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-\input texinfo
-@c $Id: latex2e.texi 234 2008-06-10 18:27:54Z karl $
-@comment %**start of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.)
-@setfilename latex2e.info
-@set UPDATED June 2008
-@set VERSION 2.0
-@settitle @LaTeX{}2e reference manual @value{VERSION}
-@comment %**end of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.)
-
-@c xx merge http://ctan.org/tex-archive/info/latex-info/
-@c xx latex 2.09 should be pretty much complete now, but
-@c new stuff in latex2e is surely missing.
-
-@copying
-This document is version @value{VERSION} (@value{UPDATED}) of an
-unofficial reference manual for @LaTeX{}, a document preparation
-system. @LaTeX{} is a macro package for @TeX{}.
-
-This was originally translated from @file{LATEX.HLP} v1.0a in the VMS
-Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by
-George@tie{}D. Greenwade of Sam Houston State University. The
-@LaTeX{}@tie{}2.09 version was written by Stephen Gilmore. The
-@LaTeX{}2e version was adapted from this by Torsten Martinsen. Karl
-Berry made further updates and additions, and gratefully acknowledges
-using @cite{Hypertext Help with @LaTeX{}}, by Sheldon Green, and the
-@cite{@LaTeX{} Command Summary} (for @LaTeX{} 2.09) by L.@tie{}Botway
-and C.@tie{}Biemesderfer (published by the @TeX{} Users Group as
-@cite{@TeX{}niques} number 10), as reference material (text was not
-directly copied).
-
-Copyright @copyright{} 2007, 2008 Karl Berry.@*
-Copyright @copyright{} 1988, 1994, 2007 Stephen Gilmore.@*
-Copyright @copyright{} 1994, 1995, 1996 Torsten Martinsen.
-
-Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
-this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
-are preserved on all copies.
-
-@ignore
-Permission is granted to process this file through TeX and print the
-results, provided the printed document carries copying permission
-notice identical to this one except for the removal of this paragraph
-(this paragraph not being relevant to the printed manual).
-@end ignore
-
-Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
-manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire
-resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission
-notice identical to this one.
-
-Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
-into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.
-@end copying
-
-@dircategory TeX
-@direntry
-* LaTeX2e: (latex2e). Unofficial LaTeX reference manual.
-@end direntry
-
-@tex
-\global\hbadness=4444 % don't complain much
-@end tex
-
-@titlepage
-@title @LaTeX{}: Structured documents for @TeX{}
-@subtitle unofficial @LaTeX{} reference manual
-@subtitle version @value{VERSION}, @value{UPDATED}
-@author
-@page
-@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
-@insertcopying
-@end titlepage
-
-@shortcontents
-@contents
-
-@node Top
-@top @LaTeX{}2e
-
-This document is version @value{VERSION} (@value{UPDATED}) of an
-unofficial reference manual for @LaTeX{}, a document preparation
-system. It is intended to cover @LaTeX{}2e, which has been the
-standard version of @LaTeX{} for many years.
-
-@cindex Knuth, Donald E.
-@cindex Lamport, Leslie
-@cindex @LaTeX{} Project team
-@LaTeX{} is implemented as a macro package for Donald@tie{}E. Knuth's
-@TeX{} typesetting program. @LaTeX{} was originally created by Leslie
-Lamport; it is now maintained by a group of volunteers
-(@url{http://latex-project.org}). The official documentation written
-by the @LaTeX{} project is available there. Again, the present
-document is unofficial and has not been reviewed by the @LaTeX{}
-maintainers.
-
-@menu
-* Overview:: What is @LaTeX{}?
-* Starting & ending:: The standard beginning and end of a document.
-* Document classes:: Some of the various classes available.
-* Typefaces:: And fonts, such as bold, italics etc.
-* Layout:: Controlling the page layout.
-* Sectioning:: How to section properly.
-* Cross references:: Automatic referencing.
-* Environments:: Such as enumerate & itemize.
-* Line breaking:: Influencing line breaks.
-* Page breaking:: Influencing page breaks.
-* Footnotes:: How to produce footnotes.
-* Definitions:: Define your own commands etc.
-* Counters:: Internal counters used by @LaTeX{}.
-* Lengths:: The length commands.
-* Making paragraphs:: Paragraph commands.
-* Math formulas:: How to create mathematical formulas.
-* Modes:: Paragraph, Math or LR modes.
-* Page Styles:: Various styles of page layout.
-* Spaces:: Horizontal and vertical space.
-* Boxes:: Making boxes.
-* Special insertions:: Inserting reserved and special characters.
-* Splitting the input:: Dealing with big files by splitting.
-* Front/back matter:: Tables of contents, glossaries, indexes.
-* Letters:: The letter class.
-* Terminal Input/Output:: User interaction.
-* Command Line:: System-independent command-line behavior.
-* Document templates:: Starter templates for various document classes.
-* Command Index:: Alphabetical list of @LaTeX{} commands.
-* Concept Index:: General index.
-@end menu
-
-
-@node Overview
-@chapter Overview of @LaTeX{}
-
-@cindex overview of @LaTeX{}
-@cindex @LaTeX{} overview
-
-The @LaTeX{} command typesets a file of text using the @TeX{} program
-and the @LaTeX{} ``macro package'' for @TeX{}. To be more specific,
-it processes an input file containing the text of a document with
-interspersed commands that describe how the text should be formatted.
-It produces at least three files as output:
-
-@enumerate
-@item
-A main output file, which is one of:
-
-@enumerate
-@item
-If invoked as @command{latex}, a ``Device Independent'' (@file{.dvi})
-file. This contains commands that can be translated into commands for
-a variety of output devices. You can view such @file{.dvi} output of
-@LaTeX{} by using a program such as @command{xdvi} (display directly)
-or @command{dvips} (convert to PostScript).
-
-@item
-If invoked as @command{pdflatex}, a ``Portable Document Format''
-(@file{.pdf}) file. Typically, this is a self-contained file, with
-all fonts and images embedded. This can be very useful, but it does
-make the output much larger than the @file{.dvi} produced from the
-same document.
-@end enumerate
-
-There are other less-common variants of @LaTeX{} (and @TeX{}) as well,
-which can produce HTML, XML, and other things.
-
-@item
-A ``transcript'' or @file{.log} file that contains summary information and
-diagnostic messages for any errors discovered in the input file.
-
-@item
-An ``auxiliary'' or @file{.aux} file. This is used by @LaTeX{} itself, for
-things such as sectioning.
-@end enumerate
-
-A @LaTeX{} command begins with the command name, which consists of a
-@code{\} followed by either (a)@tie{}a string of letters or (b)@tie{}a
-single non-letter. Arguments contained in square brackets, @code{[]},
-are optional while arguments contained in braces, @code{@{@}}, are
-required.
-
-@LaTeX{} is case sensitive. Enter all commands in lower case unless
-explicitly directed to do otherwise.
-
-
-@node Starting & ending
-@chapter Starting & ending
-
-@cindex starting & ending
-@cindex ending & starting
-
-A minimal input file looks like the following:
-
-@example
-\documentclass@{@var{class}@}
-\begin@{document@}
-@var{your text}
-\end@{document@}
-@end example
-
-@noindent
-where the @var{class} is a valid document class for @LaTeX{}.
-@xref{Document classes}, for details of the various document classes
-available locally.
-
-@cindex preamble, defined
-You may include other @LaTeX{} commands between the @code{\documentclass}
-and the @code{\begin@{document@}} commands (this area is called the
-@dfn{preamble}).
-
-
-@node Document classes
-@chapter Document classes
-
-@cindex document classes
-@cindex classes of documents
-@findex \documentclass
-
-The class of a given document is defined with the command:
-
-@example
-\documentclass[@var{options}]@{@var{class}@}
-@end example
-
-@noindent
-The @code{\documentclass} command must be the first command in a
-@LaTeX{} source file.
-
-@findex article @r{class}
-@findex report @r{class}
-@findex book @r{class}
-@findex letter @r{class}
-@findex slides @r{class}
-Built-in @LaTeX{} document @var{class} names are (many other document
-classes are available as add-ons; @pxref{Overview}):
-
-@example
-article report book letter slides
-@end example
-
-@c xx briefly describe each one
-
-Standard @var{options} are described below.
-
-@menu
-* Document class options:: Global options.
-@end menu
-
-
-@node Document class options
-@section Document class options
-
-@cindex document class options
-@cindex options, document class
-@cindex class options
-@cindex global options
-
-You can specify so-called @dfn{global options} or @dfn{class options}
-to the @code{\documentclass} command by enclosing them in square
-brackets as usual. To specify more than one @var{option}, separate
-them with a comma:
-
-@example
-\documentclass[@var{option1},@var{option2},...]@{@var{class}@}
-@end example
-
-Here is the list of the standard class options.
-
-@findex 10pt @r{option}
-@findex 11pt @r{option}
-@findex 12pt @r{option}
-All of the standard classes except @code{slides} accept the following
-options for selecting the typeface size (default is @code{10pt}):
-
-@example
-10pt 11pt 12pt
-@end example
-
-@findex a4paper @r{option}
-@findex a5paper @r{option}
-@findex b5paper @r{option}
-@findex executivepaper @r{option}
-@findex legalpaper @r{option}
-@findex letterpaper @r{option}
-All of the standard classes accept these options for selecting the paper
-size (default is @code{letterpaper}):
-
-@example
-a4paper a5paper b5paper executivepaper legalpaper letterpaper
-@end example
-
-@findex draft @r{option}
-@findex final @r{option}
-@findex fleqn @r{option}
-@findex landscape @r{option}
-@findex leqno @r{option}
-@findex openbib @r{option}
-@findex titlepage @r{option}
-@findex notitlepage @r{option}
-Miscellaneous other options:
-
-@table @code
-@item draft, final
-@cindex black boxes, omitting
-mark/do not mark overfull boxes with a big black box; default is @code{final}.
-@item fleqn
-Put displayed formulas flush left; default is centered.
-@item landscape
-Selects landscape format; default is portrait.
-@item leqno
-Put equation numbers on the left side of equations; default is the right side.
-@item openbib
-Use ``open'' bibliography format.
-@item titlepage, notitlepage
-Specifies whether the title page is separate; default depends on the class.
-@end table
-
-These options are not available with the slides class:
-
-@findex onecolumn @r{option}
-@findex twocolumn @r{option}
-@findex oneside @r{option}
-@findex twoside @r{option}
-@findex openright @r{option}
-@findex openany @r{option}
-@table @code
-@item onecolumn
-@itemx twocolumn
-Typeset in one or two columns; default is @code{onecolumn}.
-
-@item oneside
-@itemx twoside
-@findex \evensidemargin
-@findex \oddsidemargin
-Selects one- or two-sided layout; default is @code{oneside}, except
-for the @code{book} class.
-
-The @code{\evensidemargin} (@code{\oddsidemargin} parameter determines
-the distance on even (odd) numbered pages between the left side of the
-page and the text's left margin. The defaults vary with the paper
-size and whether one- or two-side layout is selected. For one-sided
-printing the text is centered, for two-sided, @code{\oddsidemargin} is
-40% of the difference between @code{\paperwidth} and @code{\textwidth}
-with @code{\evensidemargin} the remainder.
-
-@item openright
-@itemx openany
-Determines if a chapter should start on a
-right-hand page; default is @code{openright} for book.
-@end table
-
-The @code{slides} class offers the option @code{clock} for printing
-the time at the bottom of each note.
-
-
-@cindex packages, loading
-@cindex loading additional packages
-@findex \usepackage
-Additional packages are loaded like this:
-
-@example
-\usepackage[@var{options}]@{@var{pkg}@}
-@end example
-
-To specify more than one @var{pkg}, you can separate them with a
-comma, or use multiple @code{\usepackage} commands.
-
-@cindex global options
-@cindex options, global
-Any options given in the @code{\documentclass} command that are unknown
-by the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with
-@code{\usepackage}.
-
-
-@node Typefaces
-@chapter Typefaces
-
-@cindex typefaces
-@cindex fonts
-
-Two important aspects of selecting a @dfn{font} are specifying a size
-and a style. The @LaTeX{} commands for doing this are described here.
-
-@menu
-* Font styles:: Select roman, italics etc.
-* Font sizes:: Select point size.
-* Low-level font commands:: Select encoding, family, series, shape.
-@end menu
-
-
-@node Font styles
-@section Font styles
-
-@cindex font styles
-@cindex typeface styles
-@cindex styles of text
-
-The following type style commands are supported by @LaTeX{}.
-
-These commands are used like @code{\textit@{italic text@}}. The
-corresponding command in parenthesis is the ``declaration form'', which
-takes no arguments. The scope of the declaration form lasts until the
-next type style command or the end of the current group.
-
-The declaration forms are cumulative; i.e., you can say either
-@code{\sffamily\bfseries} or @code{\bfseries\sffamily} to get bold
-sans serif.
-
-You can also use the environment form of the declaration forms; for instance,
-@code{\begin@{ttfamily@}...\end@{ttfamily@}}.
-
-@table @code
-@item \textrm (\rmfamily)
-@findex \textrm
-@findex \rmfamily
-Roman.
-
-@item \textit (\itshape)
-@findex \textit
-@findex \itshape
-Italics.
-
-@item \emph
-@findex \emph
-@cindex emphasis
-Emphasis (switches between @code{\textit} and @code{\textrm}).
-
-@item \textmd (\mdseries)
-@findex \textmd
-@findex \mdseries
-Medium weight (default).
-
-@item \textbf (\bfseries)
-@findex \textbf
-@findex \bfseries
-Boldface.
-@item \textup (\upshape)
-@findex \textup
-@findex \upshape
-Upright (default). The opposite of slanted.
-@item \textsl (\slshape)
-@findex \textsl
-@findex \slshape
-Slanted.
-@item \textsf (\sffamily)
-@findex \textsf
-@findex \sffamily
-Sans serif.
-@item \textsc (\scshape)
-@findex \textsc
-@findex \scshape
-Small caps.
-@item \texttt (\ttfamily)
-@findex \texttt
-@findex \ttfamily
-Typewriter.
-@item \textnormal (\normalfont)
-@findex \textnormal
-@findex \normalfont
-Main document font.
-@item \mathrm
-@findex \mathrm
-Roman, for use in math mode.
-@item \mathbf
-@findex \mathbf
-Boldface, for use in math mode.
-@item \mathsf
-@findex \mathsf
-Sans serif, for use in math mode.
-@item \mathtt
-@findex \mathtt
-Typewriter, for use in math mode.
-
-@item \mathit
-@itemx (\mit)
-Italics, for use in math mode.
-
-@item \mathnormal
-@findex \mathnormal
-For use in math mode, e.g. inside another type style declaration.
-@item \mathcal
-@findex \mathcal
-`Calligraphic' letters, for use in math mode.
-@end table
-
-In addition, the command
-@code{\mathversion@{bold@}}
-@findex \mathversion
-can be used for switching to bold letters and symbols in
-formulas. @code{\mathversion@{normal@}} restores the default.
-
-@LaTeX{} also provides these commands, which unconditionally switch to
-the given style, that is, are @emph{not} cumulative. They are used
-differently than the above commands, too: @code{@{\@var{cmd} ...@}}
-instead of @code{\@var{cmd}@{...@}}. These are two very different
-things.
-
-@ftable @code
-@item \bf
-@cindex bold font
-Switch to @b{bold face}.
-
-@item \cal
-@cindex script letters for math
-@cindex calligraphic letters for math
-Switch to calligraphic letters for math.
-
-@item \em
-@cindex emphasis
-Emphasis (italics within roman, roman within italics).
-
-@item \it
-@cindex italic font
-Italics.
-
-@item \rm
-@cindex roman font
-Roman.
-
-@item \sc
-@cindex small caps font
-Small caps.
-
-@item \sf
-@cindex sans serif font
-Sans serif.
-
-@item \sl
-@cindex slanted font
-@cindex oblique font
-Slanted (oblique).
-
-@item \tt
-@cindex typewriter font
-@cindex monospace font
-@cindex fixed-width font
-Typewriter (monospace, fixed-width).
-
-@end ftable
-
-
-@node Font sizes
-@section Font sizes
-@cindex font sizes
-@cindex typeface sizes
-@cindex sizes of text
-
-The following standard type size commands are supported by @LaTeX{}.
-The table shows the command name and the corresponding actual font
-size used (in points) with the @samp{10pt}, @samp{11pt}, and
-@samp{12pt} document size options, respectively (@pxref{Document class
-options}).
-
-@findex \tiny
-@findex \scriptsize
-@findex \footnotesize
-@findex \small
-@findex \normalsize
-@findex \large
-@findex \Large
-@findex \LARGE
-@findex \huge
-@findex \Huge
-
-@multitable {@code{\normalsize} (default)} {24.88} {24.88} {24.88}
-@headitem Command @tab @code{10pt} @tab @code{11pt} @tab @code{12pt}
-@item @code{\tiny}
-@tab 5 @tab 6 @tab 6
-@item @code{\scriptsize}
-@tab 7 @tab 8 @tab 8
-@item @code{\footnotesize}
-@tab 8 @tab 9 @tab 10
-@item @code{\small}
-@tab 9 @tab 10 @tab 10.95
-@item @code{\normalsize} (default)
-@tab 10 @tab 10.95 @tab 12
-@item @code{\large}
-@tab 12 @tab 12 @tab 14.4
-@item @code{\Large}
-@tab 14.4 @tab 14.4 @tab 17.28
-@item @code{\LARGE}
-@tab 17.28 @tab 17.28 @tab 20.74
-@item @code{\huge}
-@tab 20.74 @tab 20.74 @tab 24.88
-@item @code{\Huge}
-@tab 24.88 @tab 24.88 @tab 24.88
-@end multitable
-
-The commands as listed here are ``declaration forms''. The scope of
-the declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the
-end of the current group. You can also use the environment form of
-these commands; for instance, @code{\begin@{tiny@}...\end@{tiny@}}.
-
-
-@node Low-level font commands
-@section Low-level font commands
-@cindex low-level font commands
-@cindex font commands, low-level
-
-These commands are primarily intended for writers of macros and
-packages. The commands listed here are only a subset of the available
-ones.
-
-@table @code
-@item \fontencoding@{enc@}
-@findex \fontencoding
-Select font encoding. Valid encodings include @code{OT1} and @code{T1}.
-
-@item \fontfamily@{family@}
-@findex \fontfamily
-Select font family. Valid families include:
-
-@itemize @bullet
-@item @code{cmr} for Computer Modern Roman
-@item @code{cmss} for Computer Modern Sans Serif
-@item @code{cmtt} for Computer Modern Typewriter
-@end itemize
-
-and numerous others.
-
-@item \fontseries@{series@}
-@findex \fontseries
-Select font series. Valid series include:
-
-@itemize @bullet
-@item @code{m} Medium (normal)
-@item @code{b} Bold
-@item @code{c} Condensed
-@item @code{bc} Bold condensed
-@item @code{bx} Bold extended
-@end itemize
-
-and various other combinations.
-
-@item \fontshape@{shape@}
-@findex \fontshape
-Select font shape. Valid shapes are:
-
-@itemize @bullet
-@item @code{n} Upright (normal)
-@item @code{it} Italic
-@item @code{sl} Slanted (oblique)
-@item @code{sc} Small caps
-@item @code{ui} Upright italics
-@item @code{ol} Outline
-@end itemize
-
-The two last shapes are not available for most font families.
-
-@item \fontsize@{size@}@{skip@}
-@findex \fontsize
-@findex \baselineskip
-Set font size. The first parameter is the font size to switch to and
-the second is the line spacing to use; this is stored in a parameter
-named @code{\baselineskip}. The unit of both parameters defaults to
-pt. The default @code{\baselineskip} for the Computer Modern typeface
-is 1.2 times the @code{\fontsize}.
-
-@findex \baselinestretch
-@cindex @code{setspace} package
-The line spacing is also multiplied by the value of the
-@code{\baselinestretch} parameter when the type size changes; the
-default is 1. However, the best way to ``double space'' a document,
-if you should be unlucky enough to have to produce such, is to use the
-@code{setspace} package; see
-@url{http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=linespace}.
-
-@item \selectfont
-@findex \selectfont
-The changes made by calling the four font commands described above do
-not come into effect until @code{\selectfont} is called.
-
-@item \usefont@{enc@}@{family@}@{series@}@{shape@}
-@findex \usefont
-The same as invoking @code{\fontencoding}, @code{\fontfamily},
-@code{\fontseries} and @code{\fontshape} with the given parameters,
-followed by @code{\selectfont}.
-@end table
-
-
-@node Layout
-@chapter Layout
-@cindex layout commands
-
-Miscellaneous commands for controlling the general layout of the page.
-
-@menu
-* \onecolumn:: Use one-column layout.
-* \twocolumn:: Use two-column layout.
-* \flushbottom:: Make all text pages the same height.
-* \raggedbottom:: Allow text pages of differing height.
-* Page layout parameters:: \headheight \footskip.
-@end menu
-
-
-@node \onecolumn
-@section @code{\onecolumn}
-@findex \onecolumn
-@cindex one-column output
-
-The @code{\onecolumn} declaration starts a new page and produces
-single-column output. This is the default.
-
-
-@node \twocolumn
-@section @code{\twocolumn}
-@findex \twocolumn
-@cindex multicolumn text
-@cindex two-column output
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\twocolumn[@var{text1col}]
-@end example
-
-The @code{\twocolumn} declaration starts a new page and produces
-two-column output. If the optional @var{text1col} argument is present,
-it is typeset in one-column mode before the two-column typesetting
-starts.
-
-These parameters control typesetting in two-column output:
-
-@ftable @code
-@item \columnsep
-The distance between columns (35pt by default).
-
-@item \columnseprule
-The width of the rule between columns; the default is 0pt, so there is no rule.
-
-@item \columnwidth
-The width of the current column; this is equal to @code{\textwidth} in
-single-column text.
-
-@end ftable
-
-These parameters control float behavior in two-column output:
-
-@ftable @code
-@item \dbltopfraction
-Maximum fraction at the top of a two-column page that may be occupied
-by floats. Default @samp{.7}, can be usefully redefined to (say)
-@samp{.9} to avoid going to float pages so soon.
-
-@item \dblfloatpagefraction
-The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats,
-for a two-column float page. Default @samp{.5}.
-
-@item \dblfloatsep
-Distance between floats at the top or bottom of a two-column float
-page. Default @samp{12pt plus2pt minus2pt} for @samp{10pt} and
-@samp{11pt} documents, @samp{14pt plus2pt minus4pt} for @samp{12pt}.
-
-@item \dbltextfloatsep
-Distance between a multi-column float at the top or bottom of a page
-and the main text. Default @samp{20pt plus2pt minus4pt}.
-
-@end ftable
-
-
-@node \flushbottom
-@section @code{\flushbottom}
-
-@findex \flushbottom
-
-The @code{\flushbottom} declaration makes all text pages the same
-height, adding extra vertical space where necessary to fill out the
-page.
-
-This is the default if @code{twocolumn} mode is selected
-(@pxref{Document class options}).
-
-
-@node \raggedbottom
-@section @code{\raggedbottom}
-@findex \raggedbottom
-@cindex stretch, omitting vertical
-
-The @code{\raggedbottom} declaration makes all pages the natural
-height of the material on that page. No rubber lengths will be
-stretched.
-
-
-@node Page layout parameters
-@section Page layout parameters
-
-@cindex page layout parameters
-@cindex parameters, page layout
-@cindex layout, page parameters for
-@cindex header, parameters for
-@cindex footer, parameters for
-@cindex running header and footer
-
-@ftable @code
-@item \headheight
-Height of the box that contains the running head. Default is
-@samp{30pt}, except in the @code{book} class, where it varies with the
-type size.
-
-@item \headsep
-Vertical distance between the bottom of the header line and the top of
-the main text. Default is @samp{25pt}, except in the @code{book}
-class, where it varies with the type size.
-
-@item \footskip
-Distance from the baseline of the last line of text to the baseline of
-the page footer. Default is @samp{30pt}, except in the @code{book}
-class, where it varies with the type size.
-
-@item \linewidth
-Width of the current line; the default varies with the font size,
-paper width, two-column mode, etc. For an @code{article} document in
-@samp{10pt}, it's set to @samp{345pt}; in two-column mode, that
-becomes @samp{229.5pt}.
-
-@item \textheight
-The normal vertical height of the page body; the default varies with
-the font size, document class, etc. For an @code{article} or
-@code{report} document in @samp{10pt}, it's set to
-@samp{43\baselineskip}; for @code{book}, it's @samp{41\baselineskip}.
-For @samp{11pt}, it's @samp{38\baselineskip} and for @samp{12pt},
-@samp{36\baselineskip}.
-
-@item \textwidth
-The normal horizontal width of the page body; the default varies as
-usual. For an @code{article} or @code{report} document, it's
-@samp{345pt} at @samp{10pt}, @samp{360pt} at @samp{11pt}, and
-@samp{390pt} at @samp{12pt}. For a @code{book} document, it's
-@samp{4.5in} at @samp{10pt}, and @samp{5in} at @samp{11pt} or @samp{12pt}.
-
-@item \topmargin
-Space between the top of the @TeX{} page (one inch from the top of the
-paper, by default) and the top of the header. The default is computed
-based on many other parameters: @code{\paperheight @minus{} 2in @minus{}
-\headheight @minus{} \headsep @minus{} \textheight @minus{} \footskip}, and
-then divided by two.
-
-@item \topskip
-Minimum distance between the top of the page body and the baseline of
-the first line of text. For the standard clases, the default is the
-same as the font size, e.g., @samp{10pt} at @samp{10pt}.
-
-@end ftable
-
-
-@node Sectioning
-@chapter Sectioning
-@cindex sectioning
-
-Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text into units:
-
-@ftable @code
-@item \part
-@item \chapter
-(report and book class only)
-@item \section
-@item \subsection
-@item \subsubsection
-@item \paragraph
-@item \subparagraph
-@end ftable
-
-All sectioning commands take the same general form, e.g.,
-
-@example
-\chapter[@var{toctitle}]@{@var{title}@}
-@end example
-
-In addition to providing the heading @var{title} in the main text, the
-section title can appear in two other places:
-
-@enumerate
-@item
-The table of contents.
-@item
-The running head at the top of the page.
-@end enumerate
-
-You may not want the same text in these places as in the main text.
-To handle this, the sectioning commands have an optional argument
-@var{toctitle} that, when given, specifies the text for these other
-places.
-
-@cindex *-form of sectioning commands
-Also, all sectioning commands have @code{*}-forms that print
-@var{title} as usual, but do not include a number and do not make an
-entry in the table of contents. For instance:
-
-@example
-\section*@{Preamble@}
-@end example
-
-@findex \appendix
-@cindex appendix, creating
-The @code{\appendix} command changes the way following sectional units
-are numbered. The @code{\appendix} command itself generates no text
-and does not affect the numbering of parts. The normal use of this
-command is something like
-
-@example
-\chapter@{A Chapter@}
-@dots{}
-\appendix
-\chapter@{The First Appendix@}
-@end example
-
-
-@node Cross references
-@chapter Cross references
-@cindex cross references
-
-One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is to refer
-the reader to them, as in ``See Figure 3 for more details.''
-
-@menu
-* \label:: Assign a symbolic name to a piece of text.
-* \pageref:: Refer to a page number.
-* \ref:: Refer to a section, figure or similar.
-@end menu
-
-
-@node \label
-@section @code{\label}
-@findex \label
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\label@{@var{key}@}
-@end example
-
-A @code{\label} command appearing in ordinary text assigns to
-@var{key} the number of the current sectional unit; one appearing
-inside a numbered environment assigns that number to @var{key}.
-
-A @var{key} name can consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or
-punctuation characters. Upper and lowercase letters are distinguished.
-
-To avoid accidentally creating two labels with the same name, it is
-common to use labels consisting of a prefix and a suffix separated by
-a colon or period. Some conventionally-used prefixes:
-
-@table @code
-@item ch
-for chapters
-@item sec
-for lower-level sectioning commands
-@item fig
-for figures
-@item tab
-for tables
-@item eq
-for equations
-@end table
-
-Thus, a label for a figure would look like @code{fig:snark} or
-@code{fig.snark}.
-
-
-@node \pageref
-@section @code{\pageref@{@var{key}@}}
-@findex \pageref
-@cindex cross referencing with page number
-@cindex page number, cross referencing
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\pageref@{@var{key}@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{\pageref}@{@var{key}@} command produces the page number of
-the place in the text where the corresponding
-@code{\label}@{@var{key}@} command appears.
-
-
-@node \ref
-@section @code{\ref@{@var{key}@}}
-@findex \ref
-@cindex cross referencing, symbolic
-@cindex section number, cross referencing
-@cindex equation number, cross referencing
-@cindex figure number, cross referencing
-@cindex footnote number, cross referencing
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\ref@{@var{key}@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{\ref} command produces the number of the sectional unit,
-equation, footnote, figure, @dots{}, of the corresponding
-@code{\label} command (@pxref{\label}). It does not produce any text,
-such as the word `Section' or `Figure', just the bare number itself.
-
-
-@node Environments
-@chapter Environments
-@cindex environments
-
-@findex \begin
-@findex \end
-
-@LaTeX{} provides many environments for marking off certain text.
-Each environment begins and ends in the same manner:
-
-@example
-\begin@{@var{envname}@}
-...
-\end@{@var{envname}@}
-@end example
-
-@menu
-* abstract:: Produce an abstract.
-* array:: Math arrays.
-* center:: Centred lines.
-* description:: Labelled lists.
-* displaymath:: Formulas that appear on their own line.
-* document:: Enclose the whole document.
-* enumerate:: Numbered lists.
-* eqnarray:: Sequences of aligned equations.
-* equation:: Displayed equation.
-* figure:: Floating figures.
-* flushleft:: Flushed left lines.
-* flushright:: Flushed right lines.
-* itemize:: Bulleted lists.
-* letter:: Letters.
-* list:: Generic list environment.
-* math:: In-line math.
-* minipage:: Miniature page.
-* picture:: Picture with text, arrows, lines and circles.
-* quotation:: Indented environment with paragraph indentation.
-* quote:: Indented environment with no paragraph indentation.
-* tabbing:: Align text arbitrarily.
-* table:: Floating tables.
-* tabular:: Align text in columns.
-* thebibliography:: Bibliography or reference list.
-* theorem:: Theorems, lemmas, etc.
-* titlepage:: For hand crafted title pages.
-* verbatim:: Simulating typed input.
-* verse:: For poetry and other things.
-@end menu
-
-
-@node abstract
-@section @code{abstract}
-
-@findex abstract @r{environment}
-@cindex abstracts
-
-Synopsis:
-@example
-\begin@{abstract@}
-...
-\end@{abstract@}
-@end example
-
-Environment for producing an abstract, possibly of multiple paragraphs.
-
-
-@node array
-@section @code{array}
-@findex array @r{environment}
-@cindex arrays, math
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\begin@{array@}@{@var{template}@}
-@var{col1 text}&@var{col1 text}&@var{coln}@}\\
-...
-\end@{array@}
-@end example
-
-Math arrays are produced with the @code{array} environment, normally
-within an @code{equation} environment (@pxref{equation}). It has a
-single mandatory @var{template} argument describing the number of
-columns and the alignment within them. Each column @var{col} is
-specified by a single letter that tells how items in that row should
-be formatted, as follows:
-
-@table @code
-@item c
-centered
-@item l
-flush left
-@item r
-flush right
-@end table
-
-@findex \\ (for @code{array})
-Column entries are separated by @code{&}. Column entries may include
-other @LaTeX{} commands. Each row of the array is terminated with
-@code{\\}.
-
-@findex @@@{...@}
-In the template, the construct @code{@@@{@var{text}@}} puts @var{text}
-between columns in each row.
-
-Here's an example:
-
-@example
-\begin@{equation@}
- \begin@{array@}@{lrc@}
- left1 & right1 & centered1 \\
- left2 & right2 & centered2 \\
- \end@{array@}
-\end@{equation@}
-@end example
-
-@findex \arraycolsep
-The @code{\arraycolsep} parameter defines half the width of the space
-separating columns; the default is @samp{5pt}. @xref{tabular}, for other
-parameters which affect formatting in @code{array} environments,
-namely @code{\arrayrulewidth} and @code{\arraystretch}.
-
-The @code{array} environment can only be used in math mode.
-
-
-@node center
-@section @code{center}
-
-@findex center @r{environment}
-@cindex centering text, environment for
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\begin@{center@}
-@var{line1} \\
-@var{line2} \\
-\end@{center@}
-@end example
-
-@findex \\ (for @code{center})
-The @code{center} environment allows you to create a paragraph
-consisting of lines that are centered within the left and right
-margins on the current page. Each line is terminated with the
-string @code{\\}.
-
-@menu
-* \centering:: Declaration form of the @code{center} environment.
-@end menu
-
-
-@node \centering
-@subsection @code{\centering}
-
-@findex \centering
-@cindex centering text, declaration for
-
-The @code{\centering} declaration corresponds to the @code{center}
-environment. This declaration can be used inside an environment such
-as @code{quote} or in a @code{parbox}. Thus, the text of a figure or
-table can be centered on the page by putting a @code{\centering}
-command at the beginning of the figure or table environment.
-
-Unlike the @code{center} environment, the @code{\centering} command
-does not start a new paragraph; it simply changes how @LaTeX{} formats
-paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of
-the declaration must contain the blank line or @code{\end} command (of
-an environment such as quote) that ends the paragraph unit.
-
-Here's an example:
-
-@example
-\begin@{quote@}
-\centering
-first line \\
-second line \\
-\end@{quote@}
-@end example
-
-
-@node description
-@section @code{description}
-
-@findex description @r{environment}
-@cindex labelled lists, creating
-@cindex description lists, creating
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\begin@{description@}
-\item [@var{label1}] @var{item1}
-\item [@var{label2}] @var{item2}
-...
-\end@{description@}
-@end example
-
-@findex \item
-The @code{description} environment is used to make labelled lists. Each
-@var{label} is typeset in bold, flush right. The @var{item} text may
-contain multiple paragraphs.
-
-@cindex bold typewriter, avoiding
-@cindex typewriter labels in lists
-Another variation: since the bold style is applied to the labels, if
-you typeset a label in typewriter using @code{\texttt}, you'll get
-bold typewriter: @code{\item[\texttt@{bold and typewriter@}]}. This
-may be too bold, among other issues. To get just typewriter, use
-@code{\tt}, which resets all other style variations: @code{\item[@{\tt
-plain typewriter@}]}.
-
-For details about list spacing, see @ref{itemize}.
-
-
-@node displaymath
-@section @code{displaymath}
-
-@findex displaymath @r{environment}
-
-Synopsis:
-@example
-\begin@{displaymath@}
-@var{math}
-\end@{displaymath@}
-@end example
-
-@noindent or
-
-@example
-\[@var{math}\]
-@end example
-
-The @code{displaymath} environment (@code{\[...\]} is a synonym)
-typesets the @var{math} text on its own line, centered by default.
-The global @code{fleqn} option makes equations flush left; see
-@ref{Document class options}.
-
-No equation number is added to @code{displaymath} text; to get an
-equation number, use the @code{equation} environment (@pxref{equation}).
-
-
-@node document
-@section @code{document}
-
-@findex document @r{environment}
-
-The @code{document} environment encloses the body of a document.
-It is required in every @LaTeX{} document. @xref{Starting & ending}.
-
-
-@node enumerate
-@section @code{enumerate}
-
-@findex enumerate @r{environment}
-@cindex lists of items, numbered
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\begin@{enumerate@}
-\item @var{item1}
-\item @var{item2}
-...
-\end@{enumerate@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{enumerate} environment produces a numbered list. Enumerations
-can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also
-be nested within other paragraph-making environments, such as
-@code{itemize} (@pxref{itemize}) and @code{description}
-(@pxref{description}).
-
-@findex \item
-Each item of an enumerated list begins with an @code{\item} command.
-There must be at least one @code{\item} command within the environment.
-
-By default, the numbering at each level is done like this:
-
-@enumerate
-@item 1., 2., @dots{}
-@item (a), (b), @dots{}
-@item i., ii., @dots{}
-@item A., B., @dots{}
-@end enumerate
-
-@findex \enumi
-@findex \enumii
-@findex \enumiii
-@findex \enumiv
-The @code{enumerate} environment uses the counters @code{\enumi}
-through @code{\enumiv} counters (@pxref{Counters}). If the optional
-argument to @code{\item} is given, the counter is not incremented for
-that item.
-
-@findex \labelenumi
-@findex \labelenumii
-@findex \labelenumiii
-@findex \labelenumiv
-The @code{enumerate} environment uses the commands @code{\labelenumi}
-through @code{\labelenumiv} to produce the default label. So, you can
-use @code{\renewcommand} to change the labels (@pxref{\newcommand &
-\renewcommand}). For instance, to have the first level use uppercase
-letters:
-
-@findex \Alph @r{example}
-@example
-\renewcommand@{\labelenumi@}@{\Alph@{enumi@}@}
-@end example
-
-
-
-@node eqnarray
-@section @code{eqnarray}
-
-@findex eqnarray @r{environment}
-@cindex equations, aligning
-@cindex aligning Equations
-
-@example
-\begin@{eqnarray@} @r{(or @code{eqnarray*})}
-@var{formula1} \\
-@var{formula2} \\
-...
-\end@{eqnarray@}
-@end example
-
-@findex \\ (for @code{eqnarray})
-The @code{eqnarray} environment is used to display a sequence of
-equations or inequalities. It is very much like a three-column
-@code{array} environment, with consecutive rows separated by @code{\\}
-and consecutive items within a row separated by an @code{&}.
-
-@findex \\* (for @code{eqnarray})
-@code{\\*} can also be used to separate equations, with its normal
-meaning of not allowing a page break at that line.
-
-@findex \nonumber
-@cindex equation numbers, omitting
-An equation number is placed on every line unless that line has a
-@code{\nonumber} command. Alternatively, The @code{*}-form of the
-environment (@code{\begin@{eqnarray*@} ... \end@{eqnarray*@}}) will
-omit equation numbering entirely, while otherwise being the same as
-@code{eqnarray}.
-
-@findex \lefteqn
-The command @code{\lefteqn} is used for splitting long formulas across
-lines. It typesets its argument in display style flush left in a box of
-zero width.
-
-
-@node equation
-@section @code{equation}
-
-@findex equation @r{environment}
-@cindex equations, environment for
-@cindex formulas, environment for
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\begin@{equation@}
-@var{math}
-\end@{equation@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{equation} environment starts a @code{displaymath}
-environment (@pxref{displaymath}), e.g., centering the @var{math} text
-on the page, and also places an equation number in the right margin.
-
-
-@node figure
-@section @code{figure}
-@findex figure
-@cindex inserting figures
-@cindex figures, inserting
-
-@example
-\begin@{figure@}[@var{placement}]
-@var{figbody}
-\label@{@var{label@}}
-\caption[@var{loftitle}]@{@var{text}@}
-\end@{figure@}
-@end example
-
-Figures are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are
-instead ``floated'' to a convenient place, such as the top of a page.
-Figures will not be split between two pages.
-
-The optional argument @code{[placement]} determines where @LaTeX{} will try
-to place your figure. There are four places where @LaTeX{} can possibly
-put a float:
-
-@enumerate
-@item
-@code{h} (Here) - at the position in the text where the figure
-environment appears.
-@item
-@code{t} (Top) - at the top of a text page.
-@item
-@code{b} (Bottom) - at the bottom of a text page.
-@item
-@code{p} (Page of floats) - on a separate float page, which is a page
-containing no text, only floats.
-@end enumerate
-
-The standard report and article classes use the default placement
-@code{tbp}.
-
-The body of the figure is made up of whatever text, @LaTeX{} commands, etc.
-you wish.
-
-@findex \caption
-The @code{\caption} command specifies caption @var{text} for the
-figure. The caption is numbered by default. If @var{loftitle} is
-present, it is used in the list of figures instead of @var{text}
-(@pxref{Tables of contents}).
-
-@c xx float-placement, float-caption sections?
-@ftable @code
-@findex \bottomfraction
-The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occuped by floats at
-the bottom; default @samp{.3}.
-
-@item \floatpagefraction
-The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats;
-default @samp{.5}.
-
-@item \floatsep
-Space between floats at the top or bottom of a page; default
-@samp{12pt plus2pt minus2pt}.
-
-@item \intextsep
-Space above and below a float in the middle of the main text; default
-@samp{12pt plus2pt minus2pt} for @samp{10pt} and @samp{11pt} styles,
-@samp{14pt plus4pt minus4pt} for @samp{12pt}.
-
-@item \textfloatsep
-Space between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page;
-default @samp{20pt plus2pt minus4pt}.
-
-@item \textfraction
-Minimum fraction of a page that must be text; if floats take up too
-much space to preserve this much text, floats will be moved to a
-different page. The default is @samp{.2}.
-
-@item \topfraction
-Maximum fraction at the top of a page that may be occupied before
-floats; default is @samp{.7}.
-
-@end ftable
-
-
-@node flushleft
-@section @code{flushleft}
-@findex flushleft @r{environment}
-@cindex left-justifying text, environment for
-@cindex ragged right text, environment for
-
-@example
-\begin@{flushleft@}
-@var{line1} \\
-@var{line2} \\
-...
-\end@{flushleft@}
-@end example
-
-@findex \\ @r{for @code{flushleft}}
-The @code{flushleft} environment allows you to create a paragraph
-consisting of lines that are flush to the left-hand margin and ragged
-right Each line must be terminated with the string @code{\\}.
-
-@menu
-* \raggedright:: Declaration form of the @code{flushleft} environment.
-@end menu
-
-
-@node \raggedright
-@subsection @code{\raggedright}
-@findex \raggedright
-@cindex ragged right text
-@cindex left-justifying text
-@cindex justification, ragged right
-
-The @code{\raggedright} declaration corresponds to the
-@code{flushleft} environment. This declaration can be used inside an
-environment such as @code{quote} or in a @code{parbox}.
-
-Unlike the @code{flushleft} environment, the @code{\raggedright}
-command does not start a new paragraph; it only changes how @LaTeX{}
-formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the
-scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or @code{\end}
-command that ends the paragraph unit.
-
-
-@node flushright
-@section @code{flushright}
-@findex flushright @r{environment}
-@cindex ragged left text, environment for
-@cindex right-justifying text, environment for
-
-@example
-\begin@{flushright@}
-@var{line1} \\
-@var{line2} \\
-...
-\end@{flushright@}
-@end example
-
-@findex \\ (for @code{flushright})
-The @code{flushright} environment allows you to create a paragraph
-consisting of lines that are flush to the right-hand margin and ragged
-left. Each line must be terminated with the string @code{\\}.
-
-@menu
-* \raggedleft:: Declaration form of the @code{flushright} environment.
-@end menu
-
-
-@node \raggedleft
-@subsection @code{\raggedleft}
-@findex \raggedleft
-@cindex ragged left text
-@cindex justification, ragged left
-@cindex right-justifying text
-
-The @code{\raggedleft} declaration corresponds to the
-@code{flushright} environment. This declaration can be used inside an
-environment such as @code{quote} or in a @code{parbox}.
-
-Unlike the @code{flushright} environment, the @code{\raggedleft}
-command does not start a new paragraph; it only changes how @LaTeX{}
-formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the
-scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or @code{\end}
-command that ends the paragraph unit.
-
-
-@node itemize
-@section @code{itemize}
-@findex itemize @r{environment}
-@findex \item
-@cindex lists of items
-@cindex unordered lists
-@cindex bulleted lists
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\begin@{itemize@}
-\item @var{item1}
-\item @var{item2}
-...
-\end@{itemize@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{itemize} environment produces an ``unordered'', ``bulleted''
-list. Itemizations can be nested within one another, up to four
-levels deep. They can also be nested within other paragraph-making
-environments, such as @code{enumerate} (@pxref{enumerate}).
-
-Each item of an @code{itemize} list begins with an @code{\item} command.
-There must be at least one @code{\item} command within the environment.
-
-By default, the marks at each level look like this:
-
-@enumerate
-@item @bullet{}
-@item @b{-@w{-}} (bold en-dash)
-@item *
-@iftex
-@item @math{\cdot} (centered dot)
-@end iftex
-@ifnottex
-@item . (centered dot, rendered here as a period)
-@end ifnottex
-@end enumerate
-
-@findex \labelitemi
-@findex \labelitemii
-@findex \labelitemiii
-@findex \labelitemiv
-The @code{itemize} environment uses the commands @code{\labelitemi}
-through @code{\labelitemiv} to produce the default label. So, you can
-use @code{\renewcommand} to change the labels. For instance, to have
-the first level use diamonds:
-
-@example
-\renewcommand@{\labelitemi@}@{$\diamond$@}
-@end example
-
-@findex \leftmargin
-@findex \leftmargini
-@findex \leftmarginii
-@findex \leftmarginiii
-@findex \leftmarginiv
-@findex \leftmarginv
-@findex \leftmarginvi
-The @code{\leftmargini} through @code{\leftmarginvi} parameters define
-the distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and
-the left margin of the list. By convention, @code{\leftmargin} is set
-to the appropriate @code{\leftmargin@var{N}} when a new level of
-nesting is entered.
-
-The defaults vary from @samp{.5em} (highest levels of nesting) to
-@samp{2.5em} (first level), and are a bit reduced in two-column mode.
-This example greatly reduces the margin space for outermost lists:
-
-@example
-\setlength@{\leftmargini@}@{1.25em@} % default 2.5em
-@end example
-
-@c xx should be in its own generic section
-Some parameters that affect list formatting:
-
-@ftable @code
-@item \itemindent
-Extra indentation before each item in a list; default zero.
-
-@item \labelsep
-Space between the label and text of an item; default @samp{.5em}.
-
-@item \labelwidth
-Width of the label; default @samp{2em}, or @samp{1.5em} in two-column mode.
-
-@item \listparindent
-Extra indentation added to second and subsequent paragraphs within a
-list item; default @samp{0pt}.
-
-@item \rightmargin
-Horizontal distance between the right margin of the list and the
-enclosing environment; default @samp{0pt}, except in the @code{quote},
-@code{quotation}, and @code{verse} environments, where it is set equal
-to @code{\leftmargin}.
-
-@end ftable
-
-Parameters affecting vertical spacing between list items (rather
-loose, by default).
-
-@ftable @code
-@item \itemsep
-Vertical space between items. The default is @code{2pt plus1pt
-minus1pt} for @code{10pt} documents, @code{3pt plus2pt minus1pt} for
-@code{11pt}, and @code{4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt} for @code{12pt}.
-
-@item \parsep
-Extra vertical space between paragraphs within a list item. Defaults
-are the same as @code{\itemsep}.
-
-@item \topsep
-Vertical space between the first item and the preceding paragraph.
-The default is @code{4pt plus2pt minus2pt} for @code{10pt} documents,
-@code{6pt plus2pt minus2pt} for @code{11pt}, and @code{9pt plus3pt
-minus5pt} for @code{12pt}.
-
-@item \partopsep
-Extra space added to @code{\topsep} when the list environment starts a
-paragraph. The default is @code{2pt plus1pt minus1pt} for @code{10pt}
-documents, @code{3pt plus1pt minus1pt} for @code{11pt}, and @code{3pt
-plus2pt minus2pt} for @code{12pt}.
-
-@item \topsep
-Extra vertical space added before an initial and after a final list
-item. Its value is changed with list level and font size changes; for
-instance, within a first-level list at @samp{10pt}, it is @samp{4pt
-plus2pt minus2pt}.
-
-@end ftable
-
-@findex \parskip @r{example}
-Especially for lists with short items, it may be desirable to elide
-space between items. Here is an example defining an @code{itemize*}
-environment with no extra spacing between items, or between paragraphs
-within a single item (@code{\parskip} is not list-specific,
-@pxref{\parskip}):
-
-@example
-\newenvironment@{itemize*@}%
- @{\begin@{itemize@}%
- \setlength@{\itemsep@}@{0pt@}%
- \setlength@{\parsep@}@{0pt@}@}%
- \setlength@{\parskip@}@{0pt@}@}%
- @{\end@{itemize@}@}
-@end example
-
-
-@node letter
-@section @code{letter} environment: writing letters
-@findex letter
-
-This environment is used for creating letters. @xref{Letters}.
-
-
-@node list
-@section @code{list}
-@findex list
-@cindex lists of items, generic
-
-The @code{list} environment is a generic environment which is used for
-defining many of the more specific environments. It is seldom used in
-documents, but often in macros.
-
-@example
-\begin@{list@}@{@var{labeling}@}@{@var{spacing}@}
-\item @var{item1}
-\item @var{item2}
-...
-\end@{list@}
-@end example
-
-The mandatory @var{labeling} argument specifies how items should be
-labelled (unless the optional argument is supplied to @code{\item}).
-This argument is a piece of text that is inserted in a box to form the
-label. It can and usually does contain other @LaTeX{} commands.
-
-The mandatory @var{spacing} argument contains commands to change the
-spacing parameters for the list. This argument will most often be
-empty, i.e., @code{@{@}}, which leaves the default spacing.
-
-
-@node math
-@section @code{math}
-
-@findex math @r{environment}
-@cindex in-line formulas
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\begin@{math@}
-@var{math}
-\end@{math@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{math} environment inserts the given @var{math} within the
-running text. @code{\(...\))} and @code{$...$} are synonyms.
-@xref{Math formulas}.
-
-
-@node minipage
-@section @code{minipage}
-
-@findex minipage @r{environment}
-@cindex minipage, creating a
-
-@example
-\begin@{minipage@}[@var{position}]@{@var{width}@}
-@var{text}
-\end@{minipage@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{minipage} environment typesets its body @var{text} in a
-block that will not be broken across pages (similar to the
-@code{\parbox} command, @pxref{\parbox}). You may use other
-paragraph-making environments inside a minipage (unlike @code{\parbox}).
-
-@c (xxref positions)
-It takes an optional @var{position} argument for placing @var{text},
-and a mandatory @var{width} argument for specifying the line width.
-
-@cindex indentation of paragraphs, in minipage
-@cindex paragraph indentation, in minipage
-@findex \parindent
-By default, paragraphs are not indented in the @code{minipage}
-environment. You can restore indentation with a command such as
-@code{\setlength@{\parindent@}@{1pc@}} command.
-
-@cindex footnotes in figures
-@cindex figures, footnotes in
-Footnotes in a @code{minipage} environment are handled in a way that is
-particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables. A
-@code{\footnote} or @code{\footnotetext} command puts the footnote at
-the bottom of the minipage instead of at the bottom of the page, and it
-uses the @code{\mpfootnote} counter instead of the ordinary
-@code{footnote} counter (@pxref{Counters}).
-
-However, don't put one minipage inside another if you are using
-footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage.
-
-
-@node picture
-@section @code{picture}
-
-@findex picture
-@cindex creating pictures
-@cindex pictures, creating
-
-@example
-\begin@{picture@}(width,height)(x offset,y offset)
-@dots{} @var{picture commands} @dots{}
-\end@{picture@}
-@end example
-
-@findex \unitlength
-The @code{picture} environment allows you to create just about any
-kind of picture you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles.
-You tell @LaTeX{} where to put things in the picture by specifying
-their coordinates. A coordinate is a number that may have a decimal
-point and a minus sign---a number like @code{5}, @code{0.3} or
-@code{-3.1416}. A coordinate specifies a length in multiples of the
-unit length @code{\unitlength}, so if @code{\unitlength} has been set
-to @code{1cm}, then the coordinate 2.54 specifies a length of 2.54
-centimeters. You should only change the value of @code{\unitlength},
-using the @code{\setlength} command, outside of a @code{picture}
-environment.
-
-A position is a pair of coordinates, such as @code{(2.4,-5)}, specifying
-the point with x-coordinate @code{2.4} and y-coordinate @code{-5}.
-Coordinates are specified in the usual way with respect to an origin,
-which is normally at the lower-left corner of the picture. Note that
-when a position appears as an argument, it is not enclosed in braces;
-the parentheses serve to delimit the argument.
-
-The @code{picture} environment has one mandatory argument, which is a
-@code{position}. It specifies the size of the picture. The environment
-produces a rectangular box with width and height determined by this
-argument's x- and y-coordinates.
-
-The @code{picture} environment also has an optional @code{position}
-argument, following the @code{size} argument, that can change the
-origin. (Unlike ordinary optional arguments, this argument is not
-contained in square brackets.) The optional argument gives the
-coordinates of the point at the lower-left corner of the picture
-(thereby determining the origin). For example, if @code{\unitlength}
-has been set to @code{1mm}, the command
-@example
- \begin@{picture@}(100,200)(10,20)
-@end example
-produces a picture of width 100 millimeters and height 200
-millimeters, whose lower-left corner is the point (10,20) and whose
-upper-right corner is therefore the point (110,220). When you first
-draw a picture, you will omit the optional argument, leaving the origin
-at the lower-left corner. If you then want to modify your picture by
-shifting everything, you just add the appropriate optional argument.
-
-The environment's mandatory argument determines the nominal size of the
-picture. This need bear no relation to how large the picture really is;
-@LaTeX{} will happily allow you to put things outside the picture, or even
-off the page. The picture's nominal size is used by @LaTeX{} in determining
-how much room to leave for it.
-
-Everything that appears in a picture is drawn by the @code{\put}
-command. The command
-
-@example
-\put (11.3,-.3)@{...@}
-@end example
-
-@noindent puts the object specified by @code{...} in the
-picture, with its reference point at coordinates @math{(11.3,-.3)}.
-The reference points for various objects will be described below.
-
-@findex lR box
-The @code{\put} command creates an @dfn{LR box}. You can put anything
-that can go in an @code{\mbox} (@pxref{\mbox}) in the text argument of
-the @code{\put} command. When you do this, the reference point will
-be the lower left corner of the box.
-
-The @code{picture} commands are described in the following sections.
-
-@menu
-* \circle:: Draw a circle.
-* \makebox (picture):: Draw a box of the specified size.
-* \framebox (picture):: Draw a box with a frame around it.
-* \dashbox:: Draw a dashed box.
-* \frame:: Draw a frame around an object.
-* \line:: Draw a straight line.
-* \linethickness:: Set the line thickness.
-* \thicklines:: A heavier line thickness.
-* \thinlines:: The default line thickness.
-* \multiput:: Draw multiple instances of an object.
-* \oval:: Draw an ellipse.
-* \put:: Place an object at a specified place.
-* \shortstack:: Make a pile of objects.
-* \vector:: Draw a line with an arrow.
-@end menu
-
-
-@node \circle
-@subsection @code{\circle}
-@findex \circle
-
-@example
-\circle[*]@{@var{diameter}@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{\circle} command produces a circle with a diameter as close
-to the specified one as possible. The @code{*}-form of the command
-draws a solid circle.
-
-Circles up to 40 pt can be drawn.
-
-
-@node \makebox (picture)
-@subsection @code{\makebox}
-@findex \makebox (picture)
-
-@code{\makebox(width,height)[position]@{...@}}
-
-The @code{\makebox} command for the picture environment is similar to
-the normal @code{\makebox} command except that you must specify a
-@code{width} and @code{height} in multiples of @code{\unitlength}.
-
-The optional argument, @code{[position]}, specifies the quadrant that
-your text appears in. You may select up to two of the following:
-
-@itemize @bullet
-@item
-@code{t} - Moves the item to the top of the rectangle
-@item
-@code{b} - Moves the item to the bottom
-@item
-@code{l} - Moves the item to the left
-@item
-@code{r} - Moves the item to the right
-@end itemize
-
-@xref{\makebox}.
-
-
-@node \framebox (picture)
-@subsection @code{\framebox}
-@findex \framebox
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\framebox(@var{width},@var{height})[@var{pos}]@{...@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{\framebox} command is like @code{\makebox} (see previous
-section), except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box
-that it creates.
-
-@findex \fboxrule
-@findex \fboxsep
-The @code{\framebox} command produces a rule of thickness
-@code{\fboxrule}, and leaves a space @code{\fboxsep} between the rule
-and the contents of the box.
-
-
-@node \dashbox
-@subsection @code{\dashbox}
-
-@findex \dashbox
-
-Draws a box with a dashed line. Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\dashbox@{@var{dlen}@}(@var{rwidth},@var{rheight})[@var{pos}]@{@var{text}@}
-@end example
-
-@code{\dashbox} creates a dashed rectangle around @var{text} in a
-@code{picture} environment. Dashes are @var{dlen} units long, and the
-rectangle has overall width @var{rwidth} and height @var{rheight}.
-The @var{text} is positioned at optional @var{pos}. @c xxref positions.
-
-A dashed box looks best when the @code{rwidth} and @code{rheight} are
-multiples of the @code{dlen}.
-
-
-@node \frame
-@subsection @code{\frame}
-@findex \frame
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\frame@{@var{text}@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{\frame} command puts a rectangular frame around @var{text}.
-The reference point is the bottom left corner of the frame. No extra
-space is put between the frame and the object.
-
-
-@node \line
-@subsection @code{\line}
-@findex \line
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\line(@var{xslope},@var{yslope})@{@var{length}@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{\line} command draws a line with the given @var{length} and
-slope @var{xslope}/@var{yslope}.
-
-Standard @LaTeX{} can only draw lines with @math{@var{slope} = x/y},
-where @math{x} and @math{y} have integer values from @minus{}6
-through@tie{}6. For lines of any slope, not to mention other shapes,
-see the @code{curve2e} and many many other packages on CTAN.
-
-
-@node \linethickness
-@subsection @code{\linethickness}
-@findex \linethickness
-
-The @code{\linethickness@{@var{dim}@}} command declares the thickness
-of horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment to be
-@var{dim}, which must be a positive length.
-
-@code{\linethickness} does not affect the thickness of slanted lines,
-circles, or the quarter circles drawn by @code{\oval}.
-
-
-@node \thicklines
-@subsection @code{\thicklines}
-@findex \thicklines
-
-The @code{\thicklines} command is an alternate line thickness for
-horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment;
-cf.@tie{}@ref{\linethickness} and @ref{\thinlines}.
-
-
-@node \thinlines
-@subsection @code{\thinlines}
-@findex \thinlines
-
-The @code{\thinlines} command is the default line thickness for
-horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment;
-cf.@tie{}@ref{\linethickness} and @ref{\thicklines}.
-
-
-@node \multiput
-@subsection @code{\multiput}
-@findex \multiput
-
-Synopsis:
-@example
-\multiput(@var{x},@var{y})(@var{delta_x},@var{delta_y})@{@var{n}@}@{@var{obj}@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{\multiput} command copies the object @var{obj} in a regular
-pattern across a picture. @var{obj} is first placed at position
-@math{(x,y)}, then at @math{(x+\delta x,y+\delta y)}, and so on,
-@var{n} times.
-
-
-@node \oval
-@subsection @code{\oval}
-@findex \oval
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\oval(@var{width},@var{height})[@var{portion}]
-@end example
-
-The @code{\oval} command produces a rectangle with rounded corners.
-The optional argument @var{portion} allows you to select part of the
-oval via the following:
-
-@table @code
-@item t
-selects the top portion;
-@item b
-selects the bottom portion;
-@item r
-selects the right portion;
-@item l
-selects the left portion.
-@end table
-
-The ``corners'' of the oval are made with quarter circles with a
-maximum radius of 20@dmn{pt}, so large ``ovals'' will look more like
-boxes with rounded corners.
-
-
-@node \put
-@subsection @code{\put}
-
-@findex \put
-
-@code{\put(x coord,y coord)@{ ... @}}
-
-The @code{\put} command places the item specified by the mandatory
-argument at the given coordinates.
-
-
-@node \shortstack
-@subsection @code{\shortstack}
-@findex \shortstack
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\shortstack[@var{position}]@{...\\...\\...@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{\shortstack} command produces a stack of objects. The valid
-positions are:
-
-@table @code
-@item r
-Move the objects to the right of the stack.
-@item l
-Move the objects to the left of the stack
-@item c
-Move the objects to the centre of the stack (default)
-@end table
-
-@findex \\ @r{(for @code{\shortstack} objects)}
-Objects are separated with @code{\\}.
-
-
-@node \vector
-@subsection @code{\vector}
-@findex \vector
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\vector(@var{x-slope},@var{y-slope})@{@var{length}@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{\vector} command draws a line with an arrow of the specified
-length and slope. The @math{x} and @math{y} values must lie between
-@minus{}4 and +4, inclusive.
-
-
-@node quotation
-@section @code{quotation}
-
-@findex quotation
-@cindex quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying
-@cindex displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation
-@cindex paragraph indentations in quoted text
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\begin@{quotation@}
-@var{text}
-\end@{quotation@}
-@end example
-
-The margins of the @code{quotation} environment are indented on both
-the left and the right. The text is justified at both margins.
-Leaving a blank line between text produces a new paragraph.
-
-Unlike the @code{quote} environment, each paragraph is indented
-normally.
-
-
-@node quote
-@section @code{quote}
-
-@findex quote
-@cindex quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying
-@cindex displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation
-@cindex paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting
-
-Snyopsis:
-
-@example
-\begin@{quote@}
-@var{text}
-\end@{quote@}
-@end example
-
-The margins of the @code{quote} environment are indented on both the
-left and the right. The text is justified at both margins. Leaving a
-blank line between text produces a new paragraph.
-
-Unlike the @code{quotation} environment, paragraphs are not indented.
-
-
-@node tabbing
-@section @code{tabbing}
-
-@findex tabbing @r{environment}
-@cindex tab stops, using
-@cindex lining text up in columns using tab stops
-@cindex alignment via tabbing
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\begin@{tabbing@}
-@var{row1col1} \= @var{row1col2} \= @var{row1col3} \= @var{row1col4} \\
-@var{row2col1} \> \> @var{row2col3} \\
-...
-\end@{tabbing@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{tabbing} environment provides a way to align text in
-columns. It works by setting tab stops and tabbing to them much as
-was done on an ordinary typewriter. It is best suited for cases where
-the width of each column is constant and known in advance.
-
-This environment can be broken across pages, unlike the @code{tabular}
-environment.
-
-The following commands can be used inside a @code{tabbing} enviroment:
-
-@ftable @code
-@item \\ @r{tabbing}
-End a line.
-
-@item \= @r{(tabbing)}
-Sets a tab stop at the current position.
-
-@item \> @r{(tabbing)}
-@findex \>
-Advances to the next tab stop.
-
-@item \<
-Put following text to the left of the local margin (without changing
-the margin). Can only be used at the start of the line.
-
-@item \+
-Moves the left margin of the next and all the
-following commands one tab stop to the right, beginning tabbed line if
-necessary.
-
-@item \-
-Moves the left margin of the next and all the
-following commands one tab stop to the left, beginning tabbed line if
-necessary.
-
-@item \' @r{(tabbing)}
-Moves everything that you have typed so far in the
-current column, i.e. everything from the most recent @code{\>},
-@code{\<}, @code{\'}, @code{\\}, or @code{\kill} command, to the right
-of the previous column, flush against the current column's tab stop.
-
-@item \` @r{(tabbing)}
-Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, including tab
-stop@tie{}0. However, it can't move text to the right of the last column
-because there's no tab stop there. The @code{\`} command moves all the
-text that follows it, up to the @code{\\} or @code{\end@{tabbing@}}
-command that ends the line, to the right margin of the tabbing
-environment. There must be no @code{\>} or @code{\'} command between
-the @code{\`} and the command that ends the line.
-
-@item \a @r{(tabbing)}
-@findex \a' @r{(acute accent in tabbing)}
-@findex \a` @r{(grave accent in tabbing)}
-@findex \a= @r{(macron accent in tabbing)}
-In a @code{tabbing} environment, the commands @code{\=}, @code{\'} and
-@code{\`} do not produce accents as usual (@pxref{Accents}). Instead,
-the commands @code{\a=}, @code{\a'} and @code{\a`} are used.
-
-@item \kill
-Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like @code{\\}
-except that it throws away the current line instead of producing
-output for it. The effect of any @code{\=}, @code{\+} or @code{\-}
-commands in that line remain in effect.
-
-@item \poptabs
-@findex \poptabs
-Restores the tab stop positions saved by the last @code{\pushtabs}.
-
-@item \pushtabs
-Saves all current tab stop positions. Useful for temporarily changing
-tab stop positions in the middle of a @code{tabbing} environment.
-
-@item \tabbingsep
-Distance to left of tab stop moved by @code{\'}.
-
-@end ftable
-
-This example typesets a Pascal function in a traditional format:
-
-@example
-\begin@{tabbing@}
-function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\
- \> begin \= \+ \\
- \> if \= n $>$ 1 then \+ \\
- fact := n * fact(n-1) \- \\
- else \+ \\
- fact := 1; \-\- \\
- end;\\
-\end@{tabbing@}
-@end example
-
-
-@node table
-@section @code{table}
-
-@findex table
-@cindex tables, creating
-@cindex creating tables
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
- \begin@{table@}[placement]
-
- body of the table
-
- \caption@{table title@}
- \end@{table@}
-@end example
-
-Tables are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are
-usually ``floated'' to a convenient place, like the top of a page.
-Tables will not be split between two pages.
-
-The optional argument @code{[placement]} determines where @LaTeX{} will try
-to place your table. There are four places where @LaTeX{} can possibly put
-a float:
-
-@itemize @bullet
-@item
-@code{h}: Here - at the position in the text where the table
-environment appears.
-@item
-@code{t}: Top - at the top of a text page.
-@item
-@code{b}: Bottom - at the bottom of a text page.
-@item
-@code{p}: Page of floats - on a separate float page, which is a page
-containing no text, only floats.
-@end itemize
-
-The standard @code{report} and @code{article} classes use the default
-placement @code{[tbp]}.
-
-The body of the table is made up of whatever text, @LaTeX{} commands, etc.,
-you wish. The @code{\caption} command allows you to title your table.
-
-
-@node tabular
-@section @code{tabular}
-@findex tabular @r{environment}
-@cindex lines in tables
-@cindex lining text up in tables
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\begin@{tabular@}[pos]@{cols@}
-column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
-...
-\end@{tabular@}
-@end example
-
- or
-
-@example
-\begin@{tabular*@}@{width@}[pos]@{cols@}
-column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
-...
-\end@{tabular*@}
-@end example
-
-These environments produce a box consisting of a sequence of rows of
-items, aligned vertically in columns.
-
-@findex \\ @r{for @code{tabular}}
-@code{\\} must be used to specify the end of each row of the table,
-except for the last, where it is optional---unless an @code{\hline}
-command (to put a rule below the table) follows.
-
-The mandatory and optional arguments consist of:
-
-@table @code
-@item width
-Specifies the width of the @code{tabular*} environment. There must be
-rubber space between columns that can stretch to fill out the specified
-width.
-@item pos
-Specifies the vertical position; default is alignment on the centre of
-the environment.
-
-@itemize @bullet
-@item
-@code{t} - align on top row
-@item
-@code{b} - align on bottom row
-@end itemize
-
-@item cols
-Specifies the column formatting. It consists of a sequence of the
-following specifiers, corresponding to the sequence of columns and
-intercolumn material.
-
-@itemize @bullet
-
-@item
-@code{l} - A column of left-aligned items.
-@item
-@code{r} - A column of right-aligned items.
-@item
-@code{c} - A column of centred items.
-@item
-@code{|} - A vertical line the full height and depth of the environment.
-@item
-@code{@@@{text@}} - This inserts @code{text} in every row. An @@-expression
-suppresses the intercolumn space normally inserted between columns; any
-desired space between the inserted text and the adjacent items must be
-included in text. An @code{\extracolsep@{wd@}} command in an
-@@-expression causes an extra space of width @code{wd} to appear to the
-left of all subsequent columns, until countermanded by another
-@code{\extracolsep} command. Unlike ordinary intercolumn space, this
-extra space is not suppressed by an @@-expression. An
-@code{\extracolsep} command can be used only in an @@-expression in the
-@code{cols} argument.
-@item
-@code{p@{wd@}} - Produces a column with each item typeset in a parbox of
-width @code{wd}, as if it were the argument of a @code{\parbox[t]@{wd@}}
-command. However, a @code{\\} may not appear in the item, except in the
-following situations:
-@enumerate
-@item
-inside an environment like @code{minipage}, @code{array}, or @code{tabular}.
-@item
-inside an explicit @code{\parbox}.
-@item
-in the scope of a @code{\centering}, @code{\raggedright}, or @code{\raggedleft}
-declaration. The latter declarations must appear inside braces or an
-environment when used in a @code{p}-column element.
-@end enumerate
-@item
-@code{*@{num@}@{cols@}} - Equivalent to @code{num} copies of
-@code{cols}, where @code{num} is any positive integer and @code{cols} is
-any list of column-specifiers, which may contain another
-@code{*-expression}.
-
-@end itemize
-
-@end table
-
-Parameters that control formatting:
-@c xx defaults, own node (xref from array)?
-
-@ftable @code
-@item \arrayrulewidth
-Thickness of the rule created by @code{|}, @code{\hline}, and
-@code{\vline} in the @code{tabular} and @code{array} environments; the
-default is @samp{.4pt}.
-
-@item \arraystretch
-Scaling of spacing between rows in the @code{tabular} and @code{array}
-environments; default is @samp{1},for no scaling.
-
-@item \doublerulesep
-Horizontal distance between the vertical rules produced by @code{||}
-in the @code{tabular} and @code{array} environments; default is @samp{2pt}.
-
-@item \tabcolsep
-Half the width of the space between columns; default is @samp{6pt}.
-
-@end ftable
-
-These commands can be used inside a @code{tabular} environment:
-
-@menu
-* \multicolumn:: Make an item spanning several columns.
-* \cline:: Draw a horizontal line spanning some columns.
-* \hline:: Draw a horizontal line spanning all columns.
-* \vline:: Draw a vertical line.
-@end menu
-
-
-@node \multicolumn
-@subsection @code{\multicolumn}
-@findex \multicolumn
-
-Synopsis:
-@example
-\multicolumn@{@var{cols}@}@{@var{pos}@}@{@var{text}@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{\multicolumn} command makes an entry that spans several
-columns. The first mandatory argument, @var{cols}, specifies the
-number of columns to span. The second mandatory argument, @var{pos},
-specifies the formatting of the entry; @code{c} for centered, @code{l}
-for flushleft, @code{r} for flushright. The third mandatory argument,
-@var{text}, specifies what text to put in the entry.
-
-Here's an example showing two columns separated by an en-dash;
-@code{\multicolumn} is used for the heading:
-
-@example
-\begin@{tabular@}@{r@@@{--@}l@}
-\multicolumn@{2@}@{c@}@{\bf Unicode@}\cr
- 0x80&0x7FF \cr
- 0x800&0xFFFF \cr
-0x10000&0x1FFFF \cr
-\end@{tabular@}
-@end example
-
-
-@node \cline
-@subsection @code{\cline}
-@findex \cline
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\cline@{@var{i}-@var{j}@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{\cline} command draws horizontal lines across the columns
-specified, beginning in column @var{i} and ending in column @var{j},
-which are specified in the mandatory argument.
-
-
-@node \hline
-@subsection @code{\hline}
-@findex \hline
-
-The @code{\hline} command draws a horizontal line the width of the
-enclosing @code{tabular} or @code{array} environment. It's most
-commonly used to draw a line at the top, bottom, and between the rows
-of a table.
-
-
-@node \vline
-@subsection @code{\vline}
-@findex \vline
-
-The @code{\vline} command will draw a vertical line extending the full
-height and depth of its row. An @code{\hfill} command can be used to
-move the line to the edge of the column. It can also be used in an
-@@-expression.
-
-
-@node thebibliography
-@section @code{thebibliography}
-
-@findex thebibliography
-@cindex bibliography, creating (manually)
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\begin@{thebibliography@}@{@var{widest-label}@}
-\bibitem[@var{label}]@{@var{cite_key@}}
-...
-\end@{thebibliography@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{thebibliography} environment produces a bibliography or
-reference list.
-
-In the @code{article} class, this reference list is labelled
-``References''; in the @code{report} class, it is labelled
-``Bibliography''. You can change the label (in the standard classes)
-by redefining the command @code{\refname}. For instance, this
-eliminates it entirely:
-
-@example
-\renewcommand@{\refname@}@{@}
-@end example
-
-The mandatory @var{widest-label} argument is text that, when typeset,
-is as wide as the widest item label produced by the @code{\bibitem}
-commands. It is typically given as @code{9} for bibliographies with
-less than 10 references, @code{99} for ones with less than 100, etc.
-
-@menu
-* \bibitem:: Specify a bibliography item.
-* \cite:: Refer to a bibliography item.
-* \nocite:: Include an item in the bibliography.
-* Using BibTeX:: Automatic generation of bibliographies.
-@end menu
-
-
-@node \bibitem
-@subsection @code{\bibitem}
-
-@findex \bibitem
-
-Synopsis:
-@example
-\bibitem[@var{label}]@{@var{cite_key}@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{\bibitem} command generates an entry labelled by
-@var{label}. If the @var{label} argument is missing, a number is
-automatically generated using the @code{enumi} counter. The
-@var{cite_key} is any sequence of letters, numbers, and punctuation
-symbols not containing a comma.
-
-This command writes an entry to the @file{.aux} file containing the
-item's @var{cite_key} and label. When the @file{.aux} file is read by
-the @code{\begin@{document@}} command, the item's @code{label} is
-associated with @code{cite_key}, causing references to @var{cite_key}
-with a @code{\cite} command (see next section) to produce the
-associated label.
-
-
-@node \cite
-@subsection @code{\cite}
-
-@findex \cite
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\cite[@var{subcite}]@{@var{keys}
-@end example
-
-The @var{keys} argument is a list of one or more citation keys,
-separated by commas. This command generates an in-text citation to
-the references associated with @var{keys} by entries in the
-@file{.aux} file.
-
-The text of the optional @var{subcite} argument appears after the
-citation. For example, @code{\cite[p.~314]@{knuth@}} might produce
-`[Knuth, p.@tie{}314]'.
-
-
-@node \nocite
-@subsection @code{\nocite}
-@findex \nocite
-
-@code{\nocite@{key_list@}}
-
-The @code{\nocite} command produces no text, but writes @code{key_list},
-which is a list of one or more citation keys, on the @file{.aux} file.
-
-
-@node Using BibTeX
-@subsection Using Bib@TeX{}
-
-@cindex using Bib@TeX{}
-@cindex bib@TeX{}, using
-@cindex bibliography, creating (automatically)
-@findex \bibliographystyle
-@findex \bibliography
-
-If you use the Bib@TeX{} program by Oren Patashnik (highly
-recommended if you need a bibliography of more than a couple of
-titles) to maintain your bibliography, you don't use the
-@code{thebibliography} environment (@pxref{thebibliography}). Instead,
-you include the lines
-
-@example
-\bibliographystyle@{@var{bibstyle}@}
-\bibliography@{@var{bibfile1},@var{bibfile2}@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{\bibliographystyle} command does not produce any output of
-its own. Rather, it defines the style in which the bibliography will
-be produced: @var{bibstyle} refers to a file
-@var{bibstyle}@file{.bst}, which defines how your citations will look.
-The standard @var{style} names distributed with Bib@TeX{} are:
-
-@table @code
-@item alpha
-Sorted alphabetically. Labels are formed from name of author and year of
-publication.
-@item plain
-Sorted alphabetically. Labels are numeric.
-@item unsrt
-Like @code{plain}, but entries are in order of citation.
-@item abbrv
-Like @code{plain}, but more compact labels.
-@end table
-
-In addition, numerous other Bib@TeX{} style files exist tailored to
-the demands of various publications. See
-@url{http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/contrib}.
-
-The @code{\bibliography} command is what actually produces the
-bibliography. The argument to @code{\bibliography} refers to files
-named @file{@var{bibfile}.bib}, which should contain your database in
-Bib@TeX{} format. Only the entries referred to via @code{\cite} and
-@code{\nocite} will be listed in the bibliography.
-
-
-@node theorem
-@section @code{theorem}
-
-@findex theorem @r{environment}
-@cindex theorems, typesetting
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\begin@{theorem@}
-@var{theorem-text}
-\end@{theorem@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{theorem} environment produces ``Theorem @var{n}'' in
-boldface followed by @var{theorem-text}, where the numbering
-possibilities for @var{n} are described under @code{\newtheorem}
-(@pxref{\newtheorem}).
-
-
-@node titlepage
-@section @code{titlepage}
-
-@findex titlepage @r{environment}
-@cindex making a title page
-@cindex title pages, creating
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\begin@{titlepage@}
-@var{text}
-\end@{titlepage@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{titlepage} environment creates a title page, i.e., a page
-with no printed page number or heading. It also causes the following
-page to be numbered page one. Formatting the title page is left to
-you. The @code{\today} command may be useful on title pages
-(@pxref{\today}).
-
-You can use the @code{\maketitle} command (@pxref{\maketitle}) to
-produce a standard title page without a @code{titlepage} environment.
-
-
-@node verbatim
-@section @code{verbatim}
-
-@findex verbatim @r{environment}
-@cindex verbatim text
-@cindex simulating typed text
-@cindex typed text, simulating
-@cindex code, typesetting
-@cindex computer programs, typesetting
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\begin@{verbatim@}
-@var{literal-text}
-\end@{verbatim@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{verbatim} environment is a paragraph-making environment in
-which @LaTeX{} produces exactly what you type in; for instance the
-@code{\} character produces a printed @samp{\}. It turns @LaTeX{}
-into a typewriter with carriage returns and blanks having the same
-effect that they would on a typewriter.
-
-The @code{verbatim} uses a monospaced typewriter-like font (@code{\tt}).
-
-@menu
-* \verb:: The macro form of the @code{verbatim} environment.
-@end menu
-
-@node \verb
-@subsection @code{\verb}
-
-@findex \verb
-@cindex verbatim text, inline
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\verb@var{char}@var{literal-text}@var{char}
-\verb*@var{char}@var{literal-text}@var{char}
-@end example
-
-The @code{\verb} command typesets @var{literal-text} as it is input,
-including special characters and spaces, using the typewriter
-(@code{\tt}) font. No spaces are allowed between @code{\verb} or
-@code{\verb*} and the delimiter @var{char}, which begins and ends the
-verbatim text. The delimiter must not appear in @var{literal-text}.
-
-@cindex visible space
-The @code{*}-form differs only in that spaces are printed with a
-``visible space'' character.
-@tex
-(Namely, {\tt\char`\ }.)
-@end tex
-
-
-@node verse
-@section @code{verse}
-
-@findex verse @r{environment}
-@cindex poetry, an environment for
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\begin@{verse@}
-@var{line1} \\
-@var{line2} \\
-...
-\end@{verse@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{verse} environment is designed for poetry, though you may find
-other uses for it.
-
-@findex \\ @r{for @code{verse}}
-The margins are indented on the left and the right, paragraphs are not
-indented, and the text is not justified. Separate the lines of each
-stanza with @code{\\}, and use one or more blank lines to separate the
-stanzas.
-
-
-@node Footnotes
-@chapter Footnotes
-@cindex footnotes, creating
-
-Footnotes can be produced in one of two ways. They can be produced
-with one command, the @code{\footnote} command. They can also be
-produced with two commands, the @code{\footnotemark} and the
-@code{\footnotetext} commands.
-
-@menu
-* \footnote:: Insert a footnote.
-* \footnotemark:: Insert footnote mark only.
-* \footnotetext:: Insert footnote text only.
-* Footnote parameters:: Parameters for footnote formatting.
-@end menu
-
-
-@node \footnote
-@section @code{\footnote}
-@findex \footnote
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\footnote[@var{number}]@{@var{text}@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{\footnote} command places the numbered footnote @var{text}
-at the bottom of the current page. The optional argument @var{number}
-changes the default footnote number.
-
-This command can only be used in outer paragraph mode; i.e., you
-cannot use it in sectioning commands like @code{\chapter}, in figures,
-tables or in a @code{tabular} environment. (See following sections.)
-@c xx mention packages that fix this
-
-
-@node \footnotemark
-@section @code{\footnotemark}
-@findex \footnotemark
-
-With no optional argument, the @code{\footnotemark} command puts the
-current footnote number in the text. This command can be used in
-inner paragraph mode. You give the text of the footnote separately,
-with the @code{\footnotetext} command.
-
-This command can be used to produce several consecutive footnote
-markers referring to the same footnote with
-
-@example
-\footnotemark[\value@{footnote@}]
-@end example
-
-after the first @code{\footnote} command.
-
-
-@node \footnotetext
-@section @code{\footnotetext}
-@findex \footnotetext
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\footnotetext[@var{number}]@{@var{text}@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{\footnotetext} command places @var{text} at the bottom of
-the page as a footnote. This command can come anywhere after the
-@code{\footnotemark} command. The @code{\footnotetext} command must
-appear in outer paragraph mode.
-
-The optional argument @var{number} changes the default footnote number.
-
-
-@node Footnote parameters
-@section Footnote parameters
-
-@cindex footnote parameters
-
-@ftable @code
-@item \footnoterule
-Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the page's
-footnotes. Default dimensions: @code{0.4pt} thick (or wide), and
-@code{0.4\columnwidth} long in the standard document classes (except
-slides, where it does not appear).
-
-@item \footnotesep
-The height of the strut placed at the beginning of the footnote. By
-default, this is set to the normal strut for @code{\footnotesize}
-fonts (@pxref{Font sizes}), therefore there is no extra space between
-footnotes. This is @samp{6.65pt} for @samp{10pt}, @samp{7.7pt} for
-@samp{11pt}, and @samp{8.4pt} for @samp{12pt}.
-
-@end ftable
-
-
-@node Definitions
-@chapter Definitions
-@cindex definitions
-
-@LaTeX{} has support for making new commands of many different kinds.
-
-@c xx everything in this chapter needs examples.
-
-@menu
-* \newcommand & \renewcommand:: (Re)define a new command.
-* \newcounter:: Define a new counter.
-* \newlength:: Define a new length.
-* \newsavebox:: Define a new box.
-* \newenvironment & \renewenvironment:: Define a new environment.
-* \newtheorem:: Define a new theorem-like environment.
-* \newfont:: Define a new font name.
-* \protect:: Using tricky commands.
-@end menu
-
-
-@node \newcommand & \renewcommand
-@section @code{\newcommand} & @code{\renewcommand}
-@findex \newcommand
-@cindex commands, defining new ones
-@cindex defining a new command
-@cindex new commands, defining
-
-@code{\newcommand} and @code{\renewcommand} define and redefine a
-command, respectively. Synopses:
-
-@example
- \newcommand@{@var{cmd}@}[@var{nargs}]@{@var{defn}@}
-\renewcommand@{@var{cmd}@}[@var{nargs}]@{@var{defn}@}
- \newcommand@{@var{cmd}@}[@var{nargs}][@var{default}]@{@var{defn}@}
-\renewcommand@{@var{cmd}@}[@var{nargs}][@var{default}]@{@var{defn}@}
-@end example
-
-
-@table @var
-@item cmd
-The command name beginning with @code{\}. For @code{\newcommand}, it
-must not be already defined and must not begin with @code{\end}; for
-@code{\renewcommand}, it must already be defined.
-
-@item nargs
-An optional integer from 1 to 9 specifying the number of arguments
-that the command will take. The default is for the command to have no
-arguments.
-
-@item default
-If this optional parameter is present, it means that the command's
-first argument is optional. When the new command is called, the
-default value of the optional argument (i.e., if it is not specified
-in the call) is the string @samp{def}.
-
-@item defn
-The text to be substituted for every occurrence of @code{cmd}; a
-construct of the form @code{#@var{n}} in @var{defn} is replaced by the
-text of the @var{n}th argument.
-
-@end table
-
-
-@node \newcounter
-@section @code{\newcounter}
-@findex \newcounter
-@cindex counters, defining new
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\newcounter@{@var{cnt}@}[@var{countername}]
-@end example
-
-The @code{\newcounter} command defines a new counter named @var{cnt}.
-The new counter is initialized to zero.
-
-Given the optional argument @code{[@var{countername}]}, @var{cnt}
-will be reset whenever @var{countername} is incremented.
-
-@xref{Counters}, for more information about counters.
-
-
-@node \newlength
-@section @code{\newlength}
-@findex \newlength
-@cindex lengths, defining new
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\newlength@{\@var{arg}@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{\newlength} command defines the mandatory argument as a
-@code{length} command with a value of @code{0in}. The argument must
-be a control sequence, as in @code{\newlength@{\foo@}}. An error
-occurs if @code{\foo} is already defined.
-
-@xref{Lengths}, for how to set the new length to a nonzero value, and
-for more information about lengths in general.
-
-
-@node \newsavebox
-@section @code{\newsavebox}
-@findex \newsavebox
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\newsavebox@{@var{cmd}@}
-@end example
-
-Defines @code{\@var{cmd}}, which must be a command name not already
-defined, to refer to a new bin for storing boxes.
-
-
-@node \newenvironment & \renewenvironment
-@section @code{\newenvironment} & @code{\renewenvironment}
-@findex \newenvironment
-@findex \renewenvironment
-@cindex environments, defining
-@cindex defining new environments
-@cindex redefining environments
-
-Synopses:
-
-@example
- \newenvironment@{@var{env}@}[@var{nargs}]@{@var{begdef}@}@{@var{enddef}@}
- \newenvironment@{@var{env}@}[@var{nargs}][@var{default}]@{@var{begdef}@}@{@var{enddef}@}
-\renewenvironment@{@var{env}@}[@var{nargs}]@{@var{begdef}@}@{@var{enddef}@}
-@end example
-
-These commands define or redefine an environment @var{env}, that is,
-@code{\begin@{@var{env}@} @dots{} \end@{@var{env}@}}.
-
-@table @var
-@item env
-The name of the environment. For @code{\newenvironment}, @var{env}
-must not be an existing environment, and the command @code{\@var{env}}
-must be undefined. For @code{\renewenvironment}, @var{env} must be
-the name of an existing environment.
-
-@item nargs
-An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of
-the newly-defined environment. The default is no arguments.
-
-@item default
-If this is specified, the first argument is optional, and @var{default}
-gives the default value for that argument.
-
-@item begdef
-The text expanded at every occurrence of @code{\begin@{@var{env}@}}; a
-construct of the form @code{#@var{n}} in @var{begdef} is replaced by
-the text of the @var{n}th argument.
-
-@item enddef
-The text expanded at every occurrence of @code{\end@{@var{env}@}}. It
-may not contain any argument parameters.
-
-@end table
-
-
-@node \newtheorem
-@section @code{\newtheorem}
-@findex \newtheorem
-@cindex theorems, defining
-@cindex defining new theorems
-
-@example
-\newtheorem@{@var{newenv}@}@{@var{label}@}[@var{within}]
-\newtheorem@{@var{newenv}@}[@var{numbered_like}]@{@var{label}@}
-@end example
-
-This command defines a theorem-like environment. Arguments:
-
-@table @var
-@item newenv
-The name of the environment to be defined; must not be the name of an
-existing environment or otherwise defined.
-
-@item label
-The text printed at the beginning of the environment, before the
-number. For example, @samp{Theorem}.
-
-@item numbered_like
-(Optional.) The name of an already defined theorem-like environment;
-the new environment will be numbered just like @var{numbered_like}.
-
-@item within
-(Optional.) The name of an already defined counter, a sectional unit.
-The new theorem counter will be reset at the same time as the
-@var{within} counter.
-
-@end table
-
-At most one of @var{numbered_like} and @var{within} can be specified,
-not both.
-
-
-@node \newfont
-@section @code{\newfont}
-@findex \newfont
-@cindex fonts, new commands for
-@cindex defining new fonts
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\newfont@{@var{cmd}@}@{@var{fontname}@}
-@end example
-
-Defines a control sequence @code{\@var{cmd}}, which must not already
-be defined, to make @var{fontname} be the current font. The file
-looked for on the system is named @file{@var{fontname}.tfm}.
-
-This is a low-level command for setting up to use an individual font.
-More commonly, fonts are defined in families through @file{.fd} files.
-
-
-@node \protect
-@section @code{\protect}
-@findex \protect
-
-@cindex fragile commands
-@cindex moving arguments
-Footnotes, line breaks, any command that has an optional argument, and
-many more are so-called @dfn{fragile} commands. When a fragile
-command is used in certain contexts, called @dfn{moving arguments}, it
-must be preceded by @code{\protect}. In addition, any fragile
-commands within the arguments must have their own @code{\protect}.
-
-Some examples of moving arguments are @code{\caption}
-(@pxref{figure}), @code{\thanks} (@pxref{\maketitle}), and
-@-expressions in @code{tabular} and @code{array} environments
-(@pxref{tabular}).
-
-@cindex robust commands
-Commands which are not fragile are called @dfn{robust}. They must not
-be preceded by @code{\protect}.
-
-See also:
-
-@smallexample
-@exdent @url{http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/teTeX/latex/latex2e-html/fragile.html}
-@exdent @url{http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=protect}
-@end smallexample
-
-@c xx really need examples.
-
-
-@node Counters
-@chapter Counters
-@cindex counters, a list of
-@cindex variables, a list of
-
-Everything @LaTeX{} numbers for you has a counter associated with
-it. The name of the counter is the same as the name of the environment
-or command that produces the number, except with no @code{\}.
-(@code{enumi}--@code{enumiv} are used for the nested enumerate
-environment.) Below is a list of the counters used in @LaTeX{}'s
-standard document classes to control numbering.
-
-@example
-part paragraph figure enumi
-chapter subparagraph table enumii
-section page footnote enumiii
-subsection equation mpfootnote enumiv
-subsubsection
-@end example
-
-@menu
-* \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol:: Print value of a counter.
-* \usecounter:: Use a specified counter in a list environment.
-* \value:: Use the value of a counter in an expression.
-* \setcounter:: Set the value of a counter.
-* \addtocounter:: Add a quantity to a counter.
-* \refstepcounter:: Add to counter, resetting subsidiary counters.
-* \stepcounter:: Add to counter, resetting subsidiary counters.
-* \day \month \year:: Numeric date values.
-@end menu
-
-
-@node \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol
-@section @code{\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol}: Printing counters
-
-All of these commands take a single counter as an argument, for
-instance, @code{\alph@{enumi@}}.
-
-@ftable @code
-@item \alph
-prints @var{counter} using lowercase letters: `a', `b', @enddots{}
-
-@item \Alph
-uses uppercase letters: `A', `B', @enddots{}
-
-@item \arabic
-uses Arabic numbers: `1', `2', @enddots{}
-
-@item \roman
-uses lowercase roman numerals: `i', `ii', @enddots{}
-
-@item \roman
-uses uppercase roman numerals: `I', `II', @enddots{}
-
-@item \fnsymbol
-prints the value of @var{counter} in a specific sequence of nine
-symbols (conventionally used for labeling footnotes). The value of
-@var{counter} must be between@tie{}1 and@tie{}9, inclusive.
-
-@tex
-Here are the symbols:
-$\ast$ $\dagger$ $\ddagger$ $\S$ $\P$ $\parallel$
-$\ast\ast$ $\dagger\dagger$ $\ddagger\ddagger$
-@end tex
-@ifnottex
-The symbols mostly aren't supported in Info, but here are the names:
-@display
-asterix(*) dagger ddagger section-sign paragraph-sign parallel
-double-asterix(**) double-dagger double-ddagger
-@end display
-@end ifnottex
-
-@end ftable
-
-
-@node \usecounter
-@section @code{\usecounter@{@var{counter}@}}
-@findex \usecounter
-@cindex list items, specifying counter
-@cindex numbered items, specifying counter
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\usecounter@{@var{counter}@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{\usecounter} command is used in the second argument of the
-@code{list} environment to specify @var{counter} to be used to number
-the list items.
-
-
-@node \value
-@section @code{\value@{@var{counter}@}}
-@findex \value
-@cindex counters, getting value of
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\value@{@var{counter}@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{\value} command produces the value of @var{counter}. It can
-be used anywhere @LaTeX{} expects a number, for example:
-
-@example
-\setcounter@{myctr@}@{3@}
-\addtocounter@{myctr@}@{1@}
-\hspace@{\value@{myctr@}\parindent@}
-@end example
-
-
-@node \setcounter
-@section @code{\setcounter@{@var{counter}@}@{@var{value}@}}
-@findex \setcounter
-@cindex counters, setting
-@cindex setting counters
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\setcounter@{@var{\counter}@}@{@var{value}@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{\setcounter} command sets the value of @var{\counter} to the
-@var{value} argument.
-
-
-@node \addtocounter
-@section @code{\addtocounter@{@var{counter}@}@{@var{value}@}}
-@findex \addtocounter
-
-The @code{\addtocounter} command increments @var{counter} by the
-amount specified by the @var{value} argument, which may be negative.
-
-
-@node \refstepcounter
-@section @code{\refstepcounter@{@var{counter}@}}
-@findex \refstepcounter
-
-The @code{\refstepcounter} command works in the same way as
-@code{\stepcounter} @xref{\stepcounter}, except it also defines the
-current @code{\ref} value to be the result of @code{\thecounter}.
-
-
-@node \stepcounter
-@section @code{\stepcounter@{@var{counter}@}}
-@findex \stepcounter
-
-The @code{\stepcounter} command adds one to @var{counter} and
-resets all subsidiary counters.
-
-
-@node \day \month \year
-@section @code{\day \month \year}: Predefined counters
-@findex \day
-@findex \month
-@findex \year
-
-@LaTeX{} defines counters for the day of the month (@code{\day},
-1--31), month of the year (@code{\month}, 1--12), and year
-(@code{\year}, Common Era). When @TeX{} starts up, they are
-set to the current values on the system where @TeX{} is running. They
-are not updated as the job progresses.
-
-The related command @code{\today} produces a string representing the
-current day (@pxref{\today}).
-
-
-@node Lengths
-@chapter Lengths
-@cindex lengths, defining and using
-
-A @code{length} is a measure of distance. Many @LaTeX{} commands take a
-length as an argument.
-
-@menu
-* \setlength:: Set the value of a length.
-* \addtolength:: Add a quantity to a length.
-* \settodepth:: Set a length to the depth of something.
-* \settoheight:: Set a length to the height of something.
-* \settowidth:: Set a length to the width of something.
-* Predefined lengths:: Lengths that are, like, predefined.
-@end menu
-
-
-@node \setlength
-@section @code{\setlength@{\@var{len}@}@{@var{value}@}}
-@findex \setlength
-@cindex lengths, setting
-
-The @code{\setlength} sets the value of @var{\len} to the @var{value}
-argument, which can be expressed in any units that @LaTeX{}
-understands, i.e., inches (@code{in}), millimeters (@code{mm}), points
-(@code{pt}), big points (@code{bp}, etc.
-
-
-@node \addtolength
-@section \addtolength@{@var{\len}@}@{@var{amount}@}
-@findex \addtolength
-@cindex lengths, adding to
-
-The @code{\addtolength} command increments a ``length command''
-@var{\len} by the amount specified in the @var{amount} argument, which
-may be negative.
-
-
-@node \settodepth
-@section @code{\settodepth}
-@findex \settodepth
-
-@code{\settodepth@{\gnat@}@{text@}}
-
-The @code{\settodepth} command sets the value of a @code{length} command
-equal to the depth of the @code{text} argument.
-
-
-@node \settoheight
-@section @code{\settoheight}
-@findex \settoheight
-
-@code{\settoheight@{\gnat@}@{text@}}
-
-The @code{\settoheight} command sets the value of a @code{length} command
-equal to the height of the @code{text} argument.
-
-
-
-@node \settowidth
-@section @code{\settowidth@{\@var{len}@}@{@var{text}@}}
-@findex \settowidth
-
-The @code{\settowidth} command sets the value of the command @var{\len}
-to the width of the @var{text} argument.
-
-
-
-@node Predefined lengths
-@section Predefined lengths
-@cindex lengths, predefined
-@cindex predefined lengths
-
-@code{\width}
-@findex \width
-
-@code{\height}
-@findex \height
-
-@code{\depth}
-@findex \depth
-
-@code{\totalheight}
-@findex \totalheight
-
-These length parameters can be used in the arguments of the box-making
-commands (@pxref{Boxes}). They specify the natural width etc. of the
-text in the box. @code{\totalheight} equals @code{\height} +
-@code{\depth}. To make a box with the text stretched to double the
-natural size, e.g., say
-
-@code{\makebox[2\width]@{Get a stretcher@}}
-
-
-@node Line breaking
-@chapter Line breaking
-@cindex line breaking
-@cindex breaking lines
-
-The first thing @LaTeX{} does when processing ordinary text is to
-translate your input file into a sequence of glyphs and spaces. To
-produce a printed document, this sequence must be broken into lines
-(and these lines must be broken into pages).
-
-@LaTeX{} usually does the line (and page) breaking for you, but in
-some environments, you do the line breaking yourself with the
-@code{\\} command, and you can always manually force breaks.
-
-@menu
-* \\:: Start a new line.
-* \obeycr & \restorecr:: Make each input line start a new output line.
-* \newline:: Break the line
-* \- (hyphenation):: Insert explicit hyphenation.
-* \fussy:: Be fussy about line breaking.
-* \hyphenation:: Tell @LaTeX{} how to hyphenate a word.
-* \linebreak & \nolinebreak:: Forcing & avoiding line breaks.
-* \sloppy:: Be sloppy about line breaking.
-@end menu
-
-
-@node \\
-@section @code{\\}[*][@var{morespace}]
-@findex \\ @r{force line break}
-@cindex new line, starting
-@cindex line break, forcing
-
-The @code{\\} command tells @LaTeX{} to start a new line. It has an
-optional argument, @var{morespace}, that specifies how much extra
-vertical space is to be inserted before the next line. This can be a
-negative amount.
-
-The @code{\\*} command is the same as the ordinary @code{\\} command
-except that it tells @LaTeX{} not to start a new page after the line.
-
-
-@node \obeycr & \restorecr
-@section @code{\obeycr} & @code{\restorecr}
-@findex \obeycr
-@findex \restorecr
-@cindex new line, output as input
-
-The @code{\obeycr} command makes a return in the input file
-(@samp{^^M}, internally) the same as @code{\\} (followed by
-@code{\relax}). So each new line in the input will also be a new line
-in the output.
-
-@code{\restorecr} restores normal line-breaking behavior.
-
-
-@node \newline
-@section @code{\newline}
-@findex \newline
-@cindex new line, starting (paragraph mode)
-
-The @code{\newline} command breaks the line at the present point, with
-no stretching of the text before it. It can only be used in paragraph
-mode.
-
-
-@node \- (hyphenation)
-@section @code{\-} (discretionary hyphen)
-@findex \- @r{(hyphenation)}
-@cindex hyphenation, forcing
-
-The @code{\-} command tells @LaTeX{} that it may hyphenate the word at
-that point. @LaTeX{} is very good at hyphenating, and it will usually
-find most of the correct hyphenation points, and almost never use an
-incorrect one. The @code{\-} command is used for the exceptional
-cases.
-
-When you insert @code{\-} commands in a word, the word will only be
-hyphenated at those points and not at any of the hyphenation points
-that @LaTeX{} might otherwise have chosen.
-
-
-
-@node \fussy
-@section @code{\fussy}
-@findex \fussy
-
-The declaration @code{\fussy} (which is the default) makes @TeX{}
-picky about line breaking. This usually avoids too much space between
-words, at the cost of an occasional overfull box.
-
-This command cancels the effect of a previous @code{\sloppy} command
-(@pxref{\sloppy}.
-
-
-@node \sloppy
-@section @code{\sloppy}
-
-The declaration @code{\sloppy} makes @TeX{} less fussy about line
-breaking. This will avoid overfull boxes, at the cost of loose
-interword spacing.
-
-Lasts until a @code{\fussy} command is issued (@pxref{\fussy}).
-
-
-@node \hyphenation
-@section @code{\hyphenation}
-@findex \hyphenation
-@cindex hyphenation, defining
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\hyphenation@{@var{word-one} @var{word-two}@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{\hyphenation} command declares allowed hyphenation points
-with a @code{-} character in the given words. The words are separated
-by spaces. @TeX{} will only hyphenate if the word matches exactly, no
-inflections are tried. Multiple @code{\hyphenation} commands
-accumulate. Some examples (the default @TeX{} hyphenation patterns
-misses the hyphenations in these words):
-
-@example
-\hyphenation@{ap-pen-dix col-umns data-base data-bases@}
-@end example
-
-
-@node \linebreak & \nolinebreak
-@section @code{\linebreak} & @code{\nolinebreak}
-@findex \linebreak
-@findex \nolinebreak
-@cindex line breaks, forcing
-@cindex line breaks, preventing
-
-Synopses:
-
-@example
-\linebreak[@var{priority}]
-\nolinebreak[@var{priority}]
-@end example
-
-By default, the @code{\linebreak} (@code{\nolinebreak}) command forces
-(prevents) a line break at the current position. For
-@code{\linebreak}, the spaces in the line are stretched out so that it
-extends to the right margin as usual.
-
-With the optional argument @var{priority}, you can convert the command
-from a demand to a request. The @var{priority} must be a number from
-0 to@tie{}4. The higher the number, the more insistent the request.
-
-
-@node Page breaking
-@chapter Page breaking
-@cindex page breaking
-@cindex breaking pages
-
-@LaTeX{} starts new pages asynchronously, when enough material has
-accumulated to fill up a page. Usually this happens automatically,
-but sometimes you may want to influence the breaks.
-
-@menu
-* \cleardoublepage:: Start a new right-hand page.
-* \clearpage:: Start a new page.
-* \newpage:: Start a new page.
-* \enlargethispage:: Enlarge the current page a bit.
-* \pagebreak & \nopagebreak:: Forcing & avoiding page breaks.
-@end menu
-
-
-@node \cleardoublepage
-@section @code{\cleardoublepage}
-
-@findex \cleardoublepage
-@cindex starting on a right-hand page
-
-The @code{\cleardoublepage} command ends the current page and causes all
-figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed.
-In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next page a right-hand
-(odd-numbered) page, producing a blank page if necessary.
-
-
-@node \clearpage
-@section @code{\clearpage}
-@findex \clearpage
-@cindex flushing floats and starting a page
-@cindex starting a new page and clearing floats
-
-The @code{\clearpage} command ends the current page and causes all
-figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed.
-
-
-@node \newpage
-@section @code{\newpage}
-@findex \newpage
-@cindex new page, starting
-@cindex starting a new page
-
-The @code{\newpage} command ends the current page, but does not clear
-floats (see @code{\clearpage} above).
-
-
-@node \enlargethispage
-@section @code{\enlargethispage}
-@findex \enlargethispage
-@cindex enlarge current page
-
-@code{\enlargethispage@{size@}}
-
-@code{\enlargethispage*@{size@}}
-
-Enlarge the @code{\textheight} for the current page by the specified
-amount; e.g. @code{\enlargethispage@{\baselineskip@}} will allow one
-additional line.
-
-The starred form tries to squeeze the material together on the page as
-much as possible. This is normally used together with an explicit
-@code{\pagebreak}.
-
-
-@node \pagebreak & \nopagebreak
-@section @code{\pagebreak} & @code{\nopagebreak}
-@findex \pagebreak
-@findex \nopagebreak
-@cindex page break, forcing
-@cindex page break, preventing
-
-Synopses:
-
-@example
-\pagebreak[@var{priority}]
-\nopagebreak[@var{priority}]
-@end example
-
-By default, the @code{\pagebreak} (@code{\nopagebreak}) command forces
-(prevents) a page break at the current position. For
-@code{\linebreak}, the vertical space on the page is stretched out
-where possible so that it extends to the normal bottom margin.
-
-With the optional argument @var{priority}, you can convert the
-@code{\pagebreak} command from a demand to a request. The number must
-be a number from 0 to@tie{}4. The higher the number, the more
-insistent the request is.
-
-
-@node Making paragraphs
-@chapter Making paragraphs
-@cindex making paragraphs
-@cindex paragraphs
-
-A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines---lines not
-containing even a @code{%}. A blank line should not appear where a new
-paragraph cannot be started, such as in math mode or in the argument of
-a sectioning command.
-
-@menu
-* \indent:: Indent this paragraph.
-* \noindent:: Do not indent this paragraph.
-* \parskip:: Space added before paragraphs.
-* Marginal notes:: Putting remarks in the margin.
-@end menu
-
-
-@node \indent
-@section @code{\indent}
-@findex \indent
-@findex \parindent
-@cindex indent, forcing
-
-@code{\indent} produces a horizontal space whose width equals the
-width of the @code{\parindent} length, the normal paragraph
-indentation. It is used to add paragraph indentation where it would
-otherwise be suppressed.
-
-The default value for @code{\parindent} is @code{1em} in two-column
-mode, otherwise @code{15pt} for @code{10pt} documents, @code{17pt} for
-@code{11pt}, and @code{1.5em} for @code{12pt}.
-
-
-@node \noindent
-@section @code{\noindent}
-@findex \noindent
-@cindex indent, suppressing
-
-When used at the beginning of the paragraph, @code{\noindent}
-suppresses any paragraph indentation. It has no effect when used in
-the middle of a paragraph.
-
-
-@node \parskip
-@section @code{\parskip}
-@findex \parskip
-@cindex vertical space before paragraphs
-
-@code{\parskip} is a rubber length defining extra vertical space added
-before each paragraph. The default is @code{0pt plus1pt}.
-
-
-@node Marginal notes
-@section Marginal notes
-@cindex marginal notes
-@cindex notes in the margin
-@cindex remarks in the margin
-@findex \marginpar
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\marginpar[@var{left}]@{@var{right}@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{\marginpar} command creates a note in the margin. The first
-line of the note will have the same baseline as the line in the text
-where the @code{\marginpar} occurs.
-
-When you only specify the mandatory argument @var{right}, the text
-will be placed
-
-@itemize @bullet
-@item
-in the right margin for one-sided layout;
-@item
-in the outside margin for two-sided layout;
-@item
-in the nearest margin for two-column layout.
-@end itemize
-
-@findex \reversemarginpar
-@findex \normalmarginpar
-The command @code{\reversemarginpar} places subsequent marginal notes
-in the opposite (inside) margin. @code{\normalmarginpar} places them
-in the default position.
-
-When you specify both arguments, @var{left} is used for the left
-margin, and @var{right} is used for the right margin.
-
-The first word will normally not be hyphenated; you can enable
-hyphenation there by beginning the node with @code{\hspace@{0pt@}}.
-
-These parameters affect the formatting of the note:
-
-@ftable @code
-@item \marginparpush
-Minimum vertical space between notes; default @samp{7pt} for
-@samp{12pt} documents, @samp{5pt} else.
-
-@item \marginparsep
-Horizontal space between the main text and the note; default
-@samp{11pt} for @samp{10pt} documents, @samp{10pt} else.
-
-@item \marginparwidth
-Width of the note itself; default for a one-sided @samp{10pt} document
-is @samp{90pt}, @samp{83pt} for @samp{11pt}, and @samp{68pt} for
-@samp{12pt}; @samp{17pt} more in each case for a two-sided document.
-In two column mode, the default is @samp{48pt}.
-
-@end ftable
-
-
-@node Math formulas
-@chapter Math formulas
-@cindex math formulas
-@cindex formulas, math
-@cindex math mode, entering
-
-@findex math @r{environment}
-@findex displaymath @r{environment}
-@findex equation @r{environment}
-There are three environments that put @LaTeX{} in math mode:
-
-@table @code
-@item math
-For formulas that appear right in the text.
-@item displaymath
-For formulas that appear on their own line.
-@item equation
-The same as the displaymath environment except that it adds an equation
-number in the right margin.
-@end table
-
-@findex \(
-@findex \)
-@findex \[
-@findex \]
-The @code{math} environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode,
-but the @code{displaymath} and @code{equation} environments can be used
-only in paragraph mode. The @code{math} and @code{displaymath}
-environments are used so often that they have the following short forms:
-
-@example
-\(...\) @r{instead of} \begin@{math@}...\end@{math@}
-\[...\] @r{instead of} \begin@{displaymath@}...\end@{displaymath@}
-@end example
-
-@findex $
-In fact, the @code{math} environment is so common that it has an even
-shorter form:
-
-@example
-$ ... $ @r{instead of} \(...\)
-@end example
-
-@findex \boldmath
-@findex \unboldmath
-The @code{\boldmath} command changes math letters and symbols to be in
-a bold font. It is used @emph{outside} of math mode. Conversely, the
-@code{\unboldmath} command changes math glyphs to be in a normal font;
-it too is used @emph{outside} of math mode.
-
-@c xx own section? Math fonts?
-@findex \displaystyle
-The @code{\displaystyle} declaration forces the size and style of the
-formula to be that of @code{displaymath}, e.g., with limits above and
-below summations. For example
-@example
-$\displaystyle \sum_@{n=0@}^\infty x_n $
-@end example
-
-@c xx see also \cal, \mathcal
-
-@menu
-* Subscripts & Superscripts:: Also known as exponent or index.
-* Math symbols:: Various mathematical squiggles.
-* Math functions:: Math function names like sin and exp.
-* Math accents:: Accents in math.
-* Spacing in math mode:: Thick, medium, thin and negative spaces.
-* Math Miscellany:: Stuff that doesn't fit anywhere else.
-@end menu
-
-
-@node Subscripts & Superscripts
-@section Subscripts & Superscripts
-@cindex superscript
-@cindex subscript
-@cindex exponent
-@findex _
-@findex ^
-
-To get an expression @i{exp} to appear as a subscript, you just type
-@code{_@{}@i{exp}@code{@}}. To get @i{exp} to appear as a
-superscript, you type @code{^@{}@i{exp}@code{@}}. @LaTeX{} handles
-superscripted superscripts and all of that stuff in the natural way.
-It even does the right thing when something has both a subscript and a
-superscript.
-
-
-@node Math symbols
-@section Math symbols
-@cindex math symbols
-@cindex symbols, math
-@cindex greek letters
-
-@LaTeX{} provides almost any mathematical symbol you're likely to
-need. The commands for generating them can be used only in math mode.
-For example, if you include @code{$\pi$} in your source, you will get
-the pi symbol (@math{\pi}) in your output.
-
-@ftable @code
-@item \|
-@math{\|}
-
-@item \aleph
-@math{\aleph}
-
-@item \alpha
-@math{\alpha}
-
-@item \amalg
-@math{\amalg} (binary operation)
-
-@item \angle
-@math{\angle}
-
-@item \approx
-@math{\approx} (relation)
-
-@item \ast
-@math{\ast} (binary operation)
-
-@item \asymp
-@math{\asymp} (relation)
-
-@item \backslash
-\ (delimiter)
-
-@item \beta
-@math{\beta}
-
-@item \bigcap
-@math{\bigcap}
-
-@item \bigcirc
-@math{\bigcirc} (binary operation)
-
-@item \bigcup
-@math{\bigcup}
-
-@item \bigodot
-@math{\bigodot}
-
-@item \bigoplus
-@math{\bigoplus}
-
-@item \bigotimes
-@math{\bigotimes}
-
-@item \bigtriangledown
-@math{\bigtriangledown} (binary operation)
-
-@item \bigtriangleup
-@math{\bigtriangleup} (binary operation)
-
-@item \bigsqcup
-@math{\bigsqcup}
-
-@item \biguplus
-@math{\biguplus}
-
-@item \bigcap
-@math{\bigvee}
-
-@item \bigwedge
-@math{\bigwedge}
-
-@item \bot
-@math{\bot}
-
-@item \bowtie
-@math{\bowtie} (relation)
-
-@item \Box
-(square open box symbol) @c xx not in plain
-
-@item \bullet
-@cindex bullet symbol
-@math{\bullet} (binary operation)
-
-@item \cap
-@math{\cap} (binary operation)
-
-@item \cdot
-@math{\cdot} (binary operation)
-
-@item \chi
-@math{\chi}
-
-@item \circ
-@math{\circ} (binary operation)
-
-@item \clubsuit
-@math{\clubsuit}
-
-@item \cong
-@math{\cong} (relation)
-
-@item \coprod
-@math{\coprod}
-
-@item \cup
-@math{\cup} (binary operation)
-
-@item \dagger
-@math{\dagger} (binary operation)
-
-@item \dashv
-@math{\dashv} (relation)
-
-@item \ddagger
-@math{\dagger} (binary operation)
-
-@item \Delta
-@math{\Delta}
-
-@item \delta
-@math{\delta}
-
-@item \Diamond
-bigger @math{\diamond} @c xx not in plain
-
-@item \diamond
-@math{\diamond} (binary operation)
-
-@item \diamondsuit
-@math{\diamondsuit}
-
-@item \div
-@math{\div} (binary operation)
-
-@item \doteq
-@math{\doteq} (relation)
-
-@item \downarrow
-@math{\downarrow} (delimiter)
-
-@item \Downarrow
-@math{\Downarrow} (delimiter)
-
-@item \ell
-@math{\ell}
-
-@item \emptyset
-@math{\emptyset}
-
-@item \epsilon
-@math{\epsilon}
-
-@item \equiv
-@math{\equiv} (relation)
-
-@item \eta
-@math{\eta}
-
-@item \exists
-@math{\exists}
-
-@item \flat
-@math{\flat}
-
-@item \forall
-@math{\forall}
-
-@item \frown
-@math{\frown} (relation)
-
-@item \Gamma
-@math{\Gamma}
-
-@item \gamma
-@math{\gamma}
-
-@item \ge
-@math{\ge}
-
-@item \geq
-@math{\geq} (relation)
-
-@item \gets
-@math{\gets}
-
-@item \gg
-@math{\gg} (relation)
-
-@item \hbar
-@math{\hbar}
-
-@item \heartsuit
-@math{\heartsuit}
-
-@item \hookleftarrow
-@math{\hookleftarrow}
-
-@item \hookrightarrow
-@math{\hookrightarrow}
-
-@item \iff
-@math{\iff}
-
-@item \Im
-@math{\Im}
-
-@item \in
-@math{\in} (relation)
-
-@item \infty
-@math{\infty}
-
-@item \int
-@math{\int}
-
-@item \iota
-@math{\iota}
-
-@item \Join
-condensed bowtie symbol (relation) @c xx not in plain
-
-@item \kappa
-@math{\kappa}
-
-@item \Lambda
-@math{\Lambda}
-
-@item \lambda
-@math{\lambda}
-
-@item \land
-@math{\land}
-
-@item \langle
-@math{\langle} (delimiter)
-
-@item \lbrace
-@math{\lbrace} (delimiter)
-
-@item \lbrack
-@math{\lbrack} (delimiter)
-
-@item \lceil
-@math{\lceil} (delimiter)
-
-@item \le
-@math{\le}
-
-@item \leadsto
-@c xx missing from plain
-
-@item \Leftarrow
-@math{\Leftarrow}
-
-@item \leftarrow
-@math{\leftarrow}
-
-@item \leftharpoondown
-@math{\leftharpoondown}
-
-@item \leftharpoonup
-@math{\leftharpoonup}
-
-@item \Leftrightarrow
-@math{\Leftrightarrow}
-
-@item \leftrightarrow
-@math{\leftrightarrow}
-
-@item \leq
-@math{\leq} (relation)
-
-@item \lfloor
-@math{\lfloor} (delimiter)
-
-@item \lhd
-(left-pointing arrow head) @c xx not in plain
-
-@item \ll
-@math{\ll} (relation)
-
-@item \lnot
-@math{\lnot}
-
-@item \longleftarrow
-@math{\longleftarrow}
-
-@item \longleftrightarrow
-@math{\longleftrightarrow}
-
-@item \longmapsto
-@math{\longmapsto}
-
-@item \longrightarrow
-@math{\longrightarrow}
-
-@item \lor
-@math{\lor}
-
-@item \mapsto
-@math{\mapsto}
-
-@item \mho
-@c xx not in plain
-
-@item \mid
-@math{\mid} (relation)
-
-@item \models
-@math{\models} (relation)
-
-@item \mp
-@math{\mp} (binary operation)
-
-@item \mu
-@math{\mu}
-
-@item \nabla
-@math{\nabla}
-
-@item \natural
-@math{\natural}
-
-@item \ne
-@math{\ne}
-
-@item \nearrow
-@math{\nearrow}
-
-@item \neg
-@math{\neg}
-
-@item \neq
-@math{\neq} (relation)
-
-@item \ni
-@math{\ni} (relation)
-
-@item \not
-Overstrike a following operator with a /, as in @math{\not=}.
-
-@item \notin
-@math{\ni}
-
-@item \nu
-@math{\nu}
-
-@item \nwarrow
-@math{\nwarrow}
-
-@item \odot
-@math{\odot} (binary operation)
-
-@item \oint
-@math{\oint}
-
-@item \Omega
-@math{\Omega}
-
-@item \omega
-@math{\omega}
-
-@item \ominus
-@math{\ominus} (binary operation)
-
-@item \oplus
-@math{\oplus} (binary operation)
-
-@item \oslash
-@math{\oslash} (binary operation)
-
-@item \otimes
-@math{\otimes} (binary operation)
-
-@item \owns
-@math{\owns}
-
-@item \parallel
-@math{\parallel} (relation)
-
-@item \partial
-@math{\partial}
-
-@item \perp
-@math{\perp} (relation)
-
-@item \phi
-@math{\phi}
-
-@item \Pi
-@math{\Pi}
-
-@item \pi
-@math{\pi}
-
-@item \pm
-@math{\pm} (binary operation)
-
-@item \prec
-@math{\prec} (relation)
-
-@item \preceq
-@math{\preceq} (relation)
-
-@item \prime
-@math{\prime}
-
-@item \prod
-@math{\prod}
-
-@item \propto
-@math{\propto} (relation)
-
-@item \Psi
-@math{\Psi}
-
-@item \psi
-@math{\psi}
-
-@item \rangle
-@math{\rangle} (delimiter)
-
-@item \rbrace
-@math{\rbrace} (delimiter)
-
-@item \rbrack
-@math{\rbrack} (delimiter)
-
-@item \rceil
-@math{\rceil} (delimiter)
-
-@item \Re
-@math{\Re}
-
-@item \rfloor
-@math{\rfloor}
-
-@item \rhd
-(binary operation) @c xx not in plain @math{\rhd}
-
-@item \rho
-@math{\rho}
-
-@item \Rightarrow
-@math{\Rightarrow}
-
-@item \rightarrow
-@math{\rightarrow}
-
-@item \rightharpoondown
-@math{\rightharpoondown}
-
-@item \rightharpoonup
-@math{\rightharpoonup}
-
-@item \rightleftharpoons
-@math{\rightleftharpoons}
-
-@item \searrow
-@math{\searrow}
-
-@item \setminus
-@math{\setminus} (binary operation)
-
-@item \sharp
-@math{\sharp}
-
-@item \Sigma
-@math{\Sigma}
-
-@item \sigma
-@math{\sigma}
-
-@item \sim
-@math{\sim} (relation)
-
-@item \simeq
-@math{\simeq} (relation)
-
-@item \smallint
-@math{\smallint}
-
-@item \smile
-@math{\smile} (relation)
-
-@item \spadesuit
-@math{\spadesuit}
-
-@item \sqcap
-@math{\sqcap} (binary operation)
-
-@item \sqcup
-@math{\sqcup} (binary operation)
-
-@item \sqsubset
-(relation) @c not in plain (@math{\sqsubset})
-
-@item \sqsubseteq
-@math{\sqsubseteq} (relation)
-
-@item \sqsupset
-(relation) @c not in plain (@math{\sqsupset})
-
-@item \sqsupseteq
-@math{\sqsupseteq} (relation)
-
-@item \star
-@math{\star} (binary operation)
-
-@item \subset
-@math{\subset} (relation)
-
-@item \subseteq
-@math{\subseteq} (relation)
-
-@item \succ
-@math{\succ} (relation)
-
-@item \succeq
-@math{\succeq} (relation)
-
-@item \sum
-@math{\sum}
-
-@item \supset
-@math{\supset} (relation)
-
-@item \supseteq
-@math{\supseteq} (relation)
-
-@item \surd
-@math{\surd}
-
-@item \swarrow
-@math{\swarrow}
-
-@item \tau
-@math{\tau}
-
-@item \theta
-@math{\theta}
-
-@item \times
-@math{\times} (binary operation)
-
-@item \to
-@math{\to}
-
-@item \top
-@math{\top}
-
-@item \triangle
-@math{\triangle}
-
-@item \triangleleft
-@math{\triangleleft} (binary operation)
-
-@item \triangleright
-@math{\triangleright} (binary operation)
-
-@item \unlhd
-left-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation) @c not in plain
-
-@item \unrhd
-right-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation) @c not in plain
-
-@item \Uparrow
-@math{\Uparrow} (delimiter)
-
-@item \uparrow
-@math{\uparrow} (delimiter)
-
-@item \Updownarrow
-@math{\Updownarrow} (delimiter)
-
-@item \updownarrow
-@math{\updownarrow} (delimiter)
-
-@item \uplus
-@math{\uplus} (binary operation)
-
-@item \Upsilon
-@math{\Upsilon}
-
-@item \upsilon
-@math{\upsilon}
-
-@item \varepsilon
-@math{\varepsilon}
-
-@item \varphi
-@math{\varphi}
-
-@item \varpi
-@math{\varpi}
-
-@item \varrho
-@math{\varrho}
-
-@item \varsigma
-@math{\varsigma}
-
-@item \vartheta
-@math{\vartheta}
-
-@item \vdash
-@math{\vdash} (relation)
-
-@item \vee
-@math{\vee} (binary operation)
-
-@item \Vert
-@math{\Vert} (delimiter)
-
-@item \vert
-@math{\vert} (delimiter)
-
-@item \wedge
-@math{\wedge} (binary operation)
-
-@item \wp
-@math{\wp}
-
-@item \wr
-@math{\wr} (binary operation)
-
-@item \Xi
-@math{\Xi}
-
-@item \xi
-@math{\xi}
-
-@item \zeta
-@math{\zeta}
-
-@end ftable
-
-
-@node Math functions
-@section Math functions
-@cindex math functions
-@cindex functions, math
-
-These commands produce roman function names in math mode with proper
-spacing.
-
-@ftable @code
-@item \arccos
-@math{\arccos}
-
-@item \arcsin
-@math{\arcsin}
-
-@item \arctan
-@math{\arctan}
-
-@item \arg
-@math{\arg}
-
-@item \bmod
-Binary modulo operator (@math{x \bmod y})
-
-@item \cos
-@math{\cos}
-
-@item \cosh
-@math{\cosh}
-
-@item \cot
-@math{\cos}
-
-@item \coth
-@math{\cosh}
-
-@item \csc
-@math{\csc}
-
-@item \deg
-@math{\deg}
-
-@item \det
-@math{\deg}
-
-@item \dim
-@math{\dim}
-
-@item \exp
-@math{\exp}
-
-@item \gcd
-@math{\gcd}
-
-@item \hom
-@math{\hom}
-
-@item \inf
-@math{\inf}
-
-@item \ker
-@math{\ker}
-
-@item \lg
-@math{\lg}
-
-@item \lim
-@math{\lim}
-
-@item \liminf
-@math{\liminf}
-
-@item \limsup
-@math{\limsup}
-
-@item \ln
-@math{\ln}
-
-@item \log
-@math{\log}
-
-@item \max
-@math{\max}
-
-@item \min
-@math{\min}
-
-@item \pmod
-parenthesized modulus, as in (@math{\pmod 2^n - 1})
-
-@item \Pr
-@math{\Pr}
-
-@item \sec
-@math{\sec}
-
-@item \sin
-@math{\sin}
-
-@item \sinh
-@math{\sinh}
-
-@item \sup
-@math{\sup}
-
-@item \tan
-@math{\tan}
-
-@item \tanh
-@math{\tanh}
-
-@end ftable
-
-
-@node Math accents
-@section Math accents
-@cindex math accents
-@cindex accents, mathematical
-
-@LaTeX{} provides a variety of commands for producing accented letters
-in math. These are different from accents in normal text
-(@pxref{Accents}).
-
-@ftable @code
-@item \acute
-@cindex acute accent, math
-Math acute accent: @math{\acute{x}}.
-
-@item \breve
-@cindex breve accent, math
-Math breve accent: @math{\breve{x}}.
-
-@item \check
-@cindex check accent, math
-@cindex h@'a@v{c}ek accent, math
-Math h@'a@v{c}ek (check) accent: @math{\check{x}}.
-
-@item \ddot
-@cindex double dot accent, math
-Math dieresis accent: @math{\ddot{x}}.
-
-@item \dot
-@cindex overdot accent, math
-@cindex dot over accent, math
-Math dot accent: @math{\dot{x}}.
-
-@item \grave
-@cindex grave accent, math
-Math grave accent: @math{\grave{x}}.
-
-@item \hat
-@cindex hat accent, math
-@cindex circumflex accent, math
-Math hat (circumflex) accent: @math{\hat{x}}.
-
-@item \imath
-@cindex dotless i, math
-Math dotless i.
-
-@item \jmath
-@cindex dotless j, math
-Math dotless j.
-
-@item \tilde
-@cindex tilde accent, math
-Math tilde accent: @math{\tilde{x}}.
-
-@item \vec
-@cindex vector symbol, math
-Math vector symbol: @math{\vec{x}}.
-
-@item \widehat
-@cindex wide hat accent, math
-Math wide hat accent: @math{\widehat{x+y}}.
-
-@item \widehat
-@cindex wide tile accent, math
-Math wide tilde accent: @math{\widetilde{x+y}}.
-
-@end ftable
-
-
-@node Spacing in math mode
-@section Spacing in math mode
-@cindex spacing within math mode
-@cindex math mode, spacing
-
-In a @code{math} environment, @LaTeX{} ignores the spaces you type and
-puts in the spacing according to the normal rules for mathematics
-texts. If you want different spacing, @LaTeX{} provides the following
-commands for use in math mode:
-
-@table @code
-@item \;
-@findex \;
-A thick space (@math{5\over18\,}quad).
-@item \:
-@itemx \>
-@findex \:
-@findex \>
-Both of these produce a medium space (@math{2\over9\,}quad).
-@item \,
-@findex \,
-A thin space (@math{1\over6\,}quad); not restricted to math mode.
-@item \!
-A negative thin space (@math{-{1\over6}\,}quad).
-@end table
-
-
-@node Math Miscellany
-@section Math Miscellany
-@cindex math Miscellany
-
-@ftable @code
-
-@item \*
-@cindex discretionary multiplication
-@cindex multiplication symbol, discretionary line break
-A ``discretionary'' multiplication symbol, at which a line break is
-allowed.
-
-@item \cdots
-A horizontal ellipsis with the dots raised to the center of the line.
-@tex
-As in: `$\cdots$'.
-@end tex
-
-@item \ddots
-A diagonal ellipsis: @math{\ddots}.
-
-@item \frac@{num@}@{den@}
-@findex \frac
-Produces the fraction @code{num} divided by @code{den}.
-
-@iftex
-eg.
-@tex
-${1}\over{4}$
-@end tex
-@end iftex
-
-@item \left @var{delim1} ... \right @var{delim2}
-@findex \right
-@cindex null delimiter
-The two delimiters need not match; @samp{.} acts as a null delimiter,
-producing no output. The delimiters are sized according to the math
-in between. Example: @code{\left( \sum_i=1^10 a_i \right]}.
-
-@item \overbrace@{@var{text}@}
-Generates a brace over @var{text}.
-For example, @math{\overbrace{x+\cdots+x}^{k \rm\;times}}.
-
-@item \overline@{@var{text}@}
-Generates a horizontal line over @var{tex}.
-For exampe, @math{\overline{x+y}}.
-
-@item \sqrt[@var{root}]@{arg@}
-Produces the representation of the square root of @var{arg}. The
-optional argument @var{root} determines what root to produce. For
-example, the cube root of @code{x+y} would be typed as
-@code{$\sqrt[3]@{x+y@}$}.
-@tex
-In @TeX{}, the result looks like this:
-$\root 3 \of x+y$.
-@end tex
-
-@item \stackrel@{@var{text}@}@{@var{relation}@}
-Puts @var{text} above @var{relation}. For example,
-@code{\stackrel@{f@}@{\longrightarrow@}}.
-@tex
-In @TeX{}, the result looks like this:
-$\buildrel f \over \longrightarrow$.
-@end tex
-
-@item \underbrace@{math@}
-Generates @var{math} with a brace underneath.
-@tex
-In @TeX{}, the result looks like this:
-$\underbrace{x+y+z}_{>\,0}$.
-@end tex
-
-@item \underline@{text@}
-Causes @var{text}, which may be either math mode or not, to be
-underlined.
-@tex
-In @TeX{}, the result looks like this:
-$\underline{z}$
-@end tex
-
-@item \vdots
-@findex \vdots
-Produces a vertical ellipsis.
-@tex
-In @TeX{}, the result looks like this:
-$\vdots$.
-@end tex
-
-@end ftable
-
-
-@node Modes
-@chapter Modes
-@cindex modes
-@cindex paragraph mode
-@cindex math mode
-@cindex left-to-right mode
-@cindex lR mode
-
-
-When @LaTeX{} is processing your input text, it is always in one of three
-modes:
-
-@itemize @bullet
-@item
-Paragraph mode
-@item
-Math mode
-@item
-Left-to-right mode, called LR mode for short
-@end itemize
-
-@LaTeX{} changes mode only when it goes up or down a staircase to a
-different level, though not all level changes produce mode changes.
-Mode changes occur only when entering or leaving an environment, or when
-@LaTeX{} is processing the argument of certain text-producing commands.
-
-``Paragraph mode'' is the most common; it's the one @LaTeX{} is in
-when processing ordinary text. In that mode, @LaTeX{} breaks your
-text into lines and breaks the lines into pages. @LaTeX{} is in
-``math mode'' when it's generating a mathematical formula. In ``LR
-mode'', as in paragraph mode, @LaTeX{} considers the output that it
-produces to be a string of words with spaces between them. However,
-unlike paragraph mode, @LaTeX{} keeps going from left to right; it
-never starts a new line in LR mode. Even if you put a hundred words
-into an @code{\mbox}, @LaTeX{} would keep typesetting them from left
-to right inside a single box, and then complain because the resulting
-box was too wide to fit on the line.
-
-@LaTeX{} is in LR mode when it starts making a box with an @code{\mbox}
-command. You can get it to enter a different mode inside the box - for
-example, you can make it enter math mode to put a formula in the box.
-There are also several text-producing commands and environments for
-making a box that put @LaTeX{} in paragraph mode. The box make by one of
-these commands or environments will be called a @code{parbox}. When
-@LaTeX{} is in paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to be in
-``inner paragraph mode''. Its normal paragraph mode, which it starts out
-in, is called ``outer paragraph mode''.
-
-
-@node Page Styles
-@chapter Page Styles
-@cindex styles, page
-@cindex page styles
-
-The @code{\documentclass} command determines the size and position of
-the page's head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them.
-
-@menu
-* \maketitle:: Generate a title page.
-* \pagenumbering:: Set the style used for page numbers.
-* \pagestyle:: Change the headings/footings style.
-* \thispagestyle:: Change the headings/footings style for this page.
-@end menu
-
-
-@node \maketitle
-@section @code{\maketitle}
-@cindex titles, making
-@findex \maketitle
-
-The @code{\maketitle} command generates a title on a separate title
-page---except in the @code{article} class, where the title is placed
-at the top of the first page. Information used to produce the title
-is obtained from the following declarations:
-
-@ftable @code
-@item \author@{@var{name} \and @var{name2}@}
-@cindex author, for titlepage
-@findex \\ @r{for @code{\author}}
-@findex \and @r{for @code{\author}}
-The @code{\author} command declares the document author(s), where the
-argument is a list of authors separated by @code{\and} commands. Use
-@code{\\} to separate lines within a single author's entry---for
-example, to give the author's institution or address.
-
-@item \date@{@var{text}@}
-@cindex date, for titlepage
-The @code{\date} command declares @var{text} to be the document's
-date. With no @code{\date} command, the current date (@pxref{\today})
-is used.
-
-@item \thanks@{@var{text}@}
-@cindex thanks, for titlepage
-@cindex credit footnote
-The @code{\thanks} command produces a @code{\footnote} to the title,
-usually used for credit acknowledgements.
-
-@item \title@{@var{text}@}
-@cindex title, for titlepage
-@findex \\ @r{for @code{\title}}
-The @code{\title} command declares @var{text} to be the title of the
-document. Use @code{\\} to force a line break, as usual.
-
-@end ftable
-
-
-@node \pagenumbering
-@section @code{\pagenumbering}
-@findex \pagenumbering
-@cindex page numbering style
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\pagenumbering@{@var{style}@}
-@end example
-
-Specifies the style of page numbers, according to @var{style}:
-
-@table @code
-@item arabic
-arabic numerals
-@item roman
-lowercase Roman numerals
-@item Roman
-uppercase Roman numerals
-@item alph
-lowercase letters
-@item Alph
-uppercase letters
-@end table
-
-
-@node \pagestyle
-@section @code{\pagestyle}
-@findex \pagestyle
-@cindex header style
-@cindex footer style
-@cindex running header and footer style
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\pagestyle@{@var{style}@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{\pagestyle} command specifies how the headers and footers
-are typeset from the current page onwards. Values for @var{style}:
-
-@table @code
-@item plain
-Just a plain page number.
-
-@item empty
-Empty headers and footers, e.g., no page numbers.
-
-@item headings
-Put running headers on each page. The document style specifies what
-goes in the headers.
-
-@item myheadings
-Custom headers, specified via the @code{\markboth} or the
-@code{\markright} commands.
-
-@end table
-
-Here are the descriptions of @code{\markboth} and @code{\markright}:
-
-@ftable @code
-@item \markboth@{@var{left}@}@{@var{right}@}
-Sets both the left and the right heading. A ``left-hand heading''
-(@var{left}) is generated by the last @code{\markboth} command before
-the end of the page, while a ``right-hand heading'' (@var{right} is
-generated by the first @code{\markboth} or @code{\markright} that
-comes on the page if there is one, otherwise by the last one before
-the page.
-
-@item \markright@{@var{right}@}
-Sets the right heading, leaving the left heading unchanged.
-
-@end ftable
-
-
-@node \thispagestyle
-@section @code{\thispagestyle@{@var{style}@}}
-@findex \thispagestyle
-
-The @code{\thispagestyle} command works in the same manner as the
-@code{\pagestyle} command (see previous section) except that it
-changes to @var{style} for the current page only.
-
-
-@node Spaces
-@chapter Spaces
-@cindex spaces
-
-@LaTeX{} has many ways to produce white (or filled) space.
-
-Another space-producing command is @code{\,} to produce a ``thin''
-space (usually 1/6@dmn{quad}). It can be used in text mode, but is
-more often useful in math mode (@pxref{Spacing in math mode}).
-
-@menu
-Horizontal space
-* \hspace:: Fixed horizontal space.
-* \SPACE:: Normal interword space.
-* \AT:: Ending a sentence.
-* \thinspace:: One-sixth of an em.
-* \/:: Per-character italic correction.
-* \hfill:: Stretchable horizontal space.
-* \hrulefill:: Stretchable horizontal rule.
-* \dotfill:: Stretchable horizontal dots.
-
-Vertical space
-* \addvspace:: Add arbitrary vertical space if needed.
-* \bigskip \medskip \smallskip:: Fixed vertical spaces.
-* \vfill:: Infinitely stretchable vertical space.
-* \vspace:: Add arbitrary vertical space.
-@end menu
-
-
-@node \hspace
-@section @code{\hspace}
-@findex \hspace
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\hspace[*]@{@var{length}@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{\hspace} command adds horizontal space. The @var{length}
-argument can be expressed in any terms that @LaTeX{} understands:
-points, inches, etc. It is a rubber length. You can add both
-negative and positive space with an @code{\hspace} command; adding
-negative space is like backspacing.
-
-@LaTeX{} normally removes horizontal space that comes at the beginning
-or end of a line. To preserve this space, use the optional @code{*}
-form.
-
-
-@node \hfill
-@section @code{\hfill}
-
-@findex \hfill
-The @code{\hfill} fill command produces a ``rubber length'' which has
-no natural space but can stretch or shrink horizontally as far as
-needed.
-
-@findex \fill
-The @code{\fill} parameter is the rubber length itself (technically,
-the glue value @samp{0pt plus1fill}); thus, @code{\hspace\fill} is
-equivalent to @code{\hfill}.
-
-
-@node \SPACE
-@section @code{\SPACE}
-@findex \SPACE
-@findex \TAB
-@findex \NEWLINE
-
-The @code{\ } (space) command produces a normal interword space. It's
-useful after punctuation which shouldn't end a sentence. For example
-@code{Knuth's article in Proc.\ Amer.\ Math\. Soc.\ is fundamental}.
-It is also often used after control sequences, as in @code{\TeX\ is a
-nice system.}
-
-In normal circumstances, @code{\}@key{tab} and @code{\}@key{newline}
-are equivalent to @code{\ }.
-
-
-@node \AT
-@section @code{\@@}
-@findex \@@
-
-The @code{\@@} command makes the following punctuation character end a
-sentence even if it normally would not. This is typically used after
-a capital letter. Here are side-by-side examples with and without
-@code{\@@}:
-
-@example
-@dots{} in C\@@. Pascal, though @dots{}
-@dots{} in C. Pascal, though @dots{}
-@end example
-
-@noindent produces
-
-@c Texinfo does it differently, but the result is the same.
-@quotation
-@dots{} in C@. Pascal, though @dots{}
-@dots{} in C. Pascal, though @dots{}
-@end quotation
-
-
-@node \thinspace
-@section @code{\thinspace}
-@findex \thinspace
-
-@code{\thinspace} produces an unbreakable and unstretchable space that
-is 1/6 of an em. This is the proper space to use in nested quotes, as
-in '@dmn{''}.
-
-
-@node \/
-@section @code{\/}
-@findex \/
-
-The @code{\/} command produces an @dfn{italic correction}. This is a
-small space defined by the font designer for a given character,
-to avoid the character colliding with whatever follows. The italic
-@i{f} character typically has a large italic correction value.
-
-If the following character is a period or comma, it's not necessary to
-insert an italic correction, since those punctuation symbols have a
-very small height. However, with semicolons or colons, as well as
-normal letters, it can help. Compare
-@tex
-{\it f\/: f\/;}
-@end tex
-@ifnottex
-@i{f: f;} (in the @TeX{} output, the `f's are nicely separated)
-@end ifnottex
-with @i{f: f;}.
-
-Despite the name, roman characters can also have an italic
-correction. Compare
-@tex
-pdf\/\TeX{}
-@end tex
-@ifnottex
-pdf@TeX{} (in the @TeX{} output, there is a small space after the `f')
-@end ifnottex
-with pdf@TeX{}.
-
-
-@node \hrulefill
-@section @code{\hrulefill}
-@findex \hrulefill
-
-The @code{\hrulefill} fill command produces a ``rubber length'' which can
-stretch or shrink horizontally. It will be filled with a horizontal
-rule.
-
-
-@node \dotfill
-@section @code{\dotfill}
-
-@findex \dotfill
-
-The @code{\dotfill} command produces a ``rubber length'' that fills
-with dots instead of just white space.
-
-
-@c xx undone
-@node \addvspace
-@section @code{\addvspace}
-@findex \addvspace
-@cindex vertical space
-@cindex space, inserting vertical
-
-@code{\addvspace@{length@}}
-
-The @code{\addvspace} command normally adds a vertical space of height
-length. However, if vertical space has already been added to the same
-point in the output by a previous @code{\addvspace} command, then this
-command will not add more space than needed to make the natural length
-of the total vertical space equal to @code{length}.
-
-
-@node \bigskip \medskip \smallskip
-@section @code{\bigskip \medskip \smallskip}
-
-These commands produce a given amount of space.
-
-@table @code
-@item \bigskip
-@findex \bigskip
-@findex \bigskipamount
-The same as @code{\vspace@{bigskipamount@}}, ordinarily about one line
-space (with stretch and shrink).
-
-@item \medskip
-@findex \medskip
-@findex \medskipamount
-The same as @code{\vspace@{medskipamount@}}, ordinarily
-about half of a line space (with stretch and shrink).
-
-@item \smallskip
-@findex \smallskip
-@findex \smallskipamount
-The same as @code{\vspace@{smallskipamount@}}, ordinarily about a
-quarter of a line space (with stretch and shrink).
-
-@end table
-
-The @code{\...amount} parameters are determined by the document class.
-
-
-@node \vfill
-@section @code{\vfill}
-@findex \vfill
-
-The @code{\vfill} fill command produces a rubber length (glue) which
-can stretch or shrink vertically as far as needed. It's equivalent to
-@code{\vspace@{\fill@}} (@pxref{\hfill}).
-
-
-@node \vspace
-@section @code{\vspace[*]@{@var{length}@}}
-@findex \vspace
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\vspace[*]@{@var{length}@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{\vspace} command adds the vertical space @var{length}, i.e.,
-a rubber length. @var{length} can be negative or positive.
-
-Ordinarily, @LaTeX{} removes vertical space added by @code{\vspace} at
-the top or bottom of a page. With the optional @code{*} argument, the
-space is not removed.
-
-
-@node Boxes
-@chapter Boxes
-
-@cindex boxes
-
-All the predefined length parameters (@pxref{Predefined lengths}) can be
-used in the arguments of the box-making commands.
-
-@menu
-* \mbox:: Horizontal boxes.
-* \fbox and \framebox:: Put a frame around a box.
-* lrbox:: An environment like \sbox.
-* \makebox:: Box, adjustable position.
-* \parbox:: Box with text in paragraph mode.
-* \raisebox:: Raise or lower text.
-* \savebox:: Like \makebox, but save the text for later use.
-* \sbox:: Like \mbox, but save the text for later use.
-* \usebox:: Print saved text.
-@end menu
-
-
-@node \mbox
-@section @code{\mbox@{@var{text@}}}
-@findex \mbox
-
-@cindex hyphenation, preventing
-The @code{\mbox} command creates a box just wide enough to hold the
-text created by its argument. The @var{text} is not broken into
-lines, so it can be used to prevent hyphenation.
-
-
-@node \fbox and \framebox
-@section @code{\fbox} and @code{\framebox}
-
-@findex \fbox
-@findex \framebox
-
-Synopses:
-
-@example
-\fbox@{@var{text}@}
-\framebox[@var{width}][@var{position}]@{@var{text}@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{\fbox} and @code{\framebox} commands are like @code{\mbox},
-except that they put a frame around the outside of the box being created.
-
-In addition, the @code{\framebox} command allows for explicit
-specification of the box width with the optional @var{width} argument
-(a dimension), and positioning with the optional @var{position}
-argument. @c xxref
-
-@findex \fboxrule
-@findex \fboxsep
-Both commands produce a rule of thickness @code{\fboxrule} (default
-@samp{.4pt}), and leave a space of @code{\fboxsep} (default
-@samp{3pt}) between the rule and the contents of the box.
-
-@xref{\framebox (picture)}, for the @code{\framebox} command in the
-@code{picture} environment.
-
-
-@node lrbox
-@section @code{lrbox}
-@findex lrbox
-
-@code{\begin@{lrbox@}@{cmd@} text \end@{lrbox@}}
-
-This is the environment form of @code{\sbox}.
-
-The text inside the environment is saved in the box @code{cmd}, which
-must have been declared with @code{\newsavebox}.
-
-
-
-@node \makebox
-@section @code{\makebox}
-@findex \makebox
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\makebox[@var{width}][@var{position}]@{@var{text}@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{\makebox} command creates a box just wide enough to contain
-the @var{text} specified. The width of the box is specified by the
-optional @var{width} argument. The position of the text within the box
-is determined by the optional @var{position} argument, which may take
-the following values:
-
-@table @code
-@item c
-Centered (default).
-@item l
-Flush left.
-@item r
-Flush right.
-@item s
-Stretch (justify) across entire @var{width}; @var{text} must contain
-stretchable space for this to work.
-@end table
-
-@code{\makebox} is also used within the picture environment
-@pxref{\makebox (picture)}.
-
-
-@node \parbox
-@section @code{\parbox}
-@findex \parbox
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\parbox[@var{position}][@var{height}][@var{inner-pos}]@{@var{width}@}@{@var{text}@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{\parbox} command produces a box whose contents are created
-in @code{paragraph} mode. It should be used to make a box small
-pieces of text, with nothing fancy inside. In particular, you
-shouldn't use any paragraph-making environments inside a
-@code{\parbox} argument. For larger pieces of text, including ones
-containing a paragraph-making environment, you should use a
-@code{minipage} environment (@pxref{minipage}).
-
-@code{\parbox} has two mandatory arguments:
-
-@table @var
-@item width
-the width of the parbox;
-@item text
-the text that goes inside the parbox.
-@end table
-
-The optional @var{position} argument allows you to align either the
-top or bottom line in the parbox with the baseline of the surrounding
-text (default is top).
-
-The optional @var{height} argument overrides the natural height of the box.
-
-The @var{inner-pos} argument controls the placement of the text inside
-the box, as follows; if it is not specified, @var{position} is used.
-
-@table @code
-@item t
-text is placed at the top of the box.
-@item c
-text is centered in the box.
-@item b
-text is placed at the bottom of the box.
-@item s
-stretch vertically; the text must contain vertically stretchable space
-for this to work.
-@end table
-
-
-@node \raisebox
-@section @code{\raisebox}
-@findex \raisebox
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\raisebox@{distance@}[@var{height}][@var{depth}]@{text@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{\raisebox} command raises or lowers @var{text}. The first
-mandatory argument specifies how high @var{text} is to be raised (or
-lowered if it is a negative amount). @var{text} itself is processed
-in LR mode.
-
-The optional arguments @var{height} and @var{depth} are dimensions.
-If they are specified, @LaTeX{} treats @var{text} as extending a
-certain distance above the baseline (height) or below (depth),
-ignoring its natural height and depth.
-
-
-@node \savebox
-@section @code{\savebox}
-@findex \savebox
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\savebox@{@var{\boxcmd}@}[@var{width}][@var{pos}]@{@var{text}@}
-@end example
-
-This command typeset @var{text} in a box just as with @code{\makebox}
-(@pxref{\makebox}), except that instead of printing the resulting box,
-it saves it in the box labeled @var{\boxcmd}, which must have been
-declared with @code{\newsavebox} (@pxref{\newsavebox}).
-
-
-@node \sbox
-@section @code{\sbox@{@var{\boxcmd}@}@{@var{text}@}}
-@findex \sbox
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\sbox@{@var{\boxcmd}@}@{@var{text}@}
-@end example
-
-@code{\sbox} types @var{text} in a box just as with @code{\mbox}
-(@pxref{\mbox}) except that instead of the resulting box being
-included in the normal output, it is saved in the box labeled
-@var{\boxcmd}. @var{\boxcmd} must have been previously declared with
-@code{\newsavebox} (@pxref{\newsavebox}).
-
-
-@node \usebox
-@section @code{\usebox@{@var{\boxcmd}}
-@findex \usebox
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\usebox@{@var{\boxcmd}@}
-@end example
-
-@code{\usebox} producesthe box most recently saved in the bin
-@var{\boxcmd} by a @code{\savebox} command (@pxref{\savebox}).
-
-
-@node Special insertions
-@chapter Special insertions
-
-@LaTeX{} provides commands for inserting characters that have a
-special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type.
-
-@menu
-* Reserved characters:: Inserting # $ % & ~ _ ^ \ @{ @}
-* Text symbols:: Inserting other non-letter symbols in text.
-* Accents:: Inserting accents.
-* Non-English characters:: Inserting other non-English characters.
-* \rule:: Inserting lines and rectangles.
-* \today:: Inserting today's date.
-@end menu
-
-
-@node Reserved characters
-@section Reserved characters
-@cindex reserved characters
-@cindex characters, reserved
-
-The following characters play a special role in @LaTeX{} and are called
-``reserved characters'' or ``special characters''.
-
-@example
-# $ % & ~ _ ^ \ @{ @}
-@end example
-
-@findex \#
-@findex \$
-@findex \%
-@findex \&
-@findex \_
-@findex \@{
-@findex \@}
-Whenever you write one of these characters into your file, @LaTeX{}
-will do something special. If you simply want the character to be
-printed as itself, include a @code{\} in front of the character. For
-example, @code{\$} will produce @code{$} in your output.
-
-@findex \backslash
-One exception to this rule is @code{\} itself, because @code{\\} has
-its own special (context-dependent) meaning. A roman \ is produced by
-typing @code{$\backslash$} in your file, and a typewriter @code{\} is
-produced by using @samp{\} in a verbatim command (@pxref{verbatim}).
-
-@findex \~
-@findex \^
-Also, @code{\~} and @code{\^} place tilde and circumflex accents over
-the following letter, as in @~{o} and @^{o} (@pxref{Accents}); to get
-a standalone @code{~} or @code{^}, you can again use a verbatim
-command.
-
-@findex \symbol
-@cindex accessing any character of a font
-
-Finally, you can access any character of the current font once you
-know its number by using the @code{\symbol} command. For example, the
-visible space character used in the @code{\verb*} command has the code
-decimal 32, so it can be typed as @code{\symbol@{32@}}.
-
-You can also specify octal numbers with @code{'} or hexadecimal numbers
-with @code{"}, so the previous example could also be written as
-@code{\symbol@{'40@}} or @code{\symbol@{"20@}}.
-
-
-@node Text symbols
-@section Text symbols
-
-@cindex text symbols
-@LaTeX{} provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols
-in running text.
-
-@ftable @code
-
-@item \copyright
-@cindex copyright symbol
-The copyright symbol, @copyright{}.
-
-@item \dag
-@cindex dagger, in text
-The dagger symbol (in text).
-
-@item \ddag
-@cindex double dagger, in text
-The double dagger symbol (in text).
-
-@item \LaTeX
-@cindex @LaTeX{} logo
-@cindex logo, @LaTeX{}
-The @LaTeX{} logo.
-
-@item \ldots
-@cindex ellipsis
-An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): `@dots{}'. This
-command also works in math mode.
-
-@item \lq
-@cindex left quote
-@cindex opening quote
-Left (opening) quote: `.
-
-@item \P
-@cindex paragraph sign
-@cindex pilcrow
-Paragraph sign (pilcrow).
-
-@item \pounds
-@cindex pounds symbol
-@cindex sterling symbol
-English pounds sterling.
-
-@item \rq
-@cindex right quote
-@cindex closing quote
-Right (closing) quote: '.
-
-@item \S
-@cindex section symbol
-Section symbol.
-
-@item \TeX
-@cindex @TeX{} logo
-@cindex logo, @TeX{}
-The @TeX{} logo.
-
-@end ftable
-
-
-@node Accents
-@section Accents
-
-@cindex accents
-@cindex characters, accented
-@cindex letters, accented
-
-@LaTeX{} has wide support for many of the world's scripts and
-languages, through the @code{babel} package and related support. This
-section does not attempt to cover all that support. It merely the
-core @LaTeX{} commands for creating accented characters.
-
-@table @code
-@item \"
-@findex \" @r{(umlaut accent)}
-@cindex umlaut accent
-Produces an umlaut, as in @"{o}.
-
-@item \'
-@findex \' @r{(acute accent)}
-@cindex acute accent
-Produces an acute accent, as in @'{o}. In the @code{tabbing}
-environment, pushes current column to the right of the previous column
-(@pxref{tabbing}).
-
-@item \.
-@findex \. @r{(dot-over accent)}
-@cindex dot accent
-@cindex dot-over accent
-Produces a dot accent over the following, as in @dotaccent{o}.
-
-@item \=
-@findex \= @r{(macron accent)}
-@cindex macron accent
-@cindex overbar accent
-@cindex bar-over accent
-Produces a macron (overbar) accent over the following, as in @={o}.
-
-@item \^
-@findex \^ @r{(circumflex accent)}
-@cindex circumflex accent
-@cindex hat accent
-Produces a circumflex (hat) accent over the following, as in @^{o}.
-
-@item \`
-@findex \` @r{(grave accent)}
-@cindex grave accent
-Produces a grave accent over the following, as in @`{o}. In the
-@code{tabbing} environment, move following text to the right margin
-(@pxref{tabbing}).
-
-@item \~
-@findex \~ @r{(tilde accent)}
-@cindex tilde accent
-Produces a tilde accent over the following, as in @~{n}.
-
-@item \b
-@findex \b @r{(bar-under accent)}
-@cindex bar-under accent
-Produces a bar accent under the following, as in @ubaraccent{o}.
-
-@item \bar
-@findex \bar @r{(macron, bar-over accent)}
-@cindex bar-over accent
-@cindex macron accent
-Produces a macron accent over the following, as in @={o}.
-
-@item \c
-@findex \c @r{(cedilla accent)}
-@cindex cedilla accent
-Produces a cedilla accent under the following, as in @c{c}.
-
-@item \d
-@findex \d @r{(dot-under accent)}
-@cindex dot-under accent
-Produces a dot accent under the following, as in @udotaccent{o}.
-
-@item \H
-@findex \H @r{(Hungarian umlaut accent)}
-@cindex hungarian umlaut accent
-Produces a long Hungarian umlaut accent over the following, as in @H{o}.
-
-@item \i
-@findex \i @r{(dotless i)}
-@cindex dotless i
-Produces a dotless i, as in `@dotless{i}'.
-
-@item \j
-@findex \j @r{(dotless j)}
-@cindex dotless j
-Produces a dotless j, as in `@dotless{j}'.
-
-@item \t
-@findex \t @r{(tie-after accent)}
-@cindex tie-after accent
-Produces a tie-after accent, as in `@tieaccent{oo}'.
-
-@item \u
-@findex \u @r{(breve accent)}
-@cindex breve accent
-Produces a breve accent, as in `@u{o}'.
-
-@item \v
-@findex \v @r{(breve accent)}
-@cindex hacek accent
-@cindex check accent
-Produces a h@'a@v{c}ek (check) accent, as in `@v{o}'.
-
-@end table
-
-
-@node Non-English characters
-@section Non-English characters
-
-@cindex special characters
-@cindex non-English characters
-@cindex characters, non-English
-@cindex letters, non-English
-
-Here are the basic @LaTeX{} commands for inserting characters commonly
-used in languages other than English.
-
-@table @code
-
-@item \aa
-@itemx \AA
-@findex \aa (@aa{})
-@findex \AA (@AA{})
-@cindex aring
-@aa{} and @AA{}.
-
-@item \ae
-@itemx \AE
-@findex \ae (@ae{})
-@findex \AE (@AE{})
-@cindex ae ligature
-@ae{} and @AE{}.
-
-@item \l
-@itemx \L
-@findex \l (@l{})
-@findex \L (@L{})
-@cindex polish l
-@l{} and @L{}.
-
-@item \o
-@itemx \O
-@findex \o (@o{})
-@findex \O (@O{})
-@cindex oslash
-@o{} and @O{}.
-
-@item \oe
-@itemx \OE
-@findex \oe (@oe{})
-@findex \OE (@OE{})
-@cindex oe ligature
-@oe{} and @OE{}.
-
-@item \ss
-@findex \ss (@ss{})
-@cindex es-zet German letter
-@cindex sharp S letters
-@ss{}.
-
-@end table
-
-
-@node \rule
-@section @code{\rule}
-@findex \rule
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\rule[@var{raise}]@{@var{width}@}@{@var{thickness}@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{\rule} command produces @dfn{rules}, that is, lines or
-rectangles. The arguments are:
-
-@table @var
-@item raise
-How high to raise the rule (optional).
-
-@item width
-The length of the rule (mandatory).
-
-@item thickness
-The thickness of the rule (mandatory).
-@end table
-
-
-@node \today
-@section @code{\today}
-@findex \today
-
-The @code{\today} command produces today's date, in the format
-@samp{@var{month} @var{dd}, @var{yyyy}}; for example, `July 4, 1976'.
-It uses the predefined counters @code{\day}, @code{\month}, and
-@code{\year} (@pxref{\day \month \year}) to do this. It is not
-updated as the program runs.
-
-@cindex @code{datetime} package
-The @code{datetime} package, among others, can produce a wide variety
-of other date formats.
-
-
-@node Splitting the input
-@chapter Splitting the input
-@cindex splitting the input file
-@cindex input file
-
-A large document requires a lot of input. Rather than putting the whole
-input in a single large file, it's more efficient to split it into
-several smaller ones. Regardless of how many separate files you use,
-there is one that is the root file; it is the one whose name you type
-when you run @LaTeX{}.
-
-@menu
-* \include:: Conditionally include a file.
-* \includeonly:: Determine which files are included.
-* \input:: Unconditionally include a file.
-@end menu
-
-
-@node \include
-@section @code{\include}
-@findex \include
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\include@{@var{file}@}
-@end example
-
-If no @code{\includeonly} command is present, the @code{\include}
-command executes @code{\clearpage} to start a new page
-(@pxref{\clearpage}), then reads @var{file}, then does another
-@code{\clearpage}.
-
-Given an @code{\includeonly} command, the @code{\include} actions are
-only run if @var{file} is listed as an argument to
-@code{\includeonly}. See the next section.
-
-@cindex nested @code{\include}, not allowed
-The @code{\include} command may not appear in the preamble or in a file
-read by another @code{\include} command.
-
-
-@node \includeonly
-@section \@code{includeonly}
-@findex \includeonly
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\includeonly@{@var{file1},@var{file2},...@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{\includeonly} command controls which files will be read by
-subsequent @code{\include} commands. The list of filenames is
-comma-separated. Each @var{file} must exactly match a filename
-specified in a @code{\include} command for the selection to be
-effective.
-
-This command can only appear in the preamble.
-
-
-@node \input
-@section \input
-@findex \input
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\input@{@var{file}@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{\input} command causes the specified @var{file} to be read
-and processed, as if its contents had been inserted in the current
-file at that point.
-
-If @var{file} does not end in @samp{.tex} (e.g., @samp{foo} or
-@samp{foo.bar}), it is first tried with that extension (@samp{foo.tex}
-or @samp{foo.bar.tex}). If that is not found, the original @var{file}
-is tried (@samp{foo} or @samp{foo.bar}).
-
-
-@node Front/back matter
-@chapter Front/back matter
-
-@menu
-* Tables of contents::
-* Glossaries::
-* Indexes::
-@end menu
-
-
-@node Tables of contents
-@section Tables of contents
-
-@cindex table of contents, creating
-
-@findex \tableofcontents
-A table of contents is produced with the @code{\tableofcontents}
-command. You put the command right where you want the table of
-contents to go; @LaTeX{} does the rest for you. A previous run must
-have generated a @file{.toc} file.
-
-The @code{\tableofcontents} command produces a heading, but it does
-not automatically start a new page. If you want a new page after the
-table of contents, write a @code{\newpage} command after the
-@code{\tableofcontents} command.
-
-@findex \listoffigures
-@findex \listoftables
-The analagous commands @code{\listoffigures} and @code{\listoftables}
-produce a list of figures and a list of tables, respectively.
-Everything works exactly the same as for the table of contents.
-
-@findex \nofiles
-The command @code{\nofiles} overrides these commands, and
-@emph{prevents} any of these lists from being generated.
-
-@menu
-* \addcontentsline:: Add an entry to table of contents etc.
-* \addtocontents:: Add text directly to table of contents file etc.
-@end menu
-
-
-@node \addcontentsline
-@subsection \addcontentsline
-@findex \addcontentsline@{@var{ext}@}@{@var{unit}@}@{@var{text}@}
-@cindex table of contents entry, manually adding
-
-The @code{\addcontentsline} command adds an entry to the specified list
-or table where:
-
-@table @var
-@item ext
-The extension of the file on which information is to be written,
-typically one of: @code{toc} (table of contents), @code{lof} (list of
-figures), or @code{lot} (list of tables).
-
-@item unit
-The name of the sectional unit being added, typically one of the
-following, matching the value of the @var{ext} argument:
-
-@table @code
-@item toc
-The name of the sectional unit: @code{part}, @code{chapter},
-@code{section}, @code{subsection}, @code{subsubsection}.
-@item lof
-For the list of figures.
-@item lot
-For the list of tables.
-@end table
-
-@item entry
-The actual text of the entry.
-@end table
-
-@findex \contentsline
-What is written to the @file{.@var{ext}} file is the
-command @code{\contentsline@{@var{unit}@}@{@var{name}@}}.
-
-@c ?? how hardwired are these values? other unit names?
-
-
-@node \addtocontents
-@subsection \addtocontents
-@findex \addtocontents@{@var{ext}@}@{@var{text}@}
-
-The @code{\addtocontents} command adds text (or formatting commands)
-directly to the @file{.}@var{ext} file that generates the table of
-contents or lists of figures or tables.
-
-@table @var
-@item ext
-The extension of the file on which information is to be written:
-@file{toc} (table of contents), @file{lof} (list of figures), or
-@file{lot} (list of tables).
-
-@item text
-The text to be written.
-@end table
-
-
-@node Glossaries
-@section Glossaries
-@cindex glossaries
-
-@findex \makeglossary
-The command @code{\makeglossary} enables creating glossaries.
-
-@findex \glossary
-@cindex @file{.glo} file
-The command @code{\glossary@{@var{text}@}} writes a glossary entry for
-@var{text} to an auxiliary file with the @file{.glo} extension.
-
-@findex \glossaryentry
-Specifically, what gets written is the command
-@code{\glossaryentry@{@var{text}@}@{@var{pageno}@}}, where
-@var{pageno} is the current @code{\thepage} value.
-
-The @code{glossary} package on CTAN provides support for fancier
-glossaries.
-
-
-@node Indexes
-@section Indexes
-@cindex indexes
-
-@findex \makeindex
-The command @code{\makeindex} enables creating indexes.
-
-@findex \index
-@cindex @file{.idx} file
-The command @code{\index@{@var{text}@}} writes a glossary entry for
-@var{text} to an auxiliary file with the @file{.idx} extension.
-
-@findex \indexentry
-Specifically, what gets written is the command
-@code{\indexentry@{@var{text}@}@{@var{pageno}@}}, where @var{pageno}
-is the current @code{\thepage} value.
-
-The rubber length @code{\indexspace} is inserted before each new
-letter in the index; its default value is @samp{10pt plus5pt
-minus3pt}.
-
-@cindex @command{makeindex} program
-@cindex @command{xindy} program
-@cindex @file{.ind} file
-
-The @file{.idx} file can then be sorted with an external command,
-typically @command{makeindex} or @command{xindy}, resulting in a
-@file{.ind} file, which can then be used to typeset the index.
-
-
-@node Letters
-@chapter Letters
-@cindex letters
-@cindex creating letters
-
-You can use @LaTeX{} to typeset letters, both personal and business. The
-@code{letter} document class is designed to make a number of letters at
-once, although you can make just one if you so desire.
-
-Your @file{.tex} source file has the same minimum commands as the other
-document classes, i.e., you must have the following commands as a
-minimum:
-
-@example
- \documentclass@{letter@}
- \begin@{document@}
- ... letters ...
- \end@{document@}
-@end example
-
-Each letter is a @code{letter} environment, whose argument is the name
-and address of the recipient. For example, you might have:
-
-@example
- \begin@{letter@}@{Mr. Joe Smith\\ 2345 Princess St.
- \\ Edinburgh, EH1 1AA@}
- ...
- \end@{letter@}
-@end example
-
-The letter itself begins with the @code{\opening} command. The text of
-the letter follows. It is typed as ordinary @LaTeX{} input. Commands that
-make no sense in a letter, like @code{\chapter}, do not work. The letter
-closes with a @code{\closing} command.
-
-@findex \\ @r{for letters}
-After the @code{closing}, you can have additional material. The
-@code{\cc} command produces the usual ``cc: @dots{}''. There's also a
-similar @code{\encl} command for a list of enclosures. With both these
-commands, use @code{\\} to separate the items.
-
-These commands are used with the @code{letter} class.
-
-@menu
-* \address:: Your return address.
-* \cc:: Cc list.
-* \closing:: Saying goodbye.
-* \encl:: List of enclosed material.
-* \location:: Your organisation's address.
-* \makelabels:: Making address labels.
-* \name:: Your name, for the return address.
-* \opening:: Saying hello.
-* \ps:: Adding a postscript.
-* \signature:: Your signature.
-* \startbreaks:: Allow page breaks.
-* \stopbreaks:: Disallow page breaks.
-* \telephone:: Your phone number.
-@end menu
-
-
-@node \address
-@section \address@{@var{return-address@}}
-@findex \address
-
-The @code{\address} specifies the return address of a letter, as it
-should appear on the letter and the envelope. Separate lines of the
-address should be separated by @code{\\} commands.
-
-If you do not make an @code{\address} declaration, then the letter
-will be formatted for copying onto your organisation's standard
-letterhead. (@xref{Overview}, for details on your local
-implementation). If you give an @code{\address} declaration, then the
-letter will be formatted as a personal letter.
-
-
-@node \cc
-@section @code{\cc}
-
-@findex \cc
-@cindex cc list, in letters
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\cc@{@var{name1}\\@var{name2}@}
-@end example
-
-Produce a list of @var{name}s the letter was copied to. Each name is
-printed on a separate line.
-
-
-@node \closing
-@section @code{\closing}
-
-@findex \closing
-@cindex letters, ending
-@cindex closing letters
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\closing@{text@}
-@end example
-
-A letter closes with a @code{\closing} command, for example,
-@example
-\closing@{Best Regards,@}
-@end example
-
-
-@node \encl
-@section @code{\encl}
-
-@findex \encl
-@cindex enclosure list
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\encl@{@var{line1}\\@var{line2}@}
-@end example
-
-Declare a list of one more enclosures.
-
-
-@node \location
-@section @code{\location}
-@findex \location
-
-@code{\location@{address@}}
-
-This modifies your organisation's standard address. This only appears
-if the @code{firstpage} pagestyle is selected.
-
-
-@node \makelabels
-@section @code{\makelabels}
-@findex \makelabels
-
-@code{\makelabels@{number@}}
-
-If you issue this command in the preamble, @LaTeX{} will create a sheet of
-address labels. This sheet will be output before the letters.
-
-
-
-@node \name
-@section @code{\name}
-@findex \name
-
-@code{\name@{June Davenport@}}
-
-Your name, used for printing on the envelope together with the return
-address.
-
-
-@node \opening
-@section @code{\opening@{@var{text}@}}
-@findex \opening
-@cindex letters, starting
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\opening@{@var{text}@}
-@end example
-
-A letter begins with the @code{\opening} command. The mandatory
-argument, @var{text}, is whatever text you wish to start your letter.
-For instance:
-
-@example
-\opening@{Dear Joe,@}
-@end example
-
-
-@node \ps
-@section @code{\ps}
-@findex \ps
-@cindex postscript, in letters
-
-Use the @code{\ps} command to start a postscript in a letter, after
-@code{\closing}.
-
-
-@node \signature
-@section @code{\signature@{@var{text}@}}
-@findex \signature
-
-Your name, as it should appear at the end of the letter underneath the
-space for your signature. @code{\\} starts a new line within
-@var{text} as usual.
-
-
-@node \startbreaks
-@section @code{\startbreaks}
-@findex \startbreaks
-
-@code{\startbreaks}
-
-Used after a @code{\stopbreaks} command to allow page breaks again.
-
-
-
-@node \stopbreaks
-@section @code{\stopbreaks}
-@findex \stopbreaks
-
-@code{\stopbreaks}
-
-Inhibit page breaks until a @code{\startbreaks} command occurs.
-
-
-
-@node \telephone
-@section @code{\telephone}
-@findex \telephone
-
-@code{\telephone@{number@}}
-
-This is your telephone number. This only appears if the
-@code{firstpage} pagestyle is selected.
-
-
-@node Terminal Input/Output
-@chapter Terminal Input/Output
-@cindex input/Output
-@cindex terminal Input/Output
-
-@menu
-* \typein:: Read text from the terminal.
-* \typeout:: Write text to the terminal.
-@end menu
-
-
-@node \typein
-@section @code{\typein[@var{cmd}]@{@var{msg}@}}
-@findex \typein
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\typein[@var{\cmd}]@{@var{msg}@}
-@end example
-
-@code{\typein} prints @var{msg} on the terminal and causes @LaTeX{} to
-stop and wait for you to type a line of input, ending with return. If
-the optional @var{\cmd} argument is omitted, the typed input is
-processed as if it had been included in the input file in place of the
-@code{\typein} command. If the @var{\cmd} argument is present, it
-must be a command name. This command name is then defined or
-redefined to be the typed input.
-
-
-@node \typeout
-@section @code{\typeout@{@var{msg}@}}
-@findex \typeout
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\typeout@{@var{msg}@}
-@end example
-
-Prints @code{msg} on the terminal and in the @code{log} file.
-Commands in @code{msg} that are defined with @code{\newcommand} or
-@code{\renewcommand} (among others) are replaced by their definitions
-before being printed.
-
-@LaTeX{}'s usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space
-and ignoring spaces after a command name apply to @code{msg}. A
-@code{\space} command in @code{msg} causes a single space to be
-printed, independent of surrounding spaces. A @code{^^J} in
-@code{msg} prints a newline.
-
-
-@node Command Line
-@chapter Command Line
-@cindex command Line
-
-The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted;
-@TeX{} uses @file{.tex} as a default file extension. If you omit the
-input file entirely, @TeX{} accepts input from the terminal. You
-specify command options by supplying a string as a parameter to the
-command; e.g.
-
-@example
-latex '\nonstopmode\input foo.tex'
-@end example
-
-@noindent
-will process @file{foo.tex} without pausing after every error.
-
-@cindex @samp{*} prompt
-@cindex prompt, @samp{*}
-@findex \stop
-If @LaTeX{} stops in the middle of the document and gives you a
-@samp{*} prompt, it is waiting for input. You can type @code{\stop}
-(and return) and it will prematurely end the document.
-
-
-
-@node Document templates
-@appendix Document templates
-@cindex document templates
-
-Although not reference material, perhaps these document templates will
-be useful.
-
-@menu
-* book template::
-* beamer template::
-* tugboat template::
-@end menu
-
-
-@node book template
-@section @code{book} template
-
-@verbatim
-\documentclass{book}
-\title{Book Class Template}
-\author{Alex Author}
-
-\begin{document}
-\maketitle
-
-\chapter{First}
-Some text.
-
-\chapter{Second}
-Some other text.
-
-\section{A subtopic}
-The end.
-\end{document}
-@end verbatim
-
-
-@node beamer template
-@section @code{beamer} template
-
-The @code{beamer} class creates slides presentations.
-
-@verbatim
-\documentclass{beamer}
-
-\title{Beamer Class template}
-\author{Alex Author}
-\date{July 31, 2007}
-
-\begin{document}
-
-\maketitle
-
-% without [fragile], any {verbatim} code gets mysterious errors.
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
- \frametitle{First Slide}
-
-\begin{verbatim}
- This is \verbatim!
-\end{verbatim}
-
-\end{frame}
-
-\end{document}
-
-@end verbatim
-
-
-@node tugboat template
-@section @code{tugboat} template
-
-@cite{TUGboat} is the journal of the @TeX{} Users Group,
-@url{http://tug.org/TUGboat}.
-
-@verbatim
-\documentclass{ltugboat} % ltugproc for proceedings
-
-\usepackage{graphicx}
-\usepackage{ifpdf}
-\ifpdf
- \usepackage[breaklinks,colorlinks,linkcolor=black,citecolor=black,
- urlcolor=black]{hyperref}
-\else
- \usepackage{url}
-\fi
-
-\begin{document}
-
-\title{Example \TUB\ Regular Article}
-
-% repeat info for each author.
-\author{First Last}
-\address{Street Address \\ Town, Postal \\ Country}
-\netaddress{user (at) example dot org}
-\personalURL{http://example.org/~user/}
-
-\maketitle
-
-% The abstract comes after \maketitle in ltugboat.
-\begin{abstract}
-This is an example article for a regular \TUB{} issue.
-\end{abstract}
-
-\section{Introduction}
-
-This is an example article for \TUB, from
-\url{http://tug.org/TUGboat/location.html}.
-
-We recommend the graphicx package for image inclusions, and the hyperref
-package for active url's (in the \acro{PDF} output). \TUB\ is produced
-using \acro{PDF} files exclusively, nowadays.
-
-The \texttt{ltug*} classes provide these abbreviations, among many others:
-
-{\small
-\begin{verbatim}
-\AllTeX \AMS \AmS \AmSLaTeX \AmSTeX \aw \AW
-\BibTeX \CandT \CTAN \DTD \DVItoVDU \HTML
-\ISBN \ISSN \JTeX \JoT \LAMSTeX \LaTeXe
-\Mc \mf \MFB \mtex \pcMF \PCTeX \pcTeX \Pas
-\PiC \PiCTeX \plain \POBox \PS
-\SC \SGML \SliTeX \TANGLE \TB \TP \TUB \TUG
-\tug \UG \UNIX \VAX \VorTeX \XeT \WEB \WEAVE
-
-\Dash \dash \vellipsis \bull \cents \Dag
-\careof \thinskip
-
-\acro{FRED} -> {\sc fred} % please use!
-\cs{fred} -> \fred
-\env{fred} -> \begin{fred}
-\meta{fred} -> <fred>
-\nth{n} -> 1st, 2nd, ...
-\sfrac{3/4} -> 3/4
-\booktitle{Book of Fred}
-\end{verbatim}
-}
-
-For more information, see the ltubguid document at:
-\url{http://mirror.ctan.org/macros/latex/contrib/tugboat}
-
-Email \verb|tugboat@tug.org| if problems or questions.
-
-
-\bibliographystyle{plain} % we recommend the plain bibliography style
-\nocite{book-minimal} % just making the bibliography non-empty
-\bibliography{xampl} % xampl.bib comes with BibTeX
-
-
-\makesignature % not in ltugproc
-\end{document}
-@end verbatim
-
-
-@node Concept Index
-@unnumbered Concept Index
-
-@printindex cp
-
-@c The name of the `Command Index' node must NOT be altered for ltx-help.el.
-@node Command Index
-@unnumbered Command Index
-
-@printindex fn
-
-@bye