put the page number at the bottom of the page:
\csname firstpage\string @true\endcsname
% Turn off the "Typeset by AmSTeX" logo:
%\expandafter\redefine\csname logo\string @\endcsname{}
\nologo

% Reset the page number because the broadside pages in
% the previous section will become three pages instead of four.
% 18-JAN-1991 mjd
\advance\pageno by -1

%      The following file contains the installation instructions
\input amstinst.tex

\enddocument

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%