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diff --git a/Master/tlpkg/tlperl/lib/pods/perl.pod b/Master/tlpkg/tlperl/lib/pods/perl.pod new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..e67f0627dea --- /dev/null +++ b/Master/tlpkg/tlperl/lib/pods/perl.pod @@ -0,0 +1,462 @@ +=head1 NAME + +perl - The Perl language interpreter + +=head1 SYNOPSIS + +B<perl> S<[ B<-sTtuUWX> ]> + S<[ B<-hv> ] [ B<-V>[:I<configvar>] ]> + S<[ B<-cw> ] [ B<-d>[B<t>][:I<debugger>] ] [ B<-D>[I<number/list>] ]> + S<[ B<-pna> ] [ B<-F>I<pattern> ] [ B<-l>[I<octal>] ] [ B<-0>[I<octal/hexadecimal>] ]> + S<[ B<-I>I<dir> ] [ B<-m>[B<->]I<module> ] [ B<-M>[B<->]I<'module...'> ] [ B<-f> ]> + S<[ B<-C [I<number/list>] >]> + S<[ B<-S> ]> + S<[ B<-x>[I<dir>] ]> + S<[ B<-i>[I<extension>] ]> + S<[ [B<-e>|B<-E>] I<'command'> ] [ B<--> ] [ I<programfile> ] [ I<argument> ]...> + +=head1 GETTING HELP + +The F<perldoc> program gives you access to all the documentation that comes +with Perl. You can get more documentation, tutorials and community support +online at L<http://www.perl.org/>. + +If you're new to Perl, you should start by running C<perldoc perlintro>, +which is a general intro for beginners and provides some background to help +you navigate the rest of Perl's extensive documentation. Run C<perldoc +perldoc> to learn more things you can do with F<perldoc>. + +For ease of access, the Perl manual has been split up into several sections. + +=head2 Overview + + perl Perl overview (this section) + perlintro Perl introduction for beginners + perltoc Perl documentation table of contents + +=head2 Tutorials + + perlreftut Perl references short introduction + perldsc Perl data structures intro + perllol Perl data structures: arrays of arrays + + perlrequick Perl regular expressions quick start + perlretut Perl regular expressions tutorial + + perlboot Perl OO tutorial for beginners + perltoot Perl OO tutorial, part 1 + perltooc Perl OO tutorial, part 2 + perlbot Perl OO tricks and examples + + perlperf Perl Performance and Optimization Techniques + + perlstyle Perl style guide + + perlcheat Perl cheat sheet + perltrap Perl traps for the unwary + perldebtut Perl debugging tutorial + + perlfaq Perl frequently asked questions + perlfaq1 General Questions About Perl + perlfaq2 Obtaining and Learning about Perl + perlfaq3 Programming Tools + perlfaq4 Data Manipulation + perlfaq5 Files and Formats + perlfaq6 Regexes + perlfaq7 Perl Language Issues + perlfaq8 System Interaction + perlfaq9 Networking + +=head2 Reference Manual + + perlsyn Perl syntax + perldata Perl data structures + perlop Perl operators and precedence + perlsub Perl subroutines + perlfunc Perl built-in functions + perlopentut Perl open() tutorial + perlpacktut Perl pack() and unpack() tutorial + perlpod Perl plain old documentation + perlpodspec Perl plain old documentation format specification + perlrun Perl execution and options + perldiag Perl diagnostic messages + perllexwarn Perl warnings and their control + perldebug Perl debugging + perlvar Perl predefined variables + perlre Perl regular expressions, the rest of the story + perlrebackslash Perl regular expression backslash sequences + perlrecharclass Perl regular expression character classes + perlreref Perl regular expressions quick reference + perlref Perl references, the rest of the story + perlform Perl formats + perlobj Perl objects + perltie Perl objects hidden behind simple variables + perldbmfilter Perl DBM filters + + perlipc Perl interprocess communication + perlfork Perl fork() information + perlnumber Perl number semantics + + perlthrtut Perl threads tutorial + + perlport Perl portability guide + perllocale Perl locale support + perluniintro Perl Unicode introduction + perlunicode Perl Unicode support + perlunifaq Perl Unicode FAQ + perluniprops Index of Unicode Version 5.2.0 properties in Perl + perlunitut Perl Unicode tutorial + perlebcdic Considerations for running Perl on EBCDIC platforms + + perlsec Perl security + + perlmod Perl modules: how they work + perlmodlib Perl modules: how to write and use + perlmodstyle Perl modules: how to write modules with style + perlmodinstall Perl modules: how to install from CPAN + perlnewmod Perl modules: preparing a new module for distribution + perlpragma Perl modules: writing a user pragma + + perlutil utilities packaged with the Perl distribution + + perlcompile Perl compiler suite intro + + perlfilter Perl source filters + + perlglossary Perl Glossary + +=head2 Internals and C Language Interface + + perlembed Perl ways to embed perl in your C or C++ application + perldebguts Perl debugging guts and tips + perlxstut Perl XS tutorial + perlxs Perl XS application programming interface + perlclib Internal replacements for standard C library functions + perlguts Perl internal functions for those doing extensions + perlcall Perl calling conventions from C + perlmroapi Perl method resolution plugin interface + perlreapi Perl regular expression plugin interface + perlreguts Perl regular expression engine internals + + perlapi Perl API listing (autogenerated) + perlintern Perl internal functions (autogenerated) + perliol C API for Perl's implementation of IO in Layers + perlapio Perl internal IO abstraction interface + + perlhack Perl hackers guide + perlpolicy Perl development policies + perlrepository Perl source repository + +=head2 Miscellaneous + + perlbook Perl book information + perlcommunity Perl community information + perltodo Perl things to do + + perldoc Look up Perl documentation in Pod format + + perlhist Perl history records + perldelta Perl changes since previous version + perl5122delta Perl changes in version 5.12.2 + perl5121delta Perl changes in version 5.12.1 + perl5120delta Perl changes in version 5.12.0 + perl5115delta Perl changes in version 5.11.5 + perl5114delta Perl changes in version 5.11.4 + perl5113delta Perl changes in version 5.11.3 + perl5112delta Perl changes in version 5.11.2 + perl5111delta Perl changes in version 5.11.1 + perl5110delta Perl changes in version 5.11.0 + perl5101delta Perl changes in version 5.10.1 + perl5100delta Perl changes in version 5.10.0 + perl595delta Perl changes in version 5.9.5 + perl594delta Perl changes in version 5.9.4 + perl593delta Perl changes in version 5.9.3 + perl592delta Perl changes in version 5.9.2 + perl591delta Perl changes in version 5.9.1 + perl590delta Perl changes in version 5.9.0 + perl589delta Perl changes in version 5.8.9 + perl588delta Perl changes in version 5.8.8 + perl587delta Perl changes in version 5.8.7 + perl586delta Perl changes in version 5.8.6 + perl585delta Perl changes in version 5.8.5 + perl584delta Perl changes in version 5.8.4 + perl583delta Perl changes in version 5.8.3 + perl582delta Perl changes in version 5.8.2 + perl581delta Perl changes in version 5.8.1 + perl58delta Perl changes in version 5.8.0 + perl573delta Perl changes in version 5.7.3 + perl572delta Perl changes in version 5.7.2 + perl571delta Perl changes in version 5.7.1 + perl570delta Perl changes in version 5.7.0 + perl561delta Perl changes in version 5.6.1 + perl56delta Perl changes in version 5.6 + perl5005delta Perl changes in version 5.005 + perl5004delta Perl changes in version 5.004 + + perlartistic Perl Artistic License + perlgpl GNU General Public License + +=head2 Language-Specific + + perlcn Perl for Simplified Chinese (in EUC-CN) + perljp Perl for Japanese (in EUC-JP) + perlko Perl for Korean (in EUC-KR) + perltw Perl for Traditional Chinese (in Big5) + +=head2 Platform-Specific + + perlaix Perl notes for AIX + perlamiga Perl notes for AmigaOS + perlapollo Perl notes for Apollo DomainOS + perlbeos Perl notes for BeOS + perlbs2000 Perl notes for POSIX-BC BS2000 + perlce Perl notes for WinCE + perlcygwin Perl notes for Cygwin + perldgux Perl notes for DG/UX + perldos Perl notes for DOS + perlepoc Perl notes for EPOC + perlfreebsd Perl notes for FreeBSD + perlhaiku Perl notes for Haiku + perlhpux Perl notes for HP-UX + perlhurd Perl notes for Hurd + perlirix Perl notes for Irix + perllinux Perl notes for Linux + perlmacos Perl notes for Mac OS (Classic) + perlmacosx Perl notes for Mac OS X + perlmpeix Perl notes for MPE/iX + perlnetware Perl notes for NetWare + perlopenbsd Perl notes for OpenBSD + perlos2 Perl notes for OS/2 + perlos390 Perl notes for OS/390 + perlos400 Perl notes for OS/400 + perlplan9 Perl notes for Plan 9 + perlqnx Perl notes for QNX + perlriscos Perl notes for RISC OS + perlsolaris Perl notes for Solaris + perlsymbian Perl notes for Symbian + perltru64 Perl notes for Tru64 + perluts Perl notes for UTS + perlvmesa Perl notes for VM/ESA + perlvms Perl notes for VMS + perlvos Perl notes for Stratus VOS + perlwin32 Perl notes for Windows + + +On a Unix-like system, these documentation files will usually also be +available as manpages for use with the F<man> program. + +In general, if something strange has gone wrong with your program and you're +not sure where you should look for help, try the B<-w> switch first. It will +often point out exactly where the trouble is. + +=head1 DESCRIPTION + +Perl officially stands for Practical Extraction and Report Language, +except when it doesn't. + +Perl is a language optimized for scanning arbitrary +text files, extracting information from those text files, and printing +reports based on that information. It's also a good language for many +system management tasks. The language is intended to be practical +(easy to use, efficient, complete) rather than beautiful (tiny, +elegant, minimal). + +Perl combines (in the author's opinion, anyway) some of the best +features of C, B<sed>, B<awk>, and B<sh>, so people familiar with +those languages should have little difficulty with it. (Language +historians will also note some vestiges of B<csh>, Pascal, and even +BASIC-PLUS.) Expression syntax corresponds closely to C +expression syntax. Unlike most Unix utilities, Perl does not +arbitrarily limit the size of your data--if you've got the memory, +Perl can slurp in your whole file as a single string. Recursion is of +unlimited depth. And the tables used by hashes (sometimes called +"associative arrays") grow as necessary to prevent degraded +performance. Perl can use sophisticated pattern matching techniques to +scan large amounts of data quickly. Although optimized for +scanning text, Perl can also deal with binary data, and can make dbm +files look like hashes. Setuid Perl scripts are safer than C programs +through a dataflow tracing mechanism that prevents many stupid +security holes. + +If you have a problem that would ordinarily use B<sed> or B<awk> or +B<sh>, but it exceeds their capabilities or must run a little faster, +and you don't want to write the silly thing in C, then Perl may be for +you. There are also translators to turn your B<sed> and B<awk> +scripts into Perl scripts. + +But wait, there's more... + +Begun in 1993 (see L<perlhist>), Perl version 5 is nearly a complete +rewrite that provides the following additional benefits: + +=over 4 + +=item * + +modularity and reusability using innumerable modules + +Described in L<perlmod>, L<perlmodlib>, and L<perlmodinstall>. + +=item * + +embeddable and extensible + +Described in L<perlembed>, L<perlxstut>, L<perlxs>, L<perlcall>, +L<perlguts>, and L<xsubpp>. + +=item * + +roll-your-own magic variables (including multiple simultaneous DBM +implementations) + +Described in L<perltie> and L<AnyDBM_File>. + +=item * + +subroutines can now be overridden, autoloaded, and prototyped + +Described in L<perlsub>. + +=item * + +arbitrarily nested data structures and anonymous functions + +Described in L<perlreftut>, L<perlref>, L<perldsc>, and L<perllol>. + +=item * + +object-oriented programming + +Described in L<perlobj>, L<perlboot>, L<perltoot>, L<perltooc>, +and L<perlbot>. + +=item * + +support for light-weight processes (threads) + +Described in L<perlthrtut> and L<threads>. + +=item * + +support for Unicode, internationalization, and localization + +Described in L<perluniintro>, L<perllocale> and L<Locale::Maketext>. + +=item * + +lexical scoping + +Described in L<perlsub>. + +=item * + +regular expression enhancements + +Described in L<perlre>, with additional examples in L<perlop>. + +=item * + +enhanced debugger and interactive Perl environment, +with integrated editor support + +Described in L<perldebtut>, L<perldebug> and L<perldebguts>. + +=item * + +POSIX 1003.1 compliant library + +Described in L<POSIX>. + +=back + +Okay, that's I<definitely> enough hype. + +=head1 AVAILABILITY + +Perl is available for most operating systems, including virtually +all Unix-like platforms. See L<perlport/"Supported Platforms"> +for a listing. + +=head1 ENVIRONMENT + +See L<perlrun>. + +=head1 AUTHOR + +Larry Wall <larry@wall.org>, with the help of oodles of other folks. + +If your Perl success stories and testimonials may be of help to others +who wish to advocate the use of Perl in their applications, +or if you wish to simply express your gratitude to Larry and the +Perl developers, please write to perl-thanks@perl.org . + +=head1 FILES + + "@INC" locations of perl libraries + +=head1 SEE ALSO + + a2p awk to perl translator + s2p sed to perl translator + + http://www.perl.org/ the Perl homepage + http://www.perl.com/ Perl articles (O'Reilly) + http://www.cpan.org/ the Comprehensive Perl Archive + http://www.pm.org/ the Perl Mongers + +=head1 DIAGNOSTICS + +The C<use warnings> pragma (and the B<-w> switch) produces some +lovely diagnostics. + +See L<perldiag> for explanations of all Perl's diagnostics. The C<use +diagnostics> pragma automatically turns Perl's normally terse warnings +and errors into these longer forms. + +Compilation errors will tell you the line number of the error, with an +indication of the next token or token type that was to be examined. +(In a script passed to Perl via B<-e> switches, each +B<-e> is counted as one line.) + +Setuid scripts have additional constraints that can produce error +messages such as "Insecure dependency". See L<perlsec>. + +Did we mention that you should definitely consider using the B<-w> +switch? + +=head1 BUGS + +The B<-w> switch is not mandatory. + +Perl is at the mercy of your machine's definitions of various +operations such as type casting, atof(), and floating-point +output with sprintf(). + +If your stdio requires a seek or eof between reads and writes on a +particular stream, so does Perl. (This doesn't apply to sysread() +and syswrite().) + +While none of the built-in data types have any arbitrary size limits +(apart from memory size), there are still a few arbitrary limits: a +given variable name may not be longer than 251 characters. Line numbers +displayed by diagnostics are internally stored as short integers, +so they are limited to a maximum of 65535 (higher numbers usually being +affected by wraparound). + +You may mail your bug reports (be sure to include full configuration +information as output by the myconfig program in the perl source +tree, or by C<perl -V>) to perlbug@perl.org . If you've succeeded +in compiling perl, the B<perlbug> script in the F<utils/> subdirectory +can be used to help mail in a bug report. + +Perl actually stands for Pathologically Eclectic Rubbish Lister, but +don't tell anyone I said that. + +=head1 NOTES + +The Perl motto is "There's more than one way to do it." Divining +how many more is left as an exercise to the reader. + +The three principal virtues of a programmer are Laziness, +Impatience, and Hubris. See the Camel Book for why. + |