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+\chapter{The introduction}
+Modern research on lexical access began in the 1950's (though
+\cite{ColeRudnicky1983} note very similar research performed in the 1890's by
+William Chandler Bagley). Several statistical properties of the mental
+lexicon have consistently been found to influence how humans process speech.
+One of the earliest and most robust findings was that lexical frequency has a
+strong influence on lexical access. Repeated research has shown that high
+frequency words elicit quicker and more accurate responses than low
+frequency words in a large variety of experimental conditions
+(e.g.\ \cite{Broadbent1967, Taft1979, BenkiJASA}). Another factor which has
+been reliably shown to affect lexical access is neighborhood density.
+Neighborhood density is a metric of similarity, roughly defined as the degree
+to which a word is similar to others (both phonological and orthographical
+measures have been used). Words which have many similar words are said to be
+in dense neighborhoods, whereas words which have few similar words are said to
+be in sparse neighborhoods. In contrast to lexical frequency, which
+facilitates the activation of a word in the brain, neighborhood density has
+been found to inhibit activation (e.g.\ \cite{Luce1986, Luce1998, BenkiJASA,
+Imai2005}). Of course these are not the only factors which affect language
+processing, but they are the most frequently cited, and will be referred to
+again in the following sections.
+\begin{table*}[!htb]
+ \centering
+ \caption[Basic Predictions]{Basic Predictions: Predicted results are marked
+ with a checkmark, and a relative effect size is also given.}
+ \label{T:predictions}
+ \begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{%
+ >{\setlength{\hsize}{1.5\hsize}\raggedright\arraybackslash}X%
+ *{2}{>{\setlength{\hsize}{.7\hsize}\raggedright\arraybackslash}X}%
+ *{2}{>{\setlength{\hsize}{1.05\hsize}\raggedright\arraybackslash}X}}
+ \hline\hline
+ \rule{0em}{1.1em}& English native listeners& German native listeners &
+ English non-native listeners & German non-native listeners\\[.3em]
+ \cline{2-5}
+ \rule{0em}{1.1em}lexical status & \checkmark robust& \checkmark
+ robust& \checkmark less than native listeners& \checkmark less than native
+ listeners\\
+ morphology & marginal & more than English & less than L1& less than L1\\
+ lexical frequency & \checkmark robust& \checkmark
+ robust& \checkmark less than native listeners& \checkmark less than native
+ listeners\\
+ neighborhood density & \checkmark robust & \checkmark robust & \checkmark less
+ than L1& \checkmark less than L1\\[.3em]
+ \hline\hline
+ \end{tabularx}
+\end{table*}