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+package Unicode::UCD;
+
+use strict;
+use warnings;
+
+our $VERSION = '0.27';
+
+use Storable qw(dclone);
+
+require Exporter;
+
+our @ISA = qw(Exporter);
+
+our @EXPORT_OK = qw(charinfo
+ charblock charscript
+ charblocks charscripts
+ charinrange
+ general_categories bidi_types
+ compexcl
+ casefold casespec
+ namedseq);
+
+use Carp;
+
+=head1 NAME
+
+Unicode::UCD - Unicode character database
+
+=head1 SYNOPSIS
+
+ use Unicode::UCD 'charinfo';
+ my $charinfo = charinfo($codepoint);
+
+ use Unicode::UCD 'casefold';
+ my $casefold = casefold(0xFB00);
+
+ use Unicode::UCD 'casespec';
+ my $casespec = casespec(0xFB00);
+
+ use Unicode::UCD 'charblock';
+ my $charblock = charblock($codepoint);
+
+ use Unicode::UCD 'charscript';
+ my $charscript = charscript($codepoint);
+
+ use Unicode::UCD 'charblocks';
+ my $charblocks = charblocks();
+
+ use Unicode::UCD 'charscripts';
+ my $charscripts = charscripts();
+
+ use Unicode::UCD qw(charscript charinrange);
+ my $range = charscript($script);
+ print "looks like $script\n" if charinrange($range, $codepoint);
+
+ use Unicode::UCD qw(general_categories bidi_types);
+ my $categories = general_categories();
+ my $types = bidi_types();
+
+ use Unicode::UCD 'compexcl';
+ my $compexcl = compexcl($codepoint);
+
+ use Unicode::UCD 'namedseq';
+ my $namedseq = namedseq($named_sequence_name);
+
+ my $unicode_version = Unicode::UCD::UnicodeVersion();
+
+=head1 DESCRIPTION
+
+The Unicode::UCD module offers a series of functions that
+provide a simple interface to the Unicode
+Character Database.
+
+=head2 code point argument
+
+Some of the functions are called with a I<code point argument>, which is either
+a decimal or a hexadecimal scalar designating a Unicode code point, or C<U+>
+followed by hexadecimals designating a Unicode code point. In other words, if
+you want a code point to be interpreted as a hexadecimal number, you must
+prefix it with either C<0x> or C<U+>, because a string like e.g. C<123> will be
+interpreted as a decimal code point. Also note that Unicode is B<not> limited
+to 16 bits (the number of Unicode code points is open-ended, in theory
+unlimited): you may have more than 4 hexdigits.
+=cut
+
+my $UNICODEFH;
+my $BLOCKSFH;
+my $SCRIPTSFH;
+my $VERSIONFH;
+my $COMPEXCLFH;
+my $CASEFOLDFH;
+my $CASESPECFH;
+my $NAMEDSEQFH;
+
+sub openunicode {
+ my ($rfh, @path) = @_;
+ my $f;
+ unless (defined $$rfh) {
+ for my $d (@INC) {
+ use File::Spec;
+ $f = File::Spec->catfile($d, "unicore", @path);
+ last if open($$rfh, $f);
+ undef $f;
+ }
+ croak __PACKAGE__, ": failed to find ",
+ File::Spec->catfile(@path), " in @INC"
+ unless defined $f;
+ }
+ return $f;
+}
+
+=head2 B<charinfo()>
+
+ use Unicode::UCD 'charinfo';
+
+ my $charinfo = charinfo(0x41);
+
+This returns information about the input L</code point argument>
+as a reference to a hash of fields as defined by the Unicode
+standard. If the L</code point argument> is not assigned in the standard
+(i.e., has the general category C<Cn> meaning C<Unassigned>)
+or is a non-character (meaning it is guaranteed to never be assigned in
+the standard),
+B<undef> is returned.
+
+Fields that aren't applicable to the particular code point argument exist in the
+returned hash, and are empty.
+
+The keys in the hash with the meanings of their values are:
+
+=over
+
+=item B<code>
+
+the input L</code point argument> expressed in hexadecimal, with leading zeros
+added if necessary to make it contain at least four hexdigits
+
+=item B<name>
+
+name of I<code>, all IN UPPER CASE.
+Some control-type code points do not have names.
+This field will be empty for C<Surrogate> and C<Private Use> code points,
+and for the others without a name,
+it will contain a description enclosed in angle brackets, like
+C<E<lt>controlE<gt>>.
+
+
+=item B<category>
+
+The short name of the general category of I<code>.
+This will match one of the keys in the hash returned by L</general_categories()>.
+
+=item B<combining>
+
+the combining class number for I<code> used in the Canonical Ordering Algorithm.
+For Unicode 5.1, this is described in Section 3.11 C<Canonical Ordering Behavior>
+available at
+L<http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode5.1.0/>
+
+=item B<bidi>
+
+bidirectional type of I<code>.
+This will match one of the keys in the hash returned by L</bidi_types()>.
+
+=item B<decomposition>
+
+is empty if I<code> has no decomposition; or is one or more codes
+(separated by spaces) that taken in order represent a decomposition for
+I<code>. Each has at least four hexdigits.
+The codes may be preceded by a word enclosed in angle brackets then a space,
+like C<E<lt>compatE<gt> >, giving the type of decomposition
+
+=item B<decimal>
+
+if I<code> is a decimal digit this is its integer numeric value
+
+=item B<digit>
+
+if I<code> represents a whole number, this is its integer numeric value
+
+=item B<numeric>
+
+if I<code> represents a whole or rational number, this is its numeric value.
+Rational values are expressed as a string like C<1/4>.
+
+=item B<mirrored>
+
+C<Y> or C<N> designating if I<code> is mirrored in bidirectional text
+
+=item B<unicode10>
+
+name of I<code> in the Unicode 1.0 standard if one
+existed for this code point and is different from the current name
+
+=item B<comment>
+
+ISO 10646 comment field.
+It appears in parentheses in the ISO 10646 names list,
+or contains an asterisk to indicate there is
+a note for this code point in Annex P of that standard.
+
+=item B<upper>
+
+is empty if there is no single code point uppercase mapping for I<code>;
+otherwise it is that mapping expressed as at least four hexdigits.
+(L</casespec()> should be used in addition to B<charinfo()>
+for case mappings when the calling program can cope with multiple code point
+mappings.)
+
+=item B<lower>
+
+is empty if there is no single code point lowercase mapping for I<code>;
+otherwise it is that mapping expressed as at least four hexdigits.
+(L</casespec()> should be used in addition to B<charinfo()>
+for case mappings when the calling program can cope with multiple code point
+mappings.)
+
+=item B<title>
+
+is empty if there is no single code point titlecase mapping for I<code>;
+otherwise it is that mapping expressed as at least four hexdigits.
+(L</casespec()> should be used in addition to B<charinfo()>
+for case mappings when the calling program can cope with multiple code point
+mappings.)
+
+=item B<block>
+
+block I<code> belongs to (used in \p{In...}).
+See L</Blocks versus Scripts>.
+
+
+=item B<script>
+
+script I<code> belongs to.
+See L</Blocks versus Scripts>.
+
+=back
+
+Note that you cannot do (de)composition and casing based solely on the
+I<decomposition>, I<combining>, I<lower>, I<upper>, and I<title> fields;
+you will need also the L</compexcl()>, and L</casespec()> functions.
+
+=cut
+
+# NB: This function is duplicated in charnames.pm
+sub _getcode {
+ my $arg = shift;
+
+ if ($arg =~ /^[1-9]\d*$/) {
+ return $arg;
+ } elsif ($arg =~ /^(?:[Uu]\+|0[xX])?([[:xdigit:]]+)$/) {
+ return hex($1);
+ }
+
+ return;
+}
+
+# Lingua::KO::Hangul::Util not part of the standard distribution
+# but it will be used if available.
+
+eval { require Lingua::KO::Hangul::Util };
+my $hasHangulUtil = ! $@;
+if ($hasHangulUtil) {
+ Lingua::KO::Hangul::Util->import();
+}
+
+sub hangul_decomp { # internal: called from charinfo
+ if ($hasHangulUtil) {
+ my @tmp = decomposeHangul(shift);
+ return sprintf("%04X %04X", @tmp) if @tmp == 2;
+ return sprintf("%04X %04X %04X", @tmp) if @tmp == 3;
+ }
+ return;
+}
+
+sub hangul_charname { # internal: called from charinfo
+ return sprintf("HANGUL SYLLABLE-%04X", shift);
+}
+
+sub han_charname { # internal: called from charinfo
+ return sprintf("CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-%04X", shift);
+}
+
+# Overwritten by data in file
+my %first_last = (
+ 'CJK Ideograph Extension A' => [ 0x3400, 0x4DB5 ],
+ 'CJK Ideograph' => [ 0x4E00, 0x9FA5 ],
+ 'CJK Ideograph Extension B' => [ 0x20000, 0x2A6D6 ],
+);
+
+get_charinfo_ranges();
+
+sub get_charinfo_ranges {
+ my @blocks = keys %first_last;
+
+ my $fh;
+ openunicode( \$fh, 'UnicodeData.txt' );
+ if( defined $fh ){
+ while( my $line = <$fh> ){
+ next unless $line =~ /(?:First|Last)/;
+ if( grep{ $line =~ /[^;]+;<$_\s*,\s*(?:First|Last)>/ }@blocks ){
+ my ($number,$block,$type);
+ ($number,$block) = split /;/, $line;
+ $block =~ s/<|>//g;
+ ($block,$type) = split /, /, $block;
+ my $index = $type eq 'First' ? 0 : 1;
+ $first_last{ $block }->[$index] = hex $number;
+ }
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+my @CharinfoRanges = (
+# block name
+# [ first, last, coderef to name, coderef to decompose ],
+# CJK Ideographs Extension A
+ [ @{ $first_last{'CJK Ideograph Extension A'} }, \&han_charname, undef ],
+# CJK Ideographs
+ [ @{ $first_last{'CJK Ideograph'} }, \&han_charname, undef ],
+# Hangul Syllables
+ [ 0xAC00, 0xD7A3, $hasHangulUtil ? \&getHangulName : \&hangul_charname, \&hangul_decomp ],
+# Non-Private Use High Surrogates
+ [ 0xD800, 0xDB7F, undef, undef ],
+# Private Use High Surrogates
+ [ 0xDB80, 0xDBFF, undef, undef ],
+# Low Surrogates
+ [ 0xDC00, 0xDFFF, undef, undef ],
+# The Private Use Area
+ [ 0xE000, 0xF8FF, undef, undef ],
+# CJK Ideographs Extension B
+ [ @{ $first_last{'CJK Ideograph Extension B'} }, \&han_charname, undef ],
+# Plane 15 Private Use Area
+ [ 0xF0000, 0xFFFFD, undef, undef ],
+# Plane 16 Private Use Area
+ [ 0x100000, 0x10FFFD, undef, undef ],
+);
+
+sub charinfo {
+ my $arg = shift;
+ my $code = _getcode($arg);
+ croak __PACKAGE__, "::charinfo: unknown code '$arg'"
+ unless defined $code;
+ my $hexk = sprintf("%06X", $code);
+ my($rcode,$rname,$rdec);
+ foreach my $range (@CharinfoRanges){
+ if ($range->[0] <= $code && $code <= $range->[1]) {
+ $rcode = $hexk;
+ $rcode =~ s/^0+//;
+ $rcode = sprintf("%04X", hex($rcode));
+ $rname = $range->[2] ? $range->[2]->($code) : '';
+ $rdec = $range->[3] ? $range->[3]->($code) : '';
+ $hexk = sprintf("%06X", $range->[0]); # replace by the first
+ last;
+ }
+ }
+ openunicode(\$UNICODEFH, "UnicodeData.txt");
+ if (defined $UNICODEFH) {
+ use Search::Dict 1.02;
+ if (look($UNICODEFH, "$hexk;", { xfrm => sub { $_[0] =~ /^([^;]+);(.+)/; sprintf "%06X;$2", hex($1) } } ) >= 0) {
+ my $line = <$UNICODEFH>;
+ return unless defined $line;
+ chomp $line;
+ my %prop;
+ @prop{qw(
+ code name category
+ combining bidi decomposition
+ decimal digit numeric
+ mirrored unicode10 comment
+ upper lower title
+ )} = split(/;/, $line, -1);
+ $hexk =~ s/^0+//;
+ $hexk = sprintf("%04X", hex($hexk));
+ if ($prop{code} eq $hexk) {
+ $prop{block} = charblock($code);
+ $prop{script} = charscript($code);
+ if(defined $rname){
+ $prop{code} = $rcode;
+ $prop{name} = $rname;
+ $prop{decomposition} = $rdec;
+ }
+ return \%prop;
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ return;
+}
+
+sub _search { # Binary search in a [[lo,hi,prop],[...],...] table.
+ my ($table, $lo, $hi, $code) = @_;
+
+ return if $lo > $hi;
+
+ my $mid = int(($lo+$hi) / 2);
+
+ if ($table->[$mid]->[0] < $code) {
+ if ($table->[$mid]->[1] >= $code) {
+ return $table->[$mid]->[2];
+ } else {
+ _search($table, $mid + 1, $hi, $code);
+ }
+ } elsif ($table->[$mid]->[0] > $code) {
+ _search($table, $lo, $mid - 1, $code);
+ } else {
+ return $table->[$mid]->[2];
+ }
+}
+
+sub charinrange {
+ my ($range, $arg) = @_;
+ my $code = _getcode($arg);
+ croak __PACKAGE__, "::charinrange: unknown code '$arg'"
+ unless defined $code;
+ _search($range, 0, $#$range, $code);
+}
+
+=head2 B<charblock()>
+
+ use Unicode::UCD 'charblock';
+
+ my $charblock = charblock(0x41);
+ my $charblock = charblock(1234);
+ my $charblock = charblock(0x263a);
+ my $charblock = charblock("U+263a");
+
+ my $range = charblock('Armenian');
+
+With a L</code point argument> charblock() returns the I<block> the code point
+belongs to, e.g. C<Basic Latin>.
+If the code point is unassigned, this returns the block it would belong to if
+it were assigned (which it may in future versions of the Unicode Standard).
+
+See also L</Blocks versus Scripts>.
+
+If supplied with an argument that can't be a code point, charblock() tries
+to do the opposite and interpret the argument as a code point block. The
+return value is a I<range>: an anonymous list of lists that contain
+I<start-of-range>, I<end-of-range> code point pairs. You can test whether
+a code point is in a range using the L</charinrange()> function. If the
+argument is not a known code point block, B<undef> is returned.
+
+=cut
+
+my @BLOCKS;
+my %BLOCKS;
+
+sub _charblocks {
+ unless (@BLOCKS) {
+ if (openunicode(\$BLOCKSFH, "Blocks.txt")) {
+ local $_;
+ while (<$BLOCKSFH>) {
+ if (/^([0-9A-F]+)\.\.([0-9A-F]+);\s+(.+)/) {
+ my ($lo, $hi) = (hex($1), hex($2));
+ my $subrange = [ $lo, $hi, $3 ];
+ push @BLOCKS, $subrange;
+ push @{$BLOCKS{$3}}, $subrange;
+ }
+ }
+ close($BLOCKSFH);
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+sub charblock {
+ my $arg = shift;
+
+ _charblocks() unless @BLOCKS;
+
+ my $code = _getcode($arg);
+
+ if (defined $code) {
+ _search(\@BLOCKS, 0, $#BLOCKS, $code);
+ } else {
+ if (exists $BLOCKS{$arg}) {
+ return dclone $BLOCKS{$arg};
+ } else {
+ return;
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+=head2 B<charscript()>
+
+ use Unicode::UCD 'charscript';
+
+ my $charscript = charscript(0x41);
+ my $charscript = charscript(1234);
+ my $charscript = charscript("U+263a");
+
+ my $range = charscript('Thai');
+
+With a L</code point argument> charscript() returns the I<script> the
+code point belongs to, e.g. C<Latin>, C<Greek>, C<Han>.
+If the code point is unassigned, it returns B<undef>
+
+If supplied with an argument that can't be a code point, charscript() tries
+to do the opposite and interpret the argument as a code point script. The
+return value is a I<range>: an anonymous list of lists that contain
+I<start-of-range>, I<end-of-range> code point pairs. You can test whether a
+code point is in a range using the L</charinrange()> function. If the
+argument is not a known code point script, B<undef> is returned.
+
+See also L</Blocks versus Scripts>.
+
+=cut
+
+my @SCRIPTS;
+my %SCRIPTS;
+
+sub _charscripts {
+ unless (@SCRIPTS) {
+ if (openunicode(\$SCRIPTSFH, "Scripts.txt")) {
+ local $_;
+ while (<$SCRIPTSFH>) {
+ if (/^([0-9A-F]+)(?:\.\.([0-9A-F]+))?\s+;\s+(\w+)/) {
+ my ($lo, $hi) = (hex($1), $2 ? hex($2) : hex($1));
+ my $script = lc($3);
+ $script =~ s/\b(\w)/uc($1)/ge;
+ my $subrange = [ $lo, $hi, $script ];
+ push @SCRIPTS, $subrange;
+ push @{$SCRIPTS{$script}}, $subrange;
+ }
+ }
+ close($SCRIPTSFH);
+ @SCRIPTS = sort { $a->[0] <=> $b->[0] } @SCRIPTS;
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+sub charscript {
+ my $arg = shift;
+
+ _charscripts() unless @SCRIPTS;
+
+ my $code = _getcode($arg);
+
+ if (defined $code) {
+ _search(\@SCRIPTS, 0, $#SCRIPTS, $code);
+ } else {
+ if (exists $SCRIPTS{$arg}) {
+ return dclone $SCRIPTS{$arg};
+ } else {
+ return;
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+=head2 B<charblocks()>
+
+ use Unicode::UCD 'charblocks';
+
+ my $charblocks = charblocks();
+
+charblocks() returns a reference to a hash with the known block names
+as the keys, and the code point ranges (see L</charblock()>) as the values.
+
+See also L</Blocks versus Scripts>.
+
+=cut
+
+sub charblocks {
+ _charblocks() unless %BLOCKS;
+ return dclone \%BLOCKS;
+}
+
+=head2 B<charscripts()>
+
+ use Unicode::UCD 'charscripts';
+
+ my $charscripts = charscripts();
+
+charscripts() returns a reference to a hash with the known script
+names as the keys, and the code point ranges (see L</charscript()>) as
+the values.
+
+See also L</Blocks versus Scripts>.
+
+=cut
+
+sub charscripts {
+ _charscripts() unless %SCRIPTS;
+ return dclone \%SCRIPTS;
+}
+
+=head2 B<charinrange()>
+
+In addition to using the C<\p{In...}> and C<\P{In...}> constructs, you
+can also test whether a code point is in the I<range> as returned by
+L</charblock()> and L</charscript()> or as the values of the hash returned
+by L</charblocks()> and L</charscripts()> by using charinrange():
+
+ use Unicode::UCD qw(charscript charinrange);
+
+ $range = charscript('Hiragana');
+ print "looks like hiragana\n" if charinrange($range, $codepoint);
+
+=cut
+
+my %GENERAL_CATEGORIES =
+ (
+ 'L' => 'Letter',
+ 'LC' => 'CasedLetter',
+ 'Lu' => 'UppercaseLetter',
+ 'Ll' => 'LowercaseLetter',
+ 'Lt' => 'TitlecaseLetter',
+ 'Lm' => 'ModifierLetter',
+ 'Lo' => 'OtherLetter',
+ 'M' => 'Mark',
+ 'Mn' => 'NonspacingMark',
+ 'Mc' => 'SpacingMark',
+ 'Me' => 'EnclosingMark',
+ 'N' => 'Number',
+ 'Nd' => 'DecimalNumber',
+ 'Nl' => 'LetterNumber',
+ 'No' => 'OtherNumber',
+ 'P' => 'Punctuation',
+ 'Pc' => 'ConnectorPunctuation',
+ 'Pd' => 'DashPunctuation',
+ 'Ps' => 'OpenPunctuation',
+ 'Pe' => 'ClosePunctuation',
+ 'Pi' => 'InitialPunctuation',
+ 'Pf' => 'FinalPunctuation',
+ 'Po' => 'OtherPunctuation',
+ 'S' => 'Symbol',
+ 'Sm' => 'MathSymbol',
+ 'Sc' => 'CurrencySymbol',
+ 'Sk' => 'ModifierSymbol',
+ 'So' => 'OtherSymbol',
+ 'Z' => 'Separator',
+ 'Zs' => 'SpaceSeparator',
+ 'Zl' => 'LineSeparator',
+ 'Zp' => 'ParagraphSeparator',
+ 'C' => 'Other',
+ 'Cc' => 'Control',
+ 'Cf' => 'Format',
+ 'Cs' => 'Surrogate',
+ 'Co' => 'PrivateUse',
+ 'Cn' => 'Unassigned',
+ );
+
+sub general_categories {
+ return dclone \%GENERAL_CATEGORIES;
+}
+
+=head2 B<general_categories()>
+
+ use Unicode::UCD 'general_categories';
+
+ my $categories = general_categories();
+
+This returns a reference to a hash which has short
+general category names (such as C<Lu>, C<Nd>, C<Zs>, C<S>) as keys and long
+names (such as C<UppercaseLetter>, C<DecimalNumber>, C<SpaceSeparator>,
+C<Symbol>) as values. The hash is reversible in case you need to go
+from the long names to the short names. The general category is the
+one returned from
+L</charinfo()> under the C<category> key.
+
+=cut
+
+my %BIDI_TYPES =
+ (
+ 'L' => 'Left-to-Right',
+ 'LRE' => 'Left-to-Right Embedding',
+ 'LRO' => 'Left-to-Right Override',
+ 'R' => 'Right-to-Left',
+ 'AL' => 'Right-to-Left Arabic',
+ 'RLE' => 'Right-to-Left Embedding',
+ 'RLO' => 'Right-to-Left Override',
+ 'PDF' => 'Pop Directional Format',
+ 'EN' => 'European Number',
+ 'ES' => 'European Number Separator',
+ 'ET' => 'European Number Terminator',
+ 'AN' => 'Arabic Number',
+ 'CS' => 'Common Number Separator',
+ 'NSM' => 'Non-Spacing Mark',
+ 'BN' => 'Boundary Neutral',
+ 'B' => 'Paragraph Separator',
+ 'S' => 'Segment Separator',
+ 'WS' => 'Whitespace',
+ 'ON' => 'Other Neutrals',
+ );
+
+=head2 B<bidi_types()>
+
+ use Unicode::UCD 'bidi_types';
+
+ my $categories = bidi_types();
+
+This returns a reference to a hash which has the short
+bidi (bidirectional) type names (such as C<L>, C<R>) as keys and long
+names (such as C<Left-to-Right>, C<Right-to-Left>) as values. The
+hash is reversible in case you need to go from the long names to the
+short names. The bidi type is the one returned from
+L</charinfo()>
+under the C<bidi> key. For the exact meaning of the various bidi classes
+the Unicode TR9 is recommended reading:
+L<http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr9/>
+(as of Unicode 5.0.0)
+
+=cut
+
+sub bidi_types {
+ return dclone \%BIDI_TYPES;
+}
+
+=head2 B<compexcl()>
+
+ use Unicode::UCD 'compexcl';
+
+ my $compexcl = compexcl(0x09dc);
+
+This returns B<true> if the
+L</code point argument> should not be produced by composition normalization,
+B<AND> if that fact is not otherwise determinable from the Unicode data base.
+It currently does not return B<true> if the code point has a decomposition
+consisting of another single code point, nor if its decomposition starts
+with a code point whose combining class is non-zero. Code points that meet
+either of these conditions should also not be produced by composition
+normalization.
+
+It returns B<false> otherwise.
+
+=cut
+
+my %COMPEXCL;
+
+sub _compexcl {
+ unless (%COMPEXCL) {
+ if (openunicode(\$COMPEXCLFH, "CompositionExclusions.txt")) {
+ local $_;
+ while (<$COMPEXCLFH>) {
+ if (/^([0-9A-F]+)\s+\#\s+/) {
+ my $code = hex($1);
+ $COMPEXCL{$code} = undef;
+ }
+ }
+ close($COMPEXCLFH);
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+sub compexcl {
+ my $arg = shift;
+ my $code = _getcode($arg);
+ croak __PACKAGE__, "::compexcl: unknown code '$arg'"
+ unless defined $code;
+
+ _compexcl() unless %COMPEXCL;
+
+ return exists $COMPEXCL{$code};
+}
+
+=head2 B<casefold()>
+
+ use Unicode::UCD 'casefold';
+
+ my $casefold = casefold(0xDF);
+ if (defined $casefold) {
+ my @full_fold_hex = split / /, $casefold->{'full'};
+ my $full_fold_string =
+ join "", map {chr(hex($_))} @full_fold_hex;
+ my @turkic_fold_hex =
+ split / /, ($casefold->{'turkic'} ne "")
+ ? $casefold->{'turkic'}
+ : $casefold->{'full'};
+ my $turkic_fold_string =
+ join "", map {chr(hex($_))} @turkic_fold_hex;
+ }
+ if (defined $casefold && $casefold->{'simple'} ne "") {
+ my $simple_fold_hex = $casefold->{'simple'};
+ my $simple_fold_string = chr(hex($simple_fold_hex));
+ }
+
+This returns the (almost) locale-independent case folding of the
+character specified by the L</code point argument>.
+
+If there is no case folding for that code point, B<undef> is returned.
+
+If there is a case folding for that code point, a reference to a hash
+with the following fields is returned:
+
+=over
+
+=item B<code>
+
+the input L</code point argument> expressed in hexadecimal, with leading zeros
+added if necessary to make it contain at least four hexdigits
+
+=item B<full>
+
+one or more codes (separated by spaces) that taken in order give the
+code points for the case folding for I<code>.
+Each has at least four hexdigits.
+
+=item B<simple>
+
+is empty, or is exactly one code with at least four hexdigits which can be used
+as an alternative case folding when the calling program cannot cope with the
+fold being a sequence of multiple code points. If I<full> is just one code
+point, then I<simple> equals I<full>. If there is no single code point folding
+defined for I<code>, then I<simple> is the empty string. Otherwise, it is an
+inferior, but still better-than-nothing alternative folding to I<full>.
+
+=item B<mapping>
+
+is the same as I<simple> if I<simple> is not empty, and it is the same as I<full>
+otherwise. It can be considered to be the simplest possible folding for
+I<code>. It is defined primarily for backwards compatibility.
+
+=item B<status>
+
+is C<C> (for C<common>) if the best possible fold is a single code point
+(I<simple> equals I<full> equals I<mapping>). It is C<S> if there are distinct
+folds, I<simple> and I<full> (I<mapping> equals I<simple>). And it is C<F> if
+there only a I<full> fold (I<mapping> equals I<full>; I<simple> is empty). Note
+that this
+describes the contents of I<mapping>. It is defined primarily for backwards
+compatibility.
+
+On versions 3.1 and earlier of Unicode, I<status> can also be
+C<I> which is the same as C<C> but is a special case for dotted uppercase I and
+dotless lowercase i:
+
+=over
+
+=item B<*>
+
+If you use this C<I> mapping, the result is case-insensitive,
+but dotless and dotted I's are not distinguished
+
+=item B<*>
+
+If you exclude this C<I> mapping, the result is not fully case-insensitive, but
+dotless and dotted I's are distinguished
+
+=back
+
+=item B<turkic>
+
+contains any special folding for Turkic languages. For versions of Unicode
+starting with 3.2, this field is empty unless I<code> has a different folding
+in Turkic languages, in which case it is one or more codes (separated by
+spaces) that taken in order give the code points for the case folding for
+I<code> in those languages.
+Each code has at least four hexdigits.
+Note that this folding does not maintain canonical equivalence without
+additional processing.
+
+For versions of Unicode 3.1 and earlier, this field is empty unless there is a
+special folding for Turkic languages, in which case I<status> is C<I>, and
+I<mapping>, I<full>, I<simple>, and I<turkic> are all equal.
+
+=back
+
+Programs that want complete generality and the best folding results should use
+the folding contained in the I<full> field. But note that the fold for some
+code points will be a sequence of multiple code points.
+
+Programs that can't cope with the fold mapping being multiple code points can
+use the folding contained in the I<simple> field, with the loss of some
+generality. In Unicode 5.1, about 7% of the defined foldings have no single
+code point folding.
+
+The I<mapping> and I<status> fields are provided for backwards compatibility for
+existing programs. They contain the same values as in previous versions of
+this function.
+
+Locale is not completely independent. The I<turkic> field contains results to
+use when the locale is a Turkic language.
+
+For more information about case mappings see
+L<http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr21>
+
+=cut
+
+my %CASEFOLD;
+
+sub _casefold {
+ unless (%CASEFOLD) {
+ if (openunicode(\$CASEFOLDFH, "CaseFolding.txt")) {
+ local $_;
+ while (<$CASEFOLDFH>) {
+ if (/^([0-9A-F]+); ([CFIST]); ([0-9A-F]+(?: [0-9A-F]+)*);/) {
+ my $code = hex($1);
+ $CASEFOLD{$code}{'code'} = $1;
+ $CASEFOLD{$code}{'turkic'} = "" unless
+ defined $CASEFOLD{$code}{'turkic'};
+ if ($2 eq 'C' || $2 eq 'I') { # 'I' is only on 3.1 and
+ # earlier Unicodes
+ # Both entries there (I
+ # only checked 3.1) are
+ # the same as C, and
+ # there are no other
+ # entries for those
+ # codepoints, so treat
+ # as if C, but override
+ # the turkic one for
+ # 'I'.
+ $CASEFOLD{$code}{'status'} = $2;
+ $CASEFOLD{$code}{'full'} = $CASEFOLD{$code}{'simple'} =
+ $CASEFOLD{$code}{'mapping'} = $3;
+ $CASEFOLD{$code}{'turkic'} = $3 if $2 eq 'I';
+ } elsif ($2 eq 'F') {
+ $CASEFOLD{$code}{'full'} = $3;
+ unless (defined $CASEFOLD{$code}{'simple'}) {
+ $CASEFOLD{$code}{'simple'} = "";
+ $CASEFOLD{$code}{'mapping'} = $3;
+ $CASEFOLD{$code}{'status'} = $2;
+ }
+ } elsif ($2 eq 'S') {
+
+
+ # There can't be a simple without a full, and simple
+ # overrides all but full
+
+ $CASEFOLD{$code}{'simple'} = $3;
+ $CASEFOLD{$code}{'mapping'} = $3;
+ $CASEFOLD{$code}{'status'} = $2;
+ } elsif ($2 eq 'T') {
+ $CASEFOLD{$code}{'turkic'} = $3;
+ } # else can't happen because only [CIFST] are possible
+ }
+ }
+ close($CASEFOLDFH);
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+sub casefold {
+ my $arg = shift;
+ my $code = _getcode($arg);
+ croak __PACKAGE__, "::casefold: unknown code '$arg'"
+ unless defined $code;
+
+ _casefold() unless %CASEFOLD;
+
+ return $CASEFOLD{$code};
+}
+
+=head2 B<casespec()>
+
+ use Unicode::UCD 'casespec';
+
+ my $casespec = casespec(0xFB00);
+
+This returns the potentially locale-dependent case mappings of the L</code point
+argument>. The mappings may be longer than a single code point (which the basic
+Unicode case mappings as returned by L</charinfo()> never are).
+
+If there are no case mappings for the L</code point argument>, or if all three
+possible mappings (I<lower>, I<title> and I<upper>) result in single code
+points and are locale independent and unconditional, B<undef> is returned
+(which means that the case mappings, if any, for the code point are those
+returned by L</charinfo()>).
+
+Otherwise, a reference to a hash giving the mappings (or a reference to a hash
+of such hashes, explained below) is returned with the following keys and their
+meanings:
+
+The keys in the bottom layer hash with the meanings of their values are:
+
+=over
+
+=item B<code>
+
+the input L</code point argument> expressed in hexadecimal, with leading zeros
+added if necessary to make it contain at least four hexdigits
+
+=item B<lower>
+
+one or more codes (separated by spaces) that taken in order give the
+code points for the lower case of I<code>.
+Each has at least four hexdigits.
+
+=item B<title>
+
+one or more codes (separated by spaces) that taken in order give the
+code points for the title case of I<code>.
+Each has at least four hexdigits.
+
+=item B<lower>
+
+one or more codes (separated by spaces) that taken in order give the
+code points for the upper case of I<code>.
+Each has at least four hexdigits.
+
+=item B<condition>
+
+the conditions for the mappings to be valid.
+If B<undef>, the mappings are always valid.
+When defined, this field is a list of conditions,
+all of which must be true for the mappings to be valid.
+The list consists of one or more
+I<locales> (see below)
+and/or I<contexts> (explained in the next paragraph),
+separated by spaces.
+(Other than as used to separate elements, spaces are to be ignored.)
+Case distinctions in the condition list are not significant.
+Conditions preceded by "NON_" represent the negation of the condition.
+
+A I<context> is one of those defined in the Unicode standard.
+For Unicode 5.1, they are defined in Section 3.13 C<Default Case Operations>
+available at
+L<http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode5.1.0/>.
+These are for context-sensitive casing.
+
+=back
+
+The hash described above is returned for locale-independent casing, where
+at least one of the mappings has length longer than one. If B<undef> is
+returned, the code point may have mappings, but if so, all are length one,
+and are returned by L</charinfo()>.
+Note that when this function does return a value, it will be for the complete
+set of mappings for a code point, even those whose length is one.
+
+If there are additional casing rules that apply only in certain locales,
+an additional key for each will be defined in the returned hash. Each such key
+will be its locale name, defined as a 2-letter ISO 3166 country code, possibly
+followed by a "_" and a 2-letter ISO language code (possibly followed by a "_"
+and a variant code). You can find the lists of all possible locales, see
+L<Locale::Country> and L<Locale::Language>.
+(In Unicode 5.1, the only locales returned by this function
+are C<lt>, C<tr>, and C<az>.)
+
+Each locale key is a reference to a hash that has the form above, and gives
+the casing rules for that particular locale, which take precedence over the
+locale-independent ones when in that locale.
+
+If the only casing for a code point is locale-dependent, then the returned
+hash will not have any of the base keys, like C<code>, C<upper>, etc., but
+will contain only locale keys.
+
+For more information about case mappings see
+L<http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr21/>
+
+=cut
+
+my %CASESPEC;
+
+sub _casespec {
+ unless (%CASESPEC) {
+ if (openunicode(\$CASESPECFH, "SpecialCasing.txt")) {
+ local $_;
+ while (<$CASESPECFH>) {
+ if (/^([0-9A-F]+); ([0-9A-F]+(?: [0-9A-F]+)*)?; ([0-9A-F]+(?: [0-9A-F]+)*)?; ([0-9A-F]+(?: [0-9A-F]+)*)?; (\w+(?: \w+)*)?/) {
+ my ($hexcode, $lower, $title, $upper, $condition) =
+ ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5);
+ my $code = hex($hexcode);
+ if (exists $CASESPEC{$code}) {
+ if (exists $CASESPEC{$code}->{code}) {
+ my ($oldlower,
+ $oldtitle,
+ $oldupper,
+ $oldcondition) =
+ @{$CASESPEC{$code}}{qw(lower
+ title
+ upper
+ condition)};
+ if (defined $oldcondition) {
+ my ($oldlocale) =
+ ($oldcondition =~ /^([a-z][a-z](?:_\S+)?)/);
+ delete $CASESPEC{$code};
+ $CASESPEC{$code}->{$oldlocale} =
+ { code => $hexcode,
+ lower => $oldlower,
+ title => $oldtitle,
+ upper => $oldupper,
+ condition => $oldcondition };
+ }
+ }
+ my ($locale) =
+ ($condition =~ /^([a-z][a-z](?:_\S+)?)/);
+ $CASESPEC{$code}->{$locale} =
+ { code => $hexcode,
+ lower => $lower,
+ title => $title,
+ upper => $upper,
+ condition => $condition };
+ } else {
+ $CASESPEC{$code} =
+ { code => $hexcode,
+ lower => $lower,
+ title => $title,
+ upper => $upper,
+ condition => $condition };
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ close($CASESPECFH);
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+sub casespec {
+ my $arg = shift;
+ my $code = _getcode($arg);
+ croak __PACKAGE__, "::casespec: unknown code '$arg'"
+ unless defined $code;
+
+ _casespec() unless %CASESPEC;
+
+ return ref $CASESPEC{$code} ? dclone $CASESPEC{$code} : $CASESPEC{$code};
+}
+
+=head2 B<namedseq()>
+
+ use Unicode::UCD 'namedseq';
+
+ my $namedseq = namedseq("KATAKANA LETTER AINU P");
+ my @namedseq = namedseq("KATAKANA LETTER AINU P");
+ my %namedseq = namedseq();
+
+If used with a single argument in a scalar context, returns the string
+consisting of the code points of the named sequence, or B<undef> if no
+named sequence by that name exists. If used with a single argument in
+a list context, it returns the list of the ordinals of the code points. If used
+with no
+arguments in a list context, returns a hash with the names of the
+named sequences as the keys and the named sequences as strings as
+the values. Otherwise, it returns B<undef> or an empty list depending
+on the context.
+
+This function only operates on officially approved (not provisional) named
+sequences.
+
+=cut
+
+my %NAMEDSEQ;
+
+sub _namedseq {
+ unless (%NAMEDSEQ) {
+ if (openunicode(\$NAMEDSEQFH, "NamedSequences.txt")) {
+ local $_;
+ while (<$NAMEDSEQFH>) {
+ if (/^(.+)\s*;\s*([0-9A-F]+(?: [0-9A-F]+)*)$/) {
+ my ($n, $s) = ($1, $2);
+ my @s = map { chr(hex($_)) } split(' ', $s);
+ $NAMEDSEQ{$n} = join("", @s);
+ }
+ }
+ close($NAMEDSEQFH);
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+sub namedseq {
+ _namedseq() unless %NAMEDSEQ;
+ my $wantarray = wantarray();
+ if (defined $wantarray) {
+ if ($wantarray) {
+ if (@_ == 0) {
+ return %NAMEDSEQ;
+ } elsif (@_ == 1) {
+ my $s = $NAMEDSEQ{ $_[0] };
+ return defined $s ? map { ord($_) } split('', $s) : ();
+ }
+ } elsif (@_ == 1) {
+ return $NAMEDSEQ{ $_[0] };
+ }
+ }
+ return;
+}
+
+=head2 Unicode::UCD::UnicodeVersion
+
+This returns the version of the Unicode Character Database, in other words, the
+version of the Unicode standard the database implements. The version is a
+string of numbers delimited by dots (C<'.'>).
+
+=cut
+
+my $UNICODEVERSION;
+
+sub UnicodeVersion {
+ unless (defined $UNICODEVERSION) {
+ openunicode(\$VERSIONFH, "version");
+ chomp($UNICODEVERSION = <$VERSIONFH>);
+ close($VERSIONFH);
+ croak __PACKAGE__, "::VERSION: strange version '$UNICODEVERSION'"
+ unless $UNICODEVERSION =~ /^\d+(?:\.\d+)+$/;
+ }
+ return $UNICODEVERSION;
+}
+
+=head2 B<Blocks versus Scripts>
+
+The difference between a block and a script is that scripts are closer
+to the linguistic notion of a set of code points required to present
+languages, while block is more of an artifact of the Unicode code point
+numbering and separation into blocks of (mostly) 256 code points.
+
+For example the Latin B<script> is spread over several B<blocks>, such
+as C<Basic Latin>, C<Latin 1 Supplement>, C<Latin Extended-A>, and
+C<Latin Extended-B>. On the other hand, the Latin script does not
+contain all the characters of the C<Basic Latin> block (also known as
+ASCII): it includes only the letters, and not, for example, the digits
+or the punctuation.
+
+For blocks see L<http://www.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/Blocks.txt>
+
+For scripts see UTR #24: L<http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr24/>
+
+=head2 B<Matching Scripts and Blocks>
+
+Scripts are matched with the regular-expression construct
+C<\p{...}> (e.g. C<\p{Tibetan}> matches characters of the Tibetan script),
+while C<\p{In...}> is used for blocks (e.g. C<\p{InTibetan}> matches
+any of the 256 code points in the Tibetan block).
+
+
+=head2 Implementation Note
+
+The first use of charinfo() opens a read-only filehandle to the Unicode
+Character Database (the database is included in the Perl distribution).
+The filehandle is then kept open for further queries. In other words,
+if you are wondering where one of your filehandles went, that's where.
+
+=head1 BUGS
+
+Does not yet support EBCDIC platforms.
+
+L</compexcl()> should give a complete list of excluded code points.
+
+=head1 AUTHOR
+
+Jarkko Hietaniemi
+
+=cut
+
+1;