summaryrefslogtreecommitdiff
path: root/Master
diff options
context:
space:
mode:
Diffstat (limited to 'Master')
-rw-r--r--Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/afparticle/Makefile60
-rw-r--r--Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/afparticle/README5
-rw-r--r--Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/afparticle/afparticle.pdfbin0 -> 342347 bytes
-rw-r--r--Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/afparticle/afpsample.bib1213
-rw-r--r--Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/afparticle/afpsample.pdfbin0 -> 188689 bytes
-rw-r--r--Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/afparticle/afpsample.tex117
-rw-r--r--Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/afparticle/vitruvian.jpgbin0 -> 63756 bytes
-rw-r--r--Master/texmf-dist/source/latex/afparticle/afparticle.dtx1060
-rw-r--r--Master/texmf-dist/source/latex/afparticle/afparticle.ins29
-rw-r--r--Master/texmf-dist/tex/latex/afparticle/afparticle.cls293
-rwxr-xr-xMaster/tlpkg/bin/tlpkg-ctan-check2
-rw-r--r--Master/tlpkg/tlpsrc/afparticle.tlpsrc0
-rw-r--r--Master/tlpkg/tlpsrc/collection-publishers.tlpsrc1
13 files changed, 2779 insertions, 1 deletions
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/afparticle/Makefile b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/afparticle/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a08cddf17e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/afparticle/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+#
+# Makefile for resphilosophica package
+#
+# This file is in public domain
+#
+# $Id: Makefile,v 1.2 2014-08-12 19:44:36 boris Exp $
+#
+
+PACKAGE=afparticle
+
+SAMPLES = afpsample.tex
+
+PDF = $(PACKAGE).pdf ${SAMPLES:%.tex=%.pdf}
+
+all: ${PDF}
+
+
+%.pdf: %.dtx $(PACKAGE).cls
+ pdflatex $<
+ - bibtex $*
+ pdflatex $<
+ - makeindex -s gind.ist -o $*.ind $*.idx
+ - makeindex -s gglo.ist -o $*.gls $*.glo
+ pdflatex $<
+ while ( grep -q '^LaTeX Warning: Label(s) may have changed' $*.log) \
+ do pdflatex $<; done
+
+
+%.cls: %.ins %.dtx
+ pdflatex $<
+
+%.pdf: %.tex $(PACKAGE).cls
+ pdflatex $<
+ - bibtex $*
+ pdflatex $<
+ pdflatex $<
+ while ( grep -q '^LaTeX Warning: Label(s) may have changed' $*.log) \
+ do pdflatex $<; done
+
+
+.PRECIOUS: $(PACKAGE).cfg $(PACKAGE).cls
+
+
+clean:
+ $(RM) *.log *.aux *.spl \
+ *.cfg *.glo *.idx *.toc \
+ *.ilg *.ind *.out *.lof \
+ *.lot *.bbl *.blg *.gls \
+ *.dvi *.ps *.hd *.rpi *.notes
+
+distclean: clean
+ $(RM) $(PDF) $(PACKAGE).cls
+
+#
+# Archive for the distribution. Includes typeset documentation
+#
+archive: all clean
+ cd ..; \
+ tar -czvf $(PACKAGE).tgz --exclude '*~' --exclude '*.tgz' --exclude CVS $(PACKAGE); \
+ cd $(PACKAGE) \ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/afparticle/README b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/afparticle/README
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..24f2f4f9011
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/afparticle/README
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+ Typesetting Articles for Archives of Forensic Psychology
+
+This package provides a class for typesetting articles for the open
+access journal Archives of Forensic Psychology,
+http://www.archivesofforensicpsychology.com.
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/afparticle/afparticle.pdf b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/afparticle/afparticle.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..dc73459da6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/afparticle/afparticle.pdf
Binary files differ
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/afparticle/afpsample.bib b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/afparticle/afpsample.bib
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..27561a65b3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/afparticle/afpsample.bib
@@ -0,0 +1,1213 @@
+@Article{Haidt07,
+ author = {Jonathan Haidt},
+ title = {The New Synthesis in Moral Psychology},
+ journal = {Science},
+ year = 2007,
+ volume = 316,
+ pages = {998--1002},
+ annote = {People are selfish, yet morally motivated. Morality is
+universal, yet culturally variable. Such apparent contradictions are
+dissolving as research from many disciplines converges on a few shared
+principles, including the importance of moral intuitions, the socially
+functional (rather than truth-seeking) nature of moral thinking, and
+the coevolution of moral minds with cultural practices and
+institutions that create diverse moral communities. I propose a fourth
+principle to guide future research: Morality is about more than harm
+and fairness. More research is needed on the collective and religious
+parts of the moral domain, such as loyalty, authority, and spiritual
+purity.}
+}
+
+@article{DeMarzo05,
+ type={Working Paper Series},
+ title={{Relative Wealth Concerns and Technology Bubbles}},
+ author={Demarzo, Peter M. and Kaniel, Ron and Kremer, Ilan },
+ journal={SSRN eLibrary},
+ year=2005,
+ publisher={SSRN},
+ keywords={Bubble, technology, relative wealth, Joneses, herding, over-investment},
+ location={http://ssrn.com/paper=668137},
+ note={\url{http://ssrn.com/paper=668137}},
+ language={English}
+}
+
+
+@article{Arrow63,
+ jstor_articletype = {primary_article},
+ title = {Uncertainty and the Welfare Economics of Medical Care},
+ author = {Arrow, Kenneth J.},
+ journal = {The American Economic Review},
+ jstor_issuetitle = {},
+ volume = {53},
+ number = {5},
+ jstor_formatteddate = {Dec., 1963},
+ pages = {941--973},
+ url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1812044},
+ ISSN = {00028282},
+ abstract = {},
+ language = {},
+ year = {1963},
+ publisher = {American Economic Association},
+ copyright = {Copyright ¿ 1963 American Economic Association},
+ }
+
+@Article{CluttonBrock09:Cooperation,
+ author = {Tim Clutton-Brock},
+ title = {Cooperation Between Non-Kin in Animal Societies},
+ journal = {Nature},
+ year = 2009,
+ volume = 462,
+ pages = {51--57},
+ annote = {Explanations of cooperation between non-kin in animal
+ societies often suggest that individuals exchange resources or
+ services and that cooperation is maintained by reciprocity. But do
+ cooperative interactions between unrelated individuals in non-human
+ animals really resemble exchanges or are they a consequence of
+ simpler mechanisms? Firm evidence of reciprocity in animal societies
+ is rare and many examples of cooperation between non-kin probably
+ represent cases of intra-specific mutualism or manipulation.}
+}
+
+
+
+@article{Henrich10:MarketsReligionFairness,
+author = {Henrich, Joseph and Ensminger, Jean and
+ McElreath, Richard and Barr, Abigail and
+ Barrett, Clark and Bolyanatz, Alexander and
+ Cardenas, Juan Camilo and Gurven, Michael and
+ Gwako, Edwins and Henrich, Natalie and
+ Lesorogol, Carolyn and Marlowe, Frank and
+ Tracer, David and Ziker, John},
+title = {Markets, Religion, Community Size,
+ and the Evolution of Fairness and Punishment},
+journal = {Science},
+volume = {327},
+number = {5972},
+pages = {1480--1484},
+doi = {10.1126/science.1182238},
+year = {2010},
+abstract = {Large-scale societies in which strangers regularly engage
+in mutually beneficial transactions are puzzling. The evolutionary
+mechanisms associated with kinship and reciprocity, which underpin
+much of primate sociality, do not readily extend to large unrelated
+groups. Theory suggests that the evolution of such societies may have
+required norms and institutions that sustain fairness in ephemeral
+exchanges. If that is true, then engagement in larger-scale
+institutions, such as markets and world religions, should be
+associated with greater fairness, and larger communities should punish
+unfairness more. Using three behavioral experiments administered
+across 15 diverse populations, we show that market integration
+(measured as the percentage of purchased calories) positively covaries
+with fairness while community size positively covaries with
+punishment. Participation in a world religion is associated with
+fairness, although not across all measures. These results suggest that
+modern prosociality is not solely the product of an innate psychology,
+but also reflects norms and institutions that have emerged over the
+course of human history.},
+eprint = {http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/327/5972/1480.pdf}
+}
+
+@article{Hoff10,
+author = {Hoff, Karla},
+title = {Fairness in Modern Society},
+journal = {Science},
+volume = {327},
+number = {5972},
+pages = {1467--1468},
+doi = {10.1126/science.1188537},
+year = {2010},
+eprint = {http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/327/5972/1467.pdf}
+}
+
+
+@article{Woolley10012010,
+author = {Woolley, Anita Williams and Chabris, Christopher F.
+ and Pentland, Alexander and Hashmi, Nada and Malone, Thomas W.},
+title = {Evidence for a Collective Intelligence Factor in the
+ Performance of Human Groups},
+journal = {Science},
+pages = {science.1193147},
+doi = {10.1126/science.1193147},
+year = {2010},
+abstract = {Psychologists have repeatedly shown that a single
+statistical factor--often called "general intelligence"--emerges from
+the correlations among people's performance on a wide variety of
+cognitive tasks. But no one has systematically examined whether a
+similar kind of "collective intelligence" exists for groups of
+people. In two studies with 699 individuals, working in groups of two
+to five, we find converging evidence of a general collective
+intelligence factor that explains a group's performance on a wide
+variety of tasks. This "c factor" is not strongly correlated with the
+average or maximum individual intelligence of group members but is
+correlated with the average social sensitivity of group members, the
+equality in distribution of conversational turn-taking, and the
+proportion of females in the group.},
+}
+
+
+@article{Stapel08042011,
+ author = {Stapel, Diederik A. and Lindenberg, Siegwart},
+ title = {Coping with Chaos: How Disordered Contexts Promote
+ Stereotyping and Discrimination},
+ volume = 332,
+ number = 6026,
+ pages = {251--253},
+ year = 2011,
+ doi = {10.1126/science.1201068},
+ abstract ={Being the victim of discrimination can have serious
+ negative health- and quality-of-life–related
+ consequences. Yet, could being discriminated against depend on such
+ seemingly trivial matters as garbage on the streets? In this study,
+ we show, in two field experiments, that disordered contexts (such as
+ litter or a broken-up sidewalk and an abandoned bicycle) indeed
+ promote stereotyping and discrimination in real-world situations
+ and, in three lab experiments, that it is a heightened need for
+ structure that mediates these effects (number of subjects: between
+ 40 and 70 per experiment). These findings considerably advance our
+ knowledge of the impact of the physical environment on stereotyping
+ and discrimination and have clear policy implications: Diagnose
+ environmental disorder early and intervene immediately.},
+ eprint = {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/332/6026/251.full.pdf},
+ journal = {Science}
+}
+
+@article{Freeman01:Libertarians,
+ title = {Illiberal Libertarians:
+ Why Libertarianism Is Not a Liberal View},
+ author = {Freeman, Samuel},
+ journal = {Philosophy & Public Affairs},
+ volume = 30,
+ number = 2,
+ jstor_formatteddate = {Spring, 2001},
+ pages = {105--151},
+ url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3557960},
+ ISSN = 00483915,
+ language = {English},
+ year = 2001,
+ publisher = {Blackwell Publishing},
+ copyright = {Copyright ¿ 2001 Princeton University Press},
+}
+
+@Article{Zintzaras10,
+ author = {Zintzaras, Elias and Santos, Mauro and
+ Szathmary, Eors},
+ title = {Selfishness Versus Functional Cooperation in a Stochastic
+ Protocell Model},
+ journal = {Journal of Theoretical Biolology},
+ year = 2010,
+ volume = 267,
+ pages = {605--613},
+ annote = {How to design an evolvable artificial system capable to
+ Increase in complexity? Although Darwin s theory of evolution by
+ natural selection obviously offers a firm foundation little hope of
+ success seems to be expected from the explanatory adequacy of
+ modern evolutionary theory which does a good job at explaining what
+ has already happened but remains practically helpless at predicting
+ what will occur However the study of the major transitions in
+ evolution clearly suggests that Increases in complexity have
+ occurred on those occasions when the conflicting interests between
+ competing individuals were partly subjugated This immediately
+ raises the issue about levels of selection in evolutionary biology
+ and the idea that multi-level selection scenarios are required for
+ complexity to emerge After analyzing the dynamical behaviour of
+ competing replicators within compartments we show here that a
+ proliferation of differentiated catalysts and/or improvement of
+ catalytic efficiency of ribozymes can potentially evolve in
+ properly designed artificial cells where the strong internal
+ competition between the different species of replicators is
+ somewhat prevented (i e by choosing them with equal probability)
+ Experimental evolution in these systems will likely stand as
+ beautiful examples of artificial adaptive systems and will provide
+ new insights to understand possible evolutionary paths to the
+ evolution of metabolic complexity (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd All rights
+ reserved}
+}
+
+@Article{Boza10,
+ author = {Boza, Gergely and Szamado, Szabolcs},
+ title = {Beneficial Laggards: Multilevel Selection,
+ Cooperative Polymorphism and
+ Division of Labour in {T}hreshold {P}ublic {G}ood {G}ames},
+ journal = {BMC Evol. Biol.},
+ year = 2010,
+ volume = 10,
+ pages = {Article~336},
+ annote = {Background: The origin and stability of cooperation is
+ a hot topic in social and behavioural sciences. A complicated
+ conundrum exists as defectors have an advantage over cooperators,
+ whenever cooperation is costly so consequently, not cooperating
+ pays off. In addition, the discovery that humans and some animal
+ populations, such as lions, are polymorphic, where cooperators and
+ defectors stably live together - while defectors are not being
+ punished-, is even more puzzling. Here we offer a novel explanation
+ based on a Threshold Public Good Game (PGG) that includes the
+ interaction of individual and group level selection, where
+ individuals can contribute to multiple collective actions, in our
+ model group hunting and group defense. Results: Our results show
+ that there are polymorphic equilibria in Threshold PGGs; that
+ multi-level selection does not select for the most cooperators per
+ group but selects those close to the optimum number of cooperators
+ (in terms of the Threshold PGG). In particular for medium cost
+ values division of labour evolves within the group with regard to
+ the two types of cooperative actions (hunting
+ vs. defense). Moreover we show evidence that spatial population
+ structure promotes cooperation in multiple PGGs. We also
+ demonstrate that these results apply for a wide range of non-linear
+ benefit function types. Conclusions: We demonstrate that
+ cooperation can be stable in Threshold PGG, even when the
+ proportion of so called free riders is high in the population. A
+ fundamentally new mechanism is proposed how laggards, individuals
+ that have a high tendency to defect during one specific group
+ action can actually contribute to the fitness of the group, by
+ playing part in an optimal resource allocation in Threshold Public
+ Good Games. In general, our results show that acknowledging a
+ multilevel selection process will open up novel explanations for
+ collective actions.}
+}
+
+@Article{Rainey10,
+ author = {Rainey, Paul B. and Kerr, Benjamin},
+ title = {Cheats as First Propagules: A New Hypothesis for the
+ Evolution of Individuality During the Transition from
+ Single Cells to Multicellularity},
+ journal = {Bioessays},
+ year = 2010,
+ volume = 32,
+ pages = {872--880},
+ annote = {The emergence of individuality during the evolutionary
+ transition from single cells to multicellularity poses a range of
+ problems. A key issue is how variation in lower-level individuals
+ generates a corporate (collective) entity with Darwinian
+ characteristics. Of central importance to this process is the
+ evolution of a means of collective reproduction, however, the
+ evolution of a means of collective reproduction is not a trivial
+ issue, requiring careful consideration of mechanistic
+ details. Calling upon observations from experiments, we draw
+ attention to proto-life cycles that emerge via unconventional
+ routes and that transition, in single steps, individuality to
+ higher levels. One such life cycle arises from conflicts among
+ levels of selection and invokes cheats as a primitive germ line: it
+ lays the foundation for collective reproduction, the basis of a
+ self-policing system, the selective environment for the emergence
+ of development, and hints at a plausible origin for a soma/germ
+ line distinction.} }
+
+
+@Article{Pigliucci10,
+ author = {Pigliucci, Massimo},
+ title = {Okasha's Evolution and the Levels of Selection:
+ Toward a Broader
+ Conception of Theoretical Biology},
+ journal = {Biol. Philos.},
+ year = 2010,
+ volume = 25,
+ pages = {405--415},
+ annote = {The debate about the levels of selection has been one
+ of the most controversial both in evolutionary biology and in
+ philosophy of science. Okasha's book makes the sort of
+ contribution that simply will not be able to be ignored by anyone
+ interested in this field for many years to come. However, my
+ interest here is in highlighting some examples of how Okasha goes
+ about discussing his material to suggest that his book is part of
+ an increasingly interesting trend that sees scientists and
+ philosophers coming together to build a broadened concept of
+ "theory" through a combination of standard mathematical treatments
+ and conceptual analyses. Given the often contentious history of the
+ relationship between philosophy and science, such trend cannot but
+ be welcome.}
+}
+
+@Article{Okasha09,
+ author = {Okasha, Samir},
+ title = {Individuals, Groups, Fitness and Utility:
+ Multi-Level Selection Meets Social Choice Theory},
+ journal = {Biol. Philos.},
+ year = 2009,
+ volume = 24,
+ pages = {561--584},
+ annote = {In models of multi-level selection, the property of
+ Darwinian fitness is attributed to entities at more than one level
+ of the biological hierarchy, e. g. individuals and groups. However,
+ the relation between individual and group fitness is a
+ controversial matter. Theorists disagree about whether group
+ fitness should always, or ever, be defined as total (or average)
+ individual fitness. This paper tries to shed light on the issue by
+ drawing on work in social choice theory, and pursuing an analogy
+ between fitness and utility. Social choice theorists have long been
+ interested in the relation between individual and social utility,
+ and have identified conditions under which social utility equals
+ total (or average) individual utility. These ideas are used to shed
+ light on the biological problem.}
+}
+
+@Article{Pigliucci09,
+ author = {Pigliucci, Massimo},
+ title = {{S}amir {O}kasha: {E}volution and the Levels of Selection},
+ journal = {Biol. Philos.},
+ year = 2009,
+ volume = 24,
+ pages = {551--560},
+ annote = {The debate about the levels of selection has been one
+ of the most controversial both in evolutionary biology and in
+ philosophy of science. Okasha's book makes the sort of
+ contribution that simply will not be able to be ignored by anyone
+ interested in this field for many years to come. However, my
+ interest here is in highlighting some examples of how Okasha goes
+ about discussing his material to suggest that his book is part of
+ an increasingly interesting trend that sees scientists and
+ philosophers coming together to build a broadened concept of
+ "theory" through a combination of standard mathematical treatments
+ and conceptual analyses. Given the often contentious history of the
+ relationship between philosophy and science, such trend cannot but
+ be welcome.}
+}
+
+@Article{Egas08,
+ author = {Egas, Martijn and Riedl, Arno},
+ title = {Proc. R. Soc. B.},
+ journal = {The Economics of Altruistic Punishment and the Maintenance
+ of Cooperation},
+ year = 2008,
+ volume = 275,
+ pages = {871--878},
+ annote = {Explaining the evolution and maintenance of cooperation
+ among unrelated individuals is one of the fundamental problems in
+ biology and the social sciences. Recent findings suggest that
+ altruistic punishment is an important mechanism maintaining
+ cooperation among humans. We experimentally explore the boundaries
+ of altruistic punishment to maintain cooperation by varying both
+ the cost and the impact of punishment, using an exceptionally
+ extensive subject pool. Our results show that cooperation is only
+ maintained if conditions for altruistic punishment are relatively
+ favourable: low cost for the punisher and high impact on the
+ punished. Our results indicate that punishment is strongly governed
+ by its cost-to-impact ratio and that its effect on cooperation can
+ be pinned down to one single variable: the threshold level of
+ free-riding that goes unpunished. Additionally, actual pay-offs are
+ the lowest when altruistic punishment maintains cooperation,
+ because the pay-off destroyed through punishment exceeds the gains
+ from increased cooperation. Our results are consistent with the
+ interpretation that punishment decisions come from an amalgam of
+ emotional response and cognitive cost-impact analysis and suggest
+ that altruistic punishment alone can hardly maintain cooperation
+ under multi-level natural selection. Uncovering the workings of
+ altruistic punishment as has been done here is important because it
+ helps predicting under which conditions altruistic punishment is
+ expected to maintain cooperation.}
+}
+
+@Article{Helanterae06,
+ author = {Helanter{\"a}, H.},
+ title = {The Unity That Does Not Exist---A Review of
+ {A.} {B}urt \& {R.} {T}rivers 2006: {G}enes in {C}onflict},
+ journal = {J. Evol. Bol.},
+ year = 2006,
+ volume = 19,
+ pages = {2067--2070},
+ annote = {Organisms harbour several genetic elements with the
+ potential to act selfishly, and thus undermine the fitness of the
+ organism as a whole. In their book 'Genes in conflict', Austin Burt
+ and Robert Trivers thoroughly review evolution and molecular
+ biology of such selfish genetics elements, and set them in a kin
+ selection framework. In this review I set their views in a larger
+ multi-level selection framework, and consider potential problems in
+ the study of selfish genetics elements.}
+}
+
+@Article{Okasha05,
+ author = {Okasha, Samir},
+ title = {Altruism, Group Selection and Correlated Interaction},
+ journal = {Brit. J. Phil. Sci.},
+ year = 2005,
+ volume = 56,
+ pages = {703--725},
+ annote = {Group selection is one acknowledged mechanism for the
+ evolution of altruism. It is well known that for altruism to spread
+ by natural selection, interactions must be correlated; that is,
+ altruists must tend to associate with one another. But does group
+ selection itself require correlated interactions? Two possible
+ arguments for answering this question affirmatively are
+ explored. The first is a bad argument, for it rests on a
+ product/process confusion. The second is a more subtle argument,
+ whose validity (or otherwise) turns on issues concerning the
+ meaning of multi-level selection and how it should be modelled. A
+ cautious defence of the second argument is offered.
+ 1 Introduction
+ 2 Multi-level selection and the evolution of altruism
+ 3 Price's equation and multi-level selection
+ 4 Contextual analysis and multi-level selection
+ 5 The neighbour approach
+ 6 Recapitulation and conclusion.}
+}
+
+@Article{Okasha04,
+ author = {Okasha, Samir},
+ title = {Multi-Level Selection, Covariance and Contextual Analysis},
+ journal = {Brit. J. Phil. Sci.},
+ year = 2004,
+ volume = 55,
+ pages = {481--504},
+ annote = {Two alternative statistical approaches to modelling
+ multi-level selection in nature, both found in the contemporary
+ biological literature, are contrasted. The simple covariance
+ approach partitions the total selection differential on a
+ phenotypic character into within-group and between-group
+ components, and identifies the change due to group selection with
+ the latter. The contextual approach partitions the total selection
+ differential into different components, using multivariate
+ regression analysis. The two approaches have different implications
+ for the question of what constitutes group selection and what does
+ not. I argue that the contextual approach is theoretically
+ preferable. This has important implications for a number of issues
+ in the philosophical debate about the levels of selection.} }
+
+
+@Article{Bowles04,
+ author = {Bowles, Samuel and Gintis, Herbert},
+ title = {The Evolution of Strong Reciprocity: Cooperation
+ in Heterogeneous Populations},
+ journal = {Theor. Population Biol.},
+ year = 2004,
+ volume = 65,
+ pages = {17--28},
+ annote = {How do human groups maintain a high level of
+ cooperation despite a low level of genetic relatedness among group
+ members? We suggest that many humans have a predisposition to
+ punish those who violate group-beneficial norms, even when this
+ imposes a fitness cost on the punisher. Such altruistic punishment
+ is widely observed to sustain high levels of cooperation in
+ behavioral experiments and in natural settings. We offer a model
+ of cooperation and punishment that we call strong reciprocity:
+ where members of a group benefit from mutual adherence to a social
+ norm, strong reciprocators obey the norm and punish its violators,
+ even though as a result they receive lower payoffs than other group
+ members, such as selfish agents who violate the norm and do not
+ punish, and pure cooperators who adhere to the norm but free-ride
+ by never punishing. Our agent-based simulations show that, under
+ assumptions approximating likely human environments over the
+ 100,000 years prior to the domestication of animals and plants, the
+ proliferation of strong reciprocators when initially rare is highly
+ likely, and that substantial frequencies of all three behavioral
+ types can be sustained in a population. As a result, high levels of
+ cooperation are sustained. Our results do not require that group
+ members be related or that group extinctions occur. (C) 2003
+ Published by Elsevier Inc.} }
+
+
+@Article{Gintis03,
+ author = {Gintis, Herbert},
+ title = {The Hitchhiker's Guide to Altruism: Gene-Culture
+ Coevolution, and the Internalization of Norms},
+ journal = {J. Theor. Biol.},
+ year = 2003,
+ volume = 220,
+ pages = {407--418},
+ annote = {An internal norm is a pattern of behavior enforced in
+ part by internal sanctions, such as shame, guilt and loss of
+ self-esteem, as opposed to purely external sanctions, such as
+ material rewards and punishment. The ability to internalize norms
+ is widespread among humans, although in some so-called
+ "sociopaths", this capacity is diminished or lacking. Suppose
+ there is one genetic locus that controls the capacity to
+ internalize norms. This model shows that if an internal norm is
+ fitness enhancing, then for plausible patterns of socialization,
+ the allele for internalization of norms is evolutionarily
+ stable. This framework can be used to model Herbert Simon's (1990)
+ explanation of altruism, showing that altruistic norms can
+ "hitchhike" on the general tendency of internal norms to be
+ personally fitness-enhancing. A multi-level selection, gene-culture
+ coevolution argument then explains why individually
+ fitness-reducing internal norms are likely to be prosocial as
+ opposed to socially harmful. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All
+ rights reserved.} }
+
+@Article{Kerr02,
+ author = {Kerr, Benjamin and Godfrey-Smith, Peter},
+ title = {Individualist and Multi-Level Perspectives on Selection
+ in Structured Populations},
+ journal = {Biol. Philos.},
+ year = 2002,
+ volume = 17,
+ pages = {477--517},
+ annote = {Recent years have seen a renewed debate over the
+ importance of group selection, especially as it relates to the
+ evolution of altruism. One feature of this debate has been
+ disagreement over which kinds of processes should be described in
+ terms of selection at multiple levels, within and between
+ groups. Adapting some earlier discussions, we present a
+ mathematical framework that can be used to explore the exact
+ relationships between evolutionary models that do, and those that
+ do not, explicitly recognize biological groups as fitness-bearing
+ entities. We show a fundamental set of mathematical equivalences
+ between these two kinds of models, one of which applies a form of
+ multi-level selection theory and the other being a form of
+ "individualism." However, we also argue that each type of model can
+ have heuristic advantages over the other. Indeed, it can be
+ positively useful to engage in a kind of back-and-forth switching
+ between two different perspectives on the evolutionary role of
+ groups. So the position we defend is a "gestalt-switching
+ pluralism".} }
+
+
+@Article{Kerr02a,
+ author = {Kerr, Benjamin and Godfrey-Smith, Peter},
+ title = {On {P}rice's Equation and Average Fitness},
+ journal = {Biol. Philos.},
+ year = 2002,
+ volume = 17,
+ pages = {551--565},
+ annote = {A number of recent discussions have argued that George
+ Price's equation for representing evolutionary change is a powerful
+ and illuminating tool, especially in the context of debates about
+ multiple levels of selection. Our paper dissects Price's equation
+ in detail, and compares it to another statistical tool: the
+ calculation and comparison of average fitnesses. The relations
+ between Price's equation and equations for evolutionary change
+ using average fitness are closer than is sometimes supposed. The
+ two approaches achieve a similar kind of statistical summary of one
+ generation of change, and they achieve this via a similar loss of
+ information about the underlying fitness structure.}
+}
+
+@Article{Nachtomy02,
+ author = {Nachtomy, Ohad and Shavit, Ayelet and Smith, Justin},
+ title = {Leibnizian Organisms, Nested Individuals, and
+ Units of Selection},
+ journal = {Theory Biosci.},
+ year = 2002,
+ volume = 121,
+ pages = {205--230},
+ annote = {Leibniz developed a new notion of individuality,
+ according to which individuals are nested one within another,
+ thereby abandoning the Aristotelian formula at the heart of
+ substantialist metaphysics, 'one body, one substance'. On this
+ model, the level of individuality is determined by the degree of
+ activity, and partly defined by its relations with other
+ individuals. In this article, we show the importance of this new
+ notion of individuality for some persisting questions in
+ theoretical biology. Many evolutionary theorists presuppose a model
+ of individuality that will eventually reduce to spatiotemporal
+ mechanisms, and some still look for an exclusive level or function
+ to determine a unit of selection. In recent years, a number of
+ alternatives to these exclusive approaches have emereged, and no
+ consensus can be foreseen. It is for this reason that we propose
+ the model of nested individuals. This model supports pluralistic
+ multi-level selection and rejects an exclusive level or function
+ for a unit of selection. Since activity is essential to the unity
+ of an individual, this model focuses on integrating processes of
+ interaction and replication instead of choosing between them. In
+ addition, the model of nested individuals may also be seen as a
+ distinct perspective among the various alternative models for the
+ unit of selection. This model stresses activity and pluralism: it
+ accepts simultaneuous co-existence of individuals at different
+ levels, nested one within the other. Our aim in this article is to
+ show now a chapter of the history of metaphysics may be fruitfully
+ brought to bear on the current debate over the unit of selection in
+ evolutionary biology.} }
+
+@Article{Canals98,
+ author = {Canals, Jos{\'e} and Vega-Redondo, Fernando},
+ title = {Multi-Level Evolution in Population Games},
+ journal = {Int. J. Game Theory},
+ year = 1998,
+ volume = 27,
+ pages = {21--35},
+ annote = {In this paper, we analyze a generalization of the
+ evolutionary model of Kandori, Mailath, & Rob (1993) where the
+ population is partitioned into groups and evolution takes place "in
+ parallel" at the following two levels: (i) within groups, at the
+ lower level; among groups, at the higher one. Unlike in their
+ context, efficiency considerations always overcome those of
+ risk-dominance in the process of selecting the long-run
+ equilibrium. This provides an explicitly dynamic basis for a
+ conclusion reminiscent of those put forward in the biological
+ literature by the so-called theories group selection. From a
+ normative viewpoint, it suggests the potential importance of
+ "decentralization", here understood as local and independent
+ interaction.} }
+
+@Article{Simon10,
+ author = {Simon, Burton},
+ title = {A Dynamical Model of Two-Level Selection},
+ journal = {Evol. Ecol. Res.},
+ year = 2010,
+ volume = 12,
+ pages = {555--588},
+ annote = {Question: How do continuous-time evolutionary
+ trajectories of two-level
+ selection behave?
+ Approach: Construct and solve a dynamical model of two-level selection
+ capable of predicting evolutionary trajectories and equilibrium
+ configurations.
+ Mathematical methods: Evolutionary birth-death processes, simulation,
+ large population asymptotics, numerical solutions of hyperbolic PDEs.
+ Key assumptions: Environment composed of distinct groups of individuals.
+ Individuals' birth and death rates are differentiable functions of the
+ state of the environment. Groups' fissioning and extinction rates are
+ integrable functions of the state of the environment.
+ Main results: A continuous-time, discrete-state, stochastic model of
+ two-level selection that can be simulated exactly. A continuous-time,
+ continuous-state, deterministic (PDE) model of two-level selection that
+ can be solved numerically. A mathematical connection between the
+ stochastic and deterministic models. Equilibrium configurations of the
+ environment in models of the evolution of cooperation by two-level
+ selection often consist of complicated mixtures of groups of varying
+ sizes, ages, and levels of cooperation.}
+}
+
+@Article{Goodnight11,
+ author = {Goodnight, Charles J.},
+ title = {Evolution in Metacommunities},
+ journal = {Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B},
+ year = 2011,
+ volume = 366,
+ pages = {1401--1409},
+ annote = {A metacommunity can be defined as a set of communities
+ that are linked by migration, and extinction and recolonization. In
+ metacommunities, evolution can occur not only by processes that
+ occur within communities such as drift and individual selection,
+ but also by among-community processes, such as divergent selection
+ owing to random differences among communities in species
+ composition, and group and community-level selection. The effect of
+ these among-community-level processes depends on the pattern of
+ migration among communities. Migrating units may be individuals
+ (migrant pool model), groups of individuals (single-species
+ propagule pool model) or multi-species associations (multi-species
+ propagule pool model). The most interesting case is the
+ multi-species propagule pool model. Although this pattern of
+ migration may a priori seem rare, it becomes more plausible in
+ small well-defined 'communities' such as symbiotic associations
+ between two or a few species. Theoretical models and experimental
+ studies show that community selection is potentially an effective
+ evolutionary force. Such evolution can occur either through genetic
+ changes within species or through changes in the species
+ composition of the communities. Although laboratory studies show
+ that community selection can be important, little is known about
+ how important it is in natural populations.} }
+
+@Article{Nunney85a,
+ author = {Len Nunney},
+ title = {Group Selection, Altruism, and Structured-Deme Models},
+ journal = {American Naturalist},
+ year = 1985,
+ volume = 126,
+ pages = {212--230}
+}
+
+
+@Article{Nunney85b,
+ author = {Len Nunney},
+ title = {Female-Biased Sex Ratios: Individual or Group Selection?},
+ journal = {Evolution},
+ year = 1985,
+ volume = 39,
+ pages = {349--361}
+}
+
+@Article{Lion11,
+ author = {S{\'e}bastien Lion and Vincent A. A. Jansen and Troy Day},
+ title = {Evolution in Structured Populations:
+ Beyond the Kin Versus Group Debate},
+ journal = {Trends Ecol. Evol.},
+ year = 2011,
+ volume = 26,
+ pages = {193--201},
+ annote = {Much of the literature on social evolution is pervaded
+by the old debate about the relative merits of kin and group
+selection. In this debate, the biological interpretation of processes
+occurring in real populations is often conflated with the mathematical
+methodology used to describe these processes. Here, we highlight the
+distinction between the two by placing this discussion within the
+broader context of evolution in structured populations. In this review
+we show that the current debate overlooks important aspects of the
+interplay between genetic and demographic structuring, and argue that
+a continued focus on the relative merits of kin versus group selection
+distracts attention from moving the field forward.} }
+
+@Article{Leigh09,
+ author = {Leigh, E. G., Jr.},
+ title = {The Group Selection Controversy},
+ journal = {J. Evol. Biol.},
+ year = 2009,
+ volume = 23,
+ pages = {6--19},
+ annote = {Many thought Darwinian natural selection could not
+explain altruism. This error led Wynne-Edwards to explain sustainable
+exploitation in animals by selection against overexploiting
+groups. Williams riposted that selection among groups rarely overrides
+within-group selection. Hamilton showed that altruism can evolve
+through kin selection. How strongly does group selection influence
+evolution? Following Price, Hamilton showed how levels of selection
+interact: group selection prevails if Hamilton's rule applies. Several
+showed that group selection drove some major evolutionary
+transitions. Following Hamilton's lead, Queller extended Hamilton's
+rule, replacing genealogical relatedness by the regression on an
+actor's genotypic altruism of interacting neighbours' phenotypic
+altruism. Price's theorem shows the generality of Hamilton's rule. All
+instances of group selection can be viewed as increasing inclusive
+fitness of autosomal genomes. Nonetheless, to grasp fully how
+cooperation and altruism evolve, most biologists need more concrete
+concepts like kin selection, group selection and selection among
+individuals for their common good. } }
+
+@Article{Platt09,
+ author = {Thomas G. Platt and James D. Bever},
+ title = {Kin Competition and the Evolution
+ of Cooperation},
+ journal = {Trends Ecol. Evol.},
+ year = 2009,
+ volume = 24,
+ pages = {370--377},
+ annote = {Kin and multilevel selection theories predict that
+genetic structure is required for the evolution of
+cooperation. However, local competition among relatives can limit
+cooperative benefits, antagonizing the evolution of cooperation. We
+show that several ecological factors determine the extent to which kin
+competition constrains cooperative benefits. In addition, we argue
+that cooperative acts that expand local carrying capacity are less
+constrained by kin competition than other cooperative traits, and are
+therefore more likely to evolve. These arguments are particularly
+relevant to microbial cooperation, which often involves the production
+of public goods that promote population expansion. The challenge now
+is to understand how an organism's ecology influences how much
+cooperative groups contribute to future generations and thereby the
+evolution of cooperation.} }
+
+@Article{Rankin07,
+ author = {Daniel J. Rankin and Katja Bargum and Hanna Kokko},
+ title = {The Tragedy of the Commons in
+ Evolutionary Biology},
+ journal = {Trends Ecol. Evol.},
+ year = 2007,
+ volume = 22,
+ pages = {643--651},
+ annote = {Garrett Hardin's tragedy of the commons is an analogy
+that shows how individuals driven by self-interest can end up
+destroying the resource upon which they all depend. The proposed
+solutions for humans rely on highly advanced skills such as
+negotiation, which raises the question of how non-human organisms
+manage to resolve similar tragedies. In recent years, this question
+has promoted evolutionary biologists to apply the tragedy of the
+commons to a wide range of biological systems. Here, we provide tools
+to categorize different types of tragedy and review different
+mechanisms, including kinship, policing and diminishing returns that
+can resolve conflicts that could otherwise end in tragedy. A central
+open question, however, is how often biological systems are able to
+resolve these scenarios rather than drive themselves extinct through
+individual-level selection favouring self-interested behaviours.} }
+
+@Article{Taylor07:Dilemma,
+ author = {Christine Taylor and Martin A. Nowak},
+ title = {Transforming the Dilemma},
+ journal = {Evolution},
+ year = 2007,
+ volume = 61,
+ pages = {2281--2292},
+ annote = {How does natural selection lead to cooperation between
+competing individuals ? The Prisoner's Dilemma captures the essence of
+this problem. Two players can either cooperate or defect. The payoff
+for mutual cooperation, R, is greater than the payoff for mutual
+defection, P. But a defector versus a cooperator receives the highest
+payoff, T, where as the cooperator obtains the lowest payoff,
+S. Hence, the Prisoner's Dilemma is defined by the payoff ranking T >
+R > P > S. In a well-mixed population, defectors always have a higher
+expected payoff than cooperators, and therefore natural selection
+favors defectors. The evolution of cooperation requires specific
+mechanisms. Here we discuss five mechanisms for the evolution of
+cooperation: direct reciprocity, indirect reciprocity, kin selection,
+group selection, and network reciprocity (or graph selection). Each
+mechanism leads to a transformation of the Prisoner's Dilemma payoff
+matrix. From the transformed matrices, we derive the fundamental
+conditions for the evolution of cooperation. The transformed matrices
+can be used in standard frameworks of evolutionary dynamics such as
+the replicator equation or stochastic processes of game dynamics in
+finite populations.} }
+
+@Article{West07,
+ author = {Stuart A. West and Stephen P. Diggle and Angus Buckling
+ and Andy Gardner and Ashleigh S. Griffin},
+ title = {The Social Lives of Microbes},
+ journal = {Ann. Rev. Evol. Ecol. Systematics},
+ year = 2007,
+ volume = 38,
+ pages = {53--77},
+ annote = {Our understanding of the social lives of microbes has been
+ revolutionized over the past 20 years. It used to be assumed that
+ bacteria and other microorganisms lived relatively independent
+ unicellular lives, without the cooperative behaviors that have
+ provoked so much interest in mammals, birds, and insects. However, a
+ rapidly expanding body of research has completely overturned this
+ idea, showing that microbes indulge in a variety of social behaviors
+ involving complex systems of cooperation, communication, and
+ synchronization. Work in this area has already provided some elegant
+ experimental tests of social evolutionary theory, demonstrating the
+ importance of factors such as relatedness, kin discrimination,
+ competition between relatives, and enforcement of cooperation. Our
+ aim here is to review these social behaviors, emphasizing the unique
+ opportunities they offer for testing existing evolutionary theory as
+ well as highlighting the novel theoretical problems that they pose.}
+}
+
+@Article{Lehmann06,
+ author = {L. Lehmann and L. Keller},
+ title = {The Evolution of Cooperation and Altruism---A
+ General Framework and a Classification of Models},
+ journal = {J. Evol. Biol.},
+ year = 2006,
+ volume = 19,
+ pages = {1365--1376},
+ annote = {One of the enduring puzzles in biology and the social
+sciences is the origin and persistence of intraspecific cooperation
+and altruism in humans and other species. Hundreds of theoretical
+models have been proposed and there is much confusion about the
+relationship between these models. To clarify the situation, we
+developed a synthetic conceptual framework that delineates the
+conditions necessary for the evolution of altruism and cooperation. We
+show that at least one of the four following conditions needs to be
+fulfilled: direct benefits to the focal individual performing a
+cooperative act; direct or indirect information allowing a better than
+random guess about whether a given individual will behave
+cooperatively in repeated reciprocal interactions; preferential
+interactions between related individuals; and genetic correlation
+between genes coding for altruism and phenotypic traits that can be
+identified. When one or more of these conditions are met, altruism or
+cooperation can evolve if the cost-to-benefit ratio of altruistic and
+cooperative acts is greater than a threshold value. The
+cost-to-benefit ratio can be altered by coercion, punishment and
+policing which therefore act as mechanisms facilitating the evolution
+of altruism and cooperation. All the models proposed so far are
+explicitly or implicitly built on these general principles, allowing
+us to classify them into four general categories.} }
+
+@Article{Wilson83,
+ author = {David Sloan Wilson},
+ title = {The Group Selection Controversy: History and
+ Current Status},
+ journal = {Ann. Rev. Ecol. Systematics},
+ year = 1983,
+ volume = 14,
+ pages = {159--187}
+}
+
+@Article{West07a,
+ author = {S. A. West and A. S. Griffin and A. Gardner},
+ title = {Social Semantics: Altruism, Cooperation, Mutualism,
+ Strong Reciprocity and Group Selection},
+ journal = {J. Evol. Biol.},
+ year = 2007,
+ volume = 20,
+ pages = {415--432},
+ annote = {From an evolutionary perspective, social behaviours are
+those which have fitness consequences for both the individual that
+performs the behaviour, and another individual. Over the last 43
+years, a huge theoretical and empirical literature has developed on
+this topic. However, progress is often hindered by poor communication
+between scientists, with different people using the same term to mean
+different things, or different terms to mean the same thing. This can
+obscure what is biologically important, and what is not. The potential
+for such semantic confusion is greatest with interdisciplinary
+research. Our aim here is to address issues of semantic confusion that
+have arisen with research on the problem of cooperation. In
+particular, we: (i) discuss confusion over the terms kin selection,
+mutualism, mutual benefit, cooperation, altruism, reciprocal altruism,
+weak altruism, altruistic punishment, strong reciprocity, group
+selection and direct fitness; (ii) emphasize the need to distinguish
+between proximate (mechanism) and ultimate (survival value)
+explanations of behaviours. We draw examples from all areas, but
+especially recent work on humans and microbes. } }
+
+@Article{Wilson08,
+ author = {D. S. Wilson},
+ title = {Social Semantics: Toward a Genuine Pluralism in the
+ Study of Social Behaviour},
+ journal = {J. Evol. Biol.},
+ year = 2008,
+ volume = 21,
+ pages = {368--373},
+ annote = {Pluralism is the coexistence of equivalent theoretical
+frameworks, either because they are historically entrenched or because
+they achieve separate insights by viewing the same process in
+different ways. A recent article by West et al. [Journal of
+Evolutionary Biology (2007) vol. 20, 415-432] attempts to classify the
+many equivalent frameworks that have been developed to study the
+evolution of social behaviour. This article addresses shortcomings in
+the West et al.'s article, especially with respect to multilevel
+selection, in a common effort to maximize the benefits of pluralism
+while minimizing the semantic costs.} }
+
+@Article{West08,
+ author = {S. A. West and A. S. Griffin and A. Gardner},
+ title = {Social Semantics: How Useful Has Group Selection Been?},
+ journal = {J. Evol. Biol.},
+ year = 2008,
+ volume = 21,
+ pages = {374--385},
+ annote = {In our social semantics review ( J. Evol. Biol., 2007,
+415-432), we discussed some of the misconceptions and sources of
+confusion associated with group selection. Wilson (2007, this issue)
+claims that we made three errors regarding group selection. Here, we
+aim to expand upon the relevant points from our review in order to
+refute this claim. The last 45 years of research provide clear
+evidence of the relative use of the kin and group selection
+approaches. Kin selection methodologies are more tractable, allowing
+the construction of models that can be applied more easily to specific
+biological examples, including those chosen by Wilson to illustrate
+the utility of the group selection approach. In contrast, the group
+selection approach is not only less useful, but also appears to
+frequently have negative consequences by fostering confusion that
+leads to wasted effort. More generally, kin selection theory allows
+the construction of a unified conceptual overview that can be applied
+across all taxa, whereas there is no formal theory of group
+selection.} }
+
+@Article{Hamilton64a,
+ author = {Hamilton, W. D.},
+ title = {The Genetical Evolution of Social Behavior. {I}},
+ journal = {J. Theor. Biol.},
+ year = 1964,
+ volume = 7,
+ pages = {1--16}
+}
+
+@Article{Hamilton64b,
+ author = {Hamilton, W. D.},
+ title = {The Genetical Evolution of Social Behavior. {II}},
+ journal = {J. Theor. Biol.},
+ year = 1964,
+ volume = 7,
+ pages = {17--52}
+}
+
+
+@Article{Lion09,
+ author = {S. Lion and S. Gandon},
+ title = {Habitat Saturation and the Spatial Evolutionary Ecology
+ of Altruism},
+ journal = {J. Evol. Biol.},
+ year = 2009,
+ volume = 22,
+ pages = {1487--1502},
+ annote = {Under which ecological conditions should individuals
+help their neighbours? We investigate the effect of habitat saturation
+on the evolution of helping behaviours in a spatially structured
+population. We combine the formalisms of population genetics and
+spatial moment equations to tease out the effects of various
+physiological (direct benefits and costs of helping) and ecological
+parameters (such as the density of empty sites) on the selection
+gradient on helping. Our analysis highlights the crucial importance of
+demography for the evolution of helping behaviours. It shows that
+habitat saturation can have contrasting effects, depending on the form
+of competition (direct vs. indirect competition) and on the
+conditionality of helping. In our attempt to bridge the gap between
+spatial ecology and population genetics, we derive an expression for
+relatedness that takes into account both habitat saturation and the
+spatial structure of genetic variation. This analysis helps clarify
+discrepancies in the results obtained by previous theoretical
+studies. It also provides a theoretical framework taking into account
+the interplay between demography and kin selection, in which new
+biological questions can be explored.} }
+
+@Article{Wilson77,
+ author = {David Sloan Wilson},
+ title = {Structured Demes and the Evolution of
+ Group-Advantageous Traits},
+ journal = {American Naturalist},
+ year = 1977,
+ volume = 111,
+ pages = {157--185},
+ annote = {1. Most organisms interact with a set of neighbors
+smaller than the deme (its trait group). Demes therefore are not only
+a population of individuals but also a population of groups
+(structured demes). 2. Trait groups vary in their composition. The
+minimum variance to be expected is that arising from a binomial
+distribution. Most populations have a higher variance than this due to
+(a) differential interactions with the environment and (b) the effects
+of reproduction inside the trait groups. 3. As a consequence of this
+variation, an individual on the average experiences its own "type" in
+a greater frequency than actually exists in the deme. Its behaviors
+are therefore directed differentially toward fellow types, and this is
+the fundamental requirement for the evolution of altruism. 4. Models
+are presented for warning cries and other donor-recipient relations,
+resource notification, the evolution of prudence in exploitation and
+interference competition, and the effect of differential trait-group
+extinction. In all cases evolution in structured demes differs from
+traditional individual-selection models. Individual selection
+corresponds to the case where there is zero variance among trait
+groups, that is, complete homogeneity. 5. The "threshold" variance
+permitting the evolution of altruism (negative fitness change to the
+donor) is that arising from a binomial distribution. As this is the
+minimum to be expected in nature, this theory predicts that at least
+weakly altruistic behavior should be a common occurrence (but see
+[9]). 6. If a population is overexploiting its resource, a decrease in
+feeding rate through interference may be selected for given any
+trait-group variation. 7. When trait groups are composed entirely of
+siblings (i.e., kin groups), the model is mathematically equivalent to
+kin selection. 8. As well as increasing population fitness, social
+systems may also evolve an "immunity" against group-detrimental
+types. 9. If a given group-advantageous effect can be accomplished
+through both altruistic and selfish mechanisms, the selfish mechanism
+will be selected. A paucity of altruistic behaviors may signify that
+it is usually possible to create the same result selfishly--not that
+altruism "cannot" be selected for} }
+
+@Article{Fletcher09,
+ author = {Jeffrey A. Fletcher and Michael Doebeli},
+ title = {A Simple and General Explanation for the
+ Evolution of Altruism},
+ journal = {Proc. Roy. Soc. B},
+ year = 2009,
+ volume = 276,
+ pages = {13--19},
+ annote = {We present a simple framework that highlights the most
+fundamental requirement for the evolution of altruism: assortment
+between individuals carrying the cooperative genotype and the helping
+behaviours of others with which these individuals interact. We
+partition the fitness effects on individuals into those due to self
+and those due to the \u2018interaction environment\u2019, and show
+that it is the latter that is most fundamental to understanding the
+evolution of altruism. We illustrate that while kinship or genetic
+similarity among those interacting may generate a favourable structure
+of interaction environments, it is not a fundamental requirement for
+the evolution of altruism, and even suicidal aid can theoretically
+evolve without help ever being exchanged among genetically similar
+individuals. Using our simple framework, we also clarify a common
+confusion made in the literature between alternative fitness
+accounting methods (which may equally apply to the same biological
+circumstances) and unique causal mechanisms for creating the
+assortment necessary for altruism to be favoured by natural
+selection.} }
+
+@Article{Lion09a,
+ author = {S{\'e}bastien Lion},
+ title = {Relatedness in Spatially Structured Populations
+ with Empty Sites: An Approach Based on Spatial Moment
+ Equations},
+ journal = {J. Theor. Biol.},
+ year = 2009,
+ volume = 260,
+ pages = {121--131},
+ annote = {Taking into account the interplay between spatial
+ecological dynamics and selection is a major challenge in evolutionary
+ecology. Although inclusive fitness theory has proven to be a very
+useful tool to unravel the interactions between spatial genetic
+structuring and selection, applications of the theory usually rely on
+simplifying demographic assumptions. In this paper, I attempt to
+bridge the gap between spatial demographic models and kin selection
+models by providing a method to compute approximations for relatedness
+coefficients in a spatial model with empty sites. Using spatial moment
+equations, I provide an approximation of nearest-neighbour relatedness
+on random regular networks, and show that this approximation performs
+much better than the ordinary pair approximation. I discuss the
+connection between the relatedness coefficients I define and those
+used in population genetics, and sketch some potential extensions of
+the theory.} }
+
+@article{Hirose22072011,
+author = {Hirose, Shigenori and Benabentos, Rocio and Ho, Hsing-I and Kuspa, Adam and Shaulsky, Gad},
+title = {Self-Recognition in Social Amoebae Is Mediated by Allelic Pairs of Tiger Genes},
+volume = 333,
+number = 6041,
+pages = {467-470},
+year = 2011,
+journal = {Science},
+doi = {10.1126/science.1203903},
+abstract ={Free-living cells of the social amoebae Dictyostelium
+discoideum can aggregate and develop into multicellular fruiting
+bodies in which many die altruistically as they become stalk cells
+that support the surviving spores. Dictyostelium cells exhibit kin
+discrimination—a potential defense against cheaters, which
+sporulate without contributing to the stalk. Kin discrimination
+depends on strain relatedness, and the polymorphic genes tgrB1 and
+tgrC1 are potential components of that mechanism. Here, we demonstrate
+a direct role for these genes in kin discrimination. We show that a
+matching pair of tgrB1 and tgrC1 alleles is necessary and sufficient
+for attractive self-recognition, which is mediated by differential
+cell-cell adhesion. We propose that TgrB1 and TgrC1 proteins mediate
+this adhesion through direct binding. This system is a genetically
+tractable ancient model of eukaryotic self-recognition.},
+}
+
+@Article{Leadbeater11,
+ author = {Ellouise Leadbeater b*mand Jonathan M. Carruthers
+ and Jonathan P. Green and Neil S. Rosser
+ and Jeremy Field},
+ title = {Nest Inheritance Is the Missing Source of Direct
+ Fitness in a Primitively Eusocial Insect},
+ journal = {Science},
+ year = 2011,
+ volume = 333,
+ number = 6044,
+ pages = {874--876},
+ abstract= {Animals that cooperate with nonrelatives represent a
+challenge to inclusive fitness theory, unless cooperative behavior is
+shown to provide direct fitness benefits. Inheritance of breeding
+resources could provide such benefits, but this route to cooperation
+has been little investigated in the social insects. We show that nest
+inheritance can explain the presence of unrelated helpers in a classic
+social insect model, the primitively eusocial wasp Polistes
+dominulus. We found that subordinate helpers produced more direct
+offspring than lone breeders, some while still subordinate but most
+after inheriting the dominant position. Thus, while indirect fitness
+obtained through helping relatives has been the dominant paradigm for
+understanding eusociality in insects, direct fitness is vital to
+explain cooperation in P. dominulus.} }
+
+@Article{Kiers11,
+ author = {E. Toby Kiers and Marie Duhamel and Yugandhar Beesetty
+ and Jerry A. Mensah and Oscar Franken and Erik Verbruggen
+ and Carl R. Fellbaum and George A. Kowalchuk
+ and Miranda M. Hart and Alberto Bago and Todd M. Palmer
+ and Stuart A. West and Philippe Vandenkoornhuyse
+ and Jan Jansa and Heike B\"ucking},
+ title = {Reciprocal Rewards Stabilize Cooperation in the
+ Mycorrhizal Symbiosis},
+ journal = {Science},
+ year = 2011,
+ volume = 333,
+ number = 6044,
+ pages = {880--882},
+ annote = {Plants and their arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal
+symbionts interact in complex underground networks involving multiple
+partners. This increases the potential for exploitation and defection
+by individuals, raising the question of how partners maintain a fair,
+two-way transfer of resources. We manipulated cooperation in plants
+and fungal partners to show that plants can detect, discriminate, and
+reward the best fungal partners with more carbohydrates. In turn,
+their fungal partners enforce cooperation by increasing nutrient
+transfer only to those roots providing more carbohydrates. On the
+basis of these observations we conclude that, unlike many other
+mutualisms, the symbiont cannot be \u201censlaved.\u201d Rather, the
+mutualism is evolutionarily stable because control is bidirectional,
+and partners offering the best rate of exchange are rewarded.} }
+
+@Article{Johnson11:Overconfidence,
+ author = {Johnson, Dominic D.P. and Fowler, James H.},
+ title = {The evolution of Overconfidence},
+ journal = {Nature},
+ year = 2011,
+ volume = 477,
+ number = 7364,
+ pages = {317--320},
+ annote = {Confidence is an essential ingredient of success in a
+wide range of domains ranging from job performance and mental health
+to sports, business and combat1, 2, 3, 4. Some authors have suggested
+that not just confidence but overconfidence\u2014believing you are
+better than you are in reality\u2014is advantageous because it serves
+to increase ambition, morale, resolve, persistence or the credibility
+of bluffing, generating a self-fulfilling prophecy in which
+exaggerated confidence actually increases the probability of success3,
+4, 5, 6, 7, 8. However, overconfidence also leads to faulty
+assessments, unrealistic expectations and hazardous decisions, so it
+remains a puzzle how such a false belief could evolve or remain stable
+in a population of competing strategies that include accurate,
+unbiased beliefs. Here we present an evolutionary model showing that,
+counterintuitively, overconfidence maximizes individual fitness and
+populations tend to become overconfident, as long as benefits from
+contested resources are sufficiently large compared with the cost of
+competition. In contrast, unbiased strategies are only stable under
+limited conditions. The fact that overconfident populations are
+evolutionarily stable in a wide range of environments may help to
+explain why overconfidence remains prevalent today, even if it
+contributes to hubris, market bubbles, financial collapses, policy
+failures, disasters and costly wars9, 10, 11, 12, 13.} }
+
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/afparticle/afpsample.pdf b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/afparticle/afpsample.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..c05488243a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/afparticle/afpsample.pdf
Binary files differ
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/afparticle/afpsample.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/afparticle/afpsample.tex
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..da324f40c88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/afparticle/afpsample.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+\documentclass[1p]{afparticle}
+\usepackage{lipsum}
+\begin{document}
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+% Information about the current issue
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+% Volume
+\volumenumber{2}
+% Issue
+\issuenumber{1}
+% Year
+\publicationyear{2014}
+% Number of the paper in the journal
+\papernumber{2}
+% First page
+\startpage{256}
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+% Information about the paper
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+% Title. If necessary, put the short title in the [..]
+\title[Research Title]{Unnecessarily Complicated Research Title}
+% Authors. The star denotes thecorressponding author
+\author*{John Smith}
+\address{Department, University, City, State, Country, Phone, E-mail}
+\author{Tom F. Johnson}
+\address{Department, University, City, State, Country}
+\author{Peter Sellers}
+\address{Department, University, City, State, Country}
+\author{Jay P. Singh}
+\address{Department, University, City, State, Country}
+% If necessary, redefine \shortauthors
+\renewcommand\shortauthors{John Smith et al}
+% Abstract
+\begin{abstract}
+ \lipsum[1]
+\end{abstract}
+% Keywords
+\begin{keyword}
+ One\sep Two\sep Three
+\end{keyword}
+
+% Technical information
+% Reception
+\received{April 1, 2013}
+% Revision; can be repeated
+\revised{May 20, 2013}
+\revised{June 15, 2013}
+% Acceptance
+\accepted{July 30, 2013}
+
+% Making title
+\maketitle
+
+\section{First section}
+\lipsum[2]
+
+% In-text citation
+As shown by \citet{Haidt07}, people are selfish, but morally
+motivated. See also the work by
+\citet{Stapel08042011}.
+
+% Parenthetical citations
+The method in \citep{Zintzaras10} may help.
+
+\subsection{A subsection}
+
+\lipsum[4]
+
+\subsubsection{A subsubsection}
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%
+% TABLE
+%
+% Put caption before the table. Use booktabs for table
+% formatting
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+\begin{table}
+ \centering
+ \caption{A sample table}
+ \label{tab:sample}
+ \begin{tabular}{lrrr}
+ \toprule
+ Item & Units & Cost per unit, \$ & Total cost, \$\\
+ \midrule
+ Stuffed Gnus & 5 & 12.50 & 62.50 \\
+ Memory Sticks & 4 & 6.00 & 24.00\\
+ \midrule
+ Total & & & 86.50\\
+ \bottomrule
+ \end{tabular}
+\end{table}
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%
+% FIGURE
+%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+\begin{figure}
+ \centering
+ \includegraphics{vitruvian}
+ \caption{A sample figure}
+ \label{fig:sample}
+\end{figure}
+
+\lipsum[7-21]
+
+
+% Bibliography
+\bibliography{afpsample}
+\bibliographystyle{apacite}
+
+% This should be the last command
+\printbackmatter
+
+\end{document}
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/afparticle/vitruvian.jpg b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/afparticle/vitruvian.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..406573b7d0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/afparticle/vitruvian.jpg
Binary files differ
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/source/latex/afparticle/afparticle.dtx b/Master/texmf-dist/source/latex/afparticle/afparticle.dtx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..b0dc9c9cf1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-dist/source/latex/afparticle/afparticle.dtx
@@ -0,0 +1,1060 @@
+% \iffalse
+%<*gobble>
+% $Id: afparticle.dtx,v 1.9 2014-08-19 02:46:24 boris Exp $
+%
+% Copyright 2014, Boris Veytsman <boris@varphi.com>
+% This work may be distributed and/or modified under the
+% conditions of the LaTeX Project Public License, either
+% version 1.3 of this license or (at your option) any
+% later version.
+% The latest version of the license is in
+% http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt
+% and version 1.3 or later is part of all distributions of
+% LaTeX version 2005/12/01 or later.
+%
+% This work has the LPPL maintenance status `maintained'.
+%
+% The Current Maintainer of this work is Boris Veytsman
+%
+% This work consists of the file afparticle.dtx and the
+% derived file afparticle.cls
+%
+% \fi
+% \CheckSum{684}
+%
+%% \CharacterTable
+%% {Upper-case \A\B\C\D\E\F\G\H\I\J\K\L\M\N\O\P\Q\R\S\T\U\V\W\X\Y\Z
+%% Lower-case \a\b\c\d\e\f\g\h\i\j\k\l\m\n\o\p\q\r\s\t\u\v\w\x\y\z
+%% Digits \0\1\2\3\4\5\6\7\8\9
+%% Exclamation \! Double quote \" Hash (number) \#
+%% Dollar \$ Percent \% Ampersand \&
+%% Acute accent \' Left paren \( Right paren \)
+%% Asterisk \* Plus \+ Comma \,
+%% Minus \- Point \. Solidus \/
+%% Colon \: Semicolon \; Less than \<
+%% Equals \= Greater than \> Question mark \?
+%% Commercial at \@ Left bracket \[ Backslash \\
+%% Right bracket \] Circumflex \^ Underscore \_
+%% Grave accent \` Left brace \{ Vertical bar \|
+%% Right brace \} Tilde \~}
+%
+% \iffalse
+%
+%
+%\section{Identification}
+%\label{sec:ident}
+%
+% We start with the declaration who we are
+% \begin{macrocode}
+%</gobble>
+%<class>\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}
+%<*gobble>
+\ProvidesFile{afparticle.dtx}
+%</gobble>
+%<class>\ProvidesClass{afparticle}
+[2014/07/18 v1.0 Typesetting articles for Archives of Forensic Psychology]
+%<*gobble>
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+%
+% \fi
+%
+%\iffalse
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\documentclass{ltxdoc}
+\usepackage{array}
+\usepackage{url}
+\usepackage{hypdoc}
+\hypersetup{breaklinks,colorlinks,linkcolor=black,citecolor=black,
+ pagecolor=black,urlcolor=black,hyperindex=false}
+\PageIndex
+\CodelineIndex
+\RecordChanges
+\EnableCrossrefs
+\begin{document}
+ \DocInput{afparticle.dtx}
+\end{document}
+% \end{macrocode}
+%</gobble>
+%<*class>
+% \fi
+% \MakeShortVerb{|}
+% \GetFileInfo{afparticle.dtx}
+% \title{Typesetting Articles for \emph{Archives of Forensic Psychology}\thanks{\copyright 2014, Boris Veytsman}}
+% \author{Boris Veytsman\thanks{%
+% \href{mailto:borisv@lk.net}{\texttt{borisv@lk.net}},
+% \href{mailto:boris@varphi.com}{\texttt{boris@varphi.com}}}}
+% \date{\filedate, \fileversion}
+% \maketitle
+% \begin{abstract}
+% This package provides a class for typesetting articles for the
+% journal \emph{Archives of Forensic Psychology},
+% \url{http://www.archivesofforensicpsychology.com}.
+% \end{abstract}
+% \tableofcontents
+%
+% \clearpage
+%
+%
+%\section{Introduction}
+%\label{sec:intro}
+%
+% \emph{Archives of Forensic Psychology} is an Open Access journal.
+% It is described on its Web
+% page\footnote{\url{http://www.archivesofforensicpsychology.com}} in
+% the following way:
+% \begin{quotation}
+% Archives of Forensic Psychology (AFP) is an innovative,
+% peer-reviewed journal published twice per year. Our mission is to
+% link the science and practice of forensic psychology, by making
+% research and clinical resources freely available to all mental
+% health, correctional, and legal professionals. AFP welcomes
+% empirical research, book and instrument reviews, case studies,
+% commentaries, literature reviews, and policy
+% recommendations. Particularly encouraged is the submission of
+% non-significant results as well as the findings of government
+% reports, conference presentations, Master's theses, and
+% doctoral dissertations.
+% \end{quotation}
+%
+% The class |afparticle| is based on the |elsarticle|
+% class~\cite{elsarticle} with the following changes:
+% \begin{enumerate}
+% \item Some formatting changes: unnumbered sections and paragraphs
+% and others.
+% \item A different formatting of the title page.
+% \item Creation of the special file with the metadata used for the
+% Crossref submission.
+% \item Consistent use of APA~6 citation style.
+% \end{enumerate}
+% Most of these changes should be transparent for the user; in the
+% next section we discuss the user-visible ones in more detail.
+%
+%
+%\section{User Manual}
+%\label{sec:manual}
+%
+% The user should consult the manual of
+% |elsarticle|~\cite{elsarticle}; below we describe only the features
+% different for |afparticle| class.
+%
+%\subsection{Invocation}
+%\label{sec:invocation}
+%
+%
+% To use the class put in the preamble of your document
+% \begin{verbatim}
+% \documentclass{afparticle}
+% \end{verbatim}
+% The class supports the same options as |elsarticles| with the
+% following restrictions:
+% \begin{enumerate}
+% \item Options |3p| and |5p| are suppressed. The
+% journal uses only |1p| one-column design. Use options |preprint| and
+% |review| to typeset the article for submission, and |1p| for the
+% final typesetting.
+% \item Options |authoryear|, |number|, |sort&compress| are
+% suppressed. The journal uses |apacite| package~\cite{Meijer:Apacite} for the
+% bibliography (see below).
+% \end{enumerate}
+%
+%
+% To add line numbers to the manuscript, use
+% \begin{verbatim}
+% \usepackage{lineno}
+% \end{verbatim}
+% and then either
+% \begin{verbatim}
+% \begin{linenumbers}
+% ...
+% \end{linenumbers}
+% \end{verbatim}
+% or the global command
+% \begin{verbatim}
+% \linenumbers
+% \end{verbatim}
+%
+%
+%\subsection{Front Matter}
+%\label{sec:ug:frontmatter}
+%
+% \DescribeMacro{\maketitle}
+% Unlike |elsartclass|, |afparticle| does \emph{not} usesthe
+% environment |frontmatter|. Instead, use \cs{maketitle} like you do
+% in the standard \LaTeX\ article.
+%
+% \emph{Archives of Forensic Research} normally uses the
+% ``second type of frontmatter coding''~\cite{elsarticle}: the authors
+% with the same affiliation are grouped together, and the affiliation
+% follows the group.
+%
+% \DescribeMacro{\tnoteref}
+% \DescribeMacro{\corref}
+% \DescribeMacro{\fnref}
+% As different from |elsarticle|, the frontmatter commands
+% \emph{do not allow footnotes inside their arguments.} Thus the commands
+% \cs{tnoteref}, \cs{corref}, \cs{fnref} are not allowed and produce
+% errors. Please do not use them.
+%
+% \DescribeMacro{\author*}
+% Of course, there should be a way to show the corresponding author of
+% the manuscript. For this purpose the command \cs{author} has a
+% starred form \cs{author}:
+% \begin{verbatim}
+% \author*{John Doe} % Corresponding author
+% \address{George Mason University, Mailstop 76A12,
+% Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA,
+% \path{jdoe@gmu.edu}}
+% \author{Alexander Hamilton} % Other author
+% \address{George Washington University}
+% \end{verbatim}
+% Please note that the journal requires the corresponding author to
+% indicate her full mailing address and e-mail.
+%
+% \DescribeMacro{\shortauthors}
+% \LaTeX\ automatically puts the names of the authors into a running
+% head on even pages. Sometimes when the list of authors is too
+% large, it does not fit there. In this case put after all
+% \cs{author} definitions the line
+% \begin{verbatim}
+% \renewcommand{\shortauthors}{SHORT LIST}
+% \end{verbatim}
+% for example,
+% \begin{verbatim}
+% \renewcommand{\shortauthors}{John Doe et. al.}
+% \end{verbatim}
+%
+% \DescribeMacro{\title}
+% Unlike \cs{title} in the standard \LaTeX\ and |elsarticle|, our
+% \cs{title} has two arguments: the mandatory one and the optional
+% one. The reason is, the class uses title for running heads on odd
+% pages. If the title is too long, it may not fit, and then the
+% optional argument is used for running heads:
+% \begin{verbatim}
+% \title{Notes on evidence} % Running head and title coincide
+% \title[Notes on evidence]{Some notes on evidence as presented to the
+% juries} % Running head and title are different
+% \end{verbatim}
+%
+% \DescribeMacro{\volumenumber}
+% \DescribeMacro{\issuenumber}
+% \DescribeMacro{\publicationyear}
+% \DescribeMacro{\publicationmonth}
+% \DescribeMacro{\papernumber}
+% \DescribeMacro{\startpage}
+% \DescribeMacro{\endpage}
+% The macros |\volumenumber|, |\issuenumber|, |\publicationyear|,
+% |\publicationmonth|, |\papernumber|, |\startpage|, |\endpage| set up the
+% corresponding
+% data for the paper, for example:
+% \begin{verbatim}
+% \volumenumber{88}
+% \issuenumber{1--2}
+% \publicationyear{2012}
+% \publicationmonth{January--February}
+% \papernumber{2}
+% \startpage{1}
+% \endpage{39}
+% \end{verbatim}
+% Note that if the argument of |\endpage| is empty, \LaTeX{} tries to
+% calculate the last page number as best as it can.
+%
+% \DescribeMacro{\received}
+% \DescribeMacro{\revised}
+% \DescribeMacro{\accepted}
+% The macros \cs{received}\marg{date}, \cs{revised}\marg{date},
+% \cs{accepted}\marg{date} are used by the editorial staff for
+% techincal information about the paper. These macros can be
+% repeated.
+%
+%
+% \DescribeMacro{\doinumber}
+% Normally you do not need to set the DOI of the paper: \TeX{} will
+% construct the number using the paper data (including paper number in
+% the current issue). However, you \emph{may} override its decision
+% using the command |\doinumber| which sets the DOI explicitly, for
+% example, |\doinumber|\marg{12.234/afp.2013.01.01}.
+% You probably should not use this macro.
+%
+% \DescribeMacro{\prevpaper}
+% Instead of setting |\startpage|, one can use the the command
+% |\prevpaper|\marg{previous paper}, with the argument being the
+% location and file name of the previous paper in the journal, for example:
+% \begin{verbatim}
+% \prevpaper{../evidence/rules_of_evidence}
+% \end{verbatim}
+% Note that the |.tex| suffix should \emph{not} be used. The previous
+% paper must be processed by |latex| prior to the current one. In
+% this case |latex| will read the last page of the previous paper, and
+% start the current one from the proper page number.
+%
+%
+%\subsection{Back matter}
+%\label{sec:ug_back}
+%
+% \DescribeMacro{\printbackmatter}
+% The last command of the article must be \cs{printbackmatter}. It
+% prints the technical information about the paper.
+%
+%\subsection{Sectioning}
+%\label{sec:ug:sectioning}
+%
+% The class uses unnumbered sections, subsections and subsubsections.
+% Never use period (.) at the end of the title: it is not allowed for
+% sections and subsections and is automatically added by
+% subsubsectons.
+%
+%
+%\subsubsection{Tables and Figures}
+%\label{sec:ug_floats}
+%
+% You may use tables and figures in the manuscript. Remember that
+% table caption must \emph{precede} the table while figure captions
+% follow the contents.
+%
+%
+%
+%\subsection{Bibliography}
+%\label{sec:biblio}
+%
+% The class uses |apacite|~\cite{Meijer:Apacite} for bibliography with
+% |natbibapa| option. The format of the bibliographic commands is
+% described in the manuals~\cite{Meijer:Apacite}
+% and~\cite{Daly07:Natbib}. Basically you need the commands
+% \cs{citet}\marg{key} for textual citations like ``John Doe (2012) wrote
+% that\ldots'' and \cs{citep}\marg{key} for parentetical citations
+% like ``As shown in the literature (John Doe, 2012)\ldots''.
+%
+% If you use \textsc{Bib}\TeX, add to your file
+% \cs{bibliography}\marg{bibfiles} and |\bibliography{apacite}|. For
+% manual bibliographies you must use APA6 citation style.
+%
+% \StopEventually{\clearpage
+% \bibliography{tex}
+% \bibliographystyle{unsrt}}
+%
+% \clearpage
+%
+%
+%\section{Implementation}
+%\label{sec:impl}
+%
+%
+%
+%\subsection{Auxillary Macros}
+%\label{sec:aux}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{AFP@DisableMacro}
+% Some commands are disabled
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\def\AFP@DisableMacro#1{\ClassError{afparticle}{The macro
+ \expandafter\protect\csname#1\endcsname\space
+ is disabled}{The command
+ \expandafter\protect\csname#1\endcsname\space
+ is introduced in the
+ elsarticle class.\MessageBreak It is disabled in afpartcile
+ class}}
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+% \end{macro}
+% \begin{macro}{\@nx}
+% \begin{macro}{\@xp}
+% \begin{macro}{\@ifnotempty}
+% From |amsart|
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\let\@xp=\expandafter
+\let\@nx=\noexpand
+\long\def\@ifempty#1{\@xifempty#1@@..\@nil}
+\long\def\@xifempty#1#2@#3#4#5\@nil{%
+ \ifx#3#4\@xp\@firstoftwo\else\@xp\@secondoftwo\fi}
+\long\def\@ifnotempty#1{\@ifempty{#1}{}}
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\nxandlist}
+% This is from |amsart|:
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\newtoks\@emptytoks
+\def\@andlista#1#2\and#3\and{\@andlistc{#2}\@ifnotempty{#3}{%
+ \@andlistb#1{#3}}}
+\def\@andlistb#1#2#3#4#5\and{%
+ \@ifempty{#5}{%
+ \@andlistc{#2#4}%
+ }{%
+ \@andlistc{#1#4}\@andlistb{#1}{#3}{#3}{#5}%
+ }}
+\let\@andlistc\@iden
+\newcommand{\nxandlist}[4]{%
+ \def\@andlistc##1{\toks@\@xp{\the\toks@##1}}%
+ \toks@{\toks@\@emptytoks \@andlista{{#1}{#2}{#3}}}%
+ \the\@xp\toks@#4\and\and
+ \edef#4{\the\toks@}%
+ \let\@andlistc\@iden}
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+% \end{macro}
+% \begin{macro}{\@@and}
+% The final `and' in the list
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\def\@@and{and}
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\author@andify}
+% Again |amsart|
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\def\author@andify{%
+ \nxandlist {\unskip ,\penalty-1 \space\ignorespaces}%
+ {\unskip {} \@@and~}%
+ {\unskip ,\penalty-2 \space\@@and~}%
+}
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+% \end{macro}
+%
+%
+%\subsection{Options}
+%\label{sec:options}
+%
+% We use |xkeyval|: right now our options do not have values, but we
+% may change this.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\RequirePackage{xkeyval}
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{AFP@OptionWarning}
+% We disable some options and issue a warning:
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\def\AFP@OptionWarning#1{\ClassWarning{afparticle}{The option #1 is
+ not used for afparticle. I will silently ignore it}}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+%
+% The suppressed options:
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\DeclareOptionX{3p}{\AFP@OptionWarning{\CurrentOption}}%
+\DeclareOptionX{5p}{\AFP@OptionWarning{\CurrentOption}}%
+\DeclareOptionX{authoryear}{\AFP@OptionWarning{\CurrentOption}}%
+\DeclareOptionX{number}{\AFP@OptionWarning{\CurrentOption}}%
+\DeclareOptionX{sort&compress}{\AFP@OptionWarning{\CurrentOption}}%
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+% All non-suppressed options are passed to |elsarticle|:
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\DeclareOptionX*{\PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{elsarticle}}
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+%
+% And executing options:
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\ProcessOptionsX
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+%
+%\subsection{Loading Classes and Packages}
+%\label{sec:classes}
+%
+% We want to prevent loading of natbib
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\@namedef{ver@natbib.sty}{}
+\@namedef{opt@natbib.sty}{round,authoryear}
+\newlength\bibsep
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+% We use |elasrticle| since it has nice features for front matter:
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\LoadClass[1p,authoryear,round]{elsarticle}
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+% We need |lastpage| for last page calculations, |fancyhdr| for our
+% headings, |hyperref| for references and |caption| for caption
+% formatting.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\RequirePackage{lastpage,fancyhdr}
+\RequirePackage{caption}
+\RequirePackage{booktabs}
+\RequirePackage{graphicx}
+\RequirePackage[hyperfootnotes=false,colorlinks,allcolors=blue]{hyperref}
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+% And now we do want natbib!
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\expandafter\let\csname ver@natbib.sty\endcsname=\@undefined
+\let\bibsep=\@undefined
+\RequirePackage[natbibapa]{apacite}
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+%
+%\subsection{Front Matter}
+%\label{sec:frontmatter}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\abstract}
+% We do not use the word ``abstract'' for abstract
+\renewenvironment{abstract}{\global\setbox\absbox=\vbox\bgroup
+ \hsize=\textwidth\def\baselinestretch{1}%
+ \noindent\unskip\ignorespaces}
+ {\egroup}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\tnoteref}
+% This macro is disabled.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\def\tnoteref#1{\AFP@DisableMacro{tnoteref}}
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+% \end{macro}
+% \begin{macro}{\corref}
+% This macro is disabled.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\def\corref#1{\AFP@DisableMacro{corref}}
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+% \end{macro}
+% \begin{macro}{\fnref}
+% This macro is disabled.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\def\fnref#1{\AFP@DisableMacro{fnref}}
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\title}
+% This is from |amsart|:
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\renewcommand*{\title}[2][]{\gdef\shorttitle{#1}\gdef\@title{#2}}
+\edef\title{\@nx\@dblarg
+ \@xp\@nx\csname\string\title\endcsname}
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\ifAFP@corrauthor}
+% This checks whether this author is the coresponding author
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\newif\ifAFP@corrauthor
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\authors}
+% We store in \cs{authors} the list of authors separated by
+% \cs{and}.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\def\authors{}
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\shortauthors}
+% Initially we define \cs{shortauthors} as \cs{authors}, but the
+% user can redefine it.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\def\shortauthors{\authors}
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\author}
+% First, check whether this author is the corresponding author.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\def\author{%
+ \@ifstar{\AFP@corrauthortrue\AFP@author}{\AFP@corrauthorfalse\AFP@author}}
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\AFP@author}
+% The macro \cs{AFP@author} is our version of the standard
+% \cs{autor} macro
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\def\AFP@author{\@ifnextchar[{\@@author}{\@author}}
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\@@author}
+% This typesets an author with some footnotes
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\def\@@author[#1]#2{%
+ \ifx\@empty\authors
+ \gdef\authors{#2}%
+ \else
+ \g@addto@macro\authors{\and#2}%
+ \fi
+ \g@addto@macro\elsauthors{%
+ \normalsize\upshape
+ \def\baselinestretch{1}%
+ \authorsep#2\unskip}%
+ \ifAFP@corrauthor
+ \g@addto@macro\elsauthors{\textsuperscript{$\ast$,}}\fi
+ \g@addto@macro\elsauthors{%
+ \textsuperscript{%#1%
+ \@for\@@affmark:=#1\do{%
+ \edef\affnum{\@ifundefined{X@\@@affmark}{1}{\elsRef{\@@affmark}}}%
+ \unskip\sep\affnum\let\sep=,}%
+ \ifx\@fnmark\@empty\else\unskip\sep\@fnmark\let\sep=,\fi
+ \ifx\@corref\@empty\else\unskip\sep\@corref\let\sep=,\fi
+ }%
+ \def\authorsep{\unskip,\space}%
+ \global\let\sep\@empty\global\let\@corref\@empty
+ \global\let\@fnmark\@empty}%
+ \@eadauthor={#2}
+}
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\@author}
+% No footnote marks after the author:
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\def\@author#1{%
+ \ifx\@empty\authors
+ \gdef\authors{#1}%
+ \else
+ \g@addto@macro\authors{\and#1}%
+ \fi
+ \g@addto@macro\elsauthors{\normalsize%
+ \def\baselinestretch{1}%
+ \upshape\authorsep#1}
+ \ifAFP@corrauthor
+ \g@addto@macro\elsauthors{\textsuperscript{$\ast$}}\fi
+ \g@addto@macro\elsauthors{%
+ \def\authorsep{\unskip,\space}%
+ \global\let\@fnmark\@empty
+ \global\let\sep\@empty}%
+ \@eadauthor={#1}
+}
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\@address}
+% \changes{v1.0}{2014/08/18}{Added macro}
+% We redefine |elsarticle| macro to change the vertical spacing
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\long\def\@address#1{\g@addto@macro\elsauthors{%
+ \def\baselinestretch{1}\def\addsep{\par\vskip4pt}%
+ \addsep\footnotesize\itshape#1%
+ \def\authorsep{\par\vskip16pt}}}
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+% \end{macro}
+%
+%
+% The next lines are from |resphilosophica| class
+% \begin{macro}{\paperUrl}
+% The url to submit to crossref
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\def\paperUrl#1{\gdef\@paperUrl{#1}}
+\paperUrl{}
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+% \end{macro}
+% \begin{macro}{\@mainrpi}
+% The stream for the rpi file:
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\newwrite\@mainrpi
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\RESP@write@paper@info}
+% This writes the information about the paper into the file
+% |jobname.rpi|. Note that hyperref makes our life a little bit
+% more complex
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\def\RESP@write@paper@info{%
+ \bgroup
+ \if@filesw
+ \openout\@mainrpi\jobname.rpi%
+ \write\@mainrpi{\relax}%
+ \ifx\r@LastPage\@undefined
+ \edef\@tempa{\start@page}%
+ \else
+ \def\@tempb##1##2##3##4##5{##2}%
+ \edef\@tempa{\expandafter\@tempb\r@LastPage}%
+ \fi
+ \def\and{\string\and\space}%
+ \protected@write\@mainrpi{}%
+ {\string\articleentry{\authors}{\@title}{\start@page}{\@tempa}}%
+% \end{macrocode}
+% The next lines are for crossref software
+% \begin{macrocode}
+ \protected@write\@mainrpi{}%
+ {\@percentchar authors=\authors}%
+ \protected@write\@mainrpi{}%
+ {\@percentchar title=\@title}%
+ \protected@write\@mainrpi{}%
+ {\@percentchar year=\currentyear}%
+ \protected@write\@mainrpi{}%
+ {\@percentchar volume=\currentvolume}%
+ \protected@write\@mainrpi{}%
+ {\@percentchar issue=\currentissue}%
+ \protected@write\@mainrpi{}%
+ {\@percentchar paper=\currentpaper}%
+ \protected@write\@mainrpi{}%
+ {\@percentchar startpage=\start@page}%
+ \protected@write\@mainrpi{}%
+ {\@percentchar endpage=\@tempa}%
+ \protected@write\@mainrpi{}%
+ {\@percentchar doi=\@doinumber}%
+ \ifx\@paperUrl\@empty\else
+ \protected@write\@mainrpi{}%
+ {\@percentchar paperUrl=\@paperUrl}%
+ \fi
+ \closeout\@mainrpi
+ \fi
+\egroup}
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+% \end{macro}
+%
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\maketitle}
+% \changes{v1.0}{2014/08/18}{Moved the text down}
+% Our macro is simpler than that of |elsarticle|, since we have
+% fewer options.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\def\maketitle{%
+ \null\bigskip\par
+ \iflongmktitle\getSpaceLeft
+ \global\setbox\els@boxa=\vsplit0 to \@tempdima
+ \box\els@boxa\par\resetTitleCounters
+ \printFirstPageNotes
+ \box0%
+ \else
+ \finalMaketitle\printFirstPageNotes
+ \fi
+ \RESP@write@paper@info
+ \author@andify\authors
+ \xdef\authors{\authors}%
+ \gdef\thefootnote{\arabic{footnote}}%
+ \thispagestyle{firstpagestyle}%
+}
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\volumenumber}
+% This sets the volume of the paper
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\def\volumenumber#1{\gdef\currentvolume{#1}}
+\volumenumber{}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+% \begin{macro}{\issuenumber}
+% This sets the issue of the paper:
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\def\issuenumber#1{\gdef\currentissue{#1}}
+\issuenumber{}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+% \begin{macro}{\publicationyear}
+% This sets the year of the paper
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\def\publicationyear#1{\gdef\currentyear{#1}}
+\publicationyear{}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+% \begin{macro}{\publicationmonth}
+% This sets the month of the paper
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\newcommand\publicationmonth[2][]{\gdef\currentmonth{#2}%
+ \gdef\abbrevcurrentmonth{#1}%
+ \ifx\abbrevcurrentmonth\@empty\gdef\abbrevcurrentmonth{#2}\fi}
+\publicationmonth{}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\papernumber}
+% This is absent from the |\issueinfo|.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\def\papernumber#1{\gdef\currentpaper{#1}}
+\papernumber{0000}
+%
+% \end{macro}
+%
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\doinumber}
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\def\doinumber#1{\gdef\@doinumber{#1}}
+\doinumber{123.4567/archivesforensicpsychology.\currentyear.\currentvolume.\currentissue.\currentpaper}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\startpage}
+% This defines the starting page of the paper. We have some nice
+% features to set up roman page numbers for editorial
+% stuff---probably not needed for this journal at this time\dots
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\def\startpage#1{\pagenumbering{arabic}\setcounter{page}{#1}%
+ \gdef\start@page{#1}%
+ \ifnum\c@page<\z@ \pagenumbering{roman}\setcounter{page}{-#1}%
+ \gdef\start@page{\romannumeral#1}%
+ \fi}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\endpage}
+% This macro again has a twist in it: if the argument is not set, it
+% calculates the last page number itself.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\def\endpage#1{\def\@tempa{#1}%
+ \ifx\@tempa\@empty\def\end@page{\pageref{LastPage}}%
+ \else\def\end@page{#1}\fi}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\pagespan}
+% This macro is different from the one provided by |amsart|
+% because we want to have the option of automatic calculation of the
+% last page number.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\def\pagespan#1#2{\startpage{#1}\endpage{#2}}
+\pagespan{1}{}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\articleentry}
+% This is necessary for |\prevpaper| command. We read the TOC entry
+% from the previous paper and increment it by 1. Note that we
+% always start with on an odd page, since the additional check
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\def\articleentry#1#2#3#4{\@tempcnta=#4\relax
+ \advance\@tempcnta by 1\relax
+ \ifodd\the\@tempcnta\else\advance\@tempcnta by 1\relax\fi
+ \startpage{\the\@tempcnta}}
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\prevpaper}
+% This sets the previous paper location and reads the information
+% from the previous paper
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\def\prevpaper#1{\IfFileExists{#1.rpi}{%
+ \ClassInfo{afparticle}{%
+ Reading first page number from the file #1.rpi}%
+ \input{#1.rpi}%
+ }{\ClassWarning{afparticle}{Cannot find the file #1.rpi.
+ Did you run latex on the previous paper?}}}
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+% \end{macro}
+%
+%
+%\subsection{Back Matter}
+%\label{sec:back}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\AFP@backmatter}
+% The technical information about the paper.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\def\AFP@backmatter{}
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+% \end{macro}
+% \begin{macro}{\received}
+% Date of receiving
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\def\received#1{\g@addto@macro\AFP@backmatter{Received: #1\\}}
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+% \end{macro}
+% \begin{macro}{\revised}
+% Date of receiving a revision
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\def\revised#1{\g@addto@macro\AFP@backmatter{Revision Received: #1\\}}
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+% \end{macro}
+% \begin{macro}{\accepted}
+% Date of acceptance
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\def\accepted#1{\g@addto@macro\AFP@backmatter{Accepted: #1\\}}
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macrocode}
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\printbackmatter}
+% Print the back matter
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\def\printbackmatter{\ifx\AFP@backmatter\@empty\else\medskip
+ \begin{flushright}%
+ \AFP@backmatter
+ \end{flushright}%
+\fi}
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+% \end{macro}
+%
+%\subsection{Page styles}
+%\label{sec:styles}
+%
+% In |preprint| mode |elsarticle| uses one side style. We want to
+% override this:
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\AtBeginDocument{\@twosidetrue}
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\footskip}
+% We want generous \cs{footskip}
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\setlength\footskip{40\p@}
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\headrulewidth}
+% \begin{macro}{\footrulewidth}
+% We do not want decorative rules in the journal:
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}
+\renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+% \begin{macro}{standardpagestyle}
+% The page style for all pages but the first one
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\fancypagestyle{standardpagestyle}{%
+ \fancyhead{}%
+ \fancyfoot{}%
+ \fancyfoot[R]{\thepage}%
+ \fancyhead[CE]{\scshape\MakeLowercase{\shortauthors}}%
+ \fancyhead[CO]{\scshape\MakeLowercase{\shorttitle}}%
+}
+\pagestyle{standardpagestyle}
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{firstpagestyle}
+% The page style for the first page
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\fancypagestyle{firstpagestyle}{%
+ \fancyhead{}%
+ \fancyfoot{}%
+ \fancyfoot[R]{\thepage}%
+ \fancyhead[L]{\small Archives of Forensic Research\\
+ \currentyear, Vol.~\currentvolume, No.~\currentissue,
+ \thepage--\end@page}%
+ \fancyhead[R]{\small\textcopyright~\currentyear\ Global Institute of
+ Forensic Research\\ISBN~2334-2749}%
+}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+%
+%\subsection{Paragraphing}
+%\label{sec:paras}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\parindent}
+% We want generous indents
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\setlength\parindent{2em}
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+% \end{macro}
+%
+%
+%\subsection{Sectioning}
+%\label{sec:sectioning}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{secnumdepth}
+% We do not number sections
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\setcounter{secnumdepth}{-1}
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\section}
+% We center our sections:
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\renewcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}%
+ {18\p@ \@plus 6\p@ \@minus 3\p@}%
+ {9\p@ \@plus 6\p@ \@minus 3\p@}%
+ {\centering\normalsize\bfseries\boldmath}}
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\subsection}
+% Our subsections look like sections, but flushed left
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\renewcommand\subsection{\@startsection {subsection}{2}{\z@}%
+ {18\p@ \@plus 6\p@ \@minus 3\p@}%
+ {9\p@ \@plus 6\p@ \@minus 3\p@}%
+ {\normalsize\bfseries\boldmath}}
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\subsubsection}
+% Our subsubsections are italicized and written on the same line as
+% the text. Also, they end with dots.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\renewcommand\subsubsection{\@startsection{subsubsection}{3}{0\z@}%
+ {0\z@}%
+ {-6\p@}%
+ {\normalfont\hspace*{\parindent}\itshape\@addfinaldot}}
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\@addfinaldot}
+% Add a dot after a text
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\def\@addfinaldot#1{#1.}
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+% \end{macro}
+%
+%
+%\subsection{Floats}
+%\label{sec:floats}
+% \changes{v1.0}{2014/08/18}{Centered captions}
+% Setting up table captions
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\DeclareCaptionLabelSeparator{periodNewline}{.\\}
+\captionsetup[table]{position=top, format=plain,
+ labelsep=periodNewline, justification=centering,
+ singlelinecheck=off, font=normalsize, textfont=it}
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+% Setting up figure captions
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\captionsetup[figure]{position=bottom, format=plain,
+ labelsep=period, justification=centering,
+ singlelinecheck=off, font=normalsize, labelfont=it}
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+%
+%\subsection{Final Words}
+%\label{sec:finis}
+%
+%
+%
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\normalsize\normalfont
+%</class>
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+%\Finale
+%\clearpage
+%
+%\PrintChanges
+%\clearpage
+%\PrintIndex
+%
+\endinput
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/source/latex/afparticle/afparticle.ins b/Master/texmf-dist/source/latex/afparticle/afparticle.ins
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..3badd737973
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-dist/source/latex/afparticle/afparticle.ins
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+%
+% Docstrip file for afparticle
+% This file is in public domain
+% $Id: afparticle.ins,v 1.1 2014-07-16 22:18:28 boris Exp $
+%
+\def\batchfile{afparticle.ins}
+\input docstrip
+\keepsilent
+\showprogress
+
+
+\askforoverwritefalse
+
+\generate{%
+ \file{afparticle.cls}{\from{afparticle.dtx}{class}}}
+
+\obeyspaces
+\Msg{*****************************************************}%
+\Msg{* Congratulations! You successfully generated the *}%
+\Msg{* afparticle package. *}%
+\Msg{* *}%
+\Msg{* Please move afparticle.cls to the place for LaTeX *}%
+\Msg{* files in your system. The manual is in the file *}%
+\Msg{* afparticle.pdf. *}%
+\Msg{* *}%
+\Msg{* The package is released under LPPL *}%
+\Msg{* *}%
+\Msg{* Happy TeXing! *}%
+\Msg{*****************************************************}% \ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/tex/latex/afparticle/afparticle.cls b/Master/texmf-dist/tex/latex/afparticle/afparticle.cls
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..55bc4757ae6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-dist/tex/latex/afparticle/afparticle.cls
@@ -0,0 +1,293 @@
+%%
+%% This is file `afparticle.cls',
+%% generated with the docstrip utility.
+%%
+%% The original source files were:
+%%
+%% afparticle.dtx (with options: `class')
+%%
+%% IMPORTANT NOTICE:
+%%
+%% For the copyright see the source file.
+%%
+%% Any modified versions of this file must be renamed
+%% with new filenames distinct from afparticle.cls.
+%%
+%% For distribution of the original source see the terms
+%% for copying and modification in the file afparticle.dtx.
+%%
+%% This generated file may be distributed as long as the
+%% original source files, as listed above, are part of the
+%% same distribution. (The sources need not necessarily be
+%% in the same archive or directory.)
+\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}
+\ProvidesClass{afparticle}
+[2014/07/18 v1.0 Typesetting articles for Archives of Forensic Psychology]
+\def\AFP@DisableMacro#1{\ClassError{afparticle}{The macro
+ \expandafter\protect\csname#1\endcsname\space
+ is disabled}{The command
+ \expandafter\protect\csname#1\endcsname\space
+ is introduced in the
+ elsarticle class.\MessageBreak It is disabled in afpartcile
+ class}}
+\let\@xp=\expandafter
+\let\@nx=\noexpand
+\long\def\@ifempty#1{\@xifempty#1@@..\@nil}
+\long\def\@xifempty#1#2@#3#4#5\@nil{%
+ \ifx#3#4\@xp\@firstoftwo\else\@xp\@secondoftwo\fi}
+\long\def\@ifnotempty#1{\@ifempty{#1}{}}
+\newtoks\@emptytoks
+\def\@andlista#1#2\and#3\and{\@andlistc{#2}\@ifnotempty{#3}{%
+ \@andlistb#1{#3}}}
+\def\@andlistb#1#2#3#4#5\and{%
+ \@ifempty{#5}{%
+ \@andlistc{#2#4}%
+ }{%
+ \@andlistc{#1#4}\@andlistb{#1}{#3}{#3}{#5}%
+ }}
+\let\@andlistc\@iden
+\newcommand{\nxandlist}[4]{%
+ \def\@andlistc##1{\toks@\@xp{\the\toks@##1}}%
+ \toks@{\toks@\@emptytoks \@andlista{{#1}{#2}{#3}}}%
+ \the\@xp\toks@#4\and\and
+ \edef#4{\the\toks@}%
+ \let\@andlistc\@iden}
+\def\@@and{and}
+\def\author@andify{%
+ \nxandlist {\unskip ,\penalty-1 \space\ignorespaces}%
+ {\unskip {} \@@and~}%
+ {\unskip ,\penalty-2 \space\@@and~}%
+}
+\RequirePackage{xkeyval}
+\def\AFP@OptionWarning#1{\ClassWarning{afparticle}{The option #1 is
+ not used for afparticle. I will silently ignore it}}
+\DeclareOptionX{3p}{\AFP@OptionWarning{\CurrentOption}}%
+\DeclareOptionX{5p}{\AFP@OptionWarning{\CurrentOption}}%
+\DeclareOptionX{authoryear}{\AFP@OptionWarning{\CurrentOption}}%
+\DeclareOptionX{number}{\AFP@OptionWarning{\CurrentOption}}%
+\DeclareOptionX{sort&compress}{\AFP@OptionWarning{\CurrentOption}}%
+\DeclareOptionX*{\PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{elsarticle}}
+\ProcessOptionsX
+\@namedef{ver@natbib.sty}{}
+\@namedef{opt@natbib.sty}{round,authoryear}
+\newlength\bibsep
+\LoadClass[1p,authoryear,round]{elsarticle}
+\RequirePackage{lastpage,fancyhdr}
+\RequirePackage{caption}
+\RequirePackage{booktabs}
+\RequirePackage{graphicx}
+\RequirePackage[hyperfootnotes=false,colorlinks,allcolors=blue]{hyperref}
+\expandafter\let\csname ver@natbib.sty\endcsname=\@undefined
+\let\bibsep=\@undefined
+\RequirePackage[natbibapa]{apacite}
+\renewenvironment{abstract}{\global\setbox\absbox=\vbox\bgroup
+ \hsize=\textwidth\def\baselinestretch{1}%
+ \noindent\unskip\ignorespaces}
+ {\egroup}
+\def\tnoteref#1{\AFP@DisableMacro{tnoteref}}
+\def\corref#1{\AFP@DisableMacro{corref}}
+\def\fnref#1{\AFP@DisableMacro{fnref}}
+\renewcommand*{\title}[2][]{\gdef\shorttitle{#1}\gdef\@title{#2}}
+\edef\title{\@nx\@dblarg
+ \@xp\@nx\csname\string\title\endcsname}
+\newif\ifAFP@corrauthor
+\def\authors{}
+\def\shortauthors{\authors}
+\def\author{%
+ \@ifstar{\AFP@corrauthortrue\AFP@author}{\AFP@corrauthorfalse\AFP@author}}
+\def\AFP@author{\@ifnextchar[{\@@author}{\@author}}
+\def\@@author[#1]#2{%
+ \ifx\@empty\authors
+ \gdef\authors{#2}%
+ \else
+ \g@addto@macro\authors{\and#2}%
+ \fi
+ \g@addto@macro\elsauthors{%
+ \normalsize\upshape
+ \def\baselinestretch{1}%
+ \authorsep#2\unskip}%
+ \ifAFP@corrauthor
+ \g@addto@macro\elsauthors{\textsuperscript{$\ast$,}}\fi
+ \g@addto@macro\elsauthors{%
+ \textsuperscript{%#1%
+ \@for\@@affmark:=#1\do{%
+ \edef\affnum{\@ifundefined{X@\@@affmark}{1}{\elsRef{\@@affmark}}}%
+ \unskip\sep\affnum\let\sep=,}%
+ \ifx\@fnmark\@empty\else\unskip\sep\@fnmark\let\sep=,\fi
+ \ifx\@corref\@empty\else\unskip\sep\@corref\let\sep=,\fi
+ }%
+ \def\authorsep{\unskip,\space}%
+ \global\let\sep\@empty\global\let\@corref\@empty
+ \global\let\@fnmark\@empty}%
+ \@eadauthor={#2}
+}
+\def\@author#1{%
+ \ifx\@empty\authors
+ \gdef\authors{#1}%
+ \else
+ \g@addto@macro\authors{\and#1}%
+ \fi
+ \g@addto@macro\elsauthors{\normalsize%
+ \def\baselinestretch{1}%
+ \upshape\authorsep#1}
+ \ifAFP@corrauthor
+ \g@addto@macro\elsauthors{\textsuperscript{$\ast$}}\fi
+ \g@addto@macro\elsauthors{%
+ \def\authorsep{\unskip,\space}%
+ \global\let\@fnmark\@empty
+ \global\let\sep\@empty}%
+ \@eadauthor={#1}
+}
+\long\def\@address#1{\g@addto@macro\elsauthors{%
+ \def\baselinestretch{1}\def\addsep{\par\vskip4pt}%
+ \addsep\footnotesize\itshape#1%
+ \def\authorsep{\par\vskip16pt}}}
+\def\paperUrl#1{\gdef\@paperUrl{#1}}
+\paperUrl{}
+\newwrite\@mainrpi
+\def\RESP@write@paper@info{%
+ \bgroup
+ \if@filesw
+ \openout\@mainrpi\jobname.rpi%
+ \write\@mainrpi{\relax}%
+ \ifx\r@LastPage\@undefined
+ \edef\@tempa{\start@page}%
+ \else
+ \def\@tempb##1##2##3##4##5{##2}%
+ \edef\@tempa{\expandafter\@tempb\r@LastPage}%
+ \fi
+ \def\and{\string\and\space}%
+ \protected@write\@mainrpi{}%
+ {\string\articleentry{\authors}{\@title}{\start@page}{\@tempa}}%
+ \protected@write\@mainrpi{}%
+ {\@percentchar authors=\authors}%
+ \protected@write\@mainrpi{}%
+ {\@percentchar title=\@title}%
+ \protected@write\@mainrpi{}%
+ {\@percentchar year=\currentyear}%
+ \protected@write\@mainrpi{}%
+ {\@percentchar volume=\currentvolume}%
+ \protected@write\@mainrpi{}%
+ {\@percentchar issue=\currentissue}%
+ \protected@write\@mainrpi{}%
+ {\@percentchar paper=\currentpaper}%
+ \protected@write\@mainrpi{}%
+ {\@percentchar startpage=\start@page}%
+ \protected@write\@mainrpi{}%
+ {\@percentchar endpage=\@tempa}%
+ \protected@write\@mainrpi{}%
+ {\@percentchar doi=\@doinumber}%
+ \ifx\@paperUrl\@empty\else
+ \protected@write\@mainrpi{}%
+ {\@percentchar paperUrl=\@paperUrl}%
+ \fi
+ \closeout\@mainrpi
+ \fi
+\egroup}
+\def\maketitle{%
+ \null\bigskip\par
+ \iflongmktitle\getSpaceLeft
+ \global\setbox\els@boxa=\vsplit0 to \@tempdima
+ \box\els@boxa\par\resetTitleCounters
+ \printFirstPageNotes
+ \box0%
+ \else
+ \finalMaketitle\printFirstPageNotes
+ \fi
+ \RESP@write@paper@info
+ \author@andify\authors
+ \xdef\authors{\authors}%
+ \gdef\thefootnote{\arabic{footnote}}%
+ \thispagestyle{firstpagestyle}%
+}
+\def\volumenumber#1{\gdef\currentvolume{#1}}
+\volumenumber{}
+\def\issuenumber#1{\gdef\currentissue{#1}}
+\issuenumber{}
+\def\publicationyear#1{\gdef\currentyear{#1}}
+\publicationyear{}
+\newcommand\publicationmonth[2][]{\gdef\currentmonth{#2}%
+ \gdef\abbrevcurrentmonth{#1}%
+ \ifx\abbrevcurrentmonth\@empty\gdef\abbrevcurrentmonth{#2}\fi}
+\publicationmonth{}
+\def\papernumber#1{\gdef\currentpaper{#1}}
+\papernumber{0000}
+\def\doinumber#1{\gdef\@doinumber{#1}}
+\doinumber{123.4567/archivesforensicpsychology.\currentyear.\currentvolume.\currentissue.\currentpaper}
+\def\startpage#1{\pagenumbering{arabic}\setcounter{page}{#1}%
+ \gdef\start@page{#1}%
+ \ifnum\c@page<\z@ \pagenumbering{roman}\setcounter{page}{-#1}%
+ \gdef\start@page{\romannumeral#1}%
+ \fi}
+\def\endpage#1{\def\@tempa{#1}%
+ \ifx\@tempa\@empty\def\end@page{\pageref{LastPage}}%
+ \else\def\end@page{#1}\fi}
+\def\pagespan#1#2{\startpage{#1}\endpage{#2}}
+\pagespan{1}{}
+\def\articleentry#1#2#3#4{\@tempcnta=#4\relax
+ \advance\@tempcnta by 1\relax
+ \ifodd\the\@tempcnta\else\advance\@tempcnta by 1\relax\fi
+ \startpage{\the\@tempcnta}}
+\def\prevpaper#1{\IfFileExists{#1.rpi}{%
+ \ClassInfo{afparticle}{%
+ Reading first page number from the file #1.rpi}%
+ \input{#1.rpi}%
+ }{\ClassWarning{afparticle}{Cannot find the file #1.rpi.
+ Did you run latex on the previous paper?}}}
+\def\AFP@backmatter{}
+\def\received#1{\g@addto@macro\AFP@backmatter{Received: #1\\}}
+\def\revised#1{\g@addto@macro\AFP@backmatter{Revision Received: #1\\}}
+\def\accepted#1{\g@addto@macro\AFP@backmatter{Accepted: #1\\}}
+\def\printbackmatter{\ifx\AFP@backmatter\@empty\else\medskip
+ \begin{flushright}%
+ \AFP@backmatter
+ \end{flushright}%
+\fi}
+\AtBeginDocument{\@twosidetrue}
+\setlength\footskip{40\p@}
+\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}
+\renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt}
+\fancypagestyle{standardpagestyle}{%
+ \fancyhead{}%
+ \fancyfoot{}%
+ \fancyfoot[R]{\thepage}%
+ \fancyhead[CE]{\scshape\MakeLowercase{\shortauthors}}%
+ \fancyhead[CO]{\scshape\MakeLowercase{\shorttitle}}%
+}
+\pagestyle{standardpagestyle}
+\fancypagestyle{firstpagestyle}{%
+ \fancyhead{}%
+ \fancyfoot{}%
+ \fancyfoot[R]{\thepage}%
+ \fancyhead[L]{\small Archives of Forensic Research\\
+ \currentyear, Vol.~\currentvolume, No.~\currentissue,
+ \thepage--\end@page}%
+ \fancyhead[R]{\small\textcopyright~\currentyear\ Global Institute of
+ Forensic Research\\ISBN~2334-2749}%
+}
+\setlength\parindent{2em}
+\setcounter{secnumdepth}{-1}
+\renewcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}%
+ {18\p@ \@plus 6\p@ \@minus 3\p@}%
+ {9\p@ \@plus 6\p@ \@minus 3\p@}%
+ {\centering\normalsize\bfseries\boldmath}}
+\renewcommand\subsection{\@startsection {subsection}{2}{\z@}%
+ {18\p@ \@plus 6\p@ \@minus 3\p@}%
+ {9\p@ \@plus 6\p@ \@minus 3\p@}%
+ {\normalsize\bfseries\boldmath}}
+\renewcommand\subsubsection{\@startsection{subsubsection}{3}{0\z@}%
+ {0\z@}%
+ {-6\p@}%
+ {\normalfont\hspace*{\parindent}\itshape\@addfinaldot}}
+\def\@addfinaldot#1{#1.}
+\DeclareCaptionLabelSeparator{periodNewline}{.\\}
+\captionsetup[table]{position=top, format=plain,
+ labelsep=periodNewline, justification=centering,
+ singlelinecheck=off, font=normalsize, textfont=it}
+\captionsetup[figure]{position=bottom, format=plain,
+ labelsep=period, justification=centering,
+ singlelinecheck=off, font=normalsize, labelfont=it}
+\normalsize\normalfont
+\endinput
+%%
+%% End of file `afparticle.cls'.
diff --git a/Master/tlpkg/bin/tlpkg-ctan-check b/Master/tlpkg/bin/tlpkg-ctan-check
index 93ba1f76e48..45073c82e00 100755
--- a/Master/tlpkg/bin/tlpkg-ctan-check
+++ b/Master/tlpkg/bin/tlpkg-ctan-check
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ my @TLP_working = qw(
addlines adfathesis adforn adhocfilelist
adjmulticol adfsymbols adjustbox adobemapping
adrconv advdate
- ae aecc aeguill afthesis
+ ae aecc aeguill afparticle afthesis
aguplus aiaa aichej ajl akktex akletter alegreya
alg algorithm2e algorithmicx algorithms allrunes alnumsec alterqcm
altfont ametsoc amiri amsaddr amscls amsfonts amslatex-primer
diff --git a/Master/tlpkg/tlpsrc/afparticle.tlpsrc b/Master/tlpkg/tlpsrc/afparticle.tlpsrc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e69de29bb2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/tlpkg/tlpsrc/afparticle.tlpsrc
diff --git a/Master/tlpkg/tlpsrc/collection-publishers.tlpsrc b/Master/tlpkg/tlpsrc/collection-publishers.tlpsrc
index b7464f31226..ced9b8a2d55 100644
--- a/Master/tlpkg/tlpsrc/collection-publishers.tlpsrc
+++ b/Master/tlpkg/tlpsrc/collection-publishers.tlpsrc
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ depend abntex2
depend acmconf
depend active-conf
depend adfathesis
+depend afparticle
depend afthesis
depend aguplus
depend aiaa