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diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/plain/gentle-gr/gentl-gr.ps.gz b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/plain/gentle-gr/gentl-gr.ps.gz Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 00000000000..fe9e4ff3b24 --- /dev/null +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/plain/gentle-gr/gentl-gr.ps.gz diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/plain/gentle-gr/gentl-gr.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/plain/gentle-gr/gentl-gr.tex new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..080390536ea --- /dev/null +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/plain/gentle-gr/gentl-gr.tex @@ -0,0 +1,7675 @@ +%% File: gentl-gr.tex +%% +%% M. Doob's "Gentle Introduction to TeX" (Updated 01/04/90) +%% translated into Modern Greek by Dimitrios Filippou (including +%% an extra chapter on typesetting Greek texts by TeX). +%% +%% Version: 1.000 (11 jan 2001) +%% +%% A NOTE TO THE CODE READER +%% +%% Thanks for your interest in the Modern Greek translation of Michael +%% Doob's "A Gentle Introduction to TeX". Any comments on this manual +%% would be appreciated. These may be typesetting, Greek, English or TeX +%% criticisms. +%% +%% This file is a complete TeX input file, but, in order to run it +%% smoothly, you will need to have the KD* Greek fonts (that is +%% Dryllerakis' GreeKTeX fonts version 3.1, or, better, version 4.0a) +%% installed on your system. If you don't have these fonts, you may get +%% them by ftp from any CTAN site or from "laotzu.doc.ic.ac.uk". In +%% case you have KD* fonts on your system, just run this file through TeX +%% and print out the resulting "DVI" file. Note that you don't need +%% to load any special Greek TeX format (*.fmt) file. +%% +%% If you are familiar with TeX, the macros at the top of the file have +%% a few switches which you may want to set. If you have problems or +%% can't run TeX at all, you may try to print the PostScript(TM) file that +%% comes with it. In the worst case, you may write to Michael Doob and +%% he'll send you a hard copy of his original English text (sorry, the +%% translator cannot offer such a service!). You can also get a bound copy +%% of the English original from the TeX Users Group (e-mail: tug@tug.org). +%% +%% Please, note that this translation is copyrighted by the translator. The +%% complete copyright statement says: +%% +%% "The present document is distributed by the author and the translator +%% in the hope that it will be useful to the reader. However, the author +%% and the translator are not prepared to provide further information at +%% this time, and do not accept any liability for the use of this +%% document for any purpose. No part of the present document may be +%% reproduced in any form for commercial or any other profit-driven +%% use. Limited reproduction and distribution is permitted only for +%% purely educational purposes. Also, the TeX Users Group (TUG) or any +%% TeX Local User Group (LUG) can distribute these files in a commercial +%% fashion, provided that profits go to TUG or to the respective LUGs." +%% +%% The above statement should not be violated! +%% +%% Author: Michael Doob +%% Department of Mathematics +%% The University of Manitoba +%% Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2 +%% Canada +%% mdoob@uofmcc (bitnet) +%% mdoob@ccu.umanitoba.ca (internet) +%% +%% Translator: Dimitrios Filippou +%% Kato Gatzea +%% GR-385 00 Volos +%% Greece +%% dfilipp@danaos.ntua.gr (internet) +%% +%% +%% CHARACTER LISTING +%% +%% Here is a character listing to check to be sure that no +%% unwanted translations took place within the bowels of the net. +%% +%% Upper case letters: ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ +%% Lower case letters: abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz +%% round parentheses, square brackets, curly braces: () [] {} +%% Exclaim, at, sharp, dollar, percent: ! @ # $ % +%% Caret, ampersand, star, underscore, hyphen: ^ & * _ - +%% vertical bar, backslash, tilde, backprime, plus: | \ ~ ` + +%% plus, equal, prime, quote, colon: + = ' " : +%% less than, greater than, slash, question, comma: < > / ? , +%% period, semicolon: . ; +%% +%% HISTORY +%% +%% Translation started: Jan. 1994 +%% First draft completed: Mar. 1997 (ver. 0.9) +%% First public release (Internet): May 8, 1997 (ver. 0.992) +%% +%% Revisions: +%% +%% May 8, 1997 (ver. 0.993, not released): A few typos only. +%% June 1, 1997 (ver. 0.994, released): Lots of typos corrected. +%% Corrected the doubleside output macros. +%% July 29, 1997 (ver. 0.995, not released): A few more typos. +%% Feb 04, 1998 (ver. 0.996, released): Lots of typos corrected. +%% Added a note on Greek stigma numeral. +%% Feb. 05, 1998 (ver. 0.997, released): A few typos. +%% July 27, 1998 (ver. 0.998, released): A few typos. +%% Jan. 27, 1999 (ver. 0.999, released): Added info. about +%% Syropoulos' Greek book on LaTeX. +%% Mar. 20, 2001 (ver. 1.000, released): Final version. The next +%% version is a printed book! + +%% Now here comes the code with the macros used in the manual. If you are +%% already familiar with TeX, you may want to fiddle with them. In +%% particular, the hooks are left to generate a new control word index and +%% table of contents if you change section 1.2, or section 10. + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Version/Edition no. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\def\version{1,000} +\def\grversiondate{20`h Mart'iou 2001} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + + +%%%%%%%% Here are the fonts other than the sixteen defined in %%%%%%%% +%%%%%%%% plain.tex that are used. Note that only "cmr" fonts %%%%%%%% +%%%%%%%% are used for latin-alphabet texts (DF) %%%%%%%% + +\font\brm=cmr10 scaled \magstep1 +\font\halfrm=cmr10 scaled \magstephalf +\font\eightrm=cmr8 +\font\eightit=cmti8 +\font\bbrm=cmr10 scaled \magstep2 +\font\bbbrm=cmr10 scaled \magstep3 +\font\bbbbrm=cmr10 scaled \magstep4 +\font\bbbbbrm=cmr10 scaled \magstep5 +\font\sf=cmss10 +\font\lchapfont=cmbx10 scaled \magstep2 % lchapfont = latin "chapter" font +\font\lsecfont=cmbx10 scaled \magstep1 % lsecfont = latin "section" font +\font\sc=cmcsc10 + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + + +%%%%%%%% Here are the Greek fonts added by DF %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\font\tengr=kdgr10 scaled \magstep0 % 10 pt regular greek +\font\ninegr=kdgr9 scaled \magstep0 % 9 pt .... +\font\eightgr=kdgr8 scaled \magstep0 % 8 pt .... +\font\tengb=kdbf10 scaled \magstep0 % 10 pt reg. greek bold +\font\ninegb=kdbf9 scaled \magstep0 % 9 pt .... +\font\eightgb=kdbf8 scaled \magstep0 % 8 pt .... +\font\chapfont=kdbf10 scaled \magstep2 % 14.4 pt .... ("chapfont") +\font\secfont=kdbf10 scaled \magstep1 % 12 pt .... ("secfont") +\font\tengs=kdsl10 scaled \magstep0 % 10 pt reg. greek slanted +\font\tengi=kdti10 scaled \magstep0 % 10 pt greek "pseudo-italics" +\font\tengt=kdtt10 scaled \magstep0 % 10 pt greek typewritter + +%%% and here are some oblivious characters + +\def\digamma{\char'020} %%%%% digamma (or former 6) %%%% +\def\stigma{\char'143} %%%%% stigma (or latter 6) %%%%% +\def\Koppa{\char'022} %%%%% capital Qoppa (or 90) %%%% +\def\koppa{\char'023} %%%%% small qoppa (or 90) %%%%%% +\def\varkoppa{\char'021} %%%%% a small qoppa variant %%%% +%%% which has been mistakenly +%%% identified by KD as \stigma +\def\sampi{\char'024} %%%%% sampi (or 900) %%%%%%%%%%% +\def\numbertick{\char'003} %%%%% upper tick for ordinal Greek numbers +\def\pretick{\char'004} %%%%% lower tick for Greek thousands + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% document dimensions, etc. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +%%%% \vbadness=10000 %%%%%% I don't want to hear about underfull vboxes +\raggedbottom %%%%%% delete this line for aligned page bottoms + \hsize=5.5 in + \vsize=7.0 in + \voffset=.75 in + \hoffset=.5 in +\parskip=\baselineskip +\widowpenalty=1000 \clubpenalty=1000 %%% I hate widows and orphans! %%% + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Shall we print double-side or single-side? %%%%%%%%%% + +\newif \ifdoubleside +\doublesidefalse % use this line if you want to print single-side +%\doublesidetrue % use this line if you want to print double-side + % (you may have to do some fiddling with your printer + % driver so as to align both sides). + +\newdimen\paperwidth % true paperwidth (set below) +\newdimen\oddleftmargin % true left margin of an odd page (set below) +\newdimen\oddrightmargin % true right margin of an odd page (set below) +\newdimen\evensideshift % even-numbered pages shift to the left (set below) + +\newif\iflettersize +\lettersizetrue %%% to print on A4 paper, comment out this line +%%% \lettersizefalse %%% and uncomment this. +\iflettersize\paperwidth=8,5 true in % set paperwidth +\else\paperwidth=210 true mm\fi +\oddleftmargin=1 true in % set oddleftmargin +\advance\oddleftmargin by \hoffset +\oddrightmargin=\paperwidth % set oddrightmargin +\advance\oddrightmargin by -\hsize +\advance\oddrightmargin by -\oddleftmargin +\evensideshift=\oddrightmargin % set evensideshift +\advance\evensideshift by -\oddleftmargin + +\def\newplainoutput{% + \ifodd\pageno% + \shipout\vbox{% + \makeheadline\pagebody\makefootline}% + \advancepageno + \ifnum\outputpenalty>-2000 + \else\dosupereject + \fi% + \else + \shipout\hbox{\hglue\evensideshift\vbox{% + \makeheadline\pagebody\makefootline}}% + \advancepageno + \ifnum\outputpenalty>-2000 + \else\dosupereject + \fi% + \fi +} + +\ifdoubleside\output{\newplainoutput} +\else\output{\plainoutput} +\fi + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + + +%%%%%%% choosing between Canadian (British) and American spellings %%%%% + +\newif \ifcanspell +\canspelltrue %%%% Canadian spelling +% \canspellfalse %%%% use this line for American spelling +\def\centimetre{\ifcanspell centimetre\else centimeter\fi} + \let\centimeter=\centimetre +\def\centre{\ifcanspell centre\else center\fi} + \let\center=\centre +\def\centred{\ifcanspell centred\else centered\fi} + \let\centered=\centred + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% headline routines %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% changed by DF to Greek ones %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\def\gentleheadline{% + \vbox {\hrule% + \line {\strut \vrule \quad \tengr E>isagwg`h st`o {\tenrm \TeX } + (<ellhnik`h mtf.)\null + \hfil + \ifnum \secnum > 0 Kef.\ \the\secnum: \fi \sectiontitle \quad + \vrule}% + \hrule}% +} + +%%%%%%%%%%%% we don't want any headlines on title pages %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\newif \iftitlepage \titlepagetrue +\headline= + {\iftitlepage \hfil \global\titlepagefalse \else \gentleheadline \fi} +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% define contents and index files %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +%%% Normally the contents and index are hard coded into the input file. %%% +%% To generate new ones, use \writingcontentstrue and \writingindextrue. %% + +\newif \ifwritingcontents +\newif \ifwritingindex +\newwrite\contents \newwrite\index + +\writingcontentsfalse +\writingindexfalse +%%%\writingcontentstrue %%% use this line to make the contents +%%%\writingindextrue %%% use this line to make the index + +\ifwritingcontents \openout\contents=contents.tex \fi +\ifwritingindex \openout\index=index.tex + \def\toindex#1{\immediate\write\index{#1 \the\pageno}} + \else \def\toindex#1{} \fi +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% determine whether answers are printed %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\newif \ifwritinganswers +%%%\writinganswersfalse %%% use this line to suppress answer section +\writinganswerstrue %%% use this line to include answer section +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% footnote macro with counter %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\newcount\footnotenum \footnotenum=0 +\def\fnote#1{\advance \footnotenum by 1% +\footnote{$^{\the\footnotenum}$}{#1}} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% exercise, section, and subsection macros %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\newcount\exno %%%%%% counter for exercises %%%%%%%% +\newcount\secnum \secnum=0 %%%% counter for section numbers %%%% +\newcount\subsecnum + +\def\section#1{ + \vfill\eject %%%%% new section starts on a new page + %%%\ifodd\pageno \else\ \vfill\eject \fi %start on an odd page + \advance\secnum by 1 \subsecnum=0 \exno=0 + \ifnum \secnum = 1 \pageno=1 \fi + \ifnum \secnum > 0 + \leftline{\chapfont Kef'alaio \the\secnum} + \vskip 3pt \fi + \leftline{\chapfont #1} + \def\sectiontitle{#1} + \vskip\baselineskip + \hrule + \vskip 1cm + \ifwritingcontents \write\contents{\string\line\string{#1 + \string\dotfill{} + \ifnum \pageno < 0 \romannumeral-\pageno + \else \the\pageno \fi + \string}}\fi + \titlepagetrue} + +\def\subsection#1{\advance\subsecnum by 1 + \vskip 30pt + \leftline{\secfont \the\secnum .\the\subsecnum\ #1} + \nobreak + \ifwritingcontents + \write\contents{\string\line\string{\string\qquad{}#1 + \string\dotfill{} \the\pageno\string}}\fi + } + +\def\exercise{\global\advance \exno by 1 + \vskip\baselineskip + \noindent $\triangleright$ {\tengb + >'Askhsh \the\secnum.\the\exno}\quad + } +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + + +%% Definitions of control sequences for characters in the typewriter font %% +%%%% for short phrases this is easier than using a literal construction. %%% + +\def\\{\char92{}} %%%%% backslash %%%%% +\def\_{\char'137{}} %%%%% underscore %%%%% +\def\lb{\char'173{}} %%%%% left brace %%%%% +\def\rb{\char'175{}} %%%%% right brace %%%%% +\def\sp{\char32{}} %%%%% special space symbol %%%%% +\def\underscore{\leavevmode \kern .06em \vbox {\hrule width.3em}} + +\def\beginliteral{ +\vskip\baselineskip +\begingroup +\tt +\obeylines +%{\obeyspaces\global\let =\ } +\catcode`\@=0 +\parskip=0pt\parindent=0pt +\catcode`\$=12\catcode`\&=12\catcode`\^=12\catcode`\#=12 +\catcode`\_=12\catcode`\~=12 +\def\par{\leavevmode\endgraf} +\catcode`\{=12\catcode`\}=12\catcode`\%=12\catcode`\\=12 +} + +\def\endliteral{\endgroup} +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%% inhibit hyphenation of typewriter text %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\hyphenchar\tentt=-1 + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + + +%%%%%%%%%%%% grouping to make input listing in typewriter type %%%%%%%%%%% + +\def\beginuser{\vskip\parskip + \everypar={\nobreak} + \begingroup + \tt \obeylines \parskip=0pt \parindent=0pt} + +\def\enduser{\endgroup} + + +%%%%%%%%%%% macro to construct tables (easily) %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%%% parameters: title goes between brackets, rest of the %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%%% paragraph is the table %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\def\maketable[#1]#2\par{ +\setbox1=\vbox{#2} +\vskip\baselineskip +\centerline{ + \vbox{ + \hbox to \wd1{\secfont \hss #1 \hss} + \vskip 12pt + \box1 + } +}\par +} + +%%%%%%%%%%% end of macro to construct tables %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + + +%%%%%%%%%%% macro to put a box around the text %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\def\makebox#1#2#3% vsize, hsize, inserted text +{\hbox{\vrule + \vbox to #1{\hrule \vss + \hbox to #2{\hss#3\hss}\vss + \hrule}\vrule}} + +\def\displaytext#1{$$\hbox{#1}$$} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% LaTeX etc. logos %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\def\LaTeX{{\rm L\kern-.36em\raise.3ex\hbox{\sc a}\kern-.15em + T\kern-.1667em\lower.7ex\hbox{E}\kern-.125emX}} + +\def\AMSTeX{{$\cal A$}\kern-.1667em\lower.5ex\hbox + {$\cal M$}\kern-.125em{$\cal S$}-\TeX} + +\def\greektex{{\sc GreeK}{\rm \TeX}} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + + +%%%%%%%%%%%% macro to put TeX references in right margin %%%%%%%%%%%%% +%%%%%%%%% (doesn't work very well with double-side printing) %%%%%%%%% + +\newdimen\theight +\def\TeXref#1{% + \vadjust{% + \setbox0=\vbox{\setbox1=\hbox{\sevenrm\qquad\TeX book:\qquad}% + \setbox2=\hbox to \wd1{% + \sevenrm\null\hfil #1\hfil\null}% + \box1\vskip -.5ex\box2}% + \theight=\ht0 + \advance\theight by \dp0 \advance\theight by \lineskip + \kern -\theight \vbox to \theight{\rightline{\rlap{\box0}}% + \vss}}% +}% + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + + +%%%%%%%%%%%% macro to write the date out the date and time %%%%%%%%%%% +%%%%%%%%%%%% TeXbook p. 406 for date %%%%%%%%%%% +%%%%%%%%%%%% Changed to Greek date (DF) %%%%%%%%%%%% + +\def\grtoday{\number\day% +\ifnum\day=20 `h\else\ifnum\day=30 `h\else h\fi\fi %%% 20th, 30th take + %%% an accent +\space \ifcase\month\or >Ianouar'iou\or Febrouar'iou\or Mart'iou\or +>April'iou\or Ma"'iou\or >Ioun'iou\or >Ioul'iou\or A>ugo'ustou\or +Septembr'iou\or >Oktwbr'iou\or Noembr'iou\or Dekembr'iou\fi +\space \number\year} + +\newcount\hour \newcount\minute +\hour=\time \divide \hour by 60 +\minute=\time +\loop \ifnum \minute > 59 \advance \minute by -60 \repeat +\def\writetime{\ifnum \hour<13 \number\hour:% % supresses leading 0's + \ifnum \minute<10 0\fi% % so add it it + \number\minute + \ifnum \hour < 12 \ p.m. \else \ m.m. \fi % Greek time (DF) + \else \advance \hour by -12 \number\hour:% % supresses leading 0's + \ifnum \minute<10 0\fi% % add it in + \number\minute \ m.m. \fi} % Greek time (DF) + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + + +%%%%% Macro which puts a date stamp on the last page %%%%%%%%% +%%%%% according to the Greek typography traditions (DF) %%%%%%%%% + +\def\datestamp{% + \vfill\eject % Put datestamp on a new page. + \null\titlepagetrue\nopagenumbers + \ifodd\pageno % If page is odd leave it blank. + \else + \vfill\eject + \fi + \titlepagetrue\nopagenumbers % No page numbers and no headline. + \hbadness = 10000 % Don't complain for horizontal underfull. + \null\vfill % Put datestamp in the page centre. + \centerline{\vbox{% % Create a square vbox of 2.0 in width. + \noindent\parfillskip 0pt \hsize 2.0 in + {\eightgr T O B I B L I O + ((M I A E U K O L H E I S A G W G H S T O {\eightrm \TeX})) + (E L L H N I K H M E T A F R A S H, E K D O S H \version) + E T O I M A S J H K E A P O T O N M E T A F R A S T H M E E + P I M E L E I A T O U I D I O U T H N \grversiondate\ K A I + S T O I Q E I O J E T H J H K E M E T O {\eightrm \TeX} T H + N \grtoday, <'wra \writetime% +}% end eightgr +}% end vbox +}% end centerline +$$ \clubsuit $$ % we add a bit of decoration +\vfill\null +} % end Greek datestamp + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + + +%%%%%%%%%%%% Here we do some fiddling to get around with the %%%%%%%% +%%%%%%%%%%%% circumflex accent in Greek text! %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\catcode`\~=12 % we de-activate the ~ +\def\NB{\penalty10000\ } % and we use \NB as an unbreakable tie + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% NOW WE START WITH THE TEXT %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +%%% Cover pages %%%%%%% + +{\nopagenumbers + +%%% The front cover %%%%%%%%% + +\def\coverpage{% +\titlepagetrue +\topinsert \vskip 6 cm \endinsert +\centerline{\chapfont M'ia e>'ukolh e>isagwg`h st`o {\lchapfont \TeX}} +\vskip 15 pt +\centerline{\secfont >egqeir'idio a>utodidaskal'iac} +\vskip 2cm +\leftline{\rm Michael Doob} +\leftline{\rm Department of Mathematics} +\leftline{\rm The University of Manitoba} +\leftline{\rm Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2} +\vskip\baselineskip +\leftline{{\tt MDOOB@UOFMCC.BITNET}} +\leftline{{\tt mdoob@ccu.umanitoba.ca}} +\vskip 1cm +\leftline{\tengs Met'afrash ka`i prosarmog`h st`hn neoellhnik`h +gl'wssa:} +\vskip .5\baselineskip +\leftline{\tengr Dhm'htrioc >A. Fil'ippou} +\leftline{\tengr K'atw Gatz'ea} +\leftline{\rm GR-385 00 \tengr B'oloc} +\vfill\eject +} % end definition of coverpage + +\coverpage % Now we put the coverpage + +%%% Back front cover (or blank page) %%%%%%% + +\titlepagetrue +\null\vfill\eject + +%%% Small title page %%%%%%% + +\titlepagetrue +\null\vfil +\centerline{\secfont MIA EUKOLH EISAGWGH STO {\lsecfont \TeX}} +\vfil\vfil +\null\eject + +%%% Edition and copyright page %%%%%% + +\titlepagetrue + +\newdimen\squaredimen +\def\square#1{\setbox0=\hbox{\rm #1}% + \dp0=.4ex \squaredimen=\ht0 + \ifdim \wd0 > \ht0 \squaredimen=\wd0\fi + \advance \squaredimen by \dp0 + \ht0=\squaredimen \advance \squaredimen by \dp0 + \leavevmode + \lower .4ex \vbox{% + \hsize=\squaredimen + \hrule + \hbox to \squaredimen{\vrule\hfil\box0\hfil\vrule}% + \hrule height .4pt depth 0pt}} + +\noindent +\tengr T`o prwt'otupo >agglik`o >egqeir'idio kuklof'orhse +st`o {\rm Internet} t`o 1990 ka`i >apot'elese t`hn b'ash to~u +bibl'iou:\ {\rm Michael Doob}, {\sl \TeX: Starting from \square1} +(1993), po`u ku\-klo\-fore~i >ap`o t`on >ekdotik`o o>~iko {\rm +Springer--Verlag (ISBN 3-540-56441-1} >`h 0-387-56441-1). <H <ellhnik`h +met'afrash to~u bi\-bl'iou, m`e t'itlo {\tengs T`o pr~wto b~hma st`o} {\sl +\TeX}, kuklof'orhse t`o 2000 >ap`o t`ic >Ekd'oseic Para\-th\-rh\-t`hc t~hc +Jessalon'ikhc ({\rm ISBN 960-374-081-0}). + +\vfill +\item{{\rm\copyright}} Gi`a t`o prwt'otupo ke'imeno: {\rm +Michael Doob}, 1990. +{\parskip=0pt\item{} Gi`a t`hn <ellhnik`h met'afrash: Dhm'htrioc +>A. Fil'ippou, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001. +} + +{\rm\item{\copyright} For the original text in English: +Michael Doob, 1990. +\parskip=0pt\item{} For the translation in Modern Greek: +Dimitrios Filippou, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001. +} + +\noindent {\tengs T`o par`on >'entupo diat'ijetai >ap`o t`on suggraf'ea +ka`i t`on metafrast'h tou m`e t`hn >elp'ida <'oti j`a fane~i qr'hsimo +st`on >anagn'wsth. <Wst'oso, t'oso <o suggraf'eac <'oso ka`i <o +metafrast`hc d`en br'iskontai s`e j'esh n`a prosf'eroun periss'oterec +sqetik`ec plhrofor'iec, o>'ute >apod'eqontai e>uj'unec gi`a <'opoiec +sun'epeiec mpore~i n`a >'eqei <h qr'hsh to~u >ent'upou. <H >anaparagwg`h +to~u pa\-r'ontoc >ent'upou, >`h m'erouc a>uto~u, s`e <opoi\-ad'h\-pote +mor\-f`h gi`a >emporik`h >`h >'allh kerdoskopik`h qr'h\-sh +>apagore'uetai. >Epitr'epetai <h periorism'enh >anaparagwg`h ka`i +dianom'h tou m'onon gi`a kajar`a >ekpaideutiko`uc skopo'uc. >Ep'ishc, <h +<om'ada {\sl\TeX{} Users Group (TUG)} ka`i <opoiad'hpote topik`h m`h +kerdoskopik`h <om'ada {\sl\TeX{} (Local User Group, LUG)} >'eqoun t`o +dika'iwma n`a >anapar'agoun <eto~uto ke'imeno ka`i t`a sqetik`a >arqe~ia +gi`a >emporik`o skop'o, >ef'' <'oson m'eroc to~u k'erdouc diat'ijetai +gi`a to`uc skopo`uc to~u {\sl TUG} >`h t~wn >antisto'iqwn {\sl LUG}. } + +\noindent {\sl The present document is distributed by the author and the +translator in the hope that it will be useful to the reader. However, +the author and the translator are not prepared to provide further +information at this time, and do not accept any liability for the use of +this document for any purpose. No part of the present document may be +reproduced in any form for commercial or any other profit-driven use. +Limited reproduction and distribution is permitted for purely +educational purposes. Also, the \TeX{} Users Group (TUG) or any +non-profit \TeX{} Local User Group (LUG) can distribute this document +and the related files in a commercial fashion, provided that profits go +to TUG or to the respective LUGs.} \eject + +%%% Titles again %%%%%%%% + +\coverpage + +%%% Back big titles page (or blank page) %%%%%%% + +\titlepagetrue +\null\vfill\eject + +%%% End of coverpages %%%%%%% +} % end of nopagenumbers + +\secnum=-3 \pageno=-1 + +\section{E>isagwg`h} + +\tengr + +>`Ac po~ume pr~wta t`a >'asqhma n'ea: t`o {\rm \TeX} e>~inai <'ena +meg'alo ka`i polus'unjeto pr'ogram\-ma po`u proqwre~i ((pol`u p'eran +to~u kanoniko~u)) st`hn prosp'ajei'a tou n`a par'agei >'omorfa +stoiqeio\-je\-thm'ena >'entupa. A>ut`h <h po\-lu\-plo\-k'o\-th\-ta to~u +{\rm \TeX} mpore~i kat`a kai\-ro`uc n`a prokal'esei >an'elpista +>apotel'esmata. Ka`i t'wra t`a kal`a n'ea: <apl`a ke'imena e>~inai +pol`u e>'ukolo n`a stoi\-qei\-o\-jethjo~un m`e t`o {\rm \TeX}\null. +>'Etsi, mpore~i n`a xekin'hsei kane`ic t`hn qr'hsh to~u {\rm \TeX} st`hn +stoi\-qei\-ojes'ia sqetik`a <apl~wn >ent'upwn ka`i kat'opin, m`e t`hn +>ap'okthsh pe'irac, n`a proqwr'hsei st`hn stoiqeiojes'ia pi`o +polupl'okwn >ent'upwn. + +Skop`oc a>uto~u to~u >egqeirid'iou e>~inai n`a e>isag'agei t`on +>arq'ario >`h ka`i t`on >entel~wc >an'ideo to~u {\rm \TeX} st`hn qr'hsh +a>uto~u to~u progr'ammatoc pern'wntac >ap`o t`ic pi`o <apl`ec +katast'aseic st`ic pl'eon pol'uplokec. Proqwr'wntac diadoqik`a >ap`o +t`o <'ena kef'alaio st`o >'allo, >ese~ic, o<i >ana\-gn~wstec to~u +>egqeirid'iou j`a de~ite t`ic <ikan'otht'ec sac st`o {\rm \TeX} suneq~wc +n`a belti'wnontai ka`i j`a mpore~ite n`a <etoim'azete <'olo kai pi`o +poik'ila ka`i pol'uploka >'entupa. + +<Or'iste merik`ec >ak'oma sumboul'ec: S`e k'aje kef'alaio <up'arqoun +>ask'hseic; m'hn >amele~ite n`a t`ic k'anete! <O m'onoc tr'opoc gi`a +n`a m'ajete t`o {\rm \TeX} e>~inai n`a t`o qrhsimopoie~ite. Ka`i >ak'oma +kal'utera, peiramatisje~ite m'onoi sac m`e t`o {\rm \TeX}; prospaj~hste +n`a epil'usete k'apoiec parallag`ec t~wn >ask'hsewn. M'hn fob'aste, +d`en <up'arqei kam'ia per'iptwsh n`a prokal'esete zhmi`a st`o >'idio +t`o {\rm \TeX} m`e t`a peir'amat'a sac. Mpore~ite n`a bre~ite t`hn +pl'hrh l'ush t~wn perissot'erwn >ask'hsewn r'iqnontac m'ia +mati`a st`o >arqe~io {\tt gentle.tex}, dhl.\ st`on k'wdika po`u +sunt'aqjhke gi`a t`hn paragwg`h to~u >aggliko~u prwt'otupou <eto'utou +to~u >egqeirid'iou. >Ep'ishc, j`a parathr'hsete p`wc st`o dex`i +perij'wrio to~u >egqeirid'iou <up'arqoun >anafor`ec s`e sel'idec t~hc +((B'iblou to~u {\rm \TeX})), {\sl The \TeX book}\fnote{{\rm Addison +Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1984, ISBN 0-201-13448-9.}}. >E`an +qrei'azetai n`a >embaj'unete s`e ak'omh periss'oterec leptom'ereiec, d`en +>'eqete par`a n`a >anatr'exete st`ic sugkekrim'enec a>ut`ec sel'idec +to~u {\sl \TeX book}\null. + +Parepipt'ontoc, s`e <eto~uto t`o >egqeir'idio, po~u ka`i po~u +>eskemm'ena j`a l'eme ka`i >ap`o kan'ena yemat'aki; t`o k'anoume m`e +kal`h pr'ojesh ka`i m`e m'ono skop`o n`a >apokr'uyoume pi`o pol'uplokec +katast'aseic (>`ac po~ume <'oti t`o k'anoume ((poihtik~h| +>ade'ia|)){}). <'Oso <h empeir'ia sac st`o {\rm \TeX} j`a megal'wnei, +t'oso ka`i j`a g'ineste pi`o <ikano`i st`o n`a br'iskete a>ut`a t`a +>aj~wa yemat'akia mac. + +T`o {\rm \TeX} e>~inai pr'ogramma po`u qarakthr'izetai <wc {\rm public +domain}, dhl.\ diat'ijetai dwre'an. Dhmiourg'oc tou e>~inai <o +kajhght`hc plhroforik~hc st`o Panepist'hmio {\rm Stanford} t~wn H.P.A, +{\rm Donald Knuth} (Nt'onalnt Kano'uj). >E`an t`o pr'ogramma a>ut`o +>'ebgaine st`hn >agor`a <wc >emporik`o pro"i'on, s'igoura <h >ax'ia tou +j`a >'eftane s`e qili'adec dol\-l'aria --- gi`a n`a m`hn mil'hsoume ka`i +s`e draqm'ec! <O m`h kerdo\-skopik`oc >organism`oc {\rm \TeX\ Users +Group (TUG)} e>~inai a>ut`oc po`u dia\-j'etei >ant'igrafa ka`i n'eec +belti'wseic to~u progr'ammatoc {\rm \TeX}\null. >Ep'ishc, <o +>organism`oc {\rm TUG} >ekd'idei t`a periodik`a {\sl TUGboat\/} ka`i +{\sl \TeX{} and TUG News\/} <'opou dhmosie'uontai plhrofor'iec +sqetik`ec m`e n'eec >exel'ixeic t'oso s`e j'emata logismiko~u +(progr'ammata, k.lp.)\ <'oso ka`i s`e j'emata <uliko~u (<upologist'ec, +k.lp.)\ po`u >'eqoun >'amesh sq'esh m`e t`o {\rm \TeX}\null. T`o n`a +g'inei k'apoioc m'eloc to~u {\rm TUG} d`en kost'izei par`a >el'aqista; +>e`an >endiaf'ereste, >arke~i n`a gr'ayete <'ena gr'amma st`hn +die'ujunsh: +{\rm +\vskip\baselineskip +\centerline{\TeX{} Users Group} +\centerline{P.O. Box 869} +\centerline{Santa Barbara, CA 93102} +\centerline{U.S.A.} +\centerline{e-mail: {\tt tug@tug.org}} +\centerline{http://{\tt www.tug.org}} +} % end roman + +A>ut`o t`o >egqeir'idio d`en j`a mporo~use n`a de~i t`o f~wc t~hc +<hm'erac qwr`ic t`hn bo'hjeia k'apoiwn >'allwn >at'omwn. >Exairetik`a +meg'alhc >ax'iac <up~hrxe <h prosektik`h >an'a\-gnwsh ka`i o<i +<upode'ixeic t~wn parak'atw >at'omwn: + \begingroup \catcode`\~=13 \rm + \frenchspacing +Waleed A.~Al-Salam (University of Alberta), +Debbie L.~Alspaugh (University of California), +Nelson H.~F.~Beebe (University of Utah), +Barbara Beeton (American Mathematical Society), +Bart Childs (Texas A.~\&~M.~University), +Mary Coventry (University of Washington), +Dimitrios Diamantaras (Temple University), +Roberto Dominimanni (Naval Underwater Systems Center), +Victor Eijkhout (University of Nijmegen), +Moshe Feder (St.~Lawrence University), +Josep~M.~Font (Uviversidad Barcelona), +Jonas de Miranda Gomes (Instituto de Matematica Pura e Aplicada, Brazil), +Rob Gross (Boston College), +Klaus Hahn (University of Marburg), +Anita Hoover (University of Delaware), +J\"urgen Koslowski (Macalester College), +Kees van der Laan (Rijksuniversiteit Groningen), +John Lee (Northrop Corporation), +Silvio Levy (Princeton University), +Robert Messer (Albion College), +Emily H.~Moore (Grinnell College), +Young Park (University of Maryland), +Craig Platt (University of Manitoba), +David Roberts (Colorado), +Kauko Saarinen (University of Jyv\"askyl\"a), +Jim Wright (Iowa State University) +{\tengr ka`i} +Dominik Wujastyk (Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine). + \endgroup + +>Epipl'eon, poll`a >'alla >'atoma mo~u >'esteilan merik`a >`h ka`i +pl'hrh dik'a touc ((topik`a >egqeir'i\-dia)) to~u {\rm \TeX}\null. +Pi`o sugkekrim'ena, o<i parak'atw >'eqoun gr'ayei shmei'wseic >ep'anw +st`o {\rm \TeX} o<i <opo~iec <up~hrxan shmantik`h bo'hjeia gi`a t`hn +proetoimas'ia <eto'utou to~u >egqeirid'iou: + \begingroup \catcode`\~=13 \rm + \frenchspacing +Elizabeth Barnhart (TV Guide), +Stephan v.~Bechtolsheim (Purdue University), +Nelson H.~F.~Beebe (University of Utah) + {\tengr ka`i} Leslie Lamport (Digital Equipment Corporation), +Marie McPart\-land-Conn {\tengr ka`i} Laurie Mann (Stratus Computer), +Robert Messer (Albion College), +Noel Peterson (Library of Congress), +Craig Platt (University of Manitoba), +Alan Spragens (Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, + {\tengr t'wra m`e t`hn} Apple Computers), +Christina Thiele (Carleton University) +{\tengr ka`i} Daniel M.~Zirin (California Institute of Technology). + \endgroup +\vfill\eject + +\section{E>isagwg`h st`hn <ellhnik`h met'afrash} + +<'Opwc gr'afei ka`i <o suggraf'eac st`hn dik'h tou e>isagwg'h, t`o {\rm +\TeX} e>~inai <'ena pr'ogramma stoiqeiojes'iac keim'enou (ka`i >'oqi +>epexergas'iac) polus'unjeto ka`i >'oqi >idiait'erwc filik`o st`on +qr'hsth. A>ut`oc e>~inai <'enac l'ogoc gi`a t`on <opo~io <h +dhmotik'othta to~u {\rm \TeX} d`en >'eqei katorj'wsei n`a fj'asei a>ut`h +t~wn programm'atwn >epexergas'iac keim'enou <'opwc t`o {\rm Word}, t`o +{\rm WordPerfect}, k.lp. + +<'Enac de'uteroc l'ogoc gi`a t`on <opo~io t`o {\rm \TeX} d`en e>~inai +t'oso gnwst`o <'oso t`a progr'ammata >epexergas'iac keim'enou e>~inai +kajar`a j'ema {\rm marketing}. T`o {\rm \TeX} e>~inai dhmio'urghma +<en`oc >an\-jr'w\-pou, to~u {\rm Donald Knuth}, <o <opo~ioc d`en >'ebale +skop`o t~hc zw~hc tou t`o n`a gem'isei t`o portof'oli tou ka`i gi''\NB +a>ut`o >apof'asise n`a t`o diaj'esei dwre`an st`o koin'o (m'esw| to~u +dikt'uou {\rm Internet}, k.lp.). St`o >'idio pne~uma prosfor~ac, +pollo`i >'alloi sun'ebalan st`hn pro'wjhsh ka`i >ex'elixh to~u {\rm +\TeX}\null. >'Etsi s'hmera mil~ame gi`a ((pak'eta)) <'opwc t`o {\rm +\LaTeX}, ((<ellhnik`o {\rm \TeX})), ((rwsik`o {\rm \TeX})), k.>'a., po`u +m~ac diat'ijontai dwre`an m'esw| to~u {\rm Internet} >`h >ant`i mi~ac +sumbolik~hc tim~hc >ap`o t`on >organism`o {\rm \TeX\ Users Group}. + +T`o par`on >egqeir'idio >apotele~i >ep'ishc m'eroc a>ut~hc t~hc +prosfor~ac pr`oc t`o koin`o >ap`o t`on {\rm Michael Doob}, <o <opo~ioc +e>~iqe >ep'ishc t`hn kalws'unh n`a >epitr'eyei t`hn met'afrash to~u +>egqeirid'iou st`hn neoellhnik`h gl'wssa. T`o xek'inhma t~hc +met'afrashc st`hn neoellhnik`h gl'wssa >'egine pr`oc t`o t'eloc to~u +1993. <O kakomo'irhc <o metafrast`hc >'elpize t'ote p`wc m'esa s`e +<'ena >'etoc j`a t`hn e>~iqe <'etoimh --- <am''\NB d'e! Mesol'abhsan <o +Strat'oc, t`o y'aximo gi`a doulei'a, >all`a ka`i >'allec trikum'iec +proswpik'ec, m`e >apot'elesma <h met'afrash n`a <oloklhrwje~i kat`a t`hn +>'anoixh to~u 1997. + +O<i >anagn~wstec to~u >egqeirid'iou j`a diapist'wsoun --- ka`i >'iswc +n`a >apogohteujo~un >ep'ishc --- <'oti t`o periss'otero m'eroc t~hc +met'afrashc >asqole~itai m`e t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia >agglik~wn >ent'upwn, +>`h genik'wtera >ent'upwn po`u sthr'izontai st`o latinik`o >alf'abhto +(p.q., gallik'a, >ispanik'a, k.lp.). T`o {\rm \TeX} <up~hrxe +dhmio'urghma <en`oc >aggl'ofwnou ka`i sunep~wc, <'enac >arq'arioc st`o +{\rm \TeX} j`a bre~i pi`o e>'ukolo n`a k'anei t`ic pr~wtec tou dokim`ec +m`e t`o pr'ogramma stoiqeiojet'wntac >ag\-gli\-k`a ke'imena. <Wst'oso, +st`o t'eloc t~hc met'afrashc >'eqei prosteje~i >ap`o t`on metafrast`h +<'ena kef'alaio gi`a t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia <ellhnik~wn keim'enwn m`e t`o +{\rm \TeX}\null. <'Osoi nom'izoun <'oti kat'eqoun kal`a t`ic basik`ec +>arq`ec to~u {\rm \TeX} ka`i >endiaf'erontai m'onon gi`a t`hn +stoiqeiojes'ia <ellhniko~u keim'enou, d`en >'eqoun par`a n`a diab'asoun +t`o kef'alaio\NB 10. + +T'eloc, <o metafrast`hc j`a >'hjele n`a proeidopoi'hsei t`on >anagn'wsth +<'oti o>'ute kat'eqei kan'ena ptuq'io plhroforik~hc o>'ute e>~inai +>epaggelmat'iac tupogr'afoc. <H sq'esh tou m`e to`uc <upologist`ec +perior'izetai m'allon st`hn stoiqeiojes'ia dik~wn tou >ent'upwn m`e t`o +{\rm \TeX}\null. E>~inai pol`u pijan`o k'apoio <'oroi n`a m`hn >'eqoun +metafrasje~i >apol'utwc s'umfwna m`e t`o go~usto to~u >anagn'wsth. Gi`a +par'adeigma, >ant`i t~hc l'exhc ((>entol'h)), st`hn paro'usa met'afrash +>'eqoun qrhsimo\-poihje~i o<i <'oroi ((l'exh >el'egqou)) ka`i +((s'umbolo >el'eg\-qou)). T`o giat'i qrhsimopoi'hjhkan a>uto`i o<i +<'oroi --- >all`a ka`i >'alloi par'omoioi --- <o >anagn'wsthc +pijan'otata j`a t`o katal'abei kaj`wc o<i gn'wseic tou g'urw >ap`o t`o +{\rm \TeX} j`a plhja'inoun. >Ak'oma <o >anagn'wsthc >'iswc >anarwthje~i +giat'i >'eqei g'inei <h met'afrash st`o pali`o polutonik`o s'usthma. <H +>ap'anthsh e>~inai a>ut`h po`u j`a >'edine <opoiosd'hpote pali`oc +tupogr'afoc po`u >exakolouje~i n`a stoiqeiojete~i s`e monotupik`ec +mhqan'ec: {\tengs T`o polutonik`o st`hn tupograf'ia >'eqei m'ia +>omorfi`a >axep'erasth!} <'Osoi loip`on param'enete >erast`ec to~u +palio~u polutoniko~u sust'hmatoc, >agal\-li'a\-sa\-te! <'Osoi t`o +>apeqj'aneste, d`en >'eqete par`a st`a dik'a sac >'entupa n`a b'azete +<'enan ka`i m'onon <'enan t'ono. + +St`hn paro~usa met'afrash bo'hjhsan >'amesa >`h >'emmesa tre~ic f'iloi +po`u <o metafrast`hc j`a >'hje\-le n`a katanom'a\-sei. Pr'okeitai gi`a +t`on Kwst`h I.\NB Druller'akh, po`u >'eqei fti'axei t`o pak'eto +\greektex, t`on Gi'annh Qaral'ampouc, t`on dhmiourg`o poll~wn +<ellhnik~wn ka`i >'allwn grammatoseir~wn to~u {\rm \TeX}, ka`i t`on +>Ap'ostolo Sur'opoulo, <idrut`h to~u Sull'ogou <Ell'hnwn F'ilwn to~u +{\rm \TeX}\null. <O S'ullogoc a>ut'oc, po`u dhmiourg'hjhke m'olic t`o +1997, prosf'erei pol'utimh bo'hjeia s`e <'osouc j'eloun n`a >asqolhjo~un +m`e t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia <ellhnik~wn >ent'upwn m`e t`o {\rm \TeX}\null. +<H die'ujuns'h tou e>~inai: +\vskip\baselineskip +\centerline{S'ullogoc <Ell'hnwn F'ilwn to~u {\rm \TeX}} +\centerline{(<Up'' <'oyh >A. Sur'opoulou)} +\centerline{28hc >Oktwbr'iou 366} +\centerline{671 00 X'anjh} +\centerline{\rm e-mail: {\tt eft@platon.ee.duth.gr}} +\centerline{\rm http://{\tt obelix.ee.duth.gr/eft}} +\vskip\baselineskip +\rightline{--- D.F.} +\rightline{M'aioc 1997} + +\section{Perieq'omena} + +\line{E>isagwg`h \dotfill{} {\rm i}} +\line{E>isagwg`h st`hn <ellhnik`h met'afrash \dotfill{} {\rm iii}} +\line{Perieq'omena \dotfill{} {\rm v}} +\line{1.\ T`o xek'inhma \dotfill{} 1} +\line{\qquad{}1.1 T'i e>~inai t`o {\rm\TeX} ka`i t'i d`en e>~inai \dotfill{} 1} +\line{\qquad{}1.2 >Ap`o t`o >arqe~io {\rm\TeX} st`o >'entupo, <h meg'alh <etoimas'ia \dotfill{} 2} +\line{\qquad{}1.3 Ka'i\dots\ f'ugame! \dotfill{} 4} +\line{\qquad{}1.4 T`o {\rm\TeX} >el'egqei t`a p'anta \dotfill{} 7} +\line{\qquad{}1.5 T'i d`en k'anei t`o {\rm\TeX} \dotfill{} 9} +\line{2.\ <'Oloi o<i qarakt~hrec, meg'aloi ka`i mikro`i \dotfill{} 10} +\line{\qquad{}2.1 Meriko`i qarakt~hrec e>~inai pi`o ((sp'esial)) \dotfill{} 10} +\line{\qquad{}2.2 Stoiqeiojes'ia tonik~wn shme'iwn \dotfill{} 11} +\line{\qquad{}2.3 Tele~iec, pa~ulec, e>isagwgik'a\dots\ \dotfill{} 14} +\line{\qquad{}2.4 T'upoi stoiqe'iwn \dotfill{} 16} +\line{3.\ <H di'ataxh t~wn pragm'atwn \dotfill{} 21} +\line{\qquad{}3.1 Mon'adec, mon'adec, mon'adec \dotfill{} 21} +\line{\qquad{}3.2 <H di'ataxh t~hc sel'idac \dotfill{} 22} +\line{\qquad{}3.3 <H di'ataxh t~hc paragr'afou \dotfill{} 24} +\line{\qquad{}3.4 <H di'ataxh t~hc >ar'adac \dotfill{} 29} +\line{\qquad{}3.5 <Uposhmei'wseic \dotfill{} 31} +\line{\qquad{}3.6 <H kefal`h ka`i t`o p'odi t~hc sel'idac \dotfill{} 33} +\line{\qquad{}3.7 X'eqeila ka`i >'adeia pla'isia \dotfill{} 32} +\line{4.\ $\Bigl\{$S'unola, $\bigl\{$<upos'unola + $\{$ka`i <upo"upos'unola$\}\bigr\}\Bigr\}$ \dotfill{} 36} +\line{5.\ Majhmatik`a qwr`ic >'agqoc! \dotfill{} 39} +\line{\qquad{}5.1 Poll`a n'ea s'umbola \dotfill{} 39} +\line{\qquad{}5.2 Kl'asmata \dotfill{} 45} +\line{\qquad{}5.3 De~iktec ka`i >ekj'etec \dotfill{} 46} +\line{\qquad{}5.4 R'izec, tetragwnik`ec ka`i >'allec \dotfill{} 47} +\line{\qquad{}5.5 Gramm'ec, p'anw ka`i k'atw \dotfill{} 47} +\line{\qquad{}5.6 <Oroj'etec, mikro`i ka`i meg'aloi \dotfill{} 48} +\line{\qquad{}5.7 K'apoiec e>idik`ec sunart'hseic \dotfill{} 49} +\line{\qquad{}5.8 >Ako'usate, >ako'usate! \dotfill{} 50} +\line{\qquad{}5.9 Majhmatik`ec parat'axeic \dotfill{} 51} +\line{\qquad{}5.10 Diakrit`ec kentrwm'enec >exis'wseic \dotfill{} 54} +\line{6.\ Stoiqhje~ite! \dotfill{} 56} +\line{\qquad{}6.1 Qrhsimopoi~hste t`o TAB \dotfill{} 56} +\line{\qquad{}6.2 <Oriz'ontia sto'iqish m`e pi`o pol'uplokec mej'odouc \dotfill{} 60} +\line{7.\ K'an'' to m'onoc sou \dotfill{} 64} +\line{\qquad{}7.1 T`o makr`u ka`i t`o kont`o \dotfill{} 64} +\line{\qquad{}7.2 Par'ametroi st`ic makroentol`ec \dotfill{} 67} +\line{\qquad{}7.3 M`e <'ena >'allo >'onoma \dotfill{} 70} +\line{8.\ T`a l'ajh e>~inai >anjr'wpina \dotfill{} 71} +\line{\qquad{}8.1 T`o xeqasm'eno >ant'io \dotfill{} 71} +\line{\qquad{}8.2 <H lanjasm'enh >`h >'agnwsth l'exh >el'egqou \dotfill{} 71} +\line{\qquad{}8.3 <H lanjasm'enh grammatoseir`a \dotfill{} 73} +\line{\qquad{}8.4 Majhmatik`a qwr`ic ta'iri \dotfill{} 74} +\line{\qquad{}8.5 >Agk'ulec qwr`ic ta'iri \dotfill{} 75} +\line{9.\ Sk'abontac l'igo baj'utera \dotfill{} 78} +\line{\qquad{}9.1 Meg'ala ka`i mikr`a >arqe~ia \dotfill{} 78} +\line{\qquad{}9.2 Megal'utera pak'eta {\rm macro} \dotfill{} 79} +\line{\qquad{}9.3 <Oriz'ontiec ka`i katak'orufec gramm`ec \dotfill{} 81} +\line{\qquad{}9.4 Pla'isia >ent`oc plais'iwn \dotfill{} 83} +\line{10.\ P'ec mou to <ellhnik'a! \dotfill{} 89} +\line{\qquad{}10.1 <H pi`o <apl`h l'ush \dotfill{} 90} +\line{\qquad{}10.2 Gi`a k'ati kal'utero \dotfill{} 93} +\line{\qquad{}10.3 K'apoioi sp'anioi <ellhniko`i qarakt~hrec \dotfill{} 96} +\line{\qquad{}10.4 <H leptom'ereia po`u k'anei t`hn diafor`a \dotfill{} 97} +\line{\qquad{}10.5 <Ellhnik`a majhmatik`a \dotfill{} 100} +\line{\qquad{}10.6 Mikr`oc >ep'ilogoc gi`a >ep'idoxouc stoiqeioj'etec \dotfill{} 101} +\line{11.\ Kat'alogoc >akolouji~wn >el'egqou \dotfill{} 103} +\ifwritinganswers + \line{12.\ D~ws'' mou t`o q'eri sou \dotfill{} 106} +\fi + +\section{T`o xek'inhma} + +\subsection{T'i e>~inai t`o {\lsecfont \TeX} ka`i t'i d`en e>~inai} + +>Arqik'a, >`ac do~ume poi'a e>~inai t`a >apara'ithta b'hmata gi`a +t`hn paragwg`h <en`oc >ent'upou m`e t`o {\rm \TeX}\null. T`o pr~wto +b~hma e>~inai n`a <etoim'asoume <'ena >arqe~io t`o <opo~io j`a diab'asei +t`o {\rm \TeX}\null. A>ut`o sun'hjwc >apokale~itai {\tengs >arqe~io +{\sl \TeX}} >`h ka`i {\tengs >arqe~io to~u k'wdika\/} ({\rm source +code}), ka`i mporo~ume n`a t`o <etoim'asoume m`e <'ena <opoiod'hpote +<apl`o pr'ogramma s'untaxhc keim'enou {\rm ASCII} ({\rm text editor}, +<'opwc p.q., t`o {\rm EMACS}, k.>'a.) M'alista, >e`an d`en +qrhsi\-mopoio~ume k'apoio pr'ogramma s'untaxhc keim'enou, >all`a k'apoio +pr'ogramma >epexargas'iac keim'enou (p.q., t`o {\rm WordPerfect}, +k.>'a.), t'ote >`ac pros'exoume t`o >arqe~io {\rm \TeX} n`a t`o s'wsoume +<wc >arqe~io {\rm ASCII} ka`i m'onon, <'wste n`a m`hn peri'eqei +k'apoiouc per'iergouc qarakt~hrec, qam'ogela, k.lp., to`uc <opo'iouc +d`en katalaba'inei t`o {\rm \TeX}\null. Kat'opin, pr'epei n`a tr'exoume +t`o pr'ogramma {\rm \TeX}, t`o <opo~io diab'azei t`on k'wdika ka`i +par'agei t`o ((>arqe~io {\rm DVI})) (<h >onomas'ia {\rm DVI} pro'erqetai +>ap`o t`on <'oro {\rm DeVice Independent}, po`u st`hn >Ag\-gli\-k`h +shma'i\-nei ((anex'arthto mhqan'hmatoc)){}). T`o >arqe~io {\rm DVI} +e>~inai >ad'unato n`a t`o diab'asei >'an\-jrwpoc; t`o >arqe~io {\rm DVI} +diab'azetai m'ono >ap`o <'ena >'allo pr'ogramma, t`o >apokalo'umeno +{\tengs <odhg`oc mhqan'hmatoc\/} ({\rm device driver}), po`u +par'agei ka`i t`o telik`o >'entupo t`o <opo~io mporo~ume n`a +diab'asoume\TeXref{23}. Giat'i n`a <up'arqei a>ut`o t`o >arqe~io {\rm +DVI}\null? Giat`i t`o >'idio {\rm DVI} mporo~ume n`a t`o +qrhsimopoi'hsoume gi`a n`a do~ume t`o dhmio'urghm'a mac st`hn >oj'onh +to~u termatiko~u >`h to~u proswpiko~u mac <upologist~h, >`h gi`a n`a t`o +>ektup'wsoume s`e m'ia mhqan`h fwtos'unjeshc. >E`an t`o >apo\-t'e\-lesma +st`hn >oj'onh <ikanopoie~i t`o go~usto mac, mporo~ume n`a e>'imaste +b'e\-baioi p`wc t`o >apo\-t'elesma t~hc ekt'upwshc st`hn mhqan`h +fwtos'unjeshc, s`e <'enan >ektupwt`h {\rm laser} >`h s`e +<opoio\-d'h\-pote >'allo >ektupwtik`o mhq'anhma j`a e>~inai <ol'oidio. +<'Otan >'eqoume >'hdh fti'axei t`o >arqe~io {\rm DVI} d`en qrei'azetai +n`a xanatr'exoume t`o pr'ogramma {\rm \TeX}. + +Sqhmatik'a, <h <'olh diadikas'ia, >ap`o t`hn s'untaxh to~u k'wdika +>'ewc t`hn >ekt'upwsh, >'eqei <wc >ex~hc: +$$ +{{\hbox{s'untaxh\quad} \atop \hbox{k'wdika\quad}} \atop \longrightarrow} +\lower .6cm \makebox{1.5cm}{1.5cm}% +{\vbox{\hbox to 1.5cm{\hfil >arqe~io\hfil} + \hbox to 1.5cm{\hfil k'wdika\hfil} + \hbox to 1.5cm{\hfil {\rm \TeX}\hfil}} +}% +{\hbox{\quad pr'ogramma {\rm \TeX}\quad} \atop \longrightarrow} +\lower .6cm \makebox{1.5cm}{1.5cm}% +{\vbox{\hbox to 1.5cm{\hfil >arqe~io\hfil} + \hbox to 1.5cm{\hfil {\rm DVI}\hfil}} +}% +{{\hbox{<odhg`oc} \atop \hbox{\quad mhqan'hmatoc\quad}} \atop \longrightarrow} +\lower .6cm \makebox{1.5cm}{1.5cm}% +{\vbox{\hbox to 1.5cm{\hfil >'entupo\hfil}} + % +}% +$$ + +A>ut`o shma'inei <'oti d`en mporo~ume n`a do~ume t`o >'entupo st`hn +telik'h tou morf`h kaj`wc sunt'assoume t`on k'wdika {\rm \TeX} st`o +termatik`o >`h st`on proswpik'o mac <upologist'h. >All`a <h <upomon'h +mac st`o t'eloc >antamo'ibetai: poll`a >ap`o t`a s'umbola po`u d`en +<up'arqoun sto`uc koino`uc >epexergast`ec keim'enou, <up'arqoun st`o +{\rm \TeX}\null. >Ekt`oc >ap`o a>ut'o, <h stoiqeiojes'ia to~u >ent'upou +mac g'inetai m`e >exairetik`h >akr'ibeia ka`i t`a >arqe~ia t~wn kwd'ikwn +mac mporo~ume n`a t`a ste'iloume >ap`o t`hn m'ia >'akrh t~hc g~hc st`hn +>'allh e>'ite m'esw| <en`oc mikro~u magnhtiko~u d'iskou (m'iac koin~hc +disk'etac) e>'ite (pol`u pi`o gr'hgora) m'esw| >hlektroniko~u +taqudrome'iou. + +S`e <eto~uto t`o >egqeir'idio, j`a >epikentr'wsoume t`hn prosoq'h mac +st`hn dhmiourg'ia to~u >arqe'iou (to~u k'wdika) {\rm \TeX} ka`i st`o +tr'eximo to~u >'idiou to~u progr'ammatoc {\rm \TeX} gi`a t`hn paragwg`h +sugke\-krim'enwn >apotele\-sm'atwn s`e <'ena f'ul\-lo qartio~u. +<Up'arqoun d'uo tr'opoi m`e to`uc <opo'iouc mpore~i n`a tr'exei kane`ic +t`o {\rm \TeX}: <wc >adi'aleipto ({\rm batch}) >`h <wc +>al\-lhlo\-epidr'on ({\rm interactive}) pr'ogramma. >E`an j'eloume t`o + {\rm \TeX} n`a tr'exei m'ono tou <wc >adi'aleipto, t'ote d'inoume st`on +<upologist`h t`o >arqe~io m`e t`on k'wdika {\rm \TeX}; kat'opin t`o +pr'ogramma {\rm \TeX} >epexerg'azetai t`o sugkekrim'eno >arqe~io ka`i +sta\-ma\-t'a\-ei m'onon <'o\-tan >'eqei te\-lei'w\-sei t`hn +>epexergas'ia ka`i >'eqei <etoim'asei t`o kat'al\-lh\-lo >ar\-qe~io {\rm +DVI}\null. <'Otan t`o pr'ogramma tr'eqei <wc >al\-lhlo\-epidr`on m`e +t`on qr'hsth, <o teleuta~ioc mpore~i <opoia\-d'hpote stigm`h n`a +diak'oyei t`o {\rm \TeX} ka`i n`a k'anei metabol`ec st`on k'wdika po`u +t`o {\rm \TeX} >epexer\-g'azetai, dhl.\ <o qr'hsthc mpore~i st`hn +per'iptwsh a>ut`h n`a >allhloepidr~a m`e t`o pr'ogramma. T`o n`a +qrhsimopoio~ume t`o {\rm \TeX} <wc >allhloepidr'on, m~ac >epitr'epei +t`hn stigmia'ia di'orjwsh to~u keim'enou; st`hn per'iptwsh po`u t`o {\rm +\TeX} doule'uei <wc >adi'aleipto, t'ote k'anei <'opoiec diorj'wseic +jewre~i >apara'ithtec >ap`o m'ono tou ka`i <'oso pi`o kal'utera mpore~i. +<'Olec o<i >ekd'oseic to~u {\rm \TeX} po`u kukloforo~un gi`a +proswpiko`uc <upologist'ec, kaj`wc ka`i >ark'etec po`u kukloforo~un gi`a +meg'ala <upo\-lo\-gistik`a d'iktua, dou\-le'u\-oun <wc >allhlo\-epidr'onta +progr'am\-mata. <Wst'oso, s`e <orism'ena d'iktua po`u qrhsimopoio~un +leitourgik`a sust'hmata <'opwc t`o {\rm MVS}, <o m'onoc tr'opoc +po`u mporo~ume n`a qrhsimopoi'hsoume t`o {\rm \TeX} e>~inai <wc +>adi'aleipto pr'ogramma. + +\subsection{>Ap`o t`o >arqe~io {\lsecfont \TeX} st`o >'entupo, +<h meg'alh <etoimas'ia} + +\vskip\baselineskip + +{\parskip = 0pt \noindent +[Shme'iwsh to~u suggraf'ea ka`i to~u metafrast~h: +{\tengs A>ut`h e>~inai <h m'onh par'agrafoc to~u <'olou >egqeirid'iou +<'opou g'inetai >anafor`a s`e m'ia sugkekrim'enh >'ekdosh (<'ena +pak'eto) {\sl \TeX} <h <opo'ia e>~inai kat'al\-lhlh m'ono gi`a +upologist`ec m`e <'ena <orism'eno leitourgik`o s'usthma. >E`an <o +<upologist`hc po`u qrhsimopoie~ite doule'uei m`e diaforetik`o +leitourgik`o s'usthma >`h <h dik'h sac >'ekdosh to~u {\sl \TeX} e>~inai +diaforetik'h, t'ote <h par'agrafoc <eto'uth mpore~i n`a >antikatastaje~i +>ap`o t`on dik'o sac ((topik`o <odhg`o qr'hshc)) ({\sl local guide}). +Jumhje~ite p`wc <'enac swst`oc topik`oc odhg`oc pr'epei n`a peri'eqei +t`ic parak'atw plhrofor'iec: + +\item{$\bullet$} Poi'a e>~inai t`a >arqik`a proparaskeuastik`a b'hmata + po`u pr'epei n`a >akolouj'hsei <o qr'hsthc <'wste n`a tr'exei kat'opin + m`e >epituq'ia t`o {\sl \TeX} ka`i to`uc kat'al\-lhlouc <odhgo`uc + mhqa\-nhm'atwn gi`a t`hn pr'obleyh >`h t`hn >ekt'upwsh to~u + >ent'upou tou. + +\item{$\bullet$} P~wc mpore~i n`a tr'exei k'apoioc t`o {\sl \TeX}. + +\item{$\bullet$} P~wc diab'azetai t`o >arqe~io {\tt .log}, <'opou + katagr'afontai leptom'ereiec <'opwc sf'almata st`on k'wdika, k.>'a. + +\item{$\bullet$} P~wc mpore~i n`a de~i <o qr'hsthc t`o >'entup'o tou + st`hn >oj'onh tou, ka`i p~wc mporei n`a t`o tup'wsei st`on >ektupwt'h. + +T`o parak'atw ke'imeno >anaf'eretai st`hn qr'hsh <en`oc pol`u +dhmofilo~uc pak'etou {\sl \TeX}, to~u {\sl em\TeX} po`u proor'izetai +gi`a proswpiko`uc <upologist`ec po`u leitourgo~un m`e t`o {\sl MS-DOS} +>`h t`o {\sl OS/2}.% +}% end slanted +] +}% end parskip = 0 + +S`e <eto'uth t`hn par'agrafo, j`a do~ume p~wc mpore~i n`a tr'exei +kane`ic t`o {\rm \TeX} s`e <'enan proswpik`o <upologist`h m`e +leitourgik`o s'usthma {\rm MS-DOS} >`h {\rm OS/2}. <Upot'ijetai +<'oti >'eqoume k'anei pr~wta swst`a t`hn >egkat'astash to~u +pak'etou {\rm em\TeX} st`on <upologist'h mac (m`e t`ic >apara'ithtec +>allag`ec st`a >arqe~ia {\tt autoexec.bat} ka`i {\tt config.sys}), p`wc +>'eqoume st`hn di'ajes'h mac <'ena kat'al\-lhlo pr'ogramma s'untaxhc +keim'enou {\rm ASCII} (p.q., t`o {\tt edit} tou {\rm MS-DOS}, k'apoia +parallag`h to~u {\rm EMACS} gi`a t`o {\rm MS-DOS}, k.>'a.), ka`i <'oti +gnwr'izoume p~wc n`a qeirisjo~ume a>ut`o t`o teleuta~io pr'ogramma. + +>Ef'' <'oson <'ola t`a parap'anw >alhje'uoun, <or'iste poi'a e>~inai t`a +b'hmata po`u pr'epei n`a >ako\-lou\-jo~ume {\tengb k'aje for`a} po`u +j'eloume n`a <etoim'asoume <'ena >'entupo m`e t`o {\rm \TeX} +(plh\-ktro\-lo\-go~ume st`on <upologist`h m'onon <'o,ti st`o parak'atw +ke'imeno >emfan'izetai m`e stoiqe~ia gra\-fo\-mhqa\-n~hc): + +\item{(1)} Dhmiourgo~ume m`e t`o pr'ogramma s'untaxhc keim'enou ({\rm + text editor}) t`o >arqe~io m`e t`on k'wdika {\rm \TeX}. + +\item{(2)} >Apojhke'uoume t`o >arqe~io m`e <'ena <opoiod'hpote <'onoma + ka`i pro'ektama {\tt .tex} (p.q., {\tt src.tex}) ka`i >egkatale'ipoume + t`o pr'ogramma s'untaxhc. + +\item{(3)} D'inoume t`o >arqe~io a>ut`o st`o pr'ogramma {\rm \TeX} gi`a +>epexergas'ia m`e t`hn >entol'h: + \itemitem{} $>$ {\tt tex src} + +M`e t`hn teleuta'ia >entol'h, xekin~a n`a tr'eqei t`o {\rm \TeX} ka`i +di'afora mhn'umata >emfan'izontai suneq~wc st`hn >oj'onh mac. St`o +t'eloc, >e`an <'ola p~ane kal'a, >e`an dhl.\ t`o >arqe~io to~u k'wdika +d`en peri'eqei sf'almata po`u d`en mpore~i n`a t`a diorj'wsei m'ono tou +t`o {\rm \TeX}, j`a l'aboume <'ena m'hnuma s`an t`o parak'atw: + +\beginuser +Output written on src.dvi (3 pages, 1230 bytes) +Transcript written on scr.log. +\enduser + +<'Otan l'aboume a>ut`o t`o m'hnuma st`hn >oj'onh mac, t'ote mporo~ume +n`a diab'asoume m`e t`o pr'ogramma s'untaxhc keim'enou {\rm ASCII} t`o +>arqe~io {\tt src.log}. St`o {\tt src.log} >'eqoun katagrafe~i pijan`a +sf'almata t`a <opo~ia br~hke t`o {\rm \TeX} st`o >arqe~io to~u k'wdika, +<'opwc >ep'ishc o<i diorj'wseic po`u >'eginan, o<i <'opoiec dik'ec mac +paramb'aseic, k.lp. M`e l'iga l'ogia, t`o >arqe~io {\tt src.log} +e>~inai t`o {\tengs >arqe~io >anafor~ac\/} >`h t`o ((<hmerol'ogio +katastr'wmatoc)) to~u {\rm \TeX}. + +\item{(4)} Telik'a, >e`an t`o >arqe~io to~u k'wdik'a mac d`en peri'eqei +kan'ena sobar`o sf'alma, t`o {\rm \TeX} j`a <etoim'asei ka`i <'ena +>ak'oma >arqe~io m`e t`o >'onoma: {\tt src.dvi}. A>ut`o t`o >arqe~io +mporo~ume n`a t`o do~ume st`hn >oj'onh mac. >Arke~i n`a d'wsoume t`hn +>entol'h: +\itemitem{} $>$ {\tt dviscr @lj.cnf src} + +Mporo~ume >ak'oma ka`i n`a t`o tup'wsoume m`e t`hn >entol'h: +\itemitem{} $>$ {\tt dvihplj @lj.cnf src} + +Prosoq'h: o<i d'uo parap'anw >entol`ec e>~inai kat'allhlec m'onon +st`hn per'iptwsh po`u >'eqoume >ektupwt`h {\rm Hewlett Packard +Laser\-Jet} >`h >'allon sumbat`o m`e a>ut`o t`o mont'elo. >E`an d`en +>'eqoume a>uto~u to~u e>'idouc >ektupwt~h, t'ote kal`o j`a >~htan n`a +sumbouleujo~ume t`o >arqe~io {\tt dvidrv.doc} po`u br'isketai st`on +kat'alogo {\tt \\emtex\\doc\\english}. >Eke~i, j`a bro~ume plhrofor'iec +gi`a t`o p~wc n`a tup'wsoume t`o >'entup'o mac s`e >'allou e>'idouc +>ektupwt'h. + +\def\bdots{$\textfont0=\tenbf \ldots$} %%% boldface version of \ldots +% +\subsection{Ka'i\bdots\ f'ugame!} + +Skop`oc loip`on to~u paiqnidio~u mac e>~inai <h dhmiourg'ia (s'untaxh) +katall'hlwn >arqe'iwn (kwd'ikwn) {\rm \TeX} t`a <opo~ia j`a m~ac d'wsoun +telik`a <'ena >'entupo st`hn morf`h po`u >eme~ic >epiju\-mo~ume. <'Omwc +m`e t'i moi'azei <o k'wdikac {\rm \TeX}\null? <'Ena >arqe~io k'wdika +{\rm \TeX} peri\-'eqei m'ono lati\-niko`uc qara\-kt~h\-rec po`u +mporo~ume n`a daktulo\-graf'h\-soume s`e <'ena <opoio\-d'hpote +plhktrol'ogio: mikr`a gr'ammata ka`i kefala~ia, >arijmo'uc, shme~ia +st'ixhc ka`i tonik`a shme~ia, m`e l'iga l'ogia <'olouc to`uc +sunhjism'enouc qarakt~hrec {\rm ASCII}\null. <'Ena <apl`o >agglik`o +ke'imeno daktulografe~itai <'opwc ka`i s`e m'ia gra\-fo\-mh\-qa\-n'h. +E>idik`ec >entol`ec d'inontai st`o pr'ogramma {\rm \TeX} m`e meriko`uc +{\tengs e>idiko`uc qara\-kt~hrec\/} <'opwc t`o ((karr`e)) {\tt \#} ka`i +t`o ((ka`i)) {\tt \&} (<'olouc to`uc e>idiko`uc qara\-kt~hrec j`a to`uc +>exet'asoume >analutik'wtera st`a <ep'omena kef'alaia). <Or'iste <'ena +par'adeigma <en`oc >arqe'iou {\rm \TeX}: +\beginuser +Here is my first \\TeX\\ sentence. +\\bye +\enduser +\toindex{TeX{} } \toindex{ } + +>Arqik`a bl'epoume <'oti <'oloi o<i qarakt~hrec to~u parade'igmatoc +moi'azoun s`an n`a >'eqoun grafe~i m`e t`hn gra\-fo\-mh\-qan'h. (S`e +<'ola t`a parade'igmata po`u >akoloujo~un s`e <eto~uto t`o +>eg\-qei\-r'i\-dio, <'o,ti >emfan'izetai m`e stoiqe~ia +gra\-fo\-mh\-qa\-n~hc <upot'ijetai p`wc t`o plh\-ktro\-log\-o~ume st`o +termatik`o >`h st`on proswpik'o mac <upologist'h.) Kat`a de'utero +l'ogo, >`ac pros'exoume p`wc <o qarakt'hrac t~hc >antipl'agiac gramm~hc +{\tt \\} (st`hn >Agglik'h, >all`a ka`i st`hn >argk`o t~hc plhroforik~hc, +<o qarakt'hrac a>ut`oc >onom'azetai {\rm backslash}) >emfan'izetai +tre~ic for`ec st`o par'adeigma. S'untoma pr'okeitai n`a do~ume <'oti <h +>antipl'agia e>~inai <'enac >ap`o to`uc e>idiko`uc qarakt~hrec po`u +pro\-ana\-f'erame. Loip'on, >`ac fti'axoume <'ena >arqe~io {\rm ASCII} +po`u n`a peri'eqei t`o parap'anw par'adeigma. >`Ac t`o tr'exoume +kat'opin m`e t`o {\rm \TeX} gi`a n`a fti'axoume t`o >arqe~io {\rm +DVI}\null. T'eloc, m`e t`on kat'allhlo <odhg'o, >`ac t`o tup'wsoume. +>E`an <'ola p~ane kal'a, j`a l'aboume st`a q'eria mac m'ia tupwm'enh +sel'ida m`e t`hn >ex~hc fr'ash: + +{\rm Here is my first \TeX\ sentence.} + +St`o k'atw m'eroc to~u f'ullou, j`a pr'epei >ep'ishc n`a <up'arqei ka`i +<o >arijm`oc t~hc sel'idac. >E`an t`a kataf'erame, m~ac >ax'izoun +sug\-qarht'hria! >Ap`o t`hn stigm`h po`u mpor'esame n`a <etoim'asoume +<'ena t'etoio <apl`o >'entupo m`e t`o {\rm \TeX}, e>~inai j'ema l'igou +qr'onou m'eqri n`a ft'asoume st`o shme~io n`a stoiqeiojeto~ume t`a +pl'eon pol'uploka >'entupa. T'wra <'omwc >`ac sugkr'inoume t'i d'wsame +>eme~ic st`o {\rm \TeX} ka`i t'i m~ac >ep'estreye a>ut'o. T`ic <apl`ec +>agglik`ec l'exeic t`ic plh\-ktro\-log'h\-same st`on k'wdik'a mac <wc +>'eqoun, dhl.\ qwr`ic t'ipota t`o >idia'itero, ka`i t`o {\rm \TeX} m~ac +t`ic stoiqeioj'ethse m`e <aplo`uc >'orjiouc qarakt~hrec (<'opwc j`a +do~ume parak'atw pr'okeitai gi`a qarakt~hrec t'upou {\rm roman}). +>All`a <'omwc, t`hn l'exh (({\rm \TeX})), t`hn <opo'ia d`en mporo~ume +n`a t`hn plhktrolog'hsoume st`o termatik`o mi~ac ka`i o<i qarakt~hrec +thc, {\rm T}, {\rm E} ka`i {\rm X}, d`en br'iskontai st`hn >'idia +<oriz'ontia e>uje'ia gramm'h, t`hn gr'ayame <wc m'ia l'exh po`u xekin~a +m`e t`on e>idik`o qarakt'hra t~hc >antipl'agiac. >Ex a>it'iac a>ut~hc +t~hc antipl'agiac, t`o {\rm \TeX} kat'alabe <'oti <h l'exh {\tt \\TeX} +e>~inai k'ati t`o e>idik`o ka`i >'epraxe kat'allhla. T`a periss'otera +s'umbola t`a <opo~ia d`en e>~inai koin`a gr'ammata, >arijmo`i >`h +shme~ia st'ixhc t`a gr'afoume st`on k'wdika (>arqe~io {\rm \TeX}) <wc +l'exeic po`u t`o pr~wto touc gr'amma e>~inai <h >antipl'agia gramm'h. +>E`an pros'exoume l'igo >ak'oma periss'otero, j`a do~ume p`wc ka`i <h +l'exh (({\rm first})) >'eqei >all'axei:\TeXref{4} t`a d'uo pr~wta +gr'ammat'a thc >'eqoun <enwje~i ma\-z`i ka`i d`en <up'arqei <h diakrit`h +tele'ia >ep'anw >ap`o t`o gr'amma (({\rm i})). A>ut`h e>~inai m'ia +koin`h praktik`h t~wn tupogr'afwn; <orism'enoi sunduasmo`i gramm'atwn +ka`i >'allwn tupografik~wn stoiqe'iwn >anti\-kaji\-st~w\-ntai >ap`o +<'ena stoiqe~io t`o <opo~io >apokale~itai st`hn >Agglik`h {\rm ligature} +ka`i st`hn <Ellhnik`h {\tengs s'unjeto\/} >`h {\tengs pol\-la\-pl`o +stoiqe~io}. <O l'ogoc <'uparxhc t~wn s'unjetwn stoiqe'iwn e>~inai +kajar`a a>isjhtik'oc; >arke~i n`a sugkr'inoume t`a d'uo pr~wta gr'ammata +t~hc l'exhc (({\rm first})) m`e t`a >ant'istoiqa t~hc l'exhc (({\rm +f{}irst})), gi`a n`a do~ume t`hn diafor'a. T'eloc, s''\NB a>ut`o t`o +mikr`o par'adeigma, <up'arqei <h l'exh {\tt \\bye}\toindex{bye} <h +<opo'ia d`en m~ac d'inei t'ipota st`o f'ullo to~u qartio~u po`u +>'eqoume st`a q'eria mac. A>ut`h <h >entol'h --- giat`i per`i >entol~hc +pr'okeitai --- <apl`a l'eei st`o {\rm \TeX} <'oti st`o shme~io a>ut`o +telei'wnei t`o ke'imeno po`u e>~inai pr`oc stoi\-qeio\-j'e\-thsh. J`a +m'ajoume pol`u periss'oterec t'etoiec >entol`ec kaj`wc j`a proqwro~ume +<'olo ka`i baj'utera st`a mustik`a to~u {\rm \TeX}. + +>`Ac r'ixoume <'omwc m'ia mati`a ka`i st`o >arqe~io {\tt .log} po`u m~ac +dhmio'urghse t`o {\rm\TeX}\null. T`o >ar\-qe~io a>ut`o mpore~i n`a +diaf'erei >ap`o >'ekdosh s`e >'ekdosh to~u {\rm \TeX} gi`a +diaforetiko`uc <upologist`ec ka`i diaforetik`a leitourgik`a sust'hmata. +<'Omwc genik'a, j`a pr'epei n`a de'iqnei k'apwc >'etsi: +\beginuser +1.\ This is TeX, Vers.\ 3.14159 (preloaded format=plain 92.6.8) 97.1.18 12:10 +2.\ **src +3.\ (src.tex [1] ) +4.\ Output written on src.dvi (1 page, 256 bytes). +\enduser + +<'Opwc >'hdh >anaf'erame, a>ut`o e>~inai t`o >arqe~io po`u j`a +peri'eqei <'ola t`a mhn'umata gi`a sf'al\-mata st`on k'wdik'a mac. St`hn +>ar'ada 3, t`o {\tt (src.tex\ } de'iqnei <'oti t`o {\rm \TeX} >'arqise +n`a diab'azei a>ut`o t`o >arqe~io. <H parous'ia to~u {\tt [1]} de'iqnei +<'oti <h selida\NB 1 >'eqei >'hdh stoiqeiojethje~i. >E`an <up~hrqan +l'ajh st`hn sel'ida\NB 1, j`a e>'iqan katagrafe~i s''\NB a>ut`o >akrib~wc +t`o shme~io. + +\exercise Prosj'este m'ia >ak'oma pr'otash st`o >arqik`o par'adeigma, +>'etsi <'wste t`o >arqe~io {\rm \TeX} n`a de'iqnei <wc >ex~hc: +\beginuser +Here is my first \\TeX\\ sentence. +I was the one who typeset it! +\\bye +\enduser + +\noindent +Tr'exte t`o {\rm \TeX} ka`i de~ite t`o >apot'elesma. E>~inai <h +de'uterh pr'otash stoiqeiojethm'enh s`e m'ia n'ea >ar'ada? + +\exercise T'wra prosj'este t`hn parak'atw >entol`h st`o >arqe~io: +\beginuser +\\nopagenumbers +\enduser + +\noindent +Mant'eyte t'i j`a sumbe~i <'otan j`a tr'exete t`o n'eo >arqe~io to~u +k'wdika m`e t`o {\rm \TeX}\null. T'wra, doki\-m'aste st`hn pr'axh n`a +de~ite t'i >akrib~wc sumba'inei. +\toindex{nopagenumbers} + +\exercise Prosj'este tre~ic >`h t'esseric >ak'oma prot'aseic st`on +k'wdika (dhl.\ st`o >arqe~io). Qrhsimopoi~hste latinik`a gr'ammata, +>arijmo'uc, tele~iec, k'ommata, >erwthmatik`a ka`i jau\-ma\-sti\-k'a, +>all`a >'oqi >'allou e>'idouc s'umbola (>idia'itera >apof'ugete n`a +b'al\-lete <ellhnik`a gr'am\-ma\-ta --- gi''\NB a>ut`a j`a mil'hsoume +sto kef'alaio\NB 10!). + +\exercise >Af~hste m'ia ken`h >ar'ada ka`i prosj'este kat'opin merik`ec +>ak'oma prot'aseic. >'Etsi j`a de~ite p~wc mpore~ite n`a l'abete st`o +>'entup'o sac n'eec paragr'afouc. +\medskip + +>'Eqoume de~i m'eqric >ed~w t`hn basik`h >arq`h gi`a t`hn <etoimas'ia +to~u k'wdika (>`h >arqe'iou) {\rm\TeX}: <h morf`h tou keim'enou st`on +k'wdika {\rm \TeX} d`en e>~inai <h >'idia m`e a>ut`h to~u teliko~u +>ent'upou. D`en mporo~ume, gi`a par'adeigma, n`a prosj'esoume +megal'utero ken`o di'asthma metax`u d'uo l'exewn s`e m'ia >ar'ada to~u +>ent'upou m`e t`o n`a b'aloume merik`a epipl'eon ken`a diast'hmata st`on +k'wdika. <'Ena >`h ka`i peris\-s'otera ken`a diast'hmata st`on k'wdika +j`a m~ac d'wsoun t`o >'idio ken`o di'asthma st`hn >ar'ada to~u >ent'upou. +>Epipl'eon, <'opwc >'iswc j`a t`o perim'ename, m'ia l'exh st`o t'eloc +m'iac gramm~hc to~u k'wdika d`en j`a <enwje~i m`e t`hn <ep'omenh l'exh +st`o telik`o >'entupo. M'alista, meri\-k`ec for`ec <'otan doule'uoume +<'ena ke'imeno st`o <opo~io e>~inai pol`u pijan`o n`a g'inoun poll`ec +ka`i sh\-manti\-k`ec >allag'ec, >'iswc e>~inai protim'wtero n`a gr'afoume +k'aje pr'otash <wc m'ia xeqwrist`h >ar'ada. <Wst'oso, ken`a +diast'hmata st`hn >arq`h m'iac gramm~hc k'wdika, p'antote parabl'epontai +>ap`o t`o {\rm\TeX}. + +\exercise Prosj'este t`hn parak'atw pr'otash <wc m'ia n'ea par'agrafo +st`on k'wdik'a sac ka`i kat'opin tr'exte t`o {\rm \TeX} gi`a n`a t`hn +stoiqeiojet'hsei: +\beginuser +Congratulations! You received a grade of 100\% on your latest +examination. +\enduser + +\noindent +T`o s'umbolo ((>ep`i to~ic <ekat`o)) {\tt\%} qrhsimopoie~itai gi`a +sq'olia >ent`oc to~u >arqe'iou {\rm\TeX}\null. <Oti\-d'h\-pote +>akolouje~i met`a >ap`o a>ut`o t`o s'umbolo st`hn >'idia gramm`h to~u +k'wdika parabl'epetai >ap`o t`o {\rm \TeX}\null. >`Ac pros'exoume +>ak'oma <'oti ka`i t`o ken`o di'asthma po`u kanonik`a qwr'izei t`hn +teleuta'ia l'exh t~hc pr'wthc gramm~hc {\tt 100} >ap`o t`hn pr'wth +l'exh t~hc de'uterhc gramm~hc {\tt examination} >'eqei qaje~i. T'wra, +>`ac b'aloume m'ia >antipl'agia >empr`oc >ap`o t`o s'umbolo {\tt\%} gi`a +n`a diorjwje~i <h pr'otash. +\toindex{\%} + +\exercise Prosj'este t`hn <ep'omenh pr'otash <wc m'ia n'ea par'agrafo: +\beginuser +You owe me \$10.00 and it's about time you sent it to me! +\enduser + +\noindent +<H fr'ash t~hc teleuta'iac >'askhshc j`a m~ac d'wsei <'ena m'hnuma +l'ajouc st`o >arqe~io {\tt .log}. >E`an tr'eqoume t`o {\rm \TeX} <wc +>allhloepidr'on, t'ote t`o {\rm \TeX} j`a m~ac d'wsei <'ena m'hnuma +st`hn >oj'onh ka`i j`a diak'oyei t`hn leitour\-g'ia tou; st`hn +per'iptwsh a>ut`h pr'epei n`a pi'esoume t`o pl~h\-ktro {\rm Enter} >`h +{\rm Return} gi`a n`a suneq'isei t`o {\rm \TeX} t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia to~u +k'wdika. <'Omwc, t`o >apot'elesma st`o qart`i d`en j`a e>~inai a>ut`o +po`u perim'enoume. >E`an >ano'ixoume ka`i diab'asoume t`o >arqe~io {\tt +.log}, j`a p'aroume m'ia ge'ush p~wc katagr'afei t`a l'ajh mac t`o {\rm +\TeX}\null. >All`a gi`a t`hn <'wra >`ac m`hn d'wsoume kam'ia shmas'ia +st`o peri'e\-qomeno t~wn mhnum'atwn a>ut~wn, mi~ac ka`i j`a po~ume pol`u +periss'otera pr'agmata gi`a l'ajh parak'atw (ka`i gi`a t`o sugkekrim'eno +po`u m'olic e>'idame). Kal'utera, >`ac diorj'wsoume t`on k'wdik'a mac +b'azontac m'ia >anti\-pl'a\-gia >empr`oc >ap`o t`o s'umbolo {\tt \$} +ka`i >`ac xanatr'exoume t`o {\rm \TeX}\null. (<Up'arqoun l'igoi +qara\-kt~hrec, <'opwc t`o ((>ep`i to~ic <ekat`o)) >`h t`o s'umbolo to~u +dolar'iou, to`uc <opo'iouc qrhsi\-mopoie~i t`o {\rm \TeX} gi`a +<orism'enouc e>idiko`uc skopo'uc. S'untoma, j`a do~ume <'enan +p'inaka m`e <'olouc a>uto`uc to`uc qarakt~hrec.) +\toindex{\$} + +\subsection{T`o {\lsecfont \TeX} >el'egqei t`a p'anta} + +E>'idame parap'anw <'oti <h >antipl'agia >'eqei <'enan e>idik`o r'olo. +<Opoia\-d'hpote >akolouj'ia qa\-ra\-kt'hrwn xekin~a m`e t`hn +>antipl'agia j`a diermhneuje~i kat`a tr'opo e>idik`o >ap`o t`o {\rm +\TeX} <'otan t`o pr'ogramma a>ut`o diab'azei t`on k'wdik'a mac. M'ia +t'etoia seir`a qarakt'hrwn >apokale~itai {\tengs >ako\-louj'ia +>el'egqou\/} ({\rm control sequence}) >`h {\tengs >entol'h\/} ({\rm +command}). M'alista, <up'arqoun d'uo t'upoi >ako\-louji~wn >el'egqou: +m'ia {\tengs l'exh >el'egqou\/} ({\rm control word}) >apotele~itai >ap`o +m'ia >anti\-pl'a\-gia >ako\-lou\-jo'u\-menh >am'eswc >ap`o m'ia seir`a +latinik~wn gramm'atwn (p.q., {\tt \\TeX}); <'ena {\tengs s'umbolo +>el'egqou\/} ({\rm control symbol}) >apotele~itai >ap`o m'ia +>anti\-pl'agia >ako\-lou\-jo'u\-menh >ap`o <'enan ka`i monadik`o +qarakt'hra po`u <'omwc d`en e>~inai gr'amma to~u latiniko~u >alfab'htou +(p.q., {\tt \\\$})\null. Mi~ac ka`i t`o ken`o di'a\-sthma d`en e>~inai +gr'amma to~u latiniko~u >alfab'htou, m'ia >antipl'agia +>ako\-lou\-jo'u\-menh >ap`o <'ena ken`o di'asthma >apotele~i gi`a t`o +{\rm \TeX} <'ena kanonik`o s'umbolo >el'egqou. +\TeXref{7--8} +St`hn sun'eqeia <eto'utou to~u >egqeirid'iou, <'otan j`a j'e\-loume +n`a ton'isoume <'oti pr'ag\-mati <up'ar\-qei s`e k'apoio shme~io ken`o +di'asthma, j`a qrhsimopoio~ume t`o e>idik`o s'um\-bolo\NB {\tt\sp}\null. +<O >'idioc sumbolism`oc <up'arqei ka`i st`o {\sl \TeX book}. + +<'Otan t`o {\rm \TeX} diab'azei t`on k'wdik'a mac ka`i sunant~a m'ia +>antipl'agia t~hc <opo'iac <'epetai <'ena latinik`o gr'amma, t'ote t`o +pr'ogramma >antilamb'anetai <'oti pr'okeitai gi`a m'ia l'exh >el'egqou. +T`o {\rm \TeX} suneq'izei n`a diab'azei t`a gr'ammata a>ut~hc t~hc +l'exhc <'ena-pr`oc-<'ena, >'ewc <'otou sunant'hsei k'apoion qarakt'hra +po`u n`a m`hn >apotele~i gr'amma to~u latiniko~u >alfab'htou. Gi`a +par'adeigma, >e`an <o k'wdik'ac mac peri'eqei t`hn pr'otash + +\displaytext{\tt I like \\TeX!} + +\noindent +<h l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\TeX} termat'izetai >ap`o t`o jaumastik'o, t`o +<opo~io d`en >apo\-tele~i gr'amma to~u latiniko~u >alfab'htou. <Wst'oso, +a>ut`o m~ac dhmiourge~i <'ena pr'oblhma >e`an j'eloume n`a <up'arqei +<'ena ken`o di'asthma met`a >ap`o m'ia l'exh >el'egqou. >'Estw, p.q., +<'oti >'eqoume t`hn pr'otash + +\displaytext{\tt I like \\TeX and use it all the time.} + +\noindent St`on k'wdika a>ut'o, <h l'exh >el'egqou {\tt\\TeX} +termat'izetai >ap`o <'ena ken`o di'asthma (t`o <opo~io, pro\-fa\-n~wc, +d`en e>~inai gr'amma to~u latiniko~u >alfab'htou). Sunep~wc st`o +>'entup'o mac, o<i l'exeic (({\rm\TeX})) ka`i (({\rm and})) j`a +koll'hsoun metax'u touc. T`o n`a prosj'esoume periss'otera ken`a +diast'hmata metax`u t~wn d'uo l'exewn st`on k'wdika d`en >wfele~i s`e +t'ipota, >epeid'h, <'opwc proanaf'erame, t`o {\rm \TeX} d`en k'anei +di'akrish metax`u <en`oc >`h poll~wn ken~wn diasthm'atwn to~u k'wdika. +<'Omwc, m`e t`o n`a prosj'esoume m'ia >antipl'agia ka`i <'ena ken`o +di'asthma (dhl.\ t`o s'umbolo >el'egqou {\tt\\\sp}) >am'eswc met`a t`hn +l'exh >el'egqou, j`a d'wsoume st`o {\rm \TeX} n`a katal'abei <'oti <h +l'exh >el'egqou tele'iwse ka`i j`a t`o >anagk'asoume n`a b'alei >eke~i +<'ena ken`o di'asthma. E>~inai pr'agmati pol`u e>'ukolo n`a xeqn~a +kane`ic n`a b'azei k'ati <'opwc {\tt\\\sp} met`a >ap`o l'exeic >el'egqou +--- st`a s'igoura <'oloi k'anoun a>ut`o t`o l'ajoc toul'aqiston m'ia +for`a kaj`wc maja'inoun t`o {\rm \TeX}\null. + +\exercise <Etoim'aste <'enan k'wdika (>arqe~io) {\rm \TeX} po`u n`a s~ac +d'wsei t`hn <ep'omenh par'agrafo: + +{\rm +I like \TeX! Once you get the hang of it, \TeX{} is really easy to use. +You just have to master the \TeX nical aspects. +} + +O<i periss'oterec l'exeic >el'egqou >apotelo~un >agglik`a >akr'wnuma +po`u d'inoun k'apoia >'endeixh gi`a t`o t'i skop`o +>exu\-phreto~un. Gi`a par'a\-deigma, mpo\-ro~ume n`a qrhsimopoi'hsoume +t`hn l'exh {\tt \\par} gi`a n`a dhl'wsoume <'oti xekino~ume m'ia n'ea +par'agrafo, >ant`i n`a k'anoume a>ut`o >af'h\-nontac m'ia ken`h +gramm`h st`on k'wdika. Profan~wc, <h l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\par} >'eqei +>onomasje~i >ap`o t`hn l'exh {\rm paragraph} (<h <opo'ia d`en e>~inai +m'al\-lon >apokleistik`a >ag\-glik'h). +\toindex{par} + +\subsection{T'i d`en k'anei t`o {\lsecfont \TeX}} + +T`o {\rm \TeX} e>~inai >'aristo st`hn stoiqeiojes'ia >ent'upwn, >all`a +<up'arqoun <orism'ena pr'agmata st`a <opo~ia d`en e>~inai ka`i t'oso +kal'o. <'Ena >ap`o a>ut`a t`a pr'agmata e>~inai t`a sq'hmata. Mporo~ume +n`a >af'hnoume meg'alouc keno`uc q'wrouc gi`a t`hn met'epeita >'enjesh +sqhm'atwn, >all`a t`o >'idio t`o {\rm \TeX} d`en e>~inai pr'ogramma gi`a +t`hn paragwg`h s'unjetwn grafik~wn parast'asewn. <Wst'oso t`o {\rm +\TeX} >epitr'epei t`hn a>ut'o\-math >'enjesh sqhm'atwn po`u peri'eqontai +s`e >arqe~ia e>ik'onwn (p.q., >arqe~ia {\rm bitmap}) m`e t`hn l'exh +>el'egqou {\tt \\special}\TeXref{228--229}, >all`a gi'' a>ut`o pr'epei +n`a <up'arqei ka`i <o ka\-t'al\-lhloc <odhg`oc po`u n`a mpore~i n`a +diab'azei t'etoiou e>'idouc >arqe~ia. + +T`o {\rm \TeX} <etoim'azei p'anta >'entupa t~wn <opo'iwn o<i >ar'adec +e>~inai <oriz'ontiec ka`i pot`e pl'agiec. M`e t`o {\rm \TeX}, e>~inai +genik`a >ad'unato n`a pro\-stejo~un s`e <'ena >'entupo katak'orufec +>ar'adec, dhl.\ s`e t'etoia morf`h <'wste o<i gramm`ec b'ashc t~wn +>ar'adwn n`a e>~inai par'allhlec m`e t`hn me\-ga\-l'u\-te\-rh pleu\-r`a +to~u qartio~u. M'ono <orism'enoi <odhgo`i mporo~un n`a kataf'eroun +t'etoia >apotel'esmata (p.q., <o <odhg`oc {\tt dvips} gi`a >ektu\-pwt`h +{\rm Post\-Script}); t`o {\rm \TeX} >ap`o m'ono tou d`en mpore~i. +>Ep'ishc, t`o {\rm \TeX} d`en t`a kataf'ernei pol`u kal`a ka`i m`e t`ic +megej'unseic t~wn stoiqe'iwn, t`hn qr'hsh stoiqe'iwn diaforetiko~u +e>'idouc, dhl.\ diaforetik~wn {\tengs grammatoseir~wn}, ka`i t`ic +parallag`ec t~wn grammatoseir~wn po`u >onom'azontai {\tengs t'upoi\/} +(p.q., >'orjia, pl'agia, >'entona, k.>'a.). + +E>'idame m'eqric >ed~w <'oti gi`a k'aje >'entupo po`u >'eqoume n`a +<etoim'asoume, <up'arqei <'enac k'ukloc >ergasi~wn po`u pr'epei n`a +>ektel'esoume: {\tengs s'untaxh k'wdika $\to$ tr'eximo to~u {\sl\TeX} +$\to$ <od'hghsh s`e pr'o\-ble\-yh >`h >ekt'upwsh}. A>ut`o >isq'uei gi`a +<'olec t`ic >ekd'oseic to~u {\rm\TeX}, ak'omh ka`i gi''\NB a>ut`ec po`u +<up'arqoun gi`a meg'ala <upologistik`a d'iktua. Dhl., d`en e>~inai +dunat`o n`a gr'afoume t`on k'wdik'a mac ka`i t`hn >'idia stigm`h n`a +bl'epoume st`hn >oj'onh t`o dhmio'ur\-ghm'a mac; pr'epei p'anta n`a +>epa\-na\-lam\-b'anoume t`on >'idio k'uklo >ergasi~wn. <Wst'oso +<orism'enec parallag`ec to~u {\rm \TeX} >epitr'epoun t`o sqed`on +taut'oqrono gr'ayimo to~u k'wdika ka`i parous'iash to~u +stoiqeiojethm'enou >ent'upou (>'iswc m`e l'iga deute\-r'olepta +kaju\-st'erhsh). Kaj`wc o<i <upologist`ec ka`i o<i +mikro\-epexer\-gast`ec g'inontai <'olo ka`i pi`o gr'hgoroi, mpore~i +s'untoma n`a do~ume belti'wseic st`o j'ema a>ut'o. + +\section{<'Oloi o<i qarakt~hrec, meg'aloi ka`i mikro`i} + +\subsection{Meriko`i qarakt~hrec e>~inai pi`o ((sp'esial))} + +E>'idame st`o prohgo'umeno kef'alaio <'oti <o k'wdikac {\rm \TeX} +gr'afetai st`o megal'utero m'eroc tou <wc <apl`o ke'imeno +daktulo\-grafh\-m'eno st`hn grafo\-mhqa\-n'h. >All`a e>'idame >ep'ishc +<'oti <h >antipl'agia mpore~i n`a qrhsime'usei gi`a d'uo toul'aqiston +skopo'uc. Mpore~i n`a qrhsimopoihje~i gi`a n`a m~ac d'wsei s'umbola >`h +sunduasmo`uc sumb'olwn po`u d`en <up'ar\-qoun st`o plhktrol'ogi'o mac: +gr'afontac st`on k'wdik'a mac {\tt \\TeX}, lamb'anoume t`o s'umbolo +(log'otupo, gi`a t`hn >akr'ibeia) {\rm \TeX}\null. <H >anti\-pl'agia +mpore~i >ak'oma n`a qrhsimopoihje~i gi`a n`a d'wsoume st`o pr'ogramma +{\rm \TeX} <orism'enec <odhg'iec: t`o {\tt \\bye} diat'azei t`o {\rm +\TeX} n`a stamat'hsei n`a diab'azei t`o >arqe~io m`e t`on k'wdika. +Genik'a, m'ia l'exh st`on k'wdika po`u xekin~a m`e t`hn >antipl'agia +<ermhne'uetai >ap`o t`o {\rm \TeX} <wc k'ati po`u >apaite~i +>idia'i\-terh prosoq'h. <Up'arqoun merik`ec <ekaton\-t'adec t'etoiwn +>akolouji~wn (l'exewn >`h sumb'olwn) >el'egqou po`u t`o {\rm \TeX} +gnwr'izei >ek t~wn prot'erwn. >Epi\-pl'eon, <'opwc ja do~ume >arg'otera, +mporo~ume n`a <or'isoume ka`i >eme~ic t`ic dik'ec mac par'omoiec l'exeic +>el'egqou. Sunep~wc <h >anti\-pl'agia >eqei meg'alh shmas'ia. +Parak'atw, j`a xod'e\-youme k'amposo qr'ono prospaj'wntac n`a m'ajoume +t`hn qr'hsh merik~wn l'exewn >el'egqou; e>utuq~wc, st`hn kajhmerin`h +pr'axh, m~ac >arke~i m'onon <'enac mikr`oc >arij\-m`oc t'etoiwn l'exewn. + +<Up'arqoun d'eka qarakt~hrec o<i <opo~ioi, <'opwc ka`i <h >antipl'agia, +qrhsi\-mopoio~u\-ntai >ap`o t`o {\rm \TeX} gi`a e>idiko`uc skopo`uc, +ka`i j`a pr'epei t'wra n`a do~ume poio'i e>~inai a>uto'i.\TeXref{37--38} +P~wc <'omwc j`a mporo'u\-same n`a gr'ayoume m'ia pr'otash po`u n`a +peri'eqei <'enan >ap`o a>uto`uc to`uc qarakt~hrec? >'Eqontac a>ut`o +st`on no~u mac, j`a rwt'hsoume: + +\item{---} Poio'i e>~inai o<i di'aforoi e>idiko`i qarakt~hrec? + +\item{---} P~wc mporo~ume n`a l'aboume <'enan e>idik`o qarakt'hra st`o +>'entup'o mac >e`an k'ati t'etoio e>~inai >apara'ithto? + +<Or'iste <'enac p'inakac m`e <'olouc to`uc e>idiko`uc qarakt~hrec ka`i +t`o p~wc gr'afetai <o kaj'enac (dhl.\ o<i >apara'ithtec >entol`ec po`u +pr'epei n`a grafo~un st`o >arqe~io {\rm \TeX}) prokeim'enou n`a to`uc +l'aboume st`o >'entup'o mac: + +\maketable [Qarakt~hrec po`u >apaito~un prosoq`h] +\halign{ + \strut \hfil\rm #\hfil & \quad # \hfil & \quad\hfil\tt #\hfil\cr + \tengb Qarakt'hrac & \tengb Skop'oc & \tengb K'wdikac gi`a t`hn \cr + & & \tengb >emf'anish \cr + \noalign{\smallskip} \noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} + $\backslash$ & >Akolouj'iec >el'egqou (>entol'ec) & \$\\backslash\$ \cr + $\{$ & >'Anoigma sun'olou & \$\\\lb\$ \cr + $\}$ & Kle'isimo sun'olou & \$\\\rb\$ \cr + \% & Sq'olia & \\\% \cr + \&{} & E>ujugr'ammish keim'enou ka`i pin'akwn & \\\& \cr + \~{} & >Adi'akopto di'asthma >ar'adac (s'undesmoc) & \\\~{}\lb\rb \cr + \${} & >Arq`h >`h t'eloc majhmatiko~u keim'enou & \\\$ \cr + \^{} & Majhmatiko`i >ekj'etec & \\\^{}\lb\rb \cr + {\rm\underscore} & Majhmatiko`i de~iktec & \\\_{}\lb\rb \cr + \#{} & Sumb'olo >antikat'astashc s`e n'eo <orism'o & \\\# \cr + } + +\toindex{\lb} +\toindex{\rb} +\toindex{\%} +\toindex{\&} +\toindex{\~{}} +\toindex{\$} +\toindex{\^{}} +\toindex{\_{}} +\toindex{\#} + + +\subsection{Stoiqeiojes'ia tonik~wn shme'iwn} + +Ka`i t'wra j`a do~ume merik`a >ap`o t`a kal`a to~u {\rm \TeX}\null! +M'eqri stig\-m~hc >'eqoume qrhsimo\-poi'hsei t`o {\rm \TeX} m'ono gi`a +n`a m~ac stoiqeiojet'hsei k'apoiec >agglik`ec fr'aseic. <'Omwc t'wra +j`a >arq'isoume n`a k'anoume pr'agmata po`u e>~inai >ap`o pol`u d'uskolo +>'ewc >ad'unato n`a g'inoun m`e m'ia grafo\-mhqan'h. E>idik'wtera, j`a +do~ume p~wc e>~inai dunat`o n`a gr'afoume lati\-niko`uc qara\-kt~hrec +po`u >'eqoun ka`i t'onouc! P~wc j`a gr'afame <'enan t'ono s`e <'ena +plh\-ktro\-l'ogio po`u d`en >'eqei t'onouc? <'Opwc ka`i st`hn +per'iptwsh to~u log'otupou {\rm \TeX}, >'etsi ka`i >ed~w e>~inai +>apara'i\-thto n`a gr'ayoume st`on k'wdik'a mac l'exeic po`u xekino~un +m`e t`hn >anti\-pl'agia. Gi`a t`hn gallik`h l'exh {\rm premi\`{e}re} +(<h <opo'ia >'eqei per'asei ka`i st`hn gl'wssa mac <wc ((premi'era)){}), +qrei'azetai n`a gr'ayoume st`on k'wdik'a mac {\tt premi\\`ere} +(>'iswc n`a qreiasje~i n`a y'axoume lig'aki gi`a n`a bro~ume t`o +s'umbolo t~hc dase'iac {\tt `} st`o plhktrol'ogi'o mac, >all`a k'apou +>eke~i br'isketai\fnote{>E`an t`o s'umbolo a>ut`o d`en <up'arqei st`o +plhktro\-l'ogi'o mac, mpo\-ro~ume n`a gr'a\-you\-me st`on k'wdika {\tt +\\lq\lb\rb}. Kat`a par'o\-moio tr'opo, gr'afontac st`on k'wdika {\tt +\\rq\lb\rb} j`a l'aboume t`o s'um\-bolo\NB{\tt '}. Mporo~ume n`a +jum'omaste a>ut`ec t`ic >entol`ec <wc suntomo\-graf'iec t~wn +>agglik~wn <'orwn {\rm left quote} ka`i {\rm right quote}. >Ak'oma, +gr'afontac {\tt \\lq\\lq\lb\rb} ka`i {\tt \\rq\\rq\lb\rb} lamb'anoume +t`a sunh\-jism'ena e>isagwgik`a t~wn >agglik~wn: {\rm ``} ka`i\NB{\rm +''}. (Prosoq'h: t`a e>isagwgik`a t~wn <ellhnik~wn d`en e>~inai <'omoia +m`e a>ut`a t~wn >agglik~wn >`h germanik~wn k.>'a.\ >ent'upwn! T`a +<ellhnik`a e>isagwgik`a ((\NB ka`i\NB )) j`a t`a >exet'asoume st`o +kef'alaio\NB 10.) <'Omwc m`e >ento\-l`ec <'opwc {\tt \\lq\lb\rb}, d`en +j`a kataf'e\-roume n`a l'aboume to`uc t'onouc po`u j'eloume, gi''\NB +a>ut`o kal'utera >`ac bro~ume <'ena swst`o plh\-ktro\-l'ogio.}). Genik'a, +gi`a n`a l'aboume <'ena toni\-sm'e\-no gr'amma, pr'epei n`a gr'ayoume m'ia +mikr`h >ako\-lou\-j'ia >el'egqou, <'ena s'umbolo >el'egqou, >empr`oc +>ap`o t`o gr'amma po`u j'eloume n`a ton'isoume. + +<Or'iste merik`a parade'igmata: +$$\vbox{ + +\halign{ +\strut \hfil\tt # & \quad\rm # \hfil\cr +\tengb K'wdikac {\bf \TeX} & \tengb >Apot'elesma \cr +\noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} +\\`a la mode & \`a la mode \cr +r\\'esum\\'e & r\'esum\'e \cr +soup\\c{\sp}con & soup\c con \cr +No\\"el & No\"el \cr +na\\"\\i{\sp}ve & na\"\i ve \cr +} +}$$ + +St`a parap'anw parade'igmata bl'epoume <'oti o<i periss'oteroi t'onoi +lamb'anontai qrhsimopoi'wntac s'umbola >el'egqou par'omoiac morf~hc. +Merik`a >ap`o t`a tonik`a shme~ia par'agontai m`e l'exeic >el'egqou o<i +<opo~iec peri'eqoun <'ena m'ono gr'amma. St`ic peript'wseic a>ut`ec +>apaite~itai l'igh prosoq'h; <'ena ken`o di'asthma pr'epei n`a +>akolouje~i met`a t`hn l'exh >el'egqou. >E`an gr'a\-you\-me st`on +k'wdik'a mac {\tt soup\\ccon}, t`o {\rm \TeX} j`a prospaj'hsei n`a bre~i +t'i shma'inei <h l'exh >el'egqou {\tt\\ccon}\fnote{J`a do~ume pi`o k'atw +p`wc <up'arqei m'ia >ak'oma m'ejodoc gi`a t`hn >apofug`h t'etoiwn +sfalm'atwn. E>~inai <h m'ejodoc t~hc dhmiourg'iac sun'olwn, t`ic +>arq`ec t~hc <opo'iac j`a t`ic suzh\-t'h\-sou\-me st`o kef'a\-laio\NB +4.}.\TeXref{52--53} + +>Ax'izei >ep'ishc n`a pros'exoume <'oti, s`e <'ena >ap`o t`a parap'anw +parade'igmata, <up'arqei <h l'exh >el'eg\-qou\NB{\tt \\i}. A>ut`h <h +mono\-gr'am\-math >entol`h m~ac d'inei t`o lati\-nik`o gr'amma (({\rm +i})) qwr`ic t`hn tele'ia; <h >afa'iresh t~hc tele'iac >ap`o t`o (({\rm +i})) >epitr'epei t`hn swst`h topo\-j'ethsh to~u t'onou >ep'anw >ap`o t`o +kat'wtero m'eroc {\rm \i} to~u gr'am\-matoc. <Up'arqei m'ia >ak'oma +>an'alogh l'exh >el'egqou {\tt\\j} po`u m~ac d'i\-nei t`o gr'amma (({\rm +j})) qwr`ic tele'ia gi`a peript'wseic tonismo~u. + +\maketable [Tonik`a shme~ia >akoloujo'umena >am'eswc >ap`o gr'amma] +\halign{ + \strut \hfil #\hfil & \quad \hfil \tt #\hfil & \hfil \quad\rm #\hfil\cr + \tengb >'Onoma & \tengb K'wdikac {\bf \TeX} & \tengb >Apot'elesma \cr + \noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} + >oxe'ia ({\rm acute}) & \\'o & \'o \cr + bare'ia ({\rm grave}) & \\`o & \`o \cr + gallik`h perispwm'enh ({\rm circumflex}) & \\\^{}o & \^o \cr + dialutik'a ({\rm umlaut/dieresis/tr\'emat}) & \\"{}o & \"o \cr + <ellhnik`h perispwm'enh ({\rm tilde}) & \\\~{}o & \~o \cr + makr'o ({\rm macron}) & \\={}o & \=o \cr + tele'ia ({\rm dot}) & \\\char'056{}o & \.o \cr + } + +\toindex{`} +\toindex{'} +\toindex{\^{}} +\toindex{"} +\toindex{i} +\toindex{j} +\toindex{=} +\toindex{.} + +\maketable [Tonik`a shme~ia po`u >apaito~un >endi'ameso ken`o di'asthma] +\halign{ + \strut \hfil\rm #\hfil & \quad \hfil\tt #\hfil & \hfil\rm\quad #\hfil\cr + \tengb >'Onoma & \tengb K'wdikac {\bf \TeX} & \tengb >Apot'elesma \cr + \noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} + cedilla & \\c o & \c{o} \cr + underdot & \\d o & \d{o} \cr + underbar & \\b o & \b{o} \cr + h\'a\v{c}ek & \\v o & \v{o} \cr + breve & \\u o & \u{o} \cr + tie & \\t oo & \t oo \cr + {\tengr o>uggrik`o} umlaut & \\H o & \H{o} \cr + } + +\toindex{c} +\toindex{d} +\toindex{b} +\toindex{v} +\toindex{u} +\toindex{t} +\toindex{H} + +T`o {\rm \TeX} >ep'ishc >epitr'epei t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia merik~wn +qarakt'hrwn po`u d`en sumpe\-ri\-lam\-b'anontai st`o >alf'abhto t~hc +>agglik~hc gl'wssac. + +\maketable [Gr'ammata m`h >agglik~wn glwss~wn] +\halign{ + \strut \hfil\rm #\hfil & \quad\hfil\tt #\hfil & \hfil\quad\rm #\hfil\cr + \tengb Par'adeigma & \tengb K'wdikac {\bf \TeX} & \tengb >Apot'elesma \cr + \noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} + \AE gean, \ae sthetics & \\AE, \\ae & \AE, \ae \cr + \OE uvres, hors d'\oe uvre & \\OE \\oe & \OE, \oe \cr + \AA ngstrom & \\AA, \\aa & \AA, \aa \cr + \O re, K\o benhavn & \\O, \\o & \O, \o \cr + \L odz, \l\'odka & \\L, \\l & \L, \l \cr + Nu\ss & \\ss & \ss \cr + ?`Si? & {?}{`} & ?` \cr + !`Si! & {!}{`} & !` \cr + Se\~nor & \\\~{} & \~{} \cr + My {\it\$} of flesh & \lb\\it\\\$\rb & {\it\$} \cr + } + +\toindex{AE} +\toindex{ae} +\toindex{OE} +\toindex{oe} +\toindex{AA} +\toindex{aa} +\toindex{O} +\toindex{o} +\toindex{L} +\toindex{l} +\toindex{ss} + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: {\rm Does \AE schylus understand \OE dipus? } + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: +{\rm The smallest internal unit of \TeX{} is about 53.63 \AA. } + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: +{\rm They took some honey and plenty of money wrapped up in a {\it \$}5 note.} + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: +{\rm \'El\`eves, refusez vos le\c cons! Jetez vos cha\^\i nes! } + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: +{\rm Za\v sto tako polako pijete \v caj? } + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: +{\rm Mein Tee ist hei\ss. } + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: +{\rm Peut-\^etre qu'il pr\'ef\`ere le caf\'e glac\'e. } + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: +{\rm ?`Por qu\'e no bebes vino blanco? !`Porque est\'a avinagrado! } + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: +{\rm M\'\i\'\j n idee\"en worden niet be\"\i nvloed. } + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: +{\rm Can you take a ferry from \"Oland to \AA land? } + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: +{\rm T\"urk\c ce konu\c san ye\u genler nasillar? } + + +\subsection{Tele~iec, pa~ulec, e>isagwgik'a\bdots} + +<H daktulogr'afhsh >~htan p'anta <'enac sumbibasm'oc. <O mikr`oc +>arijm`oc t~wn pl'h\-ktrwn t~hc grafo\-mhqan~hc >`h to~u termatiko~u +(s`e s'ugkrish m`e t`on >arijm`o t~wn sumb'olwn po`u qrhsimopoio~un +di'aforoi suggrafe~ic), e>~iqe >anagk'asei t`on daktulogr'afo s`e fjhn`a +k'olpa ka`i l'useic t~hc stigm~hc, po`u poll`ec for`ec >~htan ka`i +>anti\-aisjh\-tik'ec. <'Otan <'omwc stoiqeiojeto~ume m`e t`o {\rm \TeX} +d`en <up'arqoun peri\-orismo'i. S`e <eto'uth t`hn par'agrafo j`a do~ume +merik`ec diafor`ec metax`u t~hc daktu\-logr'a\-fhshc st`hn grafomhqan`h +ka`i t~hc stoiqeiojes'iac m`e t`o {\rm \TeX}. + +P'osoi >ap`o ''m~ac gnwr'izoun <'oti <up'arqoun tess'arwn e>id~wn +pa~ulec? (<H grafo\-mhqa\-n`h >'eqei sun'hjwc m'ia ka`i m'ono.) +<Up'arqei <h mikr`h pa~ula, t`o {\tengs <enwtik'o\/} ({\rm hyphen}) po`u +qrhsimopoie~itai gi`a t`on sullabism`o ka`i t`hn kop`h l'exewn st`o +t'eloc t~wn >ar'adwn, >`h gi`a t`hn <'enwsh d'uo >`h peris\-sot'erwn +l'exewn po`u prof'erontai <wc m'ia, p.q., ((kura-M'arw)), +((<Ai-Dhm'htrhc)), {\rm mother-in-law}, k.lp.\TeXref{3--5} <H {\tengs +<apl`h pa~u\-la\/} ({\rm en-dash}) qrhsimopoie~itai gi`a n`a dhl'wsei +<'ena e>~uroc >arijm~wn: tim~wn, sel'idwn, qr'onou, k.lp. <H {\tengs +meg'alh pa~ula\/} ({\rm em-dash}), t`hn <opo'ia t`a bibl'ia t~hc +<ellhnik~hc grammatik~hc t`hn >apokalo~un ((dipl`h pa~ula)), e>~inai +shme~io st'ixhc po`u mpa'inei st`hn j'esh t~hc par'enjeshc ka`i +spani'wtera st`hn j'esh t~hc >'anw tele'iac. T'eloc, m'ia >ak'oma pa~ula +e>~inai ka`i t`o ma\-jh\-matik`o s'umbolo {\tengs me~ion}. St`on +<ep'omeno p'inaka fa'inetai p~wc m~ac d'inei t`o {\rm \TeX} <'olec +a>ut`ec t`ic pa~ulec ka`i t`o p~wc t`ic qrhsimopoio~ume s`e >agglik`a +ke'imena --- prosoq'h: o<i pa~ulec ka`i <'ola t`a shme~ia st'ixhc d`en +e>~inai t`a >idia >ap`o gl'wssa s`e gl'wssa; periss'oterec leptom'ereiec +gi''\NB a>ut`o t`o j'ema j`a po~ume st`o kef'alaio\NB 10. + +\maketable [O<i di'aforec pa~ulec t~hc >agglik~hc tupograf'iac] +\halign{ + \strut \hfil #\hfil & \quad\hfil\tt #\hfil & \hfil\quad\rm #\hfil + & \hfil\rm #\hfil\cr + \tengb >'Onoma & \tengb K'wdikac {\bf \TeX} + & \tengb >Apot'elesma & \tengb Par'adeigma \cr + \noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} + <enwtik'o ({\rm hyphen}) & - & - + & The space is 3-dimensional. \cr + <apl`h pa~ula ({\rm en-dash}) & {-}{-} & -- + & Read pages 3--4. \cr + dipl`h pa~ula ({\rm em-dash}) & {-}{-}{-} & --- + & I saw them---three men alive! \cr + me~ion ({\rm minus sign}) & \$-\$ & $-$ + & Two minus five equals $-$3. \cr + } + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: {\rm I entered the room and---horrors---I +saw both my father-in-law and my mother-in-law. } + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: {\rm The winter of 1484--1485 was one of +discontent. } +\bigskip + +M'ia >ak'oma meg'alh diafor`a metax`u t~hc koin~hc daktulogr'afhshc ka`i +t~hc stoiqeiojes'iac m`e t`o {\rm \TeX} e>~inai <h qr'hsh t~wn +e>isa\-gw\-gik~wn. Sun'hjwc t`a e>isagwgik`a <'olwn t~wn +grafo\-mh\-qa\-n~wn --- e>'ite pr'okeitai gi`a <ellhnik`ec e>'ite +pr'okeitai gi`a >agglik'ec --- e>~inai <'ena pl~hktro m`e t`o +s'umbolo\NB{\tt "}\null. <'Otan j'eloume n`a b'aloume e>isagwgik`a m`e +t`o {\rm \TeX} s`e <'ena >agglik`o ke'imeno, qrhsimopoio~ume t`a +pl~h\-ktra\NB{\tt '} ka`i\NB{\tt `}\null. +\TeXref{3} +T`o pr~wto dipl`o e>isagwgik`o lamb'anetai gr'afontac st`on k'wdik'a mac +{\tt ``} ka`i t`o de'utero gr'afontac {\tt ''}\null. Kat`a par'omoio +tr'opo t`a <apl`a e>isagwgik'a (p.q., e>isagwgik`a >ent`oc +e>isa\-gw\-gi\-k~wn) lamb'anontai gr'a\-fontac\NB{\tt `} ka`i\NB{\tt +'}\null. (T`a <ellhnik`a e>isa\-gwgi\-k`a ((\NB ka`i\NB)) e>~inai m'ia +>'allh <istor'ia po`u j`a t`hn suzht'hsoume st`o kef'alaio\NB 10.) + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: {\rm His ``thoughtfulness'' was impressive. } + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: {\rm Frank wondered, ``Is this a girl that +can't say `No!'?'' } +\bigskip + +K'apoiec for`ec qrhsimopoio~ume t`a >aposiwphtik'a, tre~ic tele~iec +dhlad'h, gi`a n`a dhl'wsoume siwp`h >`h ke'imeno po`u >'eqei +paralhfje~i. >E`an gr'ayoume st`on k'wdik'a mac tre~ic tele~iec, t`o +>apot'elesma j`a e>~inai tre~ic tele~iec kollhm'enec <h m'ia >ep'anw +st`hn >'allh. T`a >aposiwphtik`a st`hn swst'h touc morf`h lamb'anontai +gr'afontac st`on k'wdika t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\dots}.% +\TeXref{173} +\toindex{dots} + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: {\rm He thought, ``\dots and this goes on +forever, perhaps to the last recorded syllable.'' } + +<'Ena pr'oblhma m`e t`hn tele'ia e>~inai <'oti <'otan qrhsimopoie~itai +gi`a n`a dhl'wsei t`o t'eloc m'iac pr'otashc, par'agetai <'ena sqetik`a +meg'alo (per'ipou dipl'o) ken`o di'asthma >an'amesa st`o t'eloc t~hc +pr'otashc (t~hc tele'iac) ka`i st`hn >arq'h (t`o pr~wto kefala~io +gr'amma) t~hc <ep'omenhc pr'otashc. A>ut`o d`en e>~inai o>usia\-stik`a +pr'o\-blhma; >antij'etwc t`o dipl`o di'asthma metax`u prot'a\-se\-wn +e>~inai m'ia sun'hjhc praktik`h t~wn tupogr'afwn. <'Omwc t`o dipl`o +di'asthma met`a t`hn tele'ia e>~inai >anepij'umhto <'otan pr'o\-keitai +gi`a suntomo\-graf'ia <'opwc ((k.)), ((kk.)), {\rm Mr.}, k.lp. +<Up'arqoun d'uo tr'opoi gi`a n`a >apof'ugoume a>ut`o t`o pr'oblhma: +gr'afoume >am'eswc met`a t`hn tele'ia st`on k'wdika e>'ite {\tt\\\sp} +e>'ite m'ia perispwm'enh {\tt\~{}} gi`a n`a >all'axoume t`o m'egejoc to~u +keno~u diast'hmatoc.% +\TeXref{91--92} +<H de'uterh >epilog`h j`a m~ac d'wsei <'ena {\tengs >adi\-'ako\-pto +di'asthma\/} >`h >alli~wc {\tengs s'un\-desmo\/}; dhl.\ >e`an b'aloume +m'ia peri\-spw\-m'enh metax`u d'uo l'exewn, t'ote a>ut`ec o<i l'exeic +j`a >emfa\-nisto~un st`o >'entupo st`hn >'idia >ar'ada. Gr'afontac +st`on k'wdika {\tt Prof.\~{}Knuth}, j`a l'aboume ka`i t`ic d'uo +a>ut`ec l'exeic {\rm Prof.}\ ka`i {\rm Knuth} st`hn >'idia +>ar'ada. A>ut`o e>~inai genik`a qr'h\-simo gi`a t`hn stoiqei\-ojes'ia +>onom'atwn <'opwc {\rm Vancouver, B.\NB C.} ka`i {\rm Mr.\NB Jones} +>'etsi <'wste o<i l'exeic {\rm Mr.}\ ka`i {\rm Jones} n`a m`hn +bga'inoun s`e d'uo qwrist`ec >ar'adec. >`Ac pro\-s'e\-xoume >ep'ishc +<'oti d`en qrei'azetai >antipl'agia >empr`oc >ap`o t`hn peri\-spw\-m'enh +to~u sund'esmou. (Periss'otera gi`a t`hn perispwm'enh t~wn <ellhnik~wn, +>all`a ka`i gi`a >'alla <ellhnik`a tonik`a shme~ia, j`a po~ume st`o +kef'alaio\NB 10.) + +M'ia >'allh >idiorujm'ia to~u {\rm \TeX} e>~inai n`a m`hn b'azei dipl`o +ken`o di'asthma met`a >ap`o tele'ia >e`an >empr`oc >ap`o a>ut`hn +<up'arqei kefala~io gr'amma. >Aut`o e>~inai swst`o <'otan +qrhsimopoio~ume kefala~ia gi`a suntomograf'iec. P.q., d`en j'eloume t`o +di'asthma metax`u t~wn {\rm U}, {\rm S} ka`i {\rm A} n`a e>~inai +dipl'asio to~u kanoniko~u; >arke~i n`a sugkr'inoume t`o {\rm U\null. +S\null. A.} m`e t`o {\rm U. S. A.}, gi`a n`a katal'aboume t`hn diafor'a. + T'i g'inetai <'omwc st`hn per'iptwsh po`u m'ia pr'otash tele'iwnei m`e +kefala~io ka'i, sunep~wc, pr'epei n`a mpe~i dipl`o di'asthma met`a t`hn +tele'ia? <H l'ush e>~inai n`a gr'ayoume {\tt\\null} pr`in t`hn tele'ia +<'opwc: {\tt I was born in U. S. A\\null.\ I was raised in Canada.} <O +k'wdikac a>ut`oc d'inei: {\rm I was born in U. S. A\null. \ I was raised in +Canada.} +\toindex{null} + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: {\rm Have you seen Ms.\NB Jones? } + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: {\rm Prof.\NB Smith and Dr.\NB Gold flew from +Halifax N.\NB S. to Montr\'eal, Qc.\ via Moncton, N.\NB B. } + + +\subsection{T'upoi stoiqe'iwn} + +<H pl'eon faner`h diafor`a metax`u daktulografhm'enwn >ent'upwn ka`i +>ent'upwn stoiqeio\-je\-thm'enwn m`e t`o {\rm \TeX} e>~inai --- qwr`ic +kam'ia >amfibol'ia --- o<i diaforetiko`i {\tengs t'upoi stoiqe'iwn\/} +gramm'atwn ka`i sumb'olwn >`h {\tengs grammatoseir`ec\/} po`u +qrhsimopoio~untai. <'Otan t`o {\rm \TeX} xekin~a, >'eqei sthn di'ajes'h +tou deka'exi diaforetik`ec grammatoseir'ec. Merik`ec >ap`o a>ut`ec t`ic +gram\-ma\-to\-seir`ec qrhsimopoio~untai m'ono s`e >episthmonik`a >`h +teqnik`a >'entupa. <'Enac pl'hrhc kat'alogoc <'olwn t~wn deka'exi +grammatoseir~wn to~u {\rm \TeX} d'inetai st`o {\sl \TeX{}book}.% +\TeXref{427--432} +O<i periss'oteroi t'upoi qrhsimopoio~untai a>ut'omata; <'enac +majhmatik`oc de'ikthc, p.q., bga'inei >ap`o t`o {\rm \TeX} s`e +mikr'otero m'egejoc qwr`ic n`a qreiasje~i n`a d'wsei k'apoia >idia'iterh +>entol`h <o qr'hsthc. + +Gi`a n`a >all'axoume >ap`o t`on sunhjism'eno t'upo latinik~wn +gramm'atwn, t`a {\rm roman} (rwma"ik'a), s`e pl'agia--kalligrafik'a, t`a +{\rm italic} (>italik'a), qrhsimopoio~ume t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt +\\it}. Gi`a n`a xana\-epi\-str'e\-youme st`a {\rm roman}, gr'afoume +st`on k'wdika {\tt \\rm}. Gi`a par'adeigma, e>~inai dunat`o n`a +>'eqoume t`hn >ak'oloujh >agglik`h pr'otash st`on k'wdik'a mac: {\tt I +started with roman type, \\it switched to italic type, \\rm and returned +to roman type}. T`o >apot'elesma j`a e>~inai: {\rm I started with roman +type, \it switched to italic type,\fnote{Notice that the comma and this +footnote are in italic type, and this looks a little funny. We'll see +that there is another method for changing fonts when we talk about +grouping in Section 4. ({\tengs >`Ac parathr'hsoume <'oti t`o k'omma ka`i +t`o >agglik`o ke'imeno <eto'uthc t~hc <upo\-sh\-me'i\-wshc >'eqoun +stoiqeiojethje~i s`e pl'agia--kalligrafik'a. St`o kef'alaio\NB 4, j`a +do~ume p~wc e>~inai dunat`o n`a >al\-l'a\-zoume t'upouc stoiqe'iwn m`e +t`hn dhmiourg'ia sun'olwn}.)} \rm and returned to roman +type}. + +>Ekt`oc t~wn {\rm italic} <up'arqoun ka`i >'alla e>'idh grammatoseir~wn. +St`on <ep'omeno p'inaka d'i\-no\-ntai o<i pl'eon suqn`a +qrhsimopoio'umenoi t'upoi. A>uto`i o<i t'upoi diat'ijentai a>ut'omata +>ap`o t`o {\rm \TeX} st`on qr'h\-sth. L'igo pi`o k'atw j`a do~ume +>ak'oma p~wc mporo~ume n`a qrh\-simo\-poi'h\-soume ka`i >'allec +grammatoseir`ec po`u d`en m~ac t`ic prosf'erei a>ut'omata t`o {\rm +\TeX}. + +\global\advance\footnotenum by 2 +\maketable [De'igmata t'upwn (grammatoseir~wn)] +\halign{ + \strut \hfil\rm # \hfil & \quad \hfil \tt # \hfil + & \hfil \quad \rm # \hfil\cr + \tengb >'Onoma t'upou & \tengb K'wdikac {\bf \TeX} + & \tengb De~igma t'upou \cr + \noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} + Roman ({\tengr rwma"ik'a}) & \\rm + & \rm Roman type. \cr + Boldface ({\tengr >'entona}) & \\bf + & \bf Boldface type. \cr + Italic ({\tengr >italik'a}) & \\it + & \it Italic type. \cr + Slanted ({\tengr pl'agia}) & \\sl + & \sl Slanted type. \cr + Typewriter ({\tengr grafomhqan~hc}) & \\tt + & \tt Typewriter type. \cr + Math symbol ({\tengr s'umbola majhmatik~wn})${}^\the\footnotenum$ + & \\cal + & $\cal SCRIPT\hbox{\ }LETTERS$\rm. \cr + } + +\footnote{}{\llap{$^\the\footnotenum$} A>ut`o t`o par'adeigma >apat~a, +mi~ac ka`i pr'epei n`a gnwr'izoume merik`a pr'agmata peris\-s'o\-te\-ra +gi`a t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia majhmatik~wn <'wste n`a mporo~ume n`a +stoiqeiojeto~ume s`e t'etoiou e>'idouc stoiqe~ia (kef'alaio\NB 5). } +\nobreak +\toindex{it} +\toindex{rm} +\toindex{bf} +\toindex{sl} +\toindex{tt} + +T`a {\rm slanted} (pl'agia) ka`i t`a {\rm italic} (>italik'a) fa'inontai +<'omoia >ek pr'wthc >'oyewc. E>~inai e>'ukolo <'omwc n`a do~ume t`hn +diafor`a >e`an pros'exoume t`o gr'amma (({\rm a})) st`on <'ena ka`i +st`on >'allo t'upo. <'Otan >all'azoume >ap`o <'enan pl'agio t'upo ({\rm +slanted} >`h {\rm italic}) s`e >'enan >'orjio ({\rm upright} >`h {\rm +roman}), t`o teleuta~io gr'amma t~wn plag'iwn g'ernei ka`i fa'inetai n`a +plhsi'azei t`o pr~wto gr'amma t~wn >orj'iwn. Gi`a n`a >apof'ugoume +t'etoiou e>'idouc a>isjhtik`a probl'hmata, prosj'etoume l'igo parap'anw +di'asthma m`e t`hn leg'omenh {\tengs di'orjwsh >italik~wn\/} ({\rm +italic correction}). A>ut`o g'inetai m`e t`o s'umbolo >el'egqou {\tt +\\/}.% +\toindex{/} +St`hn parak'atw >agglik`h pr'otash d`en b'alame di'orjwsh >italik~wn +st`hn pr'wth per'iptwsh <'opou e>'iqame {\rm italic}, >en~w b'alame +st`hn de'uterh --- >`ac pros'exoume t`hn diafor'a: {\rm {\it If} the +italic correction is not used the letters are too close together, but +{\it if\/} the correction is used, the spacing is better.} D`en +qrei'azetai di'orjwsh >italik~wn st`hn per'iptwsh <'opou >am'e\-swc +met`a t`a pl'agia >akolouje~i k'omma >`h tele'ia. <Wst'oso, t`o +>'entupo j`a de'iqnei pi`o <wra~io, >e`an qrhsimopoio~ume t`hn di'orjwsh +>italik~wn pr`in >ap`o e>isagwgik`a >`h parenj'eseic. + +E>~inai dunat`o n`a qrhsimopoi'hsoume ka`i >'allec grammatoseir`ec +>ekt`oc >ap`o a>ut`ec po`u m~ac prosf'erei >arqik`a t`o {\rm \TeX} +(>ef'' <'oson t`a >arqe~ia m`e t`ic >epipl'eon grammatoseir`ec +<up'arqoun st`on <upologist'h mac). Di'afora meg'ejh t'upwn mporo~un n`a +qrhsimopoihjo~un m`e t`hn bo'hjeia t~hc l'exhc >el'egqou {\tt +\\magstep}. Gi`a n`a <or'isoume m'ia n'ea grammatoseir`a >`h <'enan +n'eo t'upo stoiqe'iwn, j`a pr'epei n`a gnwr'izoume p~wc >onom'azetai t`o +sqetik`o >arqe~io st`on <upologist'h mac. Gi`a par'adeigma, <o t'upoc +{\rm roman} >onom'azetai {\tt cmr10} st`ic pi`o poll`ec >ekd'oseic to~u +{\rm \TeX}\null. >E`an gr'ayoume st`on k'wdik'a mac {\tt \\font\\bigrm += cmr10 scaled \\magstep\NB{}1}, t'o\-te mporo~ume n`a +qrh\-simo\-poi'h\-soume t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt\\bigrm} <'opwc +qrhsimopoio~ume ka`i t`ic l'exeic >el'egqou {\tt\\it} >`h {\tt\\rm}.% +\TeXref{13--17} +\toindex{magstep} +\toindex{font} +\toindex{scaled} + +>All'azontac t'upo m'esw| t~hc >entol~hc {\tt\\bigrm}, j`a l'aboume +stoiqe~ia {\rm roman} po`u j`a e>~inai kat`a 20\NB \% megal'utera t~wn +kanonik~wn. M`e t`hn >entol`h {\tt \\font\\bigbigrm = cmr10 scaled +\\magstep\NB{}2} <or'izoume <'enan n'eo t'upo {\rm roman} <o <opo~ioc +e>~inai kat`a 44\NB \% megal'uteroc to~u ka\-no\-ni\-ko~u. Sunolik`a +t`o {\rm \TeX} >epitr'epei <'exi megej'unseic t'upwn, >ap`o {\tt +\\magstep\NB 0} >'ewc {\tt \\magstep\NB 5}. S`e poll`ec >ekd'oseic to~u +{\rm \TeX}, <up'arqei ka`i m'ia <'ebdomh meg'ejunsh {\tt \\magstephalf} +--- pr'okeitai gi`a meg'enjush kat`a 9,5\NB \% per'ipou. <Or'iste +merik`a de'igmata <en`oc t'upou s`e di'afora meg'ejh: + +\maketable [Megej'unseic t'upwn] +\halign{ + \strut \tt # \hfil & \quad # \hfil \cr + \tengb Meg'ejunsh & \tengb De~igma \cr + \noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} + \\magstep 0 & \rm Sample text at magstep 0. \cr + \\magstephalf & \halfrm Sample text at magstephalf. \cr + \\magstep 1 & \brm Sample text at magstep 1. \cr + \\magstep 2 & \bbrm Sample text at magstep 2. \cr + \\magstep 3 & \bbbrm Sample text at magstep 3. \cr + \\magstep 4 & \bbbbrm Sample text at magstep 4. \cr + \\magstep 5 & \bbbbbrm Sample text at magstep 5. \cr + } +\bigskip + +E>~inai >ep'ishc dunat`o n`a qrhsimopoi'hsoume tele'iwc n'eec +grammatoseir'ec (p.q., <ellhnik'ec). Beba'iwc, p'anta a>ut`o >exart~atai +>ap`o t`o t'i <up'arqei diaj'esimo st`on <upologist`h po`u +qrhsi\-mo\-poi\-o~ume ka`i >'iswc >ap`o t`ic dunat'othtec t~hc ts'ephc +mac (poll`ec grammatoseir`ec kuklo\-fo\-ro~un <wc >emporik`a +pro"i'onta). S`e pollo`uc <upologist`ec <up'arqei <'ena >arqe~io m`e +t`o <'onoma {\tt cmss10}; pr'okeitai gi`a m'ia grammatoseir`a stoiqe'iwn +{\rm sans serif} (qwr`ic >apol'hxeic >'h, >alli~wc, qwr`ic pato~urec). +B'azontac t`hn >entol`h {\tt \\font\\sf = cmss10} s`e k'apoio shme~io +to~u k'wdik'a mac, mporo~ume kat'opin n`a qrh\-simo\-poi'h\-soume t`on +t'upo {\rm sans serif} m`e t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt\\sf}, <'opwc j`a +gr'afoume, p.q., {\tt\\bf} gi`a >'entona stoiqe~ia. >'Eqo\-ntac loip`on +<or'isei t`on t'upo {\rm sans serif}, <o k'wdikac: {\tt\\sf a sample of +our new Sans Serif font}, d'inei: {\sf a sample of our new Sans Serif +font.} + +\exercise T'i pr'oblhma j`a dhmiourgo~use <h qr'hsh m'iac l'exhc +>el'egqou {\tt \\ss} >ant`i t~hc {\tt \\sf} gi`a n`a stoiqeiojet'hsoume +s`e {\rm sans serif}? <Up'odeixh: >E`an <h >ap'anthsh d`en s~ac +fa'inetai ka`i t'oso <apl'h, skefje~ite t`o germanik`o >alf'abhto pr~wta +ka`i t'ote j`a t`hn bre~ite. + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste m'ia par'agrafo s`e megejunm'eno t'upo {\rm +sans serif}. + +O<i >epipl'eon grammatoseir`ec ka`i t'upoi po`u mpore~i n`a +qrhsimopoi'hsei kane`ic m`e t`o {\rm \TeX} dia\-f'eroun >ap`o +<upologist`h s`e <upologist'h. O<i t'upoi po`u >anaf'erontai st`on +parak'atw p'inaka e>~inai a>uto`i po`u <up'arqoun sto`uc periss'oterouc +<upologist'ec. + +\maketable [O<i pi`o koino`i t'upoi to~u {\lsecfont\TeX}] +\halign{ +\strut \tt # \hfil & \quad \tt # \hfil & \quad \tt # \hfil + & \quad \tt # \hfil & \quad \tt # \hfil + & \quad \tt # \hfil \cr +\noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} +cmbsy10 &cmbxsl10 &cmbxti10 &cmbx10 &cmbx12 &cmbx5 \cr +cmbx6 &cmbx7 &cmbx8 &cmbx9 &cmb10 &cmcsc10 \cr +cmdunh10 &cmex10 &cmff10 &cmfib8 &cmfi10 &cmitt10 \cr +cmmib10 &cmmi10 &cmmi12 &cmmi5 &cmmi6 &cmmi7 \cr +cmmi8 &cmmi9 &cmr10 &cmr12 &cmr17 &cmr5 \cr +cmr6 &cmr7 &cmr8 &cmr9 &cmsltt10 &cmsl10 \cr +cmsl12 &cmsl8 &cmsl9 &cmssbx10 &cmssdc10 &cmssi10 \cr +cmssi12 &cmssi17 &cmssi8 &cmssi9 &cmssqi8 &cmssq8 \cr +cmss10 &cmss12 &cmss17 &cmss8 &cmss9 &cmsy10 \cr +cmsy5 &cmsy6 &cmsy7 &cmsy8 &cmsy9 &cmtcsc10 \cr +cmtex10 &cmtex8 &cmtex9 &cmti10 &cmti12 &cmti7 \cr +cmti8 &cmti9 &cmtt10 &cmtt12 &cmtt8 &cmtt9 \cr +cmu10 &cmvtt10 \cr +} +\bigskip + +O<i t'upoi a>uto`i >'eqoun >onomasje~i (({\rm Computer Modern})) >ap`o +t`on sqediast'h touc, po`u d`en e>~inai >'alloc >ap`o t`on >'idio t`on +dhmiourg`o to~u {\rm \TeX}, t`on {\rm Donald Knuth}. >'Etsi t`a d'uo +pr~wta gr'ammata to~u >on'omatoc a>ut~wn t~wn t'upwn {\tt cm} shma'inoun +{\rm Computer Modern}. <O >arijm`oc st`o t'eloc t~wn >onom'atwn touc +dhl'wnei t`o m'egej'oc touc: t'upoc 10 stigm~wn ({\rm points}) e>~inai +kanoniko~u meg'ejouc, t'upoi 7 stigm~wn qrh\-si\-me'uoun sun'hjwc <wc +majhmatiko`i de~iktec ka`i t'upoi 5 stigm~wn <wc >ekj'etec; t'upoi 12 +stigm~wn e>~inai kat`a 20\NB \% megal'uteroi a>ut~wn t~wn 10 stigm~wn, +k.o.k. >E`an st`a gr'ammata d'uo pr~wta gr'am\-mata to~u >on'omatoc, +{\tt cm}, akolouje~i t`o gr'amma {\tt b}, <o t'upoc e>~inai {\bf bold} +(>'entona stoiqe~ia). Par'omoia, t`o {\tt r} shma'inei {\rm roman}, t`o +{\tt I} {\it italic}, t`o {\tt csc} {\sc Small Caps} +(mikro\-kefa\-la~ia, t`a gnwst`a sto`uc <'ellhnec tupogr'afouc <wc +((kapital'akia)){}), t`o {\tt sl} {\sl slanted}, t`o {\tt sy} {$\cal +SYMBOL$} (s'umbola) ka`i t`o {\tt tt} {\tt typewriter} (t'upoc +grafomhqan~hc). + +\exercise Bre~ite <'olouc to`uc t'upouc po`u diaj'etei t`o s'usthm'a sac +ka`i tup~wste <'ola t`a gr'ammata ka`i to`uc >arijmo`uc s`e meriko`uc +>ap`o a>uto`uc to`uc t'upouc. + +\exercise T`a stoiqe~ia to~u t'upou {\tt cmr12} e>~inai kat`a 20\NB{}\% +megal'utera s`e m'egejoc >ap`o a>ut`a to~u t'upou {\tt cmr10}. +>Ep'ishc, <h >entol`h {\tt \\magstep\NB 1} megej'unei t`a stoiqe~ia +kat`a 20\NB \%. Tup~wste <'ena ke'imeno qrhsimopoi'wntac t`on t'upo {\tt +cmr12} ka`i kat'opin tup~wste t`o >'idio ke'imeno m`e t`on t'upo {\tt +cmr10} megejunm'eno kat`a 20\NB{}\%. T`a >apotel'esmata j`a e>~inai +diaforetik'a! + + +\section{<H di'ataxh t~wn pragm'atwn} + +St`o kef'alaio a>ut'o, j`a >exet'asoume p~wc n`a stoiqeiojeto~ume <'ena +ke'imeno s`e di'a\-forec diat'axeic (morf'ec) ka`i meg'ejh. +<Opwc\-d'hpote, mporo~ume n`a qrhsimopoi'hsoume t`o {\rm \TeX} m`e t`ic +dik'ec tou (t`ic {\tengs >ex <orismo~u\/} >`h {\rm default}) diat'axeic +ka`i meg'ejh, <'opwc >'eqoume >'eqoume k'anei m'eqri a>ut`o t`o shme~io. +<'Omwc >ap`o >ed~w ka`i st`o >ex~hc, j`a e>'imaste k'apwc pi`o +dhmiourgiko'i. Gi`a n`a katal'aboume <'omwc t'i shma'inoun di'afora +meg'ejh, kal`a j`a >~htan n`a xekino'usame di\-eu\-kri\-n'izontac +<orism'enec >'ennoiec mon'adwn. + +\subsection{Mon'adec, mon'adec, mon'adec} + +T`o {\rm \TeX} mpore~i n`a metr'hsei m'hkh s`e poll`ec diaforetik`ec +mon'adec. O<i pi`o koin`ec e>~inai <h >'intsa, t`o <ekatost'o, <h +tupografik`h stigm'h ({\rm point}) ka`i t`o tupo\-gra\-fik`o +te\-tr'a\-gwno >`h p'ika ({\rm pica}). O<i sunto\-mo\-graf'iec a>ut~wn +t~wn mon'adwn e>~inai >ant'istoiqa: {\tt in}, {\tt cm}, {\tt pt} ka`i +{\tt pc}. <H stigm`h <or'izetai >ap`o t`hn >ex'iswsh: $1\,\rm in = +72{,}27\,\rm pt$, ka`i t`o te\-tr'a\-gwno >ap`o t`hn >ex'iswsh: $1\,\rm +pc = 12\,\rm pt$\null. Sunep~wc, <h stigm`h e>~inai m'ia pol`u mikr`h +mon'ada m'etrhshc m'hkouc --- per'ipou t`o m'egejoc m'iac tele'iac +a>uto~u to~u >egqei\-rid'iou. <'Ena te\-tr'a\-gwno e>~inai per'ipou <h +>ap'ostash >ap`o t`hn b'ash m'iac >ar'adac <eto'utou to~u keim'enou +>'ewc t`hn b'ash t~hc <ep'omenhc >ar'adac. <Or'iste m'ia sug\-kritik`h +e>ik'ona merik~wn diast'asewn m'hkouc: \def\pip{\vrule height 4 true +pt}% +\TeXref{57} + +\maketable [\null] +\halign{ +\strut \hfil # & \quad # \hfil \cr +\noalign{\smallskip} + 1 >'intsa: & $\hbox to 1 true in{\pip\hrulefill\pip}$ \cr + 1 <ekatost'o: & $\hbox to 1 true cm{\pip\hrulefill\pip}$ \cr + 20 stigm'ec: & $\hbox to 20 true pt{\pip\hrulefill\pip}$ \cr + 1 tetr'agwno: & $\hbox to 1 true pc{\pip\hrulefill\pip}$ \cr +} +\bigskip + +O<i stigm`ec qrhsimopoio~untai gi`a >allag`ec pol`u mikr~wn +diast'asewn. M'alista t`o {\rm \TeX} e>~inai pol`u >akrib`ec st`hn +m'etrhsh diast'asewn; <h mikr'oterh mon'ada m'etrhshc m'hkouc po`u +qrhsimopoie~i t`o {\rm \TeX} e>~inai mikr'oterh >ap`o <'ena +<ekatommuriost`o t~hc >'intsac. >'Etsi, <h le\-pto\-m'e\-reia to~u +>ent'u\-pou >exar\-t~a\-tai o>u\-sia\-sti\-k`a >ap`o t`hn e>ukr'ineia +({\rm resolution}) to~u >ektupwt~h. + +<Up'arqoun d'uo >ak'oma mon'adec o<i <opo~iec d`en e>~inai tele'iwc +stajer'ec, >all`a metab'alontai >an'aloga m`e t`o m'egejoc t~wn t'upwn +po`u qrhsimopoio~ume.\TeXref{60} <H mon'ada {\tt ex} e>~inai per'ipou +<'oso t`o <'uyoc <en`oc mikro~u latiniko~u {\rm x}, ka`i <h mon'ada {\tt +em} e>~inai per'ipou >'ish m`e t`o pl'atoc <en`oc kefala'iou {\rm M} +(gi`a t`hn >akr'ibeia, <h mon'ada {\tt em} e>~inai dipl'asia to~u +pl'atouc <en`oc <opoioud'hpote >ap`o t`a yhf'ia $0,\ldots,9$). + +T`hn di'ataxh (diast'aseic, k.lp.)\ to~u >ent'upou t`hn >el'egqoume +>ep'ishc m`e l'exeic >el'egqou. T`o {\rm \TeX} m~ac d'inei poll`ec +t'etoiec l'exeic >el'egqou po`u >epitr'epoun t`on pol`u >akrib`h +>'elegqo to~u >apotel'esmatoc. <'Omwc, st`hn pleioyof'ia t~wn +peript'wsewn merik`ec m'ono >ap`o >aut`ec >arko~un. + +\subsection{<H di'ataxh t~hc sel'idac} + +T`o ke'imeno m'iac sel'idac >apotele~itai >ap`o tr'ia basik`a m'erh. T`o +megal'utero m'eroc t~hc sel'idac t`o katalamb'anei t`o {\tengs s~wma\/} +({\rm body}): t`o {\tengs k'urio ke'imeno\/} m`e t`ic {\tengs +<uposhmei'wseic}. >Ep'anw >ap`o t`o s~wma, <up'arqei <h {\tengs +kefal'h\/} ({\rm headline}). <H kefal`h sun'hjwc peri'eqei t`on t'itlo +to~u >ent'upou, t`on t'itlo to~u kefala'iou >`h ka`i t`on >arijm`o t~hc +sel'idac; >ep'ishc <h kefal`h mpore~i n`a diaf'erei >ap`o mon`h s`e +zug`h sel'ida. K'atw >ap`o t`ic <uposhmei'wseic <up'arqei t`o {\tengs +p'odi} ({\rm footline}) t~hc sel'idac, m'ia >ar'ada po`u sun'hjwc +peri'eqei t`on >arijm`o t~hc sel'idac ka`i m'onon. + +St`a parade'igmata po`u e>'idame >'ewc >ed~w, <h kefal`h >~htan ken'h. +T`o p'odi t~hc sel'idac perie~iqe e>'ite t`on >arijm`o t~hc sel'idac +st`o m'eso tou, e>'ite >~htan tele'iwc ken`o <'otan qrhsimopoi'hsame +t`hn >entol`h {\tt \\nopagenumbers}. Periss'otera gi`a t`hn kefal`h +ka`i t`o p'odi t~wn sel'idwn j`a >anaf'eroume pi`o k'atw. Pr`oc +stigm'hn, >`ac >epikentr'wsoume t`hn prosoq'h mac st`o s~wma. + +Gi`a n`a kle'isoume m'ia sel'ida ka`i n`a xekin'hsoume m'ia n'ea, +mporo~ume n`a gr'ayoume st`on k'wdik'a mac: {\tt \\vfill \\eject}. <H +l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\eject} >anagk'azei t`o {\rm \TeX} n`a +<oloklh\-r'w\-sei t`hn paro'usa sel'ida po`u >epexerg'azetai, >en~w <h +l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\vfill} to~u l'eei n`a gem'i\-sei t`o k'atw m'eroc +to~u s'wmatoc m`e ken'o. (>E`an j'elete, m`hn gr'afete st`on +k'wdik'a sac {\tt \\vfill} gi`a n`a de~ite p`wc j`a tentwje~i t`o +ke'imeno gi`a n`a gem'isei <h sel'ida.) +\toindex{vfill} +\toindex{eject} + +{\hsize=4in +T`o pl'atoc to~u keim'enou <or'izetai m`e t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt +\\hsize}. Mpore~i n`a >allaqje~i s`e <opoiod'hpote shme~io to~u +keim'enou mac, p.q., s`e t'esseric >'intsec, m`e t`hn >entol'h: {\tt +\\hsize = 4\NB in} ka`i m`e mej'odouc po`u j`a perigr'ayoume pi`o k'atw. +<H tim`h to~u {\tt \\hsize} st`o t'e\-loc m'iac pa\-ra\-gr'a\-fou +kajor'izei ka`i t`o pl'atoc t~hc para\-gr'a\-fou. <'Opwc mporo~ume n`a +parathr'hsoume s`e <eto'uth t`hn par'agrafo, t`o pl'atoc to~u +kei\-m'e\-nou mpore~i n`a >allaqje~i gi`a m'ia ka`i monadik`h par'agrafo +(>ed~w >'egine 4\NB >'intsec). >Ep'ishc, mi~ac ka`i <h l'exh >el'egqou +{\tt \\hsize} e>~inai m'ia metablht'h (t`o pl'atoc to~u keim'enou), m`e +>ekfr'aseic <'opwc {\tt \\hsize = 0,75\\hsize} mporo~ume n`a t`hn +>all'axoume s`e sq'esh m`e t`hn pali`a tim'h thc (<'osoi >'eqoun k'anei +p'ente stoiqei'wdh maj'hmata programmatismo~u j`a katal'aboun kal'utera +t`hn shmas'ia a>uto~u to~u k'wdika). +\par } +\toindex{hsize} + +<H >ant'istoiqh l'exh >el'egqou gi`a t`o <'uyoc to~u keim'enou e>~inai +<h {\tt \\vsize}. <H tim`h to~u {\tt \\vsize} >all'azetai <'opwc ka`i <h +tim`h to~u {\tt \\hsize}. >'Etsi gr'afontac {\tt \\vsize = 8 in} +<or'izoume t`o <'uyoc to~u s'wmatoc s`e >okt`w >'intsec. >`Ac +pros'exoume <'oti <h tim`h {\tt \\vsize} e>~inai t`o <'uyoc to~u +s'wmatoc m'onon qwr`ic n`a sumperi\-lam\-b'ano\-ntai <h kefal`h ka`i t`o +p'odi. +\toindex{vsize} + +<H <'olh sel'ida mpore~i n`a metakinhje~i >ep'anw st`o qart`i <'opou +t`hn tup'wnoume. <H >ep'anw >arister`h gwn'ia t~hc sel'idac, dhl.\ <h +>ep'anw >arister`h gwn'ia t~hc kefal~hc thc, e>~inai s`e >ap'o\-sta\-sh +m'iac >'intsac >ap`o t`hn >ep'anw >'akrh to~u qartio~u kai s`e +>ap'o\-sta\-sh m'iac >'in\-tsac >ap`o t`hn >arister`h >'akrh to~u +f'ullou to~u qartio~u. O<i l'exeic >el'egqou {\tt\\hoffset} ka`i {\tt +\\voffset} qrh\-simo\-poio~u\-ntai gi`a n`a >all'axoun >aut`ec o<i +>apost'aseic. P.q., m`e {\tt\\hoffset = ,75 in} ka`i {\tt \\voffset = +-,5 in} <h sel'ida j`a metakinhje~i kat`a 0,75 >'intsec pr`oc t`a dexi`a +to~u qartio~u ka`i kat`a 0,5 >'intsec pr`oc t`a >ep'anw. T`ic +periss'oterec for`ec d`en j`a qreiasje~i n`a <or'isoume t`ic tim`ec t~wn +{\tt \\hoffset}, {\tt \\voffset} ka`i {\tt \\vsize} par`a m'ono m'ia +for`a st`hn >arq`h to~u k'wdik'a mac. +\TeXref{251} +\toindex{hoffset} +\toindex{voffset} + +\global\advance\footnotenum by 1 +\maketable [L'exeic >el'egqou gi`a t`ic diast'aseic t~hc sel'idac] +\halign{ + \strut \hfil #\hfil & \quad\hfil\tt #\hfil & \hfil\quad #\hfil\cr + \tengb >'Onoma & \tengb K'wdikac {\bf \TeX} & \tengb >Arqik`h tim`h + to~u {\bf \TeX\ (in)} \cr + \noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} + <oriz'ontio pl'atoc & \\hsize & 6,5 \cr + katak'orufo <'uyoc & \\vsize & 8,9 \cr + <oriz'ontia metat'opish${}^\the\footnotenum$ & \\hoffset & 0 \cr + katak'orufh metat'opish${}^\the\footnotenum$ & \\voffset & 0 \cr + } + +\footnote{}{\llap{$^\the\footnotenum$}>Ex <orismo~u, t`o {\rm \TeX} +xekin~a t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia t~hc sel'idac s`e >ap'ostash $1\,\rm in$ +>ap`o t`hn koruf`h to~u qartio~u, ka`i s`e >ap'ostash $1\,\rm in$ >ap`o +t`hn >arister`h >'akrh to~u qartio~u.} \nobreak + +\exercise <Etoim'aste m'ia par'agrafo keim'enou po`u n`a >'eqei merik`ec +>ar'adec. >Anti\-gr'ay\-te a>ut`h t`hn par'agrafo merik`ec for`ec ka`i +b'alte pr`in >ap`o t`hn pr'wth {\tt \\hsize = 5\NB in} ka`i {\tt \\hsize += 10\NB cm} >empr`oc >ap`o t`hn de'uterh. Dokim'aste merik`ec >ak'oma +tim`ec st`o {\tt \\hsize}. + +\exercise B'alte {\tt \\hoffset = ,5 in\ } ka`i {\tt \\voffset = 1 +in} >empr`oc >ap`o t`hn pr'wth par'agrafo t~hc prohgo'umenhc >'askhshc. + +\exercise B'alte {\tt \\vsize = 2 in} >empr`oc >ap`o t`hn pr'wth +par'agrafo t~hc prohgo'umenhc >'askhshc. + +St`hn prohgo'umenh par'agrafo e>'idame <'oti mporo~ume n`a +qrhsimopoi'hsoume diaforetik`a meg'ejh t'upwn qrhsimopoi'wntac t`hn +l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\magstep}. E>~inai >ep'ishc dunat`h <h +meg'e\-jun\-sh <'olou to~u >ent'upou mac monomi~ac. >E`an j'esoume {\tt +\\magnification = \\magstep\NB 1} st`hn >arq`h to~u k'wdika, t`o +>apot'elesma j`a e>~inai t`o >'entup'o mac n`a megejunje~i <'olo kat`a +20\NB \%\null. <H meg'ejunsh mpore~i n`a g'inei ka`i m`e >'allec tim`ec +{\tt \\magstep}. <Wst'oso {\tengb <h l'exh >el'egqou {\tt +\\magnification} mpore~i n`a qrhsimopoihje~i m'onon st`hn >arq`h to~u +k'wdika, pr`in t`o {\bf \TeX} sunant'hsei >'estw ka`i <'enan qarakt'hra +gi`a stoiqeioj'ethsh.} A>ut`h <h meg'ejunsh mpore~i n`a dhmiourg'hsei +k'apoia probl'hmata. >E`an <'olo t`o ke'imeno e>~inai +n`a megejunje~i kat`a 20\NB \% ka`i >'eqoume <or'isei {\tt \\hsize = 5 +in} st`on k'wdik'a mac, t`o telik`o >'entupo j`a >'eqei pl'atoc 5 +>'intsec, >`h j`a megejunje~i kat`a 20\NB{}\% s`e 6 >'intsec? >E`an +d`en l'aboume t`a kat'al\-lhla m'etra, m`e t`hn >entol`h {\tt +\\magnification} <'olec o<i diast'aseic j`a megejunjo~un kat`a +20\NB{}\%, dhl.\ t`o {\tt \\hsize} j`a g'inei 6 >'intsec. S`e merik`ec +peript'wseic a>ut`o mpore~i n`a e>~inai >epijumht'o, <'omwc sun'hjwc <h +<omoi'omorfh >allag`h <'olwn t~wn diast'asewn e>~inai >anepij'umhth. +Gi`a par'adeigma, mpore~i n`a j'eloume n`a >af'hsoume 3 >'intsec +>akrib~wc keno~u q'wrou gi`a n`a >enj'esoume kat'opin <'ena sq~hma. +St`hn per'iptwsh a>ut'h, k'aje di'astash po`u d`en j'eloume n`a +>all'axei pr'epei n`a t`hn <or'isoume <wc {\tt \\true}, p.q., gr'afontac +{\tt \\hsize = 5\NB{}true\NB{}in} t`o m~hkoc t~wn >ar'adwn (dhl.\ t`o +pl'atoc to~u keim'enou) j`a parame'inei 5 >'intsec >anex'arthta >ap`o +t`hn tim`h to~u {\tt \\magnification}.\TeXref{59--60} +\toindex{magnification} + +\exercise B'alte {\tt \\magnification = \\magstep 1} st`hn pr'wth +gram\-m`h t~wn >arqe'iwn sac ka`i de~ite t`o >apot'elesma. + +\subsection{<H di'ataxh t~hc paragr'afou} + +<'Otan t`o {\rm \TeX} diab'azei t`on k'wdik'a mac, diab'azei m'ia +par'agrafo k'aje for`a ka`i met`a t`hn stoiqeiojete~i. A>ut`o shma'inei +<'oti mporo~ume n`a >'eqoume pl'hrh >'elegqo t~hc di'ataxhc (t~hc +morf~hc) t~hc paragr'afou; <'omwc <up'arqoun merik`ec leptom'ereiec o<i +<opo~iec >apaito~un >idia'iterh prosoq'h. E>'idame >'hdh p~wc m`e t`o +{\tt \\hsize} mporo~ume n`a >el'egqoume t`o pl'atoc t~hc paragr'afou. +>All'a, >`ac <upoj'esoume <'oti st`on k'wdika e>'iqame gr'ayei: +\beginuser +\\hsize = 5 in +Four score and seven years +$\vdots$ +from this earth. +\\hsize = 6,5 in +\enduser + +Poi'o e>~inai t`o pl'atoc t~hc paragr'afou? <H tim`h to~u {\tt \\hsize} +<or'isjhke m'ia for`a st`hn >arq`h t~hc paragr'afou, ka`i kat'opin +>epanor'isjhke st`o t'eloc thc. >Ef'' <'oson <h par'agrafoc d`en e>~iqe +<oloklhrwje~i m'eqri t`on de'utero <orism`o t~hc tim~hc to~u {\tt +\\hsize} (m`e t`hn parembol`h m'iac ken~hc gramm~hc >`h to~u {\tt \\par} +st`on k'wdika), j`a stoiqeiojethje~i s'umfwna m`e t`hn teleuta'ia tim`h +pl'atouc, dhl.\ m`e pl'atoc 6,5 >'intsec. <'Opwc, >e`an <up~hrqe m'ia +ken`h gramm`h st`on k'wdika, t`o pl'atoc thc j`a >~htan 5 >'intsec. +Bl'epoume loip'on, <'oti k'aje par'agrafoc stoiqeiojete~itai m`e t`ic +tim`ec t~wn param'etrwn po`u e>~inai o<i pi`o pr'osfatec po`u >'eqei +diab'asei t`o {\rm \TeX}. + +<Or'iste <'enac p'inakac m`e merik`ec param'etrouc po`u kajor'izoun t`hn +di'ataxh (morf'h) m'iac para\-gr'a\-fou: + +\maketable [Par'ametroi di'ataxhc paragr'afou] +\halign{ + \hfil #\hfil & \quad\hfil\tt #\hfil & \hfil\quad #\hfil\cr + \tengb Leitourg'ia & \tengb K'wdikac {\bf \TeX} & \tengb >Arqik`h + tim`h to~u {\bf \TeX} \cr + \noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} + pl'atoc & \\hsize & 6,5 >'intsec \cr + >od'ontwsh pr'wthc >ar'adac + & \\parindent & 20 stigm'ec\cr + >ap'ostash metax`u >ar'adwn (di'astiqo) & \\baselineskip & 12 stigm'ec\cr + >ap'ostash metax`u paragr'afwn & \\parskip & 0 stigm'ec\cr + } +\par +\toindex{parindent} +\toindex{parskip} +\toindex{baselineskip} + +<H l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\noindent} mpore~i n`a qrhsimopoihje~i st`hn +>arq`h m'iac paragr'afou gi`a t`hn >apofug`h t~hc {\tengs >od'ontwshc} +(t~hc >eswterik~hc metat'opishc, >`h st`hn >Agglik`h {\rm indentation}) +t~hc pr'wthc >ar'adac. A>ut`h <h >entol`h j`a >ephre'asei m'ono t`hn +morf`h t~hc paragr'afou st`hn <opo'ia qrhsimopoie~itai. >Antij'etwc, +j'etontac {\tt \\parindent = 0\NB{}pt} <'olec o<i par'agrafoi to~u +>ent'upou d`en j`a >'eqoun >od'ontwsh. \toindex{noindent} + +{\narrower +<'Enac pi`o e>'ukoloc tr'opoc gi`a n`a >el'egxoume t`o pl'atoc m'iac +paragr'afou e>~inai n`a qrhsimopoi'hsoume t`ic l'exeic >el'egqou {\tt +\\rightskip} ka`i {\tt \\leftskip}. >'Etsi, j'etontac {\tt \\leftskip = +20 pt}, t`o >arister`o perij'wrio t~hc paragr'afou megal'wnei kat`a +e>'ikosi stigm'ec. >E`an j'eloume t`o >arister`o perij'wrio n`a +mikr'unei ka`i <h par'agrafoc n`a >epe\-ktaje~i >ekt`oc to~u >aristero~u +<'or'iou t~hc sel'idac, d`en >'eqoume par`a n`a <or'isoume m'ia +>arnhtik`h tim`h gi`a t`hn di'astash {\tt \\leftskip}. Paromo'iwc, +>all'azontac t`hn tim`h to~u {\tt \\rightskip}, kajor'izoume t`o dexi`o +<'orio t~hc paragr'afou. <H l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\narrower} d'inei t`o +>'idio >apot'elesma <'opwc >e`an e>'iqame <or'isei t`ic tim`ec t~wn {\tt +\\leftskip} ka`i {\tt \\rightskip} >'isec m`e t`hn tim`h to~u {\tt +\\parindent}. A>ut`o e>~inai suqn`a qr'hsimo gi`a t`hn par'ajesh +makr~wn dane'iwn qwr'iwn --- <eto'uth <h par'agrafoc e>~inai <'ena +par'adeigma. <'Opwc sumba'inei ka`i m`e t`o {\tt \\hsize}, <'otan +<h par'agrafoc <oloklhr'wnetai t`o {\rm\TeX} lamb'anei <up'' >'oyh tou +t`ic pi`o pr'osfatec tim`ec t~wn {\tt\\leftskip} ka`i {\tt\\rightskip} +gi`a n`a t`hn stoiqeiojet'hsei. \TeXref{100} \par +} +\toindex{leftskip} +\toindex{rightskip} +\toindex{narrower} + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste d'uo paragr'afouc m`e t`ic >ex~hc +diast'aseic: t`o >arister`o perij'wrio ka`i t~wn d'uo paragr'afwn +e>~inai megal'utero kat`a 1,5 >'intsec >ap`o t`o perij'wrio to~u <'olou +>ent'upou; t`o dexi`o perij'wrio t~hc pr'wthc paragr'afou e>~inai kat`a +0,75 t~hc >'intsac megal'utero >ap`o a>ut`o to~u >ent'upou; ka`i t`o +dexi`o perij'wrio t~hc de'uterhc paragr'afou e>~inai megal'utero s`e +s'ugkrish m`e a>ut`o to~u >ent'upou kat`a 1,75 >'intsec. +\bigskip + +\def\hangparagraph{% +O<i >ar'adec (>`h >alli~wc {\tengs st'iqoi\/}) m'iac paragr'afou +mporo~un n`a stoiqeiojethjo~un s`e diaforetik`a m'hkh qrhsimopoi'wntac +t`ic l'e\-xeic >el'eg\-qou {\tt \\hangindent} ka`i {\tt \\hangafter}. +T`o m'egejoc ka`i <h j'esh t~hc >o\-d'o\-ntw\-shc t~wn >ar'adwn +>exart~wntai >ap`o t`hn tim`h to~u {\tt \\hangindent}. >E`an t`o {\tt +\\hangindent} e>~inai jetik'o, <h >od'o\-ntw\-sh g'inetai >a\-p`o t`a +>arister'a; >e`an e>~inai >ar\-nh\-ti\-k'o, <h >od'ontwsh g'inetai +>a\-p`o t`a dexi'a. T`o poi'ec >ar'adec metatop'izontai kat`a t`hn +>od'ontwsh >exart~atai >ap`o t`hn tim`h to~u {\tt \\hangafter}. >E`an +t`o {\tt \\hangafter} e>~inai jetik'o, t'ote <h tim`h tou kajor'izei t`o +p'osec >ar'adec >ap`o t`hn >arq`h t~hc paragr'afou j`a >'eqoun pl~hrec +pl'atoc (<'opwc a>ut`o kajor'izetai >ap`o t`hn tim`h to~u {\tt +\\hsize}). >'Etsi, >e`an >'eqoume {\tt \\hangindent = 1,75\NB in} ka`i +{\tt \\hangafter =\NB{}6}, t'ote o<i <'exi pr~wtec >ar'adec j`a >'eqoun +pl~hrec pl'atoc, >en`w gi`a t`ic <up'oloipec t`o >arister`o +pe\-ri\-j'wrio j`a e>~inai kat`a 1,75 >'intsec megal'utero. >Ap`o t`hn +>'al\-lh me\-ri'a, >e`an >'eqoume {\tt \\hangindent = +\hbox{-1,75}\NB{}in} ka`i {\tt \\hangafter = -6}, t'ote o<i <'exi +pr~wtec >ar'adec j`a >'eqoun >arister`o perij'wrio megal'utero kat`a +1,75 >'intsec >ap`o t`ic <up'oloipec po`u j`a >'eqoun pl~hrec pl'atoc. +T`o {\rm \TeX} >epano\-r'izei {\tt \\hangindent = 0\NB{}pt} ka`i {\tt +\\hangafter = 1} met`a t`o t'eloc k'a\-je para\-gr'a\-fou. A>ut`ec o<i +l'exeic >el'egqou e>~inai >idia'itera qr'hsimec gi`a paragr'afouc m`e +>od'ontwsh, kaj`wc ka`i gi`a paragr'afouc o<i <opo~iec mpa'inoun g'urw +>ap`o sq'hmata >`h e>ik'onec. +\TeXref{355}% +J'etontac t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\hang} st`hn >ar\-q`h t~hc +paragr'afou, <h pr'w\-th >ar'ada j`a bge~i st`o pl~hrec pl'atoc thc, +>en~w o<i <up'oloipec j`a >'eqoun >arister`o perij'wrio megal'utero +kat`a t`hn tim`h to~u {\tt \\parindent}.\TeXref{102} <W\-st'o\-so, j`a +pr'epei n`a qrhsi\-mopoi'h\-sou\-me ka`i t`hn >e\-nto\-l`h {\tt \\noindent} +>e`an j'eloume <h pr'wth >ar'ada n`a m`hn >'eqei >od'ontwsh. +\par} + +\hangafter=6 \hangindent=1.75in +\hangparagraph +\toindex{hangindent} +\toindex{hangafter} +\toindex{hang} + +<Or'iste xan`a <h parap'anw par'agrafoc m`e {\tt \\hangafter = -6} ka`i +{\tt \\hangindent = -1,75 in}. + +\hangafter=-6 \hangindent=-1.75in \hangparagraph + +M`e t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\parshape} mporo~ume n`a +<etoim'asoume paragr'afouc s`e megal'uterh poikil'ia diat'axewn. +\TeXref{101} +\toindex{parshape} + +M'ia >ak'oma l'exh >el'egqou pol`u qr'hsimh gi`a t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia +paragr'afwn e>~inai ka`i <h {\tt \\item}. Mpore~i n`a qrhsimopoihje~i +gi`a t`hn <etoimas'ia katal'ogwn <'opou kajet`i katagr'afetai +qwrist'a. Gr'afontac st`on k'wdik'a mac {\tt \\item\lb$\ldots$\rb}, +dhmiourgo~ume m'ia par'agrafo m`e >arister`h >od'ontwsh (megal'utero +>arister`o perij'wrio) <'osh ka`i <h tim`h to~u {\tt \\parindent}; +>epipl'eon <h pr'wth >ar'ada t~hc paragr'afou shmei'wnetai m`e <'o,ti +>'eqoume gr'ayei >ent`oc t~wn >agkul~wn. Sun'hjwc <h l'exh >el'egqou +{\tt \\item} qrhsimopoie~itai m`e {\tt \\parskip = 0 pt}, >epeid`h +a>ut`h <h teleuta'ia l'exh >el'egqou kajor'izei t`hn katak'orufh +>ap'ostash metax`u diaforetik~wn >antikeim'enwn >en`oc kata\-l'o\-gou. <H +l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\itemitem} m~ac d'inei t`o >'idio >apot'elesma +<'opwc ka`i <h {\tt \\item}, m`e t`hn diafor`a <oti <h >od'ontwsh +e>~inai dipl'asia, dhl.\ d'uo for`ec megal'uterh >ap`o t`hn tim`h to~u +{\tt\\parindent}.\TeXref{102} <Or'iste <'ena par'adeigma: +\toindex{item} +\toindex{itemitem} + +\beginliteral +\parskip = 0pt \parindent = 30 pt +\noindent +Answer all the following questions: +\item{(1)} What is question 1? +\item{(2)} What is question 2? +\item{(3)} What is question 3? +\itemitem{(3a)} What is question 3a? +\itemitem{(3b)} What is question 3b? +@endliteral + +\noindent +T`o >apot'elesma to~u parade'igmatoc e>~inai: +\vskip\baselineskip + +\vbox{{\parskip = 0pt \parindent = 30 pt \rm +\noindent +Answer all the following questions: +\item{(1)} What is question 1? +\item{(2)} What is question 2? +\item{(3)} What is question 3? +\itemitem{(3a)} What is question 3a? +\itemitem{(3b)} What is question 3b? +}} + +\exercise <Etoim'aste m'ia par'agrafo >arket~wn >ar'adwn ka`i +qrhsimopoi~hste t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\item} gi`a n`a de~ite t'i +shma'inei >od'ontwsh. Kat'opin stoiqeiojet~hste t`hn >'idia +par'a\-gra\-fo m`e diaforetik`ec tim`ec {\tt \\parindent} ka`i {\tt +\\hsize}. +\bigskip + +Ka`i t'wra >`ac do~ume p~wc <or'izoume t`o ken`o di'asthma metax`u t~wn +paragr'afwn. <H l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\parskip} qrhsi\-mo\-poie~itai +gi`a t`on kajorism`o to~u keno~u diast'hmatoc metax`u t~wn paragr'afwn. +>'Etsi loip'on, >e`an gr'ayoume {\tt \\parskip = 12\NB pt} st`hn >arq`h +to~u >arqe'iou {\rm\TeX}, <h >ap'ostash metax`u t~hc b'ashc m'iac +paragr'afou ka`i t~hc koruf~hc t~hc <ep'omenhc j`a e>~inai 12 stigm`ec +s`e <'olo t`o >'entupo (>ekt`oc >e`an >epanor'isoume s`e k'apoio +<ep'omeno shme~io to~u k'wdika t`hn tim`h to~u {\tt \\parskip}). +>Ep'ishc m`e t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\vskip} mporo~ume n`a j'esoume +pr'osjeto ken`o di'asthma metax`u d'uo paragr'afwn. P.q., m`e {\tt +\\vskip 1\NB{}in} prosj'etoume ken`o di'asthma m'iac >'intsac metax'u +d'uo paragr'afwn, >en~w me {\tt \\vskip 20\NB{}pt} prosj'etoume ken`o +di'asthma e>'ikosi stigm~wn. + +<Up'arqoun kanadu`o paraxeni`ec m`e t`o {\tt \\vskip}. >E`an j'esoume +{\tt \\vskip 3 in} ka`i t`o >epi\-pl'e\-on ken`o di'asthma xekin~a d'uo +>'intsec >ap`o t`o t'eloc t~hc sel'idac, t'ote {\tengs d`en\/} j`a +prosteje~i m'ia >'intsa keno~u diast'hmatoc st`hn >arq`h t~hc <ep'omenhc +sel'idac. M`e >'alla l'ogia, {\tengb <h l'exh >el'eg\-qou} {\tt +\\vskip} {\tengb d`en prosj'etei katak'akorufo ken`o di'asthma metax`u +d'uo suneq'omenwn se\-l'i\-dwn}. M'alista, <h >entol`h {\tt +\\vskip\NB{}1\NB{}in} d`en j`a >'eqei kan'ena >apot'elesma >e`an +>emfanisje~i st`hn koruf`h m'iac sel'idac! St`ic periss'oterec +peript'wseic, a>ut`o e>~inai pol`u swst'o. Gi`a par'adeigma, pr`in >ap`o +k'aje t'itlo paragr'afou, sun'hjwc j'etoume l'igo parap'anw katak'orufo +ken`o di'asthma, <'omwc a>ut`o t`o di'asthma d`en pr'epei n`a <up'arqei +>e`an <o t'itloc t~hc paragr'afou xekin~a >ap`o t`hn koruf`h t~hc +sel'idac. + +<'Ena par'omoio fain'omeno sumba'inei ka`i st`hn >arq`h to~u keim'enou. +>E`an j'eloume, p.q., <o t'itloc to~u >ent'upou mac n`a br'isketai st`o +m'eso t~hc sel'idac, d`en mporo~ume n`a prosj'esoume katak'orufo +ken`o di'asthma qrhsimopoi'wntac {\tt \\vskip}. + +<'Omwc p~wc j`a kataf'ername k'ati t'etoio? J`a mporo'usame n`a +xekin'hsoume t`hn sel'ida m`e <'ena {\tt\\\sp} >all`a a>ut`o j`a m~ac +dhmiourg'hsei m'ia ken`h par'agrafo. Ka`i >'etsi, par''\NB{}<'oti +a>ut`h <h par'agrafoc d`en peri'eqei t'ipota, j`a mpe~i >epipl'eon ken`o +di'asthma >ex ait'iac t~wn {\tt \\baselineskip} ka`i {\tt \\parskip}. +M'ia e>ukol'wterh l'ush e>~inai n`a qrhsimopoi'hsoume t`hn l'exh +>el'egqou {\tt \\vglue} >ant`i t~hc {\tt \\vskip}. >'Etsi j'etontac +{\tt \\vglue 1\NB{}in} j`a l'aboume katak'orufo ken`o di'asthma m'iac +>'intsac st`hn koruf`h t~hc sel'idac.% +\TeXref{352} +\toindex{vglue} + +Ka`i mi~ac ka`i t`o >'efere <h koub'enta --- <up'arqei ka`i m'ia >ak'oma +pi`o genik`h m'ejodoc gi`a n`a prosj'esoume k'ati (ken`o di'asthma, +ke'imeno, k.lp.)\ st`hn koruf`h t~hc sel'idac m`e t`ic l'exeic >el'egqou +{\tt \\topinsert} ka`i {\tt \\endinsert}. >E`an gr'a\-you\-me {\tt +\\topinsert $\ldots$ \\endinsert} s`e m'ia sel'ida to~u k'wdika, t`o +<ulik`o metax`u t~wn {\tt \\topinsert} ka`i {\tt \\endinsert} j`a +>emfanisje~i st`o >ep'anw m'eroc t~hc sel'idac --- >e`an beba'iwc t`o +{\rm\TeX} bre~i <'oti <up'arqei q~wroc gi`a k'ati t'etoio. T`o +<ep'omeno par'adeigma e>~inai pol`u qr'hsimo gi`a t`hn >'enjesh +sqhm'atwn:% +\TeXref{115} +\toindex{topinsert} +\toindex{endinsert} + +\vbox{ + \beginuser + \\topinsert + \\vskip 1 in + \\centerline\lb Figure 1\rb + \\endinsert + \enduser +} + +T'eloc, <up'arqoun ka`i merik`ec e>idik`ec l'exeic >el'egqou gi`a mikr`a +katak'orufa ken`a dia\-st'h\-mata. A>ut`ec e>~inai: {\tt \\smallskip}, +{\tt \\medskip} ka`i {\tt \\bigskip}. <Or'iste t`o m'egejoc kajen`oc +>ap`o a>ut`a t`a ken'a: +\smallskip +\def\hrl{\hrule width .5 in} +\centerline{{\tt \\smallskip}: \vbox{\hrl \smallskip \hrl} \quad + {\tt \\medskip}: \vbox{\hrl \medskip \hrl} \quad + {\tt \\bigskip}: \vbox{\hrl \bigskip \hrl} + } +\toindex{smallskip} +\toindex{medskip} +\toindex{bigskip} + +\subsection{<H di'ataxh t~hc >ar'adac} + +St`a periss'otera ke'imena, t`o {\rm\TeX} t`a kataf'ernei >arket`a +kal`a m`e t`hn kop`h t~wn >ar'adwn s`e paragr'afouc. <'Omwc, +merik`ec for`ec e>~inai >anagka~io n`a to~u d'wsoume k'apoiec para\-p'anw +<odhg'iec. >'Etsi e>~inai dunat`o n`a prokal'esoume t`hn >ap'otomh +kop`h m'iac >ar'adac ka`i t`hn sun'eqish to~u keim'enou st`hn <ep'omenh +>ar'ada, j'etontac st`on k'wdika: {\tt \\hfill \\break}. E>~inai +>ep'ishc dunat`o n`a dhmiourg'hsoume m'ia >ar'ada po`u n`a >ekte'inetai +>ap`o t`o <'ena >'akro t~hc sel'idac >'ewc t`o >'allo m`e t`hn l'exh +>el'egqou {\tt \\line\lb $\ldots$\rb}; >'etsi t`o ke'imeno po`u >'eqei +grafe~i >ent`oc t~wn >agkul~wn j`a tentwje~i <'wste n`a katal'abei +m'ia >ar'ada (par''\NB{}<'oti t`o >apot'elesma mpore~i n`a e>~inai +a>isjhtik`a >apar'adekto). O<i l'exeic >el'egqou {\tt \\leftline\lb +$\ldots$\rb}, {\tt \\rightline\lb $\ldots$\rb} ka`i {\tt \\centerline\lb +$\ldots$\rb} qrhsimopoio~untai gi`a n`a dhmiourghje~i m`e t`o ke'imeno +>ent`oc >agkul~wn m'ia >ar'ada po`u j`a e>~inai >ant'istoiqa kollhm'enh +st`o >arister`o >'akro t~hc sel'idac (>arister`h sto'iqish), kollhm'enh +st`o dexi`o >'akro t~hc sel'idac (dexi`a sto'iqish), >`h +topo\-jeth\-m'enh st`o k'entro t~hc sel'idac (k'entrwsh). +Kat''\NB{}a>ut`on t`on tr`opo, <o <ep'omenoc k'wdikac {\rm \TeX} +\toindex{hfill} +\toindex{break} +\toindex{centerline} +\toindex{leftline} +\toindex{rightline} +\toindex{line} + +\beginliteral +\leftline{I'm over on the left.} +\centerline{I'm in the @centre.} +\rightline{I'm on the right.} +\line{I just seem to be spread out all over the place.} +@endliteral + +\noindent +dhmiourge~i t`ic >ex~hc t'esseric >ar'adec: +\vskip\baselineskip + +%%%%%% supress underfulls reported +\hbadness = 10000 {\rm +\leftline{I'm over on the left.} +\centerline{I'm in the \center.} +\rightline{I'm on the right.} +\line{I just seem to be spread out all over the place.} +} + +>'Allou e>'idouc ken`a diast'hmata >ent`oc >ar'adwn mporo~ume n`a +l'aboume m`e t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\hfil}. A>ut`h <h l'exh +>el'egqou prokale~i t`hn sugk'etrwsh <'olou to~u keno~u diast'hmatoc +m'iac >ar'adac st`o shme~io <'opou br'isketai. >E`an >all'axoume t`on +k'wdika to~u teleuta'iou parade'igmatoc s'e: {\tt \\line\lb I just seem +to be spread out \\hfil all over the place.\rb}, t`o >apot'e\-le\-sma +j`a e>~inai: \hfil\break +\medskip +{\rm +\line{I just seem to be spread out \hfil all over the place.} +} +\medskip + +>E`an gr'ayoume periss'oterec >ap`o m'ia for`a t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt +\\hfil}, t`o ken`o di'asthma t~hc >ar'adac moi\-r'a\-ze\-tai s`e >'isa +m`erh metax`u t~wn {\tt \\hfil}. >'Etsi, <o parak'atw k'wdikac {\rm +\TeX} {\tt \\line\lb left text \\hfil \centre{} text\\hfil right +text.\rb} d'inei +\medskip +{\rm +\line{left text \hfil \centre{} text \hfil right text.} +} +\toindex{hfil} + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste t`hn <ep'omenh >ar'ada:\hfil\break +{\rm +\line{left end \hfil left tackle \hfil left guard \hfil \centre{} \hfil +right guard \hfil right tackle \hfil right end} +} + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste t`hn <ep'omenh >ar'ada >'etsi <'wste t`o +ken`o di'asthma metax`u t~wn l'exewn (({\rm left})) ka`i (({\rm +right-\centre{}})) n`a e>~inai dipl'asio >ap`o a>ut`o metax`u t~wn +l'exewn (({\rm right-\centre{}})) ka`i (({\rm right})):\hfil\break +{\rm +\line{left \hfil \hfil right-\centre{} \hfil right} +} + +>Ak'oma, e>~inai dunat`o n`a prosj'esoume <oriz'ontio ken`o di'asthma +>ent`oc m'iac >ar'adac qrhsimopoi'wntac t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt +\\hskip} kat`a tr'opo >an'alogo m`e t`hn per'iptwsh to~u {\tt \\vskip}. +\toindex{hskip} + +\exercise T'i sumba'inei m`e t`on parak'atw k'wdika?\hfil\break {\tt +\\line\lb\\hskip 1 in ONE \\hfil TWO \\hfil THREE\rb} +\bigskip + +\hbadness = 1000 +%%%%%%% restore original \hbadness + +>E`an j'eloume k'apoiec sel'idec >`h ka`i <'olo t`o >'entup'o +mac n`a m`hn e>~inai stoiqism'eno (>alli~wc, {\tengs n`a m`hn >'eqei +perasi'a\/}) >ap`o t`hn dexi`a pleur'a, d`en >'eqoume par`a n`a +qrhsimopoi'hsoume t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\raggedright}. +\toindex{raggedright} + +T'eloc, m'ia >ak'oma pol`u qr'hsimh l'exh >el'egqou gi`a t`hn +stoiqeiojes'ia poihm'atwn >`h k'wdika programm'atwn e>~inai <h +{\tt\\obeylines}. <H {\tt\\obeylines} >isoduname~i m`e t`hn <'uparxh +m'iac l'exhc >el'egqou {\tt\\par} st`o t'eloc k'aje gramm~hc; >'etsi t`o +{\rm\TeX} >anagk'azetai n`a k'obei k'aje >ar'ada >akrib~wc st`o shme~io +<'opou k'obetai <h >ant'istoiqh gramm`h to~u k'wdik'a mac. J`a pr'epei +<'omwc n`a e>'imasje prosektiko`i ka`i n`a perikle'ioume t`o po'ihm'a +mac m`e >agk'ulec, giat`i diaforetik`a <'oloc <o k'wdik'ac mac j`a m~ac +stoiqeiojethje~i <wc <'ena po'ihma. >Ep'ishc, j`a pr'epei n`a <or'izoume +swst`a t`o m'egejoc {\tt\\parskip} <'wste n`a m`hn e>~inai <uperbolik`a +meg'alo t`o di'astiqo. <Or'iste <'ena sqetik`o par'adeigma:\TeXref{92} +\toindex{obeylines} + +\beginliteral@obeyspaces +{\obeylines\parskip=0pt\narrower +Nous n'avons pas les yeux \`a l'\'epreuve des belles, +\qquad\qquad Ni les mains \`a celle de l'or : +\qquad\qquad Peu de gens gardent un tr\'esor +\qquad\qquad Avec des soins assez fid\`eles. +\medskip +\rightline{Jean de La Fontaine, {\it Fables}, Livre VIII, vii} +} +@endliteral + +\noindent +<O parap'anw k'wdikac m~ac d'inei: +\vskip\baselineskip + +{\rm\obeylines\parskip=0pt\narrower +Nous n'avons pas les yeux \`a l'\'epreuve des belles, +\qquad\qquad Ni les mains \`a celle de l'or : +\qquad\qquad Peu de gens gardent un tr\'esor +\qquad\qquad Avec des soins assez fid\`eles. +\medskip +\rightline{Jean de La Fontaine, {\it Fables}, Livre VIII, vii} +} + +\subsection{<Uposhmei'wseic} + +<O genik`oc tr'opoc gi`a n`a dhmiourg'hsoume m'ia <uposhme'iwsh m`e t`o +{\rm \TeX} e>~inai n`a gr'ayoume st`on k'wdika: {\tt +\\footnote\lb$\ldots$\rb\lb$\ldots$\rb}\null. + +T`o s'umbolo t~hc <uposhme'iwshc mpa'inei m'esa st`ic d'uo pr~wtec +>agk'ulec: merik`a >ap`o t`a pl'eon kat'allhla s'umbola po`u diaj'etei +t`o {\rm \TeX} gi`a <uposhmei'wseic e>~inai t'a: {\tt \\dag (\dag)}, +{\tt \\ddag (\ddag)}, {\tt \\S (\S)} ka`i {\tt \\P (\P)}\null. T`o +ke'imeno t~hc <uposhme'iwshc mpa'inei >an'amesa st`ic d'uo de'uterec +>agk'ulec. <H stoiqeiojes'ia >arijmhm'enwn <uposhmei'wsewn e>~inai +l'igaki pi`o pol'uplokh. Gi`a par'adeigma, <h <uposhme'iwsh% +\footnote{${}^{21}$}{\rm This is the footnote at the bottom of the +page.} +st`o k'atw m'eroc <eto'uthc t~hc sel'idac dhmiourg'hjhke gr'afontac +>am'eswc met`a t`hn l'exh ((<uposhme'iwsh)) t`on k'wdika: {\tt +\\footnote\lb\$\lb \rb\^{}\lb{21}\rb\$\rb\lb\\rm This is the footnote at +the bottom of the page.\rb} A>ut`oc <o k'wdikac >'iswc m~ac fa'inetai +k'apwc pol'uplokoc, >all`a j`a t`on katal'aboume kal'utera m'olic +>anaferjo~ume st`hn stoiqeiojes'ia majhmatik~wn keim'enwn. Pr`oc +stigm'hn, >`ac t`on deqjo~ume <wc >'eqei, mi~ac ka`i k'anei t`hn doulei'a +tou. >Ak'oma, >e`an j'eloume n`a e>'imaste s'igouroi <'oti <h +<uposhme'iwsh j`a stoiqeiojethje~i st`on t'upo po`u >eme~ic j'eloume, +mporo~ume n`a qrhsimopoi'hsoume m'ia >entol`h >allag~hc t'upou, p.q., +{\tt \\rm} gi`a latinik`a stoiqe~ia t'upou {\rm roman}, st`hn >arq`h +to~u keim'enou t~hc <uposhme'iwshc. T'eloc, kal`o j`a >~htan n`a m`hn +>af'hnoume ken`o di'asthma metax`u t~hc l'exhc >el'egqou {\tt +\\footnote} ka`i t~hc prohgo'umenhc l'exhc to~u k'uriou keim'enou --- +diaforetik'a, t`o shme~io t~hc <uposhme'iwshc j`a e>~inai +((xekr'emasto)).% +\TeXref{117} +\toindex{footnote} +\toindex{dag} +\toindex{ddag} +\toindex{S} +\toindex{P} + +\exercise <Etoim'aste m'ia sel'ida m`e m'ia meg'alh <uposhme'iwsh +>arket~wn >ar'adwn. + +\exercise <Etoim'aste m'ia sel'ida m`e d'uo diaforetik`ec +<uposhmei'wseic. + + +\subsection{<H kefal`h ka`i t`o p'odi t~hc sel'idac} + +O<i >ar'adec t~wn t'itlwn ka`i t~wn >arijm~wn t~wn sel'idwn po`u +mpa'inoun st`o >ep'anw >`h t`o k'atw m'eroc to~u s'wmatoc (dhl.\ st`hn +kefal`h >`h t`o p'odi), dhmiourgo~untai <or'izontac st`on k'wdika: {\tt +\\headline=\lb$\dots$\rb} ka`i {\tt \\footline=\lb$\dots$\rb}\ +>ant'istoiqa.% +\TeXref{252--253} + +<H >arq`h t~hc stoiqeiojes'iac kefal~hc >`h podio~u st`hn sel'ida mac +e>~inai <h >'idia m''\NB a>ut`hn t~hc stoiqeiojes'iac >ar'adwn m`e t`hn +l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\line\lb $\dots$\rb}\null. M'ia pol`u qr'hsimh +l'exh >el'egqou gi`a t`hn per'iptwsh <eto'uth e>~inai ka`i <h {\tt +\\pageno}, <h <opo'ia e>~inai <'enac metrht`hc po`u katagr'afei t`on +>arijm`o t~hc sel'idac. >'Etsi <o k'wdikac {\tt \\headline=\lb\\hfil +\\rm Page \\the\\pageno\rb} j`a m~ac d'wsei m'ia kefal`h <h <opo'ia +j`a peri'eqei t`hn l'exh (({\rm Page})) ka`i t`on >arijm`o t~hc sel'idac +st`o dex'i thc >'akro (t'wra koit'axte st`hn >ep'anw dexi`a gwn'ia t~hc +sel'idac). +% +\headline={\hfil \rm Page \the\pageno} %example for this page +% +E>~inai pi`o >asfal`ec n`a <or'isoume >akri\-b~wc s`e poi'on t'upo +j'eloume n`a stoiqeiojethje~i <h kefal`h >`h t`o p'odi t~hc sel'idac, +giat`i >alli~wc mpore~i n`a brejo~ume pr`o >ekpl'hxewn! (St`hn +per'iptwsh to~u parade'igmatoc, gr'ayame {\tt \\rm} gi`a n`a bge~i <h +kefal`h s`e latinik`a stoiqe~ia t'upou {\rm roman}.) <H l'exh >el'egqou +{\tt \\the} pa'irnei t`hn tim`h <en`oc metrht~h, <'opwc to~u {\tt +\\pageno}, ka`i t`hn tup'wnei <wc kanonik`o ke'imeno. Mporo~ume >ep'ishc +n`a qrhsimopoi'hsoume t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\folio}, >ant`i to~u +k'wdika {\tt \\the \\pageno}. <H diafor`a t~wn d'uo tr'opwn gi`a t`hn +>ekt'upwsh to~u >arijmo~u t~hc sel'idac e>~inai <'oti t`o {\tt \\folio} +j`a d'wsei latiniko`uc >arijmo`uc (p.q., {\rm iii}, {\rm xiv}, k.lp.)\ +<'otan <h tim`h to~u {\tt \\pageno} e>~inai >arnhtik'h. +\toindex{headline} +\toindex{footline} +\toindex{pageno} +\toindex{the} +\toindex{folio} + +>E`an j'eloume o<i sel'idec sac n`a mhn >'eqoun t`hn sunhjism'enh +>ar'ijmhsh, t'ote mporo~ume n`a <or'isoume t`hn tim`h to~u {\tt +\\pageno}. T`o {\rm \TeX} j`a tup'wsei to`uc >arijmo`uc t~wn sel'idwn +<wc latiniko`uc >e`an d'wsoume >arnhtik`ec tim`ec st`on metrht`h t~wn +sel'idwn. P.q., j'etontac {\tt \\pageno=-1} st`hn >arq`h to~u k'wdika, +o<i >arijmo`i <'olwn t~wn sel'idwn to~u >ent'upou j`a bgo~un <wc +latiniko'i.\TeXref{252} Diaforetik`ec kefal`ec mporo~un n`a +<orisjo~un gi`a mon`ec >`h zug`ec sel'idec, s'umfwna m`e t`on >ak'oloujo +tr'opo: + +{\tt +\\headline=\lb\\ifodd \\pageno \lb\dots\rb \\else \lb\dots\rb\\fi\rb} + +\noindent +<'opou t`o ke'imeno po`u br'isketai >ent`oc t~wn d'uo pr'wtwn >agkul~wn +qrhsimopoie~itai <wc kefal`h dexi~wn sel'idwn, ka`i t`o ke'imeno >ent`oc +t~wn de'uterwn >agkul~wn <wc kefal`h >arister~wn sel'idwn. + +\exercise >All'axte t`o p'odi <en`oc >ent'upou sac >'etsi <'wste n`a +peri'eqei st`o k'entro t`on >arijm`o t~hc sel'idac >an'amesa s`e d'uo +<apl`ec pa~ulec ({\rm en-dash}). + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%% restore original headline +%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\headline={\iftitlepage \hfil \global\titlepagefalse + \else \gentleheadline \fi} + +\subsection{X'eqeila ka`i >'adeia pla'isia} + +\nobreak + +M'ia >ap`o t`ic pl'eon >ekneuristik`ec >empeir'iec po`u >'eqoun <'oloi +o<i n'eoi qr~hstec to~u {\rm \TeX} e>~inai <h >emf'anish x'eqeilwn ({\rm +overfull}) ka`i >'adeiwn ({\rm underfull}) {\tengs kouti~wn\/} >`h +{\tengs plais'iwn}. Gi`a t`o {\rm \TeX}, <'ena pla'isio e>~inai <'ena +noht`o parallhl'ogramo qwr`ic <orat`h per'imetro po`u peri'eqei <'ena pl~hjoc +stoiqe'iwn s`e sugkekrim'enec j'eseic. T`o {\rm \TeX} katagr'afei <'ola +t`a problhmatik`a pla'isia <'ena-pr`oc-<'ena st`o >arqe~io {\tt .log}, +kaj`wc >ep'ishc m~ac t`a de'iqnei ka`i st`hn >oj'onh >ef'' <'oson t`o +pr'ogramma tr'eqei <wc >al\-lhlo\-epi\-dr'on. T`o xeqe'ilisma to~u +keim'enou p'era >ap`o t`o dexi`o <'orio t~hc sel'idac shmei'wnetai ka`i +st`o >'entup'o mac m`e mikr`o ma~uro parallhl'ogrammo (s`an +a>ut'o:\NB{}\vrule width \overfullrule $\,$) st`o dex`i perij'wrio. T`o +shm'adi a>ut`o mpa'inei >'estw ka`i >`an d`en <up'arqei kan'ena l'ajoc +st`on k'wdika. T'i e>~inai loip`on a>ut`o t`o shm'adi ka`i p~wc +mporo~ume n`a t`o >apof'ugoume? + +<'Enac kal`oc tr'opoc gi`a n`a katal'aboume p~wc t`o {\rm \TeX} +fti'aqnei m'ia sel'ida e>~inai n`a jewr'hsoume <'oti t`o kajet`i po`u +tup'wnetai st`hn sel'ida e>~inai <'ena >orjog'wnio parallhl'ogrammo +pla'isio ({\rm box}). <Up'arqoun d'uo e>id~wn noht`a pla'isia gi`a t`o +{\rm \TeX}, t`a >apokalo'umena {\sl hbox\/} ka`i {\sl vbox}. T`ic +periss'oterec for'ec, t`a pr~wta >antistoiqo~un st`hn stoiqeiojes'ia +keim'enou s`e <oriz'ontiec >ar'adec, >en~w t`a de'utera s`e paragr'afouc +po`u topojeto~untai katak'orufa <h m'ia >ep'anw st`hn >'allh. Sunep~wc, +t`o <uperbolik`a meg'alo pl'atoc <en`oc {\rm hbox} po`u >antistoiqe~i +s`e m'ia >ar'ada to~u >ent'upou e>~inai >aut`o po`u prokale~i t`hn +>emf'anish to~u\NB{}\vrule width \overfullrule$\,$. + +>`Ac jumhjo~ume <'oti t`o {\rm \TeX} diab'azei pr~wta m'ia <ol'oklhrh +par'agrafo ka`i kat'opin t`hn k'obei s`e >ar'adec. A>ut`h <h +>epexergas'ia ka`i stoiqeiojes'ia <olokl'hrwn paragr'afwn >'eqei k'apoio +sugkekrim'eno skop'o; >e`an t`o {\rm \TeX} di'abaze ka`i +stoiqeiojeto~use m'ia >ar'ada t`hn for'a, t'ote m'ia mikr`h belt'iwsh +t~hc paro'usac >ar'adac mpore~i n`a kat'elhge s`e kak`h stoiqeioj'ethsh +m'iac >'allhc >ar'adac l'igo pi`o k'atw st`hn >'idia par'agrafo. <'Otan +loip`on t`o {\rm \TeX} topojete~i t`ic l'exeic m'iac >ar'adac t`hn m'ia +d'ipla st`hn >'allh, b'azei metax'u touc k'apoio ken`o di'asthma >'etsi +<'wste n`a g'inei swst`h sto'iqish to~u keim'enou st`o dex`i perij'wrio. +Profan~wc, d`en e>~inai >epijumht`o t`o di'asthma metax`u t~wn l'exewn +n`a e>~inai pol`u meg'alo; t`o p'oso >'asqhmh e>~inai <h >emf'anish t~hc +>ar'adac (st`hn gl'wssa to~u {\rm \TeX}: {\rm badness}), >exart~atai +>ap`o t`o ken`o di'asthma metax`u t~wn l'exewn. <'Ena >'adeio ({\rm +underfull}) {\rm hbox}, shma'inei <'oti <up'arqei pol`u ken`o di'asthma +metax`u t~wn l'exewn. T`o {\rm \TeX} baj\-mo\-lo\-ge~i t`o k'aje +pla'isio m`e <'enan bajm`o {\rm badness}: >e`an <o bajm`oc a>ut`oc gi`a +m'ia >ar'ada e>~inai 0, <h >ar'ada a>ut`h e>~inai t'eleia; >e`an e>~inai +10000, <h >ar'ada e>~inai >apa'isia. <Up'arqei m'ia par'ametroc po`u +<onom'azetai {\tt \\hbadness} ka`i po`u <h >arqik'h thc tim`h e>~inai +1000\null. <Opoiad'hpote >ar'ada m`e bajm`o {\rm badness} megal'utero +>ap`o t`hn tim`h to~u {\tt \\hbadness} j`a >anaferje~i <wc {\rm +underfull hbox}. >E`an <or'isoume m'ia megal'uterh tim`h gi`a t`hn {\tt +\\hbadness}, t'ote <o >arijm`oc t~wn {\rm underfull hbox} po`u j`a m~ac +>anaf'erei t`o {\rm \TeX} j`a >elattwje~i. M'alista, >e`an j'esoume {\tt +\\hbadness = 10000}, t`o {\rm \TeX} d`en j`a m~ac >anaf'erei kan'ena +{\rm undefull hbox}. Kat`a tr'opo par'omoio, >e`an o<i l'exeic m'iac +>ar'adac pr'epei n`a strimwqjo~un ka`i <h >ar'ada >ekte'inetai >ent`oc +to~u dexio~u perijwr'iou, dhmiourge~itai <'ena x'eqeilo ({\rm overfull}) +{\rm hbox}. +\toindex{hbadness} + +T`o {\rm \TeX} >epitr'epei merik`ec for`ec o<i >ar'adec n`a +>ekte'inontai kat`a t`i >ent`oc to~u dexio~u perijwr'iou, dhl.\ n`a +>'eqoun pl'atoc megal'utero >ap`o t`hn tim`h {\tt \\hsize}, prokeim'enou +<h par'agrafoc n`a e>~inai pi`o <omoi'omorfh (ka`i >'omorfh). <H l'exh +>el'egqou {\tt \\tolerance} kajor'izei t`o p'ote sumba'inei a>ut'o. +>E`an <o bajm`oc {\rm badness} m'iac >ar'adac e>~inai megal'uteroc >ap`o +t`hn tim`h {\tt \\tolerance}, t`o {\rm \TeX} j`a k'anei t`hn >ar'ada +megal'uterh prosj'etontac m'ia n'ea l'exh st`o t'eloc t~hc >ar'adac, +>'estw ka`i >`an a>ut`o k'anei t`o pl'atoc t~hc >ar'adac megal'utero +>ap`o t`o {\tt \\hsize}. M'ia >ar'ada po`u t`o pl'atoc thc m'olic +xepern~a t`o {\tt \\hsize} d`en j`a >anaferje~i >ap`o t`o {\rm +\TeX}\null. <H l'exh >el'egqou {\tt\\hfuzz} e>~inai a>ut`h po`u +kajor'izei p'oso >epitr'epetai t`o pl'atoc m'iac >ar'adac n`a xepern~a +t`o {\tt\\hsize}. <H >arqik`h tim'h thc e>~inai: {\tt \\hfuzz +=\NB{}0,1\NB{}pt}. M'ia >ar'ada po`u e>is'erqetai periss'otero >ap`o +{\tt \\hfuzz} st`o dexi`o perij'wrio dhmiourge~i pr'oblhma; t`o +{\rm\TeX} m~ac t`o de'iqnei b'azontac t`o +shm'adi\NB{}\vrule width\overfullrule$\,$. E>~inai dunat`o n`a +>apof'ugoume t`hn parous'ia t~wn x'eqeilwn {\rm hbox}, megal'wnontac +t`hn tim`h to~u {\tt \\tolerance}. M`e {\tt \\tolerance = 10000}, d`en +j`a do~ume pot`e t`o {\rm \TeX} n`a paraponi'etai gi`a {\rm overfull +box}. <H >arqik`h tim`h to~u {\tt \\tolerance} e>~inai 200.% +\TeXref{29} +\toindex{hfuzz} +\toindex{tolerance} + +T`o pl'atoc to~u shmadio~u \vrule width \overfullrule\ kajor'izetai m`e +t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\overfullrule}. <Or'i\-zon\-tac st`o +k'wdik'a mac {\tt \\overfullrule = 0 pt}, >apofe'ugoume t`hn >emf'anish +a>ut~wn t~wn >enoqlhtik~wn shmadi~wn. T`a x'eqeila pla'isia j`a +parame'inoun; m'ono po`u j`a e>~inai pi`o d'uskolo n`a t`a +>ento\-p'i\-soume. +\toindex{overfullrule} + +E>'idame loip`on gi`a poi'o l'ogo >emfan'izontai x'eqeila >`h >'adeia +pla'isia. E>'idame >ep'ishc <'oti mporo~ume n`a k'anoume t`o {\rm \TeX} +n`a stamat'hsei t`a par'apona >all'azontac t`ic tim`ec t~wn {\tt +\\badness}, {\tt \\hfuzz} ka`i {\tt \\tolerance}. >Epipl'eon, m'ia +mikr`h tim`h to~u {\tt \\hsize}, profan~wc, k'anei pi`o d'uskolh t`hn +t`hn kop`h t~wn >ar'adwn ka`i prokale~i periss'otera probl'hmata m`e +x'eqeila ka`i >'adeia pla'isia. S`e <'olec t`ic peript'wseic m`e +problhmatik`a pla'isia t`o {\rm \TeX} m~ac d'inei k'apoiec +proeidopoi'hseic po`u mporo~ume ka`i n`a t`ic >agno'hsoume, <'omwc t`o +kr'ima j`a e>~inai <'olo dik'o mac! + +Bohj'wntac l'igo st`on sullabism`o t~wn l'exewn, mporo~ume n`a +>apof'ugoume <orism'ena pro\-bl'h\-ma\-ta m`e x'eqeila ka`i >'adeia +pla'isia. T`o {\rm \TeX} gnwr'izei pol`u kal`a p~wc n`a sullab'izei +>agglik`ec l'exeic (ka`i >'iswc k'apoiec m`h >agglik'ec). <'Omwc e>~inai +dunat`o >eme~ic n`a <or'isoume n'ea shme~ia sullabismo~u <'opou j`a +>epitr'epetai <h kop`h m'iac l'exhc ka`i kat`a sun'epeia ka`i <h kop`h +m'iac <ol'oklhrhc >ar'adac. Gi`a par'adeigma, <o a>ut'omatoc +mhqanism`oc sullabismo~u to~u {\rm \TeX} pot`e d`en j`a k'oyei t`hn +l'exh {\rm database}. >E`an <'omwc gr'ayoume t`hn l'exh a>ut`h st`on +k'wdik'a mac <wc {\tt data\\-base}, t'o\-te t`o {\rm \TeX} katalaba'inei +<'oti mpore~i n`a k'oyei a>ut`h t`hn l'exh met`a t`o de'utero (({\rm +a})). Genik'wtera, >e`an gr'ayoume st`hn >arq`h to~u k'wdika {\tt +\\hyphenation\lb data-base\rb}, t'ote s`e <'olec t`ic <ep'omenec +>emfan'iseic t~hc l'exhc {\rm database} t`o {\rm \TeX} j`a gnwr'izei +p~wc n`a k'anei t`on swst`o sullabism'o thc.\TeXref{28} T`o >arqe~io +{\tt .log} de'iqnei <'ola t`a pijan`a shme~ia sullabismo~u t~hc >ar'adac +>eke'inhc <'opou >em\-fa\-n'i\-sjhke <'ena pr'oblhma {\rm overfull} >`h +{\rm underfull}. Merik`ec for'ec, ka`i k'apoiec mikroallag`ec st`o +ke'imeno bohjo~un st`hn >apofug`h t'etoiwn problhm'atwn. +\toindex{hyphenation} + +<H suz'hths'h mac m'eqric >ed~w, peristr'afhke g'urw >ap`o t`o j'ema +t~hc stoiqeiojes'iac >ar'adwn s`e paragr'afouc. Par'omoia m`e t`hn +stoiqeiojes'ia >ar'adwn, g'inetai ka`i <h katak'orufh topo\-j'e\-thsh +t~hc m'iac paragr'afou >ep'anw st`hn >'allh gi`a t`hn dhmiourg'ia t~hc +sel'idac. Kat`a sun'epeia, t`o {\rm \TeX} mpore~i n`a paraponeje~i gi`a +x'eqeila >`h >'adeia katak'orufa pla'isia ({\rm vbox}), <'opwc j`a +parapono~utan gi`a x'eqeila >`h >'adeia <oriz'ontia pla'isia ({\rm +hbox}). P.q., <'enac meg'aloc p'inakac <o <opo~ioc d`en mpore~i n`a +kope~i st`hn m'esh j`a >anaferje~i st`o >arqe~io {\tt .log} <wc (({\rm +overfull vbox})). <H l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\vbadness} e>~inai t`o +>an'alogo t~hc l'exhc >el'egqou {\tt \\hbadness} gi`a t`hn katak'orufh +topoj'ethsh paragr'afwn, k.lp. +\toindex{vbadness} + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste merik`ec paragr'afouc m`e di'aforec (mikr`ec +>`h meg'alec) tim`ec {\tt \\hsize}, gi`a n`a de~ite t'i e>~idouc +x'eqeila {\rm hbox} j`a s~ac parousiasto~un. >Epa\-na\-l'a\-be\-te t`hn +>'askhsh m`e di'aforec tim`ec t~wn {\tt \\hbadness}, {\tt \\hfuzz} ka`i +{\tt \\tolerance}. + +\section{$\Bigl\{$S'unola, $\bigl\{$<upos'unola + $\{$ka`i <upo"upos'unola$\}\bigr\}\Bigr\}$} + +<H sugk'entrwsh keim'enou s`e {\tengs s'unola\/} >`h +{\tengs <om'adec\/} >`h {\tengs topik`a ped'ia dr'ashc\/} po`u +diakr'inontai >ap`o k'apoio >idia'itero koin`o qarakthristik`o (p.q., +t'upoc stoiqe'iwn) e>~inai k'ati po`u <aplouste'uei shmanti\-k'wtata +t`hn <'olh >ergas'ia t~hc stoiqeiojes'iac. <'Omwc t'i e>~inai >akrib~wc +<'ena s'unolo gi`a t`o {\rm \TeX}? >`Ac xekin'hsoume l'egontac +<'oti <'ena n'eo s'unolo st`on k'wdik'a mac >arq'izei m`e t`on +qarakt'hra {\tt\lb} (t`o >arister`o >'agkistro) ka`i telei'wnei m`e t`on +qarakt'hra {\tt\rb} (t`o dexi`o >'agkistro). <'Opoiec >all'agec +ka`i n`a k'anoume >ent`oc <en`oc sun'olou, d`en >'eqoun ka\-m'ia >ep'idrash +m'olic t`o s'unolo kle'isei. P.q., >e`an st`o >arqe~io {\rm \TeX} +gr'ayoume {\tt \lb \\bf three boldface words\rb}, t`o pr~wto >'agkistro +<or'izei t`hn >arq`h to~u sun'olou, <h l'exh >el'egqou {\tt\\bf} +diat'azei t`o {\rm \TeX} n`a >arq'isei n`a stoiqeiojete~i s`e >'entonouc +t'upouc ({\rm boldface}), ka`i t`o de'utero >'agkistro kle'inei t`o +s'unolo. M`e t`o kle'isimo to~u sun'olou, t`o {\rm \TeX} stamat~a t`hn +stoiqeiojes'ia s`e >'entonouc t'upouc ka`i suneq'izei st`on >'idio t'upo +po`u qrhsimopoio~use pr`in t`hn >arq`h to~u sun'olou. A>ut`oc e>~inai +<o e>ukol'wteroc tr'opoc gi`a n`a k'anoume parembol`ec st`o ke'imen'o +mac m`e diaforetik`o t'upo (pl'agia, >'entona, k.lp.)\null. E>~inai +>ep'ishc dunat`on n`a >'eqoume <'ena s'unolo <wc m'eroc --- dhl.\ <wc +<upos'unolo --- <en`oc megal'uterou sun'olou (st`hn gl'wssa t~wn +pro\-gram\-mati\-st~wn mil~ame gi`a {\rm nested local scope groups}). + +\def\sectiontitle{$\Bigl\{$S'unola, $\bigl\{$<upos'unola +$\dots \bigr\}\Bigr\}$} + +<Wc <'ena >ak'oma par'adeigma, >`ac do~ume p~wc g'inontai k'apoiec +proswrin`ec >allag`ec s`e diast'aseic to~u >ent'upou. Gr'a\-fo\-ntac +loip`on t`a >ak'olouja st`on k'wdik'a mac +\beginuser +\lb +\\hsize = 4 in +\\parindent = 0 pt +\\leftskip = 1 in +\\TeX\\ will produce a paragraph that is four +$\vdots$ +(this is an easy mistake to make). +\\par +\rb +\enduser + +\noindent +j`a l'aboume m'ia par'agrafo pl'atouc 4 >ints~wn m`e >od'ontwsh m'iac +>'intsac s`e <'olo t`o <'uyoc thc (ka\-ja\-r`o pl'atoc >ar'adac 3 +>'intsec). <H parak'atw par'agrafoc, po`u e>~inai o>usiastik`a <eto~uto +t`o ke'imeno metafrasm'eno st`hn >agglik`h gl'wssa, >apotele~i <'ena +par'adeigma. M`e t'eloc to~u sun'olou, t`o {\rm \TeX} j`a suneq'isei n`a +stoiqeiojete~i t`ic paragr'afouc po`u >akoloujo~un st`ic dia\-st'a\-seic +po`u >'hxere pr`in sunant'hsei t`o s'unolo. <'Omwc prosoq'h: gi`a n`a +l'aboume t`o swst`o >apot'elesma, pr'epei n`a gr'a\-you\-me {\tt \\par} +>`h n`a >af'hsoume m'ia ken`h gramm`h st`on k'wdik'a mac pr`in t`o +>'agkistro {\tt\rb} po`u kle'inei t`o s'unolo. Dia\-fore\-tik`a t`o +{\rm \TeX} j`a stoiqeiojet'hsei ka`i t`hn par'agrafo >ent`oc to~u +sun'olou st`ic prohgo'umenec diast'aseic po`u >'hxere pr`in diab'asei +t`o s'unolo (e>~inai e>'ukolo n`a m~ac xef'ugei <'ena t'etoio l'ajoc). + +{\hsize = 4 in +\parindent = 0 pt +\leftskip = 1 in \rm +\TeX\ will produce a paragraph that is four inches wide with the text +offset into the paragraph by one inch regardless of the settings in +effect before the start of the group. This paragraph is set with those +values. After the end of the group, the old settings are in effect +again. Note that it is necessary to include {\tt \\par} or to use a +blank line before the closing brace to end the paragraph, since +otherwise the group will end and \TeX{} will go back to the old +parameters before the paragraph is actually typeset (this is an easy +mistake to make). \par} + +<'Otan m'ia l'exh el'egqou (<'opwc {\tt \\centerline}) prohge~itai +<en`oc keim'enou po`u perikle'ietai m`e >'agkistra, t'ote t`o ke'imeno +a>ut`o >apotele~i <'ena s'unolo. >'Etsi, gr'afontac {\tt +\\centerline\lb\\bf A bold title\rb} dhmiourgo~ume m'ia kentrarism'enh +>ar'ada s`e >'entonouc t'u\-pouc, >en~w t`o ke'imeno po`u >akolouje~i +met`a >ap`o a>ut`h t`hn >ar'ada j`a bge~i st`on t'upo po`u +qrhsi\-mo\-poio'usame pr`in t`hn >entol`h {\tt \\centerline}. + +T`o ken`o s'unolo {\tt\lb\rb} e>~inai >ep'ishc pol`u qr'hsimo. +Mporo~ume n`a t`o qrhsimopoi'hsoume gi`a n`a tup'wsoume tonik`a shme~ia +qwr`ic t`hn parous'ia k'apoiou gr'ammatoc. Gi`a par'adeigma, <h +>entol`h {\tt \\\~{}\lb\rb} m~ac d'inei m'ia perispwm'enh qwr`ic k'apoio +gr'amma k'atw >ap'' a>ut'hn. >Ak'oma, t`o ken`o s'unolo mpore~i n`a +stamat'hsei t`o {\rm \TeX} >ap`o t`o n`a ((tr'wei)) suneq'omena ken`a +diast'hmata. Gr'a\-fo\-ntac loip'on, {\tt I use \\TeX\lb\rb{} all the +time}, lamb'anoume <'ena ken`o di'asthma met`a t`o log'otupo +{\rm\TeX}\null. A>ut`oc e>~inai <'enac >enallaktik`oc tr'opoc gi`a n`a +j'etoume ken`a diast'hmata (<o >'alloc tr'opoc e>~inai n`a +qrhsimopoi'hsoume t`o s'umbolo >el'egqou {\tt \\\sp} <'opwc k'aname st`o +kef'alaio\NB{}1.)% +\TeXref{19--21} + +<H <omadopo'ihsh qarakt'hrwn s`e <'ena >`h ka`i periss'otera s'unola +mpore~i n`a g'inei >ak'oma ka`i st`hn m'esh m'iac l'exhc, p.q., <'otan +<h l'exh a>ut`h peri'eqei tonism'enouc qarakt~hrec. Sunep~wc, +gr'afontac st`on k'wdika e>'ite {\tt soup\\c\sp con} e>'ite {\tt +soup\\c\lb c\rb on}, st`o >'entupo lamb'anoume t`hn l'exh {\rm +soup\c{c}on}. + +\exercise >All'axte t`ic diast'aseic m'iac paragr'afou qrhsimopoi'wntac +t`hn >id'ea to~u sun'olou. + +\exercise O<i majhmatiko`i merik`ec for`ec gr'afoun (({\rm i{f}f})) <wc +suntomograf'ia t~hc fr'ashc ((>e`an ka`i m'onon >e'an)) ({\rm if and +only if}). St`hn per'iptwsh a>ut`h e>~inai protim'wtero t`o pr~wto ka`i +t`o de'utero (({\rm f})) n`a m`hn <enwjo~un <wc <'ena s'unjeto +stoiqe~io. P~wc j`a pet'uqete k'ati t'etoio? (<Up'arqoun poll`ec +l'useic!) + +\bigskip + +<'Otan fti'aqnoume <'ena s'unolo, e>~inai pol`u e>'ukolo n`a xeq'asoume +<'ena >ap`o t`a d'uo >'agkistra, sun'hjwc t`o dex'i. T`o >apot'elesma +mpore~i n`a e>~inai katastrofik'o; >e`an do~ume <'olo t`o >'entupo n`a +bga'inei s`e pl'agiouc t'upouc, >ant`i p.q.\ {\rm roman}, t'ote k'apou +>'iswc n`a >'eqoume >af'hsei <'ena >'agkistro qwr`ic ta'iri. >E`an +<up'arqei <'ena {\tt\lb} qwr`ic t`o >ant'istoiqo {\tt\rb}, t`o {\rm +\TeX} j`a paraponeje~i: + +{\tt (\\end occurred inside a group at level 1)}. + +>Ant'ijeta, <'ena {\tt\rb} qwr`ic ta'iri j`a k'anei t`o {\rm \TeX} +n`a dia\-mar\-turh\-je~i <wc >ex~hc: + +{\tt! Too many \rb's.} + +<Or'iste p~wc mporo~ume n`a >apof'ugoume t`o mp'erdema m`e t`a +>'agkistra s`e pol'uploka s'unola: St`on k'wdik'a mac gr'afoume t`o +>arister`o >'agkistro s`e m'ia xeqwrist`h gramm`h m'ono tou ka`i +>ep'ishc gr'afoume t`o dex`i >'agkistro m'ono tou s`e m'ia gramm'h. +<'Otan dhmiourgo~ume n'ea <upo\-s'u\-nola >ent`oc to~u >arqiko~u +sun'olou, gr'afoume >ep'ishc t`a >'agkistra k'aje <uposun'olou >ep'ishc +s`e xeqwrist`ec gramm'ec, >all`a >'oqi st`hn pr'wth j'esh t~hc gramm~hc; +mporo~ume n`a dhmiourg'hsoume m'ia >od'ontwsh (p.q., m`e t`o pl~hktro +{\rm TAB})\null. >Epipl'eon, mporo~ume n`a metakin'hsoume t`o ke'imeno +po`u perikle'ioun a>ut`a t`a >'agkistra l'igo pr`oc t`o >eswterik`o t~hc +gramm~hc <'opwc st`o parak'atw par'adeigma: +\beginuser \obeyspaces +\lb +\ This text belongs to the first group. +\ $\vdots$ +\ \lb +\ This text belongs to the first subgroup. +\ $\vdots$ +\ \rb +\rb +\enduser + +\noindent +>'Etsi t`a >'agkistra to~u k'wdik'a mac g'inontai pi`o e>udi'akrita. +M'alista, >e`an t`o pr'ogramma s'untaxhc po`u qrhsimopoio~ume e>~inai +l'igo pi`o >'exupno, >'iswc n`a mporo~ume n`a gr'ayoume pr~wta t`o +ze~ugoc t~wn >agk'istrwn ka`i met'a, metax`u t~wn >agk'istrwn, t`o +ke'imeno m`e a>ut'omath >od'ontwsh. + +\exercise St`o kef'alaio 2, >all'axame t'upo m`e t`hn >ak'oloujh +m'ejodo: {\tt I started with roman type, \\it switched to italic type, +\\rm and returned to roman type}. N`a k'a\-ne\-te t`o >'idio, +qrhsimopoi'wntac t`hn >id'ea to~u sun'olou. + + +\section{Majhmatik`a qwr`ic >'agqoc!} + +T`o {\rm \TeX} e>~inai t`o >idanik`o >ergale~io gi`a t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia +>ent'upwn po`u peri'eqoun majhmatiko`uc t'upouc >`h >ekfr'aseic. O<i +majhmatik`ec >ekfr'aseic mpore~i n`a e>~inai poll~wn e>id~wn ka`i +>arket`a pol'uplokec, >all`a t`o {\rm \TeX} t`ic >epexerg'azetai +>aristoteqnik`a k'anontac dunat`h t`hn paragwg`h majhmatik~wn >ent'upwn +>exairetik~hc poi'othtac. >E`an pr'okeitai n`a <etoim'asoume k'a\-poiec +dhmosie'u\-seic po`u peri'eqoun majhmatik`a s'umbola, st`o kef'alaio +a>ut`o j`a do~ume <'olec t`ic basik`ec >entol`ec po`u j`a qreiasjo~ume +s`e <opoiad'hpote per'iptwsh. T`o {\rm \TeX} beba'iwc mporo~ume n`a t`o +qrhsimopoi'hsoume ka`i gi`a >'entupa m`e l'igouc >`h kaj'olou +majhmatiko`uc sumbolismo'uc; t'ote o<i d'uo par'agrafoi po`u +>akoloujo~un e>~inai m'allon >arket`ec gi`a t`ic >an'agkec mac. + +\subsection{Poll`a n'ea s'umbola} + +O<i majhmatik`ec >ekfr'aseic e>is'agontai >ent`oc to~u kanoniko~u +keim'enou kat`a d'uo tr'opouc: mpore~i na mpo~un {\tengs >ent`oc +st'iqou}, <wc m'eroc kanonik~wn >ar'adwn keim'enou l'ogou, >`h <wc {\tengs +diakrit'ec}, dhl.\ >ent`oc <en`oc nohto~u kentrwm'enou plais'iou s`e +<'enan ken`o q~wro metax`u >ar'adwn kanoniko~u keim'enou. T`o +>apot'elesma st`hn topoj'ethsh ka`i t`a diast'hmata metax`u t~wn +sumb'olwn j`a e>~inai s`e k'aje per'iptwsh diaforetik'o. <H >ent`oc +st'iqou >ex'iswsh $\sum_{k=1} ^{\infty} {1\over k^2} = {\pi^2\over6}$ +d`en de'iqnei t`o >'idio <'otan mpa'inei <wc diakrit'h: + +$$\sum_{k=1}^{\infty} {1\over k^2} = {\pi^2\over6}.$$ + +>Ef'' <'oson t`a diast'hmata ka`i o<i t'upoi stoiqe'iwn po`u +qrhsimopoio~untai s`e majhmatik`ec >ekfr'aseic diaf'eroun >arket`a >ap`o +a>ut`a po`u qrhsimopoio~untai gi`a ke'imeno l'ogou, pr'epei n`a d'wsoume +st`o {\rm \TeX} n`a katal'abei p'ote >'eqei n`a stoiqeiojet'hsei m'ia +majhmatik`h >'ekfrash >ant`i keim'enou l'ogou. A>ut`o g'inetai +qrhsimopoi'wntac st`on k'wdika t`o s'umbolo to~u dolar'iou {\tt\$}. +E>idik'wtera, m'ia majhmatik`h >'ekfrash po`u stoiqeiojete~itai >ent`oc +st'iqou, t`hn gr'afoume st`on k'wdika perikle'iontac thn m`e mon`a +dol'aria: {\tt\$$\ldots$\$}\null. >E`an t`hn perikle'isoume metax`u +dipl~wn dolar'iwn: {\tt\$\$$\ldots$\$\$}, j`a stoiqeiojethje~i <wc +diakrit`h kentrwm'enh. >'Etsi <o k'wdikac {\tt \$x = y+1\$} m~ac d'inei +$x=y+1$ >ent`oc st'iqou, >en~w <o k'wdikac {\tt \$\$x = y+1.\$\$} +d'inei: $$x=y+1.$$ + +T`a diast'hmata gi`a majhmatik`ec >ekfr'aseic t'oso >ent`oc st'iqou +<'oso ka`i kentrwm'enec >el'egqontai >ap'oluta >ap`o t`o {\rm +\TeX}\null. T`o n`a prosj'esoume ken`a diast'hmata st`on k'wdika d`en +j`a >'eqei kan'ena >apo\-t'e\-lesma. Ka`i >e`an j'eloume n`a b'aloume +k'apoio ken`o di'asthma >`h k'apoio ke'imeno l'ogou st`hn m'esh m'iac +majhmatik~hc >'ekfrashc? Mporo~ume n`a b'aloume k'apoio ke'imeno l'ogou +>ent`oc m'iac majhmatik~hc >'ekfrashc j'etont'ac to s`e <'ena {\rm +hbox}: {\tt \\hbox\lb$\ldots$\rb}\null. A>ut`o e>~inai pol`u qr'hsimo +gi`a kentrwm'enec majhmatik`ec >ekfr'aseic. Kat`a t`on tr'opo a>ut'o, +<h >'ekfrash (($x=y+1 \hbox{ \rm whenever } y=x-1$)) stoiqeiojete~itai +m`e t`on k'wdika {\tt \$x=y+1 \\hbox\lb\ whenever \rb y=x-1\$}. >`Ac +pros'exoume t`a diast'hmata <ekat'erwjen t~hc l'exhc >ent`oc t~wn +>agk'istrwn. Sun'hjwc d`en qrei'azetai n`a b'azoume ken`a diast'hmata +>ent`oc majhmatik~wn sumbolism~wn, >all`a st`hn pe\-r'i\-ptw\-sh po`u +a>ut`o e>~inai >apara'ithto o<i parak'atw >akolouj'iec >el'egqou j`a +m~ac k'anoun t`hn doulei'a.% +\TeXref{167} + +\maketable [Prosj'hkh diasthm'atwn s`e majhmatiko`uc t'upouc] +\halign{ +\strut \hfil # \hfil & \quad \hfil\tt# \hfil \quad + & \hbox to 2cm{\hrulefill\vrule height 8pt#\vrule height 8pt\hrulefill} \cr + >Onomas'ia & \tengr >Akolouj'ia el'egqou & $\gets$M~hkoc$\to$\cr + \noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} + dipl`o tetr'agwno & \\qquad &\qquad \cr + <apl`o tetr'agwno & \\quad &\quad \cr + di'asthma & \\\sp\ &\ \cr + meg'alo di'asthma & \\; &$\;$\cr + mesa~io di'asthma & \\> &$\>$\cr + mikr`o di'asthma & \\, &$\,$\cr + >arnhtik`o mikr`o di'asthma & \ \\!\ &$\!$\cr + } + +\toindex{quad} +\toindex{qquad} +\toindex{\sp} +\toindex{;} +\toindex{>} +\toindex{,} +\toindex{!} + +>E`an parathr'hsoume prosektik`a t`o mikr`o >arnhtik`o di'asthma, j`a +do~ume <'oti s`e >ant'ijesh m`e t`a >'alla diast'hmata, t`a d'uo <'oria +to~u diast'hmatoc >allhlo\-epikal'u\-ptontai. A>ut`o sumba'inei giat`i +t`o >arnhtik`o di'asthma e>~inai >ant'ijethc kate'ujunshc, dhl.\ >en~w +<'olec o<i >'allec >akolouj'iec >el'egqou a>ux'anoun t`o ken`o di'asthma +metax`u d'uo sumb'olwn, t`o mikr`o >arnhtik`o di'asthma t`o >elatt'wnei +>'estw ka`i >`an prokale~itai >allhlo\-epi\-k'aluyh t~wn sumb'olwn. + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: $C(n,r) = n!/(r!\,(n-r)!)$\null. +Pros'exte t`a diast'h\-ma\-ta st`on paronomast'h. +\bigskip + +St`on k'wdika, metax`u t~wn sumb'olwn {\tt \$} po`u perikle'ioun k'apoio +majhmatik`h >'ekfrash d`en pr'epei n`a <up'arqoun ken`ec gramm'ec. T`o +{\rm\TeX} <upoj'etei <'oti <'olh <h majhmatik`h >'ekfrash >apotele~i +m'ia par'agrafo ka`i <'oti m'ia ken`h gramm`h shma'inei n'ea par'agrafo. + Sunep~wc, j`a m~ac d'wsei m'h\-nu\-ma sf'almatoc. A>ut`h <h +>idiotrop'ia to~u {\rm \TeX} e>~inai >arket`a qr'hsimh, giat`i <'ena +>ap`o t`a pi`o suqn`a sf'almata st`on k'wdika e>~inai n`a parale'ipetai +t`o de'utero s'umbolo {\tt \$} (>`h {\tt \$\$}) po`u kle'i\-nei t`hn +majhmatik`h >'ekfrash (s'igoura j`a k'anoume toul'aqiston m'ia for`a +a>ut`o t`o l'ajoc kaj`wc maja'i\-noume t`o {\rm\TeX})\null. >E`an t`o +{\rm\TeX} >ep'etrepe periss'oterec >ap`o m'ia paragr'afouc metax`u t~wn +sumb'olwn {\tt \$}, t'ote xeqn'wntac <'ena de'utero {\tt\$}, j`a +prokalo'usame t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia <'olou to~u <upolo'ipou keim'enou +st`hn morf`h m'iac majhmatik~hc >'ekfrashc. + +O<i periss'oterec majhmatik`ec >ekfr'aseic e>is'agontai kat`a t`on +>'idio tr'opo e>'ite >ent`oc st'iqou e>'ite <wc diakrit`ec +kentrwm'enec. T`ic >exair'eseic po`u >aforo~un m'onon t`ic diakrit`ec +>ekfr'aseic, <'opwc t`hn katak'orufh sto'iqish pollapl~wn t'upwn ka`i +t`hn >ar'ijmhsh >exis'wsewn st`o dexi`o >`h t`o >arister`o perij'wrio, +j`a t`ic suzht'hsoume st`o t'eloc to~u kefala'iou. + +Kat`a t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia majhmatik~wn t'upwn >emfan'izontai poll`a n'ea +s'umbola. T`a peris\-s'otera >ap`o t`a s'umbola to~u plhktrolog'iou +mporo~un n`a qrhsimopoihjo~un <'opwc >'eqoun. T`a s'umbola {\tt + - / * += ' | < > (} ka`i {\tt)} e>is'agontai <'ola <'opwc >'eqoun. <Or'iste +t'i m~ac d'inoun: $+ \> - \> / \> * \> = \> ' \> | < \> > \> ( \> )$. + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste t`hn >ex'iswsh $a+b=c-d=xy=w/z$ >ent`oc +st'iqou ka`i <wc diakrit'h. + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste t`hn >ex'iswsh $(fg)' = f'g + fg'$ >ent`oc +st'iqou ka`i <wc diakrit'h. +\bigskip + +Poll`a >'alla s'umbola d'inontai <wc prokajorism'enec >akolouj'iec +>el'egqou. P.q., t`o {\rm \TeX} m~ac d'inei <'olouc to`uc <ellhniko`uc +qarakt~hrec gi`a majhmatik`a s'umbola <wc l'exeic >el'egqou. +Para\-k'a\-tw d'inetai <'enac p'inakac m`e t`a <ellhnik`a majhmatik`a +s'umbola; <'omwc prosoq'h: t`a s'umbola a>ut'a, <'opwc j`a do~ume st`o +kef'alaio\NB{}10, e>~inai kat'allhla m'ono gi`a majhmatik`a ka`i >'oqi +gi`a t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia <aplo~u <ellhniko~u keim'enou l'ogou.% +\TeXref{434} + +\maketable [<Ellhnik`a s'umbola majhmatik~wn t'upwn] +\halign{ +\strut \hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \qquad &\hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \qquad + &\hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \qquad &\hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \cr +\noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} +\alpha & \\alpha &\beta & \\beta &\gamma & \\gamma &\delta & \\delta \cr +\epsilon & \\epsilon & \varepsilon & \\varepsilon & \zeta & \\zeta & +\eta & \\eta \cr +\theta & \\theta & \vartheta & \\vartheta & \iota & \\iota & \kappa & +\\kappa \cr +\lambda & \\lambda & \mu & \\mu & \nu & \\nu & \xi & \\xi \cr +o & o & \pi & \\pi & \varpi & \\varpi & \rho & \\rho \cr +\varrho & \\varrho & \sigma & \\sigma & \varsigma & \\varsigma & \tau & \\tau \cr +\upsilon & \\upsilon & \phi & \\phi & \varphi & \\varphi & \chi & \\chi \cr +\psi & \\psi & \omega & \\omega & \Gamma & \\Gamma & \Delta & \\Delta \cr +\Theta & \\Theta & \Lambda & \\Lambda & \Xi & \\Xi & \Pi & \\Pi \cr +\Sigma & \\Sigma & \Upsilon & \\Upsilon & \Phi & \\Phi & \Psi & \\Psi \cr +\Omega & \\Omega \cr +\noalign{\smallskip} \noalign{\hrule} + } + +\toindex{alpha} +\toindex{beta} +\toindex{gamma} +\toindex{delta} +\toindex{epsilon} +\toindex{varepsilon} +\toindex{zeta} +\toindex{eta} +\toindex{theta} +\toindex{vartheta} +\toindex{iota} +\toindex{kappa} +\toindex{lambda} +\toindex{mu} +\toindex{nu} +\toindex{xi} +\toindex{pi} +\toindex{varpi} +\toindex{rho} +\toindex{varrho} +\toindex{sigma} +\toindex{varsigma} +\toindex{tau} +\toindex{upsilon} +\toindex{phi} +\toindex{varphi} +\toindex{chi} +\toindex{psi} +\toindex{omega} +\toindex{Gamma} +\toindex{Delta} +\toindex{Theta} +\toindex{Lambda} +\toindex{Xi} +\toindex{Pi} +\toindex{Sigma} +\toindex{Upsilon} +\toindex{Phi} +\toindex{Psi} +\toindex{Omega} + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste t`hn >ex'iswsh $\alpha\beta=\gamma+\delta$ +>ent`oc st'iqou ka`i <wc diakrit'h. + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste $\Gamma(n) = (n-1)!$ >ent`oc st'iqou ka`i +<wc diakrit`h >ex'iswsh. + +Merik`ec for`ec >ep'anw >ap`o t`a s'umbola >`h ka`i k'atw >ap`o a>ut`a +topojeto~untai k'apoia diakritik`a shme~ia >`h t'onoi. O<i l'exeic +>el'egqou gi`a t`hn >'enjesh a>ut~wn t~wn shme'iwn e>~inai diaforetik`ec +>ap`o t`ic >ant'istoiqec gi`a t`on tonism`o qarakt'hrwn kanoniko~u +keim'enou. O<i >akolouj'iec el'egqou gi`a tonism`o kanoniko~u keim'enou +d`en qrhsimopoio~untai st`hn stoiqeiojes'ia majhmatik~wn t'upwn ka`i +>antistr'ofwc.% +\TeXref{135--136} + +\maketable [Tonik`a shme~ia majhmatik~wn t'upwn] +\halign{ + \strut \hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \qquad &\hfil$#$ & + \quad \tt# \hfil \qquad &\hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \qquad \cr + \noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} + \hat o & \\hat o & \check o & \\check o & \tilde o & \\tilde o \cr + \acute o & \\acute o & \grave o & \\grave o & \dot o & \\dot o \cr + \ddot o & \\ddot o &\breve o & \\breve o & \bar o & \\bar o \cr + \vec o & \\vec o & \widehat {abc} & \\widehat \lb abc\rb + & \widetilde {abc} & \\widetilde \lb abc\rb\cr + } + +\toindex{hat} +\toindex{check} +\toindex{tilde} +\toindex{acute} +\toindex{grave} +\toindex{dot} +\toindex{ddot} +\toindex{breve} +\toindex{bar} +\toindex{vec} +\toindex{widehat} +\toindex{widetilde} + +St`hn <orolog'ia t~wn majhmatik~wn, o<i duadiko`i telest`ec <en'wnoun +d'uo >antike'imena gi`a n`a d'wsoun <'ena tr'ito >antike'imeno. <H +pr'osjesh ka`i <o pollaplasiasm'oc, gi`a par'adeigma, <en'wnoun d'uo +>arijmo`uc ka`i d'inoun <'enan tr'ito >arijm'o, >'ara pr'okeitai gi`a +duadiko`uc telest'ec. <'Otan t`o {\rm \TeX} stoiqeiojete~i <'enan +duadik`o telest'h, prosj'etei l'igo parap'anw ken`o di'asthma >arister`a +ka`i dexi'a tou. <Or'iste <'enac p'inakac m`e meriko`uc >ap`o to`uc +diaj'esimouc duadiko`uc telest'ec:% +\TeXref{436} + +\maketable [Duadiko`i telest`ec] +\halign{ +\strut \hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \qquad &\hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \qquad + &\hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \qquad &\hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \cr +\noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} +\cdot & \\cdot &\times & \\times &\ast & \\ast &\star & \\star \cr +\circ & \\circ & \bullet & \\bullet & \div & \\div & \diamond & \\diamond \cr +\cap & \\cap & \cup & \\cup & \vee & \\vee & \wedge & \\wedge \cr +\oplus & \\oplus &\ominus & \\ominus & \otimes &\\otimes &\odot &\\odot \cr + } + +\toindex{cdot} +\toindex{times} +\toindex{ast} +\toindex{star} +\toindex{circ} +\toindex{bullet} +\toindex{div} +\toindex{diamond} +\toindex{cap} +\toindex{cup} +\toindex{vee} +\toindex{wedge} +\toindex{oplus} +\toindex{ominus} +\toindex{otimes} +\toindex{odot} + +Suqn`a maz`i m`e to`uc duadiko`uc telest'ec, qrhsimopoie~itai ka`i <h +>'elleiyh, dhl.\ >aposiwphtik`a po`u <upodhl'wnoun <'oti k'ati par'omoio +parale'ipetai st`on majhmatik'o mac t'upo. <H l'exh >el'egqou {\tt +\\cdots} prokale~i m'ia katak'orufh metat'opish t~hc >'elleiyhc <'wste +o<i tre~ic tele~iec thc n`a brejo~un st`on >'idio <oriz'ontio >'axona +summetr'iac m`e to`uc <up'opoloipouc telest'ec. >'Etsi loip'on, m`e t`on +kwdik`o {\tt \$a + \\cdots + z\$}, lamb'anoume $a + \cdots + z$. <H +>akolouj'ia >el'egqou {\tt \\ldots} d`en >anuy'wnei t`hn >'elleiyh +>all`a t`hn j'etei >ep'anw st`hn gramm`h b'ashc to~u majhmatiko~u +t'upou; >'etsi <o kwdik`oc {\tt \$1\\ldots n\$} d'inei $1\ldots n$. +\toindex{cdots} +\toindex{ldots} + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: $x\wedge (y\vee z) = (x\wedge y) \vee +(x\wedge z)$. + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: $2+4+6+\cdots +2n = n(n+1)$. +\bigskip + +M'ia sq'esh de'iqnei m'ia >idi'othta d'uo majhmatik~wn >antikeim'enwn. +Gnwr'izoume >'hdh p~wc n`a de'ixoume <'oti d'uo >antike'imena e>~inai +>'isa, >`h p~wc n`a de'ixoume <'oti <'enac >arijm`oc e>~inai +megal'uteroc >`h mikr'oteroc <en`oc >'allou >arijmo~u (>ef'' <'oson t`a +>apara'ithta s'umbola <up'arqoun st`a plhktol'ogia <'olwn sqed`on t~wn +<upologist~wn). Gi`a n`a stoiqeiojet'hsoume m'ia >arnhtik`h sq'esh, +gr'afoume st`on k'wdika t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\not} >empr`oc >ap`o +t`hn sq'esh. <Or'iste merik`ec t'etoiec majhmatik`ec sq'eseic:% +\TeXref{436} +\toindex{not} + +\maketable [Majhmatik`ec sq'eseic] +\halign{ +\strut \hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \qquad &\hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \qquad + &\hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \qquad &\hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \cr +\noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} +\leq & \\leq &\not\leq & \\not \\leq + & \geq & \\geq & \not\geq & \\not \\geq \cr +\equiv & \\equiv & \not\equiv & \\not \\equiv + & \sim & \\sim & \not\sim & \\not \\sim \cr +\simeq & \\simeq & \not\simeq & \\not \\simeq + & \approx & \\approx & \not\approx & \\not \\approx \cr +\subset & \\subset & \subseteq & \\subseteq + & \supset & \\supset & \supseteq & \\supseteq \cr +\in & \\in & \ni & \\ni & \parallel & \\parallel & \perp & \\perp \cr + } + +\toindex{leq} +\toindex{geq} +\toindex{equiv} +\toindex{sim} +\toindex{simeq} +\toindex{approx} +\toindex{subset} +\toindex{subseteq} +\toindex{supset} +\toindex{supseteq} +\toindex{in} +\toindex{ni} +\toindex{parallel} +\toindex{perp} + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: {\rm $\vec x\cdot \vec y = 0$ if and only +if $\vec x \perp \vec y$. } + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: {\rm $\vec x\cdot \vec y \not= 0$ if and +only if $\vec x \not\perp \vec y$. } + +<Or'iste ka`i merik`a >ak'oma diaj'esima majhmatik`a s'umbola:% +\TeXref{435--438} + +\maketable [Di'afora majhmatik`a s'umbola] +\halign{ +\strut \hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \qquad &\hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \qquad + &\hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \qquad &\hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \cr +\noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} +\aleph & \\aleph & \ell & \\ell & \Re & \\Re & \Im & \\Im \cr +\partial & \\partial & \infty & \\infty & \| & \\| & \angle & \\angle \cr +\nabla & \\nabla & \backslash &\\backslash & \forall & \\forall + & \exists & \\exists \cr +\neg & \\neg & \flat & \\flat & \sharp & \\sharp & \natural & \\natural \cr + } + +\toindex{aleph} +\toindex{ell} +\toindex{Re} +\toindex{Im} +\toindex{partial} +\toindex{infty} +\toindex{|} +\toindex{angle} +\toindex{nabla} +\toindex{backslash} +\toindex{forall} +\toindex{exists} +\toindex{neg} +\toindex{flat} +\toindex{sharp} +\toindex{natural} + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: $(\forall x\in \Re)(\exists y\in\Re)$ $y>x$. + +S`e <'ola t`a prohgo'umena parade'igmata, mporo~ume n`a parathr'hsoume +<'oti t`a stoiqe~ia po`u qrhsimopoio~untai a>utom'atwc >ap`o t`o +{\rm\TeX} gi`a t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia majhmatik~wn sumb'olwn e>~inai +pl'agia--kalligrafik'a ({\rm italic}). A>ut`o g'inetai gi`a n`a +xeqwr'izei t`o <apl`o ke'imeno >ap`o t`a ma\-jh\-ma\-ti\-k`a s'umbola +ka`i to`uc sunduasmo'uc touc. P.q., m`e t`on k'wdika: {\tt \$I\$ is the +product \$i s\$, where \$i\$ is the current density and \$s\$ the +cross-cut area}, lam\-b'a\-nou\-me: {\rm $I$ is the product $is$, where +$i$ is the current density and $s$ the cross-cut area}. >Arke~i n`a +do~ume t`hn >'idia fr'ash m`e t`a s'umbola $I$, $i$ ka`i $s$ +stoiqeiojethm'ena >'oqi m`e pl'agia--kalligrafik'a, >all`a m`e >'orjia +stoiqe~ia {\rm roman}, gi`a n`a katal'aboume t`hn diafor'a: {\rm I is +the product $\rm i s$, where i is the current density and s the +cross-cut area}. + +<Wst'oso, merik`ec for`ec qrhsimopoio~untai ka`i >'allwn e>id~wn +stoiqe~ia gi`a t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia majhmatik~wn sumb'olwn. Gi`a +par'adeigma, t`a qhmik`a s'umbola ka`i o<i di'aforec stajer`ec +sumbol'izontai m`e >'orjiouc qarakt~hrec. >Ep'ishc, o<i mon'adec po`u +sunode'uoun t'upouc t~hc fusik~hc ka`i t~hc qhme'iac, p'anta +stoiqeiojeto~untai m`e >'orjiouc qarakt~hrec. >'Allote p'ali, o<i +majhmatiko`i p'inakec sumbol'izontai gi`a suntom'ia m`e >'entona +kefala~ia. T`o {\rm\TeX} m~ac >epitr'epei n`a >all'azoume grammatoseir`a +>ak'oma ka`i st`hn stoiqeiojes'ia majhmatik~wn t'upwn. >'Etsi m`e t`on +k'wdika: {\tt\$\\rm R = 8.2054\\, J\\, mol\^{}\lb-1\rb\\, K\^{}\lb-1\rb +\$}, lamb'anoume t`hn pagk'osmia sta\-je\-r`a t~wn >aer'iwn: $\rm R = +8.2054\, J\, mol^{-1}\,K^{-1}$\null. Paromo'iwc, <o k'wdikac: +{\tt\$\lb\\bf x\rb = \lb\\bf A\rb \\times \lb\\bf B\rb\^{}\lb-1\rb\$}, +m~ac d'inei: ${\bf x} = {\bf A} \times {\bf B}^{-1}$.\TeXref{164--165} + +Gi`a t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia majhmatik~wn t`o {\rm\TeX} m~ac d'inei m'ia +>ak'oma grammatoseir`a m`e kalligrafik`a kefala~ia <'opwc ${\cal A}, +\ldots, {\cal Z}$\null. T`hn grammatoseir`a t~wn kalligrafik~wn +kefala'iwn mporo~ume n`a t`hn qrhsimopoi'hsoume {\tengs m'onon\/} gi`a +t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia majhmatik~wn (dhl.\ >ent`oc {\tt\$$\ldots$\$} +>`h >ent`oc {\tt\$\$$\ldots$\$\$}) ka`i t`hn kalo~ume m`e t`hn l'exh +>el'egqou {\tt\\cal}. >'Etsi m`e {\tt\$\lb\\cal N\rb = 0\rb\$}, +lamb'anoume: ${\cal N} = 0$. +\toindex{cal} + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: $\rm Si + C \to SiC$\null. (<Up'odeixh: +qrhsimopoi~hste t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt\\to} gi`a n`a l'abete t`o +b'eloc pr`oc t`a dexi'a.) +\toindex{to} + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: {\rm The number sets are: $\bf N +\in Q \in R \in C$.} + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: {\rm The Laplace transform of a constant $c$ +is ${\cal L} (c) = c / s$.} + + +\subsection{Kl'asmata} + +<Up'arqoun d'uo tr'opoi gi`a n`a stoiqeiojet'hsoume <'ena kl'asma: +e>'ite <wc $1/2$ e>'ite <wc ${1\over2}$\null. St`hn pr'wth per'iptwsh +d`en qrei'azontai e>idik`ec >akolouj'iec >el'egqou; >arke~i n`a +gr'ayoume {\tt \$1/2\$}\null. St`hn de'uterh per'iptwsh <'omwc +qrhsimopoie~itai <h l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\over}: {\tt\lb $<${\tengs +>arijmht`hc\/}$>$ \\over $<${\tengs paronomast'hc\/}$>$\rb}\null. +Gr'afontac loip`on {\tt \$\$\lb a+b \\over c+d\rb.\$\$} lamb'anoume:% +\TeXref{139--140} +\toindex{over} +$${a+b\over c+d}.$$ + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste t`o >ak'oloujo: ${a+b\over c}\quad {a\over +b+c} \quad {1\over a+b+c} \not= {1\over a}+{1\over b}+{1\over c}$. + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: {\rm What are the points where ${\partial +\over \partial x} f(x,y) = {\partial \over \partial y} f(x,y) = 0$?} + +\subsection{De~iktec ka`i >ekj'etec} + +O<i de~iktec ka`i o<i >ekj'etec e>~inai e>'ukolo n`a stoiqeiojethjo~un +m`e t`o {\rm \TeX}\null. O<i qarakt~hrec {\tt \_{}} (<upogr'ammish) +ka`i {\tt \^{}} (gallik`h perispwm'enh) qrhsimopoio~untai gi`a n`a +dhl'wsoun <'oti <o <ep'omenoc qarakt'hrac e>~inai de'ikthc >`h >ekj'ethc +>ant'istoiqa. >'Etsi <o k'wdikac {\tt \$x\^{}2\$} d'inei $x^2$, ka`i <o +k'wdikac {\tt \$x\_{}2\$}, $x_2$\null. Gi`a n`a l'aboume +periss'oterouc >ap`o <'enan qarakt'hra m`e t`hn morf`h de'ikth >`h +>ekj'eth, >arke~i n`a to`uc kle'isoume m`e >'agkistra s`e <'ena s'unolo. +P.q., m`e t`on k'wdika {\tt \$x\^{}\lb 21\rb\$} lamb'anoume $x^{21}$ +ka`i m`e {\tt \$x\_{}\lb 21\rb\$}, $x_{21}$\null. >`Ac pros'exoume <'oti +o<i de~iktec ka`i o<i >ekj'etec stoiqeiojeto~untai a>ut'omata s`e +t'upouc mikr'oterou meg'ejouc. <H kat'astash g'inetai el'aqista pi`o +pol'uplokh <'otan pr'okeitai gi`a de'ikth to~u de'ikth >`h >ekj'eth to~u +>ekj'eth, k.lp. D`en mporo~ume n`a gr'ayoume {\tt \$x\_{}2\_{}3\$} +>epeid`h k'ati t'etoio mpore~i n`a >'eqei dipl`h shmas'ia, dhl.\ {\tt +\$x\_{}\lb 2\_{}3\rb\$} >`h {\tt \$\lb x\_{}2\rb\_{}3\$}, m`e d'uo +diaforetik`a >apotel'esmata: $x_{2_3}$ ka`i ${x_2}_3$, >ek t~wn <opo'iwn +t`o pr~wto e>~inai <o pi`o koin`oc majhmatik`oc sumbolism'oc. Gi`a t`on +l'ogo a>ut'o, e>~inai sk'opimo n`a qrhsimopoio~ume >'agkistra gi`a n`a +perigr'ayoume pollapl'a (<'osa j'eloume) >ep'ipeda deikt~wn ka`i +>ekjet~wn.% +\TeXref{128--130} + +Gi`a n`a j'esoume de~iktec ka`i >ekj'etec st`o >'idio s'umbolo, +qrhsimopoio~ume t`hn {\tt \_{}} ka`i t`hn {\tt \^{}} m`e <opoiad'hpote +seir'a. >'Etsi e>'ite m`e {\tt \$x\_{}2\^{}1\$} e>'ite m`e +{\tt\$x\^{}1\_{}2\$}, lamb'anoume $x_2^1$. + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste t`a <ep'omena: $e^x \quad e^{-x} \quad +e^{i\pi}+1=0 \quad x_0 \quad x_0^2 \quad {x_0}^2 \quad 2^{x^x}$. + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: $\nabla^2 f(x,y) = {\partial^2 f +\over\partial x^2} + {\partial^2 f \over\partial y^2}$. +\bigskip + +Par'omoia stoiqeiojeto~untai o<i seir'ec (>ajro'ismata) ka`i t`a +<oloklhr'wmata. <O k'wdikac {\tt \$\\sum\_{}\lb k=1\rb\^{}n k\^{}2\$} +j`a d'wsei $\sum_{k=1}^n k^2$, ka`i <o k'wdikac {\tt \$\\int\_{}0\^{}x +f(t) dt\$}, $\int_0^x f(t) dt$.% +\TeXref{144--145} +\toindex{sum} +\toindex{int} + +M'ia >ak'oma par'omoia >efarmog`h e>~inai ka`i <h stoiqeiojes'ia +majhmatik~wn >ekfr'asewn m`e <'oria. Mporo~ume n`a gr'ayoume t`on +k'wdika {\tt \$\\lim\_\lb n\\to \\infty\rb (\lb n+1 \\over n\rb)\^{}n = +e\$}, gi`a n`a l'aboume $\lim_{n\to \infty} ({n+1\over n})^n = e$. +\toindex{lim} + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste t`hn >ak'oloujh >ex'iswsh: $\lim_{x\to 0} +(1+x)^{1\over x}=e$. + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: {\rm The cardinality of $(-\infty, \infty)$ +is $\aleph_1$. } + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: $\lim_{x\to {0^+}} x^x = 1$. +\bigskip + +<Or'iste ka`i m'ia mikr`h sumboul`h gi`a pi`o >'omorfa <oloklhr'wmata: +>`ac pros'exoume t`hn diafor`a metax`u to~u $\int_0^x f(t) dt$ ka`i +to~u $\int_0^x f(t)\, dt$\null. St`hn de'uterh per'iptwsh <up'arqei +<'ena mikr`o ken`o di'asthma met`a t`o $f(t)$, ka`i >'etsi fa'inetai +kal'utero. <H prosj'hkh to~u diast'hmatoc >'egine gr'afontac {\tt\\,} +met`a t`o {\tt f(t)} st`on k'wdika. +\toindex{,} + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste t`o >ak'oloujo <olokl'hrwma: $\int_0^1 +3x^2\,dx = 1$. + +\subsection{R'izec, tetragwnik`ec ka`i >'allec} + +<H stoiqeiojes'ia tetragwnik~wn riz~wn g'inetai m`e t`hn l'exh >el'egqou +{\tt \\sqrt\lb$\ldots$\rb}\null. >'Etsi m`e t`on k'wdika {\tt +\$\\sqrt\lb x\^{}2+y\^{}2\rb\$} j`a l'aboume $\sqrt{x^2+y^2}$\null. +>`Ac pros'exoume <'oti t`o {\rm \TeX} front'izei t`o p~wc j`a mpo~un t`a +s'umbola, poi'o j`a e>~inai t`o <'uyoc ka`i poi'o t`o m~hkoc to~u +riziko~u. Gi`a kubik`ec >`h >'allou bajmo~u r'izec qrhsimopoio~ume t`ic +l'exeic >el'egqou {\tt \\root} ka`i {\tt \\of}. Gi`a n`a l'aboume +$\root n \of {1+x^n}$, pr'epei n`a gr'ayoume t`on k'wdika {\tt \$\\root +n \\of \lb1+x\^{}n\rb\$}.% +\TeXref{130--131} +\toindex{root} +\toindex{sqrt} + +M'ia >enallaktik`h l'ush gi`a e>idik`ec peript'wseic e>~inai ka`i <h +l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\surd}; gr'afo\-ntac {\tt \$\\surd 2\$} j`a +l'aboume $\surd 2$. +\toindex{surd} + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste t`a >ak'olouja: $\sqrt2 \quad \sqrt {x+y\over +x-y} \quad \root 3 \of {10}$ \quad $e^{\sqrt x}$. + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: $\|x\| = \sqrt{x\cdot x}$. + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: $\phi(t) = {1 \over \sqrt{2\pi}} \int_0^t +e^{-x^2/2}\,dx$. + +\subsection{Gramm'ec, p'anw ka`i k'atw} + +Gi`a n`a j'esoume <oriz'ontiec gramm`ec >ep'anw >`h k'atw >ap`o +majhmatik`a s'umbola, gr'afoume t`on k'wdika {\tt +\\overline\lb$\ldots$\rb} >`h {\tt \\underline\lb$\ldots$\rb} +>ant'istoiqa. Kat`a t`on tr'opo a>ut'o, m`e t`on k'wdika {\tt +\$\\overline\lb x+y\rb=\\overline x + \\overline y\$} lamb'anoume +$\overline{x+y}=\overline x + \overline y$\null. >All`a >`ac +parathr'hsoume <'oti o<i gramm`ec >ep'anw >ap`o t`a s'umbola e>~inai s`e +diaforetik`a <'uyh, gi''\NB{}a>ut`o qrei'azetai l'igh prosoq'h. +Gr'afontac {\tt \\overline\lb\\strut x\rb} <h <oriz'ontia gramm`h +>ep'anw >ap`o t`o $x$ j`a metakinhje~i >ak'oma l'igo pi`o +p'anw.\TeXref{130--131}\toindex{overline}\toindex{underline} <O +>ant'istoiqoc k'w\-di\-kac gi`a <upogr'ammish m`h majh\-mati\-ko~u +keim'enou e>~inai: {\tt \\underbar\lb$\dots$\rb}. +\toindex{underbar} + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste t`a >ak'olouja: $\underline x \quad \overline +y \quad \underline{\overline{x+y}}$. + +\subsection{<Oroj'etec, mikro`i ka`i meg'aloi} + +O<i pi`o koino`i <oroj'etec po`u qrhsimopoio~untai st`a majhmatik`a +e>~inai o<i parenj'eseic, o<i >agk'ulec ka`i t`a >'agkistra. <'Opwc +>'eqei >'hdh >anaferje~i, gr'afontac st`on k'wdika {\tt [ ] \\\lb\ +\\\rb\ ( )} lamb'anoume to`uc <oroj'etec: $[\>]\>\{\>\}\>(\>)\>$. +Merik`ec for'ec, m`e <oroj'etec megal'uterou meg'ejouc belti'wnetai <h +>anagnwsim'othta t~wn majhmatik~wn, <'opwc p.q. +$$\bigl(a\times(b+c)\bigr) \bigl((a\times b)+c\bigr).$$ + +Gi`a megal'uterouc >aristero`uc <oroj'etec pr'epei n`a qrhsimopoi'hsoume +t`ic l'exeic >el'egqou {\tt \\bigl}, {\tt \\Bigl}, {\tt \\biggl} ka`i +{\tt \\Biggl} >empr`oc >ap`o a>uto`uc. Par'omoia, m`e t`ic l'exeic +>el'egqou {\tt \\bigr}, {\tt \\Bigr}, {\tt \\biggr} ka`i {\tt \\Biggr} +lamb'anoume meg'alouc dexio`uc <oroj'etec. >'Etsi m`e t`on k'wdika {\tt +\$\\Bigl[ \\ldots \\Bigr]\$} pa'irnoume $\Bigl[ \ldots +\Bigr]$\null.\TeXref{145--147} <Or'iste ka`i <'enac p'inakac m`e t`a +di'afora meg'ejh <orojet~wn. +\toindex{bigl} +\toindex{Bigl} +\toindex{biggl} +\toindex{Biggl} +\toindex{bigr} +\toindex{Bigr} +\toindex{biggr} +\toindex{Biggr} + +%% \everycr can add 4 points between lines in the following table %% +\everycr={\noalign{\vskip 4 pt}} +\maketable [<Oroj'etec diaf'orwn megej~wn] +\halign{ +\strut \hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \quad\qquad + &\hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \quad\qquad + &\hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \quad\qquad + &\hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \cr +\noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} +\{ & \\\lb & \} & \\\rb & ( & ( & ) & )\cr +\bigl\{ & \\bigl\\\lb & \bigr\} & \\bigr\\\rb & \bigl( & \\bigl( & \bigr) & +\\bigr)\cr +\Bigl\{ & \\Bigl\\\lb & \Bigr\} & \\Bigr\\\rb & \Bigl( & \\Bigl( & \Bigr) & +\\Bigr)\cr +\biggl\{ & \\biggl\\\lb & \biggr\} & \\biggr\\\rb & \biggl( + & \\biggl( & \biggr) & \\biggr) \cr +\Biggl\{ & \\Biggl\\\lb & \Biggr\} & \\Biggr\\\rb & \Biggl( + & \\Biggl( & \Biggr) & \\Biggr)\cr + } + +\everycr={} %%% leave a blank line always above this command! (DF) + +Mporo~ume >ak'oma n`a >af'hsoume t`o {\rm \TeX} n`a >apofas'isei m'ono +tou t`o m'egejoc t~wn <orojet~wn gr'afontac{\tt \\left} ka`i {\tt +\\right} >empr`oc >ap`o a>uto'uc.\TeXref{148} >'Etsi <o k'wdikac {\tt +\\left[$\ldots$\\right]} >'eqei <wc >apot'elesma o<i perieq'omenoi +t'upoi n`a perikle'iontai >ap`o >agk'ulec kat'allhlou meg'ejouc. +{\tengb Prosoq'h:} gi`a k'aje {\tt \\left} pr'epei n`a <up'arqei ka`i +t`o >ant'istoiqo {\tt \\right} (>'estw ki >`an <o >ari\-ste\-r`oc +<oroj'ethc d`en e>~inai <'omoioc m`e t`on dexi'o). Gi`a par'adeigma, <o +k'wdikac {\tt \$\$\\left|\lb a+b \\over c+d\rb\\right|.\$\$} d'inei +$$\left|{a+b \over c+d}\right|.$$ + +\maketable [Majhmatiko`i <oroj'etec] +\halign{ +\strut \hfill$#$ & \quad \tt # \qquad\qquad & + \hfill$#$ & \quad \tt # \qquad\qquad & + \hfill$#$ & \quad \tt # \cr +\noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} +( & ( & ) & ) & [ & [ \cr +] & ] &\{ & \\\lb & \} & \\\rb \cr +\lfloor & \\lfloor &\rfloor &\\rfloor & \lceil & \\lceil \cr +\rceil & \\rceil &\langle & \\langle & \rangle & \\rangle \cr +/ & / & \backslash & \\backslash &| & | \cr +\| & \\| &\uparrow & \\uparrow & \Uparrow & \\Uparrow \cr +\downarrow & \\downarrow & \Downarrow & \\Downarrow + & \updownarrow & \\updownarrow \cr +\Updownarrow & \\Updownarrow \cr + } + +\toindex{lfloor} +\toindex{rfloor} +\toindex{lceil} +\toindex{rceil} +\toindex{langle} +\toindex{rangle} +\toindex{|} +\toindex{uparrow} +\toindex{Uparrow} +\toindex{downarrow} +\toindex{Downarrow} +\toindex{updownarrow} +\toindex{Updownarrow} + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste $\bigl \lceil \lfloor x \rfloor \bigr \rceil +\leq \bigl \lfloor \lceil x \rceil \bigr \rfloor$. + +\subsection{K'apoiec e>idik`ec sunart'hseic} + +<Up'arqoun k'apoiec e>idik`ec sunart'hseic po`u parousi'azontai suqn`a +st`a majhmatik'a. S`e m'ia >ex'iswsh <'opwc (($\sin^2x + \cos^2x = +1$)) o<i trigwnometrik`ec sunart'hseic {\rm sin} (<hm'itono) ka`i {\rm +cos} (sunhm'itono) >'eqoun stoiqeiojethje~i <wc ke'imeno l'ogou, dhl.\ +>'oqi s`e pl'agia stoiqe~ia. A>ut`oc e>~inai <o sun'hjhc tr'opoc gi`a +n`a dhlwje~i >ent`oc <en`oc majhmatiko~u t'upou <'oti <up'arqei m'ia +e>idik`h sun'arthsh (p.q., {\rm cos}) ka`i >'oqi t`o gin'omeno tri~wn +metablht~wn (p.q., $ c o s$)\null. O<i l'exeic >el'egqou {\tt \\sin} +ka`i {\tt \\cos} j'etoun a>ut'omata to`uc swsto`uc qarakt~hrec st`on +majhmatik`h >'ekfrash.\TeXref{162} +<Or'iste <'enac p'inakac a>ut~wn ka`i merik~wn >'al\-lwn e>idik~wn +sunart'hsewn: + +\maketable [E>idik`ec majhmatik`ec sunart'hseic] +\halign{ + \strut \tt {\\}#\hfil && \quad \tt {\\}#\hfil \cr + \noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} + sin & cos & tan & cot & sec & csc & arcsin & arccos \cr + arctan & sinh & cosh & tanh & coth & lim & sup & inf \cr + limsup & liminf & log & ln & lg & exp & det & deg \cr + dim & hom & ker & max & min & arg & gcd & Pr \cr + } + +\toindex{sin} +\toindex{cos} +\toindex{tan} +\toindex{cot} +\toindex{sec} +\toindex{csc} +\toindex{arcsin} +\toindex{arccos} +\toindex{arctan} +\toindex{sinh} +\toindex{cosh} +\toindex{tanh} +\toindex{coth} +\toindex{lim} +\toindex{sup} +\toindex{inf} +\toindex{limsup} +\toindex{liminf} +\toindex{log} +\toindex{ln} +\toindex{lg} +\toindex{exp} +\toindex{det} +\toindex{deg} +\toindex{dim} +\toindex{hom} +\toindex{ker} +\toindex{max} +\toindex{min} +\toindex{arg} +\toindex{gcd} +\toindex{Pr} + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: $\sin(2\theta) = 2\sin\theta\cos\theta \quad +\cos(2\theta) = 2\cos^2\theta - 1 $. + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: $$\int \csc^2x\, dx = -\cot x+ C \qquad +\lim_{\alpha\to 0} {\sin\alpha \over \alpha} = 1 \qquad \lim_{\alpha\to +\infty} {\sin\alpha \over \alpha} = 0.$$ + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: $$\tan(2\theta) = {2\tan\theta \over +1-\tan^2\theta}.$$ + +\subsection{>Ako'usate, >ako'usate!} + +<Up'arqei m'ia e>idik`h {\tengs makroentol'h\/} (>`h {\sl macro\/}) <h +<opo~ia e>~inai qr'hsimh gi`a k'aje majhmatik`h dhmos'ieush. Pr'okeitai +gi`a t`hn makroentol`h {\tt\\proclaim}. Qrhsimopoie~itai gi`a +jew\-r'h\-mata, sumper'asmata, prot'aseic, k.lp. <H par'agrafoc met`a +t`o {\tt \\proclaim} qwr'izetai s`e d'uo m'erh: t`o pr~wto m'eroc +fj'anei ka`i sumperilamb'anei t`hn pr'wth tele'ia st`hn <opo'ia +>akolouje~i ken`o di'asthma; t`o de'utero m'eroc e>~inai t`o <up'oloipo +t~hc paragr'afou.\TeXref{202--203}\ <H >id'ea p'isw >ap`o a>ut`o t`o +t'eqnasma e>~inai <'oti t`o pr~wto m'eroc pr'epei n`a e>~inai k'ati +<'opwc (({\rm Theorem 1.}))\ >`h (({\rm Corollary\NB{}B.}))\null. T`o +de'utero m'eroc e>~inai t`o perieq'omeno to~u jewr'hmatoc >`h to~u +sumper'asmatoc. Gi`a par'adeigma, m`e t`on k'wdika: \toindex{proclaim} + +\beginliteral +\proclaim Theorem 1 (H.~G.~Wells). In the country of the blind, +the one-eyed man is king. +@endliteral + +\noindent lamb'anoume + +\proclaim Theorem 1 (H.\NB G.\NB Wells). In the country of the blind, +the one-eyed man is king. + +Fusik'a, t`o perieq'omeno to~u jewr'hmatoc mpore~i n`a peri'eqei ka`i +majhmatik`a s'umbola. + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: +\nobreak +\proclaim Theorem (Euclid). There exist an infinite number of +primes. + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: +\nobreak +\proclaim Proposition 1. +$\root n \of {\prod_{i=1}^n X_i} \leq {1 \over n} \sum_{i=1}^n X_i$ +with equality if and only if $X_1=\cdots=X_n$. + +\subsection{Majhmatik`ec parat'axeic} + +<H stoiqeiojes'ia majhmatik~wn parat'axewn (pin'akwn, <orizous~wn, +k.lp.)\ g'inetai qrhsimopoi'wntac sunduasmo`uc to~u qa\-ra\-kt'h\-ra +sto'iqishc {\tt \&} ka`i t~hc l'exhc >el'egqou {\tt \\cr}\null. Gi`a +n`a >arq'isoume loip`on t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia <en`oc majhmatiko~u p'inaka, +gr'a\-foume st`on k'w\-di\-k'a mac: {\tt\$\$\\pmatrix\lb$\dots$\rb\$\$}. +Metax`u t~wn >agk'istrwn mpa'inoun o<i gramm`ec to~u p'inaka, <h +kajem'ia >ek t~wn <opo'iwn telei'wnei m`e {\tt\\cr}. T`o +perieq'o\-me\-no k'aje st'hlhc qwr'izetai >ap`o t`o perieq'o\-me\-no +t~wn geito\-ni\-k~wn thc sthl~wn (st`hn >'idia gramm'h) m`e t`on +qarakt'hra sto'iqishc {\tt \&}\null. Gi`a n`a g'inoume pi`o katanohto'i, +<or'iste <'ena par'adeigma:% +\TeXref{176--178} + +\beginliteral +$$\pmatrix{ +a & b & c & d \cr +b & a & c+d & c-d \cr +0 & 0 & a+b & a-b \cr +0 & 0 & ab & cd \cr +}.$$ +@endliteral + +\noindent +<O k'wdikac a>ut`oc d'inei +$$\pmatrix{ +a & b & c & d \cr +b & a & c+d & c-d \cr +0 & 0 & a+b & a-b \cr +0 & 0 & ab & cd \cr +}.$$ +\toindex{pmatrix}% +>`Ac pros'exoume <'oti k'aje st'hlh to~u parap'anw p'inaka e>~inai +kentrwm'enh m`e l'igo di'asthma dexi`a ka`i >arister'a. E>~inai dunat`h +<h dexi`a >`h <h >arister`h sto'iqish t~wn sthl~wn qrhsimopoi'wntac +kat'allhla t`o {\tt \\hfill}\null, <'opwc, p.q., st`o <ep'omeno +par'adeigma (prosoq`h st`hn diafor`a m`e t`o prohgo'umeno): + +\beginliteral +$$\pmatrix{ +a & b & c \hfill & \hfill d \cr +b & a & c+d & c-d \cr +0 & 0 & a+b & a-b \cr +0 & 0 & ab \hfill & \hfill cd \cr +}.$$ +@endliteral + +\noindent <O parap'anw k'wdikac d'inei + +$$\pmatrix{ +a & b & c \hfill & \hfill d \cr +b & a & c+d & c-d \cr +0 & 0 & a+b & a-b \cr +0 & 0 & ab \hfill & \hfill cd \cr +}.$$ + +\vbox{ +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste +$$ I_4 = \pmatrix{ 1 &0 &0 &0 \cr + 0 &1 &0 &0 \cr + 0 &0 &1 &0 \cr + 0 &0 &0 &1 \cr}$$ +} + +E>~inai dunat`o n`a stoiqeiojet'hsoume majhmatik`ec parat'axeic m`e +diaforetiko`uc <oroj'etec. Qrhsimo\-poi\-'wntac {\tt \\matrix} >ant`i +to~u {\tt \\pmatrix}, >afairo~untai o<i parenj'eseic to~u p'inaka, ka`i +>'etsi mporo~ume n`a j'esoume <'opoion <oroj'eth j'eloume m`e t`o {\tt +\\left} ka`i t`o {\tt \\right}. <Or'iste p~wc mporo~ume n`a l'aboume +t`hn <or'izousa to~u p'inaka to~u pr'wtou parade'igmatoc. +\toindex{matrix} +\toindex{left} +\toindex{right} + +\beginliteral +$$ \left | +\matrix{ +a & b & c & d \cr +b & a & c+d & c-d \cr +0 & 0 & a+b & a-b \cr +0 & 0 & ab & cd \cr +} +\right | $$ +@endliteral + +\noindent A>ut`oc <o k'wdikac d'inei + +$$ \left | +\matrix{ +a & b & c & d \cr +b & a & c+d & c-d \cr +0 & 0 & a+b & a-b \cr +0 & 0 & ab & cd \cr +} +\right | $$ + +Mporo~ume >ak'oma n`a gr'ayoume {\tt \\left.}\ >`h/ka`i {\tt \\right.}\ +gi`a n`a dhl'wsoume <'oti <o >ari\-ste\-r`oc >`h/ka`i <o dexi`oc +<oroj'ethc parale'ipetai (prosoq`h st`hn tele'ia po`u pr'epei n`a +qrh\-si\-mo\-poi'hsoume). + +\exercise Qrhsimopoi~hste t`ic >entol`ec stoiqeiojes'iac pin'akwn to~u +{\rm \TeX} gi`a t`hn parak'atw >ex'iswsh +$$ |x| = \left\{ \matrix{ x & x \ge 0 \cr + -x & x \le 0 \cr} \right.$$ + +\noindent <H >ex'iswsh t~hc parap'anw >'askhshc, >all`a ka`i >'alloi +par'omoioi t'upoi mporo~un n`a stoiqeiojethjo~un >ep'ishc m`e t`hn +makroentol`h {\tt \\cases}.\TeXref{175} P.q., <o k'wdikac + +\beginliteral@obeyspaces +$$ \delta (x) = \cases{ \infty, & if $ x = 0 $; \cr +@ 0, & otherwise. \cr }$$ +@endliteral + +\noindent +d'inei: +$$ \delta (x) = \cases{ \infty, & {\rm if $ x = 0 $;} \cr + 0, & {\rm otherwise.} \cr }$$ + +Merik`ec for`ec sto`uc p'inakec b'azoume merik`ec suneq'omenec tele~iec +<wc >'endeixh para\-lei\-po\-m'enwn sumb'olwn. O<i >akolouj'iec +>el'egqou {\tt\\cdots}, {\tt\\vdots} ka`i {\tt\\ddots} +qrhsi\-mo\-poio~u\-ntai gi`a >'enjesh <orizont'iwn, kaj'etwn ka`i +diagwn'iwn telei~wn >ant'istoiqa. >'Etsi mporo~ume n`a gr'ayoume + +\beginliteral +$$ \left [ +\matrix{ +aa & \cdots & az \cr +\vdots & \ddots & \vdots \cr +za & \cdots & zz \cr } +\right ] $$ +@endliteral + +\noindent gi`a n`a l'aboume +$$ \left [ +\matrix{ +aa & \cdots & az \cr +\vdots & \ddots & \vdots \cr +za & \cdots & zz \cr } +\right ] $$ + +Mporo~ume n`a stoiqeiojet'hsoume p'inakec ka`i >ent`oc st'iqou, >all`a +t`o >apot'elesma j`a e>~inai m'allon >'asqhmo. + +\subsection{Diakrit`ec kentrwm'enec >exis'wseic} +\nobreak + +M'eqri t'wra, <'ola <'osa >anaf'erjhkan sqetik`a m`e t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia +majhmatik~wn >efar\-m'o\-zo\-ntai t'oso gi`a >ekfr'aseic >ent`oc st'iqou <'oso +ka`i gi`a >ekfr'aseic diakrit`ec kentrwm'enec. >Ed~w j`a m'ajoume +merik`a pr'agmata po`u >efarm'ozontai m'onon s`e diakrit`ec >exis'wseic. + +T`o pr~wto pr'agma e>~inai <h sto'iqish diakrit~wn majhmatik~wn +>ekfr'asewn (p.q., >exis'wsewn) po`u katalamb'anoun poll`ec >ar'adec. +A>ut`o g'inetai m`e t`on qarakt'hra sto'iqishc {\tt \&} ka`i t`ic +>akolouj'iec >el'egqou {\tt \\cr} ka`i {\tt \\eqalign}. Xeki\-n'w\-ntac +m`e {\tt \$\$\\eqalign\lb$\dots$\rb\$\$}, gr'afoume t`ic >exis'wseic +po`u pr'okeitai n`a stoiqhjo~un <olo\-klh\-r'wno\-ntac t`hn k'aje m'ia +m`e {\tt \\cr}. S`e k'aje m'ia >ex'iswsh pr'epei n`a mpa'inei ka`i +<'ena {\tt \&} gi`a n`a dhl'wnetai <h sto'iqish. Sun'hjwc <h sto'iqish +g'inetai s`e s'umbola >is'othtac, par'' <'oti a>ut`o d`en e>~inai p'anta +<o kan'onac. Gi`a par'adeigma, gr'afontac% +\TeXref{190--192} +\toindex{eqalign} + +\beginliteral +$$\eqalign{ +a+b &= c+d \cr +x &= w + y + z \cr +m + n + o + p &= q \cr +}$$ +@endliteral + +\noindent lamb'anoume +$$\eqalign{ +a+b &= c+d \cr +x &= w + y + z \cr +m + n + o + p &= q \cr +}$$ + +T`ic diakrit`ec >exis'wseic mporo~ume n`a t`ic >arijm'hsoume st`o +dexi`o >`h st`o >arister`o perij'wri'o touc. >E`an gr'ayoume +{\tt\\eqno} s`e m'ia >ex'iswsh >ent`oc plais'iou st`on k'wdik'a mac, +t'ote <'o,ti br'isketai met`a >ap`o a>ut`h t`hn l'exh >el'egqou +metatop'izetai pr`oc t`o dexi`o perij'wrio. >'Etsi m`e {\tt \$\$ x+y=z.\ +\\eqno (1)\$\$}, t`o >apot'elesma e>~inai +$$ x+y=z. \eqno (1)$$ +Gi`a n`a >arijm'hsoume m'ia >ex'iswsh st`o >arister`o perij'wrio +gr'afoume {\tt \\leqno} >ant`i to~u {\tt \\eqno}. +\toindex{eqno} +\toindex{leqno} + +E>~inai >ep'ishc dunat`o n`a >arijm'hsoume stoiqism'enec >exis'wseic +qrhsimopoi'wntac t`hn l'e\-xh >el'egqou {\tt \\eqalignno}. <O qarakt'hrac +>el'egqou {\tt \&} qrhsimopoie~itai gi`a n`a xeqwr'isei <o >arij\-m`oc +t~hc >ex'iswshc >ap`o t`hn >'idia t`hn >ex'iswsh. P.q.\ m`e + +\beginliteral +$$\eqalignno{ +a+b &= c+d & (1) \cr +x &= w + y + z \cr +m + n + o + p &= q & * \cr +}$$ +@endliteral + +\noindent lamb'anoume +$$\eqalignno{ +a+b &= c+d & (1) \cr +x &= w + y + z \cr +m + n + o + p &= q & * \cr +}$$ + +>Ant'istoiqa, qrhsimopoio~ume {\tt \\leqalignno} gi`a n`a j'esoume +>arijmo`uc >exis'wsewn st`o >arister`o peri\-j'wrio stoiqism'enwn +>exis'wsewn.% +\TeXref{192--193} +\toindex{eqalignno} +\toindex{leqalignno} + +T'eloc, >`ac <upoj'esoume <'oti j'eloume n`a e>is'agoume m'eroc mikro~u +keim'enou st`o >endi'ameso m'iac diakrit~hc >ex'iswshc. A>ut`o +mporo~ume n`a t`o pet'uqoume j'etontac t`o ke'imeno s`e <'ena {\rm +hbox}. >Ak'oma mporo~ume n`a qrhsimopoi'hsoume t`o {\rm hbox} <'wste n`a +j'esoume ka`i ken`a dia\-st'h\-mata metax`u l'exewn >`h/ka`i majhmatik~wn +sumb'olwn (>`ac jumhjo~ume <'oti <'ola t`a diast'hmata >agno\-o~untai +st`hn stoiqei\-ojes'ia majhma\-tik~wn t'upwn). Gr'a\-fo\-ntac loip`on +t`on k'wdika {\tt \$\$X=Y \\hbox\lb{} if and only if \rb x=y.\$\$} j`a +l'aboume +$$X=Y \hbox{ \rm if and only if } x=y.$$ +>Ax'izei n`a pros'exoume t`a ken`a diast'hmata st`o {\rm hbox}. + +\exercise Prospaj~hste n`a k'anete merik`a >ap`o t`a d'uskola +probl'hmata t~wn sel'idwn 180--181 to~u {\sl \TeX book}. + + +\section{Stoiqhje~ite!} + +>Arket`ec for`ec j`a qreiasje~i n`a fti'axoume <'enan m`h majhmatik`o +p'inaka st`o >'entup'o mac. E>utuq~wc t`o {\rm \TeX} mpore~i n`a +stoiqeiojet'hsei m`h majhmatiko`uc p'inakec pol`u e>'ukola ka`i m'alista +kat`a d'uo tr'opouc. <O pr~wtoc tr'opoc e>~inai m`e t`o {\tengs +perib'allon} {\rm tabbing} (pinakopo'ihsh). Gi`a <'osouc gnwr'izoun +>ap`o grafomhqan'h, t`o {\rm tabbing} e>~inai k'ati <'omoio m`e t`hn +r'ujmish t~wn meg'alwn diasthm'atwn t~hc grafomhqan~hc, t~wn {\rm +TAB}\null. K'aje gramm`h >epexerg'azetai xeqwrist'a (kat`a tr'opo pol`u +kal'utero >ap`o a>ut`on t~hc grafomhqan~hc), >an'aloga m`e t`ic j'eseic +sto'iqishc t~wn sthl~wn <'opwc a>ut`ec >'eqoun kajorisje~i m`e t`o {\rm +tab}. <O de'uteroc tr'opoc e>~inai m`e t`o {\tengs perib'allon} {\rm +alignment} (e>ujugr'ammish) m`e t`o <opo~io <'oloc <o p'inakac +stoiqeiojete~itai <wc m'ia <en'othta kat`a m'ia prokajorism'enh morf'h. + +\subsection{Qrhsimopoi~hste t`o {\lsecfont TAB}} + +Gi`a n`a <etoim'asoume <'enan p'inaka m`e t`o perib'allon {\rm tabbing}, +j`a pr'epei pr~wta n`a <or'isoume t`a shme~ia sto'iqishc, dhl.\ t`hn +j'esh k'aje st'hlhc, m`e t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\settabs}. +>Ef'' <'oson k'anoume a>ut'o, gr'afoume st`on k'wdik'a mac k'aje gramm`h +to~u p'inak'a mac xekin'wntac m`e t`o s'umbolo >el'egqou {\tt \\+} ka`i +telei'wnontac m`e {\tt \\cr}. <'Opwc >'eqoume de~i >epaneilhm\-m'ena, +t`a ke\-n`a diast'hmata st`on k'wdika d`en >epidro~un st`hn telik`h +morf`h to~u >ent'upou. +\toindex{settabs} + +<H <aplo'usterh qr'hsh to~u {\tt \\settabs} e>~inai gi`a n`a fti'axoume +<'enan p'inaka m`e st~hlec >'idiou pl'atouc.\TeXref{231} M`e {\tt +\\settabs 5 \\columns} j`a l'aboume <'enan p'inaka p'ente sthl~wn +>'idiou pl'atouc. <H metap'hdhsh >ap`o m'ia st'hlh st`hn >'allh +g'inetai m`e t`on qarakt'hra sto'iqishc {\tt\&}\null. >'Etsi, gi`a +par'adeigma, <o k'wdikac \toindex{columns} + +%%% EU countries, 1997 +\beginliteral +\settabs 5 \columns +\+ Austria & Finland & Greece & Luxemburg & Spain \cr +\+ Belgium & France & Ireland & The Netherlands & Sweden \cr +\+ Denmark & Germany & Italy & Portugal & United Kingdom \cr +@endliteral + +\noindent +m~ac d'inei +\vskip\baselineskip + +{\rm % begin roman +\settabs 5 \columns +\+ Austria & Finland & Greece & Luxemburg & Spain \cr +\+ Belgium & France & Ireland & The Netherlands & Sweden \cr +\+ Denmark & Germany & Italy & Portugal & United Kingdom \cr +} % end roman + +D`en e>~inai >apara'ithto n`a <up'arqei k'ati metax`u k'aje sumb'olou +sto'i\-qi\-shc; k'apoiec st~hlec mporo~ume n`a t`ic >af'hsoume ken'ec. +Gi`a n`a fti'axoume t`on >'idio p'inaka m`e <'exi st~hlec, d`en +qrei'azetai par`a n`a gr'ayoume {\tt \\settabs 6 \\columns}; kat`a +a>ut`on t`on tr'opo t`o prohgo'umeno par'adeigma g'inetai: +\vskip\baselineskip + +{\rm % begin roman +\settabs 6 \columns +\+ Austria & Finland & Greece & Luxemburg & Spain \cr +\+ Belgium & France & Ireland & The Netherlands & Sweden \cr +\+ Denmark & Germany & Italy & Portugal & United Kingdom \cr +} % end roman + +St`o teleuta~io par'adeigma o<i st~hlec >'eqoun mikr'otero pl'atoc. +>Ep'ishc <up'arqoun ka`i d'uo ped'ia to~u p'inaka\fnote{<O <'oroc +{\tengs ped'io to~u p'inaka\/} shma'inei <otid'hpote st`on k'wdika +perilamb'anetai metax`u d'uo diadoqik~wn {\tt \& $\ldots$ \&}, metax`u +{\tt \\+ $\ldots$ \&} >`h metax`u {\tt \& $\ldots$ \\cr}.} po`u +>al\-lh\-loepi\-kal'u\-ptontai st`hn teleuta'ia gramm'h tou. A>ut`o +sum\-ba'inei giat`i t`o {\rm \TeX}, s`e >ant'ijesh m`e m'ia koin`h +grafomhqan'h, metakine~i k'aje stoiqe~io to~u p'inaka st`hn <ep'omenh +gramm`h sto'iqishc, >'estw ki >`an a>ut`o shma'inei k'inhsh pr`oc t`a +p'isw ka`i >allhloepik'aluyh k'apoiwn stoiqe'iwn. + +<Up'arqei m'ia >endiaf'erousa sq'esh metax`u t~hc >'ennoiac to~u +sun'olou ka`i to~u perib'al\-lon\-toc {\rm tabbing}. P.q., o<i tim`ec +{\tt\\settabs} >'eqoun >isq`u m'onon >ent`oc to~u sun'olou <'opou +<or'izontai. Kat`a sun'epeia, e>~inai dunat`o n`a >all'axoume +proswrin`a t`ic j'eseic sto'iqishc (dhl., t`o {\tt\\settabs}) +dhmiourg'wntac <'ena s'unolo m`e t`hn qr'hsh >agk'istrwn. >Epipl'eon, +k'aje ped'io to~u p'inaka >apo\-te\-le~i <'ena a>utotel`ec s'unolo. +Mporo~ume loip`on n`a stoiqeiojet'hsoume <'ena ped'io to~u p'inaka +m`e >'entonouc t'upouc qrhsimopoi'wntac t`hn >entol`h {\tt \\bf} qwr`ic +>'agkistra. Ka`i k'aje st'hlh >ekt`oc t~hc teleuta'iac mporo~ume n`a +t`hn stoiq'isoume st`o k'entro, >arister`a >`h dexi'a, >`h >ak'oma n`a +t`hn gem'isoume m`e m'ia gramm`h >`h m`e tele~iec (<wc +>aposiwphtik'a). >Ex <orismo~u, t`o {\rm\TeX} j'etei st`o t'eloc k'aje +ped'iou to~u p'inaka <'ena {\tt \\hfil}, >'etsi <'wste <ola t`a +ped'ia n`a stoiq'izontai >arister'a, <'opwc sumba'inei ka`i m`e t`hn +>entol`h {\tt \\line}. Prosj'etontac <'ena {\tt \\hfil} pr`in >ap`o +<'ena stoiqe~io to~u p'inaka, t`o >apot'elesma j`a e>~inai t`o stoiqe~io +a>ut`o n`a metakinhje~i st`o k'entro t~hc st'hlhc. Prosj'etontac <'omwc +<'ena {\tt \\hfill} >ant`i to~u {\tt \\hfil}, t`o >apot'elesma j`a +e>~inai t`o stoiqe~io n`a metakinhje~i st`hn dexi`a >'akrh t~hc st'hlhc. +(T`o {\tt \\hfill} >'eqei t`hn >'idia leitourg'ia m`e t`o {\tt \\hfil}, +dhl.\ ka`i t`a d'uo d'inoun >epipl'eon ken`o di'asthma; m'ono po`u +<'otan >emfan'izontai ka`i t`a d'uo maz'i, t`o {\tt \\hfill} >'eqei +proterai'othta.) +\toindex{hfill} + +%%% EU countries which meet (more-or-less) the Maastricht criteria +%%% for monetary union (excluded: Belgium, Italy, Greece). +%%% Luxemburg has been set in bold, 'cause it's the only one that +%%% really meets these criteria (data 1997). +\beginliteral @obeyspaces +\settabs 5 \columns +\+ \hfil Austria \hfil & \hfill Finland \quad & \dotfill +@ & \bf Luxemburg & Spain \cr +\+ \hfil --- \hfil & \hfill France \quad & Ireland +@ & The Netherlands & Sweden \cr +\+ \hfil Denmark \hfil & \hfill Germany \quad & \hrulefill & Portugal +@ & Portugal & United Kingdom \cr +@endliteral + +\noindent +T`o parap'anw par'adeigma j`a d'wsei <'enan p'inaka m`e t`hn pr'wth +st'hlh kentrwm'enh, t`hn de'uterh stoiqism'enh dexi'a (m`e +k'apoio ken`o di'asthma >ap`o t`o {\tt\\quad}), ka`i <'ena ped'io +({\rm Luxemburg}) s`e >'entonouc t'upouc. O<i l'exeic >el'egqou +{\tt\\dotfill} kai {\tt\\hrulefill} d'inoun >ep'ishc k'apoia +>enal\-la\-ktik`a ped'ia st`on p'inak'a mac. +\toindex{dotfill} +\toindex{hrulefill} +\vskip\baselineskip + +{\rm % begin roman +\settabs 5 \columns +\+ \hfil Austria \hfil & \hfill Finland \quad & \dotfill + & \bf Luxemburg & Spain \cr +\+ \hfil --- \hfil & \hfill France \quad & Ireland + & The Netherlands & Sweden \cr +\+ \hfil Denmark \hfil & \hfill Germany \quad & \hrulefill + & Portugal & United Kingdom \cr +}% end roman + +\exercise J'este t`a ped'ia to~u parap'anw p'inaka st`o k'entro k'aje +st'hlhc. + +T`ic st~hlec to~u p'inaka mporo~ume n`a t`ic k'anoume n`a >'eqoun ka`i +diaforetik`o pl'atoc <h m'ia >ap`o t`hn >'allh. A>ut`o g'inetai +qrhsimopoi'wntac m'ia {\tengs gramm`h--de~igma} st`on k'wdik'a mac +<'opwc: {\tt \\settabs \\+ $\ldots$ \& $\ldots$ \& $\ldots$ \\cr}. T`o +di'asthma metax`u t~wn qarakt'hrwn sto'iqishc {\tt \&} kajor'izei ka`i +to pl'atoc t~wn sthl~wn. Gi`a par'adeigma, m`e t`on k'wdika {\tt +\\settabs \\+ \\hskip 1 in \& \\hskip 2 in \& \\hskip 1,5 in \& \\cr} +j`a l'aboume t`hn >arq`h t~hc pr'wthc st'hlhc s`e >ap'ostash m'iac +>'intsac >ap`o t`o >arister`o perij'wrio, t`hn >arq`h t~hc <ep'omenhc +st'hlhc d'uo >'intsec dexi'wtera t~hc pr'wthc ka`i t`hn tr'ith 1,5 +>'intsec >ak'oma pi`o dexi'a. E>~inai >ep'ishc dunat`o n`a +qrhsimopoi'hsoume k'apoio {\tengs ke'imeno--de~igma} gi`a n`a +kajor'isoume t`o pl'atoc k'aje st'hlhc. >'Etsi, p.q., m'ia +pijan`h gramm`h--de~igma j`a >~htan <h >ak'oloujh: {\tt \\settabs \\+ +\\quad Country \\quad \& \\quad Population \\quad \& \\quad Area \\quad +\& \\cr}. Kat'' a>ut'on t`on tr'opo <h k'aje st'hlh j`a >'eqei pl'atoc +>'iso m`e t`o pl'atoc to~u t'itlou thc (dhl.\ {\rm Country}, k.lp.)\ +ka`i <'ena ken`o di'a\-sth\-ma pl'atouc <en`oc tetrag'wnou <ekat'erwjen to~u +t'itlou. <Or'iste <'ena pi`o pl~hrec par'a\-deigma: + +\beginuser \obeyspaces +\\settabs \\+ \\quad Year \\quad \& \\quad Price \\quad +\ \& \\quad Dividend \& \\cr +\\+ \\hfill Year \\quad \& \\quad Price \\quad \& \\quad Dividend \\cr +\\+ \\hfill 1971 \\quad \& \\quad 41--54 \\quad \& \\qquad \\\$2.60 \\cr +\\+ \\hfill 2 \\quad \& \\quad 41--54 \\quad \& \\qquad \\\$2.70 \\cr +\\+ \\hfill 3 \\quad \& \\quad 46--55 \\quad \& \\qquad \\\$2.87 \\cr +\\+ \\hfill 4 \\quad \& \\quad 40--53 \\quad \& \\qquad \\\$3.24 \\cr +\\+ \\hfill 5 \\quad \& \\quad 45--52 \\quad \& \\qquad \\\$3.40 \\cr +\enduser + +\noindent +<O parap'anw k'wdikac d'inei:\TeXref{247} +\vskip\baselineskip + +{\rm +\settabs \+ \quad Year \quad & \quad Price \quad & \quad +Dividend \quad & \cr +\+ \hfill Year \quad & \quad Price \quad & \quad Dividend \cr +\+ \hfill 1971 \quad & \quad 41--54 \quad & \qquad \$2.60 \cr +\+ \hfill 2 \quad & \quad 41--54 \quad & \qquad \$2.70 \cr +\+ \hfill 3 \quad & \quad 46--55 \quad & \qquad \$2.87 \cr +\+ \hfill 4 \quad & \quad 40--53 \quad & \qquad \$3.24 \cr +\+ \hfill 5 \quad & \quad 45--52 \quad & \qquad \$3.40 \cr +} % end roman + +\exercise Metakin~hste t`on parap'anw p'inaka pi`o kont`a st`o k'entro +t~hc sel'idac. + +\exercise <'Enac tr'opoc gi`a n`a f'eroume st`o k'entro t~hc sel'idac +ke'imeno t`o <opo~io katalamb'anei >arket`ec >ar'adec, e>~inai n`a +qrhsimopoi'hsoume: {\tt \$\$\\vbox\lb$\ldots$\rb\$\$}. M`e t`on tr'opo +a>ut`o metakin~hste pr`oc t`o k'entro t`on parap'anw p'inaka. Pr'epei +<h >entol`h {\tt \\settabs} n`a peri\-lam\-b'a\-netai st`o {\tt\\vbox}? + +\exercise Belti~wste t`on teleuta~io p'inaka j'etontac m'ia ken`h +gramm`h met`a to`uc t'itlouc. <H l'exh >el'egqou {\tt\\hrule} j'etei +m'ia <oriz'ontia e>uje'ia metax`u d'uo gramm~wn to~u p'inaka. +>Epanal'abete t`hn >'askhsh j'etontac t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt\\strut} +met`a t`o {\tt \\+} st`hn gramm`h po`u peri'eqei to`uc t'itlouc t~wn +sthl~wn. (T`o {\tt \\strut} o>usiastik`a fti'aqnei t`o di'asthma +metax`u t~wn gramm~wn to~u p'inaka k'apwc megal'utero. >'Etsi >all'azei +t`o di'astiqo t~wn gramm~wn to~u p'inaka.)\TeXref{82} Pros'exte loip`on +t`o parap'anw di'asthma po`u prost'ijetai metax`u t~wn gramm~wn. +\toindex{strut} + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste t`on >ak'oloujo p'inaka m`e sto'iqish st`o +dekadik`o shme~io, dhl.\ >'etsi <'wste t`a dekadik`a yhf'ia, d'ekata +ka`i <ekatost'a, n`a br'iskontai stoiqism'ena st`hn >'idia j'esh. +(<Up'odeixh: jewr~hste t`o >ak'eraio m'eroc t~wn >arijm~wn stoiqism'eno +dexi`a t~hc tele'iac ka`i t`o dekadik`o m'eroc stoiqism'eno >arister`a +t~hc tele'iac.) +{\rm +\vskip\baselineskip +\settabs \+ \hskip 2 in & \hskip .75in & \hskip 1cm & \cr +\+ & Plums & \hfill \$1&.22 \cr +\+ & Coffee & \hfill 1&.78 \cr +\+ & Granola & \hfill 1&.98 \cr +\+ & Mushrooms & &.63 \cr +\+ & {Kiwi fruit} & &.39 \cr +\+ & {Orange juice} & \hfill 1&.09 \cr +\+ & Tuna & \hfill 1&.29 \cr +\+ & Zucchini & &.64 \cr +\+ & Grapes & \hfill 1&.69 \cr +\+ & {Smoked beef} & &.75 \cr +\+ & Broccoli & \hfill\underbar{\ \ 1}&\underbar{.09} \cr +\+ & Total & \hfill \$12&.55 \cr + } % end roman + +\exercise Skefje~ite p~wc j`a qrhsimopoi'hsete t`o {\tt\\settabs} gi`a +n`a fti'axete <'enan pr'oqeiro p'inaka perieqom'enwn <'opwc: +\medskip +\leftline{\tt Getting Started \\dotfill \& \\hfill 1} +\leftline{\tt All Characters Great and Small \\dotfill \& \\hfill 9.} + +\subsection{<Oriz'ontia sto'iqish m`e pi`o pol'uplokec mej'odouc} + +T`o perib'allon {\tt \\settabs} e>~inai e>'ukolo st`hn qr'hsh tou, ka`i +<'otan kajor'isoume m'ia for`a t`o sq~hma to~u p'inaka, mporo~ume n`a +t`o qrhsimopoi'hsoume gi`a n`a par'agoume <'omoiouc p'inakec s`e +di'afora m'erh to~u keim'enou po`u >akolouje~i. <Wst'oso, t`o +perib'allon a>ut`o mpore~i n`a m`hn e>~inai t`o pl'eon e>'uqrhsto. Gi`a +par'adeigma, t`o pl'atoc k'aje st'hlhc pr'epei n`a dhlwje~i pr`in t`o +gr'ayimo to~u perieqom'enou t~wn sthl~wn. >Ep'ishc, st`hn per'iptwsh +po`u j'eloume m'ia st'hlh n`a stoiqeiojethje~i <'olh m`e >'entona +stoiqe~ia pr'epei n`a t`o dhl'wnoume a>ut`o s`e k'aje gramm'h. A>ut`a +t`a probl'hmata mporo~ume n`a t`a xeper'asoume m`e t`o perib'allon +{\tt\\halign}.\TeXref{235--238} +\toindex{halign} +<H genik`h morf`h to~u perib'allontoc {\tt \\halign} >'eqei <wc >ex~hc: +\beginuser +\\halign\lb{} $<${\tengs gramm`h--de~igma\/}$>$ \\cr +$<${\tengs pr'wth gramm`h to~u p'inaka\/}$>$ \\cr +$<${\tengs de'uterh gramm`h to~u p'inaka\/}$>$ \\cr +$\vdots$ +$<${\tengs teleuta'ia gramm`h to~u p'inaka\/}$>$ \\cr +\rb +\enduser + +<H gramm`h--de~igma, <h <opo'ia d`en j`a tupwje~i st`o t'eloc, kaj`wc +ka`i oi <up'oloipec >emfan'isimec gramm`ec to~u p'inaka ({\rm display lines}) +qwr'izontai s`e katak'orufec st~hlec m`e t`o s'umbolo +sto'i\-qi\-shc\NB{}{\tt\&}\null. S`e k'aje st'hlh t~hc +gramm~hc--de'igmatoc qrhsimopoio~untai l'exeic >el'egqou <'opwc +sumba'inei ka`i m`e t`hn >entol`h {\tt \\line\lb\rb}\null. Gi`a +par'adeigma, <h l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\hfil} mpore~i n`a qrhsimopoihje~i +gi`a sto'iqish m'iac st'hlhc dexi'a, >arister`a >`h st`o k'entro. +>Ep'ishc, mporo~ume n`a >all'axoume grammatoseir`a m`e t`ic +>ant'istoiqec >entol`ec {\tt \\bf}, {\tt \\it}, k.lp. S`e k'aje st'hlh +t~hc gramm~hc--de'igmatoc, mporo~ume >ak'oma n`a <or'isoume ka`i k'apoio +{\tengs stajer`o ke'imeno} po`u j`a peri'eqetai s`e <'ola ta ped'ia +t~hc st'hlhc. <'Omwc prosoq'h! S`e k'aje st'hlh t~hc +gramm~hc--de'igmatoc j`a pr'epei <opwsd'hpote n`a peri'eqetai t`o +e>idik`o {\tengs s'umbolo >antikat'astashc} {\tt \#} m'ia ka`i m'ono +m'ia for'a. T`o {\rm \TeX}, <'otan stoiqeiojete~i m'ia gramm`h <en`oc +p'inaka, j'etei t`o k'aje ped'io t~hc gramm~hc m`e t`hn seir`a +<'opwc br'iskei t`ic >ant'istoiqec j'eseic t~wn sumb'olwn {\tt \#}\null. +T`o <ep'omeno par'adeigma m~ac bohj~a n`a katal'aboume kal'utera t`hn +qr'hsh to~u {\tt \\halign}: + +\beginuser +\\halign\lb\\hskip 2 in \$\#\$\& \\hfil \\quad \# \\hfil \& \\qquad \$\#\$ +\hfill 3 in \& \\hfil \\quad \# \\hfil \\cr +\\alpha \& alpha \& \\beta \& beta \\cr +\\gamma \& gamma \& \\delta \& delta \\cr +\\epsilon \& epsilon \& \\zeta \& zeta \\cr +\rb +\enduser + +\noindent +<H gramm`h--de~igma de'iqnei <'oti <h pr'wth st'hlh j`a peri'eqei +majhmatik`a s'umbola po`u j`a br'i\-sko\-ntai s`e >ap'ostash d'uo +>ints~wn >ap`o t`o >arister`o perij'wrio. <H de'uterh st'hlh j`a +e>~inai kentrwm'enh m`e ken`o di'asthma <en`oc tetrag'wnou >arister'a. +<H tr'ith st'hlh ka`i t'etarth j`a e>~inai par'omoiec m`e t`ic d'uo +pr~wtec. <Or'iste ka`i t`o >apot'elesma: +\medskip +{\rm +\halign{\hskip 2in $#$& \hfil\quad # \hfil & \qquad $#$ % + & \hfil\quad # \hfil\cr +\alpha & alpha & \beta & beta \cr +\gamma & gamma & \delta & delta \cr +\epsilon & epsilon & \zeta & zeta \cr +} +} % end roman + +St`hn per'iptwsh to~u parap'anw p'inaka, <h pr'wth gramm`h sqhmat'izetai +m`e >antikat'a\-sta\-sh to~u pr'wtou {\tt \#} t~hc gramm~hc--de'igmatoc +>ap`o t`o {\tt \\alpha}, to~u de'uterou {\tt\#} >ap`o t`o {\tt alpha}, +to~u tr'itou {\tt \#} >ap`o t`o {\tt\\beta} ka`i to~u t'etartou {\tt \#} +>ap`o t`o {\tt beta}. <H >al'hjeia e>~inai <'oti t`o {\rm \TeX} d`en +proqwre~i >am'eswc st`hn stoiqeiojes'ia a>ut~hc t~hc gramm`h to~u +p'inaka, >all`a t`hn ful'assei st`hn mn'hmh tou. T`o >'idio +>epanalamb'anetai ka`i m`e t`ic <up'oloipec gramm`ec to~u p'inaka. +<'Otan t`o {\rm \TeX} diab'asei kai t`hn teleuta'ia gramm`h to~u +p'inaka, t'ote proqwre~i st`o <oristik`o fti'aximo to~u p'inaka +d'inontac s`e k'aje st'hlh >arket`o pl'atoc <'wste n`a <up'arqei q~wroc +gi`a <'ola thc t`a ped'ia. (>`Ac >'eqoume <up'' >'oyh mac <'oti <h +stoiqeiojes'ia pin'akwn kat'' aut`on t`on tr`opo e>~inai m'ia {\tengs +diadikas'ia swreutik`h} gi`a t`hn mn'hmh to~u <upologist~h ka`i a>ut`o +mpore~i n`a prokal'esei probl'hmata mn'hmhc st`o {\rm \TeX}\null, p.q., +mpore~i n`a stamat'hsei n`a tr'eqei d'inont'ac mac t`o m'hnuma: +(({\rm out of memory})). Gi`a t`on l'ogo a>ut'o, e>~inai protim'wtero +n`a >apofe'ugoume to`uc p'inakec po`u xeperno~un t`hn m'ia sel'ida.) +M`e l'iga l'ogia, <h gramm`h--de~igma kajor'izei t`hn morf`h ka`i t`o +sq~hma t~wn gramm~wn to~u p'inaka, >en`w o<i <up'oloipec gramm`ec +d'inoun t`a stoiqe~ia po`u j`a peri'eqei telik`a <o p'inakac. + +Merik`ec for`ec j`a qreiasje~i n`a kajor'isoume t`a <'oria m'iac +gramm~hc >`h m'iac st'hlhc to~u p'inaka m`e <oriz'ontiec >`h ka`i +katak'orufec e>uje~iec. Gi`a n`a j'esoume <oriz'ontiec e>uje~iec, +qrhsimopoio~ume t`hn >entol`h {\tt\\hrule}, <'opwc ka`i st`hn +per'iptwsh to~u perib'allontoc {\tt \\settabs}. <'Omwc >epeid`h d`en +j'eloume <h <oriz'ontia e>uje'ia n`a e>~inai stoiqism'enh s'umfwna m`e +t`hn gramm`h--de~igma, gi'' a>ut`o ka`i qrhsimopoio~ume t`hn l'exh +>el'egqou {\tt \\noalign}. Sunep~wc, gi`a n`a j'esoume m'ia <oriz'ontia +e>uje'ia st`on p'inaka, gr'afoume: {\tt \\noalign\lb\\hrule\rb}. <'Oso +gi`a t`ic katak'orufec e>uje~iec, a>ut`ec j'etontai gr'afontac {\tt +\\vrule} e>'ite st`hn gramm`h--de~igma e>'ite s`e k'apoia >ap`o t`ic +<up'oloipec gramm`ec to~u p'inaka. <Wst'oso, t`a pr'agmata d`en e>~inai +t'oso <apl'a. >`Ac p'aroume t`o teleuta~io par'adeigma ka`i >`ac +>all'axoume t`hn gramm`h--de~igma gi`a n`a j'esoume katak'orufec +e>uje~iec, >all`a >`ac prosj'esoume ka`i merik`ec <oriz'ontiec: +\toindex{noalign} + +\beginuser +\\halign\lb\\hskip 2in\\vrule\\quad \$\#\$\\quad \& \\vrule \\hfil\\quad % +\# \\hfil +\hskip 2 in \& \\quad \\vrule \\quad \$\#\$\\quad +\hskip 2 in \& \\vrule\\hfil \\quad \# \\quad \\hfil \\vrule \\cr +\\noalign\lb\\hrule\rb +\\alpha \& alpha \& \\beta \& beta \\cr +\\noalign\lb\\hrule\rb +\\gamma \& gamma \& \\delta \& delta \\cr +\\noalign\lb\\hrule\rb +\\epsilon \& epsilon \& \\zeta \& zeta \\cr +\\noalign\lb\\hrule\rb +\rb +\enduser + +\noindent +<O parap'anw k'wdikac {\rm \TeX} d`en d'inei <'o,ti >akrib~wc j`a +j'elame, >all`a +\vskip\baselineskip +{\rm +\halign{\hskip 2in\vrule\quad $#$\quad & \vrule \hfil\quad # \hfil +& \quad \vrule \quad $#$\quad & \vrule \hfil\quad # \quad \hfil +\vrule \cr +\noalign{\hrule} +\alpha & alpha & \beta & beta \cr +\noalign{\hrule} +\gamma & gamma & \delta & delta \cr +\noalign{\hrule} +\epsilon & epsilon & \zeta & zeta \cr +\noalign{\hrule} +} % end halign +} % end roman + +St`on p'inaka a>ut'o, <up'arqoun poll`a probl'hmata; t`o pi`o faner`o +e>~inai o<i <uperbolik`a me\-g'a\-lec <oriz'ontiec e>uje~iec, >all`a +ka`i t`o ke'imeno po`u fa'inetai strimwgm'eno m'esa st`a pla'isia to~u +p'inaka. >Epipl'eon, t`a ped'ia k'aje st'hlhc fa'inetai n`a >'eqoun +l'igo periss'otero ken`o di'asthma st`hn dexi`a pleur'a touc >ant`i n`a +e>~inai t'eleia kentrwm'ena. <'Opwc ka`i st`hn per'i\-ptw\-sh to~u +{\tt \\settabs}, >'etsi ka`i >ed~w o<i gramm`ec to~u p'inaka mporo~un +n`a g'inoun pi`o >arai`ec qrhsi\-mo\-poi\-'wntac t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt +\\strut} st`hn gramm`h--de~igma.\TeXref{82} <'Omwc, <'ena >ak'oma +pr'oblhma mpore~i n`a >emfanisje~i kaj`wc t`o {\rm\TeX} dhmiourge~i t`hn +sel'ida; >'iswc t`o {\rm\TeX} n`a >arai'wsei >elafr`a t`ic gramm`ec to~u +p'inaka <'wste n`a beltiwje~i <h e>ik'ona t~hc <'olhc sel'idac. A>ut`o +mpore~i n`a >'eqei <wc >apot'elesma t`hn >emf'anish mikr~wn ken~wn st`ic +katak'orufec e>uje~iec to~u p'inaka. Gi`a n`a >apof'ugoume k'ati +t'etoio, qrhsimopoio~ume t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\offinterlineskip} +m'esa st`o perib'allon {\tt \\halign}. Mporo~ume >ak'oma n`a +>apof'ugoume t`o pr'oblhma t~wn e>ujei~wn po`u >ex'eqoun st`hn +>ari\-ste\-r`h pleur`a to~u p'inaka, >afair'wntac t`hn >entol`h {\tt +\\hskip 2 in} >ap`o t`hn gramm`h--de~igma. Gi`a n`a metakin'hsoume +t`on p'inaka st`hn >arqik'h tou j'esh, qrhsimopoio~ume t`hn >entol`h +{\tt\\moveright}. T'eloc, mporo~ume n`a katal'aboume p~wc n`a +kentr'wsoume kal`a t`a ped'ia to~u p'inaka, para\-th\-r'wntac <'oti +t`o >epipl'eon ken`o di'asthma >ap`o t`a >arister`a >emfan'izetai st`hn +gramm`h--de~igma met`a t`o s'umbolo {\tt\#}, <'opou dhl.\ g'inetai <h +>antikat'astash to~u keim'enou t~wn <upolo'ipwn >ar'adwn. Sunolik`a <o +parap'anw p'inakac mpore~i n`a beltiwje~i <wc >ex~hc: +\toindex{offinterlineskip} +\toindex{moveright} + +\beginuser +\\moveright 2 in +\\vbox\lb\\offinterlineskip + +\\halign\lb\\strut \\vrule \\quad \$\#\$\\quad \&\\vrule \\hfil \\quad % +\#\\quad \\hfil +\&\\vrule \\quad \$\#\$\\quad \&\\vrule \\hfil \\quad \#\\quad \\hfil % +\\vrule \\cr +\\noalign\lb\\hrule\rb +\\alpha \& alpha \& \\beta \& beta \\cr +\\noalign\lb\\hrule\rb +\\gamma \& gamma \& \\delta \& delta \\cr +\\noalign\lb\\hrule\rb +\\epsilon \& epsilon \& \\zeta \& zeta \\cr +\\noalign\lb\\hrule\rb +\rb\rb +\enduser + +\noindent +<O k'wdikac a>ut`oc d'inei: +\vskip\baselineskip +{\rm +\moveright 2 in +\vbox{\offinterlineskip +\halign{\strut \vrule \quad $#$\quad &\vrule \hfil \quad #\quad \hfil +&\vrule \quad $#$\quad &\vrule \hfil \quad #\quad \hfil +\vrule \cr +\noalign{\hrule} +\alpha & alpha & \beta & beta \cr +\noalign{\hrule} +\gamma & gamma & \delta & delta \cr +\noalign{\hrule} +\epsilon & epsilon & \zeta & zeta \cr +\noalign{\hrule} +} % end halign +} % end vbox +} % end roman + +Genik'wtera, >e`an j'eloume n`a fti'axoume <'enan p'inaka po`u n`a +e>~inai kentrwm'enoc st`hn sel'ida, mporo~ume n`a j'esoume t`o {\tt +\\vbox} m'esa s`e m'ia >entol`h {\tt\\centerline\lb\rb}\null. <'Omwc +<or'iste ka`i m'ia pi`o >'exupnh l'ush: >E`an b'aloume t`o {\tt\\vbox} +metax`u dipl~wn dolar'iwn {\tt \$\$ $\ldots$ \$\$}, <h stoiqeiojes'ia +tou j`a e>~inai <'omoia m`e a>ut`h diakrit~wn majhmatik~wn >ekfr'asewn, +dhl.\ kentrwm'enh. Profan~wc, t`o >apot'elesma d`en j`a e>~inai m'ia +majhmatik`h >ex'iswsh, >all`a >akrib~wc >epeid`h t`o {\rm\TeX} j`a +nom'isei <'oti >'eqei n`a k'anei m`e m'ia majhmatik`h >ex'iswsh, j`a +b'alei l'igo parap'anw ken`o di'asthma >ap`o t`o >ep'anw ka`i k'atw +m'eroc to~u p'inaka d'inont'ac mac <'ena a>isjhtik`a >arti'wtero +>apot'elesma. Sunoy'izontac t`a parap'anw, mporo~ume n`a po~ume p`wc +mporo~ume n`a stoiqeiojet'hsoume <'enan >'omorfo kentrwmm'eno p'inaka +>akolouj'wntac t`a >ex~hc t'essera b'hmata: (1)\NB{}j'e\-tou\-me <'ena +{\tt \\vbox} metax`u dipl~wn dolar'iwn; (2)\NB{}gr'afoume {\tt +\\offinterlineskip} ka`i {\tt\\halign} m'esa st`o {\tt \\vbox}; +(3)\NB{}>ent`oc to~u perib'allontoc {\tt \\halign} <etoim'azoume m'ia +gramm`h--de~igma m`e <'ena {\tt \\strut} st`hn >arq`h ka`i {\tt\\vrule} +metax`u k'aje de'igmatoc st'hlhc; ka`i (4)\NB{}>an'amesa s`e k'aje +gramm`h to~u p'inaka gr'afoume {\tt \\noalign\lb\\hrule\rb}. <Or'iste +p~wc <o parap'anw kan'onac fa'inetai <wc k'wdikac to~u {\rm\TeX}: + +\beginuser +\$\$\\vbox\lb +\\offinterlineskip +\\halign\lb +\\strut \\vrule \# \& \\vrule \# \& \dots \& \\vrule \# \\vrule \\cr +\\noalign\lb\\hrule\rb +$<${\tengs stoiqe~io 1hc st'hlhc\/}$>$ \& \dots \& % +$<${\tengs stoiqe~io teleuta'iac st'hlhc\/}$>$ \\cr +\\noalign\lb\\hrule\rb +\dots +\\noalign\lb\\hrule\rb +$<${\tengs stoiqe~io 1hc st'hlhc\/}$>$ \& \dots \& % +$<${\tengs stoiqe~io teleuta'iac st'hlhc\/}$>$ \\cr +\\noalign\lb\\hrule\rb +\rb +\rb\$\$ +\enduser + + +\section{K'an'' to m'onoc sou} + +S'' a>ut`o t`o kef'alaio j`a do~ume p~wc e>~inai dunat`o n`a <or'isoume +t`ic dik'ec mac l'exeic >el'egqou. <H dhmiourg'ia a>ut~wn t~wn n'ewn +{\tengs <orism~wn\/}, po`u st`hn <orolog'ia t~hc Plhroforik~hc +>apokalo~untai ka`i {\tengs makroentol`ec\/} >`h {\sl macro}, e>~inai +m'ia >ap`o t`ic pi`o >isqur`ec teqnik`ec po`u m~ac prosf'erei t`o +{\rm\TeX}\null. <Wc pr'wth >efarmog`h t~hc dhmiourg'iac n'ewn <orism~wn, +j`a do~ume p~wc mpore~i kane`ic n`a kerd'isei pol`u qr'ono +daktulogr'afhshc >antikajist'wntac meg'ala m'erh >epanalamban'omenou +keim'enou m`e <'enan mikr`o <orism'o. + +\subsection{T`o makr`u ka`i t`o kont`o} + +<H l'exh >el'egqou {\tt\\def} qrhsimopoie~itai gi`a t`on <orism`o n'ewn +>akolouji~wn (l'exewn >`h sumb'olwn) >el'egqou. <O <aplo'u\-ste\-roc +tr'opoc dhmiourg'iac m'iac n'eac >akolouj'iac >el'egqou e>~inai: {\tt +\\def\\newname\lb$\ldots$\rb}. Met`a t`on <orism'o, <'opote m'esa st`on +k'wdik'a mac >emfan'izetai {\tt \\newname}, a>ut`h <h l'exh >el'egqou +j`a >anti\-kaj'i\-statai >ap`o t`o {\rm \TeX} m`e t`o {\tengs +<'orism'a\/} thc, dhl.\ m`e <'o,ti peri'eqoun o<i >agk'ulec to~u +<orismo~u thc. E>~inai profan`ec <'oti <h n'ea >entol`h {\tt +\\newname} pr'epei n`a <orisje~i s'umfwna m`e to`uc kan'onec to~u {\rm +\TeX}, dhl.\ j`a pr'epei n`a e>~inai e>'ite m'ia n'ea l'exh >el'egqou +>apotelo'umenh >ap`o qarakt~hrec to~u latiniko~u >alfab'htou ka`i m'ono, + e>'ite <'ena n'eo s'umbolo >el'egqou >apotelo'umeno >ap`o <'enan ka`i +m'onon qarakt'hra >ekt`oc a>ut~wn to~u latiniko~u >alfab'htou. >`Ac +<upoj'esoume, p.q., <'oti >'eqoume n`a stoiqeiojet'hsoume <'ena ke'imeno +po`u peri'eqei poll`ec for`ec t`hn fr'ash (({\rm European Union})). M`e +t`on <orism`o {\tt \\def\\eu\lb European Union\rb} >'eqoume m'ia n'ea +l'exh >el'egqou, t`hn {\tt \\eu}, t`hn <opo'ia mporo~ume n`a t`hn +qrhsimopoi'hsoume <opoud'hpote m'esa st`on k'wdik'a mac met`a t`on +<orism'o thc. <H fr'ash {\tt I am a citizen of \\eu.}\ e>~inai swst`h +>ef'' <'oson >'eqei prohghje~i <o <orism`oc t~hc l'exhc >el'egqou +{\tt\\eu}. St`hn per'i\-ptw\-sh a>ut'h, t`o {\rm\TeX} j`a +>antikatast'hsei t`hn {\tt\\eu} m`e t`o <'orism'a thc (t`hn >'idia +>epexergas'ia k'anei t`o {\rm\TeX} ka`i m`e t`ic dik'ec tou >eswterik`ec +>akolouj'iec >el'egqou, gi'' a>ut`o qrei'azetai l'igh prosoq`h st`hn +>epilog`h t~wn >onom'atwn t~wn n'ewn mac <orism~wn). <Wst'oso, k'aje +n'ea >akolouj'ia >el'egqou >'eqei topik`h >isq`u st`o sun'olo >ent`oc +to~u <opo'iou <or'izetai. Gi`a par'adeigma, <o parak'atw k'wdikac +{\rm\TeX} +\toindex{def} + +\beginuser +\\def\\eu\lb European Union\rb +I worked as a clerk for the \\eu. +\lb +\\def\\eu\lb European University\rb +Then I took a sabbatical leave to study at the \\eu. +\rb +Now I am working again for the \\eu. +\enduser + +\noindent d'inei + +{\rm +\def\eu{European Union} +I worked as a clerk for the \eu. +{ +\def\eu{European University} +Then I took a sabbatical leave to study at the \eu. +} +Now I am working again for the \eu. +} % end roman + +>`Ac jumhjo~ume <'oti <'ola t`a ken`a diast'hmata po`u >akoloujo~un m'ia +l'exh >el'egqou >agnoo~untai >ap`o t`o {\rm\TeX} kat`a t`hn +>epexergas'ia to~u k'wdika; a>ut`o >isq'uei ka`i gi`a t`ic n'eec l'exeic +>el'egqou po`u >eme~ic <or'izoume. St`o prohgo'umeno par'adeigma, k'aje +ken`o di'asthma met`a t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt\\eu} j`a >agnohje~i. +<'Omwc, t`o ken`o di'asthma met`a t`hn pr'wth per'iodo (.)\ ka`i met`a +t`hn pr'wth >ari\-ste\-r`h >agk'ulh ({\tt\lb}) d`en >agnoo~untai >ap`o +t`o {\rm \TeX}\null; >e`an parathr'hsoume prosektik`a t`o t'eloc t~hc +pr'wthc pr'otashc po`u stoiqeiojet'hjhke s'umfwna m`e t`o parap'anw +par'adeigma, j`a do~ume <'oti peri'eqei k'apoio parap'anw ken`o +di'asthma. A>ut`o mporo~ume n`a t`o >apof'ugoume j'etontac <'ena +s'umbolo sqol'iou {\tt \%} met`a t`hn >ari\-ste\-r`h >agk'ulh, <'wste +t`o <up'oloipo t~hc gramm~hc to~u k'wdika n`a >agnohje~i >ap`o t`o {\rm +\TeX}\null. T`o >'idio mporo~ume n`a k'anoume ka`i st`hn gramm`h to~u +k'wdika m`e t`hn teleuta'ia dexi`a >agk'ulh ({\tt\rb})\null. Suqn'a, +a>ut`h <h {\tengs >apenergopo'ihsh\/} t~wn <upolo'ipwn t~wn gramm~wn +<en`oc <orismo~u ({\rm commenting out}) e>~inai >apara'ithth gi`a t`on +>apotelesmatik`o >'elegqo t~wn ken~wn diasthm'atwn st`o telik'o mac +>'entupo. + +<'Otan m'ia n'ea makroentol`h >'eqei <orisje~i, <h >'idia mpore~i n`a +qrhsimopoihje~i ka`i gi`a t`on <orism`o >'allwn makroentol~wn. A>ut`oc +e>~inai, p.q., <'enac tr'opoc n`a <etoim'asei k'apoioc >epistol`ec +<apl~hc morf~hc. >`Ac <or'isoume pr~wta m'ia <apl`h >epistol'h: + +\beginuser +\\def\\letter\lb +\\par \\noindent +Dear \\name, +\ +This is a little note to let you know that your name is \\name. +\ +\\hskip 2 in Sincerely yours, +\\vskip 2\\baselineskip +\\hskip 2 in The NameNoter +\\smallskip \\hrule +\rb +\enduser + +\def\letter{% +{\rm +\par \noindent +Dear \name, + +This is a little note to let you know that your name is \name. + +\hskip 2 in Sincerely yours, +\vskip 2\baselineskip\nobreak +\hskip 2 in The NameNoter +\smallskip \hrule +} % end roman +} % end letter + +St`hn >epistol`h qrhsimopoie~itai <h l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\name}, <h +<opo'ia <'omwc d`en >'eqei <orisje~i >ak'oma. <'Otan qrhsimopoi'hsoume +t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\letter}, <h {\tt \\name} j`a +>antika\-ta\-sta\-je~i m`e t`on tr'eqonta <orism'o thc. Sunep~wc, <o +k'wdikac + +\beginuser +\\def\\name\lb Michael Bishop\rb +\\letter +\\def\\name\lb Michelle L\\'ev\\\^{}eque\rb +\\letter +\enduser + +\noindent j`a m~ac d'wsei d'uo >ant'igrafa t~hc >epistol~hc, t`o kaj'ena +m`e t`on swst`o paral'hpth ka`i m`e m'ia <oriz'ontia e>uje'ia gramm`h +st`o t'eloc, dhl.\ + +\def\name{Michael Bishop} +\letter +\goodbreak +\def\name{Michelle L\'ev\^eque} +\letter +\vskip\baselineskip + +J`a mporo'usame n`a e>'iqame j'esei <otid'hpote (>`h sqed`on +<otid'hpote) metax`u t~wn >agkul~wn to~u <orismo~u {\tt +\\def\\name\lb$\ldots$\rb}; j`a mporo'usame n`a j'etame merik`ec +paragr'afouc ka`i n`a qrhsimopoio~usame ka`i >'allec >entol'ec (par'' +<'oti st`hn per'i\-ptw\-sh m'iac <apl~hc >epistol~hc <'ola a>ut`a j`a +>~htan m'allon <uperbolik'a). Fusik'a, j`a mporo'usame n`a j'etame +st`on <orism`o t~hc {\tt \\letter} ka`i {\tt \\vfill \\eject}, <'wste +k'aje m'ia >epistol`h n`a tup'wnetai s`e xeqwrist`h sel'ida. + +\exercise <Etoim'aste m'ia f'orma <apl~hc >epistol~hc qrhsimopoi'wntac +t`ic >ak'oloujec l'exeic >el'eqou: {\tt \\name} (>'onoma), {\tt +\\address} (die'ujunsh), {\tt \\postcode} (taqudromik`oc k'wdikac), {\tt +\\city} (p'olh) ka`i {\tt \\country} (q'wra). + +\exercise Suqn`a s`e ke'imena qrei'azetai n`a fti'axoume m`h +>arijmhm'enec l'istec >antikei\-m'e\-nwn, jem'atwn, k.lp.\ +qrhsimopoi'wntac {\tt \\item\lb\$\\bullet\$\rb}. <Or'iste m'ia +makro\-entol`h m`e t`hn >onomas'ia {\tt \\bitem} po`u k'anei a>ut`h t`hn +doulei`a gi`a merik`ec paragr'afouc. Kat'opin, >all'axte t`o shme~io +({\rm bullet}) m`e m'ia pa'ula. J`a parathr'hsete <'oti m'ia m'onon +mikr`h >allag`h st`on <orism`o t~hc makro\-entol~hc prokale~i <'olec +t`ic >apara'ithtec >allag`ec s`e <'olec t`ic paragr'afouc. + +\exercise <Upoj'este <'oti >'eqete n`a <etoim'asete poll`ec +paragr'afouc s`e <'ena ke'imeno qrhsimopoi'wntac {\tt \\hangindent = 30 +pt}, {\tt \\hangafter 4} ka`i {\tt \\filbreak} (m`hn >anhsuqe~ite gi`a +t`o t'i prokalo~un a>ut`ec o<i par'ametroi; t`o m'ono po`u metr'aei +t'wra e>~inai <'oti, >ef'' <'oson <orisjo~un, param'enoun s`e >isq`u +m'onon gi`a m'ia par'agrafo). <Or'iste m'ia l'exh >el'egqou {\tt +\\setpar} <h <opo'ia n`a mpore~i n`a qrhsimopoihje~i >empr`oc >ap`o +k'aje par'agrafo po`u pr'epei morfopoihje~i s'umfwna m`e t`ic parap'anw +param'etrouc. + +\subsection{Par'ametroi st`ic makroentol`ec} + +O<i n'eec makroentol`ec mporo~un n`a g'inoun pol`u pi`o genik`ec <'otan +peri'eqoun param'e\-trouc. <H >id'ea t~wn param'etrwn e>~inai par'omoia +a>ut~hc t~hc gramm~hc--de'igmatoc to~u peri\-b'al\-lontoc {\tt +\\halign}\null. Pr~wta, >`ac do~ume t`hn per'i\-ptw\-sh m'iac n'eac +l'exhc >el'egqou m`e m'ia par'ametro. St`hn per'i\-ptw\-sh a>ut'h, <h +n'ea l'exh >el'egqou <or'izetai <wc {\tt \\def\\newword\#1\lb +$\ldots$\rb}\null. T`o s'umbolo {\tt \#1} mpore~i n`a <up'arqei +periss'oterec >ap`o m'ia for`a metax`u t~wn >agkul~wn to~u <orismo~u +t~hc {\tt \\newword}. <'O,ti >'eqei grafe~i metax`u t~wn >agkul~wn to~u +<orismo~u dr~a <'opwc ka`i <h gramm`h--de~igma to~u peri\-b'al\-lontoc +{\tt \\halign}\null. >'Etsi, <'opou m'esa st`on k'wdika >emfan'izetai +<h {\tt \\newword\lb$\ldots$\rb}, a>ut`h j`a >antikaj'istatai >ap`o t`o +<'orism'a thc ka`i st`hn j'esh to~u {\tt \#1} j`a mpa'inei t`o <ulik`o +>ent`oc t~wn >agkul~wn. {\tengb <H parous'ia ken~wn diasthm'atwn st`on +<orism`o t~hc makroentol~hc >'eqei meg'alh shmas'ia; d`en pr'epei n`a +<up'ar\-qoun ken`a diast'hmata pr`in t`hn pr'wth >arister`h >agk'ulh +({\tt\lb}) to~u <orismo~u.} + +<Wc par'adeigma, j`a mporo~usame n`a tropopoi'hsoume t`hn di'ataxh t~hc +>epistol~hc t~hc prohgo'umenhc paragr'afou kat`a t`on >ak'oloujo tr'opo: + +\beginuser +\\def\\letter\#1\lb +\\par \\noindent +Dear \#1, +\ +This is a little note to let you know that your name is \#1. +\ +\\hskip 2 in Sincerely yours, +\\vskip 2\\baselineskip +\\hskip 2 in The NameNoter +\\smallskip \\hrule +\rb +\enduser + +\def\letter#1{% +{\rm +\par \noindent +Dear #1, + +This is a little note to let you know that your name is #1. + +\hskip 2 in Sincerely yours, +\vskip 2\baselineskip +\hskip 2 in The NameNoter +\smallskip \hrule +} +} + +\noindent T'wra mporo~ume n`a gr'ayoume + +\beginuser +\\letter\lb Michael Bishop\rb +\\letter\lb Michelle L\\'ev\\\^{}eque\rb +\enduser + +\noindent gi`a n`a l'aboume \medskip + +\letter{Michael Bishop} +\goodbreak +\letter{Michelle L\'ev\^eque} + +T'wra >`ac <or'isoume m'ia n'ea makroentol`h <wc {\tt +\\def\\displaytext\#1\lb \$\$\\vbox\lb\\hsize = 12 cm \#1\rb\$\$\rb} +gi`a n`a parousi'azoume k'apoio m'eroc to~u keim'enou mac kentrarism'eno +xeqwrist`a >ap`o t`o <up'oloipo ke'imeno (p.q., gi`a d'aneio ke'imeno). +T'ote, <h >entol`h {\tt \\displaytext\lb$\ldots$\rb} j`a d'wsei t`o +ke'imeno >ent`oc t~wn >agkul~wn s`e m'ia kentrarism'enh par'agrafo +pl'atouc $12\,\rm cm$ m`e l'igo >epipl'eon ken`o di'asthma st`o >ep'anw +ka`i k'atw m'eroc thc, >'etsi <'wste n`a xeqwr'izei >ap`o t`o <up'oloipo +ke'imeno. >`Ac do~ume <'ena t'etoio par'adeigma m`e t`o ke'imeno +<eto'uthc t~hc paragr'afou st`hn >agglik`h gl'wssa: +\def\displaytext#1{$$\vbox{\hsize=12cm #1}$$} +\displaytext{\rm +Now let's define +{\tt\\def\\displaytext\#1\lb \$\$\\vbox\lb\\hsize = 12 cm \#1\rb\$\$\rb} +as a new macro to display text. +Then {\tt \\displaytext\lb$\ldots$\rb} will cause the material +between the braces to be put in a paragraph with width 12 \centimetre +s and then \centred{} with some space added above and +below as is appropriate for a display. This paragraph was set +using this {\tt \\displaytext} macro.} + +K'aje par'ametroc m'iac makroentol~hc d`en mpore~i n`a xepern~a s`e m~hkoc +t`hn m'ia par'agrafo. >E`an m'ia de'uterh par'agrafoc e>isaqje~i <wc +m'eroc m'iac param'etrou, t'ote t`o {\rm \TeX} j`a stamat'hsei +d'inont'ac mac <'ena m'hnuma l'ajouc. A>ut`h e>~inai m'ia dikl'ida +>asfale'iac to~u {\rm \TeX}\null; diaforetik'a, m'ia tuqa'ia par'aleiyh +m'iac dexi~ac >agk'ulhc j`a >an'agkaze t`o {\rm \TeX} n`a jewr'hsei <'olo +t`o <up'oloipo >arqe~io <wc m'ia par'ametro k'apoiac makroentol~hc. + +\exercise <Or'iste m'ia n'ea makroentol`h m`e t`o >'onoma {\tt +\\yourgrade} (<o bajm'oc sou) >'etsi <'wste <o k'wdikac {\tt +\\yourgrade\lb89\rb} n`a d'inei stoiqeiojethm'enh t`hn >ak'oloujh +fr'ash: {\rm The grade you received is 89\%}\null. Fusik'a, j`a +pr'epei n`a mpore~i n`a qrhsimopoihje~i gi`a <opoiond'hpote bajm'o +(p.q., 45\%\null, 73\%\null, k.lp.). +\medbreak + +<H qr'hsh perissot'erwn param'etrwn d`en e>~inai >idia'itera d'uskolh. + Gi`a n`a <or'isoume m'ia n'ea l'exh >el'egqou d'uo param'etrwn, >arke~i +n`a gr'ayoume {\tt \\def\\newword\#1\#2\lb$\ldots$\rb}. T`o <'orisma +mpore~i n`a peri'eqei >an'amesa st`ic >agk'ulec t`ic param'etrouc {\tt + \#1} ka`i {\tt \#2} ka`i m'alista periss'oterec >ap`o m'ia for`a t`hn +k'aje m'ia. <'Otan kat'opin t`o {\rm \TeX} bre~i st`on k'wdik'a mac +t`hn >entol`h {\tt \\newword\lb$\ldots$\rb\lb$\ldots$\rb}, <'o,ti +diab'asei metax`u t~wn d'uo pr'wtwn >agkul~wn t`o >antikajist~a st`hn +j'esh {\tt \#1} to~u <or'ismatoc; ka`i <'o,ti diab'asei metax`u t~wn +de'uterou ze'ugouc >agkul~wn t`o >anti\-ka\-ji\-st~a st`hn j'esh {\tt +\#2}\null. <Or'iste <'ena sqetik`o par'adeigma: + +\beginuser +\\def\\talks\#1\#2\lb \#1 talks to \#2.\rb +\\talks\lb John\rb\lb Jane\rb +\\talks\lb Jane\rb\lb John\rb +\\talks\lb John\rb\lb me\rb +\\talks\lb She\rb\lb Jane\rb +\enduser + +\def\talks#1#2{{\rm #1 talks to #2.}} +\talks{John}{Jane} +\talks{Jane}{John} +\talks{John}{me} +\talks{She}{Jane} + +\exercise Kat`a tr'opo par'omoio m`e t`hn prohgo'umenh >'askhsh, +<or'iste m'ia n'ea >entol`h m`e t`o >'onoma {\tt\\yourgrade}, >'etsi +<'wste <o k'wdikac {\tt \\yourgrade\lb89\rb\lb85\rb} n`a d'inei +stoiqeiojethm'enh t`hn >ak'oloujh fr'ash: {\rm You received a grade of +89\% on your first exam and a grade of 85\% on your second exam}. + +\exercise <Or'iste m'ia n'ea l'exh >el'egqou m`e t`hn >onomas'ia {\tt +\\frac}, >'etsi <'wste <o k'wdikac {\tt \\frac\lb a\rb\lb b\rb} n`a +d'inei stoiqeiojethm'eno t`o kl'asma ${a\over b}$. +\bigskip + +E>~inai shmantik`o n`a m`hn <up'arqoun ken`a diast'hmata st`on <orism`o +pr`in t`hn pr'wth >arister`h >agk'ulh tou. >E`an <up'arqoun ken`a +diast'hmata, t`o {\rm\TeX} j`a katal'abei t`on <orism`o diaforetik`a +>ap'' <'o,ti perigr'ayame pi`o p'anw. Gi`a periss'oterec >ap`o d'uo +param'etrouc, <o tr'opoc <orismo~u n'ewn >akolouji~wn >el'egqou e>~inai +par'omoioc. Gi`a n`a <or'isoume m'ia n'ea l'exh >el'egqou m`e tre~ic +param'etrouc, xekin~ame gr'afontac {\tt +\\def\\newword\#1\#2\#3\lb$\ldots$\rb}. Kat'opin, gr'afoume >ent`oc +t~wn >agkul~wn to~u <orismo~u t`a {\tt \#1}, {\tt \#2} ka`i {\tt \#3} +<'opwc >eme~ic >epijumo~ume. Met`a t`on <orism'o, <'opou t`o {\rm \TeX} +sunant~a {\tt \\newword\lb$\ldots$\rb\lb$\ldots$\rb\lb$\ldots$\rb}, +>antikajist~a t`o <ulik`o po`u <up'arqei metax`u k'aje ze'ugouc +>agkul~wn st`ic >ant'istoiqec j'eseic {\tt \#1}, {\tt \#2} ka`i {\tt +\#3} to~u <orismo~u. Sunolik'a, <o >arijm`oc t~wn param'etrwn <en`oc +<orismo~u mpore~i n`a fj'anei t`ic >enni'a ({\tt\#9}). + +\subsection{M`e <'ena >'allo >'onoma} + +Merik`ec for`ec e>~inai bolik`o n`a d'inoume s`e m'ia l'exh >el'egqou +<'ena diaforetik`o >'onoma. P.q., >e`an >'eqoume sunhj'isei st`hn +bretanik`h >orjograf'ia t~wn >agglik~wn >ant`i t~hc >amerikanik~hc, +>'iswc n`a protimo~ume n`a gr'afoume {\tt \\centreline} >ant`i gi`a {\tt +\\centerline}. A>ut`h <h >allag`h >onomas'iac mpore~i n`a g'inei +e>'u\-kola m`e t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\let}. Gr'afontac loip`on +{\tt \\let \\centreline = \\centerline}, <or'izoume m'ia n'ea l'exh +>el'egqou <h <opo'ia mpore~i n`a qrhsimopoihje~i st`hn j'esh t~hc +pali~ac (a>ut`o d`en shma'inei <'oti <h pali`a d`en mpore~i n`a +qrhsimopoihje~i). A>ut`h <h metonomas'ia l'exewn >el'egqou mpore~i n`a g'inei +ka`i m`e majhmatik`a s'umbola, <'opwc p.q.\ <h metonomas'ia {\tt \\let +\\tensor = \\otimes} m~ac >epitr'epei n`a gr'afoume:% +\TeXref{206--207} +\toindex{let} +\toindex{centreline} +\toindex{tensor} + +\let\tensor=\otimes +\beginuser +\$\$ (A \\tensor B) (C \\tensor D) = AC \\tensor BD. \$\$ +\enduser + +\noindent gi`a n`a l'aboume + +$$ (A \tensor B) (C \tensor D) = AC \tensor BD. $$ + +\exercise <Or'iste t`ic makroentol`ec {\tt \\ll}, {\tt \\cl} ka`i {\tt +\\rl}, o<i <opo~iec n`a >isodunamo~un m`e t`ic {\tt \\leftline}, {\tt +\\centerline} ka`i {\tt \\rightline}. + +M`e l'iga l'ogia, <h l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\let} >epitr'epei st`on +qr'hsth to~u {\rm \TeX} n`a >onom'azei t`ic basik`ec >akolouj'iec +>el'egqou <'opwc to~u >ar'esei ka`i to~u e>~inai bolik'o. >'Etsi, <o +qr'hsthc >'eqei t`ic dik'ec tou makroentol`ec po`u mpore~i n`a +qrhsimopoi'hsei st`hn j'esh a>ut~wn po`u prosf'erei t`o {\rm \TeX}. + + +\section{T`a l'ajh e>~inai >anjr'wpina} + +T`o {\rm \TeX} e>~inai <'ena p'ara pol`u >'exupno pr'ogramma, >all`a +>'oqi ka`i je"ik'o! >'Etsi >e`an sunant'hsei k'apoio +m'eroc to~u k'wdika gramm'eno kat`a tr'opo lanjasm'eno, j`a >apant'hsei +m`e <'ena {\tengs m'hnuma sf'al\-matoc} st`hn >oj'onh to~u <upologist~h +(>ef'' <'oson t`o {\rm \TeX} tr'eqei <wc >allhloepidr`on ka`i m~ac +>epitr'epei n`a sunomilo~ume maz'i tou). T`o >'idio m'hnuma j`a +kataqwrhje~i >ep'ishc ka`i st`o >ant'istoiqo >arqe~io {\tt .log}. +>Epeid`h t`o {\rm \TeX} e>~inai >arket`a pol'uploko pr'ogramma, t`o +m'hnuma sf'almatoc po`u j`a d'wsei mpore~i n`a m`hn e>~inai e>'ukola +katan'ohto gi`a t`on >arq'ario. M'alista t`o {\rm \TeX} mpore~i n`a +prospaj'hsei n`a diorj'wsei t`o sf'alma m'ono tou, d'inontac <'omwc +pl'hrh >anafor`a gi`a t`o t'i >akrib~wc diorj'wseic >'ekane. <Wst'oso +ka`i t`a mhn'umata t~wn diorj'wsewn mpore~i n`a m`hn e>~i\-nai >idia'itera +<apl'a. >Eke~ino po`u >'eqei shmas'ia gi`a n`a katano'hsoume <'ena +m'hnuma sf'almatoc to~u {\rm\TeX}, e>~inai n`a katal'aboume poi'o +m'eroc to~u mhn'umatoc e>~inai shmantik`o ka`i poi'o m'eroc to~u +mhn'umatoc mporo~ume n`a >agno'hsoume qwr`ic kam'ia sun'epeia. >`Ac +do~ume merik`a tupik`a sf'al\-ma\-ta st`on k'wdika ka`i t`a >ant'istoiqa +mhn'umata po`u m~ac d'inei t`o {\rm\TeX}. + +\subsection{T`o xeqasm'eno >ant'io} + +%%% poor man's carriage return symbol: +\def\CarRet{$\gets$\hglue -1.25pt\raise 2.5pt\hbox{\vrule\vbox to 4.5pt{}}} + +T`o pr~wto sf'alma po`u j`a >exet'asoume e>~inai >eke~ino po`u <'oloi +k'apoia stigm`h t`o k'anoun, dhlad`h t`hn par'aleiyh n`a b'aloume t`o +>apara'ithto {\tt\\bye} st`o t'eloc to~u k'wdik'a mac. >E`an +tr'e\-qou\-me t`o {\rm \TeX} <wc >allhloepidr'on, st`hn >oj'on'h mac j`a +>emfanisje~i <'enac >aster'iskoc\hfil\break +\leftline{\tt *} +ka`i met`a t'ipota periss'otero. T`o {\rm \TeX} perim'enei n`a to~u +d'wsoume ka`i >'allon k'wdika n`a >epe\-xer\-gasje~i >ap`o t`o +plh\-ktro\-l'ogio. <Otid'hpote plhktrolog'hsoume st`hn sun'eqeia j`a +prosteje~i st`on >arqik`o k'wdika po`u pro'erqetai >ap`o t`a sqetik`a +>arqe~ia mac. Sun'hjwc a>ut`o po`u plh\-ktro\-lo\-go~u\-me e>~inai +{\tt\\bye<CR>}\fnote{{\tt <CR>} e>~inai t`o pl~hktro po`u m~ac d'inei +m'ia n'ea gramm`h st`on k'wdika. >Apokale~itai {\rm Carriage Return}, +{\rm Enter} >`h {\rm Return}, >`h sumbol'izetai m`e <'ena meg'alo +>arister`o >an'a\-stro\-fo b'eloc (s`an \CarRet$\,$).} >'etsi <'wste +t`o {\rm\TeX} n`a <oloklhr'wsei t`hn >epexergas'ia to~u k'wdika. + + +\subsection{<H lanjasm'enh >`h >'agnwsth l'exh >el'egqou} + +<'Ena >ak'oma suqn`o sf'alma e>~inai <h qr'hsh mi~ac lanjasm'ena +gramm'enhc >`h >'agnwsthc gi`a t`o {\rm \TeX} l'exhc >el'egqou. +>E`an t`o {\rm\TeX} tr'eqei <wc >adi'aleipto, <'otan +sunant'hsei m'ia lanjasm'enh >`h >'agnwsth l'exh >el'egqou, j`a m~ac +d'wsei <'ena m'hnuma sf'almatoc, j`a >agno'hsei t`hn sugkekrim'enh l'exh +>el'egqou ka`i j`a suneq'isei st`hn >epexergas'ia to~u <up'oloipou +k'wdika. <'Otan <'omwc t`o {\rm \TeX} tr'eqei <wc >allhloepidr'on, m~ac +d'inei t`hn dunat'othta n`a diorj'wsoume t'etoiou e>'idouc sf'almata +kaj`wc tr'eqei (<'omwc prosoq'h: a>ut`ec o<i diorj'wseic po`u k'anoume +<'otan t`o {\rm \TeX} tr'eqei d`en katagr'afontai ka`i st`o >arqe~io m`e +t`on >arqik'o mac k'wdika; t`ic diorj'wseic st`o >arqe~io pr'epei n`a +t`ic k'anoume kat'opin). >`Ac <upoj'esoume <'oti >'eqoume <'ena +>arqe~io k'wdika {\rm \TeX} po`u peri'eqei t`ic >ak'oloujec d'uo +gramm'ec: +\beginuser +\\line\lb The left side \\hfli the right side\rb +\\bye +\enduser + +Profan~wc >ant`i gi`a t`hn l'exh >'el'egqou {\tt \\hfli} j`a >'eprepe n`a +e>'iqame gr'ayei {\tt \\hfil}. <Or'iste t`o m'hnuma sf'almatoc po`u j`a +do~ume st`hn >oj'onh: +\beginuser +\obeyspaces +! Undefined control sequence. +l.1 \\line\lb The left side \\hfli +\ the right side\rb +? +\enduser + +<H pr'wth gramm'h, po`u xekin~a m`e <'ena jaumastik`o ({\tt !}), +d'inei m'ia mikr`h >ex'hghsh to~u probl'hmatoc. Kat'opin, +parousi'azetai <o >arijm`oc t~hc gramm~hc to~u >arqe'iou m`e t`on +k'wdika <'opou br'isketai t`o sf'alma kaj`wc ka`i t`o m'eroc >eke~ino +t~hc gramm~hc po`u t`o {\rm \TeX} mp'orese n`a >epexergasje~i. St`hn +<ep'omenh gramm`h to~u mhn'umatoc sf'almatoc d'inetai <h sun'eqeia t~hc +gramm~hc to~u k'wdika met`a t`o shme~io <'opou t`o {\rm \TeX} sun'anthse +t`o sf'alma. St`o t'eloc to~u mhn'umatoc, t`o {\rm \TeX} m~ac +parousi'azei <'ena >erwthmatik`o gi`a n`a m~ac pe~i <'oti perim'enei +k'apoia >ap'okrish >ap`o m'erouc mac. + +O<i >epitrept`ec >apokr'iseic po`u mporo~ume n`a d'wsoume +s''\NB{}a>ut`hn t`hn per'iptwsh (>all`a ka`i s`e k'aje per'iptwsh po`u +t`o {\rm \TeX} stamat~a >exait'iac k'apoiou sf'almatoc) e>~inai +o<i >ak'oloujec: + +\maketable [Dunat`ec >apokr'iseic s`e mhn'umata sf'almatoc to~u +{\lsecfont \TeX}] +\halign{ +\strut # \hfil & \hfil \tt # \hfil & # \hfil\cr + \tengb Skop`oc & \tengb >Ap'okrish + & \tengb \hfil >Apot'elesma\cr + \noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} + bo'hjeia ({\rm help}) + & h<CR>& >Exhge~itai leptomer~wc <o l'ogoc t~hc diakop~hc. \cr + parembol'h ({\rm insert}) + & i<CR>& <H <ep'omenh gramm`h paremb'alletai st`on k'wdika.\cr + >'exodoc ({\rm exit}) + & x<CR>& >'Exodoc ka`i kle'isimo to~u >arqe'iou {\rm DVI}. \cr + metak'ulish ({\rm scroll}) + & s<CR>& T`o {\rm\TeX} st`o >ex~hc j`a d'inei mhn'umata sf'almatoc, \cr + & & qwr`ic n`a diak'optei s`e >as'hmanta sf'almata. \cr + tr'eximo ({\rm run}) + & r<CR>& T`o {\rm \TeX} st`o >ex~hc j`a d'inei mhn'umata sf'almatoc, \cr + & & qwr`ic <'omwc n`a diak'optei pot'e. \cr + siwp'h ({\rm quiet}) + & q<CR>& T`o {\rm \TeX} suneq'izei qwr`ic n`a d'inei kan'ena \cr + & & m'hnuma sf'almatoc. \cr + sun'eqeia ({\rm carry on}) + & <CR> & T`o {\rm \TeX} suneq'izei <'oso kal'utera mpore~i. \cr + } + +St`o teleuta'io par'adeigma, m'ia logik`h >ap'okrish e>~inai {\tt +h<CR>}, <'wste n`a l'aboume m'ia pi`o leptomer`h >ex'hghsh to~u +sf'almatoc. Kat'opin plhktrologo~ume {\tt i<CR>} gi`a n`a >enj'esoume +k'apoio ke'imeno, <op'ote t`o {\rm \TeX} >antapokr'inetai m`e t`hn +pr'otash {\tt insert>}$\,$. T'eloc, gr'afoume t`hn swst`h l'exh >el'egqou +{\tt \\hfil}. <Or'iste p~wc j`a bl'epame a>ut`o st`hn >oj'onh mac: + +\beginuser +? h <CR> +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \\def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +? i <CR> +insert>\\hfil +[1] +\enduser + +T`o {\tt [1]} po`u m~ac gr'afei t`o {\rm \TeX} shma'inei <'oti <h pr'wth +(ka`i monadik'h) sel'ida >'eqei <olo\-klhrwje~i ka`i t`o >apot'elesma +>'eqei katagrafe~i st`o >arqe~io {\rm DVI}\null. Fusik'a, kat'opin +pr'epei n`a diorj'wsoume t`o >arqik`o >arqe~io m`e t`on k'wdik'a mac, +<'wste n`a m`hn m~ac parousiasje~i xan`a t`o >'idio sf'alma. + +\subsection{<H lanjasm'enh grammatoseir`a} + +T`o n`a gr'ayoume l'ajoc st`on k'wdik'a mac t`o >'onoma mi~ac +grammatoseir~ac prokale~i pro\-bl'h\-ma\-ta <'omoia m`e >eke~ina po`u +e>'idame parap'anw m`e t`ic lanjasm'enec l'exeic >el'egqou. <'Omwc, t`o +m'h\-nu\-ma sf'al\-matoc e>~inai diaforetik`o ka`i k'apwc pol'uploko gi`a +<'enan >arq'ario. >`Ac <upoj'esoume, p.q., <'oti st`on k'wdik'a mac +peri'eqetai <h >ak'oloujh gramm'h: +\vskip\baselineskip + +\leftline{\tt \\font\\sf = cmss01} + +\noindent +T`o l'ajoc mac e>~inai st`o <'oti, >ant`i gi`a {\tt cmss01}, j`a +>'eprepe n`a e>'iqame gr'ayei {\tt cmss10}. <Or'iste t`o m'hnuma +sf'almatoc ka`i <h bo'hjeia po`u m~ac d'inei t`o {\rm \TeX}: + +\beginuser \obeyspaces +! Font \\sf=cmss01 not loadable: Metric (TFM) file not found. +<to be read again> +\ \\par +\\bye ->\\par +\ \\vfill \\supereject \\end +l.2 \\bye + +? h <CR> +I wasn't able to read the size data for this font, +so I will ignore the font specification. +[Wizards can fix TFM files using TFtoPL/PLtoTF.] +You might try inserting a different font spec; +e.g., type `I\\font<same font id>=<substitute font name>'. +\enduser + +T`o >arqe~io {\rm TFM} (<h >onomas'ia tou pro'erqetai >ap`o t`a >arqik`a +t~wn l'exewn {\rm \TeX{} font metric}), e>~inai <'ena bohjhtik`o +>arqe~io po`u qrhsimopoie~i t`o {\rm \TeX}\null. Kat`a sun'epeia, t`o +per'iergo m'hnuma sf'almatoc po`u m~ac d'inei t`o {\rm \TeX} d`en +shma'inei t'ipota >'allo >ap`o t`o <'oti <h grammatoseir`a {\tt cmss01} +d`en <up'arqei st`o s'usthma to~u <upologist~h mac. + +\subsection{Majhmatik`a qwr`ic ta'iri} + +<'Ena >ak'oma pol`u koin`o sf'alma e>~inai t`o n`a qrhsimopoio~ume {\tt +\$} >`h {\tt \$\$} gi`a n`a stoiqeiojet'hsoume m'ia majhmatik`h +>'ekfrash ka`i kat'opin n`a xeqno~ume n`a kle'isoume t`hn >'ekfrash +a>ut`h m`e t`o >ant'istoiqo de'utero {\tt \$} >`h {\tt \$\$}. T`o +>apot'elesma a>uto~u to~u sf'almatoc e>~inai <'o,ti >akolouje~i t`a +majhmatik`a n`a stoiqeiojete~itai >ep'ishc <wc m'ia majhmatik`h >'ekfrash; +ka`i t`o qeir'otero e>~inai <'oti <'otan t`o {\rm \TeX} sunant'hsei t`hn +>arq`h mi~ac n'eac majhmatik~hc >'ekfrashc, t'ote >ant`i n`a suneq'isei +n`a m~ac d'inei majhmatik`a s'umbola, j`a >arq'isei n`a m~ac +stoiqeiojete~i kanonik`o ke'imeno. Beba'iwc, d`en qrei'azetai n`a +>anaferjo~ume st`o pl~hjoc t~wn mhnum'atwn sf'almatoc po~u genn~a <'ena +t'etoio sf'alma. <'Opwc ka`i n`a >'eqei <h kat'astash to~u k'wdik'a mac, +t`o {\rm \TeX} j`a prospaj'hsei n`a >epa\-nor\-j'w\-sei t`o l'ajoc +paremb'allontac <'ena n'eo {\tt \$} >`h {\tt \$\$}. >Epipl'eon, t`o +pr'oblhma j`a stamat'hsei m`e t`o t'e\-loc t~hc paragr'afou; t`o {\rm +\TeX} xekin~a a>utom'atwc t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia kanoniko~u keim'enou --- +ka`i >'oqi majhmatik~wn >ekfr'asewn --- <'otan sunat'hsei n'ea par'agrafo. + +>`Ac koit'axoume t`on >ak'oloujo swst`o k'wdika ka`i t`o >apot'elesm'a +tou: +\beginuser +Since \$f(x) > 0\$, \$a<b\$, and \$f(x)\$ is continuous, we know that +\$\\int\_{}a\^{}b f(x)\\,dx >0\$. +\enduser + +{\rm +Since $f(x) > 0$, $a<b$, and $f(x)$ is continuous, we know that +$\int_a^b f(x)\,dx >0$. +} % end \rm + +>E`an parale'iyoume t`o de'utero s'umbolo to~u dolar'iou st`o {\tt +\$f(x)\$}, t'ote t`o {\rm \TeX} j`a m~ac d'wsei t`a >ak'olouja mhn'umata +sf'almatoc ka`i bo'hjeiac: + +\beginuser \obeyspaces +! Missing \$ inserted. +<inserted text> +\ \$ +<to be read again> +\ \\intop +\\int ->\\intop +\ \\nolimits +l.2 \$\\int +\ \_{}a\^{}b f(x)\\,dx >0\$. +? h <CR> +I've inserted a begin-math/end-math symbol since I think +you left one out. Proceed, with fingers crossed. + +? +\enduser + +<H gramm`h po`u xekin~a m`e t`o jaumastik`o ({\tt !}\null) m~ac >exhge~i +t'i >'eqei sumbe~i. <H gramm`h po`u xekin~a m`e t`o {\tt l.2} m~ac +de'iqnei t`hn gramm`h to~u k'wdik'a mac <'opou sk'ontaye t`o +{\rm\TeX}\null. <'Opwc ka`i st`ic >'allec peript'wseic sf'almatoc, +>'etsi ka`i >ed~w t`o m'eroc t~hc gramm~hc to~u k'wdika po`u t`o {\rm +\TeX} di'abase qwr`ic kan'ena pr'oblhma parousi'azetai st`hn >oj'onh s`e +m'ia gramm`h (>'ewc t`o {\tt \\int}), ka`i st`hn <ep'omenh gramm`h +>akolouje~i t`o <up'oloipo m'eroc t~hc gramm~hc met`a t`o problhmatik`o +shme~io. <'O,ti <'epetai kat'opin fa'inetai m'allon d'uskolo n`a +>exhghje~i. A>ut`a t`a >endi'amesa mhn'umata de'iqnoun t'i sun'epeiec +e>~iqe t`o l'ajoc mac st`a >end'wtera to~u {\rm \TeX} (t`o {\rm \TeX} +e>~inai k'apwc pol'uploko!). <O n'eoc qr'hsthc to~u {\rm \TeX} mpore~i +n`a >agno'hsei t`a >endi'amesa mhn'umata sf'almatoc. + +>E`an >epitr'eyoume st`o {\rm \TeX} n`a diorj'wsei m'ono tou t`o +sf'alma mac, <or'iste t`o >apot'elesma: + +{ \rm +Since $f(x) > 0$, $a<b$, and $f(x) is continuous, we know that +\int_a^b f(x)\,dx >0$. +} % end \rm + +T`o ke'imen'o mac tent'wnetai ka`i stoiqeiojete~itai m`e pl'agiouc +qarakt~hrec majhmatik~wn sumb'olwn qwr`ic >endi'amesa ken`a diast'hmata. +A>ut`o sumba'inei <'otan kanonik`o ke'imeno stoiqeiojete~itai <wc m'ia +majhmatik`h >'ekfrash. >E`an parathr'hsoume k'ati t'etoio st`o +stoiqeiojethm'eno mac >'entupo, s'igoura k'apou xeq'asame k'apoio mon`o +{\tt \$} >`h k'apoio dipl`o {\tt \$\$}. + +\subsection{>Agk'ulec qwr`ic ta'iri} + +E>~inai pol`u e>'ukolo n`a xeq'asei kane`ic >`h n`a prosj'esei kat`a +l'ajoc parap'anw >agk'ulec <'otan fti'aqnei s'unola. T`o >apot'elesma +mpore~i n`a e>~inai tele'iwc >an'wduno >'ewc katastrofik'o. >`Ac +<upoj'esoume, gi`a par'adeigma, <'oti j'eloume n`a >'eqoume <'enan +t'itlo m`e >'entonouc t'upouc ka`i <'oti gr'afoume {\tt \lb\\bf A bold +title} xeqn'wntac t`hn >apara'ithth dexi`a >agk'ulh. T`o >apot'elesma +j`a e>~inai <'olo t`o ke'imeno po`u >akolouje~i n`a stoiqeiojethje~i m`e +>'entonouc t'upouc, >en~w st`o t'eloc t`o {\rm \TeX} j`a paraponeje~i +<wc >ex~hc: + +{\tt (\\end occurred inside a group at level 1)} + +>E`an e>'iqame k'anei t`o >'idio sf'alma d'uo for'ec, dhl.\ >e`an +e>iqame d'uo >arister`ec >agk'ulec qwr`ic t`ic >ant'istoiqec dexi'ec, +t'ote t`o par'apono to~u {\rm \TeX} j`a >~htan t`o >ex~hc: + +{\tt (\\end occurred inside a group at level 2)} + +T`o {\rm \TeX} d`en mpore~i n`a katal'abei <'oti parale'ipontai m'ia >`h +periss'oterec dexi`ec >agk'ulec pa\-r`a m'onon <'otan fj'asei st`o +t'eloc to~u k'wdika qwr`ic n`a t`ic >'eqei sunant'hsei. Sunep~wc, t`o +m'hnuma sf'al\-matoc d`en m~ac l'eei po~u k'aname t`o l'ajoc. >E`an <h +j'esh <'opou j`a >'eprepe n`a e>'iqame j'esei t`hn dexi`a >agk'ulh d`en +e>~inai ka`i t'oso faner'h, t'ote m'ia l'ush st`on >entopism`o to~u +problhmatiko~u shme'iou e>~inai n`a gr'ayoume {\tt \\bye} st`hn m'esh +to~u k'wdika. >E`an tr'eqontac xan`a t`o {\rm\TeX} sunant'hsoume t`o +>'idio sf'alma, t'ote t`o sf'alma mac br'isketai st`o pr~wto mis`o to~u +k'wdika (>ef'' <'oson t`hn de'uterh for`a t`o {\rm\TeX} >epexerg'asjhke +m'onon t`o pr~wto mis`o to~u k'wdika >'ewc t`o {\tt\\bye}). +Metakin'wntac t`o {\tt\\bye} s`e diaforetik`ec j'eseic to~u k'wdika, +mporo~ume n`a >ento\-p'i\-sou\-me telik`a t`o >akrib`ec shme~io to~u +sf'almatoc. >Ep'ishc, m'ia mati`a st`o stoiqeiojethm'eno ke'imeno +p'anta bohj~a st`on >entopism`o t'etoiwn sfalm'atwn ka`i poll~wn >'allwn +paroram'atwn. + +O<i paraleip'omenec >arister`ec >agk'ulec e>~inai pi`o e>'ukolec st`on +>entopism'o touc. <Or'iste <'enac k'wdikac d'uo gramm~wn ka`i t`a +sqetik`a mhn'umata sf'almatoc ka`i bo'hjeiac po`u d'inei t`o {\rm \TeX}: + +\beginuser +\\bf Here is the start\rb, but there is the finish. +\\bye +\enduser + +\beginuser \obeyspaces +! Too many \rb's. +l.1 \\bf Here is the start\rb +\ , but there is the finish. + +? h <CR> +You've closed more groups than you opened. +Such booboos are generally harmless, so keep going. +\enduser + +\noindent +Beba'iwc, e>~inai pol`u pijan`o <h gramm`h to~u k'wdika <'opou j`a +>'eprepe n`a e>'iqame j'esei t`hn >arister`h >agk'ulh n`a m`hn +sump'iptei m`e t`hn gramm`h <'opou t`o {\rm \TeX} br~hke t`o sf'alma. + +<H par'aleiyh mi~ac >agk'ulhc st`on <orism`o mi~ac n'eac l'exhc +>el'egqou mpore~i n`a dhmiourg'hsei sobar'wtata probl'hmata. >Ef'' +<'oson <'enac t'etoioc <orism`oc mpore~i n`a perilamb'anei +peris\-s'o\-te\-rec >ap`o m'ia paragr'afouc, e>~inai pijan`o t`o {\rm +\TeX} n`a m`hn katal'abei t`o sf'alma ka`i n`a suneq'isei n`a +susswre'uei <ulik`o >ap`o t`on k'wdik'a mac s`e <'enan <orism`o d'iqwc +t'eloc. A>ut`o mpore~i n`a pro\-ka\-l'esei >ak'oma ka`i <uperf'ortwsh +t~hc mn'hmhc to~u <upologist~h. A>ut`o st`hn >argk`o to~u {\rm \TeX} +l'egetai {\tengs >aperi'oristoc <orism'oc} ({\rm runaway definion}).% +\TeXref{206} +<Or'iste <'ena par'adeigma <en`oc k'wdika pou peri'eqei <'enan t'etoio +problhmatik`o <orism'o: + +\vbox{ +\beginuser +\\def\\newword\lb the def +\\newword +\\bye +\enduser +} + +\noindent +<Or'iste ka`i t`a sqetik`a mhn'umata sf'almatoc ka`i bo'hjeiac: + +\beginuser \obeyspaces +Runaway definition? +->the def +! Forbidden control sequence found while scanning definition of \\newword. +<inserted text> +\ \rb +<to be read again> +\ \\bye +l.3 \\bye + +? h <CR> +I suspect you have forgotten a `\rb', causing me +to read past where you wanted me to stop. +I'll try to recover; but if the error is serious, +you'd better type `E' or `X' now and fix your file. + +? <CR> +No pages of output. +\enduser + +\noindent +Profan~wc t`o sf'alma mac st`hn per'iptwsh a>ut`h e>~inai sobar'o. >E`an +sumbe~i st`hn >arq`h to~u k'wdika (<'opwc st`o parap'anw par'adeigma), +t'ote t`o {\rm \TeX} d`en j`a m~ac d'wsei o>'ute m'ia sel'ida +stoiqeiojethm'enou keim'enou! + +>E`an parale'iyoume m'ia dexi`a >agk'ulh kat`a t`hn qr'hsh m'iac +makroentol~hc, t'ote <h problhmatik`h makroentol`h j`a stamat'hsei m`e t`o +t'eloc t~hc paragr'afou. Gi`a par'adeigma, >e`an >'eqou\-me <or'isei {\tt +\\def\\newword\#1\lb$\ldots$\rb} ka`i kat'opin gr'ayoume st`on k'wdika +{\tt \\newword\lb$\dots$ } pa\-ra\-le'i\-pontac t`hn dexi`a >agk'ulh, t'ote +st`hn qeir'oterh per'iptwsh j`a katastr'eyoume m'ia par'a\-grafo.% +\TeXref{205} + +M`e l'iga l'ogia, <'otan >emfanisje~i <'ena sf'alma, kal`o e>~inai n`a +shmei'wsoume t`on >arijm`o t~hc gramm~hc <'opou t`o {\rm \TeX} +>ent'opise (>e`an >ent'opise) t`o sf'alma. >Ep'ishc kal`o e>~inai n`a +shmei'wsoume ka`i t`hn gramm`h po`u xekin~a m`e t`o jaumastik`o ka`i +m~ac d'inei m'ia s'untomh di'agnwsh to~u sf'almatoc. >E`an t`o t'i +>'eqei sumbe~i d`en m~ac e>~inai xek'ajaro, mporo~ume >ep'ishc n`a +zht'hsoume >ap`o t`o {\rm \TeX} periss'oterec leptom'ereiec +plhktrolog'wntac {\tt h<CR>}. St`ic peript'wseic mikr~wn sfalm'atwn, +t`o {\rm \TeX} mpore~i n`a bre~i k'apoia l'ush, <'otan >eme~ic +>apokrijo~ume m'onon m`e {\tt <CR>}. + + +\section{Sk'abontac l'igo baj'utera} + +St`o kef'alaio a>ut`o j`a >exet'asoume merik`a j'emata po`u m~ac +>epitr'epoun n`a qrhsimopoio~ume t`o {\rm \TeX} m`e megal'uterh +e>ukol'ia ka`i >apotelesmatik'othta. Kaj`wc t`a >'entupa po`u j`a +stoiqeiojeto~ume j`a g'inontai <'olo ka`i megal'utera ka`i +poluplok'wtera, k'apoiec >'allec teqnik`ec j`a m~ac fano~un >exairetik`a +qr'hsimec. + +\subsection{Meg'ala ka`i mikr`a >arqe~ia} + +T`o {\rm \TeX} >'eqei t`hn dunat'othta n`a diab'azei >all`a ka`i n`a +gr'afei >arqe~ia kaj`wc tr'eqei. A>ut`h <h dunat'othta to~u {\rm \TeX} +m~ac >epitr'epei n`a qrhsimopoio~ume mikr`a >arqe~ia t`a <opo~ia e>~inai +pi`o e>'ukola st`hn qr'hsh touc. >'Etsi dhmiourgo~ume <'ena {\tengs +k'urio >arqe~io\/} >`h {\tengs >arqe~io--korm`o\/} m'esw| to~u <opo'iou +kalo~ume poll`a mikr'wtera >arqe~ia m`e t`hn seir`a po`u >eme~ic +<or'izoume. A>ut`o t`o ke'imeno, p.q., >apotele~itai >ap`o +\ifwritinganswers + \def\next{d'wdeka}% +\else + \def\next{<'endeka}% +\fi +\next\ +kef'alaia ka`i d'uo e>isagwg'ec. >Epipl'eon, <up'arqoun ka`i k'apoioi +<orismo`i ({\rm macro}) po`u qrhsimopoio~untai s`e <'ola t`a kef'alaia. +To`uc <orismo`uc mporo~ume n`a to`uc b'aloume s`e <'ena >arqe~io m`e +t`hn >onomas'ia, p.q., {\tt macros.tex}; t`ic e>isagwg`ec mporo~ume n`a +t`ic >'eqoume s`e d'uo >'alla kef'alaia, p.q., {\tt intro1.tex} ka`i +{\tt intro2.tex}; ka`i t`o k'aje kef'alaio mporo~ume n`a t`o >'eqoume +s`e <'ena xeqwrist`o >arqe~io. Gi`a n`a po~ume st`o {\rm \TeX} n`a +diab'asei <'ena >arqe~io, qrhsimopoio~ume t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt +\\input}. Genik'a, gr'afontac st`on k'wdik'a mac {\tt \\input +filename}, d'inoume st`o {\rm \TeX} t`hn >entol`h n`a diab'asei ka`i n`a +>epexergasje~i >am'eswc t`o >arqe~io m`e t`o >'onoma {\tt filename.tex}. +T`o telik`o >apot'elesma j`a e>~inai <'ena <enia~io >'entupo, <'opwc j`a +e>'iqame st`hn per'iptwsh po`u <o k'wdikac po`u peri'eqetai st`o +>arqe~io {\tt filename.tex} >apotelo~use m'eroc to~u >arqe'iou po`u +peri'eqei t`hn >entol`h {\tt \\input filename}. T`o >arqe~io m`e t`hn +>entol`h {\tt \\input...} mpore~i n`a kale~i ka`i >'alla >arqe~ia +>ekt`oc to~u {\tt filename.tex}; ka`i >ak'oma t`o {\tt filename.tex} +mpore~i ka`i a>ut`o m`e t`hn seir'a tou n`a kale~i >'alla >arqe~ia. +St`hn pi`o sunhjism'enh per'iptwsh <'omwc, fti'aqnoume <'ena ka`i m'ono +>arqe~io--korm`o t`o <opo~io kale~i t`a di'afora >'alla >arqe~ia po`u +peri'eqoun tm'hmata to~u keim'enou, <'opwc dhl.\ sumba'inei st`o +parak'atw par'adeigma: \toindex{input} + +\beginuser +\\input macros +\\input intro1 +\\input intro2 +\\input sec1 +\\input sec2 +\\input sec3 +\\input sec4 +\\input sec5 +\\input sec6 +\\input sec7 +\\input sec8 +\\input sec9 +\\input sec10 +\\input sec11 +\ifwritinganswers + \def\next{\\input sec12}% +\else + \def\next{\relax}% +\fi +\next +\enduser + +<'Otan <h s'untaxh to~u keim'enou mac (t`o gr'ayimo to~u k'wdika +dhlad'h) d`en e>~inai >ak'oma pl'hrhc, mporo~ume n`a >epexergasjo~ume +m`e t`o {\rm \TeX} m'ono <'osa mikr`a >arqe~ia >'eqoume <oloklhr'wsei +j'etontac t`o s'umbolo to~u sqol'iou >empr`oc >ap`o k'aje gramm`h to~u +k'wdika po`u kale~i <'ena m`h <oloklhrwm'eno >arqe~io ({\rm commenting +out}). + +<H l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\input} m~ac >epitr'epei >ak'oma n`a +qrhsimopoio~ume >arqe~ia po`u peri'eqoun prosqediasm'enouc <orismo'uc +({\rm macro}). Gi`a par'adeigma, mporo~ume n`a >'eqoume <'ena >arqe~io +m`e t`hn >onomas'ia {\tt memo.tex} po`u n`a peri'eqei m'onon <orismo`uc +gi`a t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia <upomnhm'atwn ({\rm memorandum}). A>uto`i o<i +<orismo`i mpore~i n`a e>~inai o<i kajorismo`i t~wn diast'asewn {\tt +\\hsize}, {\tt \\vsize} ka`i >'allwn paromo'iwn param'etrwn, >`h mpore~i +n`a j'etoun a>ut'omata t`hn <'wra ka`i t`hn <hmeromhn'ia st`hn +>epikefal'ida to~u <upomn'hmatoc. >Ap`o t`hn stigm`h po`u >'eqoume +<etoim'asei t`o >arqe~io {\tt memo.tex}, d`en qrei'azetai n`a +>epanalamb'anoume to`uc <orismo`uc k'aje for`a po`u <etoim'azoume <'ena +<up'omnhma; >arke~i ka`i m'ono n`a b'azoume t`hn >entol`h {\tt \\input +memo} st`hn pr'wth gramm`h k'aje n'eou <upomn'hmatoc. + +<'Omwc prosoq'h: t`o k'aje >arqe~io po`u kalo~ume m`e {\tt\\input...} +d`en j`a pr'epei n`a peri'eqei t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt\\bye}, giat`i +t`o {\rm \TeX} j`a stamat'hsei t`hn >epexergas'ia tou s''\NB{}a>ut`o +>akrib~wc t`o shme~io! + +\exercise Dhmiourg~hste <'ena >arqe~io {\rm \TeX} po`u n`a kale~i <'ena +de'utero >arqe~io. Dokim'aste n`a kal'este d'uo for`ec t`o de'utero +>arqe~io, gr'afontac t`hn >entol`h {\tt \\input...} d'uo for`ec >ent`oc +to~u pr'wtou. + + +\subsection{Megal'utera pak'eta {\lsecfont macro}} + +Profan~wc, <h <etoimas'ia <orism~wn ({\rm macro}) po`u mporo~un n`a +qrhsimopoihjo~un gi`a poll`ec morf`ec >ent'upwn e>~inai >exairetik`a +qr'hsimh. Gi`a par'adeigma, poll`a panepist'hmia >apaito~un o<i +diatrib`ec t~wn spoudast~wn n`a >'eqoun m'ia sugkekrim'enh (ka`i suqn`a +pol'uplokh) morf'h. <H s'untaxh m'iac {\tengs sullog~hc <orism~wn}, >`h +>alli~wc <'enoc {\tengs pak'etou} {\sl macro}, po`u n`a <ikanopoie~i +<'olouc to`uc kano\-ni\-smo`uc stoiqeiojes'iac <en`oc >ent'upou, e>~inai +doulei`a >ep'iponh ka`i t`o >arqe~io (>`h t`a >arqe~ia) po`u j`a +prok'uyoun mpore~i n`a >'eqei <uperbolik`a meg'alec diast'aseic. +Beba'iwc, <o kaj'enac mpore~i n`a qrhsimopoi'hsei <'ena t'etoio pak'eto +m`e t`hn >entol`h {\tt \\input...}, <'opwc perigr'ayame pi`o p'anw. +<Wst'oso, t`o {\rm \TeX} >'eqei k'ati kal'utero gi`a meg'ala pak'eta +{\rm macro}. + +<'Ena pak'eto {\rm macro} mpore~i n`a sumpuknwje~i s`e m'ia e>idik`h +morf`h po`u diab'azetai pol`u gr'hgora >ap`o t`o {\rm \TeX\null}. T`o +sumpuknwm'eno >arqe~io >onom'azetai {\tengs >arqe~io morf~hc} (st`hn +gl'wssa to~u {\rm \TeX}, {\rm format file}). (T`o p~wc >akrib~wc e>~inai +a>ut`o t`o >arqe~io, >'eqei m'allon m'onon teqnik`o >endiaf'eron ka`i +gi'' a>ut`o d`en j`a m~ac >apasqol'hsei periss'otero.) T`o +>arqe~io morf~hc m~ac >epitr'epei n`a tr'eqoume t`o {\rm \TeX} >'eqontac +prokajor'isei poll`ec n'eec >akolouj'iec >el'egqou. D`en j`a pr'epei +<wst'oso n`a xeqno~ume <'oti <orism'enec >akolouj'iec >el'egqou +>apotelo~un m'eroc t~hc kardi~ac to~u {\rm \TeX} ka`i gi`a t`on l'ogo +a>ut`o >apokalo~untai {\tengs prwt'ogonec} ({\rm primitive}). + +<'O,ti perigr'ayame s`e <eto~uto t`o >egqeir'idio suqn`a >apokale~itai +{\rm plain \TeX} (<apl`o {\rm \TeX}), ka`i perilamb'anei prwt'ogonec +>entol`ec kaj`wc ka`i <'ena pak'eto {\rm macro} s`e <'ena >arqe~io +morf~hc po`u <onom'azetai {\tt plain.fmt}. Sun'hjwc, t`o >arqe~io {\tt +plain.fmt} kale~itai a>ut'omata >ap`o t`o {\rm \TeX} k'aje for`a po`u +t`o tr'eqoume. + +Gi`a to`uc per'iergouc, <up'arqei <h l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\show} po`u +d'inei t`o p~wc >akrib~wc <or'izetai m'ia >akolouj'ia >el'egqou. P.q., +<h >entol`h {\tt \\show\\centerline} j`a m~ac d'wsei st`hn >oj'onh ka`i +j`a katagr'ayei st`o sqetik`o >arqe~io {\tt .log} t`a >ak'olouja: + +\beginliteral +> \centerline=macro: +#1->\line {\hss #1\hss }. +@endliteral + +\noindent +Mporo~ume >ak'oma n`a qrhsimopoi'hsoume t`hn >entol`h {\tt \\show...} +gi`a n`a >exet'asoume ka`i diko'uc mac <orismo'uc. >Epipl'eon, <'otan +qrhsimopoio~ume poll`a pak'eta {\rm macro}, mporo~ume m`e t`hn >entol`h +{\tt \\show...} n`a >el'eg\-xoume >e`an k'apoio sugkekrim'eno {\rm +macro} >'eqei <orisje~i >`h >'oqi. + +Sun'hjwc maz`i m`e k'aje >egkat'astash to~u {\rm\TeX} d'inetai ka`i t`o +pak'eto {\rm macro \LaTeX\null}. A>ut`o t`o pak'eto m~ac >epitr'epei +n`a dhmiourgo~ume m`e e>ukol'ia (sqed`on a>ut'omata) e<uret'hria, +p'inakec perieqom'enwn ka`i bibliografiko`uc katal'ogouc. M~ac par'eqei +>ep'ishc t`hn dunat'othta n`a paremb'aloume st`o >'entup'o mac <apl`ec +grafik`ec parast'aseic <'opwc k'uklouc, >elle'iyeic, e>uje~iec ka`i +b'elh. T`o {\rm\LaTeX} >ak'oma qrhsimopoie~i e>idik`a prokajorism'ena +{\tengs >arqe~ia t'axhc\/} ({\rm class files}) ka`i {\tengs >arqe~ia +<'ufouc\/} ({\rm style files}) gi`a n`a d'wsei sugkekrim'enh <'ufoc +(morf'h) st`ic sel'idec to~u >ent'upou >an'alogac m`e t`hn qr'hsh tou +(p.q., bibl'io, >episthmonik`o >'arjro, >'ekjesh, k.>'a.) >Arqe~ia +t'axhc ka`i <'ufouc <up'arqoun p'ara poll'a. >Epipl'eon, poll`a +>episthmonik`a periodik`a d'eqontai >'arjra pr`oc dhmos'ieush <'opwc t`a +>'eqei <etoim'asei <o suggraf'eac touc s`e m'ia disk'eta, >ef'' <'oson +e>~inai gramm'ena s'umfwna m`e t`o {\rm\LaTeX} ka`i s`e sunduasm`o m`e +k'apoio sugkekrim'eno >arqe~io <'ufouc. Mi~ac ka`i >'eqoume >'hdh +m'ajei >arket`a gi`a t`o {\rm\TeX}, t`o n`a per'asoume st`hn qr'hsh to~u +{\rm\LaTeX} d`en e>~inai kaj'olou d'uskolo. Gi`a to`uc +>endiafer'omenouc <up'arqei <o <odhg`oc to~u {\rm \LaTeX} gramm'enoc +>ap`o t`on {\rm Leslie Lamport}, t`on sqediast`h a>uto~u to~u pak'etou: +{\sl \LaTeX: A document preparation system} ({\rm 2nd +edition})\fnote{\rm Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1994, ISBN +0-201-52983-1.}. >Ep'ishc, <o >Ap'ostoloc Sur'opouloc to~u +Dhmokr'iteiou Panepisthm'iou Jr'akhc >'eqei gr'ayei t`o pr~wto +<ellhnik`o >egqeir'idio gi`a t`o {\rm\LaTeX}\fnote{(({\sl\LaTeX})), +>Ekd'oseic Parathrht'hc, Jessalon'ikh 1998, {\rm ISBN} 960-260-990-7.}. + +<H >Amerikanik`h Majhmatik`h <Etaire'ia ({\rm American Mathematical +Society}) qrhsimopoie~i t`o pak'eto {\rm macro \AMSTeX} gi`a t`hn +stoiqeiojes'ia t~wn periodik~wn po`u >ekd'idei. T`o >egqeir'idio +a>uto~u to~u pak'etou, gramm'eno >ap`o t`on {\rm Michael Spivak} m`e +t'itlo: {\sl The Joy of \TeX}\fnote{\rm American Mathematical +Society, 1986, ISBN 0-8218-2999-8.}, diat'ijetai >ap`o t`hn +>Amerikanik`h Majhmatik`h <Etaire'ia. + +>Ekt`oc >ap`o t`a parap'anw pak'eta {\rm macro}, <up'arqoun ka`i poll`a +>'alla. Sun'hjwc diat'ijentai >ap`o to`uc sqediast'ec touc dwre`an >`h +s`e pol`u qamhl`h tim'h, ka`i s`e poll`ec peript'wseic +>apodei\-kn'u\-ontai >exairetik`a qr'hsima (p.q., gi`a n`a +stoiqeiojet'hsoume n'otec s`e pent'agrammo, n`a stoiqeiojet'hsoume s`e +gl~wssec p'era >ap`o t`hn >Agglik'h, k.lp.). <O >organism`oc {\rm \TeX{} +Users Group} >anakoin'wnei suqn`a st`a periodik`a po`u >ekd'idei t`hn +parous'ia n'ewn pak'etwn {\rm macro}. + +\subsection{<Oriz'ontiec ka`i katak'orufec gramm`ec} + +T`o n`a j'esoume <oriz'ontiec ka`i katak'orufec e>uje~iec gramm`ec st`o +>'entupo po`u stoiqeiojeto~ume e>~inai >exairetik`a e>'ukolo m`e t`o +{\rm \TeX\null}. <'Otan, k'ajwc gr'afoume st`on k'wdik'a mac <apl`o +ke'imeno, paremb'aloume t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\hrule}, t`o +>apot'elesma j`a e>~inai t`o {\rm\TeX} n`a diak'oyei t`hn par'agrafo s`e +>eke~ino >akrib~wc t`o shme~io, n`a j'esei m'ia <oriz'ontia e>uje'ia +gramm`h m'hkouc >'isou m`e t`hn tr'eqousa tim`h to~u {\tt \\hsize}, ka`i +kat'opin n`a suneq'isei st`hn stoiqeiojese'ia m'iac n'eac >ar'adac. +E>~inai dunat`o >eme~ic n`a kajor'isoume t`o m~hkoc t~hc <oriz'ontiac +e>uje'iac, p.q., st`a $5\,\rm cm$, gr'afontac {\tt \\hrule width 5 cm}. +>Ep'ishc m`e t`ic >entol`ec {\tt \\vskip} >`h {\tt \\bigskip}, mporo~ume +n`a j'esoume k'apoio ken`o di'asthma >ep'anw >`h k'atw >ap`o t`hn +<oriz'ontia e>uje'ia. <Or'iste <'ena par'adeigma: + +\beginuser +\\parindent = 0 pt \\parskip = 12 pt +Here is the text before the hrule. +\\bigskip +\\hrule width 3 in +And here is some text after the hrule. +\enduser + +\noindent po`u m~ac d'inei + +{\rm +\parindent = 0 pt +Here is the text before the hrule. +\bigskip +\hrule width 3 in +And here is some text after the hrule. +} + +St`hn pragmatik'othta a>ut`h <h <oriz'ontia e>uje'ia >'oqi m'onon >'eqei +m~hkoc tre~ic >'intsec, >all`a >ex <orismo~u >'eqei <'uyoc 0,4 +stigm`ec (t'oso >ekte'inetai >ep'anw >ap`o t`hn basik`h gramm`h <'opou +stoiqeiojete~itai) ka`i b'ajoc 0 stigm'ec (t'oso >ekte'inetai k'atw +>ap`o t`hn basik'h gramm`h <'opou stoiqeiojete~itai). Mporo~ume n`a +metab'aloume <opoiad'hpote >ap`o t`ic param'etrouc m~hkoc, <'uyoc >`h +b'ajoc. >'Etsi mporo~ume n`a metab'aloume t`o prohgo'umeno par'adeigma +<wc >ex~hc: + +{\tt \\hrule width 3 in height 2 pt depth 3 pt } + +\noindent gi`a n`a l'aboume + +{\rm +\parindent = 0 pt +Here is the text before the hrule. +\bigskip +\hrule width 3 in height 2 pt depth 3 pt +And here is some text after the hrule. +} + +\noindent +T`ic tre~ic param'etrouc {\tt width}, {\tt height} ka`i {\tt depth} +mporo~ume n`a t`ic <or'isoume m`e <opoia\-d'h\-pote seir'a.% +\toindex{hrule} +\TeXref{221--222} + +>Anal'ogwc, mporo~ume n`a >enj'esoume m'ia katak'orufh e>uje'ia gramm`h +kajor'izontac --- >e`an kr'inoume >apara'ithto --- t`a >ant'istoiqa {\tt +width}, {\tt height} ka`i {\tt depth}.% +\TeXref{221--222} +<'Omwc, s`e >ant'ijesh m`e t`ic <oriz'ontiec e>uje~iec, m'ia katak'orufh +e>uje'ia d`en sunep'agetai t`hn >'enarxh n'eac >ar'adac. >Ex <orismo~u +t`o pl'atoc thc j`a e>~inai 0,4 stigm`ec ka`i t`o <'uyoc thc <'oso t`o +<'uyoc t~hc >ar'adac <'opou paremb'alletai. Sunep~wc <o k'wdikac +\toindex{vrule} + +\beginuser +Here is some text before the vrule +\\vrule\\ +and this follows the vrule. +\enduser + +\noindent j`a m~ac d'wsei + +{\rm +Here is some text before the vrule +\vrule\ +and this follows the vrule. +} % end \rm + +\exercise Sqedi'aste m`e t`o {\rm \TeX} tre~ic <oriz'ontiec e>uje~iec +gramm`ec po`u n`a >ap'eqoun 15 stigm`ec <h m'ia >ap`o t`hn >'allh, n`a +>'eqoun m~hkoc 3 >'intsec ka`i n`a br'iskontai m'ia >'intsa pi`o m'esa +(pi`o dexi'a) >ap`o t`o >arister`o perij'wrio. + +O<i <oriz'ontiec ka`i katak'orufec e>uje~iec mpore~i n`a >'eqoun pol`u +periss'oterec qr'hseic >ap`o <'osec martur~a <h >onomas'ia touc. +Gi`a par'adeigma, <o k'wdikac + +\beginuser +\\noindent +Name:\ \\vrule height 0 pt depth 0.4 pt width 3 in +\enduser + +\noindent j`a m~ac d'wsei + +\noindent +{\rm +Name: \vrule height 0 pt depth 0.4 pt width 3 in +} % end \rm + +\exercise Sqedi'aste m`e t`o {\rm \TeX} t`o >ak'oloujo tetr'agwno (k'aje +br'ogqoc to~u tetra\-g'w\-nou >'eqei >embad`o $1\,\rm cm^2$): +\medskip +\settabs \+ \hskip 1cm&\hskip 1 cm&\hskip 1 cm& \cr +\moveright 2 in +\vbox{ +\hrule width 3 cm +\+ \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm + & \vrule height 1 cm \cr +\hrule width 3 cm +\+ \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm + & \vrule height 1 cm \cr +\hrule width 3 cm +\+ \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm + & \vrule height 1 cm \cr +\hrule width 3 cm +} + +\subsection{Pla'isia >ent`oc plais'iwn} + +E>'idame >'hdh st`hn suz'hths'h mac gi`a t`hn di'ataxh t~wn >ar'adwn +(kef'alaio\NB{}3) <'oti t`a pla'isia {\rm vbox} ka`i {\rm hbox} mpore~i +n`a m~ac parousi'asoun probl'hmata {\rm underfull} kai {\rm overfull}, +dhl.\ e>'ite n`a e>~inai miso'adeia m`e <uperbolik`a meg'ala ken`a +diast'hmata e>'ite n`a xeqeil'izoun p'era >ap`o t`a <'ori'a touc. +S`e <eto'uth t`hn par'agrafo j`a >exet'asoume a>ut`a t`a <oriz'ontia +>`h katak'orufa pla'isia pi`o le\-pto\-mer~wc. Genik'a, >`ac po~ume +<'oti m`e t`a pla'isia {\rm vbox} ka`i {\rm hbox} e>~inai dunat`o n`a +stoiqeiojethje~i m'ia sel'ida m`e ke'imeno s`e di'aforouc sunduasmo`uc +sq'hmatoc ka`i j'eshc. + +<'Ena <oriz'ontio pla'isio dhmiourge~itai m`e t`hn >entol'h: {\tt +\\hbox\lb $\ldots$\rb}\null. T`o <ulik'o (ke'imeno) po`u peri'eqetai +metax`u t~wn >agkul~wn to~u {\rm hbox} jewre~itai <wc m'ia mon'ada ka`i +d`en mpore~i n`a dia\-spa\-sje~i. A>ut`o shma'inei p`wc <'otan j'eloume +k'ati n`a mpe~i s`e m'ia xeqwrist`h >ar'ada, mporo~ume n`a t`o j'esoume +>ent`oc <en`oc {\rm hbox} ka`i j`a parame'inei <enia~io. E>~inai +dunat`o n`a kajor'isoume t`o m'egejoc <en`oc <orizont'iou +plais'iou.\TeXref{64--66} >'Etsi m`e t`on k'wdika {\tt \\hbox to 5 +cm\lb contents of the box\rb}, j`a l'aboume stoiqeiojethm'enh t`hn +fr'ash (({\rm contents of the box})) >ent`oc <en`oc plais'iou <oliko~u +m'hkouc $5\,\rm cm$. <'Omwc, m`e t`on tr'opo a>ut'o, e>~inai pol`u +pijan`o t`o {\rm \TeX} n`a paraponeje~i gi`a {\rm underfull} >`h {\rm +overfull}. M'ia <apl`h l'ush gi`a n`a xeper'asoume <'ena pr'oblhma {\rm +underfull} e>~inai n`a qrhsimopoi'hsoume {\tt\\hfil} po`u j`a +>aporrof'hsei t`o pleon'azon ken`o di'asthma. <'Otan d`en kajor'izoume +t`ic diast'aseic to~u {\rm hbox}, t'ote t`o {\rm\TeX} fti'aqnei <'ena +<oriz'ontio pla'isio t'etoiou m'hkouc po`u n`a qwr'aei m'olic t`o +ke'imeno po`u <up'arqei >ent`oc to~u plais'iou. \toindex{hbox} + +Par'omoia, mporo~ume n`a fti'axoume katak'orufa pla'isia ({\rm vbox}) +qrhsimopoi'wntac t`hn >entol'h: {\tt \\vbox\lb $\ldots$\rb}. T`o +>endiaf'eron <'omwc t~wn katakor'ufwn plais'iwn br'isketai st`o <'oti +<'otan <'ena {\rm vbox} peri'eqei periss'otera >ap`o <'ena {\rm hbox}, +t'ote t`a {\rm hbox} topojeto~untai <'ena >ep'anw st`o >'allo. +>Anal'ogwc, <'otan <'ena {\rm hbox} peri'eqei periss'otera >ap`o <'ena +{\rm vbox}, t'ote t`a {\rm vbox} topojeto~untai t`o <'ena pl'ai st`o +>'allo. >`Ac <upoj'esoume <'oti >'eqoume j'esei tr'ia {\rm hbox} >ent`oc +<en`oc {\rm vbox} +\toindex{vbox} + +\beginuser \obeyspaces +\\vbox\lb +\ \\hbox\lb{}Contents of box 1\rb +\ \\hbox\lb{}Contents of box 2\rb +\ \\hbox\lb{}Contents of box 3\rb +\ \rb +\enduser + +\noindent T`o >apot'elesma e>~inai +\vskip \baselineskip +\vbox{ \rm + \hbox{Contents of box 1} + \hbox{Contents of box 2} + \hbox{Contents of box 3} + } + +Kat'opin >`ac <upoj'esoume <'oti >'eqoume <'ena >'allo {\rm vbox}: + +\beginuser \obeyspaces +\\vbox\lb +\ \\hbox\lb{}Contents of box 4\rb +\ \\hbox\lb{}Contents of box 5\rb +\ \rb +\enduser + +A>ut`a t`a d'uo {\rm vbox} mporo~un n`a topojethjo~un s`e <'ena {\rm +hbox}. T`o >apot'elesma j`a e>~inai t`a d'uo {\rm vbox} n`a mpo~un t`o +<'ena d'ipla st`o >'allo. Dhlad`h <o k'wdikac + +\beginuser \obeyspaces +\\hbox\lb +\ \\vbox\lb +\ \\hbox\lb{}Contents of box 1\rb +\ \\hbox\lb{}Contents of box 2\rb +\ \\hbox\lb{}Contents of box 3\rb +\ \rb +\ \\vbox\lb +\ \\hbox\lb{}Contents of box 4\rb +\ \\hbox\lb{}Contents of box 5\rb +\ \rb +\ \rb +\enduser + +\noindent +d'inei +\vskip \baselineskip +\hbox{ + \vbox{\rm + \hbox{Contents of box 1} + \hbox{Contents of box 2} + \hbox{Contents of box 3} + } + \vbox{\rm + \hbox{Contents of box 4} + \hbox{Contents of box 5} + } + } + +>Ax'izei n`a parathr'hsoume <'oti t`a d'uo {\rm vbox} topojeto~untai +>'etsi <'wste t`o k'atw m'eroc touc n`a br'isketai st`hn >'idia +e>uje'ia. >Epipl'eon, st`hn >arq`h k'aje >ar'adac, <'opwc >ep'ishc ka`i +metax`u t~wn {\rm vbox}, <up'arqei <'ena mikr`o ken`o di'asthma. <H +a>it'ia po`u prokale~i t`hn >emf'anish a>ut~wn t~wn ken~wn d`en e>~inai +profan'hc. T`o ken`o di'asthma metax`u t~wn d'uo {\rm +vbox} pro'erqetai >ap`o t`o ken`o di'asthma >`h t`on qarakt'hra {\tt +<CR>} (po`u <up'arqoun >all`a d`en fa'inontai) met`a t`hn dexi`a +>agk'ulh ({\tt \rb}) po`u kle'inei t`o pr~wto {\tt \\vbox} st`on +k'wdika. Paromo'iwc, t`o mikr`o ken`o di'asthma st`hn >arq`h k'aje +>ar'adac to~u pr'wtou {\rm vbox}, pro'erqetai >ap`o k'apoio ken`o +di'asthma >`h {\tt <CR>} >am'eswc met`a t`hn pr'wth >arister`h >agk'ulh +to~u {\tt \\hbox} po`u peri'eqei t`a d'uo {\tt \\vbox}. <H parous'ia +a>ut~wn t~wn ken~wn mpore~i >'allote n`a m~ac e>~inai qr'hsimh --- p.q., +>e`an j'eloume n`a m`hn koll'aei t`o <'ena {\rm vbox} >ep'anw st`o +>'allo --- ka`i >'allote >epiz'hmia --- p.q., n`a m~ac prokale~i +<uperbolik`h >ara'iwsh t~wn {\rm vbox}. >E`an j'eloume n`a m`hn +<up'arqoun t'etoiou e>'idouc ken`a diast'hmata, j`a pr'epei >am'eswc +met`a >ap`o k'aje >agk'ulh po`u >emfan'izetai m'onh thc st`o dexi`o +>'akro mi~ac gramm~hc to~u k'wdika, n`a gr'afoume t`on qarakt'hra to~u +sqol'iou {\tt \%} ({\rm commenting out}). Mporo~ume loip`on n`a +>all'axoume t`on parap'anw k'wdika j'etontac {\tt \%} met`a t`hn pr'wth +>arister`h >agk'ulh to~u {\tt \\hbox} ka`i met`a t`hn dexi`a >agk'ulh +po`u kle'inei t`o pr~wto {\tt \\vbox}: + +\beginuser \obeyspaces +\\hbox\lb\% +\ \\vbox\lb +\ \\hbox\lb{}Contents of box 1\rb +\ \\hbox\lb{}Contents of box 2\rb +\ \\hbox\lb{}Contents of box 3\rb +\ \rb\% +\ \\vbox\lb +\ \\hbox\lb{}Contents of box 4\rb +\ \\hbox\lb{}Contents of box 5\rb +\ \rb +\ \rb +\enduser + +\noindent +T`o >apot'elesma j`a e>~inai n`a m`hn <up'arqoun ken`a diast'hmata st`hn +>arq`h k'aje >ar'adac to~u pr'wtou {\rm vbox}, ka`i t`a d'uo {\rm vbox} +n`a koll'hsoun t`o <'ena pl'ai st`o >'allo: +\vskip \baselineskip +\hbox{\rm% + \vbox{ + \hbox{Contents of box 1} + \hbox{Contents of box 2} + \hbox{Contents of box 3} + }% + \vbox{ + \hbox{Contents of box 4} + \hbox{Contents of box 5} + } + } + +Mporo~ume n`a j'esoume parap'anw ken`o di'asthma, p.q., $1\,\rm cm$, +metax`u t~wn {\rm vbox} gr'afontac {\tt \\hskip 1 cm} >an'amesa st`a +{\tt \\vbox\lb...\rb} to~u k'wdika. >Ak'oma, mporo~ume n`a +e>ujugramm'isoume t`a {\rm vbox} <wc pr`oc t`hn koruf'h touc +qrhsimopoi'wntac t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\vtop} >ant`i t~hc {\tt +\\vbox}. <Or'iste t`o >apot'elesma a>ut~wn t~wn >allag~wn: + +\toindex{vtop} +\vskip \baselineskip +\hbox{ +\rm \vtop{ + \hbox{Contents of box 1} + \hbox{Contents of box 2} + \hbox{Contents of box 3} + } + \hskip 1 cm + \vtop{ + \hbox{Contents of box 4} + \hbox{Contents of box 5} + } + } + +M`e kat'allhlo sunduasm`o {\rm vbox}, {\rm hbox}, katak'orufwn ka`i +<orizont'iwn e>ujei~wn, mporo~ume n`a perikle'isoume <'ena m'eroc to~u +keim'enou mac m`e <orat`o pla'isio. P~wc mporo~ume n`a pet'uqoume +a>ut`o >akrib~wc? <'Enac tr'opoc e>~inai n`a j'esoume t`o ke'imeno +>ent`oc <en`oc {\rm hbox} t`o <opo~io >'eqei st`hn >arq`h ka`i st`o +t'eloc tou (dhl.\ st`a >arister`a ka`i st`a dexi'a tou) m'ia mikr`h +katak'orufh e>uje'ia ({\tt \\vrule}). Kat'opin, j'etoume t`o {\rm hbox} +>ent`oc <en`oc {\rm vbox} po`u kal'uptetai >ap`o >ep'anw ka`i k'atw m`e +d'uo <oriz'ontiec e>uje~iec ({\tt \\hrule}). <Or'iste <o sqetik`oc +k'wdikac: + +\beginuser \obeyspaces +\\vbox\lb +\ \\hrule +\ \\hbox\lb\\vrule{} The text to be boxed \\vrule\rb +\ \\hrule +\ \rb +\enduser + +\noindent ka`i t`o >apot'elesma: +\vskip \baselineskip +\vbox{ + \hrule + \hbox{\vrule\rm The text to be boxed \vrule} + \hrule + } + +>'Etsi pr'agmati lamb'anoume ke'imeno perigegramm'eno >ap`o <'ena +parallhl'ogrammo, >all`a t`o a>isjhtik`o >apot'elesma d`en e>~inai ka`i +>idia'itera <ikanopoihtik'o; t`o ke'imen'o mac fa'inetai <uperbolik`a +strimwgm'eno! (<'Omwc, d`en fta'iei t`o {\rm \TeX}; m~ac >'edwse +>akrib~wc <'o,ti to~u zht'hsame!) Mporo~ume n`a belti'wsoume t`o +parap'anw par'adeigma j'etontac <'ena {\tt \\strut} st`hn >arq`h to~u +{\rm hbox}, >'etsi <'wste t`o {\rm hbox} n`a g'inei l'igo yhl'otero ka`i +makr'utero. Dhlad'h: +\vskip \baselineskip +\vbox{ + \hrule + \hbox{\strut \vrule{} \rm The text to be boxed \vrule} + \hrule + } + +\def\boxtext#1{% +\vbox{% + \hrule + \hbox{\strut \vrule{} \rm #1 \vrule}% + \hrule + }% +} + +\exercise Giat'i pr'epei n`a b'aloume >epipl'eon ken`o di'asthma p'anw +ka`i k'atw >ap`o t`o ke'imeno ka`i >'oqi dexi`a ka`i >arister'a tou? + +\exercise Qrhsimopoi~hste t`hn parap'anw m'ejodo gi`a n`a j'esete m'ia +kentrarism'enh >ar'ada >ent`oc <en`oc parallhlogr'ammou m`e per'imetro +po`u j`a >ekte'inetai >ap`o t`o >arister`o >'ewc t`o dexi`o perij'wrio. + +\exercise J'etontac >enn'ea mikr`a parallhl'ogramma t`o <'ena >ep'anw +st`o >'allo, >`h t`o <'ena d'ipla st`o >'allo, kataskeu'aste t`o +<ep'omeno magik`o tetr'agwno: +\vskip\baselineskip + +\moveright 2 in \vbox{\offinterlineskip +\hbox{\boxtext 6\boxtext 1\boxtext 8} +\hbox{\boxtext 7\boxtext 5\boxtext 3} +\hbox{\boxtext 2\boxtext 9\boxtext 4} +} + +\exercise Parathr~hste <'oti o<i >eswterik`ec e>uje~iec to~u parap'anw +magiko~u tetrag'wnou >'eqoun dipl'asio p'aqoc >ap`o t`ic >exwterik'ec. +>'Iswc >ep'ishc n`a <up'arqei ka`i <'ena mikr`o ken`o di'a\-sthma >eke~i +po`u dia\-stau\-r'wnontai o<i >eswterik`ec e>uje~iec. Diorj~wste a>ut`a +t`a probl'hmata to~u magiko~u te\-tra\-g'wnou. + +\def\boxtext#1 {% +\vbox{% + \hrule + \hbox{\strut \vrule #1\vrule}% + \hrule + } +} + +\exercise <Etoim'aste <'ena {\rm macro} m`e t`o >'onoma { \tt +\\boxtext\#1\lb$\ldots$\rb}, t`o <opo~io j`a j'etei a>utom'a\-twc t`o +ke'imeno po`u perikle'ietai >ap`o t`ic >agk'ulec >ent`oc <en`oc +paral\-lhlogr'am\-mou. Do\-ki\-m'a\-ste t`hn >efarmog`h a>uto~u to~u +{\rm macro} m`e m'ia pr'otas'h sac st`hn <opo~ia k'aje de'uterh l'exh +j`a e>~inai >ent`oc <en`oc mikro~u <orato~u plais'iou. Beba'iwc +\boxtext d`en +e>~imai +\boxtext ka`i +t'oso +\boxtext s'igouroc +<'oti +\boxtext t`o +a>isjhtik`o +\boxtext >apot'elesma +j`a +\boxtext s~ac +>enjousi'asei. +Parathr~hste p~wc e>ujugramm'izontai <orizont'iwc a>ut`a t`a pla'isia +>ep'anw st`hn gramm`h b'ashc t~hc >ar'adac. + +\def\boxtext#1 {% +\lower 3.5pt \hbox{% + \vbox{% + \hrule + \hbox{\strut \vrule #1\vrule}% + \hrule + } + } +} + +<H metak'inhsh plais'iwn {\rm hbox} >`h {\rm vbox} pr`oc t`a p'anw, +k'atw, >arister`a >`h dexi`a >ep`i t~hc sel'idac to~u >ent'upou, mpore~i +n`a g'inei pol`u e>'ukola. Gi`a par'adeigma, >e`an j'eloume n`a +meta\-kin'h\-soume <'ena {\rm vbox} m'ia >'intsa pr`oc t`a dexi'a, +>arke~i n`a gr'ayoume st`on k'wdika {\tt \\moveright 1 in +\\vbox\lb\dots\rb}. Gi`a n`a t`o metakin'hsoume pr`oc t`a >arister'a, +gr'afoume {\tt \\moveleft}. Paro\-mo'iwc, mporo~ume n`a +meta\-kin'h\-soume <'ena {\rm hbox} pr`oc t`a p'anw >`h pr`oc t`a k'atw +qrhsimopoi'wntac t`ic >ant'istoiqec l'exeic >el'egqou {\tt \\raise} >`h +{\tt \\lower}. +\toindex{moveright} +\toindex{moveleft} +\toindex{raise} +\toindex{lower} + +\exercise Diorj~wste t`o {\rm macro} {\tt \\boxtext} t~hc prohgo'umenhc +>'askhshc >'etsi <'wste <'olec o<i l'exeic m'iac >ar'adac (>ent`oc ka`i +>ekt`oc plais'iou) n`a br'iskontai >ep`i t~hc >'idiac <oriz'ontiac +e>uje'iac. (<Up'odeixh: >ex <orismo~u t`o b'ajoc <en`oc {\tt \\strut} +e>~inai 3,5 stigm'ec.) M`e t`o diorjwm'eno {\rm macro} j`a pr'epei +na mpore~ite n`a gr'afete m'ia pr'otash s`an ka`i t`hn >ak'oloujh: +{\rm I'm \boxtext not quite \boxtext sure why \boxtext +someone would \boxtext do this \boxtext since the \boxtext result +is \boxtext pretty strange} (>`h +\boxtext <ellhnik'a: +beba'iwc +\boxtext d`en +e>~imai +\boxtext ka`i +t'oso +\boxtext s'igouroc +<'oti +\boxtext t`o +a>isjhtik`o +\boxtext >apot'elesma +j`a +\boxtext s~ac +>enjousi'asei). + +>E`an e>~inai >apara'ithto mporo~ume n`a gem'isoume <'ena {\rm hbox} m`e +m`e m'ia <oriz'ontia e>uje'ia >`h suneq'omenec tele~iec. A>ut`o +mporo~ume n`a t`o pet'uqoume qrhsimopoi'wntac t`ic l'exeic >el'egqou +{\tt \\hrulefill} >`h {\tt \\dotfill} >ent`oc to~u {\tt +\\hbox\lb\dots\rb}, <'opwc st`o <ep'omeno par'adeigma: + +\beginuser +\\hbox to 5 in\lb Getting Started\\hrulefill 1\rb +\\hbox to 5 in\lb All Characters Great and Small\\hrulefill 9\rb +\\hbox to 5 in\lb The Shape of Things to come\\hrulefill 17\rb +\\hbox to 5 in\lb No Math Anxiety Here!\\hrulefill 30\rb +\enduser + +\noindent <O k'wdikac a>ut`oc m~ac d'inei: +\vskip \baselineskip + +\hbox to 5 in{\rm Getting Started\hrulefill 1} +\hbox to 5 in{\rm All Characters Great and Small\hrulefill 9} +\hbox to 5 in{\rm The Shape of Things to come\hrulefill 17} +\hbox to 5 in{\rm No Math Anxiety Here!\hrulefill 30} + +>E`an st`hn j'esh to~u {\tt \\hrulefill} gr'ayoume {\tt \\dotfill}, t`o +>apot'elesma j`a e>~inai: +\vskip \baselineskip + +\hbox to 5 in{\rm Getting Started\dotfill 1} +\hbox to 5 in{\rm All Characters Great and Small\dotfill 9} +\hbox to 5 in{\rm The Shape of Things to come\dotfill 17} +\hbox to 5 in{\rm No Math Anxiety Here!\dotfill 30} + +\exercise <Etoim'aste t`hn kefal`h m'iac sel'idac >ent`oc <en`oc +paral\-lh\-logr'am\-mou plai\-s'i\-ou po`u n`a moi'azei m''\NB{}a>ut`hn +t~wn sel'idwn <eto'utou to~u >egqeirid'iou. + + +\section{P'ec mou to <ellhnik'a!} + +\noindent +[Shme'iwsh to~u metafrast~h, po`u e>~inai ka`i <o suggraf'eac a>uto~u +to~u kefala'iou: {\tengs <Eto~uto t`o kef'alaio >'eqei grafe~i gi`a +<'ena sugkekrim'eno pak'eto <ellhniko~u {\sl \TeX}\null. <'Osoi +qrhsimopoio~un >'alla pak'eta <ellhniko~u {\sl \TeX}, mporo~un n`a +>all'axoun t`o ke'imeno ka`i t`a parade'igmata s'umfwna m`e t`ic dik'ec +touc >an'agkec. <'Omwc d`en j`a pr'epei n`a >all'axoun t`hn dom`h to~u +kefala'iou.}] + +S`e <'ola t`a prohgo'umena kef'alaia >exet'asame t`ic basik`ec >arq`ec +to~u {\rm \TeX} >anafer'omenoi <'omwc p'anta s`e parade'igmata +stoiqeiojes'iac keim'enwn po`u sthr'izontai st`o latinik`o >alf'a\-bhto. +E>~inai pol`u pijan`o k'apoioi >anagn~wstec n`a bar'ejhkan <'olec +a>ut`ec t`ic >exhg'hseic per`i to~u {\rm \TeX} m`e >agglik`a +parade'igmata. <'Omwc, <'opwc xananaf'erame, t`o {\rm \TeX} +prwtosqedi'asjhke gi`a t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia >agglik~wn >ent'upwn. >All`a +p~wc t`a kataf'ernei m`e t`a <ellhnik'a? + +T`o {\rm\TeX} mpore~i n`a stoiqeiojet'hsei s`e <opoiad'hpote gl'wssa +--- >ak'oma ka`i kin'ezika --- >arke~i n`a >'eqei t`ic kat'allhlec +grammatoseir'ec (ka`i >'iswc ka`i merik`ec <odhg'iec sullabismo~u). O<i +pr~wtec grammatoseir`ec <ellhnik~wn stoiqe'iwn gi`a stoiqeiojes'ia +kanoniko~u keim'enou (ka`i >'oqi majhmatik~wn sumb'olwn) m`e t`o {\rm +\TeX}, sqedi'asjhkan >ap`o t`on {\rm Sylvio Levy} st`o Panepist'hmio +{\rm Princeton} t~wn H.P.A\null. <O {\rm Levy} gi`a t`on sqediasm`o +t~wn grammatoseir~wn tou bas'isjhke sto`uc palio`uc qarakt~hrec {\rm +Didot}, po`u e>~inai gnwsto`i sto`uc <'ellhnec tupogr'afouc <wc +((<apl'a)). T`ic grammatoseir`ec to~u {\rm Levy} belt'iwse l'igo +>arg'otera <o Gi'annhc Qaral'ampouc st`o Panepist'hmio t~hc {\rm Lille} +t~hc Gall'iac, >en`w kat'opin <o Kwst`hc Druller'akhc st`o {\rm Imperial +College} to~u Lond'inou t`ic sugk'entrwse maz`i m`e k'apoia {\rm macro} +s`e <'ena pak'eto m`e t`o >'onoma \greektex. + +>Ekt`oc t~wn grammatoseir~wn t~wn {\rm Levy}--Qaral'ampouc, teleuta~ia +parousi'asjhkan ka`i meriko`i >'alloi <ellhniko`i t'upoi. >Ep'ishc, +>ekt`oc to~u \greektex\ <up'arqoun ka`i >'alla <ellhnik`a pak'eta {\rm +\TeX} po`u diaf'eroun s`e k'apoia shme~ia t`o <'ena >ap`o t`o +>'allo\fnote{<'Osoi >anagn~wstec >'eqoun pr'osbash st`o {\rm Internet} +ka`i x'eroun p~wc n`a qeirisjo~un <'ena >arqe~io \LaTeX, mporo~un n`a +>anazht'hsoun periss'oterec plhrofor'iec gi`a <el\-lh\-nik`ec +grammatoseir`ec ka`i pak'eta {\rm \TeX} st`o >arqe~io {\tt +greekinf2.ltx} t`o <opo~io peri'eqei t`o >'arjro: {\rm I. Dimakos, +``It's all Greek\TeX\ to me: An updated summary of all available \TeX\ +and \LaTeX\ tools'', (1996)}. T`o >arqe~io a>ut`o mpore~i n`a t`o l'abei +kane`ic m`e {\tt ftp} >ap`o t`on kat'alogo {\tt tex-archive/help/greek} +t~wn k'ombwn {\tt ftp.tex.ac.uk} ka`i {\tt ftp.dante.de}.}. <Wst'oso +st`ic <ep'omenec sel'idec j`a >exet'asoume t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia +<ellhnik~wn keim'enwn m'onon m`e t`o \greektex, t`o <opo~io mporo~ume +n`a t`o qrhsimopoi'hsoume s`e <opoiod'hpote <upologist`h m`e +<opoiod'hpote leitourgik`o s'usthma (>ak'oma ka`i st`hn per'iptwsh po`u +d`en <up'arqoun o<i <ellhniko`i qarakt~hrec t~hc >oj'onhc). + +\subsection{<H pi`o <apl`h l'ush} + +<H pi`o <apl`h l'ush (>all`a >'oqi ka`i <h pi`o komy'h) gi`a t`hn +stoiqeiojes'ia <ellhnik~wn keim'enwn e>~inai n`a fort'wsoume ka`i n`a +qrhsimopoi'hsoume t`ic <ellhnik`ec grammatoseir`ec po`u pijan`o n`a +<up'arqoun st`on <upologist'h mac, <'opwc j`a k'aname ka`i gi`a +<opoiesd'hpote latinik`ec gramma\-to\-seir'ec (kef'alaio\NB{}2). >E`an +d`en <up'arqoun <ellhnik`ec grammatoseir'ec, kal`o j`a >~htan n`a t`ic +>ana\-zh\-t'h\-soume e>'ite m'esw| f'ilwn ka`i gnwst~wn e>'ite m'esw| +to~u {\rm Internet}. + +>E`an st`on <upologist'h mac <up'arqoun o<i grammatoseir`ec to~u +\greektex, t'ote j`a pr'epei n`a <up'arqoun k'apoia >arqe~ia m`e t`o +>'onoma {\tt kdgr10.mf}, {\tt kdgr10.tfm}, k.lp. St`hn per'iptwsh +a>ut`h gi`a n`a fort'wsoume to`uc <aplo`uc <ellhniko`uc t'upouc s`e +m'egejoc 10 stigm~wn <wc m'ia gram\-mato\-seir`a m`e t`o >'onoma {\tt +\\tengr}, gr'afoume st`on k'wdik'a mac: + +\beginliteral +\font\tengr=kdgr10 scaled \magstep0 +@endliteral + +\noindent +Sunolik'a, o<i diaj'esimec grammatoseir`ec (t'upoi) to~u \greektex\ +e>~inai >enn'ea <'opwc fa'inetai st`on <ep'omeno p'inaka: + +\maketable [<Ellhnik`ec grammatoseir`ec to~u + \lsecfont G\bf REE\lsecfont K\TeX] +\halign{% +\strut \tt # \hfil & \quad\hfil # \hfil \cr +\tengb >Onoma & \tengb T'upoc \cr +\noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} +\ kdrg10 & <apl'a ({\rm Didot}) 10 stigm~wn \cr +\ kdrg9 & {\ninegr <apl'a ({\rm Didot}) 9 stigm~wn} \cr +\ kdrg8 & {\eightgr <apl'a ({\rm Didot}) 8 stigm~wn} \cr +\ kdbf10 & {\tengb >'entona <apl`a 10 stigm~wn} \cr +\ kdbf9 & {\ninegb >'entona <apl`a 9 stigm~wn} \cr +\ kdbf8 & {\eightgb >'entona <apl`a 8 stigm~wn} \cr +\ kdsl10 & {\tengs pl'agia <apl`a 10 stigm~wn} \cr +\ kdti10 & {\tengi pl'agia--kalligrafik'a (yeudo"italik'a) 10 stigm~wn} \cr +\ kdtt10 & {\tengt grafomhqan~hc 10 stigm~wn} \cr + } + +\noindent +<'Olouc to`uc parap'anw t'upouc mporo~ume n`a to`uc fort'wsoume s`e +<opoiod'hpote m'egejoc <'opwc k'aname ka`i gi`a t`on t'upo {\tt +\\tengr}. P.q., <h <ep'omenh gramm`h k'wdika d'inei st`o {\rm \TeX} +t`hn >entol`h n`a fort'wsei pl'agiouc <ellhniko`uc t'upouc s`e m'egejoc +12 stigm~wn <wc m'ia grammatoseir`a m`e t`hn >onomas'ia {\tt \\bgrsl}: + +\beginliteral +\font\bgrsl=kdsl10 scaled \magstep1 +@endliteral + +>Ef'' <'oson >'eqoume fort'wsei to`uc <ellhniko`uc t'upouc po`u +>epijumo~ume n`a qrhsimopoi'hsoume gi`a t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia to~u +keim'enou mac, t'ote mpo\-ro~u\-me n`a gr'ayoume + +\beginuser +\\tengr Kalhm'era, k'osme! +\enduser + +\noindent +gi`a n`a l'aboume + +Kalhm'era, k'osme! + +St`o parap'anw par'adeigma, bl'epoume <'oti st`on k'wdik'a mac gr'afoume +t`o <ellhnik`o ke'imeno m`e latiniko`uc qarakt~hrec, ka`i telik`a st`o +>'entup'o mac lamb'anoume <ellhniko'uc. T`o par'adoxo a>ut`o +>ofe'iletai st`on tr'opo m`e t`on <opo~io >'eqoun kwdikopoihje~i o<i +<ellhnik`ec grammatoseir`ec to~u {\rm \TeX}\null. O<i sqediast`ec t~wn +<ellhnik~wn grammatoseir~wn ka`i t~wn <ellhnik~wn pak'etwn {\rm \TeX}, +je'wrhsan kaj~hkon touc n`a sebasjo~un t`hn basik`h >arq`h to~u {\rm +\TeX} s'umfwna m`e t`hn <opo'ia k'aje >arqe~io {\tt .tex} (dhl.\ +>arqe~io po`u peri'eqei k'wdika {\rm \TeX}) j`a pr'epei n`a mpore~i n`a +metaferje~i >ap`o <upologist`h s`e <upologist`h (p.q., m'esw| {\rm +e-mail}) qwr`ic kan'ena pr'oblhma. Prokeim'enou loip`on n`a mpore~i +k'apoioc >ap`o t`hn <Ell'ada n`a ste'ilei <'ena >arqe~io {\tt .tex} +po`u gr'afei, p.q., s`e <'enan {\rm Macintosh}, s`e <'enan <upologist`h +st`ic H.P.A., po`u tr'eqei m`e {\rm UNIX} ka`i po`u d`en >'eqei +to`uc <ellhniko`uc qarakt~hrec gi`a t`hn >oj'onh, j`a pr'epei t`o +>arqe~io a>ut`o n`a peri'eqei latiniko`uc ka`i m'onon qarak~hrec. (Gi`a +<'osouc kat'eqoun k'ati periss'otero >ap`o <upologist'ec, a>ut`o +shma'inei <'oti t`o >arqe~io {\tt .tex} d`en j`a pr'epei n`a peri'eqei +qarakt~hrec m`e kwdik`o {\rm ASCII} megal'utero to~u 127.) Sunep~wc, +<'otan qrhsimopoio~ume to`uc t'upouc to~u \greektex\ gi`a t`hn +stoiqeiojes'ia <ellhniko~u keim'enou m`e t`o {\rm\TeX}, j`a pr'epei n`a +gr'afoume st`on k'wdika t`o <ellhnik`o ke'imeno m`e latiniko`uc +qarakt~hrec s'umfwna m`e t`hn >ak'oloujh >antistoiq'ia: +\medskip +\centerline{\vbox{% +\halign{% +# & # & # & # & # & # & # & # & # & # & % 10 +# & # & # & # & # & # & # & # & # & # & % 20 +# & # & # & # & #\cr% 25 +\tt a & \tt b & \tt g & \tt d & \tt e & +\tt z & \tt h & \tt j & \tt i & \tt k & % 10 +\tt l & \tt m & \tt n & \tt x & \tt o & +\tt p & \tt r & \tt s & \tt t & \tt u & % 20 +\tt f & \tt q & \tt y & \tt w & \tt c\cr% 25 +a & b & g & d & e & z & h & j & i & k & % 10 +l & m & n & x & o & p & r & s & t & u & % 20 +f & q & y & w & c\cr% 25 +}% +}% +} + +O<i t'onoi ka`i t`a pne'umata stoi\-qei\-o\-jeto~untai gr'afontac st`on +k'wdika t`a kat'allhla dia\-kritik`a shme~ia >empr`oc >ap`o t`a +fwn'henta. P.q., m`e {\tt >'a}, lamb'anoume:\NB{}>'a, dhl.\ t`o >'alfa +m`e yi\-l`h ka`i >oxe'ia. Genik'wtera, gi`a n`a l'aboume <'ena fwn~hen +m`e t'ono ka`i pne~uma >`h dialutik'a, st`on k'wdika gr'afoume pr~wta +t`o pne~uma >`h t`a dialutik'a, met`a t`on t'ono ka`i met`a t`o +fwn~hen. + +<H perispwm'enh st`hn per'iptwsh to~u \greektex\ parousi'azei m'ia +>idiaiter'othta, >epeid`h lamb'anetai m`e t`on qarakt'hra {\tt +\~{}}\null. St`o kef'alaio\NB{}2 e>'idame <'oti <o qarakt'hrac a>ut`oc +gi`a t`o {\rm \TeX} e>~inai e>idik`oc ka`i shma'inei s'undesmo, dhl.\ +>adi'akopto ken`o di'asthma. Gi`a n`a >apof'ugoume t`a mplex'imata, +>e`an qrhsimopoio~ume t`ic <ellhnik`ec grammatoseir`ec to~u \greektex, +j`a pr'epei <'opou <up'arqei <ellhnik`o polutonik`o ke'imeno n`a +>apo\-ener\-gopoio~ume pr~wta t`on s'undesmo {\tt \~{}} qrhsimopoi'wntac +t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt\\catcode}.\TeXref{43--49} <H l'exh >el'egqou +{\tt\\catcode} m~ac >epitr'epei n`a >al\-l'a\-zou\-me t`hn shmas'ia to~u +k'aje qarakt'hra to~u k'wdik'a mac. St`o <ep'omeno par'adeigma, +gr'afontac {\tt\\catcode`\\\~{}=12}, d'inoume st`o {\rm\TeX} n`a +katal'abei <'oti <o qarakt'hrac {\tt\~{}} d`en e>~inai pl'eon e>idik'oc; +l'igo pi`o k'atw, gr'afontac {\tt\\catcode`\\\~{}=13 +\\def\~{}\lb\\penalty10000\\\NB{}\rb}, >epanor'izoume t`on +qara\-kt'hra {\tt\~{}} <wc e>idik`o po`u <ermhne'uetai >ap`o t`o {\rm\TeX} +<wc >adi'akopto ken`o di'asthma: \toindex{catcode} + +\beginliteral @obeyspaces +\tengr % We want to typeset greek text +@ % using GreeKTeX fonts. +\catcode`\~=12 % So we de-activate the tie ~ +\def\NB{\penalty10000\ } % and we define \NB as non-breakable space. +Kal~wc ton! +S''\NB{}t`o ''pa! +\rm % Now we want to switch back to roman. +\catcode`\~=13 % We re-activate the tie ~ +\def~{\penalty10000\ } % and we define it again as non-breakable space. +Hello Mr.~Jones! +@endliteral + +\noindent +<O parap'anw k'wdikac d'inei: + +Kal~wc ton! S''\NB{}t`o ''pa! {\rm Hello Mr.\NB{}Jones!} + +Beba'iwc, t`o monadik`o s'umfwno po~u pa'irnei tonik`o shme~io e>~inai +t`o r`o t~wn >Arqa'iwn <El\-lh\-ni\-k~wn po`u mpore~i n`a e>~inai das`u +>`h yil'o, p.q., (({\tengs T`a p'anta <re~i\/})). <'Oso gi`a t`hn +<upogegramm'enh po`u mpa'inei merik`ec for`ec k'atw >ap`o t`o {\tengs +a}, t`o {\tengs h\/} ka`i t`o {\tengs w}, >arke~i n`a gr'ayoume m'ia +katak'orufh gramm`h {\tt |} {\tengs met`a} t`o fwn~hen. <O parak'atw +p'inakac d'inei t`a <'ola t`a tonik`a shme~ia po`u mporo~ume n`a +l'aboume m`e to`uc t'upouc to~u \greektex: + +\maketable[Tonik`a shme~ia <ellhniko~u keim'enou] +\halign{% +\strut \ # \hfil & \quad \tt # \hfil & \quad # \hfil \cr +\tengb Shme~io & \tengb K'wdikac {\bf\TeX} & \tengb >Apot'elesma \cr +\noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} +>oxe'ia & M'h! & M'h! \cr +bare'ia & T`a yhl`a boun`a & T`a yhl`a boun`a \cr +perispwm'enh & P~wc t`a p~ac? & P~wc t`a p~ac? \cr +yil`h & >'Afhs'e me, >'afhs'e me! & >'Afhs'e me, >'afhs'e me! \cr +dase'ia & D`en >'eqw >'allh <upomon'h! + & D`en >'eqw >'allh <upomon'h! \cr +<upogegramm'enh & T~w| kair~w| >eke'inw| + & T~w| kair~w| >eke'inw| \cr +dialutik`a & T`o pro"i`on to~u Ma"'iou + & T`o pro"i`on to~u Ma"'iou \cr + } % end halign + +T`a shme~ia st'ixhc t~wn <ellhnik~wn keim'enwn e>~inai par'omoia m`e +a>ut`a t~wn >agglik~wn, m`e <orism'enec >exai\-r'e\-seic. <H +>antistoiq'ia k'wdika <ellhnik~wn shme'iwn st'ixhc ka`i >apotel'esmatoc +e>~inai a>ut`h po`u d'inetai st`on <ep'omeno p'inaka (prosoq`h st`hn +diafor`a >'anw tele'iac ka`i >erwthmatiko~u): + +\maketable[Shme~ia st'ixhc <ellhniko~u keim'enou] +\halign{% +\strut +# \hfil & \quad \tt # & \quad # +&\quad # \hfil &\quad \tt # & \quad # \cr +\noalign{\hrule}\noalign{\smallskip} +tele'ia & . & . & +k'omma & , & , \cr +>'anw tele'ia & ; & ; & +>'anw ka`i k'atw tele'ia & : & : \cr +jaumastik`o & ! & ! & +>erwthmatik`o & ? & ? \cr +>arister`h >ap'ostrofoc & `{}` & `` & +dexi`a >ap'ostrofoc & '{}' & '' \cr +>arister`a e>isagwgik`a & (( & (( & +dexi`a e>isagwgik`a & )) & )) \cr + } % end halign + +\noindent +St`hn per'iptwsh po`u qreiaste~i n`a b'aloume dipl`a >agglik`a +e>isagwgik`a s`e <ellhnik`o ke'imeno, j`a pr'epei n`a >all'axoume +proswrin`a s`e latiniko`uc t'upouc. P.q., m`e t`on k'wdika + +\beginuser +((T'i \lb\\rm ``\rb bl~hma\lb\\rm ''\rb\ po`u e>~isai!)), to~u f'wnaxe. +\enduser + +\noindent +lamb'anoume: + +((T'i {\rm ``}bl~hma{\rm ''} po`u e>~i\-sai!)), to~u f'wnaxe. + +\subsection{Gi`a k'ati kal'utero} + +<O Qaral'ampouc, >ekt`oc t~wn grammatoseir~wn, >'eqei <etoim'asei ka`i +m'ia seir`a >ap`o <orismo`uc ({\rm macro}) ka`i kan'onec sullabismo~u +gi`a stoiqeiojes'ia <ellhnik~wn keim'enwn. T`a {\rm macro} to~u +Qaral'ampouc >'eqoun >elafr`a beltiwje~i ka`i sugkentrwje~i st`o +\greektex\ s`e <'ena >arqe~io m`e t`o <'onoma {\tt greektex.tex}. T`o +>arqe~io {\tt greektex.tex} mporo~ume n`a t`o qrhsimopoi'hsoume gi`a n`a +>apof'ugoume t`a fjhn`a k'olpa gi`a t`hn perispwm'enh po`u m'olic +perigr'ayame. >Arke~i ka`i m'ono n`a po~ume st`o {\rm\TeX} n`a diab'asei +a>ut`o t`o >arqe~io pr`in >arq'isei n`a stoiqeiojete~i <ellhnik'a. +Gr'afoume loip'on {\tt \\input greektex} st`hn pr'wth gramm`h to~u +k'wdik'a mac. Kat'opin <'opote j'eloume n`a stoiqeiojet'hsoume +<ellhnik`o ke'imeno, qrhsimopoio~ume t`o peri\-b'al\-lon {\rm greek}, +xekin'wntac m`e {\tt\\begingreek} ka`i telei'wnontac m`e +{\tt\\endgreek}. P.q., <o parak'atw k'wdikac \toindex{begingreek} +\toindex{endgreek} + +\beginuser +\\input greektex +We start typesetting an English text, melang\\'e avec un peu de +Fran\\c\lb c\rb ais, etc.\\ etc... +but at some point we switch to Greek: +\\begingreek +Kalhm'era, k'osme! +\\endgreek +\enduser + +\noindent +m~ac d'inei: + +{\rm We start typesetting an English text, melang\'e avec un peu de +Fran\c{c}ais, etc.\ etc\dots\ but at some point we switch to Greek: +} % end roman +Kalhm'era, k'osme! + +>Ent`oc to~u perib'allontoc {\rm greek}, mporo~ume n`a qrhsimopoi'hsoume +t`ic l'exeic >el'egqou {\tt \\gr}, {\tt \\sl}, {\tt \\bf}, {\tt \\tt} +>`h {\tt \\it}, gi`a n`a l'aboume <aplo`uc, pl'agiouc, >'entonouc, t~hc +grafomhqan~hc >`h pl'agiouc--kalligrafiko`uc <ellhniko`uc t'upouc +>ant'istoiqa. M'esa st`o perib'allon {\rm greek} mpo\-ro~u\-me >ak'oma n`a +stoiqeiojet'hsoume ka`i k'ati st`o latinik`o >alf'abhto; o<i l'exeic +>el'egqou {\tt \\rm}, {\tt \\lsl}, {\tt \\lbf}, {\tt \\ltt} >`h {\tt +\\lit} m~ac d'inoun latiniko`uc qarakt~hrec {\rm roman}, pl'agiouc {\rm +roman}, grafomhqan~hc ka`i {\rm italic} >ant'istoiqa. <'Otan e>'imaste +>ekt`oc to~u perib'allontoc {\rm greek}, o<i l'exeic >el'egqou gi`a t`hn +>allag`h t'upou, <'opwc {\tt \\sl}, k.lp., d'inoun m'onon to`uc +>ant'istoiqouc pl'agiouc k.lp.\ latiniko`uc t'upouc. <Or'iste <'ena +par'adeigma +\toindex{gr} + +\beginuser +This text is mixed \lb\\sl English\rb{} and Greek. +\\begingreek +A>ut`o t`o ke'imeno e>~inai >an'amikto \lb\\sl <ellhnik`o\rb{} ka`i +\lb\\lsl English\rb. +A>ut`o t`o ke'imeno e>~inai >an'amikto \lb\\sl <ellhnik`o\rb{} ka`i +\lb\\lsl English\rb. +\\endgreek +\enduser + +\noindent +<O k'wdikac a>ut`oc d'inei + +{\rm This text is mixed {\sl English} and Greek.} A>ut`o t`o ke'imeno +e>~inai >an'amikto {\tengs <ellhnik`o} ka`i {\sl English}. +{\rm This text is mixed {\sl English} and Greek.} A>ut`o t`o ke'imeno +e>~inai >an'amikto {\tengs <ellhnik`o} ka`i {\sl English}. + +<H suqn`h >epan'alhyh t~wn l'exewn >el'egqou {\tt \\begingreek} ka`i +{\tt \\endgreek} mpore~i n`a e>~inai >idia'itera kourastik'h. Gi`a +e>ukol'ia, t`o \greektex\ m~ac d'inei t`hn dunat'othta n`a t`ic +>anti\-kata\-st'h\-soume m`e t`o s'umbolo to~u dolar'iou ({\tt \$}) >`h +m`e t`o s'umbolo t~hc katak'orufhc gram\-m~hc ({\tt |})\null. <H +>anti\-kat'a\-stash a>ut`h g'inetai gr'afontac st`on k'wdika {\tt +\\greekdelims\lb dollar\rb} >`h {\tt \\greekdelims\lb bar\rb} +>ant'i\-stoiqa. <'Omwc ka`i o<i d'uo peript'wseic >apaito~un prosoq'h. + +St`hn per'iptwsh po`u qrhsimopoio~ume t`o {\tt \$} <wc >'endeixh >arq~hc +ka`i t'elouc <ellhniko~u keim'enou, <'otan j'eloume n`a gr'ayoume +majhmatiko`uc t'upouc j`a pr'epei n`a qrhsimopoi'hsoume t`ic l'exeic +>el'egqou {\tt \\math}, {\tt \\display} ka`i {\tt \\enddisplay}. Gi`a +par'adeigma, m`e {\tt \\math a = b \\math}, lam\-b'a\-noume >ent`oc +st'iqou: $a = b$, >en`w m`e {\tt \\display a = b .\ \\enddisplay}, +lam\-b'a\-noume >ent`oc plais'iou: +$$ a = b .$$ +>E`an qrhsimopoio~ume t`hn katak'orufh gramm'h ({\tt |}) <wc >'endeixh +>arq~hc ka`i t'elouc <ellhniko~u keim'enou, j`a >'eqoume duskol'ia n`a +gr'ayoume k'apoio >arqa~io ke'imeno >`h ke'imeno t~hc kajare'uousac m`e +<upogegramm'enec. Gi'' aut'o, st`hn per'iptwsh polutoniko~u keim'enou, +e>~inai protim'wtero n`a <or'izoume {\tt \\greekdelims\lb dollar\rb}. +<Or'iste <'ena k'apwc >anorj'ografo par'adeigma: +\toindex{greekdelims} +\toindex{math} +\toindex{display} +\toindex{enddisplay} + +\beginliteral +\input greektex +\greekdelims{dollar} +@null +This is a latin text: \math a \neq b \math. +Mr.~Jones Mr.~Jones @dots Mr.~Jones Mr.~Jones. +$ <Ell~hnik`oc >ano<rj~wgrafw|c: \math a = b \math\ >`h +\display a = b. \enddisplay $ +Now we continue in english! +@endliteral + +\noindent +<O k'wdikac a>ut`oc d'inei + +{\rm +This is a latin text $ a \neq b $. +Mr.\NB Jones Mr.\NB Jones Mr.\NB Jones Mr.\NB Jones Mr.\NB Jones +Mr.\NB{}Jones Mr.\NB{}Jones Mr.\NB Jones Mr.\NB{}Jones \dotfill\ +Mr.\NB{}Jones. +{\tengr <Ell~hnik`oc >ano<rj~wgrafw|c $ a = b $ >`h } +$$ a = b. $$ +{\rm Now we continue in english!} +} % end and roman + +T'eloc, t`o \greektex\ >ekt`oc >ap`o t`hn l'ush m`e t`o {\tt +greektex.tex}, m~ac prosf'erei ka`i k'ati >ak'oma kal'utero: <'ena +sumpuknwm'eno >arqe~io morf~hc m`e t`o >'onoma {\tt greek.fmt}. +Mporo~ume loip`on n`a po~ume st`o {\rm \TeX} n`a >epexergasje~i <'ena +>arqe~io mac, p.q., t`o {\tt mygrtext.tex}, <wc >ex~hc: + +\itemitem{} $>$ {\tt tex \&greek mygrtext} + +\noindent +St`hn per'iptwsh a>ut`h d`en qrei'azetai n`a <up'arqei st`o >arqe~io +{\tt mygrtext.tex} <h >entol'h: {\tt \\input greektex}. T`a {\rm macro} +to~u {\tt greektex.tex} d'inontai ka`i >ap`o t`o >arqe~io morf~hc {\tt +greek.fmt}. >Epi\-pl'eon, t`o {\tt greek.fmt} peri'eqei ka`i <odhg'iec +sullabismo~u <ellhniko~u keim'enou, k'ati po`u d`en m~ac prosf'erei +<h l'ush m`e t`o {\tt greektex.tex}. Gi`a t`on l'ogo a>ut`o e>~inai +protim'wterh <h l'ush m`e t`o >arqe~io morf~hc {\tt greek.fmt}, +>idiait'erwc <'otan pr'okeitai n`a stoiqeiojet'hsoume meg'ala <ellhnik`a +ke'imena. + + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste t`o >ak'oloujo <ellhnik`o ke'imeno, >afo~u +pr~wta fort'wsete kat'allhla t`ic <ellhnik`ec grammatoseir'ec. + +{\narrower\noindent +>Epip'onwc d`e h<ur'isketo, di'oti o<i par'ontec to~ic >'ergoic +<ek'astoic o>u ta>ut`a per`i a>ut~wn >'elegon, >all'' <wc <ekat'erwn tic +e>uno'iac >`h mn'hmhc >'eqei. (Joukud'idhc, bibl'io\NB{}I, {\rm +xxii},\NB{}3) + +} % end narrower + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste t`o >ak'oloujo <ellhnik`o ke'imeno: + +{\narrower\noindent K'amfjht'i moi pr`oc to`uc stenagmo`uc t~hc +kard'iac, <o kl'inac to`uc O>urano`uc t~h| >af'atw| Sou ken'wsei. +({\tengs T`o Trop'arion t~hc Kassian~hc\/}) + +} % end narrower + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste t`o >ak'oloujo <ellhnik`o ke'imeno: + +{\narrower\noindent Fobhj'hkame n'' >agapo~ume --- m`h gel'asoume to`uc +>'allouc, m`h m~ac gel'asoun\dots\ (Dh\-m'h\-trhc Qatz~hc, {\tengs T`o +dipl`o bibl'io}, 2h >'ekdosh, >Ekd.\ ((Ke'imena)), >Aj'hna 1977, +sel.\NB112) + +} + +\subsection{K'apoioi sp'anioi <ellhniko`i qarakt~hrec} + +O<i grammatoseir`ec to~u \greektex\ peri'eqoun ka`i tre~ic qarakt~hrec +po`u qrh\-si\-mo\-poi\-o~untai sp'ania. Pr'okeitai gi`a t`o d'igamma +(\digamma), t`o k'oppa (\Koppa, \koppa, \varkoppa) ka`i t`o samp'i +(\sampi). O<i d'uo teleuta'ioi qrhsime'uoun gi`a t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia +>arijm~wn s'umfwna m`e t`o s'usthma t~wn >alexandrin~wn majhmatik~wn. +S'umfwna m`e a>ut`o t`o s'usthma, t`o st'igma >antistoiqe~i st`o <'exi, +t`o k'oppa st`o >enen'hnta ka`i t`o samp`i st`o >enniak'osia. T`o +d'igamma qrhsimopoie~itai sp'ania st`hn stoiqeiojes'ia >arqa'iac +<ellhnik~hc lurik~hc po'ihshc. + +Gi`a n`a l'aboume a>uto`uc to`uc qarakt~hrec, j`a pr'epei n`a to`uc +<or'isoume qrhsimopoi'wntac t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt\\char}.% +\TeXref{43--49} +\toindex{char} + +\beginliteral@obeyspaces +\def\digamma{\char'020} % digamma (or former 6) +\def\Koppa{\char'022} % capital qoppa (or 90) +\def\koppa{\char'023} % small qoppa (or 90) +\def\varkoppa{\char'021} % small qoppa variance (or 90) +\def\sampi{\char'024} % sampi (or 900) +\def\numbertick{\char'003} % upper tick for ordinal Greek numbers +\def\pretick{\char'004} % lower tick for Greek thousands +@endliteral + +\noindent +Dustuq~wc, t`o st'igma le'ipei >ap`o t`ic grammatoseir`ec to~u +\greektex\null. >Epeid`h <'omwc moi'azei m`e t`o telik`o s'igma, +m'ia k'apwc pr'oqeirh l'ush e>~inai n`a <or'isoume a>ut`on t`on +qarakt'hra <wc >ex~hc: + +\beginliteral@obeyspaces +\def\stigma{\char'143} % stigma (or latter 6) +@endliteral + +Sto`uc parap'anw <orismo`uc sumperil'abame ka`i d'uo t'onouc, <'enan +>an'wtero ({\tt\\numbertick}) ka`i <'enan kat'wtero ({\tt\\pretick}) +po`u mpa'inoun p'isw >ap`o taktik`a >arijmhtik`a ka`i >empr`oc >ap`o +qili'adec >ant'istoiqa. Kat'opin mporo~ume n`a gr'ayoume: +{\tt\lb\\tengr \\pretick a\\sampi\\stigma \\numbertick\rb = 1906}, gi`a +n`a l'aboume: {\tengr\pretick a\sampi\stigma\numbertick} = 1906. >`H +>ak'oma mporo~ume n`a gr'ayoume: {\tt\lb\\tengr ((t`on +\\digamma\lb\rb`on pa~ida kale~i)) (Sapf'w)\rb}, gi`a n`a l'aboume: +((t`on \digamma{}`on pa~ida kale~i)) (Sapf'w). +\toindex{digamma} +\toindex{stigma} +\toindex{koppa} +\toindex{varkoppa} +\toindex{Koppa} +\toindex{sampi} + +<'Otan qrhsimopoio~ume t`o >arqe~io {\tt greektex.tex} >`h t`o >arqe~io +morf~hc {\tt greek.fmt}, o<i parap'anw <orismo`i d`en qrei'azetai n`a +<up'arqoun st`on k'wdik'a mac. O<i >'idiec l'exeic >el'egqou +<or'izontai >'hdh st`o {\tt greektex.tex} ka`i st`o {\tt greek.fmt}, m`e +m'ia <'omwc shmantik`h diafor'a: <Wc st'igma <or'izetai lanjasm'ena <h +parallag`h to~u mikro~u k'oppa \varkoppa, >en~w <h >entol`h +{\tt\\varkoppa} d`en <up'arqei. St`hn per'iptwsh a>ut`h e>~inai +protim'wtero n`a >epanor'isoume t`o {\tt\\stigma} ka`i t`o +{\tt\\varkoppa} <'opwc k'aname parap'anw. + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: >Egr'afh >en >'etei +\pretick{}a\sampi\varkoppa\stigma\numbertick + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste to`uc >ak'oloujouc d'uo st'iqouc to~u >Alka'iou +(7oc a>'i.\ p.Q.)\ po`u dias'wjhkan >'ewc t`ic <hm'erec mac: + +{\leftskip=2in\obeylines +\qquad n'oon d`e \digamma a'utw +\parskip=0pt p'ampan >a'errei + +} + +\subsection{<H leptom'ereia po`u k'anei t`hn diafor`a} + +T`o {\rm\TeX} m~ac >epitr'epei n`a stoiqeiojeto~ume ke'imena m`e m'ia +meg'alh poikil'ia qarakt~hrwn ka`i diat'axewn. >'Arage a>ut`o shma'inei +<'oti g'iname >epaggelmat'iec tupogr'afoi ka`i <'oti mporo~ume n`a +pet~ame dexi`a ka`i >arister`a st`o qart`i pl'agia, kalligrafik`a ka`i +>'entona? <H >ap'anthsh e>~inai: ((>'Oqi!)) O<i dunat'othtec po`u m~ac +prosf'erei t`o {\rm\TeX} d`en e>~inai gi`a n`a fti'aqnoume full'adec m`e +t'itlouc {\tengs D'agkws'e me}, {\tengs <H >Arpaqt'h}, k.lp. T`o +{\rm\TeX} e>~inai m'allon gi`a sobar'wtera >'entupa. M'alista, j`a +diapist'wsoume <'oti kaj`wc maja'inoume t`o {\rm\TeX}, maja'inoume ka`i +>eme~ic n`a seb'omasje t`o >'entupo. >Epeid`h d`e p'anta <h leptom'ereia +k'anei t`hn diafor'a, parak'atw j`a >exet'asoume <orism'ena j'emata po`u +j`a m~ac k'anoun prosektik'wterouc, >'ara kal'uterouc {\rm\TeX}n'itec. + +Pr~wta-pr~wta, p'anta pr`in xekin'hsoume t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia <en`oc +>ent'upou j`a pr'epei n`a >afie\-r'w\-sou\-me l'igo qr'ono n`a +skefjo~ume t`hn morf'h tou. Sun'hjwc, magem'enoi >ap`o t`hn d'unamh +to~u {\rm\TeX}, xekin~ame t`o gr'ayimo to~u k'wdika qwr`ic n`a +>exet'asoume t'i >epijumo~ume n`a l'aboume st`o qart'i. <'Omwc d`en j`a +pr'epei n`a biaz'omasje. >Epipl'eon, >e`an skop'oc mac e>~inai n`a +<etoim'asoume <'ena bibl'io, kal`o e>~inai pr`in xekin'hsoume t`hn +s'untaxh to~u k'wdika n`a sumbouleujo~ume <'enan >epaggelmat'ia +sqediast`h bibl'iwn. A>ut`oc j`a m~ac d'wsei t`ic kat'allhlec <odhg'iec +gi`a t`hn <etoimas'ia t~wn t'itlwn, t`hn >epilog`h to~u e>'idouc, to~u +t'upou ka`i to~u meg'ejouc t~wn grammatoseir~wn, k.lp. + +<H >epilog`h t~wn grammatoseir~wn, t~wn t'upwn (>'orjia, pl'agia >`h +>'entona) ka`i to~u meg'ejouc touc ($10\,\rm pt$, $12\,\rm pt$, k.lp.)\ +>antikatoptr'izei t`o <'ufoc to~u keim'enou mac. Kat`a kan'ona, t`o +ke'imeno gr'afetai m`e >'orjiouc <aplo`uc qarakt~hrec, >en~w t`a +pl'agia, k.lp.\ qrhsime'uoun gi`a e>idiko`uc skopo'uc. O<i t'itloi, +gi`a par'adeigma, sun'hjwc stoiqeiojeto~untai s`e meg'alouc >'entonouc +t'upouc >`h m`e kefala~ia. Meg'aloi qarakt~hrec qwr`ic >apol'hxeic +t'upou {\sf sans serif} qrhsimopoio~untai ka`i gi`a t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia +paidik~wn bibl'iwn po`u >epib'alletai n`a e>~inai >idia'itera <apl`a +st`hn >emf'anis'h touc. St`on parak'atw p'inaka d'inontai merik`ec +genik`ec <odhg'iec gi`a t`hn qr'hsh t~wn diaf'orwn t'upwn stoiqe'iwn: + +\maketable[Qr'hseic t'upwn stoiqe'iwn] +\halign{% +\strut +\hfil # \hfil & \ # \hfil & \ # \hfil \cr +{\tengb T'upoc} & {\tengb Qr'hsh} & {\tengb Par'adeigma} \cr +\noalign{\hrule}\noalign{\smallskip} +>'orjia (<apl'a) & <apl`o ke'imeno, mon'adec, + & <H >anjrakik`h r'iza: {\rm CO$^{2-}_3$}. \cr + & >`h qhmiko`i t'upoi & \cr +\noalign{\smallskip} +>'entona & t'itloi, >'emfash + & {\tengb Kef.\ 3: >Asiatik`ec q~wrec} \cr + & >`h <orismo`i & \cr +\noalign{\smallskip} +pl'agia & >'emfash, <orismo`i + & >Efhm.\ {\tengs <H Jessal'ia}, \cr + & >`h t'itloi >ent'upwn & B'oloc, 31/12/1898, sel.\ 2\cr +\noalign{\smallskip} +pl'agia--kalligrafik`a & >'emfash, <orismo`i + & <Wc {\tengi sf'alma\/} <or'izoume: \cr + & >`h majhmatiko`i t'upoi + & $\varepsilon = \epsilon \neq \rho = \varrho$ \cr +\noalign{\smallskip} +grafomhqan~hc & prosomo'iwsh grafomhqan~hc + & {\tt if (a != b) then \lb\dots\rb } \cr + & ka`i l'istec programm'atwn & \cr + } % end halign + +<H <upogr'ammish keim'enou l'ogou (dhl.\ m`h majhmatik~wn sumb'olwn) d`en +sunhj'izetai st`hn tupograf'ia. Pr'okeitai gi`a <'ena kat'aloipo t~hc +>epoq~hc t~hc grafomhqan~hc, <'otan o<i daktulogr'afoi d`en di'ejetan +>'allon tr'opo gi`a n`a k'anoun <'ena m'eroc to~u keim'enou n`a +xeqwr'izei >ap`o t`o <up'oloipo. >Ef'' <'oson t`o {\rm\TeX} m~ac +prosf'erei >arketo`uc t'upouc stoiqe'iwn gi`a k'aje skop'o, mporo~ume +n`a >apof'ugoume t`hn <upogr'ammish. J`a pr'epei <wst'oso n`a +pros'eqoume pot`e st`o >'idio >'entupo n`a m`hn qrhsimopoio~ume d'uo +diaforetiko`uc t'upouc stoiqe'iwn gi`a t`on >'idio skop'o. >E`an, gi`a +par'adeigma, qrhsimopoio~ume pl'agiouc t'upouc gi`a >'emfash, t'ote d`en +j`a pr'epei n`a qrhsimopoio~ume gi`a t`on >'idio skop`o +pl'agia--kalligrafik`a stoiqe~ia >`h >'entona. + +Suqn'a, kaj`wc <etoim'azoume t`on k'wdika {\rm\TeX} <en`oc >ent'upou m`e +<ellhnik`o ke'imeno, k'anoume l'ajh >ephreasm'enoi >ap`o t`hn par'adosh +ka`i to`uc kan'onec t~hc x'enhc tupograf'iac, ka`i kur'iwc t~hc +>aggloamerikanik~hc. Gi`a par'adeigma, pollo`i qrhsimopoio~un t`a +>agglik`a e>isagwgik`a {\rm``}\NB{}ka`i\NB{}{\rm''}, >ant`i t~wn <ellhnik~wn +(( ka`i\NB)). >'Alloi p'ali >af'hnoun <'ena ken`o di'asthma met`a t`o +>arister`o e>isagwgik`o ka`i pr`in t`o dexi'o, >epeid`h >'iswc >'etsi +to`uc >'edeixe k'apote <h kur'ia t~wn Gallik~wn. <'Omwc st`hn +per'iptwsh <ellhniko~u keim'enou, t`a <uperuywm'ena e>isagwgik'a, e>'ite +st`hn <apl`h (``\NB{}''), e>'ite st`hn dipl`h morf'h touc +({\rm``\NB{}''}), qrhsimopoio~untai m'onon <wc e>isagwgik`a >ent`oc +e>isa\-gwgi\-k~wn. >Ak'oma, t`a <ellhnik`a e>isagwgik'a, par'' <'oti +moi'azoun t~wn gallik~wn, d`en >ako\-lou\-jo~un to`uc >'idiouc kan'onec +stoiqeioj'ethshc. Pot`e d`en pr'epei n`a >af'hnoume ken`o di'asthma +met`a t`o >arister`o e>isagwgik'o; paromo'iwc, d`en >af'hnoume ken`o +di'asthma pr`in t`o dexi`o e>isagwgik'o, t`hn tele'ia, t`o k'omma, t`hn +>'anw tele'ia, t`hn >'anw ka`i k'atw tele'ia, t`o >erwthmatik`o ka`i t`o +jaumastik'o. Mporo~ume <wst'oso n`a j'etoume ken`a diast'hmata +<ekat'erwjen k'aje dipl~hc (parenjetik~hc) pa'ulac\NB{}(---), s`e +>ant'ijesh m`e t`hn tupograf'ia >agglik~wn keim'enwn <'opou d`en +>epitr'epontai ken`a diast'hmata <ekat'erwjen k'aje dipl~hc pa'ulac. + +Gi`a t`hn j'esh t~wn e>isagwgik~wn s`e sq'esh m`e >'alla shme~ia +st'ixhc, j`a pr'epei p'anta n`a >exet'azoume >e`an t`a >'alla shme~ia +st'ixhc >apotelo~un m'eroc to~u keim'enou >ent`oc e>isagwgik~wn. +Sunep~wc, >e`an t`o ke'imeno >ent`oc t~wn e>isagwgik~wn >apotele~i m'ia +pl'hrh pr'otash, t'ote <h tele'ia prohge~itai to~u dexio~u +e>isagwgiko~u. <Or'iste <'ena sqetik`o par'adeigma: + +{\narrower\parindent=0pt +--- E>~inai >al'hjeia, kathgoro'umene, <'oti >apek'alesec t`on mhnut`h +((bl'aka))? + +\parskip=0pt +--- >'Oqi, k.\ Pr'oedre! >Eg`w to~u e>~ipa: ((>'Etsi po`u +sumperif'eresai j`a s`e pern~ane gi`a bl'aka.)) + +} + +\noindent +T`o >'idio >isq'uei ka`i gi`a t`ic parenj'eseic; st`hn per'iptwsh m'iac +pl'hrouc pr'otashc >ent`oc pa\-ren\-j'e\-sewn, <h dexi`a par'enjesh +mpa'inei met`a t`hn tele'ia --- diaforetik'a, prohge~itai. + +T`a e>isagwgik`a j`a pr'epei n`a t`a qrhsimopoio~ume m`e feid'w. +>Ep'ishc m`e t`o m'etro j`a pr'epei n`a qrhsimopoio~ume t`a kefala~ia, +t`a poll`a jaumastik'a, k.lp. Gi`a par'adeigma, d`en qrei'azetai n`a +b'azoume tr'ia >`h ka`i periss'otera jaumastik`a gi`a n`a ton'isoume +t`on jaumasm'o mac >`h t`hn >'ekplhx'h mac gi`a k'ati; <'ena ka`i m'onon +<'ena jaumastik`o >arke~i! >Ak'oma ka`i t`a e>isagwgik`a gi`a l'exeic +po`u qrhsimopoio~untai metaforik'a, suqn`a peritte'uoun. <'Oso gi`a t`a +kefala~ia, j`a pr'epei n`a pros'exoume <'oti qrhsimopoio~untai m'onon +st`hn >arq`h prot'asewn ka`i kur'iwn >onom'atwn. D`en qrei'azetai n`a +mimo'umasje to`uc >Aggloamerik'anouc ka`i n`a gr'afoume <'olec t`ic +l'exeic t~wn t'itlwn m`e kefala~ia. >'Etsi t`o swst`o e>~inai n`a +gr'afoume: + +\vskip\baselineskip +\centerline{{\tengb Kef.\NB{}2: T`o je'wrhma to~u Jal~h ka`i sqetik`a +por'ismata}} + +\noindent +>ant`i to~u lanjasm'enou: + +\vskip\baselineskip +\centerline{{\tengb Kef.\NB{}2: T`o Je'wrhma to~u Jal~h ka`i Sqetik`a +Por'ismata}} + +\noindent +Beba'iwc, st`hn po'ihsh <h qr'hsh t~wn kefala'iwn e>~inai diaforetik'h; +pol\-lo`i s'ugqronoi poiht`ec xekino~un k'aje st'iqo touc m`e <'ena +kefala~io gr'amma. >Epeid`h o<i poi\-h\-t`ec p'anta >~htan >ekt`oc +sumbatik~wn kan'onwn, j`a pr'epei n`a sebasjo~ume t`hn >'apoy'h touc. + +>Ak'oma ka`i t`ic <uposhmei'wseic j`a pr'epei n`a t`ic >apofe'ugoume +st`o m'etro to~u dunato~u. O<i poll`ec <uposhmei'wseic >apospo~un t`hn +prosoq`h to~u >anagn'wsth >ap`o t`o k'urio ke'imeno ka`i, >epipl'eon, +d'inoun t`hn >ent'upwsh <'oti <o suggraf'eac d`en >'eqei sugkrothm'enh +sk'eyh! + +<'Ena shme~io >ak'oma po`u >apaite~i prosoq`h st`hn <etoimas'ia to~u +k'wdika {\rm\TeX} e>~inai <h >ap'o\-stro\-foc. >Arqik'a, t`o +{\rm\TeX} m~ac d'inei t`hn dunat'othta n`a xeqwr'izoume t`hn >ap'ostrofo +>ap`o t`hn yil'h. <H >ap'ostrofoc ('') lamb'anetai m`e t`on k'wdika +{\tt'{}'} ka`i e>~inai k'apwc megal'uterh >ap`o t`hn yil`h (>) po`u +lamb'anetai m`e t`on k'wdika\NB{\tt>}. >Ep'ishc, <'opou metax`u d'uo +l'exewn parousi'azetai >'ekjliyh (p.q., ((j''\NB>ako'usete)){}) >`h +>afa'iresh (p.q., ((mo~u ''fere)){}), t'ote met`a >`h pr`in t`hn +>ap'ostrofo >ant'istoiqa, paremb'aletai p'anta <'ena ken`o di'asthma, +dhl.\ o<i d'uo l'exeic pot`e d`en kollo~un <h m'ia >ep'anw st`hn >'allh. + T`o >ant'ijeto >isq'uei st`hn stoiqeiojes'ia >agglik~wn ka`i gallik~wn +keim'enwn, p.q. (({\rm$\,$C'est par l\`a qu'il s'est +envol\'e$\,$!}$\,$)) + +J`a kle'isoume <eto'uth t`hn suz'hthsh m`e d'uo l'ogia gi`a t`o +polutonik`o ka`i t`o monotonik'o. T`o n`a gr'afoume, n`a +daktulografo~ume >`h n`a stoiqeiojeto~ume t`a dik`a mac ke'imena m`e t`o +<'ena >`h t`o >'allo s'usthma e>~inai dik'h mac >epilog'h. <'Omwc +<'otan paraj'etoume st`o >'entup'o mac d'aneia qwr'ia >'allwn +suggraf'ewn j`a pr'epei n`a seb'omasje t`hn dik'h touc >epilog'h, dhl.\ +t`hn >emf'anish to~u prwtot'upou >ap`o <'opou t`a >antigr'afoume. +>'Etsi ka`i t`a >arqa~ia <ellhnik`a ke'imena j`a pr'epei p'anta n`a t`a +stoiqeiojeto~ume s'umfwna m`e t`o polutonik`o s'usthma ka`i t`hn dik`h +touc >orjograf'ia. Gi`a par'adeigma, st`hn kajare'uousa <h l'exh {\tengs +gl~wssa\/} pa'irnei perispwm'enh, >en~w st`o polutonik`o s'usthma t~hc +dhmotik~hc to~u Triantafull'idh g'inetai: {\tengs gl'wssa\/}! + +\subsection{<Ellhnik`a majhmatik`a} + +St`o kef'alaio 7, e>'idame p~wc mporo~ume n`a stoiqeiojeto~ume +majhmatik`ec >ekfr'aseic m`e t`o {\rm \TeX}\null. E>'idame gi`a +par'adeigma <'oti <o k'wdikac {\tt\$\\cos \^{}2 x = 1 - \\sin \^{}2 x\$} +j`a m~ac d'wsei: $\cos^2 x = 1 - \sin^2 x$\null. <O s'ugqronoc +majhmatik`oc sumbolism`oc te'inei n`a g'inei m'ia pagk'osmia gl'wssa. +Sunep~wc ka`i t`a n'ea <ellhnik`a bibl'ia t~wn majhmatik~wn +qrhsimopoio~un latinik`a s'umbola <'opwc $\cos$, $\log$, k.lp. T'i +g'inetai <'omwc st`hn per'iptwsh po`u k'apoioc >epim'enei n`a j'elei n`a +sumbol'isei t`o <hm'itono <wc ((hm))? A>ut`o ka`i merik`a >ak'oma +probl'hmata po`u sunant~a kane`ic kaj`wc stoiqeiojete~i <ellhnik`a +majhmatik`a ke'imena j`a t`a >exet'asoume s`e <eto'uth t`hn par'agrafo. + +<H pi`o e>'ukolh l'ush st`o pr'oblhma to~u majhmatiko~u sumb'olou ((hm)) +e>~inai n`a qrhsimopoi'hsoume <'ena {\tt\\hbox} >ent`oc t~wn +majhmatik~wn. >'Etsi <o k'wdikac {\tt\$\\hbox\lb\\tengr hm\rb \^{}2 x = +1 - \\hbox\lb\\tengr sun\rb \^{}2 x\$} j`a m~ac d'wsei: $\hbox{\tengr +hm}^2 x = 1 - \hbox{\tengr sun}^2 x$\null. <Wst'oso a>ut`h <h l'u\-sh +d`en e>~inai <h pi`o >'omorfh, giat`i t`a diast'hmata po`u b'azei t`o +{\rm \TeX} g'urw >ap`o t`ic l'exeic--s'umbola ((hm)) ka`i ((sun)) d`en +e>~inai swst'a (par'' <'oti a>ut`o mpore~i n`a m`hn e>~inai ka`i t'oso +>emfan`ec). Gi`a n`a l'aboume swst`a diast'hmata, j`a pr'epei n`a +<or'isoume t`o ((hm)) ka`i t`o ((sun)) <wc l'exeic >el'egqou po`u +>antiproswpe'uoun e>idik`ec majhmatik`ec sunart'hseic ka`i t`ic <opo~iec +t`o {\rm \TeX} t`ic <ermhne'uei kat'allhla. A>ut`o g'inetai m`e t`hn +bo'hjeia t~hc l'exhc >el'egqou {\tt\\mathop}.\TeXref{361} P.q., m`e +{\tt\\def\\grsin\lb\\mathop\lb\\hbox\lb\\tengr hm\rb\rb\\nolimits\rb} +>'eqoume <or'isei m'ia n'ea sq'esh, t`hn {\tt\\grsin} po`u m~ac d'inei +t`o ((hm)). <H l'exh >el'egqou {\tt\\nolimits} shma'inei p`wc t`o +s'umbolo ((hm)) d`en >'eqei >'anw >`h/ka`i k'atw <'orio, s`e >ant'ijesh +m`e >'alla (p.q., $\lim$, $\max$, k.>'a.)\ po`u mporo~un n`a +>'eqoun.\TeXref{144} Paromo'iwc mporo~ume n`a <or'isoume ka`i m'ia +>ant'istoiqh l'exh >el'egqou gi`a t`o ((sun)). <Or'iste <'ena pl~hrec +par'adeigma: +\toindex{mathop} +\toindex{nolimits} + +\beginuser +\\def\\grsin\lb\\mathop\lb\\hbox\lb\\tengr hm\rb\rb\\nolimits\rb +\\def\\grcos\lb\\mathop\lb\\hbox\lb\\tengr sun\rb\rb\\nolimits\rb +\$\$ \\grcos \^{}2 \\pi = \\grsin \^{}2 (\\pi / 2) = 1 \$\$ +\enduser + +\noindent +<O k'wdikac a>ut`oc d'inei: +\def\grsin{\mathop{\hbox{\tengr hm}}\nolimits} +\def\grcos{\mathop{\hbox{\tengr sun}}\nolimits} +$$ \grcos ^2 \pi = \grsin ^2 (\pi / 2) = 1 $$ + +<'Ena >ak'oma pr'oblhma po`u mpore~i n`a >antimetwp'isoume kaj`wc +stoiqeiojeto~ume <'ena <el\-lh\-ni\-k`o majhmatik`o ke'imeno e>~inai <h +dekadik`h <upodiastol'h. Gi`a to`uc >Aggloamerik'anouc, <h dekadik`h +<upodiastol`h sumbol'izetai m`e t`hn tele'ia; >e`an gr'ayoume {\tt\$e = +2.718\\ldots\$}, t`o {\rm\TeX} --- s`an gn'hsio >Amerikan'aki --- j`a +m~ac t`o stoiqeiojet'hsei qwr`ic kan'ena pr'oblhma: $ e = 2.718\ldots$ +>E`an gr'ayoume <'omwc {\tt\$e = 2,718\\ldots\$}, t'ote j`a l'aboume +<'ena mikr`o ken`o di'asthma met`a t`o k'omma: $e = 2,718\ldots$\space\ +Gi`a n`a >apof'ugoume a>ut`o t`o pr'oblhma, j`a pr'epei st`on k'wdika +n`a b'aloume t`o k'omma metax`u d'uo >agkul~wn, dhl.\ gr'afoume {\tt\$e += 2\lb,\rb718\\ldots\$} gi`a n`a l'aboume $e = 2{,}718\ldots$ + +St`o kef'alaio 7 e>'idame >ak'oma <'oti <'ola t`a s'umbola metablht~wn +st`a majhmatik`a stoiqeiojeto~untai m`e pl'agiouc--kalligrafiko`uc +qarakt~hrec, >'etsi <'wste, p.q., n`a m`hn g'inetai s'ugqush metax`u +ginom'enwn ka`i kanoniko~u m`h majhmatiko~u keim'enou. <'Omwc t`a +kefala~ia <ellhnik`a gr'ammata d`en bga'inoun pl'agia; p.q., <o k'wdikac +{\tt\$\\Psi\$} d'inei: $\Psi$\null. T`a pl'agia <ellhnik`a kefala~ia +peri'eqontai s`e m'ia grammatoseir`a to~u {\rm\TeX} (ka`i >'oqi to~u +\greektex) po`u kale~itai m`e t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt\\mit}. +Gr'afontac loip'on, {\tt\$\\widehat\lb AB\lb\\mit \\Gamma\rb\rb = \\pi / +2\$}, lamb'anoume: $\widehat{AB{\mit\Gamma}} = \pi / 2$. +\toindex{mit} + +Pr`in kle'isoume <eto'uth t`hn par'agrafo, >ax'izei n`a >anaferjo~ume +s`e <'ena >ap`o t`a pi`o suqn`a l'ajh po`u k'anoun o<i <'ellhnec +majhmatiko'i: >apokalo~un t`o s'umbolo t~hc merik~hc parag'wgou +((j~hta))! St`hn pragmatik'othta, t`o s'umbolo a>ut`o e>~inai m'ia +kalligrafik`h morf`h to~u la\-ti\-ni\-ko~u {\rm d} ka`i >'oqi t`o +kalligrafik`o j~hta. >Arke~i n`a dokim'asoume t`on >ak'oloujo k'wdika +{\tt\$\\partial \\neq \\vartheta\$} gi`a n`a >antilhfjo~ume t`hn +diafor'a: $\partial \neq \vartheta$\null. >Afo~u loip`on t`o {\rm\TeX} +m~ac t`o >epitr'epei, >`ac gr'afoume swst`a t`hn merik`h par'agwgo. + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: +%%% \efptm = tan (in Greek: >efaptom'enh) +%%% \sfptm = cot (in Greek: sunefaptom'enh) +\def\efptm{\mathop{\hbox{\tengr ef}}\nolimits} +\def\sfptm{\mathop{\hbox{\tengr sf}}\nolimits} +$\efptm^2 (\pi / 6) = \sfptm^{-2} (\pi / 6) = 0{,}33333\ldots $ + +\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste t`o >ak'oloujo <ellhnik`o ke'imeno: + +{\narrower\noindent +>'Estw k'wnou >isoskelo~uc b'asic <o $AB{\mit \Gamma}$ k'ukloc, koruf`h +d`e t`o $\mit \Delta$, ka`i di'hqjw tic e>ic a>ut`on e>uje'ia <h $A\mit +\Gamma$, ka`i >ap`o t~hc koruf~hc >ep`i t`a $A$, $\mit \Gamma$ +>epeze'uqjwsan a<i $A\mit \Delta$, $\mit \Delta\Gamma$; l'egw <'oti t`o +$A\mit \Delta\Gamma$ tr'igwnon >'ellas'on >estin t~hc >epifane'iac t~hc +kwnik~hc t~hc metax`u t~wn $A\mit \Delta\Gamma$. (>Arqim'hdhc, {\tengs +Per`i sfa'irac ka`i kul'indrou}, bibl'io A$'$,\NB{}j) + +} % end narrower + +\subsection{Mikr`oc >ep'ilogoc gi`a >ep'idoxouc stoiqeioj'etec} + +<H stoiqeiojes'ia d`en e>~inai e>'ukolh >ergas'ia. >Ak'oma ka`i m`e t`o +{\rm \TeX} poll`ec for`ec j`a qrei\-a\-sje~i n`a paideuto~ume +prokeim'enou n`a l'aboume <'ena a>isjhtik`a <wra~io >'entupo. Poll`ec +for`ec j`a qreiasje~i n`a pa'ixoume m`e <oriz'ontia ka`i katok'orufa +diast'hmata; >'allec for`ec j`a pr'epei n`a bo\-h\-j'h\-soume t`o +pr'ogramma st`on sullabism'o (e>idik`a <'otan t`o {\rm \TeX} d`en +gnwr'izei p~wc n`a sullab'isei <ellhnik`o ke'imeno); >'allec for`ec j`a +pr'epei n`a y'axoume t`ic a>it'iec po`u d`en m~ac d'inei a>ut`o po`u +to~u zht~ame (m'hpwc xeq'asame m'ia >agk'ulh >`h <'ena {\tt +\\par}?)\null. Qrei'azetai <upomon`h ka`i >epimon'h. T`a parak'atw +l'ogia to~u poiht~h Nt'inou Qristian'opoulou >`ac d'inoun kour'agio +s''\NB{}a>uto`uc po`u >agapo~un t`o >'entupo: + +{\narrower +<'Otan ni'wseic p`wc >~hrje pi`a <h <'wra gi`a t`o t'upwma --- ki >afo~u +>'eqeic pn'ixei pali'otera poll`ec par'omoiec >epijum'iec ka`i d`e +shk'wnei >'allh >anabol'h --- kajar'ograye t`a poi'hmat'a sou s`e <'ena +tetr'adio, dane'isou merik`a qili'arika ka`i parak'alese t`on f'ilo sou +n`a s`e bohj'hsei st`hn >'ekdosh. Spouda~io pr'ama n`a >'eqeic d'ipla +sou <'enan >'anjrwpo s`e mi`a t'etoia stigm'h. >Eg'w, <'otan +prwtoxek'inhsa m'onoc ki >'apeiroc, p~hga s`e <'ena tupografe~io, m`e +x'afrisan gi`a kal`a ka`i st`o t'eloc mo~u t'upwsan mi`a >ahd'ia. +>Arg'otera kat'alaba <'oti t`o bibl'io j'elei <ol'oklhrh +>arqitektonik'h. D`en e>~inai m'ono po`u pr'epei n`a dial'exeic +tupografe~io, qart'i, sq~hma, gr'ammata, di'ataxh; e>~inai prop'antwn +o<i diorj'wseic t~wn dokim'iwn, <o tromer`oc >ag'wnac m`e t`a +tupografik`a l'ajh. Pr'epei n`a e>ugnwmone~ic t`o f'ilo sou po`u s`a +qam'alhc >an'elabe <'olec t`ic diorj'wseic ka`i n`a m`hn paraponi'esai +p`wc to~u x'efugan du`o laj'akia. + +} % end narrower + +\medskip\leftline{\null\hskip 2.25in +\setbox1=\hbox{>Ekd.\ Diagwn'iou, Jessalon'ikh 1991, sel.\ 90--101.} +\vbox{% +\hbox to \wd1 {\hfil Nt'inoc Qristian'opouloc \hfil} +\hbox to \wd1 {\hfil ((Sumboul`ec s'' <'ena n'eo koum'asi)), +{\tengs <H k'atw b'olta},\hfil} +\box1 +}} + +\section{Kat'alogoc >akolouji~wn >el'egqou} + +Parak'atw d'inontai <'olec o<i >entol'ec (>akolouj'iec >el'egqou: +s'umbola ka`i l'exeic >el'egqou) po`u parousi'asjhkan st`o >egqeir'idio +a>ut'o. Gi`a periss'oterec leptom'ereiec, sumbouleuje~ite ka`i t`on +>ant'istoiqo jematik`o kat'alogo to~u {\sl \TeX book}. + +\vskip 2\baselineskip +\centerline{{\tengb S'umbola >el'egqou}} +\vskip\baselineskip + +\settabs \+ \hskip 1.5 in & \hskip 1.3in & \hskip 1.65in & \cr +{\tt +\+ \\\sp{} 4, 41 & \\!\ 41 & \\" 12 & \\' 12 \cr +\+ \\, 41, 47 & \\.\ 12 & \\/ 18 & \\; 41 \cr +\+ \\= 12 & \\> 41 & \\\# 11 & \\\$ 7, 11, 13 \cr +\+ \\\% 7, 11 & \\\& 11 & \\\char '173{} 11 & \\\char '175{} 11 \cr +\+ \\\underbar{ } 11 & \\` 12 & \\{\accent "7E} 11 & \\{\accent 94} 11, 12 \cr +\+ \\| 44, 49 \cr +} + +\vskip 2\baselineskip +\centerline{{\tengb L'exeic >el'egqou}} +\vskip\baselineskip + +{\tt +\+ \\AA 13 & \\aa 13 & \\acute 43 & \\AE 13 \cr +\+ \\ae 13 & \\aleph 44 & \\alpha 42 & \\angle 44 \cr +\+ \\approx 44 & \\arccos 49 & \\arcsin 49 & \\arctan 49 \cr +\+ \\arg 49 & \\ast 43 & \\b 13 & \\backslash 44 \cr +\+ \\bar 43 & \\baselineskip 25 & \\begingreek 93 &\\beta 42 \cr +\+ \\bf 17 & \\Biggl 48 & \\biggl 48 & \\Biggr 48 \cr +\+ \\biggr 48 & \\Bigl 48 & \\bigl 48 & \\Bigr 48 \cr +\+ \\bigr 48 & \\bigskip 29 & \\break 29 & \\breve 43 \cr +\+ \\bullet 43 & \\bye 4 & \\c 12 & \\cal 17, 45 \cr +\+ \\cap 43 & \\catcode 91 & \\cdot 43 & \\cdots 43 \cr +\+ \\centerline 29 & \\centreline 70 & \\char 96 & \\check 43 \cr +\+ \\chi 42 & \\circ 43 & \\columns 56 & \\cos 49 \cr +\+ \\cosh 49 & \\cot 49 & \\coth 49 & \\csc 49 \cr +\+ \\cup 43 & \\d 13 & \\dag 31 & \\ddag 31 \cr +\+ \\ddot 43 & \\def 64 & \\deg 49 & \\Delta 42 \cr +\+ \\delta 42 & \\det 49 & \\diamond 43 & \\digamma 96 \cr +\+ \\dim 49 & \\display 94 & \\div 43 & \\dot 43 \cr +\+ \\dotfill 58 & \\dots 15 & \\Downarrow 49 & \\downarrow 49 \cr +\+ \\eject 22 & \\ell 44 & \\enddisplay 94 & \\endgreek 93 \cr +\+ \\endinsert 28 & \\epsilon 42 & \\eqalign 54 & \\eqalignno 54 \cr +\+ \\eqno 54 & \\equiv 44 & \\eta 42 & \\exists 44 \cr +\+ \\exp 49 & \\flat 44 & \\folio 32 & \\font 18 \cr +\+ \\footline 32 & \\footnote 31 & \\forall 44 & \\Gamma 42 \cr +\+ \\gamma 42 & \\gcd 49 & \\geq 44 & \\gr 93 \cr +\+ \\grave 43 & \\greekdelims 94 & \\H 13 & \\halign 60 \cr +\+ \\hang 26 & \\hangafter 26 & \\hangindent 26 & \\hat 43 \cr +\+ \\hbadness 33 & \\hbox 83 & \\headline 32 & \\hfil 30 \cr +\+ \\hfill 29, 57 & \\hfuzz 34 & \\hoffset 23 & \\hom 49 \cr +\+ \\hrule 81 & \\hrulefill 58 & \\hsize 22 & \\hskip 30 \cr +\+ \\hyphenation 34 & \\i 12 & \\Im 44 & \\in 44 \cr +\+ \\inf 49 & \\infty 44 & \\input 78 & \\int 46 \cr +\+ \\iota 42 & \\it 17 & \\item 27 & \\itemitem 27 \cr +\+ \\j 12 & \\kappa 42 & \\ker 49 & \\Koppa 96 \cr +\+ \\koppa 96 & \\L 13 & \\l 13 & \\Lambda 42 \cr +\+ \\lambda 42 & \\langle 49 & \\lceil 49 & \\ldots 43 \cr +\+ \\left 52 & \\leftline 29 & \\leftskip 25 & \\leq 44 \cr +\+ \\leqalignno 55 & \\leqno 54 & \\let 70 & \\lfloor 49 \cr +\+ \\lg 49 & \\lim 46, 49 & \\liminf 49 & \\limsup 49 \cr +\+ \\line 29 & \\ln 49 & \\log 49 & \\lower 87 \cr +\+ \\magnification 23 & \\magstep 18 & \\math 94 & \\mathop 100 \cr +\+ \\matrix 52 & \\max 49 & \\medskip 29 & \\min 49 \cr +\+ \\mit 101 & \\moveleft 87 & \\moveright 62, 87 & \\mu 42 \cr +\+ \\nabla 44 & \\narrower 25 & \\natural 44 & \\neg 44 \cr +\+ \\ni 44 & \\noalign 61 & \\noindent 25 & \\nolimits 100 \cr +\+ \\nopagenumbers 6 & \\not 43 & \\nu 42 & \\null 16 \cr +\+ \\O 13 & \\o 13 & \\obeylines 30 & \\odot 43 \cr +\+ \\OE 13 & \\oe 13 & \\offinterlineskip 62 & \\Omega 42 \cr +\+ \\omega 42 & \\ominus 43 & \\oplus 43 & \\otimes 43 \cr +\+ \\over 45 & \\overfullrule 34 & \\overline 47 & \\P 31 \cr +\+ \\pageno 32 & \\par 9 & \\parallel 44 & \\parindent 25 \cr +\+ \\parshape 27 & \\parskip 25 & \\partial 44 & \\perp 44 \cr +\+ \\Phi 42 & \\phi 42 & \\Pi 42 & \\pi 42 \cr +\+ \\pmatrix 51 & \\Pr 49 & \\proclaim 50 & \\Psi 42 \cr +\+ \\psi 42 & \\qquad 41 & \\quad 41 & \\raggedright 30 \cr +\+ \\raise 87 & \\rangle 49 & \\rceil 49 & \\Re 44 \cr +\+ \\rfloor 49 & \\rho 42 & \\right 52 & \\rightline 29 \cr +\+ \\rightskip 25 & \\rm 17 & \\root 47 & \\S 31 \cr +\+ \\sampi 96 & scaled 18 & \\sec 49 & \\settabs 56 \cr +\+ \\sharp 44 & \\Sigma 42 & \\sigma 42 & \\sim 44 \cr +\+ \\simeq 44 & \\sin 49 & \\sinh 49 & \\sl 17 \cr +\+ \\smallskip 29 & \\sqrt 47 & \\ss 13 & \\star 43 \cr +\+ \\stigma 96 & \\strut 59 & \\subset 44 & \\subseteq 44 \cr +\+ \\sum 46 & \\sup 49 & \\supset 44 & \\supseteq 44 \cr +\+ \\surd 47 & \\t 13 & \\tan 49 & \\tanh 49 \cr +\+ \\tau 42 & \\tensor 70 & \\TeX 4 & \\the 32 \cr +\+ \\Theta 42 & \\theta 42 & \\tilde 43 & \\times 43 \cr +\+ \\to 45 & \\tolerance 34 & \\topinsert 28 & \\tt 17 \cr +\+ \\u 13 & \\underbar 48 & \\underline 47 & \\Uparrow 49 \cr +\+ \\uparrow 49 & \\Updownarrow 49 & \\updownarrow 49 & \\Upsilon 42 \cr +\+ \\upsilon 42 & \\v 13 & \\varepsilon 42 & \\varkoppa 96 \cr +\+ \\varphi 42 & \\varrho 42 & \\varsigma 42 & \\vartheta 42 \cr +\+ \\vbadness 35 & \\vbox 84 & \\vec 43 & \\vee 43 \cr +\+ \\vfill 22 & \\vglue 28 & \\voffset 23 & \\vrule 82 \cr +\+ \\vsize 23 & \\vtop 86 & \\wedge 43 & \\widehat 43 \cr +\+ \\widetilde 43 & \\Xi 42 & \\xi 42 & \\zeta 42 \cr +} + +\ifwritinganswers + \let\next=\relax +\else + \let\next=\endinput + \datestamp +\fi + +\next + +\def\beginliteral{ +\vskip\baselineskip +\begingroup +\obeylines +\tt +\catcode`\@=0\catcode`\~=12 +\catcode`\$=12\catcode`\&=12\catcode`\^=12\catcode`\#=12 +\catcode`\_=12\catcode`\=12 +\def\par{\leavevmode\endgraf} +\catcode`\{=12\catcode`\}=12\catcode`\%=12\catcode`\\=12 +} +\def\endliteral{\nobreak \vskip 6pt \endgroup} + + +\section{D~ws'' mou t`o q'eri sou} + +Parak'atw d'inontai o<i l'useic <orism'enwn >ask'hsewn. Poll`ec >ap`o +a>ut`ec t`ic >ask'hseic l'unontai m`e diaf'orouc tr'opouc. >E`an +protim~ate t`on dik'o sac tr'opo, t'ote m`hn dist'azete n`a t`on +qrhsimopoi'hsete --- >arke~i t`o >apot'elesma n`a s~ac <ikanopoie~i! +\vskip 2\baselineskip + +%%% Here we switch back to roman (DF) +\rm +\catcode`\~=13 +\parskip=0pt +\parindent=0pt +\begingroup\raggedright +\hbadness=10000 + +\hrule +\beginliteral +I like \TeX! +Once you get the hang of it, \TeX{} is really easy to use. +You just have to master the \TeX nical aspects. +@endliteral +I like \TeX! Once you get the hang of it, \TeX{} is really easy +to use. You just have to master the \TeX nical aspects. +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +Does \AE schylus understand \OE dipus? +@endliteral +Does \AE schylus understand \OE dipus? +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +The smallest internal unit of \TeX{} is about 53.63 \AA. +@endliteral +The smallest internal unit of \TeX{} is about 53.63 \AA. +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +They took some honey and plenty of money wrapped up in a {\it \$}5 note. +@endliteral +They took some honey and plenty of money wrapped up in a {\it \$}5 note. +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +\'El\`eves, refusez vos le\c cons! Jetez vos cha\^\i nes! +@endliteral +\'El\`eves, refusez vos le\c cons! Jetez vos cha\^\i nes! +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +Za\v sto tako polako pijete \v caj? +@endliteral +Za\v sto tako polako pijete \v caj? +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +Mein Tee ist hei\ss. +@endliteral +Mein Tee ist hei\ss. +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +Peut-\^etre qu'il pr\'ef\`ere le caf\'e glac\'e. +@endliteral +Peut-\^etre qu'il pr\'ef\`ere le caf\'e glac\'e. +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +?@begingroup`@endgroup Por qu\'e no bebes vino blanco? !@begingroup`@endgroup Porque est\'a avinagrado! +@endliteral +?`Por qu\'e no bebes vino blanco? !`Porque est\'a avinagrado! +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +M\'\i\'\j n idee\"en wordt niet be\"\i nvloed. +@endliteral +M\'\i\'\j n idee\"en wordt niet be\"\i nvloed. +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral + Can you take a ferry from \"Oland to \AA land? +@endliteral + Can you take a ferry from \"Oland to \AA land? +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral + T\"urk\c ce konu\c san ye\u genler nasillar? +@endliteral + T\"urk\c ce konu\c san ye\u genler nasillar? +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral + I entered the room and---horrors---I saw both my father-in-law and my +mother-in-law. +@endliteral + I entered the room and---horrors---I saw both my father-in-law and my +mother-in-law. +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +The winter of 1484--1485 was one of discontent. +@endliteral +The winter of 1484--1485 was one of discontent. +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +His ``thoughtfulness'' was impressive. +@endliteral +His ``thoughtfulness'' was impressive. +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral + Frank wondered, ``Is this a girl that can't say `No!'?'' +@endliteral + Frank wondered, ``Is this a girl that can't say `No!'?'' +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral + He thought, ``\dots and this goes on forever, perhaps to the last recorded +syllable.'' +@endliteral + He thought, ``\dots and this goes on forever, perhaps to the last recorded +syllable.'' +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral + Have you seen Ms.~Jones? +@endliteral + Have you seen Ms.~Jones? +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +Prof.~Smith and Dr.~Gold flew from +Halifax N.~S. to Montr\'eal, P.~Q. via Moncton, N.~B. +@endliteral +Prof.~Smith and Dr.~Gold flew from +Halifax N.~S. to Montr\'eal, P.~Q. via Moncton, N.~B. +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +\line{left end \hfil left tackle \hfil left guard \hfil @centre \hfil +right guard \hfil right tackle \hfil right end} +@endliteral +\line{left end \hfil left tackle \hfil left guard \hfil \centre{} \hfil +right guard \hfil right tackle \hfil right end} +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +\line{left \hfil \hfil right-@centre \hfil right} +@endliteral +\line{left \hfil \hfil right-\centre{} \hfil right} +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +\line{\hskip 1 in ONE \hfil TWO \hfil THREE} +@endliteral +\line{\hskip 1 in ONE \hfil TWO \hfil THREE} +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +i{f}f if{}f if{f} +@endliteral +i{f}f if{}f if{f} +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +I started with roman type {\it switched to italic type}, and +returned to roman type. +@endliteral +I started with roman type {\it switched to italic type}, and +returned to roman type. +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +$C(n,r) = n!/(r!\,(n-r)!)$ +@endliteral +$C(n,r) = n!/(r!\,(n-r)!)$ +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +$a+b=c-d=xy=w/z$ +$$a+b=c-d=xy=w/z$$ +@endliteral +$a+b=c-d=xy=w/z$ +$$a+b=c-d=xy=w/z$$ +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +$(fg)' = f'g + fg'$ +$$(fg)' = f'g + fg'$$ +@endliteral +$(fg)' = f'g + fg'$ +$$(fg)' = f'g + fg'$$ +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +$\alpha\beta=\gamma+\delta$ +$$\alpha\beta=\gamma+\delta$$ +@endliteral +$\alpha\beta=\gamma+\delta$ +$$\alpha\beta=\gamma+\delta$$ +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +$\Gamma(n) = (n-1)!$ +$$\Gamma(n) = (n-1)!$$ +@endliteral +$\Gamma(n) = (n-1)!$ +$$\Gamma(n) = (n-1)!$$ +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +$x\wedge (y\vee z) = (x\wedge y) \vee (x\wedge z)$ +@endliteral +$x\wedge (y\vee z) = (x\wedge y) \vee (x\wedge z)$ +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +$2+4+6+\cdots +2n = n(n+1)$ +@endliteral +$2+4+6+\cdots +2n = n(n+1)$ +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +$\vec x\cdot \vec y = 0$ if and only if $\vec x \perp \vec y$. +@endliteral +$\vec x\cdot \vec y = 0$ if and only if $\vec x \perp \vec y$. +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +$\vec x\cdot \vec y \not= 0$ if and only if $\vec x \not\perp \vec y$. +@endliteral +$\vec x\cdot \vec y \not= 0$ if and only if $\vec x \not\perp \vec y$. +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +$(\forall x\in \Re)(\exists y\in\Re)$ $y>x$. +@endliteral +$(\forall x\in \Re)(\exists y\in\Re)$ $y>x$. +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +${a+b\over c}\quad {a\over b+c}\quad {1\over a+b+c} \not= {1\over a}+ +{1\over b}+{1\over c}$. +@endliteral +${a+b\over c}\quad {a\over b+c}\quad {1\over a+b+c} \not= {1\over a}+ +{1\over b}+{1\over c}$. +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +What are the points where ${\partial \over \partial x} f(x,y) = {\partial \over +\partial y} f(x,y) = 0$? +@endliteral +What are the points where ${\partial \over \partial x} f(x,y) = {\partial \over +\partial y} f(x,y) = 0$? +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +$e^x \quad e^{-x} \quad e^{i\pi}+1=0 \quad x_0 \quad x_0^2 +\quad {x_0}^2 \quad 2^{x^x}$. +@endliteral +$e^x \quad e^{-x} \quad e^{i\pi}+1=0 \quad x_0 \quad x_0^2 +\quad {x_0}^2 \quad 2^{x^x}$. +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +$\nabla^2 f(x,y) = {\partial^2 f \over\partial x^2}+ {\partial^2 f \over +\partial y^2}$. +@endliteral +$\nabla^2 f(x,y) = {\partial^2 f \over\partial x^2}+ {\partial^2 f \over +\partial y^2}$. +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +$\lim_{x\to 0} (1+x)^{1\over x}=e$. +@endliteral +$\lim_{x\to 0} (1+x)^{1\over x}=e$. +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +The cardinality of $(-\infty, \infty)$ is $\aleph_1$. +@endliteral +The cardinality of $(-\infty, \infty)$ is $\aleph_1$. +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +$\lim_{x\to {0^+}} x^x = 1$. +@endliteral +$\lim_{x\to {0^+}} x^x = 1$. +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +$\int_0^1 3x^2\,dx = 1$. +@endliteral +$\int_0^1 3x^2\,dx = 1$. +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +$\sqrt2 \quad \sqrt {x+y\over x-y} \quad \root 3 \of {10}$ \quad $e^{\sqrt x}$. +@endliteral +$\sqrt2 \quad \sqrt {x+y\over x-y} \quad \root 3 \of {10}$ \quad $e^{\sqrt x}$. +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +$\|x\| = \sqrt{x\cdot x}$. +@endliteral +$\|x\| = \sqrt{x\cdot x}$. +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +$\phi(t) = {1 \over \sqrt{2\pi}} \int_0^t e^{-x^2/2}\,dx$. +@endliteral +$\phi(t) = {1 \over \sqrt{2\pi}} \int_0^t e^{-x^2/2}\,dx$. +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +$\underline x \quad \overline y \quad \underline{\overline{x+y}}$. +@endliteral +$\underline x \quad \overline y \quad \underline{\overline{x+y}}$. +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +$\bigl \lceil \lfloor x \rfloor \bigr \rceil \leq \bigl \lfloor \lceil x \rceil +\bigr \rfloor$. +@endliteral +$\bigl \lceil \lfloor x \rfloor \bigr \rceil \leq \bigl \lfloor \lceil x \rceil +\bigr \rfloor$. +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +$\sin(2\theta) = 2\sin\theta\cos\theta +\quad \cos(2\theta) = 2\cos^2\theta - 1 $. +@endliteral +$\sin(2\theta) = 2\sin\theta\cos\theta +\quad \cos(2\theta) = 2\cos^2\theta - 1 $. +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +$$\int \csc^2x\, dx = -\cot x+ C +\qquad \lim_{\alpha\to 0} {\sin\alpha \over \alpha} = 1 +\qquad \lim_{\alpha\to \infty} {\sin\alpha \over \alpha} = 0.$$ +@endliteral +$$\int \csc^2x\, dx = -\cot x+ C +\qquad \lim_{\alpha\to 0} {\sin\alpha \over \alpha} = 1 +\qquad \lim_{\alpha\to \infty} {\sin\alpha \over \alpha} = 0.$$ +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +$$\tan(2\theta) = {2\tan\theta \over 1-\tan^2\theta}.$$ +@endliteral +$$\tan(2\theta) = {2\tan\theta \over 1-\tan^2\theta}.$$ +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +\proclaim Theorem (Euclid). There exist an infinite number of primes. +@endliteral +\proclaim Theorem (Euclid). There exist an infinite number of primes. + +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +\proclaim Proposition 1. +$\root n \of {\prod_{i=1}^n X_i} \leq +{1 \over n} \sum_{i=1}^n X_i$ with equality if and only if $X_1=\cdots=X_n$. +@endliteral +\proclaim Proposition 1. +$\root n \of {\prod_{i=1}^n X_i} \leq +{1 \over n} \sum_{i=1}^n X_i$ with equality if and only if $X_1=\cdots=X_n$. + +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +$$ I_4 = \pmatrix{ +1 &0 &0 &0 \cr +0 &1 &0 &0 \cr +0 &0 &1 &0 \cr +0 &0 &0 &1 \cr}$$ +@endliteral +$$ I_4 = \pmatrix{ +1 &0 &0 &0 \cr +0 &1 &0 &0 \cr +0 &0 &1 &0 \cr +0 &0 &0 &1 \cr}$$ +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +$$ |x| = \left\{ \matrix{ +x & x \ge 0 \cr +-x & x \le 0 \cr} \right.$$ +@endliteral +$$ |x| = \left\{ \matrix{ +x & x \ge 0 \cr +-x & x \le 0 \cr} \right.$$ +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +\settabs \+ \hskip 2 in & \hskip .75in & \hskip 1cm& \cr +\+ &Plums &\hfill\$1&.22 \cr +\+ &Coffee &\hfill1&.78 \cr +\+ &Granola &\hfill1&.98 \cr +\+ &Mushrooms & &.63 \cr +\+ &{Kiwi fruit} & &.39 \cr +\+ &{Orange juice} &\hfill1&.09 \cr +\+ &Tuna &\hfill1&.29 \cr +\+ &Zucchini & &.64 \cr +\+ &Grapes &\hfill1&.69 \cr +\+ &{Smoked beef} & &.75 \cr +\+ &Broccoli &\hfill\underbar{\ \ 1}&\underbar{.09} \cr +\+ &Total &\hfill \$12&.55 \cr +@endliteral +\settabs \+ \hskip 2 in & \hskip .75in & \hskip 1cm& \cr +\+ &Plums &\hfill\$1&.22 \cr +\+ &Coffee &\hfill1&.78 \cr +\+ &Granola &\hfill1&.98 \cr +\+ &Mushrooms & &.63 \cr +\+ &{Kiwi fruit} & &.39 \cr +\+ &{Orange juice} &\hfill1&.09 \cr +\+ &Tuna &\hfill1&.29 \cr +\+ &Zucchini & &.64 \cr +\+ &Grapes &\hfill1&.69 \cr +\+ &{Smoked beef} & &.75 \cr +\+ &Broccoli &\hfill\underbar{\ \ 1}&\underbar{.09} \cr +\+ &Total &\hfill \$12&.55 \cr +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +\settabs \+ \hskip 4.5 in & \cr +\+Getting Started \dotfill &1 \cr +\+All Characters Great and Small \dotfill &9 \cr +@endliteral +\settabs \+ \hskip 4.5 in & \cr +\+Getting Started \dotfill &1 \cr +\+All Characters Great and Small \dotfill &9 \cr +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +\settabs \+ \hskip 1cm&\hskip 1 cm&\hskip 1 cm& \cr +\moveright 2 in +\vbox{ +\hrule width 3 cm +\+ \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm + & \vrule height 1 cm \cr +\hrule width 3 cm +\+ \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm + & \vrule height 1 cm \cr +\hrule width 3 cm +\+ \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm + & \vrule height 1 cm \cr +\hrule width 3 cm +} +@endliteral +\settabs \+ \hskip 1cm&\hskip 1 cm&\hskip 1 cm& \cr +\moveright 2 in +\vbox{ +\hrule width 3 cm +\+ \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm + & \vrule height 1 cm \cr +\hrule width 3 cm +\+ \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm + & \vrule height 1 cm \cr +\hrule width 3 cm +\+ \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm + & \vrule height 1 cm \cr +\hrule width 3 cm +} +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +\def\boxtext#1{% +\vbox{% + \hrule + \hbox{\strut \vrule{} #1 \vrule}% + \hrule + }% +} +\moveright 2 in \vbox{\offinterlineskip +\hbox{\boxtext{6}\boxtext{1}\boxtext {8}} +\hbox{\boxtext{7}\boxtext{5}\boxtext{3}} +\hbox{\boxtext{2}\boxtext{9}\boxtext{4}} +} +@endliteral +\def\boxtext#1{% +\vbox{% + \hrule + \hbox{\strut \vrule{} #1 \vrule}% + \hrule + }% +} +\moveright 2 in \vbox{\offinterlineskip +\hbox{\boxtext 6\boxtext 1\boxtext 8} +\hbox{\boxtext 7\boxtext 5\boxtext 3} +\hbox{\boxtext 2\boxtext 9\boxtext 4} +} +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +{\leftskip=2in\obeylines\tengr +\qquad n'oon d`e \digamma a'utw +p'ampan >a'errei +} +@endliteral +{\leftskip=2in\obeylines\tengr +\qquad n'oon d`e \digamma a'utw +p'ampan >a'errei +} +\endgroup % end raggedright + +\datestamp +\bye |