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diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/plain/yannisgr/rgrpaper.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/plain/yannisgr/rgrpaper.tex new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..98aa8cd94e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/plain/yannisgr/rgrpaper.tex @@ -0,0 +1,763 @@ +% +% ************ tb26haralambous.tex +\input tugboat.sty + +%\input mssymb +\font\cyr=mcyr10 +%\input cyracc.def + +\input rgreekmacros +\newcount\m \newcount\n \newcount\p \newdimen\dim +\chardef\other=12 +\def\oct#1{\hbox{\tenrm\'{}\kern-.2em\tenit#1\/\kern.05em}} % octal constant +\def\hex#1{\hbox{\tenrm\H{}\tentt#1}} % hexadecimal constant +\def\setdigs#1"#2{\gdef\h{#2}% \h=hex prefix; \0\1=corresponding octal + \m=\n \divide\m by 64 \xdef\0{\the\m}% + \multiply\m by-64 \advance\m by\n \divide\m by 8 \xdef\1{\the\m}} +\def\testrow{\setbox0=\hbox{\penalty 1\def\\{\char"\h}% + \\0\\1\\2\\3\\4\\5\\6\\7\\8\\9\\A\\B\\C\\D\\E\\F% + \global\p=\lastpenalty}} % \p=1 if none of the characters exist +\def\oddline{\cr + \noalign{\nointerlineskip} + \multispan{19}\hrulefill& + \setbox0=\hbox{\lower 2.3pt\hbox{\hex{\h x}}}\smash{\box0}\cr + \noalign{\nointerlineskip}} +\newif\ifskipping +\def\evenline{\loop\skippingfalse + \ifnum\n<128 \m=\n \divide\m 16 \chardef\next=\m + \expandafter\setdigs\meaning\next \testrow + \ifnum\p=1 \skippingtrue \fi\fi + \ifskipping \global\advance\n 16 \repeat + \ifnum\n=128 \let\next=\endchart\else\let\next=\morechart\fi + \next} +\def\morechart{\cr\noalign{\hrule} + \chartline \oddline \m=\1 \advance\m 1 \xdef\1{\the\m} + \chartline \evenline} +\def\chartline{&\oct{\0\1x}&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&} +\def\chartstrut{\lower4.5pt\vbox to14pt{}} +\def\table{$$\global\n=0 + \halign to\hsize\bgroup + \chartstrut##\tabskip0pt plus10pt& + &\hfil##\hfil&\vrule##\cr + \lower6.5pt\null + &&&\oct0&&\oct1&&\oct2&&\oct3&&\oct4&&\oct5&&\oct6&&\oct7&\evenline} +\def\endchart{\cr\noalign{\hrule} + \raise11.5pt\null&&&\hex 8&&\hex 9&&\hex A&&\hex B& + &\hex C&&\hex D&&\hex E&&\hex F&\cr\egroup$$\par} +\def\:{\setbox0=\hbox{\char\n}% + \ifdim\ht0>7.5pt\reposition + \else\ifdim\dp0>2.5pt\reposition\fi\fi + \box0\global\advance\n 1 } +\def\reposition{\setbox0=\vbox{\kern2pt\box0}\dim=\dp0 + \advance\dim 2pt \dp0=\dim} +\def\centerlargechars{ + \def\reposition{\setbox0=\hbox{$\vcenter{\kern2pt\box0\kern2pt}$}}} +\greekdelims +\font\ninergr=rgrrg10 scaled 900 + +\TBremark{Pick up fonts for Imagen. Make fonts for APS} + +\def\blash{\math\backslash\math} +\let\bs=\blash +\def\begineight{\smallskip\bgroup\eightpoint} +\def\endeight{\par\egroup\smallskip} +%\font\smallrg=rgrrg8 % commented out by rw +\def\QED.{\math\square\mah} +\def\O#1{\hbox{\rm\char'23\kern-.2em\it#1\/\kern.05em}} % octal constant +\def\refersto#1{\math{}^#1\math} +\def\referred#1{\par\hang\noindent#1.} % overwritten below +\newdimen\thehangindent +\setbox0=\hbox{0. } +\thehangindent=\wd0 +\def\referred#1{\par\hangindent\thehangindent\noindent + \hbox to \thehangindent{\hss#1.\ }\ignorespaces} + +\def\infoot{\baselineskip9.4pt\eightrm} +\def\@{@} +%\def\.#1{{\def\\{\backslash}\tentex#1}} % commented out by rfw +\font\qq=cmssqi8 +\def\mottoline#1{{\rightline{\qq #1}}} +\def\htb{\hskip2pt\relax} +\def\frak{\fam\euffam} +%\def\cyr{\cyracc\tencyr} + +% *********************************************************************** + +\title * Typesetting Modern Greek with\\ 128 Character Codes \\ version 1.1* + +\author * Yannis Haralambous * +\address * U.F.R. de Math\'ematiques\\ + Universit\'e de Lille--Flandres--Artois\\ + 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France * +\netaddress[\network{Bitnet}] * yannis@frcitl81 * + +\author * Klaus Thull * +\address * Freie Universit\"at Berlin * +\netaddress[\network{Usenet}] * thull@fubinf.uucp * +\TBremark{Check Thull's network address; gateway didn't like "unido".} +\TBremark{this one generally works--kt} + +\article + +{\baselineskip11.3pt +\mottoline{``Ved dette v\ae ret,} +\mottoline{n\aa r det regner} +\mottoline{s\aa\ sn\o r det''} +\smallskip +\mottoline{--- Fr\o ydis Frosk} +} + +\vskip8pt\noindent +In european scripts where diacritical marks are common, +there are (at least) two reasons to avoid \TeX's accent mechanism +in favor of many accented characters. + +One is the possible misplacement of accents by |dvitype|'s rounding +algorithm;\TBremark{dvitype or a driver?} +\TBremark{really dvitype--kt} +the second is lack or invalidity of hyphenation. For +example, large portions of german text may be unhyphenatable, and, +given the german inclination to long words, may not be in shape to be +typeset at all. Thus, in Europe, the obvious thing to do is: let +$\MF$\ put the accents onto the letters, then access these characters +via \TeX's ligature mechanism. + +Accordingly, the greek fonts created by Silvio Levy\refersto1 have +256 characters each, and are a fine tool to typeset greek texts, +ancient as well as modern, except those containing the most recent +unique accent ``$\monotoniko '{}$'' (see below). But alas, there is +the commercial world, whose device drivers just cannot do 256-code +fonts (even |.pxl|-fonts were seen on the ``Big-Tech'' sales +exhibition in West Berlin last winter). The free drivers are in +better shape generally, but often the commercial ones cannot be +disposed of in a hurry. So we decided to reduce these fonts to 128 +characters. We kept only the ones strictly necessary for writing +modern greek without misusing the |\accent| primitive. At the same +time, we constructed some new fonts, which we describe below. + +\head * The Reduced Greek Fonts * + +In modern post-war greek, the use of the grave accent ``$\grave{}$'' +($bare'ia$) progressively faded, so that only two accents and the +breathings were left (this was the kind of greek the first author +learned at school). So the first reduction we did on Levy's fonts was +to omit all grave accents. Secondly, we made $s$ a free character +again, so that in the transliteration one has to type |s| for $s$, +and |c| for $c$. Thirdly, we omitted the iota subscribed letters. +All these, however, can still be accessed by macros if so wished. + +Let's recall now the procedure, most of which is due to Levy: to +typeset greek, you get into ``Greek mode'' by typing |\begingreek|. +Similarly, you get out by typing |\endgreek|, but if you have to do +this often, it is better to type |\greekdelims| at the beginning of +your file. In that case |$| is used to enter and leave greekmode, and +|\math| takes the former meaning of |$| (do not forget to type +``{\tt\bs\SP}''). The transliteration code is the following: +\display +\tabskip1.1pt +\hbox{\valign +{\hbox to +8pt{\null\hfil\strut$#$\hfil}&\hbox to 8pt{\null\hfil\strut\tt#\hfil}\cr +a&a\cr b&b\cr g&g\cr d&d\cr e&e\cr z&z\cr h&h\cr j&j\cr +i&i\cr k&k\cr l&l\cr m&m\cr n&n\cr x&x\cr o&o\cr p&p\cr +r&r\cr s&s\cr c&c\cr t&t\cr u&u\cr f&f\cr q&q\cr y&y\cr w&w\cr}} +\enddisplay +To get an acute ($>oxe'ia$), or circumflex ($perispwm'enh$) accent you +type |'|~(single quote), or |~|~(tilde) resp.\ in front of the vowel. +To get a rough ($dase'ia$) or smooth ($yil'h$) breathing you type |<| +or |>|, resp., in front of the vowel or the accent, if there is one. +A diaeresis ($dialutik'a$) is represented by |"|~(double quote), and +for a diaeresis with acute accent, just type |"'|~(double quote, +single quote). To get a vowel with a iota subscript +($<upogegramm'enh$) you have to use the macro |\I{...}|. + +If you need one of the omitted accents or combination of accents, +you can get it by a macro: +for example +\list[\unitemized] +$\grave{e}$ by |\grave{e}|, +$\breve{a}$ by |\breve{a}|, +$\macron{h}$ by |\macron{h}|, +$\roughgrave{i}$ by |\roughgrave{i}|, +$\smoothgrave{o}$ by |\smoothgrave{o}|, +$\diaeresisgrave{w}$ by |\diaeresisgrave{w}|, +$\diaeresiscircumflex{u}$ by |\diaeresiscircumflex{u}|, +$\rhorough$ by |\rhorough|, and +$\rhosmooth$ by |\rhosmooth|. +\endlist + +Finally, you have access to the following punctuation marks: +\display +\hbox{\tabskip1.5pt +\valign +{\hbox to 15pt{\hfil\strut$#$\hfil}&\hbox to 15pt{\hfil\strut\tt#\hfil}\cr +.&.\cr ,&,\cr ;&;\cr :&:\cr !&!\cr ?&?\cr ''&''\cr ((&((\cr +))&))\cr +}} +\enddisplay +as well as the ten digits, parentheses, hyphen, en-dash, slash, +percent sign, asterisk, plus and equal signs. + +\head * Some New Fonts * + +To write mathematics in greek one also needs slanted letters (for +statements of theorems, according to |amsppt| style) and small +capital letters (for titles and references). We have constructed +these fonts, in the same reduced way, so that, together with the +reduced Levy fonts, we obtain a complete family of greek fonts, +namely regular, boldface, slanted, and small caps. We have called +these fonts |rgrrg|, |rgrbf|, |rgrsl|, |rgrsc|. Inside of greek mode +you just write |\bf|, |\sl|, |\smc| as usual and |\rg| (instead of +|\rm|) to get the regular gree font. + +Here is an example of an alleged mathematical text, complete with +translation: +$ +\proclaim \smc {1.1.4.} Jewrhma. +Gi'a k'aje jetik'o >ak'eraio +\math n\math, +<up'arqei m'ia tri'ada m'h mhdenik~wn >akera'iwn \math(x,y,z)\math, t'etoia +<~wste\math\math x^n+y^n=z^n.\math\math + +\noindent{\smc Apodeixh tou 1.1.4.} Gi'a \math n=2\math, ft'anei n'a p'aroume +\math x=3,y=4,z=5\math. Gi'a \math n\gt 2\math, +>af'hnoume t'hn >ap'odeixh st'on >anagn'wsth s'an >'askhsh. +{\bf <'o.>'e.d.} +$ + +\proclaim \smc {1.1.4.} Theorem. +For each positive integer \math n\math, +there exists a triple of non-zero integers \math (x,y,z)\math\ such that +\math\math x^n+y^n=z^n.\math\math + +\noindent{\smc Proof of 1.1.4.} For \math n=2\math, we find +\math x=3,y=4,z=5\math. For \math n\gt 2\math, the proof +left to the reader as an exercise. {\bf q.e.d.} + +\head * Fonts for one-accent greek * + +Some years after the re-establishment of democracy in Greece in 1974, +a new system of accentuation has been introduced, omitting completely +breathings and subscript iota, and simplifying the two remaining +accents into one ``universal accent,'' $\monotoniko ' \polutoniko +(tonik'o shme~io).$ This system is currently taught at school and it +seems that any official document (including written examinations in +some high schools) written in the old fashion multi-accent system is +considered invalid (!). + +So we thought that perhaps people would like to write in the old +system and have a font to print the same text in fully official +one-accent greek. We created fonts analogous to the reduced regular, +boldface, and slanted which we have denoted by the prefix ``|m|'' +(for $monotonik'o$): |mrgrrg|, |mrgrbf|, |mrgrsl|. Note that the +small capitals font |rgrsc| doesn't have any accents at all, and so +may be used in any accent system. + +These new fonts are designed to work with the same input as the old +accent system. The printed text will follow the current +grammar\refersto2 (at least concerning the accent), with one +exception: monosyllables (like articles, prepositions and other +auxiliary words) don't take any accent at all. To solve this problem +we are working at a Pascal word processor program, based on Fred +M.~Liang's packed trie device, which will, once given the list of the +accented monosyllables, recognize them, and replace them by +non-accented words. According to the dictionary of +H.~Mihiotis\refersto3, there are 284 such words, to which we ust +add many new and foreign words. + +Of course, you can write your text in one-accent greek right away +(unfortunately there is no ``magic'' macro to transform it back into +multi-accent greek~\dots). With these new fonts you will get a nice +symmetric ``universal'' accent instead of an acute or a circumflex. + +To write in one-accent greek you get into ``Greek one-accent mode'', +by typing |\beginmgreek|. If you are in greek multi-accent mode +already, you must use the macro |\monotoniko|. There is also the +converse macro |\polutoniko|. So if you want to obtain +\display\vbox{$ +\centerline{\monotoniko O Hr'akleitoc 'elege \polutoniko +((t\grave{a} p'anta \rhorough e~i))} +\centerline{\monotoniko kai e'iqe d'ikio! \dots} +$}\enddisplay +you type +\verbatim +\beginmgreek O Hr'akleitoc 'elege +\polutoniko + ((t\grave{a} p'anta \rhorough e~i)) +\monotoniko + kai e'iqe d'ikio!...\endgreek +\endverbatim + +\head * The Greek Numeral Symbols * + +The so-called Ionian\refersto4 system of numeration (\math{\sim}\math +fifth century {\smc bc}) consisted of the following numerals: +\display +\hbox{\valign +{\hbox to 15pt{\hfil\strut$#$\hfil}&\hbox to 15pt{\hfil\strut\rm#\hfil}\cr +A&1\cr B&2\cr G&3\cr D&4\cr E&5\cr {\Digamma}&6\cr Z&7\cr H&8\cr J&9\cr}} +\enddisplay +\display +\hbox{\valign +{\hbox to 15pt{\hfil\strut$#$\hfil}&\hbox to 15pt{\hfil\strut\rm#\hfil}\cr +I&{10}\cr K&{20}\cr L&{30}\cr M&{40}\cr N&{50}\cr X&{60}\cr +O&{70}\cr P&{80}\cr {\Qoppa}&{90}\cr}} +\enddisplay +\display +\hbox{\valign +{\hbox to 20pt{\hfil\strut$#$\hfil}&\hbox to 20pt{\hfil\strut\rm#\hfil}\cr +R&{100}\cr S&{200}\cr T&{300}\cr U&{400}\cr F&{500}\cr Q&{600}\cr Y&{700}\cr +W&{800}\cr {\Sanpi}&{900}\cr}} +\enddisplay + +The letters $\Digamma, \Qoppa, \Sanpi$ are called digamma, qoppa, +sanpi. They belong to an older alphabet. Later on, as lowercase +letters were introduced and as the need for higher numbers grew, the +numerals became: +\display +\hbox{\tabskip1pt +\valign +{\hbox to 15pt{\hfil\strut$#\overstroke$\hfil}& + \hbox to 15pt{\hfil\strut\rm#\hfil}\cr +a&1\cr b&2\cr g&3\cr d&4\cr e&5\cr {\digamma}&6\cr z&7\cr h&8\cr +j&9\cr}} +\enddisplay +\display +\hbox{\tabskip1pt +\valign +{\hbox to 15pt{\hfil\strut$#\overstroke$\hfil}& + \hbox to 15pt{\hfil\strut\rm#\hfil}\cr +i&{10}\cr k&{20}\cr l&{30}\cr m&{40}\cr n&{50}\cr x&{60}\cr +o&{70}\cr p&{80}\cr {\qoppa}&{90}\cr}} +\enddisplay +\display +\hbox{\tabskip1pt +\valign +{\hbox to 20pt{\hfil\strut$#\overstroke$\hfil}& + \hbox to 20pt{\hfil\strut\rm#\hfil}\cr +r&{100}\cr s&{200}\cr t&{300}\cr u&{400}\cr f&{500}\cr q&{600}\cr y&{700}\cr +w&{800}\cr {\sanpi}&{900}\cr}} +\enddisplay +\display +\hbox{\tabskip2.5pt\valign +{\hbox to 30pt{\hfil\strut$\understroke#$\hfil}& + \hbox to 30pt{\hfil\strut\rm#000\hfil}\cr +a&1\cr b&2\cr g&3\cr d&4\cr e&5\cr {\digamma}&6\cr z&7\cr}} +\enddisplay +\display +\hbox{\valign +{\hbox to 30pt{\hfil\strut$#$\hfil}& + \hbox to 30pt{\hfil\strut\rm#000\hfil}\cr +h&8\cr j&9\cr M&{10}\cr}} +\enddisplay +So, for example, the date {\sl February 16th, 1989} would be written +$i\digamma\overstroke\ Febrouar'iou \understroke a\sanpi pj$ and the +following equality holds: +$ +\display\vbox{ +\centerline{sz\overstroke\math{} + {}\math ypj\overstroke\ = + \sanpi\qoppa\digamma\hskip1pt\overstroke.} +} +\enddisplay +$ + +Notice that there is no zero. Zero is, and has always been, the +cardinal of the empty set which in Ancient Greece was not considered +an entity in its own right. + +To express numbers greater than 10,000 there were many ways. One of +them was to use 10,000 as a base: thus, for example, 67,536,753 +(\math {}= 6753 \mathbin\cdot 10,000 + 6753\math) was written +$M\understroke\digamma yng\math\cdot\math \understroke\digamma yng$. + +\medskip +\noindent{\smc Exercise}: + {\sl If $-gwno$ means ``-gon'', which of the following +polygons can by constructed by rule and compasses?}\par +\smallskip +$\centerline{iz\overstroke -gwno, l\digamma\overstroke -gwno, \understroke +dtxj-gwno,} +\centerline{\understroke akd-gwno, Me\overstroke\math\cdot\math\understroke +eflz-gwno, \sanpi\qoppa\digamma\overstroke-gwno.}$ +\medskip + +Let's return now to \TeX: you can obtain these symbols by the following +macros: +|\digamma| for +$\digamma$, +|\vardigamma| for +$\vardigamma$, +|\Digamma| for +$\Digamma$, +|\qoppa| for +$\qoppa$, +|\Qoppa| for +$\Qoppa$, +|\sanpi| for +$\sanpi$, and +|\Sanpi| for +$\Sanpi$. +To get the tick marks which distinguish units and thousands, you can +use |\overstroke| after the numeral, or |\understroke| in front of +the numeral. + +\head * Symbols for cypriotic greek * + +The official language of Cyprus is greek. It is also the language +used in the mass-media and at school. But the language actually +spoken is a dialect, derived from byzantine greek (and as it seems, +far more faithful to ancient greek than the one spoken +in Greece). Some literature has been written in the dialect, and +since there are phonemes not available in the greek alphabet, +cypriotic writers use several conventions of new symbols to express +them. + +In the convention we followed,\refersto5 the symbols $\ssh$, $\SSH$ +stand for the sound ``sh'' (like ``shower'' in english, or ``{\cyr +shashka}'' in russian), $\dz$, $\DZ$ stand for ``j'' (like ``jazz'' +in english or ``{\cyr dzhungli}'' in russian), $\psh$, $\PSH$ stand +for a $y$ followed by a $\ssh$ (like ``{\cyr pshenitza}'' in russian) +and $\ksh$, $\KSH$ stand for a $k$ followed by a $\ssh$ (like in +hindi ``k\d setriya''). + +You can get these symbols by the macros |\ssh|, |\SSH|, |\dz|, |\DZ|, +|\psh|, |\PSH|, |\ksh|, |\KSH|. Here is an example of a small text +using these symbols: +\smallskip +$ +\ninergr +\frenchspacing +\parindent0pt +\advance\baselineskip1.0pt +\tolerance=5000 +\obeylines +Dki'alexec to'uc xer'orotsouc, dentr'on mou, n'a riz'wseic, +n'a f'aeic t'hn zwo'ullan sou, pott'e s>'on j'a sterk'wseic. +T\dz i >'en kane~i p>'on''xerokagi'ac t\dz i >'en >'e\ssh ei st'axhn % +q~wma +n'a \ssh\ssh iepasto~un o<i r'izec sou, plast~hkan t\dz i >'all''>a\-k'o\-ma. +O<i spalajki'ec t\dz a'i o<i bati'ec p~asin n'a s'e tul'ixoun, +>epki'asan se po'u t'on laim'on, sf'iggoun se n'a s'e pn'i\-xoun. +T\dz i >'an pp'esei mi'a sta\ksh i'a ner'on, >enn'a t'hn p'innoun >'alloi +t\dz i >enn'a skent\dz 'ereic t\dz eiaqama'i, <'enan xerodroump'a\-lin. +>'Ejja xort'wseic n'a \ssh\ssh iaste~ic pott'e to~u <'hliou >amm'a\-ti, +giat''>enn'a s'e qaski'azousin o<i spalajki'ec t\dz i o<i b'atoi. +T\dz i >eso'unh, kakor'izikon, >enn'a doule'ukeic gr'onouc +t\dz a'i n'a gure'ukeic ''pospa\ssh i'an po'u to'uc kako'uc geit'o\-nouc. +T\dz i o<i k'opoi e>ic t''>an'ajjeman. M'agkoumou m'en prok'a\-meic\dots +t\dz i >eso'unh t'o qa"'irin mou, ftwq'on mou, >'enna k'ameic. +$ +\rightline{\sevenrm From Ilias Georgiou's ``Geloklaman"} + +\smallskip + +\head * On hyphenation * + +There is still no greek hyphenation list, so one has to use +hyphenation from other languages. We have compared on an ordinary +text, the standard english (Liang), the german (Schwarz) and +portuguese (Rezende)\refersto6 hyphenation patterns. The results +were surprising: on 267 possible hyphens, these three patterns missed +199 (!!), 141 and 149 resp, found 46, 115, 111 correct ones and 22, +11, 7 bad ones (the portuguese mistakes were less embarrassing than +the german ones). So, for a temporary substitute, we would choose +either the german or the portuguese patterns. + +And since you will be forced to make corrections by hand, here are the +complete actual rules of greek hyphenation: + +{\sl Let \math c_1,c_2,\dots,c_n\math\ be consonants \math (n\geq2)\math\ +and \math v_1,v_2,v_3,v_4\math\ vowels. Then we have} +\list[\parindent0pt\leftskip0pt\sl][\def\tagform#1{{\smc #1\enspace}}] + +\item[\tag{Rule 1.}] The combination \math v_1c_1v_2\math\ is +separated as \math v_1-c_1v_2\math\ {\rm(ex. $pa-ra-ka-l~w$)} + +\item[\tag{Rule 2.}] The combination \math v_1c_1\dots c_nv_2\math\ +is separated as \math v_1-c_1\dots c_nv_2\math\ {\bf if }there +is a greek word starting with \math c_1c_2\math\ $(l'a-sph, +ko-fte-r'oc),$ {\bf else }\math v_1c_1-c_2\dots c_nv_2\math\ +$(j'ar-roc, >eq-jr'oc)$ + +\item[\tag{Rule 3.}] The combinations of vowels \math v_1v_2, +v_1v_2v_3\math\ or \math v_1v_2v_3v_4\math\ are not to be separated +if they are pronounced as one phoneme $(>ah-d'o-ni$ but +$>a-'ht-th-toc$, $pi'o$ but $p'u-o).$ +\endlist + +S.~Levy made in his fonts separate characters of all possible accented +letters, to prevent problems of hyphenation (\TeX\ doesn't yet +hyphenate words with accents). The only exceptions he made, were the +two combinations $ \roughgrave{}, \smoothgrave{}$ which occur only on +monosyllables. + +In our case, to be able to reduce the fonts, we were forced to make +accents also of $\char\rq134$, $\char\rq100$, $"{}$, $"'{}$, $\I{}$ +(and macros of $\grave{}$, $\smoothgrave{}$, $\roughgrave{}$, +$\breve{}$, $\macron{}$, $\diaeresisgrave{}$, +$\diaeresiscircumflex{}$, $\rhorough$, $\rhosmooth$ as already +mentioned). This of course adds problems to hyphenation. +Nevertheless, $\char\rq134$, $\char\rq100$ occur on one- and +2-syllable words only, $"{}$, $"'{}$ occur rarely and $\I{}$ depends +on the kind of language one is writing (to find it, you have to go +back to older versions of $kajare'uousa$ as for example in the +following lovely text: + +\medskip + +{\tolerance=5000 +$ \advance\baselineskip1pt >En\I{~w} <esp'eran tin\grave{a} +>exantl'hsac t\grave{a} murol'ogi'a tou >ekoim~ato <o Froum'entioc +>ep\grave{i} t~hc >'ammou t~hc paral'iac, katab\grave{a}c >ex +o>uran~wn <o >ap'ostoloc >eke~inoc t~wn Sa\-x'o\-nwn >'hnoixe +di\grave{a} maqa'irac t\grave{a} st'hjh to~u koimwm'enou, e>is'hgage +to\grave{u}c <iero\grave{u}c dakt'ulouc tou e>ic \def\hhh{\grave{h}} +t\hhh n >op\hhh n ka\grave{i} >exag\grave{w}n t\hhh n kard'ian +>eb'ujisen a>ut'hn e>ic l'akkon pl'hrh <'udatoc, <'oper <hg'iasen +prohgoum'enwc. <H fl'egousa >eke'inh kard'ia >'efrixen e>ic +t\grave{o} <'udwr <wc smar\grave{i}c +\def\ooo{\grave{o}}% +\def\aaa{\grave{a}}% +\def\uuu{\grave{u}}% +\def\iii{\grave{i}}% +>ent\ooo c to~u thgan'iou, >afo~u d\grave{e} >ekr'uwsen, +>'ejese p'alin a>ut\hhh n <o <'agioc e>ic t\ooo n t'opon thc ka\iii\ +kle'isac t\hhh n plhg\hhh n >ep'estreyen e>ic t\ooo n >idik'on tou. + +>'Etuq'e pote, >anagn~wst'a mou, n\aaa\ >apokoimhj\I{~h}c m\grave{e} +>anup'oforon b~hqa, koim'wmenoc n\aaa\ <idr'ws\I{h}c ka\iii\ >exu\-pn'h\-sac +n\aaa\ e<urej\I{~h}c >iatreum'enoc? >Agno~wn <'oti e>~isai kal\aaa\ +>ano'igeic mhqanik~wc t\ooo\ st'oma, <'ina plh\-r'w\-s\I{h}c e>ic t\ooo n +>epikat'araton b~hqa t\ooo n sun'hjh f'oron. >All\aaa\ p'oshn a>isj'anesai +qar'an, m\hhh\ e<ur'iskwn e>ic t\ooo n l'a\-rugga t\ooo\ >oqlhr\ooo n +jhr'ion! O<'utw <'ama >'hnoixe ka\iii\ <o Frou\-m'entioc to\uuu c +>ofjalmo'uc, <htoim'asjh n\aaa\ prosf'e\-r\I{h} e>ic t\hhh n >aq'a\-riston +>Iw'annan t\hhh n sun'hjh dakr'uwn spo\-nd'hn, >all\aaa\ par\aaa\ p~asan +prosdok'ian o<i >ofjalmo'i tou e<u\-r'e\-jhsan xhro\iii\ ka\iii\ n\aaa\ +progeumat'is\I{h} m~allon \smoothgrave{h} n\aaa\ kla'us\I{h} +\I{>h}sj'a\-ne\-to >'orexin met\aaa\ polu'hmeron nhste'i\-an <o kal\ooo c +Be\-ne\-de\-kt~i\-noc. +$ +} + +\rightline{\sevenrm From Emmanouil~Ro\"\i dis' ``The Popess Johanna (1866)''} +\medskip + +Note that in one-accent greek, all accented letters are represented +by separate characters in the code table, so that no hyphenation +problem arises. + +$ +\gdef\tttt{ +Kaj'otan mprost'a thc ka'i t'hn k'uttaze. Noi'w\-jo\-ntac mi'a >ap'eranth + e>uqar'isthsh n'a t'hn bl'epei >'etsi mprost'a tou ka'i <'ena >ap'eranto + >ani\-ka\-no\-po'i\-h\-to po'u d'en mpo\-ro~u\-se n'a t'hn + tra\-b'h\-xei st'hn >agka\-li'a tou ka'i n'a t'hn fi\-l'h\-sei + >eke~i st'on laim'o + po'u t'hn e>~iqe fi\-l'h\-sei t'hn m'ia ka'i mo\-na\-di\-k'h + for'a ka'i e>~iqe + noi'w\-sei m'esa tou t'hn pi'o >'omor\-fh stig\-m'h to~u ka\-lo\-kai\-rio~u + ki <'oti + t'o ka\-lo\-ka'i\-ri a>u\-t'o, ft'a\-no\-ntac st'o >apo\-ko\-r'u\-fw\-m'a + tou, e>~iqe ki'o\-lac pe\-r'a\-sei. >All'a d'en e>~iqe >ak'oma + pe\-r'a\-sei tele'iwc, giat'i >eke'inh bris\-k'o\-tan t'wra mpro\-st'a + tou. Ka'i d'en mpo\-ro~u\-se n'a k'anei t'i\-po\-ta. +} +$ + + +\head * Samples, Tables, and Remarks * + +\head * The font {\tt rgrrg10} * +$\tttt$ + +\head * The font {\tt rgrbf10} * +$\bf\tttt$ + +\head * The font {\tt rgrsl10} * +$\sl\tttt$ + +\figure[\top] +\raggedcenter +Layout for fonts |rgrrg|, |rgrbf|, |rgrsl| +$\table$ +\endfigure + +$\monotoniko +\gdef\ttttt +{ +Kaj'otan mprost'a thc kai thn k'uttaze. Noi'w\-jo\-ntac mia >ap'eranth + e>uqar'isthsh na thn bl'epei >'etsi mprost'a tou kai <'ena >ap'eranto + >ani\-ka\-no\-po'i\-h\-to pou den mpo\-ro~u\-se na thn + tra\-b'h\-xei sthn >agka\-li'a tou kai na thn fi\-l'h\-sei + >eke~i ston laim'o + pou thn e>~iqe fi\-l'h\-sei thn m'ia kai mo\-na\-di\-k'h + for'a kai e>~iqe + noi'w\-sei m'esa tou thn pio >'omor\-fh stig\-m'h tou ka\-lo\-kai\-rio~u + ki <'oti + to ka\-lo\-ka'i\-ri a>u\-t'o, ft'a\-no\-ntac sto >apo\-ko\-r'u\-fw\-m'a + tou, e>~iqe ki'o\-lac pe\-r'a\-sei. >All'a den e>~iqe >ak'oma + pe\-r'a\-sei tele'iwc, giat'i >eke'inh bris\-k'o\-tan t'wra mpro\-st'a + tou. Kai den mpo\-ro~u\-se na k'anei t'i\-po\-ta. +} +$ + + +\figure[\bot] +\raggedcenter +Layout for fonts |mrgrrg|, |mrgrbf|, |mrgrsl| +$\monotoniko\table$ +\endfigure + +\head * The font {\tt mrgrrg10} * +$\monotoniko\ttttt$ + +\head * The font {\tt mrgrbf10} * +$\monotoniko\bf\ttttt$ + +\head * The font {\tt mrgrsl10} * +$\monotoniko\sl\ttttt$ + + +\figure[\top] +\raggedcenter +Layout for font |rgrsc| +$\smc\table$ +\endfigure + + +We conclude with the following remark: people writing french, czech, +turkish or other languages with many diacritical marks complain that +there is no space left in Computer Modern to incorporate +already-accented letters. The solution (in the case of French) that +D\'esarm\'enien\refersto7 proposed, was to replace greek uppercase +letters by the french \'e, \`e, \^ e, \^ o, \^\i, \^ a, \^ u, \`a, +\`u. But then the question is: where to put the greek uppercase +letters, which are necessary for mathematical formulas. We answer: if +you have the greek |rgr| family of fonts, you already have all kinds +of greek uppercase letters. Just take them from there! Of course, +math families must be restructured in that case since math family~7 +cannot be used for those letters anymore. As Gariepy\refersto8 +pointed out already, the inconvenience with this solution is that for +every language with accents you will need another |cm| family of +fonts. That's why we still believe that the best once and for all +solution would be to be able to work with fonts of 256 characters. + + +\head * Improvements and changes -- version 1.1 (as of March 4, 1990) * + +(by the first author)\medskip + +\noindent An hyphenation list has been added. +Greek grammar has changed very often in +the last 20 years, mainly because greek is a very manifold language (some +people find it {\it chaotic}, I find it {\it beautiful\/}). I followed the +hyphenation rules of \refersto2\ as presented in section ``On hyphenation'' +of this paper. These rules +are very simple and hold as well for the multi-accent as for the one-accent +system. I found exactly 1168 patterns; many of them came simply from the +following fact: since |'|,|~|,|>|,|<| are of category 11 during hyphenation, +|<'o-so| could occur. This leaves $<'o$ alone, which is rather ugly. + +Italics fonts (|rgrti| and |mrgrti|) have been added. +Since in the |cm| family, +|cmti| has almost the same lowercase letters as |cmmi| and the same uppercase +ones as |cmsl|, I tried to do the same. Some changes were necessary: 1) the +handwritten modern greek alpha looks more like {\it a} and 2) tau's stem has a +hook. There is still some kerning to do. I call this version {\it +``experimental''}. Maybe in some later (1.2?) version there will be an entirely +new italics font. + +In the |rgrsc| font (as you can see in the table) the symbols $\rhorough, +\rhosmooth, \Digamma$ and $\vardigamma$ exist now in all styles: regular, +slanted, italic and boldface. \TeX\ will know which one to choose, depending on +the font you are using (inside |greekmode|). If you add some new style (for +example typewriter or sans-serif) 1) please let me know, 2) add these four +letters in |rgrsc|, 3) add the information in |greekmacros.tex|. + +There is |\smallDigamma| for the small capital digamma $\smallDigamma$. Some +people still persist in calling it {\it ``ef''}. Also there are two new +symbols: + +1) following an advice of my father, I added a variation $\varqoppa$ +of lowercase qoppa. This symbol is used in our days for the numeral 90 (the +current year is $\understroke a\sanpi\varqoppa$). The macro for $\varqoppa$ is +|\varqoppa|. + +2) a funny ``upside-down'' iota with circumflex $\inviota$ (the macro is +|\inviota|). This symbol was used in the last century for the sound of $i$ in +$gi'a$ (cf. ``$pi'o$'' in hyphenation {\smc rule 3}). Here is an example +of such a text, taken from a 1907 edition\refersto9: + +\let\w=\grave +$ +{\ninergr +\frenchspacing +\parindent0pt +\advance\baselineskip1.0pt +\tolerance=5000 +\obeylines +Kair\w oc f'ernei t\w a l'aqana, kair\w oc t\w a parapo'ul\inviota a, +M\w e t\w on kair\w o ka\w i t\w o dendr\w i k'anei karp\w o ka\w i f'ulla. +>'A"inte, >or'e, m\inviota\w a kopan\inviota\w a s>'an n>~atan qulop'hta, +N\w a ''p\inviota\I{~h}c t\w hn Gk'olfw j'arreuec? +D\w en e>~in'' mall\inviota\w a t\w a g'ene\inviota a. +J'el''<h >ag'ap'' >apomon\w h ki''>ahto~u grhgorws'unh. +J'elei lago~u pat'hmata, >allo\inviota ~wc <uge\inviota\w a s''>af'inei. +X'ereic t'i magar'oplash po~u e>~inai \I{<h} guna~ikec? +$ +\rightline{\sevenrm From Spyridon Peresiadis's ``I Golfo"} +} + +\smallskip + +Finally I inserted the logos $\grMF$ and $\MF$ in the |rgrsc| font (the macros +are |\grMF| and the usual |\MF|). There is still no PASCAL word processor +program to detect monosyllabes, volunteers are welcome. This upgrading has been +done on a Macintosh SE/30 using Andrew Trevorrow's Oz\TeX\ and Victor +Ostromoukhov's Mac$\MF$. + + +\setbox0=\hbox{22. } +\thehangindent=\wd0 +\def\referred#1{\par\hangindent\thehangindent\noindent + \hbox to \thehangindent{\hss#1.\ }\ignorespaces} +\raggedright + +\head * References * + +\referred1 {\smc S.Levi}: Using Greek Fonts with \TeX, {\sl TUGboat}, +{\bf 9} (1988) 20--24 +%\referred2 $\monotoniko {\smc M.Triantafullidh:} Grammatik'h +\referred2 $\monotoniko {\smc M.Triantafullidh:} +{\rg Neoellhnik'h Grammatik'h, } +{\sl Organism'oc 'Ek\-do\-shc Sqolik'wn Bibl'iwn}, +Aj'hna 1982$ +\referred3 {$\smc Q.Mhqiwth:$} $Ne'wtaton Lexik'on t~hc Neoellhnik~hc Gl'wsshc, +{\sl >Ek\-d'o\-seic Kastal'ia}, >Aj~hnai 1972$ +\referred4 {\smc C.B.Boyer}: A History of Mathematics, {J.\ Wiley \& +Sons,} New~York 1968 +\referred5 ${\smc H.Gewrgiou:} Gel'oklam'an, {\sl Seir'a Kupriak~hc +La"ik~hc Po'ihshc <Upourge'iou paide'iac\/} {\bf 4}, Leukws'ia 1980$ +\referred6 {\smc Unix} \TeX\ distribution tape, Seattle 1988 +\referred7 {\smc J.D\'esarm\'enien:} How to run \TeX\ in a French +environment: hyphenation, fonts, typography, {\sl TUGboat}, {\bf 5} (1984) +91--102 +\referred8 {\smc A.Gariepy:} French in \TeX, {\sl TUGboat}, {\bf 9} +(1988) 65--69 +\referred9 {$\smc S.Peresiadhc:$} $<H Gk'olfw. Dr'ama e>idulliak\w on e>ic +pr'axeic p'ente, {\sl >Ekdotik\w oc O>~ikoc Gewrg'iou F'exh,} >Aj~hnai 1907$ + + +\makesignature +\endarticle + +% version 19.6.1989 + +\hbox{Yannis Haralambous} +\hbox{Universit\'e de Lille--Flandres--Artois} +\smallskip +\hbox{Klaus Thull} +\hbox{Freie Universit\"at Berlin} +------- + |