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+% \iffalse meta-comment
+%
+% Copyright 1989-2005 Johannes L. Braams and any individual authors
+% listed elsewhere in this file. All rights reserved.
+%
+% This file is part of the Babel system.
+% --------------------------------------
+%
+% It may be distributed and/or modified under the
+% conditions of the LaTeX Project Public License, either version 1.3
+% of this license or (at your option) any later version.
+% The latest version of this license is in
+% http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt
+% and version 1.3 or later is part of all distributions of LaTeX
+% version 2003/12/01 or later.
+%
+% This work has the LPPL maintenance status "maintained".
+%
+% The Current Maintainer of this work is Johannes Braams.
+%
+% The list of all files belonging to the Babel system is
+% given in the file `manifest.bbl. See also `legal.bbl' for additional
+% information.
+%
+% The list of derived (unpacked) files belonging to the distribution
+% and covered by LPPL is defined by the unpacking scripts (with
+% extension .ins) which are part of the distribution.
+% \fi
+% \CheckSum{419}
+% \iffalse
+% Tell the \LaTeX\ system who we are and write an entry on the
+% transcript.
+%<*dtx>
+\ProvidesFile{italian.dtx}
+%</dtx>
+%<code>\ProvidesLanguage{italian}
+%\fi
+%\ProvidesFile{italian.dtx}
+ [2005/02/05 v1.2q Italian support from the babel system]
+%\iffalse
+%% File `italian.dtx'
+%% Babel package for LaTeX version 2e
+%% Copyright (C) 1989 - 2005
+%% by Johannes Braams, TeXniek
+%
+%% Please report errors to: J.L. Braams babel at braams.cistron.nl
+%% Claudio Beccari beccari at polito.it
+%
+% This file is part of the babel system, it provides the source
+% code for the Italian language definition file.
+% The original version of this file was written by Maurizio
+% Codogno, (mau@beatles.cselt.stet.it). Several features were added
+% by Claudio Beccari, (beccari@polito.it).
+%<*filedriver>
+\documentclass{ltxdoc}
+\newcommand*\TeXhax{\TeX hax}
+\newcommand*\babel{\textsf{babel}}
+\newcommand*\langvar{$\langle \it lang \rangle$}
+\newcommand*\note[1]{}
+\newcommand*\Lopt[1]{\textsf{#1}}
+\newcommand*\file[1]{\texttt{#1}}
+\begin{document}
+ \DocInput{italian.dtx}
+\end{document}
+%</filedriver>
+%\fi
+% \GetFileInfo{italian.dtx}
+%
+% \changes{italian-0.99}{1990/07/11}{First version, from english.doc}
+% \changes{italian-1.0}{1991/04/23}{Modified for babel 3.0}
+% \changes{italian-1.0a}{1991/05/23}{removed typo}
+% \changes{italian-1.0b}{1991/05/29}{Removed bug found by van der Meer}
+% \changes{italian-1.0e}{1991/07/15}{Renamed \file{babel.sty} in
+% \file{babel.com}}
+% \changes{italian-1.1}{1992/02/16}{Brought up-to-date with babel 3.2a}
+% \changes{italian-1.2}{1994/02/09}{Update for\ LaTeXe}
+% \changes{italian-1.2e}{1994/06/26}{Removed the use of \cs{filedate}
+% and moved identification after the loading of \file{babel.def}}
+% \changes{italian-1.2f}{1995/05/28}{Updated for babel 3.5}
+% \changes{italian-1.2i}{1996/10/10}{Replaced \cs{undefined} with
+% \cs{@undefined} and \cs{empty} with \cs{@empty} for consistency
+% with \LaTeX, moved the definition of \cs{atcatcode} right to the
+% beginning.}
+% \changes{italian-1.2l}{1999/04/24}{Added \cs{unit}, \cs{ap}, and
+% \cs{ped} macros}
+% \changes{italian-1.2m}{2000/01/05}{Added support for etymological
+% hyphenation}
+% \changes{italian-1.2n}{2000/02/02}{Completely modified etymological
+% hyphenation facility}
+% \changes{italian-1.2n}{2000/05/28}{Added several commands for the
+% caporali double quotes and for simplifying the accented vowel input}
+% \changes{italian-1.2o}{2000/12/12}{Added \cs{glossaryname}}
+% \changes{italian-1.2p}{2002/07/10}{Removed redefinition of
+% \cs{add@acc} since its functionality has been introduced into the
+% kernel of LaTeX 2001/06/01}
+% \changes{italian-1.2q}{2005/02/05}{Added test for avoiding conflict
+% with package units.sty; adjusted caporali functionality, since
+% the previous one did not work with the standard (although obsolete)
+% slides class file}
+% \section{The Italian language}
+%
+% The file \file{\filename}\footnote{The file described in this
+% section has version number \fileversion\ and was last revised on
+% \filedate. The original author is Maurizio Codogno,
+% (\texttt{mau@beatles.cselt.stet.it}). It has been largely revised
+% by Johannes Braams and Claudio Beccari} defines all the
+% language-specific macros for the Italian language.
+%
+% The features of this language definition file are the following:
+% \begin{enumerate}
+% \item The Italian hyphenation is invoked, provided that file
+% \texttt{ithyph.tex} was loaded when the \LaTeXe\ format was
+% built; in case it was not, read the information coming with your
+% distribution of the \TeX\ software, and the \babel\
+% documentation.
+% \item The language dependent fixed words to be inserted by such
+% commands as |\chapter|, |\caption|, |\tableofcontents|,
+% etc. are redefined in accordance with the Italian
+% typographical practice.
+% \item Since Italian can be easily hyphenated and Italian practice
+% allows to break a word before the last two letters, hyphenation
+% parameters have been set accordingly, but a very high demerit
+% value has been set in order to avoid word breaks in the
+% penultimate line of a paragraph. Specifically the |\clubpenalty|,
+% and the |\widowpenalty| are set to rather high values and
+% |\finalhyphendemerits| is set to such a high value that
+% hyphenation is prohibited between the last two lines of a
+% paragraph.
+% \item Some language specific shortcuts have been defined so as to
+% allow etymological hyphenation, specifically |"| inserts a
+% break point in any word boundary that the typesetter chooses,
+% provided it is not followed by and accented letter (very unlikely
+% in Italian, where compulsory accents fall only on the last and
+% ending vowel of a word, but may take place with compound words
+% that include foreign roots), and \verb="|= when the desired break
+% point falls before an accented letter.
+% \item The shortcut |""| introduces the raised (English) opening
+% double quotes; this shortcut proves its usefulness when one
+% reminds that the Italian keyboard misses the backtick key, and
+% the backtick on a Windows based platform may be obtained only by
+% pressing the \texttt{Alt} key while inputting the numerical code
+% 0096; very, very annoying!
+% \item The shortcuts |"<| and |">| insert the French guillemots,
+% sometimes used in Italian typography; with the T1 font encoding
+% the ligatures |<<| and |>>| should insert such signs directly,
+% but not all the virtual fonts that claim to follow the T1 font
+% encoding actually contain the guillemots; with the OT1 encoding
+% the guillemots are not available and must be faked in some
+% way. By using the |"<| and |">| shortcuts (even with the T1
+% encoding) the necessary tests are performed and in case the
+% suitable glyphs are taken from other fonts normally available
+% with any good, modern \LaTeX\ distribution.
+% \item Three new specific commands |\unit|, |\ped|, and |\ap| are
+% introduced so as to enable the correct composition of technical
+% mathematics according to the ISO~31/XI recommendations. |\unit|
+% does not get redefined if the \babel\ package is loaded \emph{after}
+% the package \texttt{units.sty} whose homonymous command plays
+% a different role and follows a different syntax.
+% \end{enumerate}
+%
+% For this language a limited number of shortcuts has been defined,
+% table~\ref{t:itshrtct}, some of which are used to overcome
+% certain limitations of the Italian keyboard; in
+% section~\ref{s:itkbd} there are other comments and hints in order
+% to overcome some other keyboard limitations.
+%
+% \begin{table}[htb]\centering
+% \begin{tabular}{cp{80mm}}
+% |"| & inserts a compound word mark where hyphenation is legal;
+% it allows etymological hyphenation which is recommended
+% for technical terms, chemical names and the like; it
+% does not work if the next character is represented with
+% a control sequence or is an accented character.\\
+% \texttt{\string"\string|}
+% & the same as the above without the limitation on
+% characters represented with control sequences or accented
+% ones.\\
+% |""| & inserts open quotes ``.\\ %^^A'' emacs matching
+% |"<| & inserts open guillemots.\\
+% |">| & inserts closed guillemots.\\
+% |"/| & equivalent to |\slash|
+% \end{tabular}
+% \caption{Shortcuts for the Italian language}\label{t:itshrtct}
+% \end{table}
+%
+% \StopEventually{%
+% \begin{thebibliography}{1}
+% \bibitem{CBec} Beccari C., ``Computer Aided Hyphenation for
+% Italian and Modern Latin'', \textsf{TUGboat} vol.~13, n.~1,
+% pp.~23-33 (1992).
+% \bibitem{Becc2} Beccari C., ``Typesetting mathematics for science
+% and technology according to ISO\,31/XI'', \textsf{TUGboat}
+% vol.~18, n.~1, pp.~39-48 (1997).
+% \end{thebibliography}}
+%
+% The macro |\LdfInit| takes care of preventing that this file is
+% loaded more than once, checking the category code of the
+% \texttt{@} sign, etc.
+% \changes{italian-1.2i}{1996/11/03}{Now use \cs{LdfInit} to perform
+% initial checks}
+% \changes{italian-1.2j}{1996/12/29}{Added braces around second arg of
+% \cs{LdfInit}}
+% \begin{macrocode}
+%<*code>
+\LdfInit{italian}{captionsitalian}%
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+% When this file is read as an option, i.e. by the |\usepackage|
+% command, \texttt{italian} will be an `unknown' language in which
+% case we have to make it known. So we check for the existence of
+% |\l@italian| to see whether we have to do something here.
+%
+% \changes{italian-1.0}{1991/04/23}{Now use \cs{adddialect} if
+% language undefined}
+% \changes{italian-1.0h}{1991/10/08}{Removed use of \cs{@ifundefined}}
+% \changes{italian-1.1}{1992/02/16}{Added a warning when no
+% hyphenation patterns were loaded.}
+% \changes{italian-1.2e}{1994/06/26}{Now use \cs{@nopatterns} to
+% produce the warning}
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\ifx\l@italian\@undefined
+ \@nopatterns{Italian}%
+ \adddialect\l@italian0\fi
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+% The next step consists of defining commands to switch to (and
+% from) the Italian language.
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\captionsitalian}
+% The macro |\captionsitalian| defines all strings used
+% in the four standard document classes provided with \LaTeX.
+% \changes{italian-1.0c}{1991/06/06}{Removed \cs{global} definitions}
+% \changes{italian-1.0c}{1991/06/06}{\cs{pagename} should be
+% \cs{headpagename}}
+% \changes{italian-1.0d}{1991/07/01}{`contiene' substitued by `Allegati'
+% as suggested by Marco Bozzo (\texttt{BOZZO@CERNVM}).}
+% \changes{italian-1.1}{1992/02/16}{Added \cs{seename}, \cs{alsoname}
+% and \cs{prefacename}}
+% \changes{italian-1.1}{1993/07/15}{\cs{headpagename} should be
+% \cs{pagename}}
+% \changes{italian-1.2b}{1994/05/19}{Changed some of the words
+% following suggestions from Claudio Beccari}
+% \changes{italian-1.2g}{1995/07/04}{Added \cs{proofname} for
+% AMS-\LaTeX}
+% \changes{italian-1.2h}{1995/07/27}{Added translation of `Proof'}
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\addto\captionsitalian{%
+ \def\prefacename{Prefazione}%
+ \def\refname{Riferimenti bibliografici}%
+ \def\abstractname{Sommario}%
+ \def\bibname{Bibliografia}%
+ \def\chaptername{Capitolo}%
+ \def\appendixname{Appendice}%
+ \def\contentsname{Indice}%
+ \def\listfigurename{Elenco delle figure}%
+ \def\listtablename{Elenco delle tabelle}%
+ \def\indexname{Indice analitico}%
+ \def\figurename{Figura}%
+ \def\tablename{Tabella}%
+ \def\partname{Parte}%
+ \def\enclname{Allegati}%
+ \def\ccname{e~p.~c.}%
+ \def\headtoname{Per}%
+ \def\pagename{Pag.}% % in Italian the abbreviation is preferred
+ \def\seename{vedi}%
+ \def\alsoname{vedi anche}%
+ \def\proofname{Dimostrazione}%
+ \def\glossaryname{Glossario}%
+ }%
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\dateitalian}
+% The macro |\dateitalian| redefines the command
+% |\today| to produce Italian dates.
+% \changes{italian-1.0c}{1991/06/06}{Removed \cs{global} definitions}
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\def\dateitalian{%
+ \def\today{\number\day~\ifcase\month\or
+ gennaio\or febbraio\or marzo\or aprile\or maggio\or giugno\or
+ luglio\or agosto\or settembre\or ottobre\or novembre\or
+ dicembre\fi\space \number\year}}%
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\italianhyphenmins}
+% \changes{italian-1.2b}{1994/05/19}{Added setting of left and
+% righthyphenmin according to Claudio Beccari's suggestion}
+%
+% The italian hyphenation patterns can be used with both
+% |\lefthyphenmin| and |\righthyphenmin| set to~2.
+% \changes{italian-1.2m}{2000/09/22}{Now use \cs{providehyphenmins} to
+% provide a default value}
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\providehyphenmins{\CurrentOption}{\tw@\tw@}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\extrasitalian}
+% \begin{macro}{\noextrasitalian}
+%
+% \changes{italian-1.2b}{1994/05/19}{Added setting of club- and
+% widowpenalty}
+% Lower the chance that clubs or widows occur.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\addto\extrasitalian{%
+ \babel@savevariable\clubpenalty
+ \babel@savevariable\widowpenalty
+ \clubpenalty3000\widowpenalty3000}%
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+% \changes{italian-1.2b}{1994/05/19}{Added setting of
+% finalhyphendemerits}
+%
+% Never ever break a word between the last two lines of a paragraph
+% in italian texts.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\addto\extrasitalian{%
+ \babel@savevariable\finalhyphendemerits
+ \finalhyphendemerits50000000}%
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+% \changes{italian-1.2h}{1995/11/10}{Now give the apostrophe a
+% lowercase code}
+% \changes{italian-1.2l}{1999/04/5}{Changed example ``begl'italiani''
+% (obsolete spelling) with another, ``nell'altezza'', that behaves
+% the same way}
+% In order to enable the hyphenation of words such as
+% ``nell'altezza'' we give the \texttt{'} a non-zero lower case
+% code. When we do that \TeX\ finds the following hyphenation
+% points |nel-l'al-tez-za| instead of none.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\addto\extrasitalian{%
+ \lccode`'=`'}%
+\addto\noextrasitalian{%
+ \lccode`'=0}%
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \changes{italian-1.2m}{2000/01/05}{Support for etymological
+% hyphenation}
+%
+% \subsection{Support for etymological hyphenation}
+%
+% In his article on Italian hyphenation \cite{CBec} Beccari pointed
+% out that the Italian language gets hyphenated on a phonetic
+% basis, although etymological hyphenation is allowed; this is in
+% contrast with what happens in Latin, for example, where
+% etymological hyphenation is always used. Since the patterns for
+% both languages would become too complicated in order to cope with
+% etymological hyphenation, in his paper Beccari proposed the
+% definition of an active character `|_|' such that it could insert
+% a ``soft'' discretionary hyphen at the compound word
+% boundary. For several reasons that idea and the specific active
+% character proved to be unpractical and was abandoned.
+%
+% This problem is so important with the majority of the European
+% languages, that \babel\ from the very beginning developed
+% the tradition of making the |"| character active so as to perform
+% several actions that turned useful with every language.
+% One of these actions consisted in defining the shortcut \verb="|=
+% that was extensively used in German and in many other languages
+% in order to insert a discretionary hyphen such that hyphenation
+% would not be precluded in the rest of the word as it happens with
+% the standard \TeX\ command |\-|.
+%
+% Meanwhile the \texttt{ec} fonts with the double Cork encoding
+% (thus formerly called the \texttt{dc} fonts) have become more or
+% less standard and are widely used by virtually all Europeans that
+% write languages with many special national characters; by so
+% doing they avoid the use of the |\accent| primitive which would
+% be required with the standard \texttt{cm} fonts; with the latter
+% fonts the primitive command |\accent| is such that hyphenation
+% becomes almost impossible, in any case strongly impeached.
+%
+% The \texttt{ec} fonts contain a special character, named
+% ``compound word mark'', that occupies position 23 in the font
+% scheme and may be input with the sequence |^^W|. Up to now,
+% apparently, this special character has never been used in a
+% practical way for the typesetting of languages rich of compound
+% words; also it has never been inserted in the hyphenation pattern
+% files of any language. Beccari modified his pattern file
+% \file{ithyph.tex v4.8b} for Italian so as to contain five new
+% patterns that involve |^^W|, and he tried to give the
+% \babel\ active character |"| a new shortcut definition,
+% so as to allow the insertion of the ``compound word mark'' in the
+% proper place within any word where two semantic fragments join
+% up. With such facility for marking the compound word boundaries,
+% etymological hyphenation becomes possible even if the patterns
+% know nothing about etymology (but the typesetter hopefully
+% does!).
+% In Italian such etymological hyphenation is desirable with
+% technical terms, chemical names, and the like.
+%
+% Even this solution proved to be inconvenient on certain UN*X
+% platforms, so Beccari resorted to another approach that uses the
+% \babel\ active character |"| and relies on the category
+% code of the character that follows |"|.
+%
+% \changes{italian-1.2n}{2000/02/02}{Completely new etymological
+% hyphenation facility}
+%
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\initiate@active@char{"}%
+\addto\extrasitalian{\bbl@activate{"}\languageshorthands{italian}}%
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \begin{macro}{\it@cwm}
+% The active character |"| is now defined for language |italian| so
+% as to perform different actions in math mode compared to text
+% mode; specifically in math mode a double quote is inserted so as
+% to produce a double prime sign, while in text mode the temporary
+% macro |\it@next| is defined so as to defer any further action
+% until the next token category code has been tested.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\declare@shorthand{italian}{"}{%
+\ifmmode
+ \def\it@next{''}%
+\else
+ \def\it@next{\futurelet\it@temp\it@cwm}%
+\fi
+\it@next
+}%
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \begin{macro}{\it@cwm}
+% The \cs{it@next} service control sequence is such that upon its
+% execution a temporary variable \cs{it@temp} is made equivalent to
+% the next token in the input list without actually removing
+% it. Such temporary token is then tested by the macro \cs{it@cwm}
+% and if it is found to be a letter token, then it introduces a
+% compound word separator control sequence \cs{it@allowhyphens}
+% whose expansion introduces a discretionary hyphen and an
+% unbreakable space; in case the token is not a letter, then it is
+% tested against \verb=|=$_{12}$: if so a compound word separator
+% is inserted and the \verb=|= token is removed, otherwise another
+% test is performed so as to see if another double quote sign
+% follows: in this case a double open quote mark is inserted,
+% otherwise two other tests are performed so as to see if
+% guillemets have to be inserted, otherwise nothing is done.
+% The double quote shortcut for inserting a double open quote sign
+% is useful for people who are inputting Italian text by means of
+% an Italian keyboard that unfortunately misses the grave or
+% backtick key.
+% By this shortcut |""| becomes equivalent to |``| for inserting
+% raised open high double quotes.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\def\it@@cwm{\nobreak\discretionary{-}{}{}\hskip\z@skip}%
+\def\it@@ocap#1{\it@ocap}\def\it@@ccap#1{\it@ccap}%
+\DeclareRobustCommand*{\it@cwm}{\let\it@@next\relax
+\ifcat\noexpand\it@temp a%
+ \def\it@@next{\it@@cwm}%
+\else
+ \if\noexpand\it@temp \string|%
+ \def\it@@next{\it@@cwm\@gobble}%
+ \else
+ \if\noexpand\it@temp \string<%
+ \def\it@@next{\it@@ocap}%
+ \else
+ \if\noexpand\it@temp \string>%
+ \def\it@@next{\it@@ccap}%
+ \else
+ \if\noexpand\it@temp\string/%
+ \def\it@next{\slash\@gobble}%
+ \else
+ \ifx\it@temp"%
+ \def\it@@next{``\@gobble}%
+ \fi
+ \fi
+ \fi
+ \fi
+ \fi
+\fi
+\it@@next}%
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+%
+% \begin{sloppypar}
+% By this definition of |"| if one types |macro"istruzione| the
+% possible break points become \textsf{ma-cro-istru-zio-ne}, while
+% without the |"| mark they would be \textsf{ma-croi-stru-zio-ne},
+% according to the phonetic rules such that the |macro| prefix is
+% not taken as a unit.
+% A chemical name such as \texttt{des"clor"fenir"amina"cloridrato}
+% is breakable as \textsf{des-clor-fe-nir-ami-na-clo-ri-dra-to}
+% instead of \textsf{de-sclor-fe-ni-ra-mi-na-...}
+%
+% In other language description files a shortcut is defined so as
+% to allow a break point without actually inserting any hyphen
+% sign; examples are given such as \mbox{entrada/salida}; actually
+% if one wants to allow a breakpoint after the slash, it is much
+% clearer to type |\slash| instead of |/| and \LaTeX\ does
+% everything by itself; here the shortcut |"/| was introduced to
+% stand for |\slash| so that one can type |input"/output| and allow
+% a line break after the slash.
+% This shortcut works only for the slash, since in Italian such
+% constructs are extremely rare.
+% \end{sloppypar}
+%
+% Attention: the expansion of |"| takes place before the actual
+% expansion of OT1 or T1 accented sequences such as |\`{a}|;
+% therefore this etymological hyphenation facility works as it
+% should only when the semantic word fragments \textit{do not
+% start} with an accented letter; this in Italian is always
+% avoidable, because compulsory accents fall only on the last
+% vowel, but it may be necessary to mark a compound word where one
+% or more components come from a foreign language and contain
+% diacritical marks according to the spelling rules of that
+% language. In this case the special shorthand \verb!"|! may be
+% used that performs exactly as |"| normally does, except that the
+% \verb!|! sign is removed from the token input list:
+% \verb!kilo"|{\"o}rsted! gets hyphenated as
+% \texttt{ki-lo-\"or-sted}.
+%
+% \changes{italian-1.2l}{1999/04/05}{Added useful macros for
+% fulfilling ISO 31/XI regulations}
+%
+% \subsection{Facilities required by the ISO 31/XI regulations}
+% The ISO 31/XI regulations require that units of measure are
+% typeset in upright font in any circumstance, math or text, and
+% that in text mode they are separated from the numerical
+% indication of the measure with an unbreakable (thin) space.
+% The command |\unit| that was defined for achieving this
+% goal happened to conflict with the homonymous command defined by
+% the package \texttt{units.sty}; we therefore need to test if that
+% package has already been loaded so as to avoid conflicts; we assume
+% that if the user loads that package, s/he wants to use that package
+% facilities and command syntax.
+%
+% The same regulations require also that super and subscripts
+% (apices and pedices) are in upright font, \emph{not in math
+% italics}, when they represent ``adjectives'' or appositions to
+% mathematical or physical variables that do not represent
+% countable or measurable entities such as, for example,
+% $V_{\mathrm{max}}$ or $V_{\mathrm{rms}}$ for a maximum or a root
+% mean square voltage, compared to $V_i$ or $V_T$ as the $i$-th
+% voltage in a set, or a voltage that depends on the thermodynamic
+% temperature $T$. See \cite{Becc2} for a complete description of
+% the ISO regulations in connection with typesetting.
+%
+% More rarely it happens to use superscripts that are not
+% mathematical variables, such as the notation
+% $\mathbf{A}^{\!\mathrm{T}}$ to denote the transpose of matrix
+% $\mathbf{A}$; text superscripts are useful also as ordinals or
+% in old fashioned abbreviations in text mode; for example the
+% feminine ordinal $1^{\mathrm{a}}$ or the old fashioned obsolete
+% abbreviation F$^{\mathrm{lli}}$ for \mbox{Fratelli} in company
+% names (compare with ``Bros.'' for \underline{bro}ther\underline{s}
+% in American English); text subscripts are mostly used in logos.
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\unit}
+% \begin{macro}{\ap}
+% \begin{macro}{\ped}
+% First we define the new (internal) commands |\bbl@unit|, |\bbl@ap|,
+% and |\bbl@ped| as robust ones.
+% \changes{italian-1.2q}{2005/02/05}{Added testing for avoiding conflicts
+% with the units.sty package}
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\@ifpackageloaded{units}{}{%
+ \DeclareRobustCommand*{\bbl@unit}[1]{%
+ \textormath{\,\mbox{#1}}{\,\mathrm{#1}}}%
+ }%
+\DeclareRobustCommand*{\bbl@ap}[1]{%
+ \textormath{\textsuperscript{#1}}{^{\mathrm{#1}}}}%
+\DeclareRobustCommand*{\bbl@ped}[1]{%
+ \textormath{$_{\mbox{\fontsize\sf@size\z@
+ \selectfont#1}}$}{_\mathrm{#1}}}%
+% \end{macrocode}
+% Then we can use |\let| to define the user level commands, but in
+% case the macros already have a different meaning before entering
+% in Italian mode typesetting, we first memorize their meaning so
+% as to restore them on exit.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\@ifpackageloaded{units}{}{%
+ \addto\extrasitalian{%
+ \babel@save\unit\let\unit\bbl@unit}%
+ }%
+\addto\extrasitalian{%
+ \babel@save\ap\let\ap\bbl@ap
+ \babel@save\ped\let\ped\bbl@ped
+ }%
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \subsection{Accents}\label{s:itkbd}
+% Most of the other language description files introduce a number
+% of shortcuts for inserting accents and other language specific
+% diacritical marks in a more comfortable way compared with the
+% lengthy standard \TeX\ conventions. When an Italian keyboard is
+% being used on a Windows based platform, it exhibits such
+% limitations that up to now no convenient shortcuts have been
+% developed; the reason lies in the fact that the Italian keyboard
+% lacks the grave accent (also known as ``backtick''), which is
+% compulsory on all accented vowels except the `e', but, on the
+% opposite, it carries the keys with all the accented lowercase
+% vowels; the keyboard lacks also the tie |~| (tilde) key, while
+% the curly braces require pressing three keys simultaneously.
+%
+% The best solution Italians have found so far is to use a smart
+% editor that accepts shortcut definitions such that, for example,
+% by striking |"(| one gets directly |{| on the screen and the same
+% sign is saved into the \file{.tex} file; the same smart editor
+% should be capable of translating the accented characters into the
+% standard \TeX\ sequences when writing a file to disk (for the
+% sake of file portability), and to transform the standard \TeX\
+% sequences into the corresponding signs when loading a \file{.tex}
+% file from disk to memory. Such smart editors do exist and can be
+% downloaded from the \textsc{ctan} archives.
+%
+% \changes{italian-1.2p}{2002/07/10}{Removed redefinition of \cs{add@acc} since its
+% functionality has been introduced into the kernel of LaTeX 2001/06/01}
+%
+% For what concerns the missing backtick key,
+% which is used also for inputting the open quotes, it must be
+% noticed that the shortcut |""| described above completely solves
+% the problem for \textit{double} raised open quotes; according to
+% the traditions of particular publishing houses, since there are
+% no compulsory regulations on the matter, the French guillemets
+% may be used; in this case the T1 font encoding solves the problem
+% by means of its built in ligatures |<<| and |>>|. But\dots
+%
+% \subsection{\emph{Caporali} or French double quotes}
+% Although the T1 font encoding ligatures solve the problem, there
+% are some circumstances where even the T1 font encoding cannot be
+% used, either because the author\slash typesetter wants to use the
+% OT1 encoding, or because s/he uses a font set that does
+% not comply completely with the T1 font encoding; some virtual
+% fonts, for example, are supposed to implement the double Cork
+% font encoding but actually miss some glyphs; one such virtual
+% font set is given by the \texttt{ae} virtual fonts, because they
+% are supposed to implement such double font encoding simply using
+% the \texttt{cm} fonts, of which the type~1 PostScript version
+% exists and is freely available. Since guillemets (in Italian
+% \emph{caporali}) do not exist in any \texttt{cm} latin font,
+% their glyphs must be substituted with something else that
+% approaches them.
+%
+% \changes{italian-1.2q}{2005/02/05}{Redefined the caporali machinery
+% so as to avoid incompatibilities with the slides class, as there
+% are no Cyrillic slides fonts as there are for Latins script}
+%
+% Since in French typesetting guillemets are compulsory, the French
+% language definition file resorts to a clever font substitution;
+% such file exploits the \LaTeXe\ font selection machinery so as to
+% get the guillemets from the Cyrillic fonts, because it suffices
+% to locally change the default encoding. There are several sets of
+% Cyrillic fonts, but the ones that obey the OT2 font encoding are
+% generally distributed with all recent implementations of the
+% \TeX\ software; they are part of the American Mathematical
+% Society fonts and come both as \textsf{METAFONT} source files and
+% Type~1 PostScript \texttt{.pfb} files. The availability of such
+% fonts should be guaranteed by the presence of the
+% \texttt{OT2cmr.fd} font description file. Actually the presence
+% of this file does not guarantee the completeness of your \TeX\
+% implementation; should \LaTeX\ complain about a missing Cyrillic
+% \texttt{.tfm} file (that kind of file that contains the font
+% metric parameters) and/or about missing Cyrillic \texttt(.mf)
+% files, then your \TeX\ system is \emph{incomplete} and you should
+% download such fonts from the \textsc{ctan} archives. Temporarily
+% you may issue the command |\LtxSymbCaporali| so as to approximate
+% the missing glyphs with the \LaTeX\ symbol fonts. In some case
+% warning messages are issued so as to inform the typesetter about
+% the necessity of resorting to some \emph{poor man} solution.
+%
+% In spite of these alternate fonts, we must avoid invoking unusual
+% fonts if the available encoding allows to use built in caporali.
+% As far as I know (CB) the only T1-encoded font families that miss
+% the guillemets are the AE ones; we therefore first test if the
+% default encoding id the T1 one and in this case if the AE families
+% are the default ones; in order for this to work properly it is
+% necessary to load these optional packages \emph{before} \babel.
+% If the T1 encoding is not the default one when the Italian language
+% is specified, then some substitutions must be done.
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\LtxSymbCaporali}
+% \begin{macro}{\it@ocap}
+% \begin{macro}{\it@ccap}
+% We define some macros for substituting the default guillemets; first the
+% emulation by means of the \LaTeX\ symbols; each one of these macro sets
+% actually redefines the control sequences |\it@ocap| and |\it@ccap| that
+% are the ones effectively activated by the shortcuts |"<| and |">|.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\def\LtxSymbCaporali{%
+ \DeclareRobustCommand*{\it@ocap}{\mbox{%
+ \fontencoding{U}\fontfamily{lasy}\selectfont(\kern-0.20em(}%
+ \ignorespaces}%
+ \DeclareRobustCommand*{\it@ccap}{\ifdim\lastskip>\z@\unskip\fi
+ \mbox{%
+ \fontencoding{U}\fontfamily{lasy}\selectfont)\kern-0.20em)}}%
+}%
+% \end{macrocode}
+% Then the substitution with any specific font that contains such
+% glyphs; it might be the CBgreek fonts, the Cyrillic one, the super-cm ones, the lm ones,
+% or any other the user might prefer (the code is adapted from the one
+% that appears in the \texttt{frenchb.ld} file; thanks to Daniel Flipo).
+% By default if the user did not select the T1 encoding, the existence of the
+% CBgreek fonts is tested; if they exist the guillemets are taken from this
+% font, and since its families are a superset of the default CM ones and they apply also
+% to typeset slides with the standard class \texttt{slides}. If the
+% CBgreek fonts are not found, then the existence of the Cyrillic ones is tested,
+% although this choice is not suited for typesetting slides;
+% otherwise the poor man solution of the \LaTeX\ special symbols is used.
+% In any case the user can force the use of the Cyrillic guillemets substitution
+% by issuing the declaration |\CyrillicCaporali| just before the
+% |\begin{document}| statement; in alternative the user can specify with
+% \begin {flushleft}
+% |\CaporaliFrom|\marg{encoding}\marg{family}\marg{opening number}\marg{closing number}
+% \end{flushleft}
+% the encoding and family of the font s/he prefers, and the slot numbers of the opening
+% and closing guillemets respectively. For example if the T1-encoded Latin Modern fonts
+% are desired the specific command should be
+% \begin {flushleft}
+% |\CaporaliFrom{T1}{lmr}{19}{20}|
+% \end{flushleft}
+% These user choices might be necessary for assuring the correct typesetting
+% with fonts that contain the required glyphs and are available also in PostScript form
+% so as to use them directly di \texttt{pdflatex}, for example.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\def\CaporaliFrom#1#2#3#4{%
+ \DeclareFontEncoding{#1}{}{}%
+ \DeclareTextCommand{\it@ocap}{T1}{%
+ {\fontencoding{#1}\fontfamily{#2}\selectfont\char#3\ignorespaces}}%
+ \DeclareTextCommand{\it@ccap}{T1}{\ifdim\lastskip>\z@\unskip\fi%
+ {\fontencoding{#1}\fontfamily{#2}\selectfont\char#4}}%
+ \DeclareTextCommand{\it@ocap}{OT1}{%
+ {\fontencoding{#1}\fontfamily{#2}\selectfont\char#3\ignorespaces}}%
+ \DeclareTextCommand{\it@ccap}{OT1}{\ifdim\lastskip>\z@\unskip\fi%
+ {\fontencoding{#1}\fontfamily{#2}\selectfont\char#4}}}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% Then we set a boolean variable and test the default family;
+% if such family has a name that starts with the letters ``ae''
+% then we have no built in guillemets; of course if the AE font family is chosen
+% after the \babel\ package is loaded, the test does not perform as required.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\def\get@ae#1#2#3!{\def\bbl@ae{#1#2}}%
+\def\@ifT@one@noCap{\expandafter\get@ae\f@family!%
+\def\bbl@temp{ae}\ifx\bbl@ae\bbl@temp\expandafter\@firstoftwo\else
+ \expandafter\@secondoftwo\fi}%
+% \end{macrocode}
+% We set another couple of boolean variables for testing the existence of the
+% CBgreek or the Cyrillic fonts
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\newif\if@CBgreekEncKnown
+\IfFileExists{lgrcmr.fd}%
+ {\@CBgreekEncKnowntrue}{\@CBgreekEncKnownfalse}
+\newif\if@CyrEncKnown
+\IfFileExists{ot2cmr.fd}%
+ {\@CyrEncKnowntrue}{\@CyrEncKnownfalse}%
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \begin {macro}{\CBgreekCaporali}
+% \begin {macro}{\CyrillicCaporali}
+% \begin {macro}{\T@unoCaporali}
+% Next we define the macros |\CBgreekCaporali|, |\T@unoCaporali|,
+% and |\CyrillicCaporali|;
+% with the latter one we test the loaded class, and if it's \texttt{slides}
+% nothing gets done. In any case each one of these declarations, if used, must be specified
+% in the preamble.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\def\CBgreekCaporali{\@ifclassloaded{slides}{%
+ \IfFileExists{lgrlcmss.fd}{\DeclareFontEncoding{LGR}{}{}%
+ \DeclareRobustCommand*{\it@ccap}%
+ {\ifdim\lastskip>\z@\unskip\fi
+ {\fontencoding{LGR}\selectfont))}}%
+ \DeclareRobustCommand*{\it@ocap}%
+ {{\fontencoding{LGR}\selectfont((}\ignorespaces}}%
+ {\LtxSymbCaporali}}%
+ {\DeclareFontEncoding{LGR}{}{}%
+ \DeclareRobustCommand*{\it@ccap}%
+ {\ifdim\lastskip>\z@\unskip
+ \fi{\fontencoding{LGR}\selectfont))}}%
+ \DeclareRobustCommand*{\it@ocap}%
+ {{\fontencoding{LGR}\selectfont((}\ignorespaces}}%
+ }%
+\def\CyrillicCaporali{\@ifclassloaded{slides}{\relax}%
+ {\DeclareFontEncoding{OT2}{}{}%
+ \DeclareRobustCommand*{\it@ccap}%
+ {\ifdim\lastskip>\z@\unskip\fi
+ {\fontencoding{OT2}\selectfont\char62\relax}}%
+ \DeclareRobustCommand*{\it@ocap}%
+ {{\fontencoding{OT2}\selectfont\char60\relax}\ignorespaces}}}%
+\@onlypreamble{\CBgreekCaporali}\@onlypreamble{\CyrillicCaporali}%
+\def\T@unoCaporali{\DeclareRobustCommand*{\it@ocap}{<<\ignorespaces}%
+ \DeclareRobustCommand*{\it@ccap}{\ifdim\lastskip>\z@\unskip\fi>>}}%
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+% Now we can do some real setting; first we start testing the encoding;
+% if the encoding is T1 we test if the font family is the AE one; if so,
+% we further test for other possibilities
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\ifx\cf@encoding\bbl@t@one
+ \@ifT@one@noCap{%
+ \if@CBgreekEncKnown
+ \CBgreekCaporali
+ \else
+ \if@CyrEncKnown
+ \CyrilicCaporali
+ \else
+ \LtxSymbCaporali
+ \fi
+ \fi}%
+ {\T@unoCaporali}%
+% \end{macrocode}
+% But if the default encoding is not the T1 one, then the
+% substitutions must be performed.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\else
+ \if@CBgreekEncKnown
+ \CBgreekCaporali
+ \else
+ \if@CyrEncKnown
+ \CyrilicCaporali
+ \else
+ \LtxSymbCaporali
+ \fi
+ \fi
+\fi
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \subsection{Finishing commands}
+% The macro |\ldf@finish| takes care of looking for a
+% configuration file, setting the main language to be switched on
+% at |\begin{document}| and resetting the category code of
+% \texttt{@} to its original value.
+% \changes{italian-1.2i}{1996/11/03}{Now use \cs{ldf@finish} to wrap
+% up}
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\ldf@finish{italian}%
+%</code>
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+% \Finale
+%%
+%% \CharacterTable
+%% {Upper-case \A\B\C\D\E\F\G\H\I\J\K\L\M\N\O\P\Q\R\S\T\U\V\W\X\Y\Z
+%% Lower-case \a\b\c\d\e\f\g\h\i\j\k\l\m\n\o\p\q\r\s\t\u\v\w\x\y\z
+%% Digits \0\1\2\3\4\5\6\7\8\9
+%% Exclamation \! Double quote \" Hash (number) \#
+%% Dollar \$ Percent \% Ampersand \&
+%% Acute accent \' Left paren \( Right paren \)
+%% Asterisk \* Plus \+ Comma \,
+%% Minus \- Point \. Solidus \/
+%% Colon \: Semicolon \; Less than \<
+%% Equals \= Greater than \> Question mark \?
+%% Commercial at \@ Left bracket \[ Backslash \\
+%% Right bracket \] Circumflex \^ Underscore \_
+%% Grave accent \` Left brace \{ Vertical bar \|
+%% Right brace \} Tilde \~}
+%%
+\endinput
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