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-%% file: TXSsymb.doc - Special Symbols - TeXsis version 2.18
-%% @(#) $Id: TXSsymb.doc,v 18.2 2000/05/17 00:19:46 myers Exp $
-%======================================================================*
-% (C) Copyright 1989, 1992, 1995, 1997 by Eric Myers and Frank E. Paige
-% This file is a part of TeXsis. Distribution and/or modifications
-% are allowed under the terms of the LaTeX Project Public License (LPPL).
-% See the file COPYING or ftp://ftp.texsis.org/texsis/LPPL
-%======================================================================*
-\ifx\undefined\meta \texsis\input TXSdocM.doc\input Manual.aux\draft\fi
-
-\subsection{Special Symbols \label{sect.symb}}
-
-\TeXsis\ defines some special symbols and other constructions which
-are not included in plain \TeX\ and which either are commonly used
-by physicists or are not trivial to construct. The following
-macros, which are listed here by related groups, provide these
-additional special symbols for use in equations:
-\index{symbols!physics}
-\bigskip
-\itemize
- \itm \CS{bra}\arg{text} and \CS{ket}\arg{text} produce the
-notations $\bra{\hbox{\it text}}$ and $\ket{\hbox{\it text}}$
-respectively for quantum mechanical states. \CS{vev}\arg{text}
-produces $\vev{\hbox{\it text}}$ for a VEV (\idx{Vacuum Expectation Value}).
-
- \itm \CS{del}, \CS{grad}, and \CS{square} produce the notations
-$\del$, $\grad$, and $\square$ for various derivatives. (The first two
-are just synonyms for \cs{partial} and \cs{nabla}.)
-
- \itm \CS{degrees} is the degrees symbol. For example, |90\degrees|
-produces ``90\degrees''. You can use \CS{degree} as a synonym. These
-work equally well in math or text mode.
-
- \itm \CS{frac}\arg{numerator}\arg{denominator} produces the fraction
-|{|\<numerator> |\over| \<de\-nomi\-nator>|}|, while
-\hskip 0pt plus 6pt\CS{smallfrac}\arg{numerator}\arg{denominator}
-\hskip 0pt plus 6pt
-produces the same fraction in the smaller
-subscript style type. \CS{half} produces a $\half$ in a size appropriate
-to its usage.
-
- \itm \CS{simle} and \CS{simge} make the symbols $\simle$ and
-$\simge$ to indicate "less than about" and "greater than about,"
-respectively. Synonyms for these are \CS{ltsim} and \CS{gtsim}.
-
- \itm \CS{parenbar} puts a bar in parentheses above a character;
-this is often used to indicate either a particle or its antiparticle.
-\CS{nunubar} and \CS{ppbar} are special cases. Thus
-\TeXexample
-$$ n \parenbar{n} \qquad \nu \nunubar \qquad p \ppbar $$
-|endTeXexample
-gives
-$$
-n \parenbar{n} \qquad \nu \nunubar \qquad p \ppbar
-$$
-
-\goodbreak
-
- \itm \CS{subrightarrow}\arg{text} puts the text under a right
-arrow of the appropriate length. Thus
-\TeXexample
-$$ f(x) \subrightarrow{x \to 0} f(0) $$
-|endTeXexample
-gives
-$$
-f(x) \subrightarrow{x \to 0} f(0)
-$$
-
- \itm \CS{buildchar}\arg{\#1}\arg{\#2}\arg{\#3} gives character |#1| with
-|#2| above it and |#3| below it, allowing the construction of a variety
-of special symbols. \CS{overcirc} is a special case of this which puts
-a small circle above a character, as in $\overcirc R$. This is often
-used in general relativity and related fields.
-
- \itm \CS{vbigl}\arg{delim}\arg{size} and
-\CS{vbigr}\arg{delim}\arg{size} produce very (or variably) big
-delimiters, generalizing the Plain \TeX\ macros \cs{bigl}, \cs{Bigr},
-etc. They produce, respectively, the left and right delimiters
-\meta{delim} with height \meta{size}, which can be given in pt., cm.,
-in., or any other valid units. Any valid delimiter may be used, but you
-must be careful if you use parentheses and automatic parenthesis sizing
-is also in effect (\Sect{paren}), because these conflict. You must
-either turn off automatic parenthesis sizing (with \cs{offparens}) or
-use \cs{lparen} or \cs{rparen} in place of `|(|' and `|)|'.
-
-\itm \CS{Leftcases}\arg{size} and \CS{Rightcases}\arg{size} give left
-and right braces of size \meta{size} smashed to zero height; these can
-be used in place of the \cs{cases} of Plain \TeX\ when it is desired to
-put an equation number on each line. For example,
-\TeXexample
-|smalltt$$\EQNalign{
-m_e &= ~.511~\MeV \EQN lep;a \cr
-m_\mu &= ~105~\MeV
- \quad \Rightcases{50pt} \quad {\rm Leptons}
- \EQN lep;b \cr
-m_\tau &= 1784~\MeV \EQN lep;c \cr}
-$$
-|endTeXexample
-gives\index{equations!alignment}
-$$\EQNalign{
-m_e &= ~.511~\MeV \EQN lep;a \cr
-m_\mu &= ~105~\MeV
- \quad \Rightcases{50pt} \quad {\rm Leptons}
- \EQN lep;b \cr
-m_\tau &= 1784~\MeV \EQN lep;c \cr}
-$$
-Note that |\Leftcases| and |\Rightcases| do not provide automatic
-spacing, which must be adjusted by the user as in the previous example.
-There seems to be no simple way to obtain automatic spacing and to
-allow an equation number on each line.
-
-
- \itm \CS{sterling} produces the British currency mark \sterling.
-
- \itm The astronomical symbols for the sun and the earth are
-\CS{sun} and \CS{earth}. For example, |$M_\sun$| and |$M_\earth$| give
-$M_\sun$ and $M_\earth$. You can also use them outside of math mode.
-
-
- \itm \CS{dimensions}\arg{units}\arg{power} is used for dimensional
-analysis. The units appear in square brackets, raised to the given
-power. For example to produce \dimensions{mass}{-3} you would type
-|\dimensions{mass}{-3}|.
-
- \itm \CS{slashchar}\arg{letter} puts a slash through a character, the
-notation for the contraction of a vector with Dirac $\gamma$ matrices
-in Feynman graphs. For example
-\TeXexample
-$$ {\cal L} =
- \bar\psi[i\slashchar{\partial} - e\slashchar{A}-m]\psi $$
-|endTeXexample
-gives
-$$
-{\cal L} =
- \bar\psi[i\slashchar{\partial} - e\slashchar{A}-m]\psi
-\,.
-$$
-The results produced by |\slashchar| are not as good as one would
-like. You can do somewhat better by adjusting the kerning of the |/|
-by hand for each character. For example,
-\TeXexample
-\def\Aslash{A\kern -0.47em/}
-|endTeXexample
-\def\Aslash{A\kern -0.47em/}%
-produces ``$\Aslash$''. But note that the angle of the slash is still
-not quite what one would like for a slashed ``$A$.'' To really get good
-looking slashed characters someone will have to create a new slashed
-character math font using MetaFont. Meanwhile you can get by with
-|\slashchar| or define your own using kerning.
-
-\enditemize
-\bigskip\pagecheck{0.2\vsize}
-
- Abbreviations for units are normally set in Roman type even when used
-in formulas. Special function (e.g., sine, cosine and logarithm) or
-operator names are also set in Roman type, and \TeXsis\ adds some new
-names to go with the old standards.
-
-\itemize
- \itm \CS{Tr} and \CS{tr} give ``$\Tr$'' and ``$\tr$'' respectively for the
-trace of an operator or of a matrix. \CS{diag} is used to denote a
-diagonal matrix, as in $\eta_{\mu\nu}=\diag(-1,1,1,1)$.
-
- \itm \CS{real} and \CS{imag} give the symbols $\real$ and $\imag$
-for the real and imaginary parts of an expression; the spacing is like
-that for any other function or operator.
-
- \itm \CS{eV}, \CS{keV}, \CS{MeV}, \CS{GeV}, and \CS{TeV} give the
-abbreviations for energy units $\eV$, $\keV$, $\MeV$, $\GeV$, and
-$\TeV$ respectively.
-
- \itm \CS{mb}, \CS{mub}, \CS{nb}, \CS{pb}, and \CS{fb} give the
-abbreviations for cross section units $\mb$, $\mub$, $\nb$, $\pb$, and
-$\fb$ respectively, while \CS{cmsec} gives $\cmsec$, the standard units
-for luminosity in colliding beam accelerators.
-
- \itm \CS{units}\arg{name} is a generic macro to print in Roman type
-the name of any units not covered by the macros above. For example,
-you can say \CS{units}|{furlongs}| and \CS{units}|{fortnights}|
-if you are using that particular system of units.
-\enditemize
-
-
-
- Note that all of the abbreviations for units above are defined
-without any spacing; to produce
-$$
-{\cal L} = 10^{33}\,\cmsec, \qquad p_\perp = 8.3\,\GeV
-$$
-you should type
-\TeXexample
-$$
-{\cal L} = 10^{33}\,\cmsec, \qquad p_\perp = 8.3\,\GeV
-$$
-|endTeXexample
-with a |\,| to make a thin space between the number and the units.
-
-
-%>>> EOF TXSsymb.doc <<<