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+% standard macros for CWEB listings (in addition to plain.tex)
+% Version 3.1 --- September 1994
+% Modified for use with "pdftex" by Andreas Scherer, April 1997
+\ifx\documentstyle\undefined\else\endinput\fi % LaTeX will use other macros
+\xdef\fmtversion{\fmtversion+HyperCWEB3.1}
+
+\let\:=\. % preserve a way to get the dot accent
+ % (all other accents will still work as usual)
+
+\parskip 0pt % no stretch between paragraphs
+\parindent 1em % for paragraphs and for the first line of C text
+
+\font\ninerm=cmr9
+\let\mc=\ninerm % medium caps
+\def\CEE/{{\mc C\spacefactor1000}}
+\def\UNIX/{{\mc U\kern-.05emNIX\spacefactor1000}}
+\def\TEX/{\TeX}
+\def\CPLUSPLUS/{{\mc C\PP\spacefactor1000}}
+\def\Cee{\CEE/} % for backward compatibility
+\def\9#1{}
+\font\eightrm=cmr8
+\let\sc=\eightrm % small caps (NOT a caps-and-small-caps font)
+\let\mainfont=\tenrm
+\let\cmntfont\tenrm
+%\font\tenss=cmss10 \let\cmntfont\tenss % alternative comment font
+\font\titlefont=cmr7 scaled\magstep4 % title on the contents page
+\font\ttitlefont=cmtt10 scaled\magstep2 % typewriter type in title
+\font\tentex=cmtex10 % TeX extended character set (used in strings)
+\fontdimen7\tentex=0pt % no double space after sentences
+
+\def\\#1{\leavevmode\hbox{\it#1\/\kern.05em}} % italic type for identifiers
+\def\|#1{\leavevmode\hbox{$#1$}} % one-letter identifiers look better this way
+\def\&#1{\leavevmode\hbox{\bf
+ \def\_{\kern.04em\vbox{\hrule width.3em height .6pt}\kern.08em}%
+ #1\/\kern.05em}} % boldface type for reserved words
+\def\.#1{\leavevmode\hbox{\tentex % typewriter type for strings
+ \let\\=\BS % backslash in a string
+ \let\{=\LB % left brace in a string
+ \let\}=\RB % right brace in a string
+ \let\~=\TL % tilde in a string
+ \let\ =\SP % space in a string
+ \let\_=\UL % underline in a string
+ \let\&=\AM % ampersand in a string
+ \let\^=\CF % circumflex in a string
+ #1\kern.05em}}
+\def\){\discretionary{\hbox{\tentex\BS}}{}{}}
+\def\AT{@} % at sign for control text (not needed in versions >= 2.9)
+\def\ATL{\par\noindent\bgroup\catcode`\_=12 \postATL} % print @l in limbo
+\def\postATL#1 #2 {\bf letter \\{\uppercase{\char"#1}}
+ tangles as \tentex "#2"\egroup\par}
+\def\noATL#1 #2 {}
+\def\noatl{\let\ATL=\noATL} % suppress output from @l
+\def\ATH{\X\kern-.5em:Preprocessor definitions\X}
+\let\PB=\relax % hook for program brackets |...| in TeX part or section name
+
+\chardef\AM=`\& % ampersand character in a string
+\chardef\BS=`\\ % backslash in a string
+\chardef\LB=`\{ % left brace in a string
+\chardef\RB=`\} % right brace in a string
+\def\SP{{\tt\char`\ }} % (visible) space in a string
+\chardef\TL=`\~ % tilde in a string
+\chardef\UL=`\_ % underline character in a string
+\chardef\CF=`\^ % circumflex character in a string
+
+\newbox\PPbox % symbol for ++
+\setbox\PPbox=\hbox{\kern.5pt\raise1pt\hbox{\sevenrm+\kern-1pt+}\kern.5pt}
+\def\PP{\copy\PPbox}
+\newbox\MMbox \setbox\MMbox=\hbox{\kern.5pt\raise1pt\hbox{\sevensy\char0
+ \kern-1pt\char0}\kern.5pt}
+\def\MM{\copy\MMbox}
+\newbox\MGbox % symbol for ->
+\setbox\MGbox=\hbox{\kern-2pt\lower3pt\hbox{\teni\char'176}\kern1pt}
+\def\MG{\copy\MGbox}
+\def\MRL#1{\mathrel{\let\K==#1}}
+%\def\MRL#1{\KK#1}\def\KK#1#2{\buildrel\;#1\over{#2}}
+\let\GG=\gg
+\let\LL=\ll
+\let\NULL=\Lambda
+\mathchardef\AND="2026 % bitwise and; also \& (unary operator)
+\let\OR=\mid % bitwise or
+\let\XOR=\oplus % bitwise exclusive or
+\def\CM{{\sim}} % bitwise complement
+\newbox\MODbox \setbox\MODbox=\hbox{\eightrm\%}
+\def\MOD{\mathbin{\copy\MODbox}}
+\def\DC{\kern.1em{::}\kern.1em} % symbol for ::
+\def\PA{\mathbin{.*}} % symbol for .*
+\def\MGA{\mathbin{\MG*}} % symbol for ->*
+\def\this{\&{this}}
+
+\newbox\bak \setbox\bak=\hbox to -1em{} % backspace one em
+\newbox\bakk\setbox\bakk=\hbox to -2em{} % backspace two ems
+
+\newcount\ind % current indentation in ems
+\def\1{\global\advance\ind by1\hangindent\ind em} % indent one more notch
+\def\2{\global\advance\ind by-1} % indent one less notch
+\def\3#1{\hfil\penalty#10\hfilneg} % optional break within a statement
+\def\4{\copy\bak} % backspace one notch
+\def\5{\hfil\penalty-1\hfilneg\kern2.5em\copy\bakk\ignorespaces}% optional break
+\def\6{\ifmmode\else\par % forced break
+ \hangindent\ind em\noindent\kern\ind em\copy\bakk\ignorespaces\fi}
+\def\7{\Y\6} % forced break and a little extra space
+\def\8{\hskip-\ind em\hskip 2em} % no indentation
+
+\newcount\gdepth % depth of current major group, plus one
+\newcount\secpagedepth
+\secpagedepth=3 % page breaks will occur for depths -1, 0, and 1
+\newtoks\gtitle % title of current major group
+\newskip\intersecskip \intersecskip=12pt minus 3pt % space between sections
+\let\yskip=\smallskip
+\def\?{\mathrel?}
+
+% Some changes for pdftex
+%\def\note#1#2.{\Y\noindent{\hangindent2em\baselineskip10pt\eightrm#1~#2.\par}}
+\def\note#1#2.{\Y\noindent{\hangindent2em\baselineskip10pt\eightrm#1~\pdfnote#2..\par}}
+\pdfoutput=1
+\pdfcompresslevel=9
+\input pdfcolor
+
+\newtoks\toksA
+\newtoks\toksB
+\newtoks\toksC
+\newtoks\toksD
+\newcount\countA
+\countA=0
+\def\pdfnote#1.{\setbox0=\hbox{\toksA={#1.}\toksB={}\maketoks}\the\toksA}
+\def\addtokens#1#2{\edef\addtoks{\noexpand#1={\the#1#2}}\addtoks}
+\def\adn#1{\addtokens{\toksC}{#1}\global\countA=1\let\next=\maketoks}
+\def\poptoks#1#2|ENDTOKS|{\let\first=#1\toksD={#1}\toksA={#2}}
+\def\maketoks{%
+ \expandafter\poptoks\the\toksA|ENDTOKS|
+ \ifx\first0\adn0
+ \else\ifx\first1\adn1 \else\ifx\first2\adn2 \else\ifx\first3\adn3
+ \else\ifx\first4\adn4 \else\ifx\first5\adn5 \else\ifx\first6\adn6
+ \else\ifx\first7\adn7 \else\ifx\first8\adn8 \else\ifx\first9\adn9
+ \else
+ \ifnum0=\countA\else\makenote\fi
+ \ifx\first.\let\next=\done\else
+ \let\next=\maketoks
+ \addtokens{\toksB}{\the\toksD}
+ \ifx\first,\addtokens{\toksB}{\space}\fi
+ \fi
+ \fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi
+ \next
+}
+\def\n#1{\pdfannotlink attr{/Border [0 0 0]} goto num #1
+ \BlueGreen #1\Black\pdfendlink}
+\def\makenote{\addtokens{\toksB}%
+ {\noexpand\n{\the\toksC}}\toksC={}\global\countA=0}
+\def\done{\edef\st{\global\noexpand\toksA={\the\toksB}}\st}
+% End of pdftex changes
+
+\def\lapstar{\rlap{*}}
+
+% Some changes for pdftex
+%\def\stsec{\rightskip=0pt % get out of C mode (cf. \B)
+% \sfcode`;=1500 \pretolerance 200 \hyphenpenalty 50 \exhyphenpenalty 50
+% \noindent{\let\*=\lapstar\bf\secstar.\quad}}
+\def\stsec{\rightskip=0pt % get out of C mode (cf. \B)
+ \sfcode`;=1500 \pretolerance 200 \hyphenpenalty 50 \exhyphenpenalty 50
+ \noindent{\let\*=\lapstar\bf\secstar.\quad}%
+ {\let\*=\empty\pdfdest num \secstar fitbh}}
+% End of pdftex changes
+
+\let\startsection=\stsec
+\def\defin#1{\global\advance\ind by 2 \1\&{#1 } } % begin `define' or `format'
+\def\A{\note{See also section}} % xref for doubly defined section name
+\def\As{\note{See also sections}} % xref for multiply defined section name
+\def\B{\rightskip=0pt plus 100pt minus 10pt % go into C mode
+ \sfcode`;=3000
+ \pretolerance 10000
+ \hyphenpenalty 1000 % so strings can be broken (discretionary \ is inserted)
+ \exhyphenpenalty 10000
+ \global\ind=2 \1\ \unskip}
+\def\C#1{\5\5\quad$/\ast\,${\cmntfont #1}$\,\ast/$}
+\let\SHC\C % "// short comments" treated like "/* ordinary comments */"
+%\def\C#1{\5\5\quad$\triangleright\,${\cmntfont#1}$\,\triangleleft$}
+%\def\SHC#1{\5\5\quad$\diamond\,${\cmntfont#1}}
+\def\D{\defin{\#define}} % macro definition
+\let\E=\equiv % equivalence sign
+\def\ET{ and~} % conjunction between two section numbers
+\def\ETs{, and~} % conjunction between the last two of several section numbers
+\def\F{\defin{format}} % format definition
+\let\G=\ge % greater than or equal sign
+% \H is long Hungarian umlaut accent
+\let\I=\ne % unequal sign
+\def\J{\.{@\&}} % TANGLE's join operation
+\let\K== % assignment operator
+%\let\K=\leftarrow % "honest" alternative to standard assignment operator
+% \L is Polish letter suppressed-L
+\outer\def\M#1{\MN{#1}\ifon\vfil\penalty-100\vfilneg % beginning of section
+ \vskip\intersecskip\startsection\ignorespaces}
+\outer\def\N#1#2#3.{\gdepth=#1\gtitle={#3}\MN{#2}% beginning of starred section
+ \ifon\ifnum#1<\secpagedepth \vfil\eject % force page break if depth is small
+ \else\vfil\penalty-100\vfilneg\vskip\intersecskip\fi\fi
+ \message{*\secno} % progress report
+ \edef\next{\write\cont{\ZZ{#3}{#1}{\secno}% write to contents file
+ {\noexpand\the\pageno}}}\next % \ZZ{title}{depth}{sec}{page}
+ \ifon\startsection{\bf#3.\quad}\ignorespaces}
+\def\MN#1{\par % common code for \M, \N
+ {\xdef\secstar{#1}\let\*=\empty\xdef\secno{#1}}% remove \* from section name
+ \ifx\secno\secstar \onmaybe \else\ontrue \fi
+ \mark{{{\tensy x}\secno}{\the\gdepth}{\the\gtitle}}}
+% each \mark is {section reference or null}{depth plus 1}{group title}
+% \O is Scandinavian letter O-with-slash
+% \P is paragraph sign
+\def\Q{\note{This code is cited in section}} % xref for mention of a section
+\def\Qs{\note{This code is cited in sections}} % xref for mentions of a section
+\let\R=\lnot % logical not
+% \S is section sign
+\def\T#1{\leavevmode % octal, hex or decimal constant
+ \hbox{$\def\?{\kern.2em}%
+ \def\$##1{\egroup_{\,\rm##1}\bgroup}% suffix to constant
+ \def\_{\cdot 10^{\aftergroup}}% power of ten (via dirty trick)
+ \let\~=\oct \let\^=\hex {#1}$}}
+\def\U{\note{This code is used in section}} % xref for use of a section
+\def\Us{\note{This code is used in sections}} % xref for uses of a section
+\let\V=\lor % logical or
+\let\W=\land % logical and
+
+% Some changes for pdftex
+%\def\X#1:#2\X{\ifmmode\gdef\XX{\null$\null}\else\gdef\XX{}\fi % section name
+% \XX$\langle\,${#2\eightrm\kern.5em#1}$\,\rangle$\XX}
+\def\X#1:#2\X{\ifmmode\gdef\XX{\null$\null}\else\gdef\XX{}\fi % section name
+ \XX$\langle\,${#2\eightrm\kern.5em\pdfnote#1.}$\,\rangle$\XX}
+% End of pdftex changes
+
+\def\Y{\par\yskip}
+\let\Z=\le
+\let\ZZ=\let % now you can \write the control sequence \ZZ
+\let\*=*
+
+%\def\oct{\hbox{\rm\char'23\kern-.2em\it\aftergroup\?\aftergroup}} % WEB style
+%\def\hex{\hbox{\rm\char"7D\tt\aftergroup}} % WEB style
+\def\oct{\hbox{$^\circ$\kern-.1em\it\aftergroup\?\aftergroup}}% CWEB style
+\def\hex{\hbox{$^{\scriptscriptstyle\#}$\tt\aftergroup}} % CWEB style
+\def\vb#1{\leavevmode\hbox{\kern2pt\vrule\vtop{\vbox{\hrule
+ \hbox{\strut\kern2pt\.{#1}\kern2pt}}
+ \hrule}\vrule\kern2pt}} % verbatim string
+
+\def\onmaybe{\let\ifon=\maybe} \let\maybe=\iftrue
+\newif\ifon \newif\iftitle \newif\ifpagesaved
+
+\def\lheader{\mainfont\the\pageno\eightrm\qquad\grouptitle\hfill\title\qquad
+ \mainfont\topsecno} % top line on left-hand pages
+\def\rheader{\mainfont\topsecno\eightrm\qquad\title\hfill\grouptitle
+ \qquad\mainfont\the\pageno} % top line on right-hand pages
+\def\grouptitle{\let\i=I\let\j=J\uppercase\expandafter{\expandafter
+ \takethree\topmark}}
+\def\topsecno{\expandafter\takeone\topmark}
+\def\takeone#1#2#3{#1}
+\def\taketwo#1#2#3{#2}
+\def\takethree#1#2#3{#3}
+\def\nullsec{\eightrm\kern-2em} % the \kern-2em cancels \qquad in headers
+
+\let\page=\pagebody \raggedbottom
+% \def\page{\box255 }\normalbottom % faster, but loses plain TeX footnotes
+\def\normaloutput#1#2#3{\ifodd\pageno\hoffset=\pageshift\fi
+ \shipout\vbox{
+ \vbox to\fullpageheight{
+ \iftitle\global\titlefalse
+ \else\hbox to\pagewidth{\vbox to10pt{}\ifodd\pageno #3\else#2\fi}\fi
+ \vfill#1}} % parameter #1 is the page itself
+ \global\advance\pageno by1}
+
+\gtitle={\.{CWEB} output} % this running head is reset by starred sections
+\mark{\noexpand\nullsec0{\the\gtitle}}
+\def\title{\expandafter\uppercase\expandafter{\jobname}}
+\def\topofcontents{\centerline{\titlefont\title}\vskip.7in
+ \vfill} % this material will start the table of contents page
+\def\botofcontents{\vfill
+ \centerline{\covernote}} % this material will end the table of contents page
+\def\covernote{}
+\def\contentspagenumber{0} % default page number for table of contents
+\newdimen\pagewidth \pagewidth=6.5in % the width of each page
+\newdimen\pageheight \pageheight=8.7in % the height of each page
+\newdimen\fullpageheight \fullpageheight=9in % page height including headlines
+\newdimen\pageshift \pageshift=0in % shift righthand pages wrt lefthand ones
+\def\magnify#1{\mag=#1\pagewidth=6.5truein\pageheight=8.7truein
+ \fullpageheight=9truein\setpage}
+\def\setpage{\hsize\pagewidth\vsize\pageheight} % use after changing page size
+\def\contentsfile{\jobname.toc} % file that gets table of contents info
+\def\readcontents{\input \contentsfile}
+\def\readindex{\input \jobname.idx}
+\def\readsections{\input \jobname.scn}
+
+\newwrite\cont
+\output{\setbox0=\page % the first page is garbage
+ \openout\cont=\contentsfile
+ \write\cont{\catcode `\noexpand\@=11\relax} % \makeatletter
+ \global\output{\normaloutput\page\lheader\rheader}}
+\setpage
+\vbox to \vsize{} % the first \topmark won't be null
+
+\def\ch{\note{The following sections were changed by the change file:}
+ \let\*=\relax}
+\newbox\sbox % saved box preceding the index
+\newbox\lbox % lefthand column in the index
+\def\inx{\par\vskip6pt plus 1fil % we are beginning the index
+ \def\page{\box255 } \normalbottom
+ \write\cont{} % ensure that the contents file isn't empty
+ \write\cont{\catcode `\noexpand\@=12\relax} % \makeatother
+ \closeout\cont % the contents information has been fully gathered
+ \output{\ifpagesaved\normaloutput{\box\sbox}\lheader\rheader\fi
+ \global\setbox\sbox=\page \global\pagesavedtrue}
+ \pagesavedfalse \eject % eject the page-so-far and predecessors
+ \setbox\sbox\vbox{\unvbox\sbox} % take it out of its box
+ \vsize=\pageheight \advance\vsize by -\ht\sbox % the remaining height
+ \hsize=.5\pagewidth \advance\hsize by -10pt
+ % column width for the index (20pt between cols)
+ \parfillskip 0pt plus .6\hsize % try to avoid almost empty lines
+ \def\lr{L} % this tells whether the left or right column is next
+ \output{\if L\lr\global\setbox\lbox=\page \gdef\lr{R}
+ \else\normaloutput{\vbox to\pageheight{\box\sbox\vss
+ \hbox to\pagewidth{\box\lbox\hfil\page}}}\lheader\rheader
+ \global\vsize\pageheight\gdef\lr{L}\global\pagesavedfalse\fi}
+ \message{Index:}
+ \parskip 0pt plus .5pt
+%
+% Some changes for pdftex
+% \outer\def\I##1, {\par\hangindent2em\noindent##1:\kern1em} % index entry
+ \outer\def\I##1, {\par\hangindent2em\noindent##1:\kern1em\pdfnote} % index entry
+% End of pdftex changes
+%
+ \def\[##1]{$\underline{##1}$} % underlined index item
+ \rm \rightskip0pt plus 2.5em \tolerance 10000 \let\*=\lapstar
+ \hyphenpenalty 10000 \parindent0pt
+ \readindex}
+\def\fin{\par\vfill\eject % this is done when we are ending the index
+ \ifpagesaved\null\vfill\eject\fi % output a null index column
+ \if L\lr\else\null\vfill\eject\fi % finish the current page
+ \parfillskip 0pt plus 1fil
+ \def\grouptitle{NAMES OF THE SECTIONS}
+ \let\topsecno=\nullsec
+ \message{Section names:}
+ \output={\normaloutput\page\lheader\rheader}
+ \setpage
+%
+% Some changes for pdftex
+% \def\note##1##2.{\quad{\eightrm##1~##2.}}
+ \def\note##1##2.{\quad{\eightrm##1~\pdfnote##2..}}
+% End of pdftex changes
+%
+ \def\Q{\note{Cited in section}} % crossref for mention of a section
+ \def\Qs{\note{Cited in sections}} % crossref for mentions of a section
+ \def\U{\note{Used in section}} % crossref for use of a section
+ \def\Us{\note{Used in sections}} % crossref for uses of a section
+ \def\I{\par\hangindent 2em}\let\*=*
+ \readsections}
+\def\con{\par\vfill\eject % finish the section names
+% \ifodd\pageno\else\titletrue\null\vfill\eject\fi % for duplex printers
+ \rightskip 0pt \hyphenpenalty 50 \tolerance 200
+ \setpage \output={\normaloutput\page\lheader\rheader}
+ \titletrue % prepare to output the table of contents
+ \pageno=\contentspagenumber
+ \def\grouptitle{TABLE OF CONTENTS}
+ \message{Table of contents:}
+ \topofcontents
+ \line{\hfil Section\hbox to3em{\hss Page}}
+ \let\ZZ=\contentsline
+ \readcontents\relax % read the contents info
+ \botofcontents \end} % print the contents page(s) and terminate
+%
+% Some changes for pdftex
+%\def\contentsline#1#2#3#4{\ifnum#2=0 \smallbreak\fi
+% \line{\consetup{#2}#1
+% \rm\leaders\hbox to .5em{.\hfil}\hfil\ #3\hbox to3em{\hss#4}}}
+\def\contentsline#1#2#3#4{\ifnum#2=0 \smallbreak\fi
+ \line{\consetup{#2}\pdfoutline goto num #3{#1}
+ \pdfannotlink attr{/Border [0 0 0]} goto num #3
+ \BlueGreen #1 \rm\leaders\hbox to .5em{.\hfil}\hfil\ #3\pdfendlink
+ \Black\hbox to3em{\hss#4}}}
+\pdfcatalog pagemode{/UseOutlines}
+% End of pdftex changes
+%
+\def\consetup#1{\ifcase#1 \bf % depth -1 (@**)
+ \or % depth 0 (@*)
+ \or \hskip2em % depth 1 (@*1)
+ \or \hskip4em % depth 2 (@*2)
+ \or \hskip6em % depth 3 (@*3)
+ \or \hskip8em % depth 4 (@*4)
+ \or \hskip10em % depth 5 (@*5)
+ \else \hskip12em \fi} % depth 6 or more
+\def\noinx{\let\inx=\end} % no indexes or table of contents
+\def\nosecs{\let\FIN=\fin \def\fin{\let\parfillskip=\end \FIN}}
+ % no index of section names or table of contents
+\def\nocon{\let\con=\end} % no table of contents
+\def\today{\ifcase\month\or
+ January\or February\or March\or April\or May\or June\or
+ July\or August\or September\or October\or November\or December\fi
+ \space\number\day, \number\year}
+\newcount\twodigits
+\def\hours{\twodigits=\time \divide\twodigits by 60 \printtwodigits
+ \multiply\twodigits by-60 \advance\twodigits by\time :\printtwodigits}
+\def\gobbleone1{}
+\def\printtwodigits{\advance\twodigits100
+ \expandafter\gobbleone\number\twodigits
+ \advance\twodigits-100 }
+\def\TeX{{\ifmmode\it\fi
+ \leavevmode\hbox{T\kern-.1667em\lower.424ex\hbox{E}\hskip-.125em X}}}
+\def\,{\relax\ifmmode\mskip\thinmuskip\else\thinspace\fi}
+\def\datethis{\def\startsection{\leftline{\sc\today\ at \hours}\bigskip
+ \let\startsection=\stsec\stsec}}
+ % say `\datethis' in limbo, to get your listing timestamped before section 1
+\def\datecontentspage{%
+ \def\topofcontents{\leftline{\sc\today\ at \hours}\bigskip
+ \centerline{\titlefont\title}\vfill}} % timestamps the contents page