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-% \iffalse meta-comment
-%
-% Copyright 1989-2008 Johannes L. Braams and any individual authors
-% listed elsewhere in this file. All rights reserved.
-%
-% This file is part of the Babel system.
-% --------------------------------------
-%
-% It may be distributed and/or modified under the
-% conditions of the LaTeX Project Public License, either version 1.3
-% of this license or (at your option) any later version.
-% The latest version of this license is in
-% http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt
-% and version 1.3 or later is part of all distributions of LaTeX
-% version 2003/12/01 or later.
-%
-% This work has the LPPL maintenance status "maintained".
-%
-% The Current Maintainer of this work is Johannes Braams.
-%
-% The list of all files belonging to the Babel system is
-% given in the file `manifest.bbl. See also `legal.bbl' for additional
-% information.
-%
-% The list of derived (unpacked) files belonging to the distribution
-% and covered by LPPL is defined by the unpacking scripts (with
-% extension .ins) which are part of the distribution.
-% \fi
-% \CheckSum{424}
-% \iffalse
-% Tell the \LaTeX\ system who we are and write an entry on the
-% transcript.
-%<*dtx>
-\ProvidesFile{italian.dtx}
-%</dtx>
-%<code>\ProvidesLanguage{italian}
-%\fi
-%\ProvidesFile{italian.dtx}
- [2008/03/14 v1.2t Italian support from the babel system]
-%\iffalse
-%% File `italian.dtx'
-%% Babel package for LaTeX version 2e
-%% Copyright (C) 1989 - 2008
-%% by Johannes Braams, TeXniek
-%
-%% Please report errors to: J.L. Braams
-%% babel at braams.xs4all.nl
-%% Claudio Beccari
-%% claudio.beccari at gmail.it
-%
-% This file is part of the babel system, it provides the source
-% code for the Italian language definition file.
-% The original version of this file was written by Maurizio
-% Codogno, (mau@beatles.cselt.stet.it). Several features were added
-% by Claudio Beccari, (beccari@polito.it).
-%<*filedriver>
-\documentclass{ltxdoc}
-\newcommand*\TeXhax{\TeX hax}
-\newcommand*\babel{\textsf{babel}}
-\newcommand*\langvar{$\langle \it lang \rangle$}
-\newcommand*\note[1]{}
-\newcommand*\Lopt[1]{\textsf{#1}}
-\newcommand*\file[1]{\texttt{#1}}
-\begin{document}
- \DocInput{italian.dtx}
-\end{document}
-%</filedriver>
-%\fi
-% \GetFileInfo{italian.dtx}
-%
-% \changes{italian-0.99}{1990/07/11}{First version, from english.doc}
-% \changes{italian-1.0}{1991/04/23}{Modified for babel 3.0}
-% \changes{italian-1.0a}{1991/05/23}{removed typo}
-% \changes{italian-1.0b}{1991/05/29}{Removed bug found by van der Meer}
-% \changes{italian-1.0e}{1991/07/15}{Renamed \file{babel.sty} in
-% \file{babel.com}}
-% \changes{italian-1.1}{1992/02/16}{Brought up-to-date with babel 3.2a}
-% \changes{italian-1.2}{1994/02/09}{Update for\ LaTeXe}
-% \changes{italian-1.2e}{1994/06/26}{Removed the use of \cs{filedate}
-% and moved identification after the loading of \file{babel.def}}
-% \changes{italian-1.2f}{1995/05/28}{Updated for babel 3.5}
-% \changes{italian-1.2i}{1996/10/10}{Replaced \cs{undefined} with
-% \cs{@undefined} and \cs{empty} with \cs{@empty} for consistency
-% with \LaTeX, moved the definition of \cs{atcatcode} right to the
-% beginning.}
-% \changes{italian-1.2l}{1999/04/24}{Added \cs{unit}, \cs{ap}, and
-% \cs{ped} macros}
-% \changes{italian-1.2m}{2000/01/05}{Added support for etymological
-% hyphenation}
-% \changes{italian-1.2n}{2000/02/02}{Completely modified etymological
-% hyphenation facility}
-% \changes{italian-1.2n}{2000/05/28}{Added several commands for the
-% caporali double quotes and for simplifying the accented vowel input}
-% \changes{italian-1.2o}{2000/12/12}{Added \cs{glossaryname}}
-% \changes{italian-1.2p}{2002/07/10}{Removed redefinition of
-% \cs{add@acc} since its functionality has been introduced into the
-% kernel of LaTeX 2001/06/01}
-% \changes{italian-1.2q}{2005/02/05}{Added test for avoiding conflict
-% with package units.sty; adjusted caporali functionality, since
-% the previous one did not work with the standard (although obsolete)
-% slides class file}
-% \changes{italian-1.2s}{2007/01/12}{Corrected email of CB}
-% \section{The Italian language}
-%
-% The file \file{\filename}\footnote{The file described in this
-% section has version number \fileversion\ and was last revised on
-% \filedate. The original author is Maurizio Codogno,
-% (\texttt{mau@beatles.cselt.stet.it}). It has been largely revised
-% by Johannes Braams and Claudio Beccari} defines all the
-% language-specific macros for the Italian language.
-%
-% The features of this language definition file are the following:
-% \begin{enumerate}
-% \item The Italian hyphenation is invoked, provided that file
-% \texttt{ithyph.tex} was loaded when the \LaTeXe\ format was
-% built; in case it was not, read the information coming with your
-% distribution of the \TeX\ software, and the \babel\
-% documentation.
-% \item The language dependent fixed words to be inserted by such
-% commands as |\chapter|, |\caption|, |\tableofcontents|,
-% etc. are redefined in accordance with the Italian
-% typographical practice.
-% \item Since Italian can be easily hyphenated and Italian practice
-% allows to break a word before the last two letters, hyphenation
-% parameters have been set accordingly, but a very high demerit
-% value has been set in order to avoid word breaks in the
-% penultimate line of a paragraph. Specifically the |\clubpenalty|,
-% and the |\widowpenalty| are set to rather high values and
-% |\finalhyphendemerits| is set to such a high value that
-% hyphenation is prohibited between the last two lines of a
-% paragraph. In orer to make it consistent, also |\@clubpenalty|
-% is set to the same value; actualy the latter value is the
-% reset value after every sectioning command, so that after the
-% first section, |\clubpenalty| is reset to the low default value.
-% Thanks to Enrico Gregorio for spotting this serious bug.
-% \item Some language specific shortcuts have been defined so as to
-% allow etymological hyphenation, specifically |"| inserts a
-% break point in any word boundary that the typesetter chooses,
-% provided it is not followed by and accented letter (very unlikely
-% in Italian, where compulsory accents fall only on the last and
-% ending vowel of a word, but may take place with compound words
-% that include foreign roots), and \verb="|= when the desired break
-% point falls before an accented letter.
-% \item The shortcut |""| introduces the raised (English) opening
-% double quotes; this shortcut proves its usefulness when one
-% reminds that the Italian keyboard misses the backtick key, and
-% the backtick on a Windows based platform may be obtained only by
-% pressing the \texttt{Alt} key while inputting the numerical code
-% 0096; very, very annoying!
-% \item The shortcuts |"<| and |">| insert the French guillemots,
-% sometimes used in Italian typography; with the T1 font encoding
-% the ligatures |<<| and |>>| should insert such signs directly,
-% but not all the virtual fonts that claim to follow the T1 font
-% encoding actually contain the guillemots; with the OT1 encoding
-% the guillemots are not available and must be faked in some
-% way. By using the |"<| and |">| shortcuts (even with the T1
-% encoding) the necessary tests are performed and in case the
-% suitable glyphs are taken from other fonts normally available
-% with any good, modern \LaTeX\ distribution.
-% \item Three new specific commands |\unit|, |\ped|, and |\ap| are
-% introduced so as to enable the correct composition of technical
-% mathematics according to the ISO~31/XI recommendations. |\unit|
-% does not get redefined if the \babel\ package is loaded \emph{after}
-% the package \texttt{units.sty} whose homonymous command plays
-% a different role and follows a different syntax.
-% \end{enumerate}
-%
-% For this language a limited number of shortcuts has been defined,
-% table~\ref{t:itshrtct}, some of which are used to overcome
-% certain limitations of the Italian keyboard; in
-% section~\ref{s:itkbd} there are other comments and hints in order
-% to overcome some other keyboard limitations.
-%
-% \begin{table}[htb]\centering
-% \begin{tabular}{cp{80mm}}
-% |"| & inserts a compound word mark where hyphenation is legal;
-% it allows etymological hyphenation which is recommended
-% for technical terms, chemical names and the like; it
-% does not work if the next character is represented with
-% a control sequence or is an accented character.\\
-% \texttt{\string"\string|}
-% & the same as the above without the limitation on
-% characters represented with control sequences or accented
-% ones.\\
-% |""| & inserts open quotes ``.\\ %^^A'' emacs matching
-% |"<| & inserts open guillemots.\\
-% |">| & inserts closed guillemots.\\
-% |"/| & equivalent to |\slash|
-% \end{tabular}
-% \caption{Shortcuts for the Italian language}\label{t:itshrtct}
-% \end{table}
-%
-% \StopEventually{%
-% \begin{thebibliography}{1}
-% \bibitem{CBec} Beccari C., ``Computer Aided Hyphenation for
-% Italian and Modern Latin'', \textsf{TUGboat} vol.~13, n.~1,
-% pp.~23-33 (1992).
-% \bibitem{Becc2} Beccari C., ``Typesetting mathematics for science
-% and technology according to ISO\,31/XI'', \textsf{TUGboat}
-% vol.~18, n.~1, pp.~39-48 (1997).
-% \end{thebibliography}}
-%
-% The macro |\LdfInit| takes care of preventing that this file is
-% loaded more than once, checking the category code of the
-% \texttt{@} sign, etc.
-% \changes{italian-1.2i}{1996/11/03}{Now use \cs{LdfInit} to perform
-% initial checks}
-% \changes{italian-1.2j}{1996/12/29}{Added braces around second arg of
-% \cs{LdfInit}}
-% \begin{macrocode}
-%<*code>
-\LdfInit{italian}{captionsitalian}%
-% \end{macrocode}
-%
-% When this file is read as an option, i.e. by the |\usepackage|
-% command, \texttt{italian} will be an `unknown' language in which
-% case we have to make it known. So we check for the existence of
-% |\l@italian| to see whether we have to do something here.
-%
-% \changes{italian-1.0}{1991/04/23}{Now use \cs{adddialect} if
-% language undefined}
-% \changes{italian-1.0h}{1991/10/08}{Removed use of \cs{@ifundefined}}
-% \changes{italian-1.1}{1992/02/16}{Added a warning when no
-% hyphenation patterns were loaded.}
-% \changes{italian-1.2e}{1994/06/26}{Now use \cs{@nopatterns} to
-% produce the warning}
-% \begin{macrocode}
-\ifx\l@italian\@undefined
- \@nopatterns{Italian}%
- \adddialect\l@italian0\fi
-% \end{macrocode}
-%
-% The next step consists of defining commands to switch to (and
-% from) the Italian language.
-%
-% \begin{macro}{\captionsitalian}
-% The macro |\captionsitalian| defines all strings used
-% in the four standard document classes provided with \LaTeX.
-% \changes{italian-1.0c}{1991/06/06}{Removed \cs{global} definitions}
-% \changes{italian-1.0c}{1991/06/06}{\cs{pagename} should be
-% \cs{headpagename}}
-% \changes{italian-1.0d}{1991/07/01}{`contiene' substitued by `Allegati'
-% as suggested by Marco Bozzo (\texttt{BOZZO@CERNVM}).}
-% \changes{italian-1.1}{1992/02/16}{Added \cs{seename}, \cs{alsoname}
-% and \cs{prefacename}}
-% \changes{italian-1.1}{1993/07/15}{\cs{headpagename} should be
-% \cs{pagename}}
-% \changes{italian-1.2b}{1994/05/19}{Changed some of the words
-% following suggestions from Claudio Beccari}
-% \changes{italian-1.2g}{1995/07/04}{Added \cs{proofname} for
-% AMS-\LaTeX}
-% \changes{italian-1.2h}{1995/07/27}{Added translation of `Proof'}
-% \begin{macrocode}
-\addto\captionsitalian{%
- \def\prefacename{Prefazione}%
- \def\refname{Riferimenti bibliografici}%
- \def\abstractname{Sommario}%
- \def\bibname{Bibliografia}%
- \def\chaptername{Capitolo}%
- \def\appendixname{Appendice}%
- \def\contentsname{Indice}%
- \def\listfigurename{Elenco delle figure}%
- \def\listtablename{Elenco delle tabelle}%
- \def\indexname{Indice analitico}%
- \def\figurename{Figura}%
- \def\tablename{Tabella}%
- \def\partname{Parte}%
- \def\enclname{Allegati}%
- \def\ccname{e~p.~c.}%
- \def\headtoname{Per}%
- \def\pagename{Pag.}% % in Italian the abbreviation is preferred
- \def\seename{vedi}%
- \def\alsoname{vedi anche}%
- \def\proofname{Dimostrazione}%
- \def\glossaryname{Glossario}%
- }%
-% \end{macrocode}
-% \end{macro}
-%
-% \begin{macro}{\dateitalian}
-% The macro |\dateitalian| redefines the command
-% |\today| to produce Italian dates.
-% \changes{italian-1.0c}{1991/06/06}{Removed \cs{global} definitions}
-% \begin{macrocode}
-\def\dateitalian{%
- \def\today{\number\day~\ifcase\month\or
- gennaio\or febbraio\or marzo\or aprile\or maggio\or giugno\or
- luglio\or agosto\or settembre\or ottobre\or novembre\or
- dicembre\fi\space \number\year}}%
-% \end{macrocode}
-% \end{macro}
-%
-% \begin{macro}{\italianhyphenmins}
-% \changes{italian-1.2b}{1994/05/19}{Added setting of left and
-% righthyphenmin according to Claudio Beccari's suggestion}
-%
-% The italian hyphenation patterns can be used with both
-% |\lefthyphenmin| and |\righthyphenmin| set to~2.
-% \changes{italian-1.2m}{2000/09/22}{Now use \cs{providehyphenmins} to
-% provide a default value}
-% \begin{macrocode}
-\providehyphenmins{\CurrentOption}{\tw@\tw@}
-% \end{macrocode}
-% \end{macro}
-%
-% \begin{macro}{\extrasitalian}
-% \begin{macro}{\noextrasitalian}
-%
-% \changes{italian-1.2b}{1994/05/19}{Added setting of club- and
-% widowpenalty}
-% Lower the chance that clubs or widows occur.
-% \changes{italian-1.2t}{2007/12/10}{Added \cs{@clubpenalty} to the
-% italian specific settings, otherwise any sectioning command restores
-% it to the default value valid for english and most other languages}
-% \begin{macrocode}
-\addto\extrasitalian{%
- \babel@savevariable\clubpenalty
- \babel@savevariable\widowpenalty
- \babel@savevariable\@clubpenalty
- \clubpenalty3000\widowpenalty3000\@clubpenalty\clubpenalty}%
-% \end{macrocode}
-%
-% \changes{italian-1.2b}{1994/05/19}{Added setting of
-% finalhyphendemerits}
-%
-% Never ever break a word between the last two lines of a paragraph
-% in italian texts.
-% \begin{macrocode}
-\addto\extrasitalian{%
- \babel@savevariable\finalhyphendemerits
- \finalhyphendemerits50000000}%
-% \end{macrocode}
-%
-% \changes{italian-1.2h}{1995/11/10}{Now give the apostrophe a
-% lowercase code}
-% \changes{italian-1.2l}{1999/04/5}{Changed example ``begl'italiani''
-% (obsolete spelling) with another, ``nell'altezza'', that behaves
-% the same way}
-% In order to enable the hyphenation of words such as
-% ``nell'altezza'' we give the \texttt{'} a non-zero lower case
-% code. When we do that \TeX\ finds the following hyphenation
-% points |nel-l'al-tez-za| instead of none.
-% \begin{macrocode}
-\addto\extrasitalian{%
- \lccode`'=`'}%
-\addto\noextrasitalian{%
- \lccode`'=0}%
-% \end{macrocode}
-% \end{macro}
-% \end{macro}
-%
-% \changes{italian-1.2m}{2000/01/05}{Support for etymological
-% hyphenation}
-%
-% \subsection{Support for etymological hyphenation}
-%
-% In his article on Italian hyphenation \cite{CBec} Beccari pointed
-% out that the Italian language gets hyphenated on a phonetic
-% basis, although etymological hyphenation is allowed; this is in
-% contrast with what happens in Latin, for example, where
-% etymological hyphenation is always used. Since the patterns for
-% both languages would become too complicated in order to cope with
-% etymological hyphenation, in his paper Beccari proposed the
-% definition of an active character `|_|' such that it could insert
-% a ``soft'' discretionary hyphen at the compound word
-% boundary. For several reasons that idea and the specific active
-% character proved to be unpractical and was abandoned.
-%
-% This problem is so important with the majority of the European
-% languages, that \babel\ from the very beginning developed
-% the tradition of making the |"| character active so as to perform
-% several actions that turned useful with every language.
-% One of these actions consisted in defining the shortcut \verb="|=
-% that was extensively used in German and in many other languages
-% in order to insert a discretionary hyphen such that hyphenation
-% would not be precluded in the rest of the word as it happens with
-% the standard \TeX\ command |\-|.
-%
-% Meanwhile the \texttt{ec} fonts with the double Cork encoding
-% (thus formerly called the \texttt{dc} fonts) have become more or
-% less standard and are widely used by virtually all Europeans that
-% write languages with many special national characters; by so
-% doing they avoid the use of the |\accent| primitive which would
-% be required with the standard \texttt{cm} fonts; with the latter
-% fonts the primitive command |\accent| is such that hyphenation
-% becomes almost impossible, in any case strongly impeached.
-%
-% The \texttt{ec} fonts contain a special character, named
-% ``compound word mark'', that occupies position 23 in the font
-% scheme and may be input with the sequence |^^W|. Up to now,
-% apparently, this special character has never been used in a
-% practical way for the typesetting of languages rich of compound
-% words; also it has never been inserted in the hyphenation pattern
-% files of any language. Beccari modified his pattern file
-% \file{ithyph.tex v4.8b} for Italian so as to contain five new
-% patterns that involve |^^W|, and he tried to give the
-% \babel\ active character |"| a new shortcut definition,
-% so as to allow the insertion of the ``compound word mark'' in the
-% proper place within any word where two semantic fragments join
-% up. With such facility for marking the compound word boundaries,
-% etymological hyphenation becomes possible even if the patterns
-% know nothing about etymology (but the typesetter hopefully
-% does!).
-% In Italian such etymological hyphenation is desirable with
-% technical terms, chemical names, and the like.
-%
-% Even this solution proved to be inconvenient on certain UN*X
-% platforms, so Beccari resorted to another approach that uses the
-% \babel\ active character |"| and relies on the category
-% code of the character that follows |"|.
-%
-% \changes{italian-1.2n}{2000/02/02}{Completely new etymological
-% hyphenation facility}
-%
-% \begin{macrocode}
-\initiate@active@char{"}%
-\addto\extrasitalian{\bbl@activate{"}\languageshorthands{italian}}%
-% \end{macrocode}
-% \begin{macro}{\it@cwm}
-% The active character |"| is now defined for language |italian| so
-% as to perform different actions in math mode compared to text
-% mode; specifically in math mode a double quote is inserted so as
-% to produce a double prime sign, while in text mode the temporary
-% macro |\it@next| is defined so as to defer any further action
-% until the next token category code has been tested.
-% \begin{macrocode}
-\declare@shorthand{italian}{"}{%
-\ifmmode
- \def\it@next{''}%
-\else
- \def\it@next{\futurelet\it@temp\it@cwm}%
-\fi
-\it@next
-}%
-% \end{macrocode}
-% \begin{macro}{\it@cwm}
-% The \cs{it@next} service control sequence is such that upon its
-% execution a temporary variable \cs{it@temp} is made equivalent to
-% the next token in the input list without actually removing
-% it. Such temporary token is then tested by the macro \cs{it@cwm}
-% and if it is found to be a letter token, then it introduces a
-% compound word separator control sequence \cs{it@allowhyphens}
-% whose expansion introduces a discretionary hyphen and an
-% unbreakable space; in case the token is not a letter, then it is
-% tested against \verb=|=$_{12}$: if so a compound word separator
-% is inserted and the \verb=|= token is removed, otherwise another
-% test is performed so as to see if another double quote sign
-% follows: in this case a double open quote mark is inserted,
-% otherwise two other tests are performed so as to see if
-% guillemets have to be inserted, otherwise nothing is done.
-% The double quote shortcut for inserting a double open quote sign
-% is useful for people who are inputting Italian text by means of
-% an Italian keyboard that unfortunately misses the grave or
-% backtick key.
-% By this shortcut |""| becomes equivalent to |``| for inserting
-% raised open high double quotes.
-% \changes{italian-1.2r}{2005/11/17}{Added \cs{nobreak} to
-% \cs{it@@cwm} and corrected \cs{it@next}}
-% \begin{macrocode}
-\def\it@@cwm{\nobreak\discretionary{-}{}{}\nobreak\hskip\z@skip}%
-\def\it@@ocap#1{\it@ocap}\def\it@@ccap#1{\it@ccap}%
-\DeclareRobustCommand*{\it@cwm}{\let\it@@next\relax
-\ifcat\noexpand\it@temp a%
- \def\it@@next{\it@@cwm}%
-\else
- \if\noexpand\it@temp \string|%
- \def\it@@next{\it@@cwm\@gobble}%
- \else
- \if\noexpand\it@temp \string<%
- \def\it@@next{\it@@ocap}%
- \else
- \if\noexpand\it@temp \string>%
- \def\it@@next{\it@@ccap}%
- \else
- \if\noexpand\it@temp\string/%
- \def\it@@next{\slash\@gobble}%
- \else
- \ifx\it@temp"%
- \def\it@@next{``\@gobble}%
- \fi
- \fi
- \fi
- \fi
- \fi
-\fi
-\it@@next}%
-% \end{macrocode}
-% \end{macro}
-% \end{macro}
-%
-%
-% \begin{sloppypar}
-% By this definition of |"| if one types |macro"istruzione| the
-% possible break points become \textsf{ma-cro-istru-zio-ne}, while
-% without the |"| mark they would be \textsf{ma-croi-stru-zio-ne},
-% according to the phonetic rules such that the |macro| prefix is
-% not taken as a unit.
-% A chemical name such as \texttt{des"clor"fenir"amina"cloridrato}
-% is breakable as \textsf{des-clor-fe-nir-ami-na-clo-ri-dra-to}
-% instead of \textsf{de-sclor-fe-ni-ra-mi-na-...}
-%
-% In other language description files a shortcut is defined so as
-% to allow a break point without actually inserting any hyphen
-% sign; examples are given such as \mbox{entrada/salida}; actually
-% if one wants to allow a breakpoint after the slash, it is much
-% clearer to type |\slash| instead of |/| and \LaTeX\ does
-% everything by itself; here the shortcut |"/| was introduced to
-% stand for |\slash| so that one can type |input"/output| and allow
-% a line break after the slash.
-% This shortcut works only for the slash, since in Italian such
-% constructs are extremely rare.
-% \end{sloppypar}
-%
-% Attention: the expansion of |"| takes place before the actual
-% expansion of OT1 or T1 accented sequences such as |\`{a}|;
-% therefore this etymological hyphenation facility works as it
-% should only when the semantic word fragments \textit{do not
-% start} with an accented letter; this in Italian is always
-% avoidable, because compulsory accents fall only on the last
-% vowel, but it may be necessary to mark a compound word where one
-% or more components come from a foreign language and contain
-% diacritical marks according to the spelling rules of that
-% language. In this case the special shorthand \verb!"|! may be
-% used that performs exactly as |"| normally does, except that the
-% \verb!|! sign is removed from the token input list:
-% \verb!kilo"|{\"o}rsted! gets hyphenated as
-% \texttt{ki-lo-\"or-sted}.
-%
-% \changes{italian-1.2l}{1999/04/05}{Added useful macros for
-% fulfilling ISO 31/XI regulations}
-%
-% \subsection{Facilities required by the ISO 31/XI regulations}
-% The ISO 31/XI regulations require that units of measure are
-% typeset in upright font in any circumstance, math or text, and
-% that in text mode they are separated from the numerical
-% indication of the measure with an unbreakable (thin) space.
-% The command |\unit| that was defined for achieving this
-% goal happened to conflict with the homonymous command defined by
-% the package \texttt{units.sty}; we therefore need to test if that
-% package has already been loaded so as to avoid conflicts; we assume
-% that if the user loads that package, s/he wants to use that package
-% facilities and command syntax.
-%
-% The same regulations require also that super and subscripts
-% (apices and pedices) are in upright font, \emph{not in math
-% italics}, when they represent ``adjectives'' or appositions to
-% mathematical or physical variables that do not represent
-% countable or measurable entities such as, for example,
-% $V_{\mathrm{max}}$ or $V_{\mathrm{rms}}$ for a maximum or a root
-% mean square voltage, compared to $V_i$ or $V_T$ as the $i$-th
-% voltage in a set, or a voltage that depends on the thermodynamic
-% temperature $T$. See \cite{Becc2} for a complete description of
-% the ISO regulations in connection with typesetting.
-%
-% More rarely it happens to use superscripts that are not
-% mathematical variables, such as the notation
-% $\mathbf{A}^{\!\mathrm{T}}$ to denote the transpose of matrix
-% $\mathbf{A}$; text superscripts are useful also as ordinals or
-% in old fashioned abbreviations in text mode; for example the
-% feminine ordinal $1^{\mathrm{a}}$ or the old fashioned obsolete
-% abbreviation F$^{\mathrm{lli}}$ for \mbox{Fratelli} in company
-% names (compare with ``Bros.'' for \underline{bro}ther\underline{s}
-% in American English); text subscripts are mostly used in logos.
-%
-% \begin{macro}{\unit}
-% \begin{macro}{\ap}
-% \begin{macro}{\ped}
-% First we define the new (internal) commands |\bbl@unit|, |\bbl@ap|,
-% and |\bbl@ped| as robust ones.
-% \changes{italian-1.2q}{2005/02/05}{Added testing for avoiding conflicts
-% with the units.sty package}
-% \begin{macrocode}
-\@ifpackageloaded{units}{}{%
- \DeclareRobustCommand*{\bbl@unit}[1]{%
- \textormath{\,\mbox{#1}}{\,\mathrm{#1}}}%
- }%
-\DeclareRobustCommand*{\bbl@ap}[1]{%
- \textormath{\textsuperscript{#1}}{^{\mathrm{#1}}}}%
-\DeclareRobustCommand*{\bbl@ped}[1]{%
- \textormath{$_{\mbox{\fontsize\sf@size\z@
- \selectfont#1}}$}{_\mathrm{#1}}}%
-% \end{macrocode}
-% Then we can use |\let| to define the user level commands, but in
-% case the macros already have a different meaning before entering
-% in Italian mode typesetting, we first memorize their meaning so
-% as to restore them on exit.
-% \begin{macrocode}
-\@ifpackageloaded{units}{}{%
- \addto\extrasitalian{%
- \babel@save\unit\let\unit\bbl@unit}%
- }%
-\addto\extrasitalian{%
- \babel@save\ap\let\ap\bbl@ap
- \babel@save\ped\let\ped\bbl@ped
- }%
-% \end{macrocode}
-% \end{macro}
-% \end{macro}
-% \end{macro}
-%
-% \subsection{Accents}\label{s:itkbd}
-% Most of the other language description files introduce a number
-% of shortcuts for inserting accents and other language specific
-% diacritical marks in a more comfortable way compared with the
-% lengthy standard \TeX\ conventions. When an Italian keyboard is
-% being used on a Windows based platform, it exhibits such
-% limitations that up to now no convenient shortcuts have been
-% developed; the reason lies in the fact that the Italian keyboard
-% lacks the grave accent (also known as ``backtick''), which is
-% compulsory on all accented vowels except the `e', but, on the
-% opposite, it carries the keys with all the accented lowercase
-% vowels; the keyboard lacks also the tie |~| (tilde) key, while
-% the curly braces require pressing three keys simultaneously.
-%
-% The best solution Italians have found so far is to use a smart
-% editor that accepts shortcut definitions such that, for example,
-% by striking |"(| one gets directly |{| on the screen and the same
-% sign is saved into the \file{.tex} file; the same smart editor
-% should be capable of translating the accented characters into the
-% standard \TeX\ sequences when writing a file to disk (for the
-% sake of file portability), and to transform the standard \TeX\
-% sequences into the corresponding signs when loading a \file{.tex}
-% file from disk to memory. Such smart editors do exist and can be
-% downloaded from the \textsc{ctan} archives.
-%
-% \changes{italian-1.2p}{2002/07/10}{Removed redefinition of \cs{add@acc} since its
-% functionality has been introduced into the kernel of LaTeX 2001/06/01}
-%
-% For what concerns the missing backtick key,
-% which is used also for inputting the open quotes, it must be
-% noticed that the shortcut |""| described above completely solves
-% the problem for \textit{double} raised open quotes; according to
-% the traditions of particular publishing houses, since there are
-% no compulsory regulations on the matter, the French guillemets
-% may be used; in this case the T1 font encoding solves the problem
-% by means of its built in ligatures |<<| and |>>|. But\dots
-%
-% \subsection{\emph{Caporali} or French double quotes}
-% Although the T1 font encoding ligatures solve the problem, there
-% are some circumstances where even the T1 font encoding cannot be
-% used, either because the author\slash typesetter wants to use the
-% OT1 encoding, or because s/he uses a font set that does
-% not comply completely with the T1 font encoding; some virtual
-% fonts, for example, are supposed to implement the double Cork
-% font encoding but actually miss some glyphs; one such virtual
-% font set is given by the \texttt{ae} virtual fonts, because they
-% are supposed to implement such double font encoding simply using
-% the \texttt{cm} fonts, of which the type~1 PostScript version
-% exists and is freely available. Since guillemets (in Italian
-% \emph{caporali}) do not exist in any \texttt{cm} latin font,
-% their glyphs must be substituted with something else that
-% approaches them.
-%
-% \changes{italian-1.2q}{2005/02/05}{Redefined the caporali machinery
-% so as to avoid incompatibilities with the slides class, as there
-% are no Cyrillic slides fonts as there are for Latins script}
-%
-% Since in French typesetting guillemets are compulsory, the French
-% language definition file resorts to a clever font substitution;
-% such file exploits the \LaTeXe\ font selection machinery so as to
-% get the guillemets from the Cyrillic fonts, because it suffices
-% to locally change the default encoding. There are several sets of
-% Cyrillic fonts, but the ones that obey the OT2 font encoding are
-% generally distributed with all recent implementations of the
-% \TeX\ software; they are part of the American Mathematical
-% Society fonts and come both as \textsf{METAFONT} source files and
-% Type~1 PostScript \texttt{.pfb} files. The availability of such
-% fonts should be guaranteed by the presence of the
-% \texttt{OT2cmr.fd} font description file. Actually the presence
-% of this file does not guarantee the completeness of your \TeX\
-% implementation; should \LaTeX\ complain about a missing Cyrillic
-% \texttt{.tfm} file (that kind of file that contains the font
-% metric parameters) and/or about missing Cyrillic \texttt(.mf)
-% files, then your \TeX\ system is \emph{incomplete} and you should
-% download such fonts from the \textsc{ctan} archives. Temporarily
-% you may issue the command |\LtxSymbCaporali| so as to approximate
-% the missing glyphs with the \LaTeX\ symbol fonts. In some case
-% warning messages are issued so as to inform the typesetter about
-% the necessity of resorting to some \emph{poor man} solution.
-%
-% In spite of these alternate fonts, we must avoid invoking unusual
-% fonts if the available encoding allows to use built in caporali.
-% As far as I know (CB) the only T1-encoded font families that miss
-% the guillemets are the AE ones; we therefore first test if the
-% default encoding id the T1 one and in this case if the AE families
-% are the default ones; in order for this to work properly it is
-% necessary to load these optional packages \emph{before} \babel.
-% If the T1 encoding is not the default one when the Italian language
-% is specified, then some substitutions must be done.
-%
-% \begin{macro}{\LtxSymbCaporali}
-% \begin{macro}{\it@ocap}
-% \begin{macro}{\it@ccap}
-% We define some macros for substituting the default guillemets; first the
-% emulation by means of the \LaTeX\ symbols; each one of these macro sets
-% actually redefines the control sequences |\it@ocap| and |\it@ccap| that
-% are the ones effectively activated by the shortcuts |"<| and |">|.
-% \begin{macrocode}
-\def\LtxSymbCaporali{%
- \DeclareRobustCommand*{\it@ocap}{\mbox{%
- \fontencoding{U}\fontfamily{lasy}\selectfont(\kern-0.20em(}%
- \ignorespaces}%
- \DeclareRobustCommand*{\it@ccap}{\ifdim\lastskip>\z@\unskip\fi
- \mbox{%
- \fontencoding{U}\fontfamily{lasy}\selectfont)\kern-0.20em)}}%
-}%
-% \end{macrocode}
-% Then the substitution with any specific font that contains such
-% glyphs; it might be the CBgreek fonts, the Cyrillic one, the
-% super-cm ones, the lm ones, or any other the user might prefer
-% (the code is adapted from the one that appears in the
-% \texttt{frenchb.ld} file; thanks to Daniel Flipo).
-% By default if the user did not select the T1 encoding, the
-% existence of the CBgreek fonts is tested; if they exist the
-% guillemets are taken from this font, and since its families are a
-% superset of the default CM ones and they apply also to typeset
-% slides with the standard class \texttt{slides}. If the CBgreek
-% fonts are not found, then the existence of the Cyrillic ones is
-% tested, although this choice is not suited for typesetting
-% slides; otherwise the poor man solution of the \LaTeX\ special
-% symbols is used. In any case the user can force the use of the
-% Cyrillic guillemets substitution by issuing the declaration
-% |\CyrillicCaporali| just before the |\begin{document}| statement;
-% in alternative the user can specify with
-% \begin{flushleft}
-% |\CaporaliFrom|\marg{encoding}\marg{family}\marg{opening number}\marg{closing number}
-% \end{flushleft}
-% the encoding and family of the font s/he prefers, and the slot
-% numbers of the opening and closing guillemets respectively. For
-% example if the T1-encoded Latin Modern fonts are desired the
-% specific command should be
-% \begin {flushleft}
-% |\CaporaliFrom{T1}{lmr}{19}{20}|
-% \end{flushleft}
-% These user choices might be necessary for assuring the correct
-% typesetting with fonts that contain the required glyphs and are
-% available also in PostScript form so as to use them directly with
-% \texttt{pdflatex}, for example.
-% \begin{macrocode}
-\def\CaporaliFrom#1#2#3#4{%
- \DeclareFontEncoding{#1}{}{}%
- \DeclareTextCommand{\it@ocap}{T1}{%
- {\fontencoding{#1}\fontfamily{#2}\selectfont\char#3\ignorespaces}}%
- \DeclareTextCommand{\it@ccap}{T1}{\ifdim\lastskip>\z@\unskip\fi%
- {\fontencoding{#1}\fontfamily{#2}\selectfont\char#4}}%
- \DeclareTextCommand{\it@ocap}{OT1}{%
- {\fontencoding{#1}\fontfamily{#2}\selectfont\char#3\ignorespaces}}%
- \DeclareTextCommand{\it@ccap}{OT1}{\ifdim\lastskip>\z@\unskip\fi%
- {\fontencoding{#1}\fontfamily{#2}\selectfont\char#4}}}
-% \end{macrocode}
-% Then we set a boolean variable and test the default family;
-% if such family has a name that starts with the letters ``ae''
-% then we have no built in guillemets; of course if the AE font
-% family is chosen after the \babel\ package is loaded, the test
-% does not perform as required.
-% \begin{macrocode}
-\def\get@ae#1#2#3!{\def\bbl@ae{#1#2}}%
-\def\@ifT@one@noCap{\expandafter\get@ae\f@family!%
-\def\bbl@temp{ae}\ifx\bbl@ae\bbl@temp\expandafter\@firstoftwo\else
- \expandafter\@secondoftwo\fi}%
-% \end{macrocode}
-% We set another couple of boolean variables for testing the
-% existence of the CBgreek or the Cyrillic fonts
-% \begin{macrocode}
-\newif\if@CBgreekEncKnown
-\IfFileExists{lgrcmr.fd}%
- {\@CBgreekEncKnowntrue}{\@CBgreekEncKnownfalse}
-\newif\if@CyrEncKnown
-\IfFileExists{ot2cmr.fd}%
- {\@CyrEncKnowntrue}{\@CyrEncKnownfalse}%
-% \end{macrocode}
-% \begin {macro}{\CBgreekCaporali}
-% \begin {macro}{\CyrillicCaporali}
-% \begin {macro}{\T@unoCaporali}
-% Next we define the macros |\CBgreekCaporali|, |\T@unoCaporali|,
-% and |\CyrillicCaporali|; with the latter one we test the loaded
-% class, and if it's \texttt{slides} nothing gets done. In any case
-% each one of these declarations, if used, must be specified in the
-% preamble.
-% \begin{macrocode}
-\def\CBgreekCaporali{\@ifclassloaded{slides}{%
- \IfFileExists{lgrlcmss.fd}{\DeclareFontEncoding{LGR}{}{}%
- \DeclareRobustCommand*{\it@ccap}%
- {\ifdim\lastskip>\z@\unskip\fi
- {\fontencoding{LGR}\selectfont))}}%
- \DeclareRobustCommand*{\it@ocap}%
- {{\fontencoding{LGR}\selectfont((}\ignorespaces}}%
- {\LtxSymbCaporali}}%
- {\DeclareFontEncoding{LGR}{}{}%
- \DeclareRobustCommand*{\it@ccap}%
- {\ifdim\lastskip>\z@\unskip
- \fi{\fontencoding{LGR}\selectfont))}}%
- \DeclareRobustCommand*{\it@ocap}%
- {{\fontencoding{LGR}\selectfont((}\ignorespaces}}%
- }%
-\def\CyrillicCaporali{\@ifclassloaded{slides}{\relax}%
- {\DeclareFontEncoding{OT2}{}{}%
- \DeclareRobustCommand*{\it@ccap}%
- {\ifdim\lastskip>\z@\unskip\fi
- {\fontencoding{OT2}\selectfont\char62\relax}}%
- \DeclareRobustCommand*{\it@ocap}%
- {{\fontencoding{OT2}\selectfont\char60\relax}\ignorespaces}}}%
-\@onlypreamble{\CBgreekCaporali}\@onlypreamble{\CyrillicCaporali}%
-\def\T@unoCaporali{\DeclareRobustCommand*{\it@ocap}{<<\ignorespaces}%
- \DeclareRobustCommand*{\it@ccap}{\ifdim\lastskip>\z@\unskip\fi>>}}%
-% \end{macrocode}
-% \end{macro}
-% \end{macro}
-% \end{macro}
-% Now we can do some real setting; first we start testing the encoding;
-% if the encoding is T1 we test if the font family is the AE one; if so,
-% we further test for other possibilities
-% \begin{macrocode}
-\ifx\cf@encoding\bbl@t@one
- \@ifT@one@noCap{%
- \if@CBgreekEncKnown
- \CBgreekCaporali
- \else
- \if@CyrEncKnown
- \CyrilicCaporali
- \else
- \LtxSymbCaporali
- \fi
- \fi}%
- {\T@unoCaporali}%
-% \end{macrocode}
-% But if the default encoding is not the T1 one, then the
-% substitutions must be performed.
-% \begin{macrocode}
-\else
- \if@CBgreekEncKnown
- \CBgreekCaporali
- \else
- \if@CyrEncKnown
- \CyrilicCaporali
- \else
- \LtxSymbCaporali
- \fi
- \fi
-\fi
-% \end{macrocode}
-% \end{macro}
-% \end{macro}
-% \end{macro}
-%
-% \subsection{Finishing commands}
-% The macro |\ldf@finish| takes care of looking for a
-% configuration file, setting the main language to be switched on
-% at |\begin{document}| and resetting the category code of
-% \texttt{@} to its original value.
-% \changes{italian-1.2i}{1996/11/03}{Now use \cs{ldf@finish} to wrap
-% up}
-% \begin{macrocode}
-\ldf@finish{italian}%
-%</code>
-% \end{macrocode}
-%
-% \Finale
-%%
-%% \CharacterTable
-%% {Upper-case \A\B\C\D\E\F\G\H\I\J\K\L\M\N\O\P\Q\R\S\T\U\V\W\X\Y\Z
-%% Lower-case \a\b\c\d\e\f\g\h\i\j\k\l\m\n\o\p\q\r\s\t\u\v\w\x\y\z
-%% Digits \0\1\2\3\4\5\6\7\8\9
-%% Exclamation \! Double quote \" Hash (number) \#
-%% Dollar \$ Percent \% Ampersand \&
-%% Acute accent \' Left paren \( Right paren \)
-%% Asterisk \* Plus \+ Comma \,
-%% Minus \- Point \. Solidus \/
-%% Colon \: Semicolon \; Less than \<
-%% Equals \= Greater than \> Question mark \?
-%% Commercial at \@ Left bracket \[ Backslash \\
-%% Right bracket \] Circumflex \^ Underscore \_
-%% Grave accent \` Left brace \{ Vertical bar \|
-%% Right brace \} Tilde \~}
-%%
-\endinput